From the Library of
Professor David Mellinkoff
Who donated his collection
TO THE
UCLA School of Law
Hugh & Hazel Darling
Law Library
August 1 999
"Cleansed of words without reason, much
of the language of the law need not be
PECULIAR AT ALL. AnD BETTER FOR IT."
The Language of the Law
BY David Mellinkoff
American Dictionary
OF THE
ENGLISH LANGUAGE
Based on the Latest Conclusions of the Most Eminent Philologists
AND
COMPRISING MANY THOUSANDS OF NEW YORDS WHICH MODERN
LITERATURE, SCIENCE AND ART HATE CALLED INTO
EXISTENCE AND COMMON 1\SAGE
Together with Pronunciations the most approved ; Etymologies m^ed on the researches of Skeat
Wedgwood, and their co-laborers ; and Definitions which ifichAe new meanings sanctioned
by good modern usage, and old meatiings found in the works\f several of the old
masters of the language, but never before published imny Lexicon.
(SotniiiUb an5 ebiteb nnber tt)e immebiate Buiicroisionvf
PROFESSOR DANIEL LYONS.
NEW YORK
PETER FENELON COLLIER & SON
MCM
PREFACE.
^T is confidently expected that this dictionary will commend itself to all those
who favor books of reference on the multum in parvo plan. Every accepted
word in the English language will be found in its pages ; and, in addition, many
technical terms which the advance of modern science and the recent rapid
spread of useful knowledge in the United States have made part and parcel of
our popular literature : also many old words and meanings found in the writings of the
EHzabethan and Queen Anne periods. It has been found necessary to enlarge upon many
words, whose full and real meaning is not adequately disclosed by a mere definition. To all
definitions which do not apply in this country, the American meaning has been added. Local
meanings, words and phrases ; provincialisms, both English and American, and a few slang
words and phrases — all of which are instructive as showing the natural growth, and in some
cases the debasement, of the pure stock of our language — are given for what they are worth,
and only in such instances as are to be met with in early and recent standard works.
The etymology of each word will be found at the end of the definition of the primitive
word. These etymologies will be found to dififer materially from those found in other diction-
aries, of even recent date. As it is only within the past twenty-five years that the etymology
of English words has attained even the semblance of an exact science, these new etymolo-
gies will be found, in general, more correct than those of any preceding work. The industrious
labors of Skeat, Wedgwood and other recent authorities on English philology, leave the most
patient lexicographer with many open questions upon his hands. For this very sufficient
reason, the editors of this dictionary announce, simply, that they have given the latest and
what to them seem the most imperative conclusions of the science of English philology — a
science which, though rapidly progressing, is still, on the whole, quite incomplete.
We have but to add that, in general, the aim of the editors of the " American Dictionary
of the English Language " has been to give to the public a convenient lexicon which will
decide all questions about words, which arise in the course of general reading, and to give to
the American reading public the latest, most authentic and most complete conclusions of
English philology.
New York, March i, 1892.
INTRODUCTION.
"TTTHEN" Pope wrote ** The proper study of mankind
VV is man," he g'ave to the world a most palpable
truism. It seems to us of this a^e of science, that the
much-quoted assertion was hardly worth the penning.
Every science now leads up to and down to man. In
him chemistry has its highest exponent ; zoology, its
acme ; astronomy, the final object of its search among
the planets as well as the final object of solar and
planetary influences. If we search the stratified rocks
of geology, we find his imprint and those of his animal
" ancestors " in Evolution. Geographical exploration
finds him, or the remnants of him, wellnigh every-
where. Archaeology excavates and deciphers hiero-
g'h'phics, and lo ! the buried city and the long-locked
mausoleum give up the dead rulers and chieftains of
prehistoric ages.
For centuries learned men studied the various lan-
guages and dialects of the earth. They brought the
dead languages of ancient civilizations into schools and
colleges. More recently they studied the rude and un-
couth languages and dialects of barbarous and savage
tribes. They sagely guessed at the origin of modern
words, and many of their guesses were printed in
books and studied as philology. Naturally, the fount-
ain-head from which flowed the stream of their inves-
tigations was the Syro-Chaldaic, the supposed original
language of the Semitic people, spoken in the cradle of
the human race. On this basic line the dead lan-
guages, and many of the languages of modern Europe,
were studied, their roots were unearthed and deci-
phered, and the older French, Gerrian and other Con-
tinental savants piled up a philological literature of
enormous proportions, hopelessly locked against the
nonprofes^onal, and for the most part utterly worth-
less, in the light of modern philological research.
The philological savants of England and America
were content to follow the German and French scholars
in this line of investigation. The old and misleading
line of philological research was not seriously taken up
to any extent, in even the highest English and American
institutions of learning. No original investigations
were attempted. The French and German scholars
had pre-empted the field, and the occasional echo heard
at Oxford or Harvard was from some imported Orient-
alist who had studied and travelled among cuneiform
inscriptions and had finished his studies at Paris or
Berlin.
The exception to this, in this country, is of course
the great " Webster's Unabridged Dictionary'," so long
valued for its depth and for its patient and painstak-
ing selection of the results of French and German
philological research up to the date of its publication.
But the investigations, the systematized canons of
derivation, and the classification of root-forms to be
found in that great work of a laborious lifetime, will
live in history as the magnificent ruin of a noble struct-
ure which but for a few short years outlived its
builder. In modern editions of the "Unabridged,"
the bulk of the philological canons and systems, which
cost their author so much to get together, must be
omitted; though, despite all this, there is but one
"Webster's Unabridged."
Modem English etymology divides all languages
into Aryan and non-Aryan. Our language is one of
the former ; Hebrew and Arabic belong to the latter
classification. It is easy to conclude, therefore, that no
English word is derived from a Hebrew or an Arabian
root ; and that no word of either Hebrew or Arabian
extraction could come into the English unless the word
was actually borrowed and made a part of the latter
through custom and constant usage. If the English-
speaking people could not come in contact with the
people of Arabia or Palestine, we would have no He-
brew or Arabian words in our language. In the early
ages of civilization, peaceable inter - visitations be-
tween even neighboring peoples were few and infre-
quent ; and between distant peoples, absolute non-inter-
course was the rule with very slight exception. Two
very important facts must be noted, as the natural
and inevitable result of this.
First, the two original divisions of languages found
at the dawn of written history — the Ar^^an and the
non- Aryan — had a tendency to diverge more and more
widely from each other as time advanced. Each grew
and developed and changed along different basic lines,
and in obedience to different climatic, social, moral and
even physiological influences. Under primitive con-
ditions the divergence of the two languages had a
tendency to more and more estrange the nations and
peoples speaking them, to build up widely differing
systems of government, religion, and the other con-
comitants of civilization. At this day, therefore, we
should not expect to find words in the English — one of
the Aryan family of languages — whose roots are trace-
able to a non-Aryan language, such as the Hebi-ew.
We must note, secondly, that two peoples of the
Aryan race, and whose remote ancestors originally
spoke the same language, might, in the course of ages,
become so widely separated as to develop finally into
very different and differently-speaking communities.
The original word — spoken exactly alike before their
separation — would become modified so that it would
be different in sound. The fact, therefore, that an
English word sounds ver^' much like a word we may
find in some other language does not prove, or even
tend to prove, that the two words are related. On the
contrary, if the two words in question had been origi-
nally the same word, they would now be very different —
would look but very little, if any, alike ! In the studj' of
linguistic roots we must be cautious, go slow, and not
be led astray by mere appearances.
The comparative study of languages, which is now
absolutely essential to the proper studj' of English ety-
mology, has a most important aid in the comparative
study of peoples — their manners, customs, religious be-
liefs and superstitions, their folk-lore and their legend-
ary literature. And, converselj% since the new era of
comparative philology has dawned upon the world of
(V)
M.
INTRODUCTION'.
learning-, much valuable information has been obtained
concerning- ancient and mediaeval peoples and their re-
lations to eacli other at certain periods when history
itself leaves many important questions in doubt. In the
study of borrowed words, particulai'ly, is this the case.
Words introduced into English from the Old High Ger-
man and other languages of the Continent are admir-
abl3' handled by Skeat and his co-laborers, so as to
tlirow much needed lig-ht upon even so recent a period
as the seventeenth and eig-hteenth centuries.
In order to follow the changes and modifications of
root-forms from the parent stem to the present English
word, it will be necessary at the outset to have care-
fully studied Grimm's Law, a condensed summary of
which will be found elsewhere. This Law maj- be justly
regarded as the key to modern English etymology, as
well as its foundation and vital jM-inciple.
The historj'' of the Eng-lish language most familiar
to nil persons of fair education is that it was at first
Anglo-Saxon ; that, after the Norman Conquest, in
ty 1066, many new words were introduced from the French
of that time ; and that, down to our own day, new words
have been constantly added, formed larg-ely from the
Latin and Greek. From the earliest Saxon times down
to the present, this history'- has been divided into peri-
ods and epochs, each marking the rise, progress and
decay of some distinctive variety of literature. We
have, for example, the epochs of Chaucer, Spenser,
Shakespeare, the Restoration, Queen Anne, the G^org--
ian, and, in our own day, tlie modern epoch of the En-
g-lish langnage, with a well-defined and somewhat vary-
ing development in the United States and in Great
Britain.
These epochs have been studied with reference to
the development of English literature rather than the
English language. This study has given glory and re-
nown to the illustrious masters with whose names the
English language shall be forever associated ; but it
tells us nothingr of the birth, parentage and growth of
the words which have been the masters' servants — at
times their slaves and playthings.
And yet these little words in their root-forms were
serving- the human race long-, long- before the Saxon
set foot on Britain ; and they will continue to deUght,
and give comfort, and preserve for unborn g-enerations
the beautiful, the sublime, the good and the true
thoughts and mind-pictures of the masters, long- after
the lai-ge majority of present and past litterateurs have
ceased to be named, in litei-ary circles !
These words have a venerable history, back in those
early days when man — and lovely woman — firet learned
they had two tong-ues, one in each head ! When words
— these very root-forms unearthed by the learned Skeat
and his co-laborers — first came into fashion the race was
indeed in its infancy, non-progressive and unenteipris-
ing. At that early day, we stand truly at the dawn of
a new era. Man begins to speak in words, and his
fellow-man understands him. Then comes a separa-
tion, and different tribes, races and nations set up,
each one for itself.
Is not the histoiy of words, from their parent-forms
to their present fair and harmonious proportions, a his-
tory worth writing and studying? In so doing- we
shall not be studying- or glorifying the ideas of great
individuals, the greatest of whom must reach total or
partial obli^^on with the lapse of ages ; but we shall
be stud;ynng- and marking- the prog-ress of the human
species itself, from its primitive or primeval helpless-
ness to its reign of universal empire, acquired by the
" communication of thought by means of words." ' We
shall find men of a race all but extinct leaving- perhaps
some strange inscription on a buried temple or burial
vault, by which inscription the learned will discover
their descendants and trace a connection between the
living words of to-day and the words first uttered by
the human voice. We shall see the human race in its
dispersion to the various habitable portions of the
globe carrying with it to its new-found homes the
precious g'ift of articulate language, developing into
forms as various as the scattered habitations them-
selves, but still maintaining intact the germ, the root,
common to the ditferent members of the orig-inal
linguistic family.
Ag-es pass, and men begin to visit the homes of
races that were not of the same family. A conquering
strang-er race brings new and strange words to its
conquered foe, along with its chains and its oppressions,
but the language of the enslaved and captive race
does not wholly perish. After long ag-es words of the
captive race are found in the language of the con-
queror. Sometimes they are kept because they have
the same sounds ; but they are not of the same parent
stock — one was Aryan, the other non-An-an.
Again, two long-sepai'ated tribes, members of the
same linguistic family, are brought into contact. Their
words do not sound alike. Words with the same mean-
ing- have invariably a different sound, and neither tribe
adopts any of the words of the other. Thus their
words, descended from the same parent-form, continue
to grow more and more divergent, at the same time
preserving a certain nniformitij of variation.
It is the triumph of modern etymology that it gives
the rule to determine what this uniformity is and in
what words it is found.
Coming down to the Fall of the Roman Empire, we
find two polished, higlily-finished languages in Europe,
the Greelc and the Latin. The northern races that
completed the overthrow and shared the spoils of the
Empire of the West found their richest treasure,
without appreciating it, in the smooth, precise and
musical language of Virgil, Horace and Cicero.
The Anglo-Saxon, or Old English, found a Celtic
tongue on the island of Britain in 449. The familiar
modifications of the Latin, now known to us as French,
Spanish and Italian, began their development at this
time. It is highly probable that the Old English, or
Anglo-Saxon, had received additions from the Latin
which ante-date the additions and modifications which
affected it after the Norman Conquest. The same is
probably true of the Teutonic dialect spoken by the
German Fi-anks before Clovis crossed into Gaul ; and
also of the Celtic dialects spoken in Gaul and Britain,
respectively, before the Anglo-Saxon and Frankish
conquests of those countries. On this view of the case,
the "English " which resulted from the amalgamation
of the Celtic-Latin-Germanic Norman-French with the
Celtic-Saxon of England must have been a very com-
plex and heterogeneous compound.
But time works many wonders. The Church Latin
of the Ages of Faith no doubt added its contributions
to the Old English vocabulary. It aided in toning
down the harshness of the early French to the Romance
dialects which succeeded. When the Conqueror won
at Hastings, he brought a less uncouth language to
enrich the vocabulary of England than that which was
used by his pirate ancestors.
The study of Latin in the monasteries and univer-
sities of the eleventh and twelfth centuries, and the
use of that language by the scholars and churchmen of
England, gave to many of the productions of English
authors of that time a decidedly Johnsonese tone and
pretentiousness.
INTRODUCTION.
vu
During all this time simple, short words were
quietly resting- in the bosom of Old English. Some
were related to the Swedish, Old High German, Scan-
dinavian and Gothic. Some were Celtic in disguise,
carried captive by the Franii and Roman, in Gaul, and
by the Saxon, in Britain ! These little words did not
die. And they were related — many of them — to the
smoothly-flowing Latin of Cicero, and the roai'ing,
rolling, resonant Greek of Demosthenes and Homer.
These little words came to us from the tribal settle-
ments of primeval man. They are Aiyan or Indo-
European, and they do not come to us from the Semitic
Hebrew or Syro-CJhaldaic, and cannot, at present, be
traced to the cradle of the human race. The3' are the
imperishable little words that Swift loved and could
use so effectually to strike his hardest blows. They
are also the " toughest " riddles that modern English
etj'mology gives us to solve — they are so old, so often
hunted down and so little.
We must now briefly review the different languages
which have contributed to the present structure and
form of English words — either by adaptation or by
natural descent. There is a class of words of Old Low
German descent. The terra includes a limited class of
words, whose precise origin is enveloped in obscurity.
"If not precisely English, they come very near it,"
says Skeat. The chief difficulty about tliem is that
the time of their introduction into English is uncer-
tain. Either they belong to Old Friesian and were
introduced by the Friesians who came over to England
with the Saxons, or to some form of Old Dutch or Old
Saxon, and may have been inti'oduced from Holland,
possibly even in the fourteenth century, when it was
not uncommon for Flemings to visit England, for com-
mercial and other purposes, and end by taking up their
residence there.
The introduction of Dutch words into Eng-lish re-
ceived little attention until Skeat took up the subject.
History shows that England's relations with Holland
were often very close. We read of Flemish mercenary
soldiers being employed by the Normans, and of Flem-
ish settlements in Wales, "where," says old Fabyan,
"they remained a long whyle.- but after, they sprad
all Englande ouer."
Histor3- tells us of the alliance between Edward III.
and the free towns of Flanders ; and of the importation
of Flemish weavers by the same monai'ch. The wool
used by the cloth-workers of Flanders grew on the
backs of English sheep ; closer relations between the
two countries grew out of the brewing trade and the in-
vention of printing, and were secured by the new bond
of tlie Protestant faith. Caxton spent thirty years in
Flanders (where the first English book was printed)
and translated the Low German version of "Reynard
the Fox." Tyndale settled at Antwerp to print his New
Testament. After Antwerp had been captured l)y the
Duke of Parma "a third of the merchants and manu-
facturers of the ruined city," says Mr. Green, " are
said to have found a refuge on the banks of the
Thames." All this must have affected the English
language at that time ; and it is tolerably certain that
during the fourteenth, fifteentli and sixteenth centuries,
particularly tlie last, several Dutch words were intro-
duced into England.
Scandinavian or old Danish words were introduced
into England by the Danes and Northmen who settled
in the country at various times before the Conquest.
Their language is best represented by Icelandic, owing
to the curious fact that, ever since the first coloniza-
tion of Iceland by the Northmen, about S74, the lan-
guage of the settlers has been preserved with but
slight changes. Hence, instead of its being strange
that English words should be borrowed from Icelandic,
it must be remembered that this name represents, for
philological purposes, the language of those Northmen
who, settling in England, became ancestors of some of
the leading families in the country' ; and, as they set-
tled chiefly in Northumbria and East Anglia, parts of
England not stricth- represented hy Anglo-Saxon,
"Icelandic" has come to be English of the English.
Skeat, in some cases, derives " Scandinavian " woi-ds
from Swedish, Danish or Norwegian ; but, he explains,
this means that the Swedish, Danish or Norwegian
words are the best representative of the Icelandic that
can be found. The number of words adopted into mod-
ern English from the Swedish and Danish is very
small.
The German language is pi'operly called High
German, to distinguish it from the other Teutonic
dialects, which belong to Low German. This, of all
Teutonic languages, is the furthest removed from
English, and the one from which fewest words are
directly borrowed, though there is a verj' general
popular notion (due, says Skeat, to the utter want of
philological training among English-speaking people)
that the contraiy is the case. A knowledge of Ger-
man is often the sole idea by which an Englishman or
an American regulates his "derivations " of Teutonic
words ; and he is better pleased if he can find the
German equivalent of an English word than by any
true account of the same word, however cleai-h' ex-
pi'essed. Yet it is well-established, b^' Grimm's Law
of sound-shift ings, that the German and the English
consonantal systems are very different. Owing to the
replacement of the Old High German p by the Modern
German b, and other changes, English and German
now approach each other more nearly than Grimm's
Law suggests ; but we may still observe the following
very striking difference in the dental consonants :
English : d i th day, tooth, thorn, foot.
German : t z {ss) d tag, zahn, dorn, fuss.
The number of words in English that are borrowed
directly from tlie German is quite insignificant, and
they ai'e all of late introduction. It is more to the
purpose to remember that there ai'e, nevertheless, a
considerable number of German words that were bor-
rowed indii'ectly, viz., through the French. Examples
of such words are, brawn, dance, gay, ynard, halbert, etc.,
many of which would hardly be at once suspected. It
is precisely in accounting for these Frankish words
that German is so useful to the English etymologist.
The fact that we are highly indebted to German writers
for their excellent philological work is very true and
one to be thankfully acknowledged ; but that is quite
another matter altogether.
The influence of French upon English is too well
known to require comment. But the method of the
derivation of French words from Latin or German is
often very difficult, and requires the gi'eatest care.
There are numerous French words in quite common
use ; such as aise. ease, f rancher, to cut, which have
never yet been clearly solved ; and the solution of
many others is highly doubtful. Latin words often
undergo the most curious transformations, as may be
seen by consulting Brachet's Historical Grammar.
What are called " learned " words, such asmobUe, which
is merely a Latin word with a French ending, present
no difficulty : but the " popular " woi'ds in use since the
first formation of the language are distinguished by
three peculiarities : (1) the continuance of the tonic ac-
cent, (2) the suppression of the short vowel, (3) the loss
of medial consonant. The last two pec uliai'i ties tend to
VIU
INTRODUCTIOlff.
disguise the origin, and require much attention. Thus,
m the Latin bonitatem, the short vowel i, near the mid-
dle of the word, is suppressed ; whence F. honte, E.
bounty. And again, in the Latin ligare, to bind, the
medial consonant g, standing between two vowels, is
lost, producing the F. Her, whence E. liable.
The result is a great tendency to compression, of
which an extraordinarj' but well-known example is the
Low Latin mtaticum, reduced to edage by the suppression
of the short vowel t, and again to eage by the loss of
the medial consonant d ; hence F. dge, E. age.
One other peculiarity is too important to be passed
over. With rare exceptions, the substantives (as in
all the Romance languages) are formed from the accu-
sative case of the Latin, so that it is commonly a mere
absurdity to cite the Latin nominative, when the form
of the accusative is absolutely necessar3' to show how
the French word arose.
French may be considered as being a wholly un-
original language, founded on debased Latin ; but it
must at the same time be remembered that, as history
teaches us, a certain part of the language is necessarily
of Celtic origin, and another part is necessarily Frank-
ish, that is. Old High German. It has also clearly
borrowed words freely from Old Low German dialects,
from Scandinavian (due to the Normans), and, in later
times, from Italian, Spanish, etc., and even from En-
glisli and many entirely foreign languages.
The other Romance languages, i. e., languages of
Latin origin, are Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Pro-
vengal, Romansch and Wallachian. English contains
words borrowed from the first four of these, but there
is not much in them that needs special remark. The
Italian and Spanish forms are often useful for com-
parison with, and consequent restoration of. the crushed
and abbreviated Old French forms. Italian is remark-
able for assimilation, as in ammirare (for admirare) to
admire, ditto (for dido), a saying, whence E. ditto.
Spanish, on the other hand, dislikes assimilation, and
carefully avoids double consonants; the only conso.
nants that can be doubled are c, n, r, besides II, which
is sounded as E. I followed by y consonant, and is not
considered as a double letter. The Spanish n is sounded
by y consonant, and occurs in dueha, Englished as
duenna. Spanish is also remarkable as containmg
many Arabic (Moorish) words, some of which have
found their way into English. The Italian infinitives
commonly end in -are, -ere, -ire, with corresponding past
participles in -ato, -uto, -ito. Spanish infinitives com-
monly end in -ar, -er, -ir, with corresponding past par-
ticiples in -ado, -ido, -ido. In all the Romance lan-
guages, substantives are most commonly' formed, as
in French, from the Latin accusative.
Words of Celtic origin form a particularly slippery
subject to deal with, for want of definite information
on their older forms in a conveniently accessible ar-
rangement. That English has borrowed several words
from Celtic cannot be doubted, but we must take care
not to multiply the number of these unduly. Again,
" Celtic " is merely a general term, and in itself means
nothmg definite, just as " Teutonic " and " Romance "
are general terms. To prove that a word is Celtic, we
must first show that the word is borrowed from one of
the Celtic languages, as Irish, Gaelic, Welsh, Cornish
or Breton, or that it is of a form which, by the help ol
these languages, can be fairly presumed to have ex-
isted in the Celtic of an early period. The chief diflB-
culty lies in the fact that Welsh, Irish, Cornish and
Gaelic have all borrowed English words at various
periods, and Gaelic has certainly also borrowed some
words from Scandinavian, as history tells us must have
been the case. We gain, however, some assistance by
comparing all the languages of this class together, and
again, by comparing them with Latin, Greek, San-
skrit, etc., since the Celtic consonants often agree with
these, and, at the same time, differ from Teutonic.
Thus the word boast is probably Celtic, since it appears
in Welsh, Cornish and Gki^lic.
CANONS FOR ETYMOLOGY.
The Rev. Walter W. Skeat ^ves us the following
excellent synopsis of this important suhject in his
" Etymolog-ical Dictionary of the English Language " :
" In the course of the work, I have been led to adopt
the following canons, which merely express well-known
principles, and are nothing new. Still, in the form of
definite statements, they ai'e worth giving:
•' 1. Before attempting an etymology, ascertain the
earliest form and use of the word ; and observe chro-
nology.
" 2. Observe history and geograpliy ; borrowings
are due to actual contact.
"3. Observe phonetic laws, especially those which
regulate the mutual relation of consonants in the vari-
ous Aryan languages, at the same time comparing the
vowel-sounds.
"4. In comparing two words, A and B, belonging to
the same language, of which A contains the lesser
number of syllables, A must be taken to be the more
original word, unless we have evidence of contraction
or other corruption.
"5. In comparing two words, A and B, belonging to
the same language and consisting of the same number
of syllables, the older form can usually be distinguished
by observing the sound of the principal vowel.
" 6. Strong verbs, in the Teutonic languages, and
the so-called ' irregular verbs ' in Latin, are commonly
to be considered as primary, other related forms being
taken from them.
"7. The whole of a word, and not a portion onl,y,
ought to be reasonably accounted for ; and, in tracing
changes of form, any infringement of phonetic laws is
to be regarded with suspicion,
" 8. Mere resemblances of fgrm and apparent con-
nection in sense between languages which have differ-
ent phonetic laws or no necessary connection are com-
monly a delusion, and are not to be regarded.
" 9. Wiien words in two different languages are
more nearly ahke than the ordinary phonetic laws
would allow, there is a strong probability that one lan-
guage has borrowed the word from the other. Truly
cognate words ought not to be too much alike.
•' 10. It is useless to offer an explanation of an En-
glish word which will not also explain all the cognate
forms.
" These principles, and other similar ones well
known to comparative philologists, I have tried to ob-
serve. Where I have not done so, there is a chance
of a mistake. Corrections can only be made by a more
strict observance of the above canons.
" A few examples will make the matter clearer.
" 1. The word surJoin, or sirloin, is often said to be
derived from the fact that the loin was knighted as Sir
Loin by Charles II., or (according to Richardson) by
James I. Chronology makes short work of this state-
ment, the word being in use long before James I. was
born. It is one of those unscrupulous inventions with
which English ' etymology ' abounds, and which many
people admire because they are * so clever.' The num.
ber of those who literally prefer a story about a word
to a more prosaic account of it is only too large.
"As to the necessity for ascertaining the oldest
form and use of a word there cannot be two opinions.
Yet this primary and all-important rule is continually
disregarded, and men are found to rush into *etj-molo-
gies ' without the slightest attempt at investigation or
any knowledge of the history' of the language, and
think nothing of deriving words which exist in Anglo-
Saxon from German or Italian. They merely ' think it
over,' and take up with the first fancy that comes to
hand, which they expect to be ' obvious ' to others be-
cause they were themselves incapable of doing better ;
which is a poor argument, indeed. It would be easy to
cite some specimens which I have noted (with a view
to the possibility of making a small collection of such
philological curiosities), but it is hardly necessary. I
will rather relate my experience — viz.: that 1 have fre-
quently set out to find the etymology of a word with-
out any preconceived ideas about it, and usually found,
that, by the time its earliest use and sense had been
fairly traced, the etymology presented itself unasked.
"2. The history of a nation generally accounts for
the constituent parts of its language. When an early
English word is compared with Hebrew or Coptic, as
used to be done in tiie old editions of "Webster's Dic-
tionar^'," history is set at defiance ; and it was a good
deed to clear the later editions of all such rubbish. As
to geography, there must always be an intelligible geo-
graphical contact between races that are supposed to
have borrowed words from one another; and this is
particularly true of olden times, when travelling was
less common. Old French did not borrow words from
Portugal, nor did Old English borrow words from
Prussia, much less from Finnish or Esthonian or Cop-
tic, etc., etc. Yet there are people who still remain
persuaded that Wliifsunday is derived, of all things,
from the German Pfingsten.
" 3. Few delusions are more common than the
comparison of L. aim with E. care, of Gr. 5A<f with
E. whole, and of Gr. x°i"c with E. charity. I daresay
I myself believed in these things for many years,
owing to that utter want of anj' approach to any
philological training, for which England in general
has long been so remarkable. Yet a \eYy slight
(but honest) attempt at understanding the English,
the Latin and the Greek alphabets soon showw
these notions to be untenable. The E. care, A. S. .
cearu, meant, originall.y, sorrow, which is only a second- J
ary meaning of the Latin word ; it never meant, orig-
inally, attention or painstaking. But this is not the
point at present imder consideration. Phonetically,
the A.S. c and the L. c, when used initiall.y, do not cor-
respond ; for where Latin writes c at the beginning of
a word, A. S. has h, as in L. cel-are-=-A. S. liel-an, to
hide. Again, the A. S. ea, before r following, stands "
for original a, cearu answering to an older cam. But
(ix)
INTRODUCTION.
the L. cnra. Old Latin coira, is spelt witli a long n,
originally a diphthong-, which cannot answer exactly to
an ori.siual a. Ic remains that these woi'ds both con-
tain the letter rin common, which is not denied ; but
this is a slight ground for the supposed equivalence
of words of which the primary senses were different.
The fact of the equivalence of L. c to A. S. h is com-
monly known as being due to Grimm's Law. The
popular notions about Grimm's Law are extremely
vague. Manj' imagine that Grimm made the law not
many j'ears ago, since which time Latin and Anglo-
Saxon have been bound to obey it. But the word laio
is then strangely misapprehended ; it is only a law in
the sense of an observed fact. Latin and Anglo-Saxon
were thus differentiated in times preceding the eai'liest
record of the latter, and the difference might have been
observed in the eighth century if anyone had had the
wits to observe it. When the difference has once been
perceived, and all other A. S. and Latin equivalent
words are seen to follow it, we cannot consent to estah-
lish an exception to the rule in order to compare a single
(supposed) pair of words which do not agree in the
vowel-sound, and did not originalh' mean the same thing.
"As to the Gr. sAof, the aspirate (as usual) rep-
resents an original s, so that oTm^ answers to Sans.
sarva, all. Old Lat. solhis, whilst it means ' whole ' In
the sense of entire or total. But the A. S. liAl
(which is the old spelling of wlioU) has for its initial
letter an h, answering to Gr. «, and the original sense
is ' in sound health,' or ' hale and hearty,' It may
much more reasonably be compared with the Gr.
(ca^lijf ; as to which see Curtius, i. 172. As to x^P^^, the
initial letter is x^ a guttural sound answering to Lat.
h or g, and it is. in fact, allied to L. gratia. But in
charity, the ch is French, due to a peculiar pronuncia-
tion of the Lat. c, and the Fr. charite is, of course,
due to the L. ace. caritatem, whence also Ital.
caritaie or carith, Span, caridad, all from L. cams,
with long a. When we put top'c and ccirus side bj*
side, we And that the initial letters are different,
that the vowels are different, and that, just as in the
case of cearu and cura, the sole resemblance is that
thej' both contain the letter r/ It is not worth while
to pursue the subject further. Those who are con-
firmed in their prejudices and have no guide but the
ear (which they neglect to train), will remain of the
same opinion still ; but some beginners may perhaps
take heed, and if they do, will see matters in a new
light. To all who have acquired any philological
Imowledge, these tbiDgs are wearisome.
"4. Suppose we take two Latin words such as cari-
tas and cams. The former has a stem car-i-tat- ; the
latter has a stem car-o-, which may very easily turn
into car-i-. We are pei-fectly confident that the ad-
jective came first into existence, and that the sb. was
made out of it by adding a suffix ; and this we can tell
by a glance at the words, by the very form of tliem.
It is a rule in all Aryan languages that words started
from monosyllabic roots or bases, and were built up
by supplying new suffixes at the end ; and, the greater
the number of suffixes, the later the formation. When
apparent exceptions to this law present themselves,
they require especial attention ; but as long as the law
is followed, it is all in the natural course of things.
Simple as this canon seems, it is frequently' not ob-
served ; the consequence being that a word A is said
to be derived from B, whereas B is its own offspring.
The result is a reasoning in a circle, as it is called ; we
go round and round, but there is no progress upward
and backward, which is the direction in which we should
travel. Thus Richardson deriveschine from ' Fr. ecMne,'
and this from ' Fr. ecliiner, to chine, divide, or break the
back of (Gotgrave), probably from the A. S. cinan, to
chine, chink or rive.' From the absurdity of deriving
the ' Fr. ecliiner ' from the * A. S. cinan ' he might have
been saved at the outset, by remembering that, instead
of echine being derived from the verb erhiner, it is ob-
vious that ecliiner, to break the back of, is derived from
echine, the back, as Gotgrave certainly meant us to
understand ; see eschine, eschiner in ' Gotgrave's Dic-
tionary.' Putting eschine and eschiner side by side, the
shorter foi-m is the more original.
"5. This canon, requiring us to compare vowel'
sounds, is a little more difficult, but it is extremely im*
portant. In manj' dictionaries it is utterly neglected,
whereas the information to be obtained from vowels is
often extremely certain ; and few things are more
beautifully regular than the occasionally complex, yet
often decisive manner in which, especiailj* in the Teu-
tonic languages, one vowel-sound is educed from an-
other. The very fact that the A. S. e is a modification
of 6 tells us at once that fkdan. to feed, is a derivative
otfdd, food ; and that to derive food iromfeed is simply
Impossible. In the same waj' the vowel e in the verb
to set owes its \evy existence to the vowel a in the past
tense of the verb to sit; and so on in countless in-
stances.
"The other caQous require no particular com-
ment."
SPEECH AS A BARRIER BETWEEN MAN AND BEAST.
If we ask. Are irrational animals endowed with the
faculty of speech ? we are met by three sections of ad-
vanced scientists at the ver^' threshold of the discus-
sion. The skeptic is in doubt as to whether there is
any such distinction as the distinction between rational
and irrational animals. The agnostic does not know —
and claims no one else can know — whether there is any
such distinction or not. The monistic philosopher,
Ernst Heinrich Haeclcel, endeavors to prove in "Evo-
lution of Man " that Reason, as a frontier post be-
tween Man and Beast, is altogether untenable. Either
we must take Reason in its narrow sense, argues
Haeckel — and in that case it is lacking in most Men as
well as in the lower animals; or we must take it in its
broader and lower sense, in which case it is present in
such animals as the Hoi'se, Elephant, Dog and Ape, as
well as in the human species. Under such circum-
stances it is evident that we cannot satisfactorily dis-
cuss the question bj' beginning at either Reason or
Speech as a barrier between Man and Beast. If the
atheistic evolution or development theory has been
established, there is no distinction or barrier between
Man and Beast, except a mere matter of higher devel-
opment in the former than in the latter. Beasts have
both Speech and Reason as well as Man has, and there
is no barrier here. Going still fui-ther down the scale
of organisms, we reach forms of life which have noth-
ing but skulless brain-bladdei's. The Mind in these
organisms cannot develop with its organ, the brain,
for the brain has not ^^et differentiated in them. At
this point in the scale, at all events, development of
Mind has not yet begun.
We hold that atheistic evolution cannot stand, un-
less it stands as an entirety. The question is not. Does
Reason develop in connection with its organ, the brain ?
as Haeckel discusses it; but does Reason develop
gradually' all along the line — from the undifferentiated
Amoeba, up through skulless brain-bladders, and,
finall3% in connection with its organ, the brain, in the
higher Beasts and in Man ? Was it Reason, or merely
intelligence, which was developing, all along the line,
until Man came upon the scene ? If it is Reason, as
between Man and the higher Beasts, wliy not Reason,
as between the primitive slime and Protomonas 'i
If we begin to call it Reason, as distinct from intel-
ligence., anv where in the line of development, why not
begin at Man ? Does not Man — even the Austi'alian
Bushman — show an intelligence wliich even in its de-
gradation is quite distinct from the intelligence of
the Ape ? Haeckel quotes with approval the lines of
Goethe's " Mephistopheles " :
" He calls It Reason, but thou see'st
Its use but makes him beastlier than the beast."
Instinct keeps the beast within the bounds of
nature, but reason conferred upon the Bushman, and
upon others besides the Bushman, is a dangerous
possession. It controls nature. Here is the dividing
line. This is human Reason, with its almost limitless
powers of investigation ; its ability to stifle the voice
of instinct, not only for high good, but for base evil ;
its strange, contradictory* power of either looking
forward to a higher destiny in a Hereafter, or of
looking backword to the unclean Ape, as a near
relative, without the faintest idea of ever associating
with it, or trying to form it into a new political party.
Whereas the Anthropoid Apes are supposed to have
differentiated from common Apes, and finalh' into ]\Ien,
mostly by withdrawing themselves from association
with the coarser Apes, this human Reason is capable,
in the case of Ernst Haeckel, of looking upon the
Anthi'opoid Ape as a more suitable ancestor than a
"God-like Adam," and nevertheless develops into a
giant intellect of the nineteenth century. Man can
think as he sees fit about his relations with Apes and
"other cattle," and yet remain Man; but if the
Anthropoid Apes had not gone off by themselves and
commenced to chatter and talk and g'et their heads to-
gether, so the coarser Apes could not understand them,
they would never have differentiated ; and even Evolu-
tion itself could never have changed them into even
Bushmen, much less into the sagacious Lake-Dwellers
of Switzerland, or the liberty-loving Mound-Builders of
these States.
With these limitations as to the development of
human from brutal intelligence, we have no objections
to urge against a notable article in t\\Q Atlantic Monthly
for September, 1891, by Mr. E. P. Evans, on " Speech as
a Barrier between Man and Beast." In reply to Max
Miiller's dictum that " no animal has ever spoken,"
Mr. E. P. Evans asserts that parrots and I'avens utter
articulate sounds as distinctly as the average cockney,
and in most cases make quite as intelligent and edify-
ing use of them for the expression of ideas. Again :
*' In the course of ages, and as the result of long proc-
esses of evolution and transformation, monkeys have
learned to speak, but when they have acquired this
faculty we call them men."
If we call them Men, instead of Monkeys, when they
have gamed the power of speech, the question is, Do
we, as it were, call them by their right name ? Is it
proper, scientific, to make the distinction ? If it is not,
then Man is not only descended from the unclean Ape,
but he is a shameless pretender, usurper and tyrant.
He snatches from the monkey the priceless heritage
of speech, and hies him to cities and towns, leaving in
the woods of barhai-ous countries the sagacious little
animals which lie has robbed — and which now, pei'-
foi'ce, chatter and pine away, while Man takes com-
fort and enjoys even free speech. On the other hand,
if it is true tliat Man alone can justly lay claim to the
power of speech, then, of course, speech is a barrier
between man and beast. Is it an insurmountable
baiTier? According to Mr. E. P. Evans, when the
Monkey speaks we call it Man. In this sense the
barrier of speech is an insurmountable barrier; where
speech begins the beast ends.
But does human speech develop from brutal speech ?
(xi)
xn
ESTTRODUCTIOK
Max Muller stops at roots or "phonetic cells " as "ul-
timate facts in the analysis of lang'uag'e,'' and virtually
saj's to the philologist, "Thus far shalt thou go, and
no further, and here shall thy researches be stayed."
"The scholar," he declares, "begins and ends with
these phonetic types ; or, if he ignores them, and
traces words back to the cries of animals or to the in-
terjections of men, he does so at his peril. The philos-
opher goes beyond, and he discovers in the line which
separates rational from emotional language, concept-
ual from intuitional knowledge — in the roots of lan-
guage he discovers the true barrier between Man and
Beast."
Replying to this argument, Mr. Evans declares
that the philologist, who recognizes in the roots of
language the Ultima Tluile beyond which he dare not
push his investigations, confesses thereby his incom-
petenc,y to solve the problem of the origin of language,
and must resign this field of inquiry to the zoopsychol-
ogist, who, freeing himself from the trammels and
illusions of metaphysics, seeks to find a firm basis for
his science in the strict and sj'stematic study of facts.
Imagine the folly of the physiologist who should say
to his fellow-scientists : " In your researches you must
begm and end with cells. If, in studying oi'ganic
structures, you go back of cells and endeavor to dis-
cover the laws underlying their origin, you do so at
your peril. Beware of the dangerous seductions of
C3'toblast and cytogenesis and treacherous quagmires
of protoplasm."
In this, Mr. E. P. Evans presumes that the " origin
of cells" has been clearly traced. If there is good ad-
vice to be found an\'where on the subject of the shad-
owy development and spontaneous generation which
precedes the cell in atheistic evolution, that advice
would be. Do not say you understand how primitive
slime in the bottom of the primordial sea ever became
a thing of life and a cell — unless you do understand it.
Unless you see that such might have been the fact, do
not say that j'ou so see. If the tracing of the roots of
human language from the roots of brutal language is
to depend on anything like the arguments adduced by
Haeckel in his attempt to make cells out of primitive
slime, then indeed do the roots of monkey language
need careful mulching for a few more winters.
But Mr. Evans admits it is only natural that the
philologist should think thus, being so absorbed in the
laws which govern the transmutation of words that he
comes to regard these metamorphoses as finalities, and
never goes behind and beyond them. We must look,
therefore, not to comparative philology, but to com-
parative psychologj', for the discovery of the origin of
language. Philolog^^ has to do with" the growth and
development of speech out of roots, which are assumed
to be ultimate and unanalyzable elements, like the
purely hypothetical particles which the physicist calls
atoms ; but as to the natum and genesis of roots them-
selves the philologist of to-day is as puzzled and per-
plexed as was the old Vedic poet, when, in the presence
of the universe and its mysterious generation, he could
only utter the pathetic and helpless cry, "Who, indeed,
knows, who can declare, whence it sprang, whence this
evolution ? "
" Show me only one root in the language of ani-
mals," says Max Miiller, "such as ah, to be sharp and
quick, and from it two derivatives, as asva, the quick
one — the horse — and acutus, sharp or quick-witted ;
nay, show me one animal that has the power of form-
ing roots, that can put one and two together, and
realize the simplest dual concept ; show me one animal
that can think and say 'two,' and I should say that.
so far as language is concerned, we cannot oppose Mr.
Darwin's argument, and that Man has, or at least may
have been, developed from some lower animal."
Mr. Evans replies that according to the theory of
evolution the language of animals has not yet reached
the root stage and never can reach it ; for it would
then become articulate speech, and be no longer the
language of animals, but the language of Man. But
this is surely no evidence or indication that one may
not grow out of the other ; on the contrary', it rather
suggests the possibility of such growth and develop-
ment.
We cannot be certain, however, that animals may
not have general concepts. When a dog, in eager pur-
suit of some object, yelps, (th-al-, how do we know that
this sharp utterance, which expresses the strong and
impatient desire of the dog- to overtake the object, may
not stand in the canine mind for the general concept
of quickness? It is used in pursuing all animals and
inanimate things — bii-d, hare, squirrel, stick or stone —
and cannot therefore denote any single one of them,
but must haA'e a general signification. For aught we
know, the language of animals maj' be made up of un-
developed roots vaguely expressive of general con-
cepts, or may even contain derivative soimds.
Mr. Darwin asserted that, since becoming domesti-
cated, the dog has learned to bark in as manj- as five
or six distinct tones: eagerness, as in the chase ; an-
ger, as well as growling ; the yelp or howl of despair,
when shut up ; the baj'ing at night ; the bark of joj-,
when starting on a walk with his master; and the
very distinct one of demand or supplication, as when
wishing for a door or window to be opened.
Says Mr. E. P. Evans: "This variety of tones,
expressing ditferent desires and emotions in an animal
that, in its wild state, could not bark at all, marks a
very considerable advance in the power of vocal utter-
ance as the result of association with man."
In closing this xery curious and highly entertaining
article, Mr. Evans thinks it would be superfluous to
multiph- instances of the capability of understanding
articulate speech manifested by monkeys, horses, dogs,
cats, elephants, birds, and other animals that acquire
this power, as children do, through the ear and by the
exercise of attention. The\- also show a nice discrim-
ination in distinguishing between words similar in
sound. A parrot or a raven masters a new sentence
by repeating it, and working at it, just as a school-
boy solves a hard problem. These birds associate
sounds with objects, and thus invent names for them.
Every dog is a "bow-wow," and every cat a " miau-
miau." The denotive term has an onomato-poctic
origin, and by the process of generalization is applied
to all animals of the species ; it is not necessary- that
the parrot should have heard each individual dog bark
or cat mew before giving it its appropriate name. A
raven belonging to Gotthard Heidegger, a clergyman
and rector of the gymnasium in Zurich, was constantly
picking up woixls dropped in general conversation, and
using them afterward in the most surprising manner.
Even animals whose larsTigeal apparatus is not
structurally adapted to the production of articulate
sounds maj' be taug'ht to utter them. Leibnitz men-
tions a dog which had learned to pronounce thirty
words distinctly. In the Dumfries Jovrnul of January,
lS-39, an account is given of a dog which called out
" William " so as to be clearly understood ; and Mr.
Romanes cites the case of an English terrier which had
been taught to say, " How are you, grandmam ? "
The careful and systematic experiments now being
made in this direction bv Professor A. Graham Bell
SPEECH AS A BARRIER BETWEEN MAN AND BEAST.
xGi
aud other scientists are exceedingly interesting, and
may lead to important results.
In view of these facts, it is evident that the barrier
between human and animal intelligence, once deemed
impassable, is becoming more and more imperceptible,
and with the rapid progress of zoopsychological re-
search will soon disappear altogether. " When we re-
member," says Professor Sayce, "the inarticulate
clicks which still form part of the Bushman's lan-
guage, it would seem as if no line of division could be
drawn between Man and Beast, even when language
is made the test." Apes make use of similar clicks
for a like purpose, and these sounds are doubtless sur-
vivals of speech before it became distinctively articulate.
Whatever maj' be the value of the facts presented
by Mr. Evans, it cannot be disputed that the whole
theory of atheistic evolution has one apparently insur-
mountable barrier to overcome before it can be gen-
erally accepted by the great majority of men. This
barrier Haeckel calls " human arrogance." Man's in-
stinctive dislike to be told that he is the same — only a
little different, owing to adaptation — as the Ape that
grins at him in the menagerie and pa3's no taxes ; and
that Man's mind, " the human reason " which evolu-
tionists are wont to ridicule, does not separate him
from the American Ape with the flat nose that claims
relationship with the Mound-Builders, nor from the
foreign Ape with the up-and-down nose, that used to
throw cocoanuts, worth ten cents each, at English
sailors, to keep the sailors from climbing the trees to
get them: this instinctive dislike is called "human
arrogance." Haeckel avers that this prejudice is very
unbecoming in people who sometimes lay claim to a
proper and highly becoming humility of spirit.
We propose to show, among other things, that in
this Haeckel, and all who believe as he does, are turn-
ing traitor to their own species. If the struggle for
existence and progress among organisms are at work
among all living beings, let us think we are not related
to the Ape and such cattle, even if we are. Was it
not such arrogance as this, according to evolution, that
caused a few choice Apes to go off by themselves as a
select set and develop into Men-Apes, then into Ape-
Men, and, finally, to drop the J2}e from their family
name altogether ? Did not this arrogance in the cour.se
of time cause them to go in out of the rain and cold
and heat, so that thej' eventually shed their hair, for
the most part ? What caused them to get their heads
together and talk, instead of chattering, so that the
"cawser " Apes could not know what they were saying
— if it was not arrogance ? Could anything but arro-
gance impel them to make flint arrowheads with which
to kill the cave-bear for a grand reception dinner of the
select set, instead of climbing a tree to get away from
Bruin? Mere "humiUtyof spirit " and knowing "Man's
Place in Nature " as well as a disciple of Huxley saj's
he does, would have caused the bottom to drop out of
the whole enterprise ; and the other Apes would have
the laugh on the select few, who had great expectations
and absurd pretensions without the ability to realize on
them.
Huxley's Law gives, in substance, the following ac-
count of the " Place in Nature " occupied, for exam-
ple, bj' your baby boy, one year old, in whom neither
reason nor speech has yet awakened : " Your child
is less above the Ape of the future, and perhaps of
the present, than a human of the future, or perhaps
of the present, is above him. This child may be
nearer to the Ape in every essential characteristic
than he is to a highly-developed human. When your
child is old enough to study, let him first learn
'Man's Place in Nature' from the 'only' Huxley.
He will then entertain a fellow-feeling for the Ape
as an unfortunate, poor relation who was left behind
in 'natui-al selection or the struggle for existence,'
etc., even more so than for a next-door neighbor who
lacks force of character and general organic strength,
because of certain habits and traits in his parents.
Your child should be trained to point with pride to an
ambitious, go-ahead Ape-Man from which came chil-
dren who could build a fire and others iv7iich hung head
downward from a tree by their tails — and are doing it
yet — to amuse some attractive female Ape.
"It is far nobler to have such an ancestor, who had
two kinds of children, some with erect mien, who broke
the old Man- Ape's heart by their insubordination, ar-
rogance and strange, outlandish, articulate chattering
— this is the crowd you and your child are descended
from — and others, whe were only collateral relatives
to your child and you, and who stayed with their pro-
genitor, comforted his declining years by making him
eat at the second table, if he could find anj'thing, and
finally let him die and rot on top of the ground to save
funeral expenses. It is far nobler, we monists say, to
have such a versatile, though badly used ancestor,
than to be descended from a God-like Adam, whom the
' black International,' and the rest of the churches tell
you about, for the sole purpose of getting your money,
tickling your vanity and keeping you in ecclesiastical
leading strings. Bear in mind, now, we do not say
that Man is descended from the Ape. In fact, we hold
that these low-down, flat-nosed, long -tailed American
Apes are not in any way connected with Man's de-
scent, and only very slightly, as a mere offshoot, with
man's pedigree. What we say and can easily prove,
if you will just bear in mind the natural descent of
Man from the lower animal, is this : That Men and
Apes are both descended from the same parent ; that
this same parent form is probably extinct ; that if it
is not, we will probably find him somewhere in Africa
or Asia. It or he is either black, j^ellow or brown ;
either Mongolian, Malaj' or Ethiopian. The real Apes
that you and your little boy are descended from never
came to America until thej^ became Men."
Exciting prejudice against the development theory
is entirely uncalled for, as intense prejudice against it
already exists. We distinctly disclaim any attempt to
do so in asking the reader to take monism home to him-
self, especially the "Ape Question." The argument
that the foregoing enforces and illustrates is this .
Adaptation is one of the mechanical causes of athe-
istic evolution. In this a prominent factor is a sense
of superiority, pride, arrogance, on the part of indi-
viduals of a species who are about to change their
habits of life, to submit to the mechanical cause or law
of adaptation — to develop, as man is said to have done,
from the Ape-Man parent form. This is a fixed and
unalterable law ; it is necessary, this causal connection
between a sense of superiority, pride and arrogance,
and the change in the habits of life. If that sense of
supei'iority was necessar^^ as between Ape-Men and
other Ape-Men — the sense of superiority on the part of
Man toward Apes — the customary " arrogance " is
much more necessary, and Man cannot think that he is
allied to Apes. The atheistic evolutionists are men.
Therefore they cannot think that their views on the
Ape Question are anything but arrant nonsense. Their
readers are Men, therefore they cannot think what
these monistic books try to prove. As between Men,
those individuals compelld, by atheistic evolution, to
rise not at all or very slo /ly above their present con-
dition, cannot think themselves equal to those above
XIV
INTRODUCTION.
them ; and those who are compelled to rise cannot but
look down upon their weaker brethren. This last is a
distinction within the species ; tlie other is a distinction
between one species and another. Finally, what the
human mind cannot think — but must think the con-
trary— is not true. Therefore, by the atheistic evolu-
tionist's own laws, and according- to his necessary con-
nection between cause and effect, Man is not descended
from, nor allied to, the Ape nor an Ape-Man form.
In this we are grasping a really vital point, if con-
nection between cause and effect everywhere is neces-
sary, inevitable. When Man differentiated from Ape-
Men, as the latter had previously differentiated from
Apes, it was necessary that the "progressive element,"
the " only " Men in the one case, and the " only " Ape-
Men in the other, should consider themselves, after a
few generations, as entirely distinct from Apes in the
one case and Ape-Men in the other. Now, instead of
a few generations, give us an epoch, or even an age, or
a few thousand years ; then give us a general migration
to a country where Apes and Ape-Men did not intrude
to remind the emigrants of their discreditable pedi-
gree ; add Heredity and Adaptation and the Struggle
for Existence; contemplate the weeding out of the
ne'er-do-weels ; bring Natural Selection upon the scene,
whereby male and female of the weaker class, and of
others more worthy, are snubbed and jilted and swin-
dled out of their property and given over to dishonest
guardians, executors, administrators and assigns, and
allowed to die bachelors and old maids; let this con-
tinue among the emigrants for a few thousand years,
and we will show you a race under the control of the
fixed and unalterable laws of Heredity and Adaptation
to such an extent that they cannot think themselves
allied to Apes or Ape-Men. And what the human
mind cannot think — but must think the contrary — is
false. At all events, '.vhy waste time and talents try-
ing to make the human species think -that, the con-
trary of which the " only " evolution theory compels
us to think ?
Table of Divisions of the Aryan Languages.
The English language^the- offspring of the Anglo-Saxon — is one of the Low Oerman dialects which
form pare of the Teutonic branch of the Indo-European or Aryan languages.
The Aryan languages may be divided into six principal branches:
L
n.
m.
IV.
T.
VX
ISDIAS.
Persic.
CELTia
GE^C(>-LAT1*I.
TBimnnc:
Slavonic
The Teutonic branch is divided into three classes, the Low German, High GennaQ and Scandma-
▼ian :
1. Mceeo-tiothic, preserved in Ul-
ShUas's trauBlatiODGf tte
os^els.
2. Aiiglo-baxon.
L liOwGermaB. ' En^^lish.
a Old Sason.
4. Frisian.
5. Dntch.
ift Flemish.
XSlTrOKIC.
XL Hlgb Qennaii.
i\. O.
•(a M
Is. x-
1. Old High German.
Middle High Germoi.
"'ew High Grermaa.
1. Icelandic,
m. Scandinavian. ^ | ^°S"^
4. Danish.
The Celtic branch is divided into ;
t. GUidhelic or Erse.
1. Irish.
a. Scottish GaeUa
& Manx.
a. Gyniric.
1. Welsh.
2. Cornish (now exQnaQk.
8. Breton.
Grimm"s Law of the Interchange of Consonant Sounds.
The evidence that the group of languages known as
the Aryan languages form a family — that is, are all
sister-dialects of one common mother-tongue — consists
in their grammatical forms being the same, and in their
having a great many words in common. In judging
whether an individual word in one of these tongues is
really the same with a word in another of the tongues,
we are no longer guided b3' mere similarity of sound ;
on the contrary, identity of sound is generally a pre-
sumption that a proposed etymology is wrong. Words
are constantly undergoing change, and each language
follows its own fashion in making those changes. Cor-
responding words, therefore, in the several languages
must, as a rule, in the long course of ages have come
to differ greatly ; and these differences follow certain
laws which it is possible to ascertain. Unless, then, a
proposed identification accord with those laws, it is in-
admissible. We are not at liberty to suppose any ar-
bitrary omission of a letter, or substitution of one let-
ter for another, as was the fashion in the old guessing
school of etymology.
Of the laws of interchange of sounds in the Indo-
European family, the most important is that known as
Grimm's Law, so called after the famous German phi-
lologist who investigated it. It exhibits the relations
found to exist between the consonant sounds in three
groups of the Aryan languages — namely, (1) the Clas-
sical, including Sanskrit, Greek and Latin ; (2) Low
German, which we may take Gothic and English as
representing ; (3) High German, especially Old High
German, in which the Law is more consistently' carried
out than in modern High German.
The scope of the Law is confined to the interchanges
among the following consonant sounds, which are here
arranged so as to show their relations to one another :
Sharp. Flat. Aspirate.
Labial p b f(v)
Iilngno-dental ... ....t d th(z)
Guttural k(c) g ch(7i)
The horizontal division into three orders depends on
the organ chiefly used in the utterance. The differ-
ences between the vertical series are more easily felt
than described. Pronounce first ip and then ib ; in the
first the lips are completely closed, and the sound or
voice from the larynx abruptly cut off. In the second
the lips are also completely shut, but a muffled voice is
continued for a moment ; it is produced by the vocal
chords being still kept in a state of tension, and the
breath eontinuing to issue through them into the cavity
of the mouth for a brief space after the lips are closed.
Next pronounce if; in this, although the voice-sound
abruptly ceases, the lip-aperture is not so completely
closed but that a thin stream of breath continues to
escape with the sound of a whisper. Hence the name
aspirate given to such articulations. Now, inter-
changes do take place between members of these
vertical series — that is, one sharp takes the place of
another, as in Welsh, pen ; Gaelic, Ain ; or in Rus-
sian, i^Bodor for TAeodore. Such instances, however,
are comparatively rare and sporadic. It is between
members of the horizontal orders that interchanges
chiefly take place — that is, labials with labials, dentals
with dentals, etc.; and it is with these interchanges
that Grimm's Law deals.
The substance of the Law may be presented in a
tabular form, as follows :
(1) Classical Sharp.
(2) Low German Aspirat
(8) High German.... Flat.
Flat Aspirate.
Sharp. Flat.
Aspirate. Sharp.
The table may be thus read : A classical sharp labial,
asp, is represented in Low German by the aspirate
labial /, and in High German by the flat labial b ; and
so of the other orders.
EXAMPLE&
(A) Interchange or Labials.
CLASSICAL.
Sans., Gr., L. pater..
Gr. pteron (peteron)..
L. pulex
L. rapina
Gr. kannabis
L. /ra{n)go
Gr. phn,Li. /n
LOW GERMAN.
E. /ather, Goth, fadrs
E. feather
E. Vlea, Scot /lech...
A.S. rea/, E. reaiie. ...
E. hemp
E. break, Goth, brikan
E.be
0. H. OEEHAN.
vatar.
I'edar, Ger. feder.
1)lo, Ger. /Idh.
roub.
hana/, Ger. han/.
prechan, Ger. brechen
pirn (I am).
(B) INTEKCHANGB OF Ln?GtT0-DENTAI.8.
L. tennis
L. tectum
Gr. odont, L. dent
L. tiingna (— lingua).
Gr. thngater.
Gr. thei, L. /era
E.tWn
E. t/iatch, Goth. thak.
E. tooth, Goth.
tunthus.
E. tongue
E. daughter, Gfoth.
dauhtar.
E. deer
dunni, Ger. diinn.
dach.
Zand, Ger. zalm.
znnga.
tobtar.
tier.
(C) Interchange or GtnrtrRALa
E. halt
E. ?ieart
E. eight, Goth, ahtan.
E. knee
E. acre, Goth. aTcrs...
E. goose
E. {/arden.Goth. gards
L. claudus
Gr. kard-, L. cord-....
L. octo
Gr. gonu
L. ager
Gr. Chen, L. anser
(— ?!anser)
L. /lortus
It will be observed that there are a good many ex-
ceptions to the Law, especially in the case of the
aspirates; the influence of adjoining letters often
causes anomalies. The Law holds good oftenest in
the beginning of words.
?ialz.
Tierza.
ahte, Ger. acTit
chnio.
achuT, Ger. acker.
kans, Ger. gans.
karto, Ger. garten.
List of Abbreviations.
aoc according.
occits accusative.
adj adjective.
adu adverb.
agri agriculture.
aig algebra.
anat anatomy.
arch architecture.
arlth arithmetic.
astr astronomy.
B. Bible.
hook-k book-keeping.
hot botany.
c century.
c/ compare.
chem chemistry.
cog cognate.
comp comparative.
ccmj conjunction.
conn connected.
contr contraction.
corr c6rmption.
demons. demonstrative.
Diet Dictionary.
dim diminutive.
dub donbtfuL
e»p especially.
ety etymology.
fern feminine.
fig figuratively.
fol followed.
fort fortification.
Amer American.
At Arabic.
A.S .....Anglo-Saxon.
Bav Bavarian.
Bobem. Bohemian.
Bret. Breton.
Celt Celtic.
ChaL Chaldean.
Com Cornish.
Dan Danish.
Dut Dutch.
E English.
Finn Finnish.
Flem Flemish.
Fr French.
Fris. Frisian.
freq frequentatlTe.
gen genitive.
geol geology.
geom geometry.
gram grammar.
gun gunnery.
her. heraldry.
hoii horticultore.
Inf infinitive.
int interjection.
inten intensive.
jew jewelry.
lit literally.
mas masculine.
math mathematics.
mech mechanics.
med medicine.
mil] military.
miyi mineralogy.
mus music.
myth mythology.
71., Tis noun, nouns.
nat. hist natural history.
naut nautical.
Tieg negative.
obs. obsolete.
opp opposed.
opt optic.
orig originally.
p participle.
paint painting.
pa.p. past participle.
GaeL Gaelic.
Ger German.
Goth Gothic.
Gr Greek.
Heb Hebrew.
Hind. Hindustani.
Hon Hungarian.
Ice Icelandic
It. Irish.
It. Italian.
li Latin.
Lith Lithuanian.
M. E Middle English.
Mex Mexican.
Norm Norman.
Norw. Norwegian.
pass passive.
pa.t past tenaa.
pert perfect.
perh perhaps.
pers i>erson.
pfx prefix.
phil philosophy.
pi plural.
poet poetical.
poss possessive.
Pr.Bk Book of Common
Prayer.
pr.p present participla
prep preposition.
pres present.
print printing.
prlv privative.
prob probably.
pron pronoun.
prov provincial.
rhet rhetoric.
sig signifying.
sing singular.
superl superlative.
term termination.
Test Testament.
theol theology.
unk unknown.
v.i verb intransitive.
c.t verb transitive.
aool zoology.
O. Fr Old French.
O. Ger. Old German.
Pera Persian.
Port Portuguese.
Prov Provencj-al.
Rom Romance.
Russ Russian.
Sans Sanskrit.
Scand. Scandinavian.
Scot Scottish.
Slav Slavonic.
Sp Spanish.
Sw Swedish.
Teut Teutonic
Turk Turkish.
W Welrfi.
A DICTIONARY
OF THE
ENGLISH LANGUAGE.
A
a. t.he indeflaite article, a broken-down
form of An, and used before words be-
°:inaiag with the sound of a consonant.
[See An.]
A, used at one time before participles, as
in " She lay a dying." It is now admit-
ted only colloquially.
ABACK, a-bak', adv. {naut.) said of sails
pressed backward against the mast by
the wind — hence, TAKEN ABACK, taken
by surprise.
ABACUS, ab'a-kus, n. a counting-frame
or table : (arch.) a level tablet on the
capital of a column.
ABAFT, a-baft', adv. or prej}., on the aft
or hind part of a ship : behind.
ABANDON, a-ban'dun, v.t. to give up : to
desert : to yield (one's self) without re-
straint.
ABANDONED, a-ban'dund, adj. given up,
as to a vice : very wicked. — n. Abandon-
ment, a-ban'dun-ment, act of abandon-
ing : state of being given up.
ABASE, a-bas', v.t. to cast down: to hum-
ble : to degrade. — n. Abasement, a-bas'-
nient, state of humiliation.
aBASH, a-bash', v.t. to confuse with
shame or guilt. — n. Abashment, a-bash'-
nient, confusion from shame.
ABATE, a-bat", v.t. to lessen : to mitigate.
— v.i. to grow less.
ABATEMENT, a-bat'ment, n. the act of
abating : the sum or quantity abated :
\ker.) a mark of dishonor on a coat-of-
arnis.
IBATIS, ABATTIS, a'bat-is, n. (fort.) a
rampart of trees felled and laid side by
side, with the branches towards the
enemv.
^^ATTOIR, a-bat-war', n. a slaughter-
house.
ABAXIAL, ab-ak'si-al, at^. not iu the
axis ; specificalij", in botany, applied to
the embryo when out of the axis of the
seed. Also Abaxile.
ABBA, ab'a, n. in Chaldee and Syriac, a
father.
ABBACY, ab'a-si, n. the office of an
abbot.
ABBATIAL, ab-bashal, Abbatical, ab-
bat'ik-al, adj. pertaining to an abbey.
ABBESS, ab'es, n. the superior of a relig-
ious community of women. [Fern, of
Abbot.]
ABBEY, ab'e, n. a monastery of persons
of either sex presided over by an abbot
or abbess ; the church attached to it : —
;>/. Abbeys. [Fr. abbaye — L. abbatia —
Abba.)
\BBOT, ab'ut, n. the father or head of an
abbey.— -/em. Abb'ess. [L. abbas, ab-
f/rt/i.s — AbbaJ
\BHREV1ATE, ab-bre'vi-at, v.t. to make
brief or short : to abridge. [L. abbrevio,
•atum — ab, intensive, and brevis, short.
See Brief.]
ABBREVIATION, ab-bre-vi-a'shun, n. a
shortening : a part of a word put for the
whole.
ABBREVTATOR, ab-br5'vi-at-ur, n, one
who abbreviates.
A— ABOMINATE.
ABDICATE, ab'di-kat, v.t. to renounce or
give up (a high office). — n. Abdica'tion.
[L. ab, from or off, dico, -atum, to pro-
claim.]
ABDOMEN, ab-do'men, n. the lower part
of the Ijellv. [L.l
ABDOMINAL, ab-dom'in-al, adj. pertain-
ing to the al)donien.
ABDUCTION, ab-duk'shun. n. the carry-
ing away, esp. of a person by fraud or
force. [L. ab, from, duco, ductum, to
draw.]
ABDUCTOR, ab-dukt'ur, n. one guilty of
abduction : a muscle that draws away.
ABEAM, a-bem', adv. (naut.) on the beam,
or in a line at riglit angles to a vessel's
length. [Pfx. a (A.S. on, on), on, and
Beam.]
ABECEDABY, a-be-se'da-ri, n. a first
principle or element : rudiment. "Such
rudiments or abecedaries." — Fuller.
ABED, a-bed', adv. in bed. [Prefix a, on,
and Bed.]
ABERRANT, ab-er'ant, adj., wandering
from the right or straight path. [L. ab,
from, erro, to wander.]
ABERRATION, ab-er-a'shun, n. a wander-
ing from the right path : deviation from
truth or rectitude.
ABET, a-bet', v.t. to incite by encourage-
ment or aid (used ciiiefly in a bad .sense) :
— pr.p. abett'ing ; pa.p. abett'ed. — n.
Abetment, a-bet'ment. — n. Abettor,
a-bet'ur. [O. Fr. abeter — d ( — L. ad, to),
and beter, to bait, from root of Bait.]
ABEYANCE, a-b.a'ans, n. a state of sus-
pension or expectation. [Fr. — d (L. ad,
to), and buyer, to gape in expectation,
from imitative root 6a, to gape.]
ABHOR, ab-hor', v.t. to slirink from with
horror : to detest : to loathe : — pr.p. ab-
horr'ing; pa.p. abhorred'. [L. See Hor-
ror.]
ABHORRENCE, ab-horens, n. extreme
hatred.
ABHORRENT, ab-hor'ent, adj. detesting :
'•epugnant.
ABHORRING, ab-hor'ing, n. (B.) object of
great hatred.
ABIDE, a-bid', v.t. to hide or wait for : to
endure : to tolerate. — v.i. to remain in a
place, dwell, or stay : — pa.t. and pa.p.
abode'. — adj. Abiding, continual. [A.S.
abidan — pfx. a=Goth. MS=Ger. er, and
bidan, to wait.]
ABIGAIL, ab'i-gal, n. a lady's maid.
[From Abigail, 1 Sam. xxv.]
ABILITY, a-b.l'i-ti, n. quality of being
able : power : strength : skill ; — pi.
Abilities, the powers of the mind.
[M. E. liability Fr. habilcte — L. habili-
tas — habilis, easily handled, fit, apt,
able, from habeo, to have, hold. See
ABIOGENESIST, a-bi'5-jon-e-sist, n. a be-
liever in abiogenesis. a theory based on
spontaneous generation as oppo.sed to
sexual generation : or, more explicitly,
the production of life or living beings
under certain physii al conditions with-
out the intervention of antecedent living
forms. Also Abiooenist. Abiogeny,
same as Abiogenesis. Abjogenetic, adj.
of, pertaining to, or produced by, abio
genesis.
ABIRRITATE, ab-ir'ri-tat, v.t. in medicine,
to deaden, as the vital phenomena of the
tissues : to debilitate. Ablrritattve,
ab-ir'ri-tat-iv, adj. tending to abirritate.
ABJECT, ab'jekt, adj. east away : mean :
worthless. — adv. Ab'jectly. [L. ab-
jectus — cast away — ab, away, jado, to
throw.]
ABJECTION, ab-jek'shun, Abjectness,
ab'jekt-nes, n., a mean or low state ;
baseness.
ABJURE, ab-]Oor', v.t. to renounce on
oath or solemnly. — n. ABJURATION, ab-
joor-a'shun. [L. ab, from, ^tro, -atum,
to swear.]
ABLACTATION, ab-lak-ta'shun, n. a wean-
ing. [L. ab. from lacto, to suckle — lao,
lactis, milk.]
ABLATIVE, ab'lat-iv, adj. used as a n.
The name of the sixth case of a Latin
noun. [L. ahlat'ims — ah, from, /ero,
latum,, to take ; as if it indicated taking
away, or privation.]
ABLAZE, a-blaz', adv., in a blaze : on fire.
ABLE, a'bl, adj. (comp. A'bler ; superl.
A'BLEST), having sufficient strength,
power, or means to do a thing : skillful.
—adv. A'BLY. [See Ability.]
ABLEGATE, ab'leg-at, n. in the Roman
Catholic Church a special commissioner
charged with conveying his insignia of
office to a newly appointed cardinal.
ABLUTION, ab-loo'shun, n. act of wash-
ing, esp. the body, preparatory to relig-
ious rites. [L. dblutio — ab, away, luo=
lavo, to wash.]
ABNEGATE, ab'ne-gat, v.t., to deny. \U
ah, awav, and negro, to deny. See Ne-
gation.]
ABNEGATION, ab-ne-ga'shun, n. denial:
renunciation.
ABNORMAL, ab-nor'mal, adj., not normal
or according to rule : irregular. — n, Ab-
nor'mity. [L. nb. away from. Normal,.]
ABOARD, a-bOrd', adv. or prep., onboard:
in a ship. [Fix. o, on, and Board.]
Used also of things on shore, as aboard
a railway train, etc. [Amer.]
ABODE, a-bod', n. a dwelling-place : stay,
[Abide.]
ABODE, a-bod', pa.t. and pa.p. of Abide.
ABOLISH, ab-ol'ish, v.t. to put an end to :
to annul. [Fr. aholir — L. aboleo, -itum
— ab, from, olo, olesco, to grow — ab here
reverses the meaning of the simple
verb.]
ABOLITION, ab-ol-ish'un, n. the act of
aholisliing,
ABOLITIONIST, ab-ol-ish'un-ist, n. one
who seeks to abolish anything, esp
slavery.
ABOLif IONIZE, ab-ol-ish'un-iz, v.t. to
imbue with the doctrines or principle*
of an abolitionist.
ABOMINABLE, ab-om'in-a-bl, adj. hate-
ful, detestabl". — adv. Abom'inably.— Ji.
Abom'inableness. [See Abominate.]
ABOMINATE, ab-om'in-St, v.t. to abhor:
to detest extremely. [L. abominor,
-atus — to turn from as of bad omen
See Omen.]
(J)
ABOMINATION
ACCAD
ABOMINATION, ab-om-in-a'shun, h. ex-
treme avei'sion : anything abominable.
ABORIGINAL, ab-o-rij'in-al. adj. first,
primitive.
ABORIGINES, ab-o-rij'in-ez, n.pl. the
original inhabitants of a country. [L.
See Origin.]
ABORT, ab-ort', v.i. to miscarry in birt!i.
[L. uborior, abortus— ab, orior, to rise —
ab liere reverses the meaning.]
ABORTICIDE, arbort'i-sid, n. in obstetrics,
tlie destruction of a monstrous fetus in
utero.
ABORTION, ab-or'shun, )(. premature de-
livery : anything that does not reach
maturity.
ABORTIVE, ab-ort'iv, adj. born untimely :
unsuccessful : producing nothing : ren-
dering abortive. (Obs.) — adv. Abort'-
mEI.Y. — n. ABORT'rVENESS.
ABOUND, ab-ownd', v.i. to overflow, be
in great plenty : (with in) to possess in
plenty. [L. abundo, to overflow as a
river, from unda, a wave.]
ABOUT, a-bowt', prep, round on the out
side : around : here and there in : near
to : concerning : engaged in. — adv.
around : nearly : here and there. —
Bring aboxtt, to cause to take place. —
Come about, to take place. — Go about,
to prepare to do. [A.S. abutan — a, on,
be, by, Mia?!, outside.]
ABOVfe, a-buv', pre}]-, on the up side :
higher than : more than. — adv. over-
head : in a higher position, order, or
power. — Above one's bend, out of one's
power : beyond reach. (Amer.) [A.S.
abufan — o, on, be, by, nfan, high, up-
wards, which is an adv. formed from iif
ABOVE-BOARD, a-buv'-bord, adj. above
the board or table : open.
ABRADE, ab-rad', v.t., to scrape or rub
off. [L. ab, off. rado, rasum, to scrape.]
ABRiVSION, ab-ra'zhun, n. the act of rub-
bing off.
ABREAST, a-brest', adv. with the breasts
in a line : side by side : (naut.) opposite
to. [a, on, and BREAST.]
ABRIDGiE, a-brij', v.t. to make brief or
short : to shorten : to epitomize. [Fr.
abreger — L. abbreviare. See ABBRE\^-
ateJ
ABRIDGMENT, a-brlj'ment, n. contrac-
tion : summary.
ABROAD, a-brawd', adv. on the broad or
open space : out of doors : in another
country.
ABROGATE, ab'ro-gat, v.t. to repeal (a
law). [L. ab, away, rogo, -atum, to a-sk ;
because when a law was proposed the
people were "asked" (to sanction or re-
ject it).]
ABROGATION, ab'ro-ga'shun, n. act of
repe.alinsr.
ABROGATIVE, ab-ro'ga-tiv, adj. tending
to abrogate : capable of abrogating or
annulling.
ABRUPT, ab-rupt', adj. the opposite of
gradual, as if broken off: sudden : unex-
pected.— n. an abrupt place. — adv. Ab-
RCPT'LY. — n. Abrupt'ness. [L. abrup-
tns — ab, off, rumpo, riiptum, to break.]
ABSCESS, ab'ses, n. a collection of puru-
lent matter within some tissue of the
bodj'. [L. abscessus — abs, away, cedo,
eessttm, to go, to retreat.]
ABSCOND, abs-kond', v.i. {lit.) to hide
one's self : to quit the country in order
to escape a legal process. [L. abs, from
or away, condo, to hide.]
ABSENCE, abs'eus, n. the being away or
not present : want : inattention.
ABSENT, abs'ent, adj., being away ; not
present : inattentive. [L. abs, away
from, ens, entis, being — swm, esse, to be.
See Entitt.]
ABSENT, abs-ent', v.t. to keep one's self
away.
ABSENTEE, abs-ent-e', n. one yvho lives
away from his estate or his office.
ABSENTEEISM, abs-ent-e'izm, n. the prac-
tice of a land-owner living at a distance
from his estate.
ABSEY-BOOK, ab-se-book, n. (that is, an
a b c book) a primer, which sometimes
included a catechism. " And then comes
answer like an absey-book." — Shak.
ABSINTH, ab'sinth, n. spirit flavored with
wormwood. [Fr. — L. absinthium, worm-
wood— Gr.]
ABSINTHIC, ab-sin'thic, adj. of or pertain-
ing to absintluum or wormwood, or to an
acid obtained from it.
ABSOLUTE, ab'sol-ut, adj. free from
limits or conditions : complete : unlim-
ited : free from mixture : considered
without reference to other things : un-
conditioned, unalterable : unrestricted
by constitutional checks (said of a gov-
ernment) : (gram.) not immediately de-
pendent.— adv. Ab'solutelt. — n. Ab'sol-
UTENESS. [L. absolutus, pa.p. of absolvo.
See Absolve.]
ABSOLUTION, ab-sol-u'shun, n. release
from punishment : acquittal : remission
of sins by a priest.
ABSOLUTISM, ab'sol-ut-izm, n. a govern-
ment where the ruler is yvithout restric-
tion.
ABSOLUTIST, ab'sol-ut-ist. adj. of or per-
taining to absolutism : despotic. " All
these things were odious to the old gov-
erning classes of France ; their spirit was
absolutist, ecclesiastical, and military." —
John Morley.
ABSOLVE, ab-zolv', v.t., to loose or set
free : to pardon : to acquit ; also, to fin-
ish : accomplish. (Obs.) [L. ah, from,
solvo, solutum, to loose. See Solve.]
ABSORB, ab-sorb', v.t., to such in: to
swallow up : to engage wholly. [L. ab,
from, sorbeo. sorptum, to suck in.]
ABSORBABLE, ab-sorb'a-bl, adj. that may
be absorbed. — n. Absc RBABIL'ITY.
ABSORBENT, ab-sorb'- ;nt, adj. imbibing:
swallowing-. — n. that which absorbs.
ABSORPTION, ab-sorp'shun, n. the act of
absorbing : entire occupation of mind.
ABSORPTIVE, ab-sorpt'iv, adj. having
power to absorb.
ABSQUATULATE, ab-squat'u-lat, v.i. to
run away, especially in disgrace, as from
debt. (Amer.)
ABSTAIN, abs-tan', v.i. to Jiold or refrain
from : also, v.t. to hinder : to obstruct :
to debar : to cause to keep away from.
"Abstain men from marrying."- -J/iZ-
ton. [Fr. abstenir — L. abs, from, teneo,
to hold. See Tenable.]
ABSTEMIOUS, abs-tem'i-us, adj temper-
ate : sparing in food, drink, or enjoy-
ments.— adv. Abstem'iouslt. — ». Abs-
TEJi'iousNESs. [L. abstemius — abs, from,
temefum, strong wine.]
ABSTENTION, abs-ten'shun, n. a refrain-
ing.
ABSTERGENT, abs-terj'ent, adj. serving
T *-\ {^ 1 f n 11 'sf*
ABSTERSION, abs-ter'shun, n. act of
cleansing by lotions. [L. abstergeo,
-tersum, to wipe away.]
ABSTINENCE, abs'tin-ens, n. an abstain-
ing or refraining, especially from some,
indulgence.
ABSTINENT, abs'tin-ent, adj. abstaining
from : temperate. [See Abstain.]
ABSTRACT, abs-trakt', v.t., to draw away:
to separate : to purloin. [L. ab.i, away
from, tra}w, traetum, to draw. See
Trace 1
ABSTRACT, abs'trakt, adj general, as op-
posed to particular or individual : the
opposite of abstract is concrete : a red
color is an abstract notion, a red rose is
a concrete notion : an abstract noun is
the name of a qualitj' apart from the
thing, as redness. — n. summary : abridg-
ment : essence. — adv. Abs'tractlt. — n
Abs'tractness. [L. abstractus, as if a
quality common to a number of tilings
were drawn away from the things and
considered by itself.]
ABSTRACTED, abs-trakt'ed, adj. absent it.
mind. — adv. Abstract'edly. — n. Abs
tract'edness.
ABSTRACTION, abs-trak'shun, n. act oJ
abstracting- : state of being abstracted .
absence of mind : the operation of the
mind by which certain qualities or at-
tributes of an object ai-e considered
apart from the rest : a purloining.
ABSTRLTSE, abs-troos', adj. hidden : re-
mote from apprehension : difficult to be
understood. — adv. Abstruse'ly. — n. Abs-
truse'ness. [L. abstrusus, thrust away
(from observation) — trudo, trusum, to
thrust.]
ABSUED, ab-surd', adj. obviouslv unrea-
sonable or false. — adv. Absurd ly. [L.
absurdus — ab, from, surdus, harsh-sound-
ing, deaf.]
ABI5URDITY, ab-surd'i-ti, ABSURDNESS,
ab-surd'nes, n., the quality qf being ab-
surd : anj-thing absurd.
ABUNDANCE, ab-und'ans, n. ample sufB-
ciency : great plenty. [See Abound.]
ABUNDANT, ab-und'ant, adj. plentiful.—
adv. Abund'ajjtly.
ABUSE, ab-uz', v.t. to use wrongly : to
pervert : to revile : to violate. [L. ab,
asvay (from what is right), utor, tisus,
to use.]
ABUSE, ab-iis', n. Vl use : misapplication ;
reproach.
ABUSIVE, ab-iis'iv, adj., containing or
practicing abuse. — adv. Abus'ively. — n
Abus'iveness.
ABUT, a-but', v.i. to end: to border (on);
—pr.p. abutt'ing ; pa.p. abutt'ed. [Fr.
aboutir, from bout, the end of anything.
See Butt, the end.]
ABUTMENT, a-but'ment, n. that which
abuts : (arch.) what a limb of an arch
ends or rests on.
ABYSM, a-bizm', n. a form of Abyss. [O.
Ft. abysme, from Lat. abyssimus, super,
of abysstis, bottomless.]
ABYSMAL, a-bizm'al, adj. bottomless : un-
ending.
ABYSS, a-bis', n. a bottomless gulf : a deep
mass of water. [Gr. abyssos, bottomless
— a, without, byssos, bottom.]
ACACLA., a-ka'shi-a, n. a genus of thorny
leguminous plants with pinnate leaves.
[L.— Gr. akakia — ake, a short point.]
ACADEMIC, ak-a-dem'ik, n. a Platonic
philosopher : a student in a college.
ACADEiacisii, ak-a-dem'i-sizm, n. the
system or mode of teaching at an acad-
emy : an academical mannerism, as of
painting. Academics, ak-a-dem'iks, n.
the Platonic philosophy : Platonism.
[See Academy'.]^
ACADEMIC, -AL, ak-a-dem'ik-al, adj. of
an academy. — adv. Academ'ICALLY.
ACADEMICIAN, ak-ad-em-ish'yan, n.
member of an academy.
ACADE3IY, ak-ad'em-i, n. (orig.) th*
school of Plato : a higher scliool : a so
ciety for the promotion of science or art
[Gr. Akademia, th^ name of the gardes
near Athens where Plato taught.]
ACANTHUS, a-kan'tlius, n. a prickly
plant, called bear's breech or brankur-
sine : (arch.) an ornament resembling its
leaves used in tlie capitals of the Corin-
thian and Composite orders. [L. — Gr.
akanthos—ake, a point, anthos, a flower
— the prickly plant.]
ACCAD, ak'ad, n. 1, a member of one of the
ACCADIAJS
ACCUMULATOR
primitive races of Babylonia : one of the
aoiuinaut race at the time to which
the earUest contemporaneous records
reach back. Tiiis race is beUeved to
have belonged to the Tm-anian family,
or to have been at any i-ate non-Semitic.
Also written Akkad. " The Accadi, or
Aeeads, were the ' Highlanders ' who had
descended from the mountainous region
of Elam on tlie east, and it was to them
that the Assj'rians ascribed the origin of
Chaldean civilization and writing." — A.
H. Scnjce. 2, the language of this race :
Accadian.
4CCADIAN, ak-ka'di-an, adj. belonging to
the Accads or prmiitive inhabitants of
Babylonia. Also written Akilvdian.
iVCCADIAN, ak-ka'di-an, ?(. 1, an Accad :
2, the language of the Accads, a non-
Semitic and ))robably Turanian speech
spoken in ancient Babylonia previously
to the later and better known Semitic
dialect of the cuneiform inscriptions. A
kindred dialect, the Sumarian, seems to
have been in use at the same time in
Babylonia.
ACCEDE, ak-sed', v.i. to agree or assent.
[L. accedo, accessum, to go near to — ad,
to, cedo, to go. See Cede.]
ACCELERATE, 'ik-sel'er-at, v. t. to increase
the speed of : to hasten the progress of.
[L. accelero, -atnm — ad, to, celer, swift.
See Celertty.]
ACCELERATION, ak-sel-er-a'shun, n. the
act of hastening : increase of speed.
ACCELERATIVE, ak-sel'er-at-iv, adj.
quickening.
ACCENT, ak'sent, n. modulation of the
voice : stress on a syllable or word : a
mark used to direct this stress : in
poetry, language, words, or expressions
in general. [L. accentus, a tone or note
— ad, to, cano, to sing.]
ACCENT, ak-sent', v.t. to express or note
ACCENTUAL, ak-sent'u-al, adj. relating
ACCENTUATE, ak-sent'u-at, v.t. to mark
or pronounce with accent : to make
prominent : to lay stress upon : to em-
phasize : to give prominence to : to mark
as of importance ; as, he accentuated the
views of the party on this question. —
Accentuation, ak-sent-u-a'shun, n. the
act of placing or of pronouncing accents.
ACCEPT, ak-sept', v.t. to receive : to agree
to : to promise to pay : (B.) to receive
with favor. [L. accipio, acceptum — ad,
to. capio, to take.]
ACCEPTABLE, ak-sept'a-bl, adj., to be
accepted : pleasing : agreeable. — adv.
Accept' ABLY.
ACCEPTABLENESS, ak-sept'a-bl-nes, AC-
CEPTABILITY, ak-sept-a-bU'i-ti, n.,
quality of being acceptable.
ACCEPTANCE, ak-sept'ans, n. a favorable
reception : an agreeing to terms : an
accepted bill.
ACCEPTATION, ak-sept-a'shun, n. a kind
reception : the meaning of a word.
ACCEPTER, ak-sept'er, ACCEPTOR, ak-
sept'iu:, Ji. one who accepts.
ACCESS, ak-ses', or ak'ses, n. liberty to
come to, approach : increase. [See Ac-
cede.]
A.CCESSARY, ak'ses-ar-i. Same as Acces-
sory.
ACCESSIBLE, ak-ses'i-bl, adj., that may be
approached. — adv. Access'IBLY. — n. Ao-
cessibil'ity.
ACCESSION, ak-sesh'un, «., a coming to:
increase.
ACCESSORY ak'ses-or-i, a4/. additional:
contributing to : aiding. — n. anything ad-
ditional : one who aids or gives counte-
nance to a crime. — adj. AOCKSfSdB'XAIj,
relating to an accessory.
ACCIDENCE, ak'sid-ens, w. the part of
grammar treating of the inflections of
words (because these changes are "acci-
dentals " of words and not ' " essentials ">.
ACCIDENT, ak'sid-ent, n. that wliich hap-
pens : an unforeseen or unexpected event :
chance : an unessential quality or prop-
erty. [L. accido, to fall to, to happen —
ad, to, cado, to fall.]
ACCIDENTAL, ak-sid-ent'al, adj. happen-
ing by chance : not essential. — n. any-
thing not essential. — adi'. Accident' jVLly.
ACCIPITRAL, ak-sip'i-tral, adj. of or per-
taining to the Accipitres or birds of prey ;
having the character of a bird of prey.
" Of temper most accipitral, hawkish,
aquiline, not to say vulturish." — Carlyle.
ACCLAIM, ak-klan/, ACCLAMATION, 'ak-
klam-a'shun, /;. a shout of applause. [L.
acclamo — ad, to, clamo, -atutn, to shout.
See Claim.]
ACCLAMA'TOR, ak-kla-ma'ter, n. one who
expresses joy or applause by acclamation.
" Acclamators v/ho had RUed . . . the air
with ' Vive le Roy.' " — Evelyn.
ACCLAMATORY, ak-klam'a-tor-i, adj. ex-
pressing acclamation.
ACCLIMATE ak-kllm'at, ACCLnLA.TIZE,
ak-ldlm'at-iz, v.t. to inure to a foreign
climate. [Fr. acclimater, from a and
climat. See Climate.]
ACCLIBIATION, ak-kllm-a'shun, ACCLIM-
ATATION, ak-kllm-at-a'sliun, ACCLIM-
ATIZATION, ak-khm-at-i-za'shiin, n. the
act of acclimatizing : the state of being
accUniatized. [The first form of the
word is anomalous, the second is that
used in French, and the third is that
most in use in English.]
ACCLIVITY, ak-kUv'i-ti, n. a slope up-
wards, opp. to Declivity, a slope down-
wards. [L. ad, to, cliviis, a slope, from
root of clino, to slope.]
ACCOLADE, ak-ol-ad, n. blow over the
neck or shoulder with a sword, given in
conferring knighthood. [Tr. — L. ad, to,
collum, neck.]
ACCOMMODATE, ak-kom'mod-at, v.t. to
adapt : to make suitable : to supply : to
adjust. [L. ad, to, eo7nmodus, fitting.
See Commodious.]
ACCOMMODATING, ak-kom'mod-at-ing,
p.adj. afl'ording accommodation : oblig-
ing.
ACCOMMODATION, ak-kom-mod-a'shun,
n. convenience : fitness : adjustment : a
loan of money.
ACCOMMODAtlVE,ak-kom'mod-at-iv,acy.
furnishing accommodation : obliging.
ACCOMPANIMENT,ak-kum'pan-i-ment,?J.
that which accompanies : instrumental
music along with a song.
ACCOMPANIST, ak-kum'pan-ist, n. one
who accompanies a singer on an instra-
ment.
ACCOMPANY, ak-kum'pan-i, v.t. to keep
coiiipany with : to attend. [Fr. accom-
pagncr. See COMPANY.]
ACCOMPLICE, ak-kom'plis, n. an iisso-
ciate, esp. in crime. [L. ad, to, complex,
-icia, joined.]
ACCOMPLISH, ak-kom'plish. v.t. to com-
plete : to efl'ect : to fiiliill : to equip. [Fr.
afcomplir — L. ad, to, covipleo, -plere, to
fill up. See Complete.]
ACCOMPLISHABLE, ak-kom'plish-a^bl,
adj. that may be accompUshed.
ACCOMPLISHED, ak-kom'plisht, adj.
complete in acquirements : especially
graceful acquirements : polished.
ACCOMPLISHMENT, ak-kom'plish-ment,
»i. completion : ornamental acquirement.
ACCORD, ak-kord', v.i. to agree : to be in
correspondence. — v.t. to grant. [Fr. ac-
corder — L. ad, to. cor, cordi.f, the neart.]
ACCORD, ak-kord', n. agreement : har-
mony : (with own) spontaneous motion.
ACCORDANCE, ak-kord'ans, n. a^ee
ment : conformity.
ACCORDANT, ak-kord'ant, adj. agreeing :
corresponding.
ACCORDING, ak-kord'ing, p.adj in ac-
cordance : agreeing. — According as, an
adverbial phi'ase=in proportion. — Ac-
cording to, a prepositional phrase=ic
accordance with or agreeably to.
ACCORDINGLY, ak-kord'ing-li, adv. in
agreement (with what precedes).
ACCORDION, ak-kord'ion, n. a small keyed
musical instrument with bellows. [From
Accord.]
ACCOST, ak-kost', v.t. to speak first to :
to addi-ess. [Fr. accoster — L. ad, to,
ACCOST ABLE, ak-kost'a-bl, adj. easy of
access : affable.
ACCOUCHEMENT, ak-kooch'mong, n. de-
livery in child-bed. [Fi\ f), and couche,
a bed. See Couch.]
ACCOUCHEUR, ak-koo-sher', n. a man
who assists women in childbirth.— /em.
Accoucheuse, ak-koo-shez'. [Fr.]
ACCOUNT, ak-ko^vnt', v.t. to reckon: to
judge, value. — v.i. (with for) to give a
reason. [O. Fr. accomter — L. ad, to,
computare, to reckon. See Compute,
Count.]
ACCOUNT, ak-kownt', n. a counting:
statement : value : sake.
ACCOUNTABLE, ak-kownt'a-bl, adj. lia-
ble to account : responsible. — adv. Ac-
count'ably.
ACCOUNTABLENESS, ak-kownt'a-bl-nes,
ACCOUNTABILITY, ak-ko^vnt-a-bil'i-ti,
n. liability to give account.
ACCOUNTANT, ak-kownt'ant, n. one who
keeps or is skilled in accoimts.
ACCOUNTANTSHIP, ak-kowTit'ant-ship,
n. the employment of an accountant.
ACCOUTRE, ak-koo'ter, v.t. to dress or
equip (esp. a warrior) •.—-pr.p. accou'-
tring ; pa.p. accou'tred. [Fr. aecoutrer
— of doubtful origin.]
ACC0UTRElMENTS,ak-koo'ter-ments,7f.jp?.
dress : military equipments.
ACCREDIT, ak-kred'it, v.t. to give credit,
authority, or honor to. [Fr. accrediter
— L. ad. to, credo, -itmn, to trust. See
Credit.]
ACCREMENTITIAL, ak-kre-men-ti'shal,
adj. in physiol. of or pertaining to the
process of accrementition.
ACCREMENTITION, ak-kre-mer_ ti'shon,
n. in physiol. the process of producing
or developing a new individual by the
growth, extension, and .separation of a
part of the parent : genmiation.
ACCRESCENCE, ak-ki-es'ens, n. graduai
growth or increase.
ACCRESCENT, ak-kres'ent, adj., growing:
increasing. [L. ad, in addition, cresco, to
grow.]
ACCRETION, ak-lcre'shun, n. a
to : increase.
ACCRUE, ak-ki-66', v.i. to spring, come.
[Fr. accroitre, pa. p. accru — L. ad, to,
cresco. to grow.]
ACCUMBENT, ak-kumb'ent, adj., lyinn
' down or reclining on a couch. [L. ad,
to, cuvibo, to lie.]
ACCUMULATE, ak-kum'ul-at, v.t., to heap
or pile up : to amass. — v.i. to increase
greatly. [L. — ad, to, cumulus, a heap.]
ACCUMULATION, ak-kum-ul-a'shun w. a
heaping up : a heap, mass, or pUe.
ACCUMULATIVE, ak-kum'ul-at-iv adj
heaping up.
ACCUMULATOR, ak-kflm'ul-at-ur, n. one
who accumulates : in elect, same as
Condenser. The name is now especially
upplied to a kind of battery devised by
^l. CamUle Faure, by nie.ins of which
■plectric energy can be stored and ren
dered portahle. Each battery forms s
growmg
ACCURACY
ACTINISM
, cj'lindrical leaden vessel, containing al-
ternate sheets of metallic lead and
minium wrapped in felt and rolled into a
spiral wetted with acidulated water. On
being charged with electricitj- the energy
may be stored till required for use.
ACCURACY, ak'kura-si, n. correctness;
ACCURATE, ak'kur-at, adj. done itnth
care: exact. — adv. Ac'cirately.— n.
-NESS. [L. ad, to, cura. care.]
ACCURSED, ak-kurs'ed, adj. subjected to
a curse : doomed : extremely wicked.
[L. ad, and Curse.]
ACCUSABLE, akkuz'a-bl, adj. that may
ACCUSATION, ak-kuz-a'shun. n. the act
of accusing : the cliarge brought against
any one.
ACCUSATIVE, ak-kuz'a-tiv, adj. accusing,
— n. {gram.) the case of a noun on which
the action of a verb falls (in English, the
objective).
ACCUSATORY, ak-kuz'a-tor-i, adj. con-
taining accusation.
ACCUSE, ak-kuz', v.t. to bring a charge
against : to blame : to indicate : to
evince : to show : to manifest. "Am-
phialus answered . . . with such excus-
ing himself that more and inore accused
his love to Philoclea." — Sir P. Sidney.
[L. accuso—ad, to, causa, cause.]
ACCUSER, ak-kuz'er, ii. one who accuses
or brings a charge against another.
ACCUSTOM, ak-kus'tum, v.t. to make
familiar by custom : to habituate. [Fr.
accoutumer. See Custom.]
ACCUSTOMED, ak-kus'tumd, p.adj. usual :
frequent : habituated.
ACE, as, re. the one of cards and dice. [Fr.
— L. as, unity — as, Tarentine Doric form
of Gr. heis, one.]
ACERBITY, as-er'bi-ti, n. bitterness:
sourness : harshness : severity. [L.
acerbus, harsh to the taste — ace?', sharp
—root, ak, sharp.]
ACETATE, as'et-at, n. a salt of acetic acid
which is the sour principle in vinegar.
ACETIC, as-et'ik, adj., of vinegar: sour.
[L. acetum, vinegar — aeeo, to be sour.]
ACETIFY, as-et'i-fi, v.t. or v.i., to turn info
vinegar. — n. Acetification, as-et-i-fi-ka'-
shun. [L. acetum, vinegar, and /acio, to
make.]
ACETOUS, as-e'tus, adj. sour.
ACHE, ak, n. a continued pain. — v.t. to be
in continued pain : — pr.p. ach'ing : pa.}).
ached'. [A.S. ece, ceee : M.E. ake.\
ACHIEVABLE, a-chev'a-bl, adj. that may
be achieved.
ACHIEVE, a-chev', v.t., to bring to a head
or end : to perform : to accomplish : to
fain, win. [Fr. achever — chef, the head,
ee Chief.]
ACHIEVEMENT, a-chev'ment, n. a per-
formance : an exploit : an escutclieon.
ACHROMATIC, a-krom-at'ik, adj. trans-
mitting light without color, as a lens.
[Gr. a, priv., and chroma, color.]
ACHROMATISM, a-krom'at-izra, n. the
state of being achromatic.
ACICULAR, as-ik'u-lar,adj., needle-shaped r
slender and sharp-pointed. [L. acicula,
dim. of acus, a needle— root ak, sharp.]
&CID, as'id, adj., sharp : sour. — n. a sour
substance : (chem.) one of a class of sub-
stances, usually sour, which turn vege-
table dyes to red, and combine with alkar
lies, metallic oxides, etc., to form salts.
[L. rtceo, to be sour — root ak, sharp.]
ACIDIFIABLE, as-id'i-fi-a-bl, adj. capable
of being converted into an acid. — n.
Acidifica'tion.
ACIDIFIC, as-id-if'ik, adj. producing acidity
or an acid : acidifying.
ACIDIFY, as-id'i-fi,'u.i., to make acid: to
convert into au acid ; — |>r.p. acid'ifying ;
pa.jj. acid'ifled. [L. aeidus, sour, and
facio, to make.]
ACIDITY, as-id'i-ti, ACIDNESS, as'id-nes,
n. the quality of being acid or sour.
ACIDULATE, as-id'u-lat, v.t. to make
slightly acid.
ACIDULENT, a-sid'u-lent, adj. being some-
what acid or sour : cross : tart : peevish.
" Anxious acidtdent face." — Carlyle.
ACIDULOUS, as-id'u-lus, adj. slightly sour:
subacid : containing carbonic .icid, as
mineral waters. [L. acidulu.'i, vlim. of
aeidus, sour. See Acm.]
ACIERAGE, a'se-er-aj, v. [Fr. aaier, steel.]
A process by which an engraved copper-
plate or an electrotype from an engraved
plate of steel or copper has a him of
iron deposited over its surface by elec-
tricity, in order to protect the engraving
from wear in printing. By this means
an electrotype of a fine engraving which,
if printed directly from the copper, would
not yield 500 good impressions, can be
made to yield 3,000 or more. Wlienever
the film of iron becomes so worn as to
reveal any part of the copper under-
neath, it is removed and a fresli coating
deposited ; and in this way as many as
30,000 good impressions have been print-
ed from the electrotype of a finely-en-
graved plate.
ACKNOWLEDGE, ak-nol'ej, v.t. to own a
knou'ledge of : to admit : to own : to con-
fess. [Pfx. a ( — A.S. on, on), and Knowl-
edge. J Acknowledge the corn, to ac-
knowledge or confess a charge or impu-
tation. (Amer.)
ACKNOWLEDGMENT, ak-nol'ej-ment, n.
recognition : admission : confession :
thanks : a receipt.
ACME, ak'nie, n. the top or highest ^loiref .•
the crisis, as of a disease. [Gr. Akme —
ake, a point.]
ACNE, ak'ne, n. a small pimple on the
face. fGr.]
ACOLYTE, ak'o-llt, ACOLYTH, ak'o-lith,
n. an inferior church officer. [Gr. akolou-
thos, an attendant.]
ACONITE, ak'o-nit, n. the plant wolf's-
bane or monk's-hood : poison. [L. aooni-
turn — Gr. akoniton.]
ACORN, a'korn, ?i. the seed or fruit of the
oak. — adj. A'corned. [A.S. cecern came
to be spelled ac-cern, acorn, from suppos-
ing it compounded of oak and kern or
corn, seed : cecern may be the dim. of ac,
oak, as Ger. eichel, is of eiche ; but it is
more probably derived from acer or akcr,
a field (see Acre), and meant primarily
" the fruit of the field." (Skeat).]
ACOTYLEDON, a-kot-i-le'dun, n. a plant
tcithout distinct cotyledons or seed-lobes.
— adj. Acotyle'donous. [Gr. a, neg.,
and kotyU'dun. See Cotyledon.]
ACOUSTIC, a-kowst'ik, adj. pertaining to
the sense of hearing or to the theory
of rounds. [Gr. akoustikos — akoud, to
hear.]
ACOUSTICS, a-kowst'iks, n. tlie science of
sound.
ACOUSTICALLY, a-kous'tik-al-h, adv.
in relation to or in a manner adapted to
acoustics. Prof. Tyndatl.
ACQUAINT, ak-kwant, v.t. to make or let
one to know : to inform.— ^j. adj. Ac-
QUAINT'ed. [O. Fr. accointer, Low L.
accognitare — L. ad, to, cognif us, known.]
ACQUAINTANCE, ak-kwant'ans, n. fa-
miliar knowledge : a person whom we
know. — Acquaint' anceship, n. familiar
knowledge.
ACQUIESCE, ak-kwi-es', v.i., to rest satis-
fied or without making opposition : to
assent. [L. acquiesco — ad, and quies,
rest.]
ACQUIESCENCE, ak-kwi-es'ens, n. quiet
assent or submission.
ACQUIESCENT, ak-k wi-es'ent, adj. resting
satisfied : easy: submissive.
ACQUIRABLE, ak-kwir'a-bl, adj. that
may be acquired.
ACQUIRE, ak-kwir', v.t. to gain : to attain
to. [L. acquiro, -quisitum — ad, to, and
qucero, to seek — as if, to get to some-
tiling sought.]
ACQUIREMENT, ak-kwir'ment, n. some-
thing learned or got by effort, and not a
gift of nature.
ACQUISITION, ak-kwiz-ish'un. n. the art
of acquiring : that which is acquired.
ACQUISITIVE, ak-kwiz'it-iv, adj. desirous
to acquire. — n. ACQUIs'irrVENESS. Ac-
QUIST, ak-kwist', n. acquisition (Obs.).
ACQUIT, ak-kwit', v.t. to free : to release :
to declare innocent : — pr.j). acquitt'ing ;
pa.p. acquitt'ed. [Fr. acquitter — L. ad,
quiet-, rest — to give rest from an accusa-
tion. See Quit.]
ACQUITTAL, ak-kwit'al, n. a judicial dLs
charge from an accusation.
ACQUITTANCE, ak-kwit'ans, n. a dis-
charge from an obligation or debt : a re-
ceipt.
ACRE, a'ker, n. a measure of land contain-
^ ing 4,840 sq. yards. [A.S. aecer, G«r.
acker, L. ager, Gr. agros. Sans, ajra, a
field.]
ACREAGE, a'ker-aj, n. the number of
acres in a piece of land.
ACRED, a'kerd, adj. possessing acres or
land.
ACRID, ak'rid, adj. biting to the taste;
pungent : bitter. [L. acer, acris, sharp
— root ak, sharp.]
ACRIDITY, a-krid'i-ti, ACEIDNESS, ak-'-
rid-nes, n. quality of being acrid: a
sharp, bitter taste.
ACRIMONIOUS, ak-ri-mon'i-us, adj. sharp
bitter.
ACRIMONY, ak'ri-mun-i, n. bitterness o*
feeling or language. [L. acrimonia -
acer, sharp.]
ACROBAT, ak'ro-bat, n. a rope-dancer : a
tumbler : a vaulter. — adj. Acrobat'ic.
[Gr. akrobateo, to walk on tiptoe. Of or
pertaining to an acrobat or his perform-
ance ; as, acrobatic feats : acrobatic en-
tertainments : akron, the top, and bainu,
to go.]
ACROGEN, ak'ro-jen, n. aplant Unit grows
at the top chiefly, as a tree-fern. — adj.
Acrog'enous. [Gr. akron, extremitj-,
top, gen-, to generate.]
ACROPOLIS, a-kro'pol-is, n. a citadel, esp.
that of Athens. [Gr. akropolis — akros,
the highest, polls, a city.]
ACROSS, a-kros', prep, or adv., cross-wise :
from side to side. [Pfx. a ( — A.S. on, on),
and Cross.]
ACROSTIC, a-kro'.stik, n. a poem of which,
if the first or the last letter of each line
betaken ;n succession, they will spell a
name or a sentence. [Gr. akros, ex-
treme, and stichos, a line.]
ACROTISM, ak'ro-tizm, n. in med. an
absence or weakness of the pulse. [Gr.
rt, priv., and krotos, a beating.]
ACT, akt, v.i. to exert force or influence :
to produce an efl'ect : to behave one's
self. — v.t. to perform : to imitate or play
the part of. — )(. something done or do
ing : an exploit : a law : a jiart of a play
[L. ago, actum, Gr. ago, to put in mo
tion. Sans, aj, to drive.]
ACTABLE, akt'a-bl, adj. capable of being
acted or performed : practically possible,
"Is naked truth actable in true life''
— Tennyson.
ACTING, akt'ing, n. action : act of per-
forming an assumed or a dramatic part.
ACTINISM, ak'tin-izm, n. the chemical
force of the sun's rays, as distinct from
light and heat. [Gr. aktis, aktinos a
ray.]
ACTINOLOGY
ADMINISTER
ACI'^NO^/y^Y, ak-ti nol'o-ji, n. that
branch of science \vhich investigates
the powui- of ^utilig-ht to c;uise chem-
ical action. [Gi-. aktis, aktinos, a raj',
and logos, a discoui-se.]
ACTINOPHOROUS, ak-ti-nof'or-us, adj.
having ray-hke spines. [Gr. aktis, akti-
nos, a rav, and phero, I carry.]
A.CTION, ak'shun, n. a state of acting : a
deed : operation : gesture : a battle : a
lawsuit.
ACTIONABLE, ak'shun-a-bl, adj. liable to
a lawsuit.
ACTIONLESS, ak'shon-les, adj. unfit to be
made the subject of a legal action : not
actionable.
ACTIVE, akt'iv, adj. that acts : busy :
nimble : (gram.) transitive. — adv. Act-
ively.— ns. ACTIV'ITY, Act'iveness.
ACTOR, akt'ur, n. one who acts : a stage-
player.
ACTRESS, akt'res, n. a female stage-
player.
ACTUAli, akt'a-al, adj. real : existing in
fact and now, as opp. to an imaginary
or past state of things. — adu. Act'uaixy.
— n. Actual'ity.
ACTITAL, ak'tu-al, n. something actual or
real. "Not . . . ac<uoZs, but only Egyp-
tian budget estimates." — Fort. Rev.
ACTUALIST, ak'tu-al-ist, n. one who deals
with actualities : opposed to idealist-
Orote.
ACTUALIZE, akt'u-al-iz, v.t. to make act-
ual.
ACTUARY, akt'u-ar-i, n. a registrar or
clerk : one who makes the calculations
connected with an insurance office. [L.
actunriiis (scriba), an amanuensis, a
clerk.]
, ACTUATE, akt'u-at, v.t. to put into or in-
vite to action : to influence. [L. actus,
action. See ACT.]
\CTURIENCE, ak-tu'ri-ens, n. a desire for
action. Orote. (Rare.) [Fi-om act, and
urio, the termination of Latin desidera-
tive verbs.]
ACUMEN, ak-u'men, n., sharpness : quick-
ness of perception : penetration. [L. See
Acute.]
ACUPRESS, ak'u-pres, v.t. in surg. to stop
hemorrhage in bv means of acupressure.
ACUPRESSURE, ak-u-presh'ur, n. a mode
of arresting hemorrhage from cut arter-
ies, by inserting a needle into the flesh so
as to press upon the mouth of the artery.
[L. acus, a needle, and Pressure.]
ACUPUNCTURE, ak-u-pungkt'ur, n. an
operation for reheving pain hy punctur-
ing the flesh with needles. [L. acus, a
needle, and Puncture.]
ACUTE, ak-ut', adj., s/wirp-pointed : keen :
opp. of dull : shrewd : shrill. — adv.
Acutely, ak-at'li. — n. Acute'ness. —
ACXJTE ANGLE, an angle less than a right
angle. — Acute disease, one violent and
rapid, as opp. to Chronic. [L. acutus,
pa.p. of acuo, to sharpen, from root ak,
sharp.]
AD. or ADV., n. abbreviation of advertise-
ment. (Amer.)
ADAGE, adTij, n. an old saying: a proverb.
[L. adagium, from ad, to, and root of aio,
J to say.]
ADAMANT, ad'a-niant, n. a very hard
stone : the diamond. [L. and Gr. ada-
mas, -ant OS — a, neg., and damao, to
break, to tame. See Tame.]
ADAMANTINE, ad-a-man'tin, a<^'. made
of or like adamant : that cannot be
broken or penetrated. Also Adaman-
tean. (Obs.)
ADAMANTOID, ad-a-mant'oid, n. a crys-
tal characterized by being bounded by
forty-eight equal triangles. [Gr. ada-
mos, tne diamond, and eidoa, resem-
blance.]
ADAPT, ad-apt', v.t., to make apt or fit : to
accommodate. |Fr., L. adaptare — ad,
to, and apto, to fit.j
ADAPTABLE, ad-apt'a-bl, adj. that may
be adapted. — re. Adaptabil'ity.
ADAPTATION, ad-apt-n'shun, n. the act
of making suitable : fitness.
ADAYS, a-diiz', adv. nowadays : at the
present time. [Pfx. a, on, and Days.]
ADD, ad, v.t. to put (one thing) to (an-
other) : to sum up : with to, to increase.
[L. — addo — ad, to, do, to put.]
ADDENDUM, ad-den'dum, n., a thing to
be added: an appendix.— pi. Adden'da.
[L. See Add.]
ADDER, ad'er, n. a kind of serpent. [A.
S. ncedre ; Ger. atter is for natter. An
adder came by mistake into use for a
nadder ; the reverse mistake is a newt
for an etct or eft.}
ADDICT, ad-dikt', v.t. to give (one's self)
up to (generally in a bad sense). [L.
addieo, addietum — ad, to, dico, to de-
clare.]
ADDICTED, ad-dikt'ed, adj. given up to.
— ns. Addict'ednbss, Addic'tion.
ADDITION, ad-dish'un, n. the act of add.
ing : the thing added : the rule in arith-
metic for adding numbers together : ti-
tle, honor.
ADDITIONAL, ad-dish'un-al, adj. that is
added.
ADDLE, ad'dl, ADDLED, ad'dld, adj., dis-
eased : putrid : barren, empty. — Addle-
headed, Addle-pa'i'ED, having a head or
pate with addled brains. [A.S. adl, dis-
ease, orig. inflammation, from ad, a
burning ; akin to Lat. cestus, a glowing
heat ; Gr. aithos, a burning.]
ADDRESS, ad-dres', v.t. to direct : to speak
or write to : to court : to direct in writ-
ing.— n. a formal communication in writ-
ing : a speech : manners : dexterity :
direction of a letter : — pi. Address'es,
attentions of a lover. To address one's
SELF TO A task, to set about it. [Fr.
adresser See Dress, Direct.]
ADDUCE, ad-dus', v.t. to bring forward:
to cite or quote. [L. adduco — ad, to,
and dueo, to bring.]
ADDUCIBLE, ad-dus'i bl, adj. that may
be adduced.
ADDUCTOR, ad-dukt'ur, n. a muscle which
draws one part towards another. [See
Abductor.]
ADEEM, a-dem', v.t. in law, to withdraw,
revoke, or take away, as a grant, a leg-
acy, or the like. [L. aclimo, to take away.l
ADfiEP, a-dep', ady. deeply. "Weshouf
so adeep down creation's profound." — E.
B. Browning. (Rare.)
ADENOPHCROUS, ad-e-nof or-ua, adj. iB
zool. and hot. bearing glands. [Gr. aden,
a gland, and phero, to bear.]
ADEPT, ad-ept or ad'ept, adj. completely
skilled. — n. a proficient. [L. adeptvs
(artem), having attained (an art), pa.p.
of adipiscor, to attain — ad, to, and
apiscor. Sans, op, to attain.]
ADEQUATE, ad'e-kwSt, adj., equal to:
proportionate : suflBcient. — adv. Ad'e-
quately. [L. adcequatus, made equal —
ad, to, and cequus, equal.]
ADEQUATENESS, ad'e-kwat-nes, Ade-
quacy, ad'e-kwa-si, n. state of being
adequate : sufficiency.
ADHERE, ad-her', v.i., to stick to: to re-
main fixed or attached. [L. ad, to, lujereo,
hcesiim, to stick.]
ADHERENCE, ad-her'ens, n. state of ad-
hering : steady attachment.
ADHERENT, ad-her'ent, adj. sticking to.-
n. one who adheres : a follower : a par-
tisan.
ADHESION, ad-hezhun, n. the act of ad-
hering or sticking to : steady attach-
ment. [See Adhere.]
ADHESIVE, ad-hes'iv, adj. sticky : apt tc
adliere. — adv. Adhes'ively. — n. Adhes'-
rvENESS.
ADIAPHORIST, adi-af'o-rist, n. a follower
of Melanchtlion in the sixteenth century,
who maintained that, in matters indif-
ferent, charity was to be preferred to
uniformit}', and that obedience was due
to the imperial power. The Adiaphorists
also accepted the interim of Charles V,
[See Interim, 2.] [Gr. adiaphora, indif-
ferent or non-essential things.]
ADIAPHORISTIC, ad-i-af-o-ris'tik, adj.
of or pertaining to the Adiaphorists, or
to the controversies between the follow-
ers of Luther and Melanchthon.
ADIEU, a-du', adv. (I commend you) to
God: farewell, — n. a farewell. [Fr. d
Dieu, to God.]
ADIPOSE, ad'i-pOz, adj. fatty. [L. adeps^
adipis, soft fat.]
ADIPSOUS, a-dip'sus, adj. tending tc
quench thirst, as certain fruits. [Gr.
priv. a, and dipsa, thirst.]
ADIT, ad'it, n. an opening or passage, esp.
into a mine. [L. aditus — ad, to, eo, itum,
to go.]
ADJACENT, ad-jas'ent, adj., lying near to :
contiguous. — n. ADJACENCY, ad-jas'en-si,
— adv. Adjac'ently. [L. ad, to, jaceo;
to lie.]
ADJECTIVE, ad'jekt-iv, re. a word added
to a noun, to qualify it, or, rather per-
haps, that adds some property to a noun.
— adv. Ad'jectively. — adj. Adjectival.
[L. adjectivum (Komen), an added (noun)
— adjicio, -jectum, to throw to, to add —
ad, to, jacio, to throw.]
ADJOIN, ad-join , v.i. to lie next to. [See
Join.]
ADJOINING, ad-join'ing, adj. joining to :
near : adjacent.
ADJOURN, ad-jurn , v.t. to put off to aa
other day ■ to postpone. [Fr. ajoiirnet
— ad, to, and jour, day. See JOURNAL.]
ADJOURNMENT, ad-jurn'ment, re. the act
of acliourning : the interval it causes.
ADJUDGE, ad-juj', v.t. to decide. [See
Judge.]
ADJUDICATE, ad-jOo'di-kat, v.i. to pro-
nounce judgment. — res. Adju'dica'tion,
Adju'dicator. [See Judge.]
ADJUNCT, ad'junkt, adj., joined or added
to. — re. the thing joined or added. [L.
See Join.]
ADJUNCTIVE, ad-junkt'iv,ady. joining.--
Adjunctively, ad junkt'iv-li. Adjunct-
LY, ad-junkt'li, adv. in connection with.
ADJURATION, ad-joor-S'shun, n. the act
of adjuring : the charge or oath used in
adjuring.
ADJURE, ad-joOr', v.t. to charge on oath
or solemnly. [L. — ad, to, juro, -atum,
to swear.]
ADJUST, ad-just', v.t. to arrange prop-
erly : to regulate : to settle. [O. Fr.
ajouster. Low L. adjuxtare, to put side
by side— L. jiucta, near: from root jug,
seen in L. jungo, to join, E. Yoke.]
ADJUSTMENT, ad-just'ment, re. arrange-
ment.
ADJUTANCY, ad'joot-ans-i, re. the oflice
of an adjutant : assistance.
ADJUTANT, ad'joot-ant, n. an officer who
assists the commanding officer of a gar-
rison or regiment : a large species ot
stork or crane found in India. — Adju
tant-General, an officer who performs
similar duties for the general of an army
[L. adjvto=adjuvo — ad, to, juvo, to as-
sist.]
ADJUTATOR, ad'ju-ta-ter, re. [L. adjuto,
to assist. See Agitator, 2.1
ADMEASUREMENT, ad-mezh'ur-meut, n=
the same as measurement.
ADMINISTER, ad-niin'is-ter, v.t. to act aa
server or minister in a performance : to
ADMINISTRATION
6
ADVISABLE
supply : to conduct. [L. ad, to, and
MiMSTER.J
ADMINISTRATION, arl-min-is-tra'shun, n.
The act of adiuiaistering : the power or
parlj' that administers.
ADMI^aSTRATIVE, ad-min'is-tra-tiv. ac^.
that administers.
ADMINISTRATOR, ad-min-is-tra'tur, n.
one who inanag-es or directs : he who
mauag-es the affairs of onedj-ing without
makinij a wiU.—fem. Aditcnistra'trix.
— )!. ABMINISTRA'TOESmP.
ADMIRABLE. ad'niu-a-Dl, adj. worthy of
being admired. — adv. AD'mRkBLY. — n.
Admirableness.
ADMIR.\L, ad tnir-al, n. a na%'al officer of
tlie liighest rank. [Fr. amiral, from Ar.
amir, a lord, a chief.]
ADMIRALTY, ad mir-a! ti, n. tlie board of
commissioners for the administration of
naval affairs.
ADMIRATION, ad-mir-a'shun, n. the act
of admiring : (obs.) wonder.
ADMIRE, ad-ralr', v.t. to have a high opin-
ion of : to love.— adv. AdmIr ixgly. [Fr.
admirer— Li. ad, at, miror, to wonder.)
ADMIRER, ad-mir'er, n. one who admires ;
a lover.
ADMI&SIBLE, ad-mis'i-bl, adj. that may
be admitted or allowed. — n. Admissibil-
ity.
ADMISSION, ad-mish'un. Admittance, ad-
mit ans, n. the act of admitting : leave
to enter^
ADMISSIVE, ad-mis'lv, adj. having the
nature of an admission : containing an
admission or acknowledgment. " More
adm,ixsive than excusatory." — Lamb.
ADMIT, ad-mit', v.t. to allow to enter ; to
let in : to concede ; to be capable of : —
pr.p. admitting : pa.p. adraitt'ed. [L.
admitto, -missum — ad, to, mitto, to allow
to go.]
ADMIXTURE, ak-miks'tur, n. what is
adiled to the chief ingredient of a mix-
ture.
ADMONISH, ad-mon'ish, v.t. to warn . to
reprove mildlj'. [L. ad, to, and moneo,
to put into the mind, akin to Ger. maJi-
nen, to remind ; Grr. menos, spirit, mind;
Sans, man, to think.]
ADMONITION, ad-mon-ish'un, n. kind re-
proof: counsel: advice. Obsolete form
in old authors, Abmokishitent.
ADMONITORIAL, ad-mon-i-to n.-a', adj.
reproving : admonishing : having the
manner of an admonitor. '■ Miss Tox
.... has acquired an adnioniturial
tone, and a liabit of improving passing
occasions." — Dicken.s.
ADMONITORY, ad-moni-tor-i, adj. con-
taining admonition.
ADO, a-dOO', n. a to do : bustle : trouble.
[Contr. of at do, a form of the inf. bor-
rowed from the Scandinavian.]
ADOBE, a-dob', n. sun-baked brick used foi*
building houses in New Mexico, and
other parts of the Mexican border region.
(Amer.)
ADOLESCENCE, ad-o-les'ens, n. the period
of vouth.
ADOLESCENT, ad-o-lesent, adj., growing
to manliood. [L. ad, to, and olenco, to
grow, allied to alo, to nourisli.]
ADONIS, a-do'uis, n. a kind ot wig former-
ly worn. " He puts on a fine flowing
adonis or white periwig." — Graves.
ADOPT, ad-opt', v.t. to choose : to take as
one's own what is another's, a-s a child,
etc. [L. adopto — ad, to, and opto, to
wish, choose.]
ADOPTABILITY, ardopt-a-bil'i-ti, n. the
state of being adoptable : the capability
cf being adopted : also, that which can
be .idopted or made use of. " The aelect
adoptabilities. "—Carlyle.
ADOPTABLE, a-dopt'a-bl, ck^'. capable of,
fit for, or Torthy of being adopted,
" The Liturgj' or adoptable and gener-
ally adopted set of prayers." — Carlyle.
ADOPTION, ad-op'shun, n. tlie act of
adopting : the state of being adopted.
ADOPTIVE, ad-opt'iv, adj that adopts or
is adopted.
ADORABLE, ad-r,r'a-bl, adj. worthy of be-
ing adored. — adv. Ador'ablt. — n. Ador'-
ABLEXESS.
ADORATION, ad-or-a'shun, n. divine wor-
ship • homage.
ADORATORY, a-dnr ar-to-ri, n. a place of
worship : a church or chapel. Soutliey.
ADORE, ad-or'. v.t. to worship, to love in-
tensely.— adv. Ador'Inglt. [L. ad, to,
oro, to speak, to pray. See Oracle.]
ADORER, ad-or er, n. one who adores : a
lover.
ADORN, ad -orn , v.t. to deck or dress. Also
obsolete form of pa.j). Adorxed. [L.
ad, to, orno, to deck : Sans, varna, color.]
ADORNMENT, ad-orn'ment, n. ornament :
decoration.
ADOWN; a-down , adv. and prep. down.
ti^.S, of-dune — of, from, dun, a hill. See
•OWN, a bank.]
ADRIFT, a-drift', adj. or adv. floating as
driven (by the wind) : moving at ran-
dom. [Lit. "on drift," a representing
A.S. on, on. See Drift.]
ADROIT, a-droit', adj. dexterous, skillful.
— adv. Adroitly, a-droit'li. — re. Adroit'-
NESS. [Fr. d, droit, right — L. directus,
straight. See DIRECT.]
ADSCirmOUS, ad-sit-lsh'us, adj., added
or assumed : additional. [L. adscisco,
-scitivni, to take or assume — ad, to, scisco,
to inquire — scio, to know.]
ADSIGNIFIUATION, ad'sig-oit-i-ka-shun,
n. an additional signification. 'And in
this opinion (viz. that there is no aduig-
nijication of manner or time in t!i:it
which is called the indicative raoi>rl. t.'O
adsiwiijication of time in tiiat wiuch is
caUedthe present participlel I am' nei-
ther ne^' nor singular." — Hor^tc 'I'ooke.
ADUl.ATION. ad-Q-la'shun, n. fawning:
flattery. [L. adulor, adulatus, to {avra
upon.]
ADULATORY, ad'u-la-tor-i, adj. flattering.
ADULT, ad-ult', adj., grown : mature. — •«.
a grown-up person. [L. adultiis — ado-
.•^.<tCO. to grow. See ADOLESCENT.]
AiiULTERATE. ad-ult'er-at. i:t. to cor-
r;ipt : to make impure (by mixing). [L.
(idit'tero — ad. to, alter, other ; as if, to
iiinl.e other than genuine.]
AltL'LTERATION, ad-ult-er-a'shun, n. the
:i<-t of adulterating: the state of being
:id!ilterated.
ADULTERER, ad-ult'er-er, n. a man guilty
oi' adulterv. — fem. Adult'eress.
ADU'LTERI'NE. ad-ult'er-in, adj. resulting
from afliiltery : spurious. — n. the off-
spiin^ cf adiUten;'.
ADULTEROUS, ad-ult'er-us, adj. guilty of
adulterv.
ADULTERY, ad-ult'er-i, n. violation of the
marriage-bed. [See Adulterate.]
ADUMBRATE, ad-umbr'at or ad'-, v.t. to
give a faint shadow of : to exhibit imper-
fectly.— n. Adcmbra'tion. [L. ad, to,
iimhni, a shadow.]
ADUSK. ardusk', adj. or adv. in the dusk
or twilight: dark. "To die and leave
the world adusk."—E. B. Brmcning.
(Rare.)
A.D^'ANCE, ad-vans', v.t. to put forward,
or to the i-an : to promote to a higher
oHioo : to encourage the progress of : to
l)ropose : to supply beforehand. — v.i. to
move or go forward : to make progress :
to rise in rank. — n. progress : improve-
ment : a gi\-ing beforehand. — In ad-
VASOE. beforehand. ADV.4NCED FE5L4iE,
3. woman who claims the rights and
privileges of men as to voting, etc. Now
fallen into disuse. (Amer.) [Fr. avancer
— Prov. avant, abans, before — L. ah ante,
from beforej
ADVANCEMENT, ad-vans'ment, n. pro-
motion : improvement : payment of
money in advance.
ADVANTAGE, ad-vant'Sj, n. superiority
over another : gain or benefit. — v.t. to
benefit or profit. [Fr. avantage. It
vantaggio—Fr. avant, before. See Ad-
vance.]
ADVANTAGEOUS, ad-vant-a'jus, adj of
advantage : useful. — adv. Advanta'-
geously. — n. Advanta'geousness.
ADVENT, ad'vent, n., a comiug or arri-
val : the first or the second coming of
Christ : the four weeks before Christmas.
[L. adveutus — ad, to, venio, to come.l
ADVENTITIOUS, ad-vent-ish'us, adj acci-
dental : foreign. — adv. Ad'VENTT'tiously.
J See Advent.]
•VENTUAL, ad-vent'ii-al, adj. relating
to Advent.
ADVENTURE, ad-vent'ur, n. a risk o?
chance : a remarkable incident -an en-
terprise.— v.i. to attempt or dare. — v.t.
to risk or hazard. [O. Fr. — L. adventii-
rus, about to come or happen, fut.p. of
advenio. See Advent. ]
ADVENTURER, ad-vent'^ur-er, n. one who
engages in hazardous enterprises.— /e7Ji.
Advent'tjeess.
ADVENTUROUS ad vent'ur-us. Adven-
turesome, ad-vent'ur-sum, adj. enter-
prising-, -adv. Adtent'ueously. — n. Ad-
vent'urousness.
ADVERB, ad'verb. n. a word added to a
verb, adjective, or other adverb to ex-
press some modihcatioD of the meaning
or an accorapanjiug circumstance. fL.
adrerbiupi— ad, to, verbvm, a word. It
!<- so railed, not because it is added to s
I rill, but because it s a word (verburn,
joined to, oi supplemental of, othet
words.]
AD^T:RBTAL, ad-verb'i-al, adj pertaining
to an ail verb. — adv. Adverb'IALLY.
ADVERBL4.LIZE, ad-verb'i-al-iz, v.t to
give the form or force of an adve:.-b to :
to use as an adverb.
ADVERSARY, aci'vers-ar-i, n. an oppo-
nent : an enemy. — ^The Adversary,
Satan. [L. adversariiis. See .iVdverse.]
ADVERSATIVE, ad-versa-tiv, adj. denot-
ing opposition, contrariety, or variety.
J See jU) VERSE.]
•VERSE, ad'vers, adj. acting in a con-
trary direction : opposed to : unfortu-
nate.— adv. Ad'versely. — n. Ad'verse-
NESS. [L. adversus — ad, to, and verto,
versnm, to turn.]
ADVERSITY, ad-vers'i-ti, n. adverse cir-
cnmstances : affliction : misfortune.
ADVERT, ad-vert', v.i. (used ^vith to) to
turn the mind (to) : to regard or ob-
serve.[L. ad, to, and verto, to turn.]
ADVERTENCE, ad-vert'ens, ADVERT-
ENCY, ad-vert'en-si, n. attention to :
heedfulness : regard.
ADVERTISE. ad-vert-I/ or ad'-, v.t., to
turn attention to : to inform : to give
public notice of. [Fr., from L. See Ad-
vert.]
ADVERTISEMENT, ad-vert'iz-ment or ad-
vert-Iz'ment, n. the act of advertising or
making known : a public notice in a
newspaper or periodical.
ADVERTISER, ad-vert-iz'er, n. one '(vhc
advertises : a paper in which advertise-
ments are published.
ADVICE, ad-vTs', n. counsel: in pi. intelli-
gence. [O. Ft. advis, Fr. avis — L. ad
vinim, according to what is seen or
seems best.]
ADVISABLE, ad-vlz'a-bl, adj. that maybe
advised or recommended : prudent :'ex^
ADVISE
AFFRIGHT
pedient- — adv. Advis'ably. — ns. Advis-
abil'ity, Advis'ableness.
ADVISE, ad-viz', v.t. to give advice or
counsel to : to inform. — v.t. ( — WITH) to
consult : pr.p. advis ing- : pa.p. advised'.
[O. Fr. adviser, from adms or avis. See
Advice.]
ADVISE, ad-vize', v.t. to consider : to take
advice. (Obs.)
ADVISED, ad-vizd', acfj. deliberate : cau-
tious.— adv. Advis'edly. — ii. Advised-
NESS, ad-vlz'ed-nes, deliberate considera-
tioQ : prudent procedure.
ADVISEMENT, ad-vlz'ment, n. same as
advice (Old English).
ADVISER, ad-viz'er, n. one who advises or
gives advice.
ADVOCACY, advo-ka-si, n. a pleading
for : defence. [See Advocate.]
ADVOCATE, ad'vo-kiXt, n. one who pleads
the cause of another esp. in a court of
law. — v.t. to plead in favor of. — n.
Advoca'tion. [L. advocatus — advoco,
-atum — ad, to, voco, to call : to call in
(another to help, as in a lawsuit or in
sickness).]
ADVOWER, ad-vou'er, n. the owner of an
advowson : a patron. [See Advowson.]
ADVOWSON, ad-vow'zun, n. the right of
patronage or presentation to a church
benefice. [O. Fr. — Low L. advoeatio,
right of the patron — L. advocatus, a
patron.]
ADZ, ADZE, adz, n. a carpenter's tool con-
sisting of a thin arched blade with its
edge at right angles to the handle. [A.S.
adesa.}
^DILE, C'dil, n. See Edile.
^DCEOLOGY, e-de-ol'o-ji), n. tliat part of
niedic-al science which treats of the or-
gans of generation : also, a treatise on
or account of the organs of generation.
[Gr. aidoia, the privy parts, and logos, a
di.scourse.J
^GIS, e'jis, n. (orig.) a shield given by-
Jupiter to Minerva : anything that pro-
tects. [L. — Gr. aigis.]
^GITHOGNATH^,e-gi-thog'na-the,n.jjZ.
in Huxley's classification of birds, drawn
from their osseous structure, a suborder
of Carinata;, having the bones of the
palate disposed as in the sparrow and
other passerine birds. [Gr. aigithos, a
sparrow, and gnathos, the jaw.]
^GITHOGNATHOUS, E-gi-thog'na-thus,
adj. of or pertaining to the iBgithog-
nathae.
^NEID, e'ne-id, n. an epic poem written
by Virgil, the hero of which is ./Eneas.
[L. JEneis, -idos.'\
^OLIAN. e-<")'li-an, ac^. pertaining to or
acted on by the wind, [^^olus, the god
of the winds.]
.ffiOLOTROPIC, e-ol-o-trop'ik, adj. applied
to bodies unequally elastic in different
directions : opposed to isotropic. Sir W.
Thompson. [Gr. aiolos, changeful, and
trope, a turning-.]
^ON, 5'on, n. apei-iodof time,anageorone
of a series of ages, eternity. [Gr. aion.'X
AERATE, a'er-i1t, v.t. to put air into : to
supply -with carbonic acid. fL. aiir, air.]
AERATION, a-er-a'shun, n. exposure to
the air.
AERIAL, fi-er'i-al, adj. belonging to the
air : inhabiting or existing in the air :
elevated, lofty.
AERIE, ii'ri or C'ri, n. See E-niY.
AERIFORM, a'er-i-forni, adj. having the
/or»t or nature of air or gas. [L. agr
and /orwa.]
AEROKLINOSCOPE, a-er-o-klin'o-skOp, n.
an apparatus constructed to show the
direction of the wind in connection with
the barometric pressure. [Gr. acr. air,
klino, to bend or incline, and skopeo, I
•view.]
AEROLITE, a'er-o-Ut, n. a meteoric stone.
JGr. aer, air, lithos, a stone.]
UROMETER, a-er-om'e-ter, n. an instru-
ment for measuring the density of air
and gases. [Gr. aer, and METER.]
AERONAUT, S'er-o-nawt, n. one who as-
cends in a balloon. [Gr. aer, air, nautes,
sailor.]
AERONAUTICS, a-er-o-nawt'iks, n. the
science or art of navigating the air in
balloons.
w^ROSE, 5'ros, adj. having the nature of
or resembling copper or brass : coppery.
[L cerosus, containing brass or copper.]
AEROSIDERITE, ri-er-0-sid'er-It,_?i. an iron
meteorite. [Gr. aer, air, and sideros, iron.]
AEROSIDEROLITE, iT-er-G-sid'er-o-lit, n.
a meteor containing both stone and iron.
[Gr. aer, air, sideros, iron, and lithos, a
stone.]
AEROSTATICS, a-er-o-stat'iks, n. the
science of the equilibrium of air or of
elastic fluids ; the science of raising and
gadding balloons. [Gr. aer, air, statikos,
relating to equilibrium. See Statics.]
AEROSTATION, S-er-O-strt'shun, n. the art
of raising and guiding balloons.
^STHEMATOLOGY, es-thc-ma-tol'o-ji, n.
the doctrine of the senses, or the appa-
ratus of the senses : that part of physio-
logical anatomy which treats of the
senses. Dunglison. [Gr. aisthema, a per-
ception, and logos, discourse.]
.aiSTHESIOLOGY, Cs-the-si-ol'o-ji, n. the
doctrine or branch of knowledge con-
cerned with the sensations. Dunglison.
[Gr. aisthesis, perception, and logos, dis-
course.]
^STHESODIC, Es-the-sod'ik, adj. capable
of conducting sensation : said of the gray
matter of the spinal cord, which can con-
vey sensory impressions to the sensorium
though itself insensible. [Gr. aisthesis,
sensation, and hodos, a path.]
ESTHETE, Cs'thGt, n. one devoted to
the principles or doctrines of sesthetics :
specifically applied in a semi-contemptu-
ous way to one who carries the cultiva-
tion of the sense of the beautiful to a
ridiculous extent.
ESTHETIC, es-thet'ik, ^sthetioal, r-s-
thet'ik-al, adj. pertaining to sesthetics. —
adv. ^sthet'ically.
uSlSTHIiTICS, Cs-thct'iks, n. the feeling of
beauty in objects, the science of taste :
the pliilosopiiy of the fine arts. ^Qr.
aisthetikos, perceptive — aisthanomat, to
feel or perceive.]
AFAR, a-faK, adv., at afar distance. [Pfx.
a, and Fae.]
AFFABLE, af'farbl, adj. condescending :
easy to speak to. — adv. Af'fably. — nji.
Affabil'ity, Af'fableness. [Fr. — L.
affabilis — affari, to speak to — ad, to, and
fari, to speak.]
AFFAIR, af-fur', n.. that which is to be
done : business : an engagement or bat-
tle of minor importance : — pi. transac-
tions in general : public concerns. [Fr.
affaire, O. Fr. afaire — <« and faire — L.
ad, and /acer , to do. Cf. E. Ado.]
AFFECT, af-fekt', v.t., to act upon: to
produce a change upon : to move the
feelings. [L. affioio, affectum — ad, to,
faeio, to do.]
AFFECT, af-fekt', v.t. to strive after : to
make a show or pretence of : to lovo :
(B.) to pay court to. — v.i. to be inclined
to : to prefer. (Obs.) [L. affecto, freq.
of (iflicio. See Al-'FECT above ]
AFFECTATION af-fekt-a'shun, n. a striv-
ing after or an attempt to assume what
is not natural or real : pretence.
AFFECTED, af-fekt'ed, adj. touched with
a feeling (either for or against) : full of
afl'ectaUon : feigned.— ady.AFFECT'EDLY.
— n. Affect'edness.
AFFECTING, af-fekt'ing, adj. ha-«ring
power to move the passions : pathetic.^
adv. Affect'djgly.
AFFECTION, af-fek'shun, n. kindness or
love : attachment : an attribue or prop-
erty. [L. See Affect.]
AFFECTIONATE, af-fek'shun-at, adj. full
of affection : loving. — adv. Affec'tion-
ATELY.— n. Affec'tionateness.
AFFECTIONED, af-fek'shund, adj. (B.)
disposed.
AFFERENT, af'fer-ent, ax^. (anat.) bring-
ing to, applied to the nerves that convey
sensations to the nerve centres. [L. a/-
ferens — ad, to, and /ero, to carry.]
AFFIANCE, af-fi'ans, n., faith pledged to:
marriage contract : trust. — v.t, to pledge
faith : to betroth. [O. Fr. affiana.. It.
ajjidanza, confidence — L. ad, to, fides,
faith.]
AFFIDA"STT, af fi-da'vit, n. a written dec-
laration 071 fiath. fLow L. affidavit, 3d
pers. sing. perf. of u "^do, to pledge one's
faith.]
AFFILIATE, af-fil'i-at, v.t. to receive into
a family as a son, or into a society as a
member. [L. ad, to, filius, a son.]
AITILIATION, af-fil-i-a'shun, n. act of
receiving into a family or society as a
member : (laiv) the assignment of an
illegitimate child to its father.
AFFINITION, af-fl-ni'shon, n. the state or
quality of being affined : mental affinity
or attraction. (Rare.)
AFFINITY, af-fin'i-ti, n. nearness of kin,
agreement, or resemblance : relationship
by marriage, opposed to consanguinity or
relationship by blood : (ehem.) the pecul-
iar attraction between the atoms of two
simple substances that makes them com-
bine to form a compound. [L. affinitaa
— affmis, neighboring — ad, at, Jinis,[
boundary.]
AFFIRM, af-ferm', v.t. to assert confident
ly or positively. [L. affirmo — ad,firmus,
firm. See FIRM.]
AFFIRM ABLE, af-ferm'a^bl, adj. that may
be affirmed. — n. AFFIRM' ANT.
AFFIRMATION, af-fer-ma'shun, n. act of
asserting ; that which is affirmed : a sol-
emn declaration.
AFFIRaL\.TI\^E, af-ferni'at-iv, adj. or n.
that affirms or asserts. — adv. Affirm'-
ATIVELY.
AFFIX, af-fiks', v.t., to fix to : to add : to
attach. [L. affigo, -fixum — ad, to, figo,
to fix. See Fix.]
AFFIX, at'fiks, n. a .syllable or letter put to
the end of a word, called also POSTFIX,
Suffix.
AFFLATUS, af-fla'tus, n. inspiration. [See
Inflation.]
AFFLICT, af-flikt', v.t. to give continued
pain, distress, or grief. — pa.p. afflicted,
beaten down. (Obs.) [h. ad, to, Jligo, ta
d;ish — to the ground.]
AFFLICTION, af-flik'shun, n. distress or
its CclUSG.
AFFLICTIVE, af-flikt'iv, ac^'. causing dis-
AFFLUENCE, afflOO-ens, n. abundance:
wealth.
AFFLUENT, af'flOO-ent, adj. abounding:
wealthy. — n. a stream flowing into a
river or lake. [L. affluo — ad, to, Jluo, to
flow.]
AFFORD, af-ford', v.t. to yield or produce c
to be able to sell or to expend. [M. E.
aforthen, from A.S. geforthian or for-
tliian. to further or cause to come forth.]
AFFRAY, af-fra', n. a fight causing alarm :
a brawl. [Fr. effrayer, to frighten ; O,
Fr. esfreer, to freeze -with terror — Low L
e.vfri'gidare, to chill. See Frigid.]
AFFRIGHT, af-frit', v.t., to frighten.—
n. sudden fear. [A.S. afyrhtan. See
i"ElQHT.]
AFFRONT
8
AGRAFFE
AFFRONT, af-frunt', v.t. to meet front to
front : to insult openly. — n. contemptu-
ous treatment. [Fi-. \tffronter — L. ad,
to. front-, the forehead.]
AFFUSION, af-fu'zhun, n. the act of iJOwr-
ing tipon or sprinkling:. [L. ad, to,
fundo, fiisum, to pour.]
AFIELD, a-fPld', adv. to, in, or on the
field.
AJLOAT. a-flot', adv. or adj. floating : at
sea : unfixed.
AFLOW, a-flo', adj. or adv. in a loose,
waving state : flowing. " With gray
hair aflow." — 'l^^l^ttier. (Rare.)
AFOOT, a-foot', adv., on foot.
AFORE, a-for', prep, (obs.) before.
AFOREHAND, a-for'hand, adv. before the
regular time of accomplishment : in ad-
vance.
AFORESAID, a-for'sed, adj., said or
named before.
AFORETIME, a-for'tim, adv., in former or
past times.
AFRAID, a-friid', adj. struck with fear :
timid. [From root of AFFRAY.]
AFRESH, a-fresh', adv. anew, [a, on, and
Fresh.]
AFRICANDER, afrik-an-der, n. a native
of Cape Colony or the neighboring re-
fions born of white parents.
RICANIZE, af'rik-an-ize, v.t. to place
under the control of African negroes.
(Amer.)
AFT, aft, adj. or adv. behind : near or tow-
ards the stern of a vessel. [A.S. ceft,
which is short for cefter.'\
AFTER, aft'er, adj. behind in place : later
in time : more toward the stern of a ves-
sel.— prep, behind, in place : later, in
time : following, in search of : in imita-
tion of : in proportion to : concerning. —
adv. subsequently : afterward. [A.S.
after, comp. of af, or of, the primary
meaning being more off, further away ;
-/er as a compai-ative affix is seen inXi.
alter, E. o-ther. See Of.]
AFTERACT, aft'er-aUt, 7i. an act after or
subsequent to another.
AFTERBIRTH, aft'er-berth, n. the plar
centa and membranes which are expelled
from the womb after the birth.
AFTERCLAP, aft'er-klap, n. an additional
and generally unjust demand, beyond
the bargain originallv made. (Amer.)
AFTERCROP, aft'er-krop, n., a crop com-
ing after the first in the same year.
AFTER-DINNER, aft'er-din-er, adj. hap-
pening or done after dinner ; as, an
after-dinner speech : sometimes used
substantively " An aftei'-dinner's nap."
— Tennyson.
In after-dimier talk
Across the walnuts and the wine. — Tennyson.
AFTERMATH, aft'er-math, n. a second
crop of grass. [See Mow, Meadow.]
AFTERMOST, aft^er-most, adj. hindmost.
[A.S. ceftemest ; Goth, af-tuvia, -tuma,
being -equiv. to L. -tumus in op-tumus,
best. Goth, has also af-tum-ists=A.S.
cef-tem-est, which is thus a double super-
lative. In aftermost, r is intrusive and
-most is not the adv. most.']
AFTERNIGHT, aft'er-nit, adv. in the
evening:. (Amer.)
AFTERNOON, aft'er-nSon, n. the time be-
tween noon and evening.
AFTERPIECE, aft'er-p5s, n. a farce or
other minor piece performed after a
plav.
AFTER-SHAFT, aft'er-shaft, n. in ornith.
a supplementary or accessory shaft fur-
nished with barbs or fibres, given oil at
the point of junction of the shaft and
quill of most feathers except those of the
wings and tail.
AFTERWARD, aft'er-ward. Afterwards,
aft'er-wardz, adv. in after-time : later :
subsequently. [A.S. cefter, and weard,
towards, in direction of.]
AGA, a'ga. n. a Turkish commander or
chief officer. [Turk, agha, Pers. ak,
aka, a lord.]
AGAIN, a-gen', adv. once more : in re-
turn : back. [A.S. on-gean, again, oppo-
site ; Ger. ent-gegcn.'] Also pronounced
a-gSn', at least in poetry, as evidenced
by following passages.
When she was eased nf her pain.
Came the sood lord Athelstane,
When her ladyship married again. — Thackeray.
O that 'twere possible
After long grief and pain
To find the arras of my true love
Round me once again 1 — Tennyson.
AGAINST, a-genst', prep, opposite to :
in opposition to : in provision for.
[Formed from again, as tvhilst from
u'hile.]
AGAPE, a-gap', adj. or adv. gaping from
wonder, expectation, or attention. [Lit.
" on gape," from prefix a (for A.S. on,
on), and Gape.]
AGATE, ag'at. ?j. a precious stone com-
posed of laj'ers of quartz, of different
tints. [Gr. achates, said to be so called be-
cause first found near the river Achates
in Sicily.]
AGE, aj, n. the ordinary length of human
life : the time during which a person
or thing has lived or existed : mature
years : legal maturity (at 31 years) : a
period of time : a generation of men: a
century. — v.i. to grow old : — pr.p. ag'ing;
pa.p. 3ged. [Fr. age, O. Fr. edage — L.
cetas^old L. cevitas — L. cevum, age ;
cog. witli E. Ever.]
AGED, ilj'ed, adj. advanced in age : hav-
ing a certain age. — n.pl. old people.
AGEING, Sj'ing, n. in calico-printing, a
process during which the color pre-
\nously deposited on the outside of the
fibre gradually penetrates it and becomes
more firmly attached.
AGENCY, aj'ens-i, n. the office or business :
operation or action of an agent.
AGENDA, aj-*nd'a, n., things to be done:
a memorandum-book : a ritual. [L.
agendus, fut. p. pass, of ago, to do.]
AGENT, aj'ent, n. a person or thing that
acts or exerts power : one intrusted with
the business of another. [L. ago, to do.
See Act.]
AGGLOMERATE, ag-glom'er-at, v.t. to
make into a ball : to collect into a mass.
— v.i. to grow into a mass. [L. glomus,
glomeris, a ball. See Clew, Globe.]
AGGLOMERATION, ag-glom-er-a'shun, n.
a growing or heaping together : a mass.
AGGLUTINATE, ag-gloOfin-ftt, v.t. to
cause to adhere by glue or cement. [L.
agglutino — ad, to, gluten, glue. See
Glue.]
AGGLUTINATION, ag-gloot-in-a'shun, n.
the act of uniting, as by glue : adhesion
of parts.
AGGLUTINATIVE, ag-gloot'in-at-iv, adj.
tending to or having power to cause ad-
hesion.
AGGRANDIZE, ag'grand-Iz, v.t., to make
great or larger : to make greater in
power, rank, or honor. [Fr., from L. ad,
to, and grandis. large.]
AGGRANDIZEMENT, ag-grand-Iz'ment, n.
act of aggrandizing : state of being ag-
grandized.
AGGRAVATE, ag'grav-at, v.t. to make
worse : to provoke. [L. ad, to, gravis,
heavy. See Grave.]
AGGRAVATION, ag-grav-a'shun, n. a
making worse : any quaUty or circum-
stance which makes a thing worse.
AGGREGATE, ag'greg-at, v.t. to collect
into a mass : to accumulate. [L. aggrego,
-atum, to bring together, as a flock — ad,
to, grex, gregis, a flock.]
AGGREGATE, ag'greg-at, adj. formed of
parts taken together. — n. the sum total
— adv. Ag'gregately.
AGGREGATION, ag-greg-a'shun, }(. act oJ
aggregating : state of being collected to-
gether : an aggregate.
AGGRESSION, ag-gresh'un, n. first act of
hostility or injury. [L. aggredior, -gressiu
—ad. to. gradior, to step.]
AGrGRESSrVE, ag-gres'iv, adj. making the
first attack. — n. Aggress'iveness.
AGGRESSOR, ag-gres'ur, n. one who at-
tacks first.
AGGRIEVE, ag-grev', v.t. to press heavily
itpon : to pain or injure. [O. Fr. agrever,
Sp. agraviar — L. ad, to, and gravis,
heavy. See Grief, Grieve.]
AGHAST, a-gast', adj. stupefied with hor-
ror. [Properly agast ; M. E. agasten. to
terrify ; A.S. intens. pfx. a, and gcestan,
to terrify. The primary notion of the
root gees- (Goth, gais-) is to fix, slick ;
to root to the spot with terror. See
Gaze.]
AGILE, aj'il, adj., active: nimble. [L.
agilis — ago, to do or act.]
AGILITY, aj-il'i-ti, n. quickness of motion:
nimbleness.
AGIO, a'ji-o. n. the difference in value be-
tween metallic and paper money : dis-
count. [It. aggio, agio, rate of exchange,
same as agio, ease, convenience.]
AGITATE, aj'i-tat, v.t. to keep moving : to
stir violently : to discuss. [L. agito,
freq. of ago, to put in motion. See
Act.]
AGITATION, aj-i-ta'shun, n. commotion ;
pertm-bation of mind : discussion.
AGITATOR, aj'i-tat'ur, ?(. 1, one who ex-
cites pubUc commotion : 2, a name given
to certain oflicers in the time of Crom-
well appointed by the army to manage
their concerns. There were two from
each regiment. [In tliis sense the propei
spelling is probably Adjutator, meaning
not one who agitates but one who
assists.] " They proceeded from those
elective tribunes called agitators, who
had been established in every regiment
to superintend the interests of tb'S army."
— Hallam.
AGLOW, a-gio', adj. very warm : red-hot.
[See Glow.]
AGMATOLOGY, ag-ma-tol'o-ji, n. !n surg.
that department of the science which
treats of fractures ; also, a treatise on
fractures. [Gr. agma, agmatos, a frac-
ture, and logos, a discourse.]
AGMINATE, ag'min-at, AGMINATED,
ag'min-at-ed, adj. crowded : closely
packed : specifically applied in anat. to
certain glands or foUicles in the small
intestine. Called also Peyer^s Glands.
[L. agmen, agminis, a crowd, a iDand.]
AGNATE, ag'nat, adj. related on the
father's side : allied. — n. a relation by
the father's side. [L. — ad, to, nascor, to
be born. See Cognate.]
AGNOSTIC, ag-nos'tik, n. one who holds
that we knozv nothing of the super-
natural.— n. Agnos'ticism. [a, privar
tive, and Gr. gnostikos, good at knowing.
See Gnostic]
AGrO, a-go', AGONE, a-gon', adv., gone :
past : since. [Pa.p. of A.S. agan, to pass
away — inten. pfx. a, and gan, to go.t
AGOG, a-gog*, adj. or adv. eager. [Ety,
doubtful.]
AGOING, a-go'ing, adv., going on : current.
AGONIZE, ag'o-niz, v.t. to struggle, suffei
agony.
AGONIZING, ag-'o-niz-ing, adj. causing
agony. — adv. Ag'onizenglt.
AGONY, ag'o-ni. n. a violent struggle^,
extreme suffering. [Gr. — agon, contest.]
AGRAFFE, AGRAFF, a^graf, n. a sort
of clasp or hook. " An agraffe set with
AGRAPHIA
ALCOHOLIZE
brilliants."— Sir W. Scott. [Fr. agrafe,
a hook, a clasp. See Aggrappes.]
Braided tresses, and cheeks of bloom,
Diamond agraff siud foam-white plume. — Landor.
AGRAPHIA, a-graf'i-a. n. in pathol. a form
of aphasia, in which the patient is unable
to express ideas bj- written .signs. [Gr. a,
priv.. and grajilui, to describe, to write.
See Aphasia.]'
AGRARIAN, ag-ra'ri-an, adj. relating to
land : applied especially to Roman laws
for the equal distribution of the public
lands. [L. agrarius — ager, a field. See
Acre.]
AGRARIANISM, ag-ra'ri-an-izm, n. an
equal di\"ision of lands.
AGREE, a-gre', r.i. to be of one mind : to
concur : (fol. by to) to assent to : (fol. by
u-ith) to resemble, to suit : — pa. p. agreed .
[Fr. agreer, to accept kindly — L. ad, to,
and gratits. pleasing.]
AGREEABLE, a-gre'a-bl, adj. suitable:
pleasant. — adv. Agree' ably.
AGREEABLE^rESS, a-gre'a-bl-nes, n. suit-
ableness : conformity : quaUty of pleas-
ing.
AGREEMENT, a-gre'ment, n. concord:
conformitv : a bargain or contract.
AGRICULTURAL, ag-ri-kult'ur-al, adj.
relating to agriculture.
AGRICULTURE, ag'ri-kult-ur, n. the art
or practice of cultivating the land. [L.
agricidtura — ager, a field, eultura, culti-
vation. See Culture.]
AGRICULTURIST, ag-ri-kult'ur-ist, n. one
skilled in agriculture.
AGRIN, a^grin', adj. or adv. in the act or
state of grinning : on the grin. " His
visage all agrin." — Tennyson.
AGRIOLOGIST, ag-ri-ol'o-jist, n. onewho
makes a comparative study of human
customs, especialh' of the customs of man
in a rude or unci\Tlized state. Max Mid-
ler. [Gr agrios, pertaining to a wild state,
and logos, a discourse.]
AGRIOLOGY, ag-ri-ol'o-ji, n. the com-
parative study of the customs of man in
his natural state.
AGRONOMIAL, ag-ro-no'mi-al, adj. same
as Agronomic. Lord Lytton.
AGROPE, a-grop', adv. gropingly. E. B.
Broiniing.
AGROUND, a-grownd', adv. stranded.
[Prefix a, on, and GROUND.]
AGRYPXOTIC, ag-rip-not'ik, n. in med.
something which tends to drive away
sleep. [Gr. agrypnos, sleepless.]
AGUE, il'gu, n. a fever coming in period-
ical fits, accompanied wth sliivering :
chilliness. [Fr. aigu, sharp — L. acutus.
See Acute.]
AGUISH, a'gu-ish, adj. having the quali-
ties of an ague : chiUy : shivering.
AH, a, int. an exclamation of surprise,
joy, pity, complaint, etc. [Fr. — L. ; Ger.
ach.]
AHA, a-ha', int. an exclamation of exvilta-
tion, pleasure, surprise, or contempt.
AHEAD, a-hed', adv. fm-ther on : in ad-
vance : headlong. [Prefix a, on, and
Head.]
AHOY, a-hoi', int. a nautical term used in
hailing. [Form of int. HOY.]
AHULL, a-nul', adv. (naut.) with sails
furled, and helm lashed, driving before
the wind, stern foremost, [a, on ( — A.S.
on, and HuLL.]
AID, ad, v.t. to help, assist. — n. help: as-
sistance: an auxiliary: subsidy. — adj.
Aidless. [Fr. airier— L. adjutare — ad,
and jnro. j»ttim, to help.]
AIDE-DE-CAMP, ad'-de-kong, n. a mili-
tary officer who assists the general : —
1)1. Aides-de-camp. [Fi-. , assistant of the
camp.]
AIDER, ad'er, n. one who brings aid : a
helper.
ATT., al. v.t. to give pain : to trouble. — v.i.
to feel pain : to be in trouble. — n. trouble :
indisposition. [A.S. eglan, to pain. See
Awe.]
AILMENT, al'ment, n. pain : indisposition :
disease.
AIM, am. v.i. (with at) to point at with a
weapon : to direct the intention or en-
deavor.— v.t. to point, as a weapon or
firearm.—)!, the pointing of a weapon :
the thing pointed at : design : intention.
[O. Fr. esmer, to reckon — L. cestimare, to
estimate. See Estlmate.]
AIMLESS, am'les, adj. without aim.
AINO, i'no, n. one of a tribe found in the
interior of Yesso, in the south of Sakhalin
and the Kurile Islands, supposed to be
the remains of the aboriginal population.
They are remarkable for their hirsute-
ness, in many cases the bodies, and still
more frequently the legs and arms, being
covered with short, bristly hair. The
word is also used adjectively.
AIR, iir, Ji. the fluid we breathe : the at-
mosphere : a hght breeze : a tune : the
bearing of a person : — pi. affectation. — •
v.t. to expose to the air : to dry : to ex-
pose to warm air. [Fr. — L. aer — Gr.]
AIR-BED, ar'-bed, n. a bed for the sick, in-
flated with air. — j\jr-cell, ar'-sel, n. a
cavity containing air. — Am-CUSHION, ar'-
koosh'un, n. an air-tight cushion, which
can be inflated. — AlE-ENGrNE, ar'-en'jin,
71. an engine put in motion by air ex-
panded by heat. — Air-gun, ar'-gun, n. a
gun which discharges bullets by means
of compressed air. — AIRINESS, ar'i-nes,
n. state of being airy : openness : liveli-
ness.— Airing, ar'ing, ?;. exposm-e to the
air or fire : a short excursion in the open
air. — Air-jacket, ar'-jak'et, n. a jacket
with air-tight ca\'ities, which being in-
flated renders a person buoyant in water.
— Airless, ar'les, adj. void of air : not
having free communication with the
open air. — Air-pump, ar'-pump, n. an in-
strmnent for pumping the air out of a
vessel. — Air-tight, ar'-tlt, adj. so tight
as not to admit air. — Air-vessel, ar'-
ves'el, n. a vessel or tube containing air.
AIRWARDS, ar'werds, adv. up in the air :
upwards. "Soar airicaras again." —
Tliaekeray.
AIRY, ar'i, adj. consisting of or relating to
air : open to the air : like air : imsub-
stantial : light of heart : sprightly.^ — adv.
Air'ily.
AISLE, il, n. the wing or side of a church :
the side passages in a church. [Fr. aile,
O. Fr. aisle — L. axilla, ala, a wing.]
AISLED, ild, adj. having aisles.
AJAR, a-jiir', adv. partly open. [Lit. "on
the turn." A.S. on, on, cyrr, a turn. See
Chae, work.]
AXE, old English spelling of ache.
AKIMBO, a-kim'bo, adv. with hand on hip
and elbow hent outward. [Pfx. a, Celt.
cam, crooked, with superfluous E. Bow.]
AKIN, a-ldn', adj., of kin: related by
blood : having the same properties. [Of
and Kin.]
AKKAD, AKKADIAN. See Accad, Ac-
CADIAN.
ALABASTER, al'a-bas-ter, n. a semi-trans-
parent kind of gyjisum or sulphate of
lime : the fine limestone deposited as
stalagmites and stalactites. — adj. made
of alabaster. [Gr. alahagtros, said to be
derived from Alabastron, a town in
EgJ-pt-]
ALACK, a-lak', int. an exclamation de-
noting sorrow. [Prob. from M. E. lak,
loss. See Lack.]
ALACK-A-DAY, a-lak'-a-da, int. an excla-
mation of sadness. [For, "ah ! a loss to-
day."]
ALACRITY, a-lak'ri-ti, n. briskness : cheer-
ful readiness : promptitude. [L. alacris^
brisk.]
ALAMODE, a-la-mod', adv., according to
the mode or fashion. [Fr. d la morfe.J
ALARM, a-larm', n. notice of danger : sud-
den surprise with fear : a mechanical
contrivance to arouse from sleep. — v.t. to
call to arms : to give notice of danger :
to fill with dread. [Fr. alarme — It. alF
arme. to arms — L. ad, to, arma, arms.]
ALARMIST, a-lurm'ist, n. one who excites
alarm : one given to prophesjing dan-
ger. — adj. AlaRm'ist, alarming. — adv.
Alar^i'ingly.
ALARLTJI, a-liir'imi, n. and v.t. Same as
Alarm.
ALAS, a-las', int. expressive of grief. [PY.
helas — L. lassus, wearied.]
ALB, alb, n. a u-liite Unen vestment reach-
ing to the feet, worn by priests. [L.
albus. white.]
ALBANY-BEEF, awlb-ny-bf f, n. the stur-
geon, a fish which ascends the Hudson
river as far as Albany, and a part of whose
flesh resembles beef. (Amer.)
ALBATROSS, al'ba-tros, n. a large, long-
winged, web-footed sea-bird, in the South-
ern Ocean. [Corr. from Span, alcatraz,
a white pelican.]
ALBEIT, awl-be'it, adv. although: not-
withstanding. [Be it all.]
ALBESCENCE, al-bes'ens, n. the act or
state of growing white or whitish. [L.
albesco, to grow white, from albiis, white.!
ALBINO, al-bl'no, n. a person or animal
whose skin and hair are unnaturally
ichite. and pupil of the ej'e red : — pi.
Albi'nos. [It. albino, whitish — L. albus,
white.]
ALBUM, al'bum, re. among the Romans, a
u-hite tablet or register : a book for the
insertion of portraits, autographs, etc.
iL. albus, white.]
BUMEN, al-bu'men, n., the white of
eggs : a like substance found in animal
and vegetable bodies. [L. — allnis, white.]
ALBIBliNIFORM, al-bu-min'i-form. adj.
formed hke or resembling albumen.
ALBUMINIMETER, al-bu-mi-nim'e-ter, h.
an instrument for measuring the quan-
tity of albumen contained in any sub-
stance
ALBUMINOID, al-bu'min-oid, adj. Uke al-
bumen. [Albumen and Gr. eidos, form.]
ALBUMINOUS, al-bu'min-us, adj. like or
containing albumen.
ALBURNUM, al-burn'um, n. in trees, the
«'7i ite and soft parts of wood between the
inner bark and the heart-wood. [L. —
albus. white.]
ALCALDE, al-kal'da, ?!., a judge. [Sp. —
Ar. al-kadi — kadaj, to judge.]
ALCHEMIST, al'kem-ist, re. one skilled in
alchemv.
ALCHEMY, ALCHYMY, al'ki-mi, n. the
infant stage of chemistry, as astrology
was of astronomy. A cliief pursuit of
the alchemists was to transmute the
other metals into gold, and to discover
the elixir of hfe. Also, in old authors, a
mixed metal formerly used for various
utensils, hence a trumpet. Milton. [Ar.
at=the; Gr. ckeo, to pour, to melt, to
mix : hence chymeia or chemeia, a mix-
ing, and chymic or chemic, applied to the
processes of the laboratorj'. See Chem-
istry.]
ALCOHOL, al'ko-hol. re. pure spirit, a liquid
generated by the fermentation of sugar
and other saccharine matter, and form-
ing the intoxicating element of ferment-
ed liquors. [Ar. al-kohl — al, the, qochl,
fine powder.]
ALCOHOLIC, al-ko-hol'ik, adj. of or like
alcohol.
ALCOHOLIZE, al'kc-hol-lz, v.t. to convert
into alcohol : to rectify.
ALCOHOLOIVrETER
10
ALLOMORPHIC
ALCOHOLOIHETER, al-kii-hol-om'e-ter, n.
an insti-umeat for ascertaiaing- the
strength of spirits. [AlCOUOL and METER.]
ALCORAN, arko-niu, n. Koran wth the
Ai-abic article prefixed.
AlCOVE, al'kOv or al-kuv', n. a recess in a
room : any recess : a shady retreat. [It.
ileova ; Sp. alcoba, a place in a room
aUed off to hold a bed— Ar. al-gobah, a
tent.]
4LDER, awl'der, n. a tree usually growmg
in moist «fround. [A.S. alor ; Ger. eller,
L. aViius!]
ALDERJIAN, awl'der-man, n. now a civic
disTiitai-y next in rank to the mayor. —
adj. Aldekman'ic. [A. S. eaklor (from
eald, old), senior, chief: ealdor-man,
ruler, king, chief magistrate.]
ALDERN, awl'dern, adj. made of alder.
ALDESTE, al'dln, adj. applied to books
printed by Aldus Manutius of Venice, in
16th c.
ALE, al, n. a strong drink made from malt:
a festival, so called from the liquor
drunk. — Ale-berry, a beverage made
from ale. — Ale-hocse, a house in which
ale is sold. [A-S. ealu; Ice. 61; Gael, ol,
drink.]
ALEE, a-le', adv., on tlie tee-side. [See
Lee.]
ALEJIBIC, al-em'bik, n. a vessel used by
the old chemists in distUlation. [Ar. al,
the, anbiq — Gr. ambilcs, a cup.]
ALERT, al~ert', adj. watchful: brisk.—
Upon the alert, upon the watch. — n.
Alert'ness. [It, all' erta, on the erect —
erto. L. erecttts, erect.]
ALETHOSCOPE,a-le"tbo-skDp,»i. an optical
instrument by means of which pictures
are made to present a more natural and
life-Uke appearance. [Gr. alethes, true,
and skopeo, to view.]
ALE-WIFE, al'^vTf, n. a fish of the same
genus as the shad, about a foot in length,
common on the east coast of the tJnited
States. (Amer.)
ALEXANDRIAN, al-e^an'dri-an, a^'.,
relating to Alexandria in Egypt : relat-
ing to Alexandei:
ALEXANDRINE, al-egz-an'drin, n. a rhym-
ing verse of twelve syllables, so called
from its use in an old French poem on
Ale.vander the Great.
ALEXEPYRETIC, a-lek-si-pi-ret'ik, ac^. in
7ned. same as Febrifcge. [Gr. afearo, to
ward off, and pyretos, a fever.]
ALFALFA, al-fal'fa, n. a name given to a
valuable pasture and forage plant : the
lucerne (Medicago sath-a). [Sp.]
ALGJE, al'je, n. (hot.) a division of plants,
embracin": sea- weeds. [L., pL of alga,
sea-weed.]
ALGEBRA, al'je-bra, n. the ecience of cal-
culating by symbols, thus forming a
kind of universal ai-ithmetic. [Sp. from
Al-. al-Jabr, the resetting of anything
broken, hence combination.]
ALGEBRMC, -AL, al-je-bra'ik, -al, adj.
pertaining to algebra. — ^Algebea'IST, n.
one skilled in algebra.
ALGOID, al'goid, adj. resembling the aigaa
or aquatic plants. [L. alga, a sea-weed,
and Gr. eidos, resemblance.]
ALGONKIN, ALGONQUIN, al-gonTdn, n.
a family of North American Indians,
which contaited many tiibes, and form-
iy occupied the valley of the Mississippi
?"nd all the covmtry eastward : a memoer
cJ this family.
ALGUM, aJ'gum. Same as AuiUG.
ALIAS, ali-as, adv. otherwise. — n. an as-
sumed name. [L. alias, at another time,
otherwise — alius, Gr. alios, other.]
ALIBI, al'i-bi. n. the plea that a pei-son
charged with a crime was in another
place when it was committed. [L. —
alius, other, ibi, there.]
ALIEN, SJ'yen, adj. foreign : different in
natm'e : adverse to. — n. one belonging
to another country : one not entitled to
the rights of citizenship. [L. alienus
— alius, other.]
ALIENABLE, afyen-a-bl, adj. capable of
being transferred to another. — ?i. AUEN-
ABIL'ITY.
ALIENAGE, al'yen-aj, n. state of being an
alien.
ALIENATE, al'yen-at, v.t. to transfer a
right or title to another: to withdraw
the affections: to misapply. — adj. with-
drawn : estranged. — n. Aliena'tion. [L.
See Alien.]
ALIGHT, a-lit', v.i. to come down (as from
a horse) : to descend : to fall upon. [A.S.
alihtan, to come down. See Light, v.i.]
ALIGHT, a-Iit', adj. on fi.'-e : lighted up.
[a, on, and LIGHT. See Light, n.]
ALIGN, a-lin', v.t. to reg-ulate by a hne : to
arrange in line, as troops. [Fr. aligner
— L. ad, and linea, a hne.]
ALIGNMENT, a-lln'ment, 7i. a laying out
by a Une : the gi-ound-plan of a x-ailway
or road.
ALIKE, a^llk', adj. like one another : hav-
ing resemblance. — adv. in the same man-
ner or form : similarly. [A.S. onlic. See
Like.]
ALIMENT, al'i-ment, n., nourishment: food.
[L. alimentum — alo, to nourish.]
ALIMENTAL, al-i-ment'al, adj. supplying
food.
ALDIENTARY, al-i-ment'ar-i, adj. pertain-
ing to aliment : nutritive. — n. AliMENTA-
TION, al-i-men-ta'shua, the act or state of
nourishing or of being nourished. — n.
{phren.) Allmentiveness, al-i-ment'iv-
nes, desire for food or drink.
ALDIONY, al'i-mun-i, Ji.an allowance for
support made to a wife when legally sep-
arated from her husband.
ALIQUOT, al'i-kwot, adj. such a part of a
number as wLU divide it without a re-
mainder. [L. aliquot, some, several —
alius, other, quot, now many.]
ALIVE, a-llv', aty. in life : susceptible.
[A.S. 0)1 life.]
ALKALI, al'ka-li or -li, n. (chem.) a sub-
stance which combines with an acid and
neutnilizes it, forming a salt. Potash,
soda, and lim'> ai'e alkahes ; thej' have
an acrid taste (that of soap), and turn
vegetable blues to green. See AciD : —
nl. Alkalies. [Ar. al-kali, ashes.]
ALKALBIETER, ai-ka-lim'e-ter, n. an in-
strument for measuring the strength of
alkalies.
ALKALINE, al'ka-lln or -lin, adj. ha^•in"■
the properties of an ulkaU. — n. Alkalis -
ITT.
ALKALOID, alTf a-loid, n. a vegetable prin-
ciple possessing in some degree alkaline
Croperties. — acy. pertaining to or resem-
hng alkali. [ALKALI and Gr. eidos, form
or resemblance.]
ALKORAN, n. same as Alcoran.
ALL, awl, adj. the whole of : every one of.
— adv. wholly : completely : entirely. — n.
the whole : everytning. — All IK ALL,
everj-thing desired. — All *S one, it is
just the same. — ^Ax ALL, in the least de-
gree or to the least extent. [A.S. eal,
Ger. all, Gael, uile, W. oil]
ALLAH, aHa, n. the Arabic name of the
one God. [Ar, al-ildh, "the worthy to
be adored."]
ALLAY, al-la', v.t. to lighten, relieve : to
make quiet. [O. Fr. oteger—L. alleviare
— ad, and tern, light, confused with A.S.
a-leegan. to lay down.]
ALLEGATION, " al-le-gS'shun, «. an as-
sertion.
ALLEGE, al-le,i', v.t.'to produce as an ar-
gument or plea : to a.ssert. [L. allege,
to send one person to another to confer
with him : to mention or bring forward
— ad, to, and lego, -atum, to send.]
ALLEGIANCE, al-lej'i-ans, n. the duty of
a subject to his liege or sovereign. [L.
ad, to, and Liege.]
ALLEGrOEIC, -AL, al-le-gor'ik, ^1, adj- w
the form of an aUegorj : figurative. ~
adv. Allegor'ically.
ALLEGORIZE, al'le-gor-Iz, v.t. to put is
form of an allegory. — v.i. to use allegory.-
ALLEGORIZATION, alle-gor-i-za'shon, n,
the act of turning into allegory : alle^
gorical treatment.
ALLEGORY, alle-gor-i, n. a description of
one thing under the image of another.
[Gr. alios, other, and agoreuO, to speak.]
ALLEGRO, al-le'grO, adv. and n. {nvus.) a
word denoting a brisk movement. [It.
— L. alacer, brisk.]
ALLELUIA, ALLELUIAH, al-le-l66'ya.
Same as Halleluiah.
ALLEVIATE, al-leVi-at, v.t. to make light :
to mitigate. — n. Alletia'TION. [L. ad,
levis, light. ]
ALLEY, al'U, n. a walk in a garden : a
passage in a city narrower than a street :
—pi. At.t.'f.vs. [Ft. aMe, a passage, fi-om
aUer, to go, O. Fr. aner, from L. adnare,
to go to by water. Cf. Arrive.]
ALL-FOOLS'-DAY, awl-fo6lz'-da, n. April
first. [From the sportive deceptions prac-
ticed on that day.]
ALL-FOURS, awf-for^, n.pl. (preceded by
on) on fom- legs, or on two hands and
two feet.
ALL-HAIL, awl-hal', int., all health, a
plirase of salutation. [See Hail, int.]
ALL-HALLOW, awl-hallo, ALL-HAL-
LOWS, awl-hal'loz, n. the day of all the
Holy Ones. See All-saints. [All and
HallowJ
ALLIANCE, al-ll'ans, n. state of being al
hed : union by mai-riage or treaty. [Set
Ally.]
ALLIGATION, al-li-ga'shun, n. (arith i a
rule for finding the price of a compoand
of iDgredients of different values. [L.
alligatio, a binding together — ad, to, and
ligo, to bind.]
ALLIGATOR, al'U-gar-tur, n. an animal of
the crocodile family found in America.
fSp. el lagarto — L. lacerta, a lizai-d.]
ALLITERAL, al-lit'er-al, adj. same as Al-
literative. [See Alliteration.]
ALLITERATION, al-Ut-er-a'shun, n. thd
recurrence of the same letter at the be-
ginning of two or more words following
close to each other, as in " apt allitera-
tion's artful aid." [Fr.— L. ad, to, and
litera, a letterj
ALLITERATIVE, al-lit'er-a-tiv, <M^'. per-
taining to alliteration.
ALLOCATE, al'lo-kat, i:t., to place: to as-
sign to each his share. [L. ad. to, and
locus, a place.]
ALLOCATION, al-lo-ka'shun, n. act of al-
locating : allotment : an allowance madt>
upon an account.
ALLOCHROUS, al-lok'rus, adj. of various
colors : generally applied to minerals.
[Gr. allochroos, allochrous — alios, other,
and chroa, color.]
ALLOCUTION, al-lo-loi'shun, n. a forma*
address, esp. of the Pope to his clergy,
[L. ad, to, and lomtor, locutus, to speak.]
ALLODIAL, al-lO'di-al, ac(j. held inde-
pendent of a superior : freehold :— op-
posed to Feudal.
ALLODIUM, al-16'di-um, n. freeho.d es
tate : land held in tlie possession of the
owner mthout being subject to a feudal
superior. [Low L. allodium, most prob.
from Ice. aldr, old age, and othal, a home-
stead ; alda-othal, a property of ages.]
ALLOMORPHIC, al-16-mor'flk, ad^. per-
taining to or possessing the quahties of
allomorphism.
ALLOMORPHISM
11
ALTO
ALLOMORPHISM, al-lo-mor'flzm, n. that
property of certain substances of assum-
ing a different form, the substance i-e-
maining otherwise unchanged. [Gr. alios,
other, and morphe. form.]
ALLOMORPHITE, al-lo-mor'fit, n. a va-
riety of barji;a having the form and
cleavage of anhydrite.
ALLOPATHY, al-lop'arthi, n. a name given
by homeopathists to the current or or-
thodox medical practice. — adj. Allo-
PATmc— >t. Allop'athist. [See Home-
opathy.]
AT LOT. al-Iot', r\f. to divide as by lot: to
distribute in portions : to parcel out : —
jM'.jj. allotting : pa.j). allott'ed. [L. ad,
to. and Lot.]
ALLOTMENT, al-lot'ment, 71. the act of
allotting : part or share sJlotted.
ALLOTRIOPHAGY, al-lot'ri-of'a-gi, n.
in (lied, a depraved appetite for some par-
ticulai' article of food or for noxious or
not eatable substances. [Gr. allotrios,
belonging to another, and phago, to eat.]
ALLOraOPY, al-lot'ro-pi, n. the property
in some elements, as Carbon, of existing
in more than one form. [Gr. alios, an-
other, and tropos, form.]
ALLOW, al-lo\v', v.t. to grant : to permit :
to acknowledge : to abate. [Fr. allouer,
to grant — L. ad, to, and loco, to place. —
Allow, in the sense of approve or saric-
tion, as used in B. and by old writers,
has its root tn L. laitdo, to praise.]
ALLOWABLE, al-low'a-bl, adj. that may
be allowed : not forbidden : lawful. —
adv. Allow' ABLY. — n. Allow'ableness.
ALLOWANCE, al-low'ans, n. that which
is allowed : a stated quantity : abate-
ment.
ALLOY, al-ioi', v.t. to mix one metal with
another : to reduce the purity of a metal
by mixing a baser one with it. — ti. a mix-
ture of two or more metals (when mer-
cury is one of the ingredients, it is an
AlIALaAM) : a baser metal mixed with a
finer : anything that deteriorates. [Fr.
aloi, standard of metals, aloyer. It. alle-
gare, to alloy — L. ad legem, according to
law.]
ALL-SAINTS'-DAY, awl-sants'-da, n. No-
vember 1, a feast of the Roman Catholic
Church in honor of all (lie saints. [See
All-hallows.]
ALL-SOULS'-DAY, awl-solz'-da, n. the
second day of November, a feast of the
Roman Catholic Church held to pray for
all souls in purgatory.
ALLUDE, al-lud', v.i. to mention sUghtly
in passing : to refer to. [L. ad, a,t,liido,
. liisum, to play.]
ALLURE, al-lur', v.t. to draw on as by a
lure or bait : to entice. [L. ad, to, and
Lltie.]
ALLURE, al-lar', n. same as Allurement.
Longfellow. (Rare.)
ALLURING, al-lui-'ing, adj. enticing. —
adv. Alluk'ikgly. — n. Allure'ment.
ALLUSION, al-lu'zhun, n. an indirect ref-
erence.
ALLUSIVE, aJ-lus'iv, adj. alluding to :
hinting at : referring to indirectly. — adv.
Allusively.
ALLUVIUM, al-lu'vi-um, n. the mass of
water-borne matter deposited by rivers
on lower lands: — pi. Alld'vlj.. — adj.
ALLu'vLiL. [L. — alluo, to wash to or on
— ad, and lHO=^lavo, to wash.]
ALLY, al-li', v.t. to form a relation by
marriage, friendship, treaty, or re.sem-
blance :—pa.p. allied'. [Fr. — L. alligo,
-are — ad, ligo, to bind.]
ALLY, al-ir, n. a confederate : a prince or
state united by treaty or league -.—pi.
Allies'.
ALMANAC, al'mA-nak, n. a register of the
days, weeks, and months of the year,
etc. [Fr. — Gr. almenichiaka (in Euse-
bius), an Egj-ptian word, prob. sig. " daUy
observation of things."
ALMIGHTY, awl-mit'i, adj. possessing aU
might or power : omnipotent. — The Al-
snciHTY, God.
ALMIGHTYSHIP, awl-mit-i-sliip, n. the
state or quaUty of being almighty : om-
nipotent. Cowley.
ALMOND, a'mund, n. the fruit of the
almond-tree. [Fr. amande — L. amygda-
lum — Gr. amygdale.}
ALMONDS, a'mundz, n.pl. the tonsils or
glands of the throat, so called from their
resemblance to the fruit of the almond-
tree.
ALMONER, al'mun-er, n. a distributer of
alms.
ALMONRY, al'mun-ri, n. the place where
alms are distributed.
ALMOST, awl'most, adv. nearly. [Prefix
al, quite, and Most.]
ALMS, amz, n. reUef given out of pitv to
the poor. [A.S. oelmcesse, through late
L., from Gr. eleemosyne — eleos, compas-
sion.]
ALMS-DEED, amz'-ded, n. a charitable
deed.
ALMS-HOUSE, amz'-hows, n. a house en-
dowed for the support and lodging of
the poor.
ALMUG, al'mug, n. a tree or wood men-
tioned in the Bible, kind imcertain.
[Heb.]
ALNASCHARISM, al-nas'ker-izm, n. an
action or conduct like that of Alnaschar,
the hero of a well-known story in the
" Arabian Nights " ; anj'thing done dur-
ing a daj^- dream or reverie. "With
maternal alnascharism she had, in her
reveries, thrown back her head with dis-
dain, as she repulsed the famUv advances
of some wealthy but low-born "heiress." —
Miss Edgeworth.
ALOE, al'o, M. a genus of plants with
juicy leaves yielding the gum called
aloes. [Gr. atoe.]
ALOES, al'oz, n. a purgative drag, the
juice of several species of aloe.
ALOFT, a-loft', adv. on high : overhead :
(naut.) above the deck, at the mast-head.
[Prefix a ( — A.S. ov), on, and Loft.]
ALONE, al-ou', adj. single : solitai-y. — adv.
singly, by one's self. [Al (for All),
quite, and Oxe.]
ALONG, a-long', adv. by or through the
length of: lengthwise: throughout :, on-
ward : (fol. by with) in company of. —
prep, by the side of : near. [A.S. and-
lang — prefix and-, against, and Long.]
ALOOF, a-l66f , adv. at a distance : apart.
Used as a prep, in old authors. [Prefix
a ( — A.S. on), on, and LoOF. See Loop,
Luff.]
ALOUD, a-lowd', adv. with a loud voice :
loudly. [From A.S. on, on, and hlyd,
noise, Ger. laut. See Loud.]
ALOW, a-lo', adv. in a low place :^opp. to
Aloft.
ALP, alp, n. a high mountain : — pi. Alps,
specially apphed to the lofty mountain-
ranges of Smtzerland. [L.-— Gael, alp, a
mount;un : allied to L. albus, white —
wliite with snow.]
ALPACA, al-pak'a, n. the Peruvian sheep,
akin to tlie llama, having long silken
wool : cloth made of its wool. [Peru-
vian.]
ALPEN-STOCK, alp'n-stok, n. a long stick
or staff used by travellers in climbing the
Alps. [Ger.]
ALPHA, al'fa, n. the first letter of the
Greek alphabet : the first or beginning.
[Gr. alpha — Heb. aleph, an ox, the name
of the first letter, which in its original
figure resembled an ox's head.]
ALPHABET, al'fa-bet, n. the letters of a
language arranged tn the usual order. [Gr.
alp}ia,l)eta, the first two Greek letters.]
ALPHABETIC. -AL, al-fa-bet'Lk, -al, adj.
relating to or in the order of an alphabet.
— adv. Alphabet'ically.
ALPINE, alp'in or alp'in, adj. pertaining
to the Alps, or to any lofty mountains :
very high.
ALREADY, awl-i-ed'i, adv. previously; or
before the tftiie specified.
ALREADY, awl-red'i, adj. existing now :
being at the present time or for some
time past : present. " Lord Hobart and
Lord Fitzwilliam are both to be earls to-
morrow ; the former, of Buckingham,
the latter by his already title."— S Wal-
pole.
ALSO, awl'so, adv. in like manner : further.
[All, quite, just ; so, in that or the same
manner.]
ALTAR, awlt'ar, n., a. high place on which
sacrifices w ere anciently offered : in
Christian churches, the communion
table : (jig.) a place of worship. [L.
altare — altus. high.]
ALTARPIECE, awlt'ar-pes, n. a painting
or decorations placed over an altar.
ALTER, awl'ter, v.t. to make other or dif-
ferent : to change : to geld, as animals
(Amer.).— r.z. to become different : to
vary. [L. alter, other, another — al (root
of alius, other), and the old comparative
suflnx -ter=E. -ther.]
ALTERABLE, awl'ter-a-bl, adj. that may
be altered. — adv. Al'terably.
ALTERATION, awl-ter-a'shun, n. change.
ALTERATIVE, awl'ter-at-iv, adj. having
power to alter. — n. a medicine that
makes a change in the \'ital functions.
ALTERCATE. jU'ter-kat, v.i. to dispute or
wrangle. [L. altercor. -catus, to bandy
words from one to the other (aWer).]
ALTERCATION, al-ter-ka'shun, n. conten-
tion : controversv.
ALTERN ANTHERA, awl-ter-nan'ther-a. n.
a genus of plants belonging to Amaran-
thace<e, so called from the staraens being
alternately fertile and barren. Thej'
have opposite leaves, and small tribrac-
teate flowers, arranged in heads. Sev-
eral species are grown in gardens for the
sake of their riclily-colored fohage.
ALTERNATE, al'ter-nat or al-tePnat, v.t.
to cause to follow by turns or one after
the other. — v.i. to happen by turns : to
follow eveiy other or second time. [L.
alter, other.]
ALTERNATE, al-tei-'nat, adj., one after the
other : by turns. — adv. Alter'nately.
Old spelling, Altern for both adj. and
adv. Milton.
ALTERNATION, al-ter-na'shun, n. the act
of alternating: interchange.
ALTERNATIVE, al-ter'nat-iv, adj. offering
a choice of two things. — n. a choice be-
tween two things. — adv. Alter'na-
titely.
ALTERNIZE, al-ter-niz', v.t. to cause to fol-
low alternately : to alternate. "A tete-
a-tete altemized with a trio by my son."
Miss Burney. (Rare.)
ALT-HORN, alt'horn, n. a musical instru-
ment of the sax-horn famUy, often i-e-
E lacing the French horn m military
ands.
ALTHOUGH, awl-^/jo', conj. admitting aU
that : notwithstanding that. [See
Though.]
ALTIFY, al'ti-fl, v.t. to heighten: to exag-
gerate. (Rare.) "Every county i»
given to magnify — not to say altify —
their own things therein." — Fxdler.
ALTITUDE, alt'i-tud, n., height. [L.
altitudo — alius, high.]
ALTO, alt'o, n. (orig.) the highest part
sung by males : the lowest voice in
women. [It. — L. altus, high.]
ALTOGETHER
12
AMICABLE
ALTOGETHER, awl-too-g'ef/t'er, adv., all
together : wholly : completelj* : without
exception.
ALTO-RELIEVO, ALTO-RILIEVO, alt'o-
re-le'vo, n., high relief : flgm-es projected
by at least half their thickness from the
ground on which they are sculptured.
[It. alto, bJgh. See Relief.]
4LTRU1SM, al'troo-ism, n. the principle of
li\'ing and acting for the interest of
others. [L. alter, another.]
ALUM, al'uiu, ii. a mineral salt, the double
sulphate of alumina and potash. [L.
dlunien.]
ALUMINA, al-u'min-a, ALTBIINE, al'u-
min, H. one of the earths : the characteris-
tic ingredient of common clay. Alumina
is a compound of alumiuiuin and oxy-
gen. [L. alumen, alum.]
ALUMINOUS, al-u'min-us, adj. containing
alum, or alumina.
ALUMINUM, al-u'min-ura, ALUMINIUM,
al-u-min'i-um, n. the metallic base of
alumina, a metal reserabhng silver, and
remarkable for its lightness.
ALUMNUS, al-um'nus, n. one educated
at a college is caUed an alumnus of that
coUege •.—pi. Alum'OT. [L. from alo, to
nom-ish.]
ALWAYS, awl'waz.ALWAY, awl'wa, adv.
tlirough all ways : continually : forever,
AM, am, the first person of the verb To he.
[A.S. eom ; Gr. eimi ; Lat. sum for esum ;
Sans, asmi — as, to be.]
AJLilN, a -man', adv., with main or
strength : with sudden force. [Pfx. a
and Main.]
AMALGAM, a-mal'gam, n. a compound of
mercury with another metal : any soft
mixture. [L. and Gr. malagma, an emol-
lient— Gr. malasso, to soften.]
AM ILGAMATE, a-maFgam-at, v.t.to mix
mercury with another metal : to com-
pound.— v.i. to unite in an amalgam : to
blend : to intermarry, as the black and
white races. (Amer.)
AMALGAMATION, a-roaJ-gam-a'shun, n.
the blending of different things.
AJL4.NTJENSIS, a-man-ii-en'sis, n. one who
wi-ites to dictation : a copyist : a secre-
tary. [L. — ab, tvow, and mantis, the
hand.]
AMARANTH, -US, a'mar-anth, -us, n. a
genus of plants with richly colored flow-
ers, that last long; without withering, as
Love-lies-bleeding. [Gr. amarantos, un-
fading— a, neg., and root mar, to waste
away ; allied to Lat. mori, to the.] Old
form, Amarint. Milton.
AMARANTHINE, a-mar-anth'in, adj. per-
"taining to amaranth : unfading.
AJVIASS, a-mas', v.t. to gather in large
quantity : to accumulate. [Fr. amasser
— L. ad, to, and massa, a mass.]
AMATEUR, am-at-ar', n. one who culti-
vates a particular study or art for the
love of it, and not professionally. [Fr. —
L. amator, a lover — amo, to love.]
AMATIVE, am'at-iv, adj., relating to love:
amorous. [From L. amo, -atum, to love.]
AMATIVENESS, am'at-iv-nes, n. propen-
sity to love.
AMATORY, am'at-or-i, adj., relating to, or
causing love : affectionate.
AJMA^E, a-maz*, v.t. to put the mind in a
viaze: to confound \vith surprise or
wonder. — n. astonishment : perplexity.
[Prefix a, and Maze.]
ILMAZE, a mas', v.i. to wonder : to be
amazed.
Madam, amaze not; see his majesty
Return'tl with crlory from the Holy Land, — Peele.
AMA2rEDNESS, "a-maz'ed-nes, AMAZE-
MENT, a-maz'ment, n. a feeling of sur-
prise mixed ^vith wonder.
AMAZINQ,a-maz'ing,j9.acy.causing amaze-
ment : astonishing. — adv. Amaz'inoly.
AMAZON, am'az-on. n. one of a fabled
nation of female warriors : a masculine
woman : a virago. [Ety. dub., perhaps
from Gr. a, priv., mazos, a breast ; they
were said to cut off the right breast that
they might use their weapons more
freely.]
AMAZONIAN, am-az-Cn'ian, adj. of or like
an Amazon : of masculine manners: war-
like.
AMBASSADOR, am-bas'a-dur, n. a diplo-
matic minister of the highest order sent
by one sovereign power to another.— /enj.
AlIBASS'ADKESS. — adj. Ambassador'ial.
[It. ambasciadore, L. ambactus, derived
by Grimm from Goth, aiidbalits, a ser-
vant, whence Ger. amt, office.]
AMBER, am'ber, «. a yellowish fossil resin,
used in making ornaments. [Fr. — Ar.
anbar.]
AMBERGRIS, amTjer-grfs, n. a fragrant
substance, of a gray color, found on the
sea-coast of warm countries, and in the
intestines of the spermaceti whale. [Am-
ber and Fr. gris, gray.]
AMBIDEXTER, amb'i-deks'ter, n. one who
uses both hands with equal facility : a
double-dealer.— ady. AMBroEX'TROUS. [L.
ambo, both, dexter, right hand.]
AMBIENT, amb'i-ent, adj., going round:
surrounding : investing. [L. ambi, about,
iens, ientis, pr.p. of eo, to go.]
AMBIGXHTY, amb-ig-u'i-ti, AMBIGUOUS-
NESS, amb-ig'ti-us-nes, n. uncertainty or
doubleness of meaning.
AMBIGUOUS, amb-ig'u-us, adj. of doubt-
ful signification : equivocal. — adv. AM-
biq'UOUSLY. [L. ambiguus — ambigo, to
go about — ambi, about, ago, to drive.]
AMBITION, amb-ish'un, n. the desire of
power, honor, fame, excellence ; also,
grudge, spite (Amer.). [L. ambitio, tlie
going about, i.e., the canvassing for
votes practiced by candidates for office in
Rome — ambi, about, and eo, itum, to go.]
A3IBITI0NIST. ain-bi'shon-ist, ?i. an ambi-
tious person : one devoted to self-aggi-an-
dizement. " A selfish ambitionist and
quack. " — Carlyle.
AMBITIOUS, amb-ish'us, adj. full of ambi-
tion : desirous of power : aspiring : indi-
cating ambition. — adv. Ambi'tiously. —
n. Ambi'tiousness.
AMBLE, am'bl, v.i. to move as a horse by
lifting botli legs on each side alternatelj' :
to move affectedly. — (i. a pace of a horse
between a trot and a walk. [Fr. ambler
— L. ambulo, to walk about.]
AMBLER, am'bler, n. a horse that ambles.
AMBROSIA, am-bro'zloi-a, n. the fabled
food of the gods, which conferred im-
mortality on those who partook of it.
[L. — Gr. ambrosios=ambrotiis. immortal
— a, neg., and brotos, mortal, for mrotos.
Sans, mrita, dead — mri (L. mori), to die.]
A5IBR0SIAL, am-bro'zlii-al, adj. fragrant :
delicious. — adv. Ambro'stat.t.Y.
AMBROSIAN, am-bro'zlii-an, adj. relating
to ambrosia: relating to St. Ambrose,
bishop of Milan in the 4th century.
AMBRY, am'bri, n. a niche in churches in
which the sacred utensils were kept : a
cupboard for Nnctuals. [O. Fr. armarie,
a repository for arms ; Fr. armoire, a
cupboard — L. armarium, a chest for arms
— arma, arms.]
AMBULANCE, amTjul-ans, n. a carriage
which serves as a movable Ijospital for
the wounded in battle. [Fr. — lu ,ambu-
tans, -antis, pr.p. of ambulo, to walk
about.]
AMBULATORY, am'bul-at-or-i. adj. hav-
ing the power or faculty of walking:
moving from place to place, not station-
ary.— n. any part of a Duilding intended
for walking^in, as the aisles of a church.
AliUBUSCAJDE, am'busk-ad, n. a hiding to
attack by surprise : a body of troops Ir
concealment. [Fr. embus,-. i.le — It. t»t-
boscare, to he in ambusli — iw in ind
bosco, a wood, from root of Bdsh.J
A-MBUSH, am'boosh, n. and v. same mean-
ings as Ambuscade. [0. Fr. embmche
See AMBUSCi>E.]
AMEER, a-mer', n. a title of honor, also < f
an independent ruler in Mohammodar
countries. [Ar. amir. See Admiral.]
AMELIORATE, a-mel'yor-at, v.t., to make
better : to improve. — v.i. to grow better
— adj. Amel'iorative. — n. Ameliora'
TION. [L. ad, to, and melior, better.]
AMEN, a'men', ii'men', int. so let it be ',
[Gr. — Heb. amen., firm, true.]
A3IEN, a'men, v.t. 1, to say amen to: to
approve : to homologate. (Rare.) " Is
there a bishop on the bench that has not
amen'd the humbug in lus lawn sleeves,
and called a blessing over the kneeUng
pair of perjurers ? " — ThacKeray. 2, to
end : to finish. " This very evening
have I ainen'd the volume." — Southey,
AMENABLE, a-men'a-bl, adj. easy to be
led or governed : liable or subject to. —
adv. Ajcen'ably. — ns. Amenabil'ity,
Amen'ableness. [Fr. amener, to lead—
a=L. ad, and mener, to lead — Low L
minare, to lead, to drive (as cattle) — L
minari, to threaten.] ■
AMEND, a-mend', v.t. to correct : to im-
prove.— v.i. to grow or become better. —
adj. Amend' ABLE. [Fr. amender for emen-
der — L. emendo, -are, to remove a fault
— e, ex, out of, and menda, a fault.]
AMENDMENT, a-mend'ment, n. correc-
tion : improvement.
AMENDS, a-mendz', n.pl. supply of a loss
compensation.
AMENITY, am-en'i-ti, 7i.,jp?easa7i<?ifo',<, a*
regards situation, climate, manners, ^i.
disposition. [Fr. atnenite — L. amoiniKu!
— amoenus, pleasant, from root of amo
to love.]
AMERCE, a-mers', v.t. to punish by a fine
[O. Fr. amercier, to impose a fine— L
iiiercc.s. wages, fine.]
AMERCEMENT, a-mers'ment, n. a penal-
ty inflicted.
AMERICAN, a-mer'ik-an, adj., pertaining
to America, especially to tne United
States. — n. a native of America. [From
America, so called accidently from Amer-
igo Vespucci, a navigator who explored
part of the continent after its discovery
by ColumhusJ
A3iERICANIZE, armer'ik-an-iz, v.t. to ren-
der American.
AMERICANISM, a-mer'ik-an-izm, n. a
word, phrase, or idiom peculiar to Amer-*
leans.
AMETHYST, a'meth-ist, n. a bluish-violet
variety of quartz of which drinking-cups
used to be made, which the ancients
supposed prevented drunkenness. — ac^j.
Amethyst DTE. [Gr. amethystos — a, neg.,
inethyo, to be drunken — methu, wine,
Eng. mead. Sans, madhu, sweet.]
AMIABILITY, am-i-a-bU'i-ti, A3IIABLB
NESS, am'i-a-bl-nes, n. quality of being
a.miable, or of exciting love.
AMIABLE, am'i-a-bl, adj., lovable: worthj
of love. — adv. A'miably. [Fr. amiable
friendly — L. amicabilis, from amicus, a
friend ; there is a confusion in meanicp
vrith Ft. aimable, lovable — L. amabilis-
amo, to love.]
AMIANTHUS, a-mi-anth'us, n. the fines*,
fibrous variety of asbestus; it can \>^
made into cloth which when stained ;s
readily cleansed by fire. [Gr. amiantott,
unpoliutable — a, neg., and miaino t<?
soil.]
AMICABLE, am'lk-arbl, adj., friendly. -
adv. Am'icably. — ns. AMiCABn.'rrY, Ajf-
ICAbleness. [L. amicabilis — amo.tolove.l
AMICE
13
ANATHEMA
A-lMICE. am'is, n. a flowing cloak formerly
worn by priests and pilgrims : a linen
garment worn by priests about the
shoulders while celebrating mass. [O.
Fr. amis, amict — L. amictus — amicio, to
wrao about — amb, about, and jacio, to
throw.]
OIID. a-mid', AMIDST, a-midst', prep. , in
the middle or midst : among.^ — adv. Amid'-
SHIPS. half-way between the stem and
stern of a ship. [Prefix a, on, in, and
A.S. mid, middle.]
AMIR, a-mer'. Same as Ameer.
AMISS, a-mis', adj. in error : wrong. — adv.
in a faulty manner. [a, on, and Ice.
viissa, a loss. See Miss.]
A3IITY, am'i-ti, n..friendshi2): good-wUl.
[Fr. amitie^ami — L. amicus, a friend.
See AmcABLE.]
A5IMIRAL, am'mi-ral, n. admiral ; also a
sliip. (Obs.)
A3IMONIA, am-mon'-i-a, n. a pimgent gas
jdelded by smeUing-salts, and by burning
feathers, etc. [From sal-ammoniac, or
smelling-salts, first obtained near the
temple of Jupiter Ammon.]
AMMONIAC, -AL, am-monl-ak, -i'ak-al,
adj. pertaining to or having the proper-
ties of ammonia.
AMMONITE, am'mon-Tt, n. the fossil shell
of an extinct genus of mollusks, so called
because they resembled the horns on the
statue of Jupiter Amnion, worshipped as
a ram.
AMMUNITION, am-mun-ish'un, n. any-
thing used for munition or defence:
military stores, esp. powder, balls, bombs,
etc. [L. ad, for, munitio, defence — munio,
to defend.]
AMNESTY, am'nest-i, n. a general pardon
of political offenders. [Gr. a-mnestos,
not remembered.]
AMCF.RA, a-meb'a, n. a microscopic animal
capable of undergoing many changes of
form at will i^pl. Amceb'^. [Gr. ameibo,
to change.]
AMCENOMANIA,a/-me'no-ma'ni-a,n. a form
of mania in which the hallucinations
are of an agreeable nature. [L. amcenus,
pleasant, and Gr. mania, madness.]
AMONG, a-mung', AMONGST, a-mungst',
prep, of the number of : amidst. [A.S.
on-gemang — mcengan, to mingle.]
AMOROUS, am'or-us, adj. easily inspired
with love : fondly in love : relating to
love.— adv. Am'orously. — n. Am'orous-
NESS. [L. amor, love.]
AMORPHOUS, a-morfus, adj. without
regular shape, shapeless. [Gr. a, neg.,
and morphe, form.]
AilOUNT, a-mownt', v.i. to mount or
rise to : to result in. — n. the whole sum :
the effect or result. [O. Fi-. amonter, to
ascend — L. ad, to, mons, a mountain.]
AMOUR, am-o6r', n. a love intrigue. [Fr.
— L. amor, love.]
AMPHIBIA, am-fl'bi-a, AMPHIBIALS or
AMPHIBIANS, n.pl. animals capable of
livingboth under water and on land. — adj.
Amphi'bious. [Gr. amphi, both, bios, life.]
AMPHIBLASTIC, am-fi-blas'tik, adj. in
physiol. a term apphea to the series of
ova intermediate between the holoblastio
or mammalian ova, and the meroblastic,
or ova of birds or reptiles.
'iMPHICTYONIC, am-fik-ti-on'ik, adj.
The Amphictyonic Council was an old
Greek assembly composed of deputies
from twelve of the leading states. [Gr.
amphiktyones, orig. dub.]
AMPHIGORIC, am-fl-gor'ik,adj.of,relating
to, or consisting of amphigory : absurd :
nonsensical.
AMPHIGORY, am'fl-gor-i, n. a meaning-
less rigmarole : nonsense verses or the
like : a nonsensical parody. [Fr. amphi-
gouri.'\
AMPHISB^NA, am-fis-be'na, n. a serpent
that can go both ways, forward or back-
ward. [Gr. amphis, amphi, on both
sides, baino, to go or walk.]
AMPHITHEATRE, am-fi-the'a-ter, n. an
oval or ciicular edifice having rows of
seats one above another, around an open
space, called the arena, in which public
spectacles were exhibited : anything like
an amphitheatre in form. [Gr. amphi,
round about, theatron, a place for seeing-
— fheaomai, to see.]
AMPLE, am'pl, adj. spacious : large
enough : liberal. — adv. Aja'PLY. — n. Asi'-
PLENESS. [L. amphis, large.]
AMPLIFICATION, am'pli-fl-ka'shim, n.
enlargement.
AMPLIFY, am'pli-fi, v.t. to make more
copious in expression : to add to. [L.
amphis, larg-e, and f ado, to make.]
AMPLITUDE, am'pli-tud, n. largeness :
the distance from the east point of a
horizon at which a heavenly body rises,
or from tlie west point at which it sets.
AMPUTATE, am'put-at, v.t. to cut off, as a
Hmb of an animal. — n. Amputa'tion.
[L. amb, round about, jmto, to cut.]
AMRITA, am're-ta, n. in Hindu myth, the
ambrosia of the gods : the beverage of
immortality, that resulted from the
churning of the ocean by the gods and
demons. [Sans. amritam,,ivom o, priv.,
and mri, to die ; akin to L. mors, death.
See Mortal.]
AMUCK, a-muk', adv. wildly : madly.
[Malay, amok, intoxicated or excited to
madness.]
AMULET, am'u-let, n. a gem, scroll, or
other object carried about the person, as
a charm against evil. [L. amidetum, a
word of unknown origin ; curiously like
the mod. Ar. himalah, -at, lit. "a car-
rier," often applied to a shoulder-belt, by
which a small Koran is hung on the
breast.]
AMUSE, a-miiz', v.t. to occupy pleasantly :
to beguile with expectation. [Fr.
amitser. 1
AMUSEMENT, a-muz'ment, n. that which
amuses : pastime.
AMUSING, a-niuz'ing, adj. affording
amusement : entertaining. — adv. Amus-
ingly.
AMYLOID, am'il-oid, n. a half-gelatinous
substance Uke starch, found in some
seeds. [Gr. amylon, the finest flour,
starch ; lit. " unground " — a, neg., myle,
a mill, and eidos, form.]
AN, an, adj., one: the indefinite article,
used before words beginning \vith the
sound of a vowel. [A.S. an. See One.]
AN, an, co?y. if. [A form of And.]
ANA, a'na, a suffix to names of persons or
places, denoting a collection of memora-
ble sayings, as Johnsoniana, sayings of
Dr. Johnson. [The neuter plural termi-
nation of L. adjectives in -a?M/.s=portain-
ing to.]
ANABAPTIST, an-a-bapt'ist, n. one who
holds that baptism ought to be admin-
istered only to adults (by immersion),
and therefore that those baptized in in-
fancy might to be baptized again. — n.
Anabapi'ism. [Gr. ana, again, baptizo,
to dip in water, to baptize.]
ANACHORISM, a-nak'o-rizm, n. something
not suited to or inconsistent with the
country to which it is referred. J. R.
Lowell. [Modelled on anachronism, from
Gr. ana, here implving error or diverg-
ence, and (4i6ra, a country.]
ANACHRONISM, an-a'kron-izm, n. an error
in regard to time, whereby a thing is
assigned to an earlier or to a later age
than what it belongs to.— adj. AnaCHRON-
iST'ir. [Gr. ana, backwards, chronos,
time, j
' live " — " evil." — adj. Ana-
-AL. [Gr. ana, again, grapho,
adj. pertaining to or near
ANACONDA, an-a-kon'da, n. a large snake,
a species of boa, found in South America,
ANACREONTIC, an-a-kre-ont'ik, adj. after
the manner of the Greek poet Anacreo7i :
free.
AN.<EMIA, an-em'i-a, n. a morbid want of
blood: the condition of the body after
great loss of blood. [Gr. a, an, neg.
haima, blood.]
ANESTHETIC, an-es-thet'ik, adj. produc-
ing insensibility. — n. a sulistance, as
chloroform, that produces insensibility.
[Gr. a, an, neg., aisthesis, sensation —
aisihanomai, to feel.]
ANAGLYPH, an'a-ghf, n. an ornament
carved in relief. — adj. Anaglypt'ic. [Gr.
ana, up, glyphb, to carve.]
ANAGRAM, an'a-gram, ?i. a word or sen-
tence formed by rewriting (in a different
order) the letters of another word or sen-
tence :
QRAMMAT'IC, -
to write.]
ANAL, an'al,
the anus.
ANALGESIA, an-al-je'si-a, n. in pathol.
absence of pain whether in health or
disease. Dunglison. [Gr. an, priv., and
algos, pain.]
ANALOGICAL, an-a-loj'ik-al, adj. having,
or according to, analogy.
AJSTALOGOUS, an-a'log-us, adj. having
analogy : bearing some resemblance to :
similar.
ANALOGUE, an'a-lCg, n. a word or body
bearing analogy to, or resembling an-
other: (o»ia<.) an organ which performs
the same function as another, though
differing from it in structure. [See
HOMOLOGDE.]
ANALOGY, an-a'lii-ji, n. an agreement or
correspondence in certain respects be-
tween things otherwise different : rela«
tion in general : likeness. [Gr. ana
according to, and logos, ratio.]
ANALYZE, an'a-liz, v.t. to resolve a whole
into its elements : to separate into com-
ponent parts. — adj. Analyz'able. [Gi-.
ajia, up, lyb, to loosen.]
ANALYSIS, an-a'lis-is, n. a resolving or
separating a thing into its elements or
component parts -.^pl. Ana'l"^"pes. [See
Analyze.]
ANALYST, an'al-ist, n. one skilled in
analysis.
ANALYTIC, -AL, an-a-lit'ik, -al, adj. per-
taining- to analysis : resolving into first
principles. — adv. Analyt'ically.
ANAPEST, an'a-pest, n. (in verse) a foot
consisting of three sjdlables, two short
and the third long, or (in Eng.) two un-
accented and the third accented, as ap-
pre-hend'. [Gr. anapaistos, reversed,
because it is the dactyl reversed.]
ANAPESTIC, -AL, an-a-pest'ik, -al, adj.
pertaining to or consisting of anapests.
ANAPHRODISIA, an-af'ro-diz'i-a, n. the
absence of venereal power or desire : im-
potence. [Gr. an, priv., and aphrodisios,
venereal, from Apthrodite, the Greek
goddess of love.]
ANAPODEICTIC, an-ap'o-dik'tik, adj. in-
capable of being demonstrated. [Gr. an,
priv., and apodeiktikos, demonstrable.]
ANAPTOTIC, an-ap-tot'ik, adj. in philol.
appUed to languages which have a tend-
ency to lose the u.^e of inflections. [Gr
ana, back, a.nA ptosis, inflection.]
ANARCHIST, an ark-ist, n. one who pro-
motes anarchy. Old form ANARCH.
ANARCHIZE, an'ar-klz, v.t. to put into a
state of anarchy or confusion.
ANARCHY, an'ark-i, n. the ivant of gov-
ernment in a state : political confusion. —
adjs. Anaboh'ic, Anarch'ical. [Gr. a,
an, neg., arche, government.]
ANATHEMA, an-a'tliem-a, n. (orig.) an
a:^athematize
14
ANKLE
offering made and set up in a temple : an
ecclesiastical curse : anj' person or thing
anathematized. [Gr. ana, up, tithemt,
to set.]
AXATHEMATIZE. an-a'them-at-Iz, v.t. to
pronounce accursed.
ANATOMIC, -AL, an-a-tom'ik, -al, adj. re-
lating to anatomy.
4JX ATOMIZE, an-a'tom-Iz, i:t. to dissect a
body : (Hg.) to lay open minutely. [From
ASATOMT.]
ANATOMIST, an-a'tom-ist, n. one skilled
in anatomy.
ANATOJIY, an-a'tom-i, n. the art of dis-
secting- any organized body : science of
the structure of the body learned by dis-
section. [Gr. ana, up, asunder, temno,
to cut.]
AKBURY, an'ber-i, n. a disease in turnips,
in wliich the root becomes divided into
a number of parts — hence the popular
name Fingers and Toes. [Fi-om A.S.
ainpre, a crooked swelling vein.]
ANCESTOR, an'ses-tur, n. one from whom
a person has descended : a forefather. —
fern. An'cesteess. — adj. Ances'tral. [O.
Ft. ancestre — L. antecessor — ante, before,
cedo. cessum, to go.]
ANCESTRY, an'ses-tri, n. a line of ances-
tors : hneage.
ANCHOR, angk'ur, n. a hooked iron instru-
ment that holds a ship by sticking into
the ground : (fig.) anything that gives
stability or security. — v.t. to fix by an
anchor : to fasten. — v.i. to cast anchor :
to stop, or rest on. [Fr. ancre — L. ancora
— Gr. angkyra, from angkos, a bend — root
angk. bent. Conn, with Akgie.]
ANCHORAGE, ang-k'ur-aj, n. grovmd for
anchoring : duty imposed on ships for
anchoring.
ANCHORET, angTior-tt, ANCHORITE,
ang'kor-it, n. one who has withdi-awn
from the world : a hermit. [Gr. anacho-
retes — aiia. apai-t, chOreo, to go.]
ANCHORITISH, ang-ko-rit'ish, adj. of or
pertaining to an anchorite, or his mode
of life : anchoretic. " Sixty years of
religious reverie and anchoritish self-
denial." — De Quincey.
ANCHORITISM, angTio-rlt-izm, n the
state of being secluded from the world :
the condition of an anchorite.
ANCHORLESS, ang'ker-les, adj. being
without an anchor : hence, dinfting : un-
stable. " My homeless, anchorless, un-
supported nund." — Charlotte Bronte.
ANCHOVY, an-cho^a, n. a small fish of
the herring- kind from which a sauce is
made. [Sp. and Port, anchova; Fr. an-
chois. Of doubtful ety.]
ANCIENT, an'shent, adj. old : belonging
to former times. — n.pl. .An''cients, those
who lived in remote times : in i?., elders.
— adv. AN'crENTLY. — a. An'cientn'ess.
[Ft. ancien — Low L. antiamis, old — L.
ante, before, prob. conn, -with And. See
Antiqife.]
ANCIENT, an'shent, n. (obs.) a fiag or its
bearer : an ensign. [Corr. of Fr. eii-
seigne. See Ensign.]
ANCILLARY, an'sil-ar-i, adj. subservient.
[L. ancllla, a maid-servant.]
ANCORIST, ang'ko-rist, n. one withdra-wn
from the world : a hermit : an anchoret,
or anchoress. " A woman lately turned
an ancorist." — Fuller.
AND, and, conj. signifies addition, and is
ased to connect words and sentences : in
M.E. it was used for if. [A.S., and in
the other Teut. lang. : prob. allied to L.
(nite. Gr. an ft, over against.]
ANDANTE, an-dan'te, adj., going easily:
moderately slow : expressive. [It. — an-
dare, to go.]
ANDIRON, andl-urn, n. the iron bars
which support the ends of the logs in
a wood-fire, or in which a spit turns.
[Ety. dub.]
ANECDOTAL, an'ek-dot-al, ANT:CD0TI-
CAL, an-ek-dot'i-kal, adj., in the form of
an anecdote.
ANECDOTARIAN, an'ek-do-ta'ri-an, n. one
who deals in or retails anecdotes : an an-
ecdotist. " Our ordinary anecdotarians
make use of Ubels." — Hoger yorth.
ANECDOTE, an'ekdot, n. an incident of
private life : a short story. [Gr., not
published — a. an, neg., and efcdofos, pub-
lished— ek, out, and didomi, to give.]
ANELE, an-el', v.t. to anoint with oil: to
administer extreme unction. [A.S. on-
elan — on, on, and ele, oil.]
ANEJIOMETER, a-nem-om'et-er, n. an in-
strument for measuring the force of the
u-ind. [Gr. anemos, wind, and Meter.]
ANEMONE, a-nem'o-ne. n. a plant of the
crowfoot family. [Said to be from Gr.
anemos, v\'ind, because some of the spe-
cies love exposed situations.]
ANEROID, an'e-roid, adj. noting a barom-
eter by which the pressm-e of the air is
measured urithout the use of liquid or
quicksilver. [Gr. a, neg., neros. wet.]
ANETIC, a-net'jk, adj. in med. reliev-ing or
assuaging pain : anodyne. [Gr. anetikos,
relaxing.]
ANEURISM, an'iir-izm, n. a soft tumor,
arising from the widening up or dilata-
tion of an artery. [Gr. aneurisma — ana,
up, eurys, wide.]
ANEW, a^nii', adc. afi-esh : again. [M. E.
of-new — A.S. of. Of, and New.]
ANGEL, an'jel, n. a di\dne messenger : a
ministering spu-it : an old E. coin^lOs.,
bearing the figru-e of an angel. — adjs.
Angeuc, an-jel'ik, Angel'ical. — ach\
Angel'ically. [Gr. angelos, a messen-
ger. ]
ANGELHOOD, an'jel-hod, n. the state or
condition of an angel : the angelic nature
or character. E. B. Browning.
ANGELOLATRY, an-jel-ol'a-tri, n. the
worship of angels. [E. angel, and Gr.
latreia, worship.]
ANGER, ang'ger, n. a strong passion ex-
cited bj' injury. — v.t. to make angiy.
[Ice. angr : alUed to ANGUISH.]
ANGEVIN, an'je-vin, adj. of or pertaining
to Anjou, a former pro-vince in the north-
west of France.
ANGINA, anj-i'na, n. applied to disea.ses in
which a sense of tightening or suffoca-
tion is a prominent symptom. [L. See
Anguish.]^
ANGLE, ang'gl, n. a corner: the point
where two lines meet : (geom.) the in-
clination of two straight Unes which
meet, but are not in the same straight
line. [Fr. — L. angulus: cog. with Gr.
angkylos : both from root angk, ak, to
bend, seen also in ANCHOR, j\jrKLE.]
ANGLE, ang'gl, n., a hook or bend : a flsh-
ing-rod with line and hook. — v.i. to flsh
with an angle. — v.t. to entice : to try to
fain by some artifice. [A.S. angel, a
ook. allied to Anchor.]
ANGLER, ang'gler, n. one ■\\'ho fishes with
an angle. — Angling, ang'gling, n. ths
art or practice of fishing with an angle.
ANGLICAN, ang'glik-an, adj., English.
[See Engush.J
ANGLICANISM, an^'glik-an-izm, n. at-
tachment to English institutions, esp.
the English Church : the principles of
the EngUsh Chiu-ch.
ANGLICISM, ang'glis-izra, n. an English
idiom or peciiliarity of language.
ANGLICIZiS, ang'glis-Iz, v.t. to express in
English idiom.
ANGLO-, ang'gl©, pfx., English — used in
composition : as Anglo-Sa.ron, etc.
ANGLOMANIA, ang"'glo-man'i-a, n. a
mania for what is English : an indiscrim-
inate admiration of English instiiu^
tions.
ANGLO-SAXON, ang'glo-saks'un, adj ap-
plied to the earhest form of the English
language : the term Old English is no\»
preferred by some.
ANGRY, ang^gri, adj. excited -with angei :
inflamed. — ANGRILY, ang'gri-h, adv.
ANGUISH, ang'g%%-ish, n. excessive pain o?
body or mind : agonj'. [Fr. angoisse — L.
angustia, a strait, straitness — ango, to
press tightly : to .strangle. See Anger.]
ANGULAR, ang'gul-ar, adj. having an
an angle or corner : (fig.) stiff in man-
ner : the opposite of ea,sy or graceful. —
?!. Axgclae'ity.
ANIGHTS, a^nlts', adv., of nights, at night.
ANILE, an'Q, adj. old-womanish : imbecile.
— Anility, an-il'i-ti, n. [L. anus, an old
woman.]
ANILINE, an'il-in, n. a product of coal-tar,
extensively used in dyeing. [Anil, an
indigo plant, from -which also it is made.]
ANBIAJDVERSION, an-im-ad-ver'shun, n.
criticism, censure, or reproof.
ANIJIADVERT, an-im-ad-vert', v.i. to
criticise or censure. [L., to turn the
mind to — animus, the mind, ad, to, and
verto, to turn.]
ANIMAL, an'im-al, n. an organized being,
having hfe, sensation, and voluntai-y
motion : it is distinguished from a plant,
which is organized and has life, but not
sensation or volimtary motion ; the name
sometimes implies the absence of the
higher facidties peculiar to man. — adj.
of or belonging to animals : sensual. [L.
— anima, air, life, Gr. anemos, wind — ao.
aemi. Sans, an, to breathe, to blow.]
ANDIALCULE, an-im-al'kul, n., a sjnall
animal, esp. one that cannot be seen by
the naked eye : — pi. Anhsial'ccles, or
ANUlAi'cTJLA. [L. animalculum, dim of
animal.]
ANIMALISM, an'im-al-izm, n. the state of
being actuated by animal appetites only -.
sensuahtv.
ANIMATE' an'im-at, v.t. to give life to :
to enliven or inspirit. — adj. hving^ : pos-
sessing animal life. [See ANrMALr]
ANIMATE, au'i-mat, v.i. to become en-
livened or exhilarated : to rouse. " Mr.
Arnott, animating at this speech, glided
behind her chair." — Miss Burney.
ANIMATED, an'im-at-ed, ac^. lively : fuU
of spirit.
ANBl A,TION, an-im-a'shun, n. liveliness :
vigor.
ANIMISM, an'im-izm, n. theory -n'hich re-
gards the belief in spirits, that appear in
di-eams, etc., as the germ of religious
ideas. [L. anima, the soul.]
ANIMOSITY, au-im-os'i-ti, n. bitter ha-
tred : enmity. [L. animositas, fullness
of spirit. See ANIMAL.]
ANIMUS, an'im-us, n. intention : spirit :
prejudice against. [L. animus, spirit,
soul, as dist. from anima, the mere life.
See Antmal.]
ANISE, an'is, n. aromatic plant, the seeds
of which are used in making cordials.
'Gr. anvion.]
SOMETRIC, a-nrs5-met'rik, adj. a
term applied to crystals which are de-
veloped dissimilarly in the three axiaJ
directions. [Gr. anisos, unequal, and
metron, a measure.]
ANISOTROPE, an'i-86-tr6D, ANISOTROP-
IC, an'i-so-trop'ik, adj. na-ving different
properties in different directions : not
isotropic : a^olotropic.
ANKER, angk'er, n. a liquid measure used
on the continent, formerly in England,
varying from about seven to nine gallons.
rput.]
ANKLE, angkl, n. the joint between the
foot and leg, forming an an^le or bend..
ANKLET
15
ANTHROPOID.
[AM. anclecnr, cog. with G«r. enkel, and
conn, with A>'GLE.]
ANKLET, angk'let, n. an ornament for the
ankle.
ANNA, an'a, ?i.. an Indian coin worth 3 cts.
ANNALIST, an'al-ist, n. a writer of annals.
ANNALS, an'alz, n.pl. records of events
under the years in which they happened:
vear-books. [L. annales — annus, a yeai'.]
ASNEAL. an-el', i:t. to temper glass or
metals by subjecting- them to great heat
and gradually cooling : to heat in order
to fix colors on, as glass. — n. AskeajJisg,
[A.S. ancdan, to set on fire — celan, to
burn.]
ANNELIDA, an-el'i-da, n. a class of ani-
mals having a long body composed of
numerous rings, as worms, leeches, &c.
[L. annellus, dim. of annulus, a ring.]
ANNEX, an-neks', v.t. to add to the end:
to affix. — n. something added. [L. — ad,
to, necto. to tie.]
ANNEXATION, an-neks-a'shun, n. act of
annexing.
ANNIHILATE, an-nl'hU-at, v.t. to reduce
to nothing : to put out of existence. [L.
ad, to, nihil, nothing.]
ANNIHILATION, an-nl-hU-a'shun, n. state
of being reduced to nothing : act of de-
stro\'ing.
ANNI\T;RSAEY, an-m-vers'ar-i, adj., re-
turning or happening every year; annual.
— n. the day of the year on which an
event happened or is celebrated. [L. an-
7UIS, a year, and verto, versum, to turn.]
ANNOlliNATE, an-nom'in-at, v.t. to name:
especially, to give a punning or allit-
erative name to. (Rare.) "How then
shall these chapters be annominated f " —
Soiithey.
ANNOTATE, an'not-at, v.t., to make notes
upon. [L. annoto — ad, to, noto, -atum,
to markV)
ANNOTATION, an-not-a'shim, n. a note of
explanation : comment.
ANNOTATOR, an-not-at'ur, n. a writer of
notes : a commentator.
ANNOUNCE, an-nowns', v.t. to declare : to
give pubUc notice of.-^7i. Aknounce'ment.
[Ft. annoncer, L. anminciare—ad, to,
7iunc'o, -are, to deUver news.]
ANNOY, an-noi', v.t. to trouble : to vex :
to tease : — pr.p. Annoy'ing ; 2}<^-P- ■^-
noyed'. [Ft. ennuyer, It. annoiare — L.
in odio es.ie, to be hateful to.]
ANNOYANCE, an-noi'ans, n. that which
annoys.
ANNUAL, an'nu-al, adj., yearly: coming
every year : requiring to be renewed
every year. — n. a plant that lives but
one year : a book published yearly. — adv.
An'xuallt. [L. annualis — annus, a
vearj
ANNUITANT, an-nu'it-ant, n. one who re-
ceives an annuity.
ANNUITY, an-nu i-ti, n. a sura of money
myable yearly. [L. annus, a year.]
ANNUL, an-nul', v.t. to make null, to re-
duce to nothing : to abolish : — pr.p. An-
ntjll'inq : 2>(i-P- ArornuLED'. [Fr. annuler
— L. ad, to, nullus, none.]
ANNULAR, an'nul-ar, adj. ring-shaped.
[L, annulus or anulus, a ring — dim. of
anus, a rounding or ring.]
ANNULulTED, an'nul-at-ed, adj. formed or
di\'ided into rings. [L. See ANNULAR.]
ANNUNCIATION, an-nun-si-a'shun, n. the
act of announcing. — Annunciation-day,
the anniversary of the Angel's salutation
to the Virgin Mary, the asth of March.
[L. See Announce.]
ANODYNE, an'o-din, n. a medicine that al-
lays paia. [Qr.a, an, neg.,and odj^ie.pain.]
ANOINT, an-oint', v.t., to smear with oint-
ment or oil : to consecrate with oU. [O.
Fr. enoindre — L. inungo, inunctum — m,
and ungo, to smear.]
ANOINTED (the), an-oint'ed, n. the Mes-
siah.
ANOMALOUS, an-om'al-us, adj. irregular :
deviating from rule. [Gr. atiomalos — a,
an, neg., and homatos, even — homos,
same.]
ANOMALY, an-om'al-i, n. irregiUarity :
deviation from rule. [See Anomalous.]
ANON, an-on', adv., in one (instant): im-
mediate!}'.
ANONYME, an'on-im, n. an assumed or
false name. [See Anonymous.]
ANONYMITY, an-on-im'i-ti, n. the quality
or state of being anonymous.
ANONYMOUS, an-on'im-us, adj., icanting
a name : not having the real name of the
author. — adv. Anon'ymously. [Gr. ano-
nymos — a, an, neg., and onoma, name.]
ANOTHER, an-uWi'er, adj. not the same :
one more : any other. [A.S. an, one,
and Other.]
ANSERINE, an'ser-in or -in, adj., relating
to the goose or goose-tribe. [L. anser;
cog. with E. Goose (wliich see), Sans.
hamsa.Y
ANSEROUS, an'ser-us, adj. of or pertain-
ing to a goose or geese : like a goose :
hence, foohsh : silly : suuple. Sydney
Smith.
ANSWER, an'ser, v.t. to reply to : to sat-
isfy or solve : to suit. — v.i. to reply : to
be accountable for : to correspond. — n.
a reply : a solution. [Lit. " to swear
again-st," as in a trial by law, from
A.S. and-, against, sicerian, to swear.]
ANSWERABLE, an'ser-a-bl, adj. able to
be answered : accountable : suitable :
equivalent. — adv. -An'swerably.
ANT. ant, n. a small insect : the emmet. —
n. Ant'hill, the hillock raised by ants to
form their nest, [A contr. of Emmet —
A.S. cemete.]
ANTACID, ant-as'id, n. a medicine which
counteracts acidity. [Gr. anti, against,
and Acid.]
ANTAGrONISM, ant-ag'on-izm, jj,, a con-
tending or strugghug against: opposi-
tion. [Gr. anti, against-— ogon, contest.
See Agony 1
ANTAGONLST, ant-ag'on-ist, n., one who
contends or struggles with another: an
opponent. [Gr. antagonistes. See An-
tagonism.]
ANTAGONIST, an-tag^on-ist, ANTAGON-
ISTIC, ant-ag-on-ist'ik, adj. contending
against, opposed to.
ANTAGHDNIZE, ant-ag'o-nlz, v.t. to act in
opposition to : to counteract : to hinder.
(Rare.) ' ' The active principle of valerian
root is . . . found to greatly deaden the
reflex excitabiUty of the spinal cord, thus
antagonizing the operation of strych-
nine."— Amer. Ency.
ANTARCTIC, ant-arWik, adj., opposite the
Arctic : relating to the south pole or to
south polar regions. [Gr. antt, opposite,
and Arctic]
ANTE, an'te, n. a bet placed in opposition
to the dealer's bet in playing the game
of poker — hence to ante, to bet.
ANTECEDENT, an-te-sed'ent, adj., going
before in time : prior. — n. that wliicn pre-
cedes in time : (gram.) the noun or pro-
noun to whicli a relative pronoun refers :
— pi. previous principles, conduct, his-
tory, etc. — adv. Anteced'ently. — n.
Anteced'ence. [L. ante, before, cedens,
-entis ; pr.p. of cedo, eesstan, to go.]
AIsTTECHAMBER, an'te-cham-ber, n. See
Anteroom.
ANTE-CHOIR, an'te-kwTr, n. in arch.
that part between the doors of the choir
and the outer entrance of the screen,
under the rood-loft, forming a sort of
lobby or vestibule. Ency. Brit. Called
also FoRE-CHom.
ANTEDATE, an'te-dat, v.t., to date before
the true time : to anticipate. [L. ante,
before, and Date.]
ANTEDILUVIAN, an-te-di-lu'vi-an, adj.
existing or happening before the Deluge
or the Flood. — n. one who Jived before
tlie Flood. [See Deluge.]
ANTELIOS, an-te'h-os, n. the position of a
heavenly body when opposite or over
against the sun : used also adjectively
[Gr. antelios. opposite the sun — anti
against, and helios, the sun.]
AINTELOPE, an'te-lop, n. a quadruped in
termediate between the deer and goat.
[Etv. dub.l
ANTEMERIDIAN, an-te-me-ri'di-an, adj.,
before midday or noon. [See Meridian.}
ANTE>-NAVE, au'te-nav, n. in at-ch. same
as Galilee (which see).
AJ^TENN^, an-ten'e, n.pl. the feelers or
horns of insects. [L. antenna, the yard
or beam of a sail.]
ANTENUPTIAL, an-te-nupsh'al, a(^:, be-
fore nuptials or meirriage. [L. ante,
before, and Nuptial.]
ANTEPENULT, an-te-pen-ult', n. the syl-
lable before the penult or next ultimate
syllable of a word ; the last syllable of a
word but two. — adj. Antepenult'imate.
[L. ante, before, and Penult.]
ANTERIOR, an-te'n-or, adj., before, in
time, or place : in front. [L., comp. of
ante, before.]
ANTEROOM, an'te-room, n., n room before
another : a room leading into a principal
apartment. [L. ante, before, and Room.]
ANTHELIOS, an-the'li-os, n. same as Ante-
lios.
ANTHELSUI^IC, an-thel-mint'ik, adj.,
destroying or expelling worms. [Gr.
anti, against, and helmins, helmintos. a
wonn.J
ANTHEM, an'them, n. a piece of sacred
music sung in alternate parts : a piece ot
sacred music set to a passage from Scrip
ture. [A.S. antefeu — Gr. antiphona—
anti, in return, phone, the voice.]
ANTHEjM, an'them, v.t. to celebrate ci
s;ilute with an anthem or song. Keats.
ANTHER, au'ther, n. the top of the sta-
men in a flower, which contains the pollen
or fertilizing dust. [Gr. antheros, flow-
ery, blooming.]
ANT-HILL. See under Ant.
ANTHOGRAPHY, an-thog'ra-fl, n. that
branch of botany which treats of flow-
ers : a description of flowers. [Gr. an-
thos, 3 flower, and graphs, description.]
ANTHOID, an'thoid, adj. having the form
of a flower : resembling a flower. [Gr.
anthos, a flower, and etdos, form.]
ANTHOLOGY, an-thol'oj-i, jj. (lit.) a
gathering or collection of jloivers : a col-
lection of poems or choice literai-y ex-
tracts.— adj. Antholog'ical. [Gr. an-
thos, a flower, lego, to gather.]
ANTHRACITE, an'thias-it, 71, a kind of
coal that burns without flame, etc. [Gr.
anthrax, coal.]
ANTHRAX, an'thraks, n. a malignant boil :
a splenic fever of sheep and cattle. [L. —
Gr. anthra.r, coal.]
ANTHROPOCENTRIC,an-thr5'po-sen'trik,
adj. appellative of or pertaining to any
theory of tlie universe or solar system in
whicli man is Iield to be the ultimate end,
and in which he is assumed to be the
chief or central part of creation. [Gr,
anthropos. a man, and kentron, a centre]
ANTHROPOGENIC, an-thro'po-je'nik, adj.
of or pertaining to actlu'opogeny.
ANTHROPOGENY, an-thro'poi'en-i, n.
the science of the origin and develop-
ment of man. [Gr. anthropos, man,
and gennao, to beget.]
ANTHROPOID, an'throp-oid, adj., in the
form of or resembling man, [Gr. OTt-
thropos, man, eidos, form.]
ANTHROPOLOGY
IG
APHASLl
ANTHROPOLOGY, an-thiop-oroj-i, n. the
natural history of maa in its widest
sense, treating of his relation to the
brutes, the different races, etc. — adj.
A:<thropolog'ical. [Gr. aHthrdpos,ma.n,
and logos, discoavse— lego, to say.]
A.NTHROPOMORPHISM, an-throp-o-
morf'izm, n. the representation of the
Deity in the form of man or with bodily
parts : the ascription to the Deity of hu-
man affections and passions. — adj. An-
THROPOMORPH'IC. [Gr. anthropos, man,
morphe. form.]
AXTHROPOPHAGI. an-throp-of'aj-i, n.jil,
man-eaters, cannibals. — ANTHROPOPHAG-
OUS, an-throp-of'ag-us, adj. [Gr. anthro-
pos, man. phago. to eat.]
ANTHROPOPHAGY, an-throp-ofaj-i, n.
cannibalism.
ANTIANARCHIC, an'ti-an-ar'kik, adj. op-
posed to anarchy or confusion. "Your
antianarehic Girondins." — Carlyle.
ANTIC, ant'ik, adj. odd : ridiculous. — n.
a fantastic figure : a buffoon : a trick.
[Fr. antique—^, antiquus, ancient — ante,
before. Doublet of Antique.]
ANTICHRIST, an'ti-krist, )(. the great op-
poser of Christ and Christianity. [Gr.
anti. against, and Christ.]
ANTICHRISTIAN, an-ti-krist'yan, adj. re-
lating to Antichrist : opposed to Chris-
tianity.
ANTICIPATE, an-tis'ip-at, v.t. to be before-
hand with (another person or thing), to
forestall or preoccupy : to foresee. [L.
anticipo, -atum — ante, before, capio, to
take.]
ANTICIPATION, an-tis-ip-a'shun, n. act of
anticipating : foretaste : previous no-
tion : expectation. — adj. Anti'cipatory.
ANTICLIMAX, an-ti-kllm'aks, n., the op-
posite of climax : a sentence in which the
ideas become less important towards the
close. [Gr. anti, against, and CiXMAX.]
ANTICLINAL, an-ti-klin'al, adj , sloping
in opposite directions. ^n. (geol.) the line
from which the strata descend in op-
posite directions. [Gr. anti, against,
kiiiio, to lean.]
ANTICYCLONE, an'ti-sl-klon, n. a meteor-
ological phenomenon presenting some
features opposite to those of a cyclone.
It consists of a region of high barometric
pressure, the pressure being greatest in
the centre, with light winds flowing out-
wards from the centre, and not inwards
as in the cyclone, accompanied with great
cold in winter and with great heat in
summer.
ANTIDOTE, an'ti-dot, n. that which is
given against anything that would pro-
duce bad effects : a counter-poison : (Jig.)
anytliing that prevents evil. — adj. An'ti-
DOT.vL. [Gr. antidotes — anti, against,
diilo)ni. to o;ive.]
ANTILOGOUS, an-tQ'o-gus, adj. in elect.
applied to that pole of a crystal which is
negative when being electrified by heat,
and afterwards, when cooUng, positive.
AJ^IMONY, an'ti-mun-i, n. a brittle
white-colored metal much used in the
arts and in medicine. — adj. Antimon'ial.
[Ety. dub.]
^JNTINOMIAN, an-ti-nom'i-an, n. one who
holds that the law is not a rule of life
undei' the Gospel. — adj. against the law :
pertaining to the Antinomians. — n. Anti-
som'ianism. [Gr. anti, against, nomos, a
lawj
ANTIPATHY, an-tip'ath-i, ?!. disUke : re-
pugnance : opposition. — adj. Antipa-
thet'ic. [Gr. anti, against, pathos feel-
ANTIPHLOGISTIC, an-ti-floj-ist'ik, adj.,
acting against heat, or inflammation.
[Gr. anti, against, phlogiston, burnt —
phlego, to burn.]
ANTIPHON, an'tU-6n, ANTIPHONY, an-
tif'6n-i, 71., alternate chanting or singing.
[Gr. anti, in return, and phone, voice. A
doublet of Anthem.]
ANTIPHONAL, an-tif'6n-al, adj. pertain-
ing to antiphony. — n. a book of anti-
phons or anthems.
ANTIPODES, au-tip'od-ez, n.pl. those liv-
ing on the other side of the globe, and
whose feet are thus opposite to ours. —
adj. Antip'odal. [Gr. anti, opposite to,
2MUS, podos, a foot.]
ANTIPOPE, an'ti-pop, n. an opposition
pope : a pretender to the papacy. [Gr.
anti, against, and Pope.]
ANTIQUARY, an'ti-kwar-i, n. one who
studies or collects ancient thing-s : one
skilled in antiquities. — adj. Antiquarian,
an-ti-kwar'i-an. — n. Ajjtiquar'ianism.
[From Antique.]
ANTIQUATED, an'ti-kwat-ed, adj., groim
old, or out of fashion : obsolete.
ANTIQUE, an-tek', adj. ancient : old-fash-
ioned.— n. anj^thiug very old : ancient
relics. — n. Antique'ness." [Fr. — L. an-
tiquum, old, ancient — ante, before.]
ANTIQUITY, an-tik'wi-ti, n., ancienttimes:
great age : a relic of the past.
ANTISABBATARIAN, an-ti-sab-at-a'ri-an,
n. one who opposes the observance of
the Lord's day with the strictness of the
Jewish Sabbath. [Gr. a7iti, against, and
Sabbatarian.]
ANTISCORBUTIC, an-ti-skor-but'ik, adj.
acting against scurvy. — n. a remedy for
scurvy. [Gr. anti, against, and SCOR-
BUTIC.]
ANTISEPTIC, an-ti-sept'ik, adj. and n.,
counteracting putrefaction. [Gr. anti,
against, and sepo, to make putrid.]
ANTISTROPHE, an-tis'trof-e, n. (poet.)
the stanza of a song alternating with
the strophe. [Gr. anti, against, and
Rtropftp 1
ANTITHESIS, an-tith'e-sis, n. a figure in
which thoughts or words are set in con-
trast : opposition -.—pi. Antith'eses, -sez.
— adj. Antithetic, -al. — adv. Antiteth'-
ICALLY. [Gr. anti, against, tithemi, to
place.]
ANTI-TRADE, an'ti-trad, n. a name given
to any of the upper tropical winds wliich
move northward or southward in the
same manner as the trade-winds, which
blow beneath them in the opposite direc-
tion. These great aerial currents descend
to the surface, after they have passed the
limits of the trade-winds and form the
south-west, or west-south-west winds of
the north temperate, and the north-west,
or west-north-west winds of the south
temperate zones.
ANTITYPE, an'ti-tip, n. that which corre-
sponds to the type : that which is pre-
figured bj' the tj-pe. [Gr. anti, corre-
sponding to, and Type.]
ANTLER, ant'ler, n. the branch of a stag's
horn. — adj. Ant'lered. [Ety, dub.]
ANTONY''-OVER, an'to-ni-6ver, n. a game
at ball played by two parties of boys on
opposite sides of a schoolhouse, over
which the ball is tlu-own. (Amer.)
ANTOZONE, ant'6-zon, n. a compound for-
merly supposed to be a modification of
oxygen, and to exhibit qualities directly
opposed to those of ozone, but now known
to be the peroxide of hydrog-en.
ANUS, an'us, n. the lower orifice of the
bowels. [L., for as-nus, "sitting-part,"
from root as, to sit.]
ANVIL, an'^^l, n. an iron block on which
smiths hammer metal into shape. ['A.S.
anjilt, on Jilt— on Jillan, to strike down
or fell. See FELL, v.t.']
ANXIETY, ang-zi'e-ti, n. state of being
anxious.
ANXIOUS, angk'shus. adj. uneasy regard-
ing something doubtful : solicitous. — n.
An'xiocsness. — adv. An'xiously. PL.
anxius — ango, to press tightly. Se« i
Anger, Anguish.] "
ANY, en'ni, adj., one indefinitely: some:
whoever. — adv. An'ythinq (B.), at all.—
An'ywise, in any way. [A.S. oenig — an,
one.]
ANYBODY, en'ni-bo-di, n. 1, any one per
son : as, anybody can do that. — 2, a well-
known person : a person of importance
or celebritj' : as, is he anybody ? [Colloq.]
ANYONE, en'ni-wun, n. any person : any-
body.
ANYRATE, en'ni-rat, n. used only in the
phrase at anyrate : that is, whatever con-
siderations are to be taken account of :
under any circumstances : whatever else :
as, you at anyrate need not reproach
me : he was going there at anyrate.
ANYWHEN, en'ni-when, adv. at any time.
"Anvwhere or anytvhen." — De Quincey.
(Rare.)
ANYWHERE, en'ni-hwar, adv. in any
place.
ANYWHITHER, en'm-h\nth-eT, adv. to
any place.
AOrJlAN, a-6'ni-an, adj. pertaining to
Aonia in Greece, or to the Muses sup-
posed to dwell there.
AORIST, a'or-ist, n. the name of certain
tenses in the Greek verb expressing in-
definite time. — adj. indefinite : undefined.
[Gr. aoristos, indefinite — a, priv., and
horos, a limit.]
AORTA, a-or'ta, n. the great artery that
rises up from the left ventricle of the
heart. — adjs. Aor'tal, Aor'tic. [Gr.
aorte — aeiro, to raise up.]
APACE, a-pas', adv. at a quick pace
swiftly : fast. [Prefix a, and Pace.]
APART, a-part', adv. separately : aside.
[Fr. aparte — L. a parte, from the part
or side.]
APARTMENT, a-part'ment, n. a separate
room in a house. [Fr. appartement, a
suite of rooms forming a complete dwell-
ing, tlirough Low L., from L. ad, and
partire, to divide — pars, a part.]
APATHY, ap'ath-i, n.,u-ant of feeling:
absence of passion : indifference. — adj.
Apathet'ic. [Gr. a, priv., pathos, feel-
ing.]
APE, ap, n. a tailless monkey : a sUly imi-
tator.— v.t. to imitate, as an ape. [A.S.
apa, Ger. affe.]
APEAK, a-pek', adv. (naut.) the anchor is
apeak when the cable is drawn so as to
bring the ship's bow directly over it. [o,
on, and Peax.]
APEDOM. ap'dum, APEHOOD, ap'hud, n.
the state of being an ape, or of being
apish. "This early condition of ape-
dom." — De Quincey.
There's a do^-faced dwarf
That gets to godship somehow, yet retains
His apehood. — Broimiing.
APERIENT, a^pe'ri-ent, adj., opening:
mildlj' purgative. — n. any laxative medi-
cine. [L. aperio, to open.]
APERITIVE, a-per'it-iv, n. an aperient.
" Gentle aperitives." — Richardson.
APERTURE, a'pert-ur, n., an opening: a
hole. [L. apertura — aperio, to open.]
APEX, a peks, n., the summit or point :—
pi. Apexes, a'peks-ez, Apices, ap'i-
sez. [L.]
APHANAPTERIX, af-an-ap'ter-iks, n. a
genus of large RalUne birds, incapable of
flight, the remains of which are found in
the post-tertiary deposits of Mauritius.
They survived into the hiunan period,
and were exterminated at a compara-
tively late date. [Gr. aphanes, obscure,
and pteryz, a wing.]
APHASIA, a-fa'zi-a, n. in pathol. a symp-
tom of certain morbid conditions of the
APHASIC
17
APPLE
nervous system, in which the patient
loses the power of expressing icieas by
means of words, or loses the appropriate
use of words, the vocal organs the while
remaining intact and the inteUigence
sound. There is sometimes an entire
loss of words as connected with ideas,
and sometimes only the loss of a few. In
one form of the disease, called Aphemia.
the patient can tliink and write, but can-
not speak ; in another, called Agraphia,
he can think and speak, but cannot ex-
press his ideas in ^vriting. In a great
majority of cases where post-mortem
examinations have been made, morbid
changes have been found in the left
frontal convolution of the brain. [Gr.
a. priv., a.nA phasis, speech.]
APHASIC, a-fa'zik, adj. of or pertaining
to aphasia.
APHASIC, a-fa'zik, n. a person affected
with aphasia.
APHELION, af-el'j-un, n. the point of a
planet's orbit farthest away from the sun.
JGr. apo. from, helios. the sun.]
•HELIOTROPISM, af-e'h-ot'ro-pizm, n.
in bot. a tendency to turn away from the
sun or the hght, as opposed to Helio-
TROPISM (which see). Darici7i. [Gr. apo,
away from, helios, the sun, and trope, a
turning.]
APHEMIA. a-fe'mi-a, n. in pathol. a form
of aphasia in which the patient can
think and write, but cannot speak. See
Aphasia. [Gr. a, priv., and phemi, I
speak.]
APHERESIS, af-e're-sis, n. the taking of a
letter or syllable from the beginning of
a word. [Gr. <yJO, from, haireo, to take.]
APHORISM, af'or-izm, n. a brief pithy
saying : an adage. [Gr. aphorizo, to
mark ofiF by boundaries — apo, from, and
horos, a hmit.]
APHORIZMING, af-or-iz'ming, adj. much
given to the use of aphorisms. "There
is no art that hath been more cankered
in her principles, more soiled and slab-
bered with aphorizming pedantry, than
the art of policy." — Milton.
APHORISTIC, -AL, af-or-ist'ik, -al, adj. m
the form of an aphorism. — adv. APHOR-
LST'ICALLY.
4PHR0DISIAN, af-ro-diz'i-an, adj. of, or
pertaining to, or given up to unlawful
sexual pleasures. [Gr. aphrodisios, per-
taining to sexual pleasures, from Aphro-
dite, the goddess of love.] "Tliey
showed me the state nursery for the
children of those aphrodisian dames,
their favorites." — C. Reade.
APIARY, ap'i-ar-i, n. a place whe«e hees
are kept. [L. apiarium — a2ns, a bee.]
APIECE, a-pes', adv., in piece: to each.
APISH, ap'ish, adj. Uke an ape : imitative :
foppish.— orfy. Ap'ishly. — n. Ap'ishness.
APOCALYPSE, a-pok'al-ips, n. the name
of the last book of the New Testament.
— adj. ApoCjVL,ypt'ic, -al. [Gr., a reve-
lation, an uncovering — apo, from, ka-
lypto, kalypsu, to cover.]
APOCOPE, a-polc'op-e, n., the cutting off
of the last letter or syllable of a word.
[Gr. apo, off, kopto, to cut.]
AJ'NCEA, ap-ne'a, n. in med. absence of
respiration : insensible respiration : as-
phyxia. [Gr. a, priv., and pnoie, a
breathing, from j^neO, to breathe.]
APOCRYPHA, a-pok'rif-a, n. certainbooks
whose inspiration is not admitted. — adj.
Apoc'ryphal. [Gr., "things hidden" —
apo. from, krypto, to hide.]
APOGEE, ap'o-je, n. the point in the
moon's orbit furthest axvay from the
earth. [Gr. apo. from, ge, the earth.]
APOGEOTROPISM, ap'o-ge-ot'ro-pizm, n.
a tendency to turn or bend in opposi-
tion to gra\'ity. or away from the cen-
H
tre of the earth, as opposed to Geotrop-
ISM (wliich see). Darwin. [Gr. npo, away
from, ge, the earth, and trope, a turning.]
APOLOGETIC, -AL, a-pol-oj-et'ik, -al, adj.
excusing : said or written in defence. —
adc. Apoloqet'ically.
APOLOGETIC, a-pol-oj-et'ik, n. an apol-
ogy. • ' Full of deprecatories and apolo-
getics."— Roger North.
APOLOGETICS, a-pol-oj-et'iks, n. branch
of theology concerned with the defence
of Christianity.
APOLOGIZE, a-pol'oj-iz, v.i. to make ex-
cuse.
APOLOGIST, a-pol'oj-ist, n. one wno makes
an apology : a defender.
APOLOGUE, a'pol-og, n. a moral tale . <i
fable. [Fr. — Gr. apologos, a fable — apo,
from, logos, speech.]
APOLOGY, a-pol'oj-i, n. something spoken
to ward off an attack : a defence or justi-
fication : an excuse. [Gr. — apo, from,
logos, speech.]
APOPHTHEGM, a'po-them, n. a form of
Apothegm.
APOPLECTIC, -AL, a-po-plekt'ik, -al, adj.
of or predisposed to apoplexy.
APOPLEXY, a'po-pleks-i, n. loss of sensa-
tion and of motion by a sudden stroke.
[Gr. apoplexia — tqxj, from, away, and
plesso, to strike.]
APOSIOPESTIC, ap'o-si-o-pes'tik, adj. of
or pertaining to an aposiopesis. "That
interjection of surprise . . . with the
aposiopestic break after it, marked thus,
g; dc." Sterne.
APOSTASY, AP'OSTACY, a-post'a-si, n.
abandonment of one's reUgion, prin-
ciples, or partj'. [Gr. "a standing
away " — apo, from, stasis, a standing.]
APOSTATE, a-post'at, n. one guilty of
apostasy : a renegade. — adj. false : trai-
torous : fallen. — Apostatize, arpost'at-Iz,
v.i. to commit apostasy.
APOSTLE, a-pos'l, n. one sent to preach
the Gospel : speciallj', one of the twelve
disciples of Christ. — Apostleship, a-pos'l-
ship, n. the office or dignity of an apostle.
— Apostooc, -Ai, a-pos-tol'ik, -al, adj.
[Gr., one sent away, apo, away, stello, to
send.]
APOSTROPHE, a-post'rof-e, n. (rhet.) a
sudden turning away from the subject
to address some person or object present
or absent : a mark ('), showing the omis-
sion of a letter. [Gr. apo, from, and
Strophe, a turning/]
APOSTROPHIZE, a-post'rof-Iz, v.t. to ad-
dress by apostrophe.
APOTHECARY, a-poth'ek-ar-l, n. one who
dispenses medicine. [Gr. apotheke, a
storehouse — apo, away, and tithemi, to
place.]
APOTHEGM, a'po-them, n. a terse pointed
remark : an aphorism. [Gr. apo, fi-om,
out, }}hthenr/omai, to speak plainly.]
APOTHEOSIS, a-po-the'o-sis, n. deifica-
tion. [Gr., a setting- aside as a god — apo,
away trom what he was, theos, a god.]
APPAL, ap-pawl', v.t. to terrify : to dis-
may.—^r.jj. appall'ing : jm.p. appalled'.
[Ace. to Skeat, from Celtic pall, to
weaken, and not from O. Fr. apalir, to
grow palej
APPANAGE, ap'pan-aj, w. a provision for
younger sons : aliment. [Fr. apanage —
L. ad. and panis, bread.]
APPARATUS, ap-par-at'us, n. things pre-
pared or provided : set of instruments or
tools. [L. ad, to, paratus, prepared.]
APPAREL ap-par'el. n. covering for the
body : dress. — v.t. to dress, adorn : — jyr.p.
suit— pare??, like— L. par, equal, hke.]
APPARENT, ap-par'cut, adj. that may be
seen : evident : seeming. — adv. App.\r'.
ENTLT. — n. Appae'entness. [L. ap-
parens. See Appear.]
APPARITION, ap-par-ish'vm, n., an ap-
pearance : something only apparent, not
real : a ghost. — adj. Appaei'tionai,. [See
Appear.]
APPARITOR, ap-par'it-or, n. an oflficer
who attends on a coiu-t or on a magis-
trate to execute orders. [L. — root of
Appear.]
APPEAL,, ap-pel', v.i. to call upon, have
recourse to : to refer (to a witness Oi
superior authority). — v.t. to remove E
cause (to another court). — n. act of ap«
pealing. — adj. Appeal'able. [L. appello,
-atum, to address, call by name.]
APPi^ALINGNESS, ap-pel'ing-nes, n. the
quality of appeaUng or beseeching, as
for mercy, aid, sj-mpathy, or the like.
"Ready sympathj' . . . nlade him alive
to a certain a^ipealingness in her be-
ha\'ior towards him." — George Eliot.
APPEAR, ap-per', v.i. to become visible :
to be present : to seem, though not real.
[L. appareo — ad, to, pareo, paritum. to
come forth.]
APPEARANCE, ap-per'ans, n. the act of
appearing : the thing seen : apparent
likeness : arrival : show.
APPEASE, ap-pez', v.t. to pacify: to quiet:
to allay. — adj. Appeas'able. [Fr. apiaiser
— L. ad, to, j>ax, pads, peace.]
APPELLABILITY, ap-pel'a-bal-ti, n. the
state or quaUty of being appealable.
APPELLABLE, ap-pel'a-bl, adj. capable of
being appealed : appealable.
APPELLANT, ap-pel ant, n. one who ap-
peals.
APPELLATE, ap-pel'at, adj. relating to
appeals.
APPELLATION, ap-pel-a'shun, n. that by
which anytliing is called : a name. [See
Appeal.]'
APPELLATIVE, ap-pel'at-iv, n. a name
common to all of the same kind, as chs-
tinguished from a proper name. — adj.
common to many : general.
APPEND, ap-pend', v.t., to hang one thing
to another : to add. [L. ad, to, pendo,
to liang.]
APPENDAGE, ap-pend'aj, n. something
appended.
APPENDIX, ap-pend'iks, n. something ap-
pended or added : a supplement -.—pL
Append'ixes, -iks-ez, Append'ices, -is-ez.
APPERTAIN, ap-per-tan', v.i., t« belong
to. [Fr. from L. ad, to, pertineo, to be-
long. See Pertain.]
APPETENCE, ap'pet-ens, APPETENCY,
ap'pet-ens-i, n., a seeking after : desire,
especially sensual desu-e. [L. ad, to,
peto, to seek.]
APPETIZE, ap'pet-Iz, v.t. to create or
whet appetite.
APPETIZER, ap'pet-Iz-er, n. something
which whets the appetite.
APPETITE, ap'pet-it, n. natural desire:
desire for food: hunger. [Fi-., from L.
appetittts — appeto. See Appetence.]
APPLAUD, ap-plawd', v.t. to praise by
clapping the hands : to praise loudly : to
extol. [L. applaudo — ad, to, plaudo.
plausum, to clap. See Explode.]
APPLAUSE, ap-plawz', n. praise loudly
expressed : acclamation. — adj. Applaus
n-E.
APPLE, apl, n. the fruit of the apple-tree
—The apple of the eye, the eye-bal!
Apple brandy, a kind of brandy distiller
from cider. APPLE BUTTER, a sauce made
of apples stewed down in cider, which is
put away like butter in tubs for use dur-
ing the winter, Apple jack, same as
apple brandy. Apple sutmp, a New
Eneland disfi consisting of apples and
molasses baked within a bread pie ia ac
APPLIANCE
Iron pot. (Amer.) [A.S. cepl: the word
is found in all the Teutonic tongues, in
the Celtic and the Slavonic]
APPLIANCE, ap-pll'ans, n. anything ap-
plied : means used.
APPLICABLE, ap'plik-a^bl, adj. that may
oe applied: suitable. — adv. Ap'plicablt.
— ns. Applicabil'itt^ Ap'plicableness.
APPLICAJSTT, ap'plik-ant, n, one who ap-
plies : a petitioner.
APPLICATION, ap-pUk-a'shun, n. the act
of appl3rtng : the thing appUed s close
tliought or attantion : request : solicita-
tion.
APPLY, ap-plT, v.t. to lay or put to : to
employ : to fix the mind on. — z:i. to suit
or agree : to have recoiu-se to : to make
request : — pr.p. applVing ; jja.p. affiled'.
[O. Fr. apUer, L. applieo, -are — aa, to,
plico, -atum, to fold?]
APPOINT, ap-point', v. ^ to fix : to settle :
to name to an office : to equip. [O. Fr.
apointer, Prov. apaintar. Low L. appuno-
tare — L. ad, to, punctuni, a point.]
APPOINTJtlENT, ap-point'ment, n. settle-
ment: situation: arrangement: — p'.
equi))ments.
APPORTION, ap-por'shun, v.t., to portion
out : to di\'ide in just shares. — n. Appor'-
•noKJEENT. [L. ad, to, and Portion.]
APPOSITE, ap'poz-Tt, adj. adapted : suit-
able.— udr. APPOSITELY. — n. Ap'posite-
NESS. [L. appositus, pa.p. of appono, to
put to — ad, to, pono, to put.]
APPOSITION, ap-poz-ish'un, n. the act of
adding : state of being placed together or
against : (gram.) the annexing of one
noun to another, in the same case or
relation, in order to explain or limit the
first. [See Apposite.]
APPRAISE, ap-praz*, v.t., to set a price on:
to value with a view to sale. FFr. ap-
precier, O. Fr. apreiser, L. apprelio, -are
— ad, to, pretium, price.]
APPRAISEMENT, ap-praz^ment, n. a valu-
ation.
APPRAISER, ap-praz'er, n. one who values
property.
APPRECIATE, ap-pre'slii-at, v.t. {lit.) to set
a price on : to estimate justly — used fig-
m-atively: also to raise the value of.
(Amer.)— adj. Appee'ciable. — adv. Ap-
pre'ciablt. [L. appretiatus, pa.p. of
appretio. See Appraise.]
APPRECIATION, ap-pre-shi-a'shun, n. the
act of setting a value on : just estimation.
-APPRECIATIVE, ap-pre'shi-at-iv, APPRE-
CIATORY, ap-pre'shi-at-or-i, adj. imply-
ing appreciation.
APPREHEND, ap-pre-hend', v.t., to lay
hold of: to seize oy authority : to catch
the meaning of : to understand : to fear.
— adj. Apprehens'ible. [L, apprehendo
— ad, to, prehendo, -hensum, to lay hold
of, from jjrce and root liend, which is for
hed, the n being intrusive, and this akin
to English get. Compare Gr. chandano
— ^root chad, to hold.]
APPREHENSION, ap-pre-hen'shun, n. act
of apprehending or seizing : arrest : con-
ception : fear.
APPREHENSIVE, ap-pre-hens'iv, adj.
fearful : suspicious. — n. Apprehens'IVE-
NESS.
APPRENTICE, ap-prent'is, n. (lit.) a
learner : one bound to another to learn
I a trade or art. — v.t. to bind as an appren-
tice. [Fr. apprenti, O. Fr. apprentia —
apprendre — L. apprehendere, to leam.
See Apprehend.]
APPRENTICESHIP, ap-prent'is-ship, n.
the state of an apprentice,
APPRISE, ap-priz", v.t. to give notice : to
inform. [Fr. apprendre, pa.p. appris,
to instruct, from root of Apprehend.]
APPROACH, ap-proch', v.i. to draw near :
to approximate. — xi.t. to come near to :
express
18
to resemble. — n. a drawing nea? to : ac-
cess : a path or avenue. — adj. Approach'-
ASLE. [Fr. approcher. Low L. appro-
piare—h. ad, to, prope, near.]
APPROBATE, ap'pro-bat, v.t. to
approbation of. (Amer.)
APPROBATION, ap-prob-a'shun, n. ap-
proval. [See Approve.]
APPROPINQUITy, ap-pro-ping'lrsvi-ti, n.
the state of being near : nearness. Lamb.
APPROPRIATE, ap-pro'pri-at, v.t. to take
to one's self as one's own : to set apart
for a purpose. — adj. set apart for a par-
ticular purpose : peculiar : suitable. —
adv. Appro'priately. — n. Appro'priate-
NESS. [L. approprio, -atnm — ad, to,
proprixis, one's own. See Proper.]
APPROPRIATION, ap-pro-pri-a'shun, n.
the act of appropriating : appUcation to
a particular purpose.
APPROVAL, ap-proov'al, n. the act of ap-
proving: approbation.
APPROVE, ap-proov', v.t. (lit.) to esteem
good : to be pleased vrith : to commend :
to sanction.— adu. Approv'ingly. [Fr.
approuver, Prov. aprobar, L. approbo,
-atum — ad, to, and probo, to test or try
— probns, good.] [prove.
APPROVEN, ap-proov'n, old pa.p. of Ap-
APPROVER, ap-proov'er, n. one who ap-
proves : (law) an accomplice in crime
admitted to give evidence against a pris-
oner.
APPROXIMATE, ap-proks'im-at,ady. ,near-
est or nest : approaching correctness. —
v.t. to come near, to approach. — adv.
Approx'imately. [L. approximo, -atum
— ad, to, proximns, nearest, superlative
of prope, near. See Approach.]
APPROXIMATION, ap-proks-im-a^shun, n.
an approach.
APPURTENANCE, ap-pur'ten-ans, n., that
which appertains to : an appendage. —
adj. Appur'tenant. [Fr. appartenance,
O. Fr. apurtenaunse, from root of Ap-
pertainJ
APRICOCK, a'pri-kok, n. old form of Apri-
cot.
APRICOT, a'pri-kot, n. a fruit of the plum
kind. [O.E. apricock. Fr. abrieot. The
Fr. abrieot was from Port. aIbricoque=
Ar. al-barquq. But barquq is a corrup-
tion of Low Gr. prailcolcion, which is
simply the L. prcecoquum or prcecox,
early ripe. See Precocious.]
APRIL, a'pril, n. the fourth month of the
year, when the earth opens to bring forth
fruits, etc. [L. Aprilis==aperilis — aperio,
to open.]
APRON, a'prun, n. a cloth or piece of
leather worn before one to protect the
dress. — adj. A'proned. [O.E. and Fr.
naperon — Fr. nappe, cloth, table-cloth.
Low L. mappa, a napkin.]
APRONFiFiR, a-prun-er', n. one who wears
an apron ; a tradesman or shopman.
" Some surly aproneer." — Bp. Gauden.
APROPOS, a-pro-p6', adv., to the purpose:
appropriately : in reference to. [Fr. d
propos. See Propose.]
APSE, aps, n. an arched recess at the end
of the choir of a church. [See Apsis.]
APSIDAL, ap'sid-al, adj. pertainino: to the
apsides, or to the apse of a church.
APSIS, ap'sis, H. one of the two extreme
points in the orbit of a planet, one at the
greatest, the other at the least distance
from the sun •.—pi. Ap'sides. [L. apsis
— Gr. hapsis, a connection, an arch —
hapto, to connect. See Apt.]
APT, apt, adj. liable : ready : quick. [L.
aptus, fit — apo, to join ; cog. with Gr.
hapto.']
APTERYX, ap'ter-iks, n. a bird found in
New Zealand, wingless and tailless. [Gr.
a, priv., pteryx, wing.]
APTINUS, ap-tfnus, n. a genus of coleop-
ARBOR
terous insects belonging to the Carabt
da?. [See BosibaRDIER-BEETLE.]
APTITUDE, apt'i-tud, »i. fitness: tend
ency : readiness. — adv. Apt'ly. — n. Apt*-
NESS. [Low L. aptitudo — root of Apt.]
AQUA-FORTIS, a'kwa-for'tis, n. (lit.)
strong water: nitric acid. [L. aqua,
•water, fortis, strong.]
AQUAMANILE, ak'wa-ma-nTle, n. the
basin in which, according to the ancient
church ceremony, the priest washes his
hands in celebrating the mass. Also a{>-
pUed to vessels of the ewer Idnd formerly
used in private houses, and frequently
made into grotesque forms representing
a real or fabulous animal or the like.
[From L. aqua, water, and manure, to
flow.]
AQUARIUM, akwa'ri-um, n. a tank or
vessel for xraier plants and animals : a
pubhc collection of such tanks: — pL
Aqua'ricms or Aqua'ria. [L. — aqua,
water.]
AQUARIUS, a-kwa'ri-us, n., the water-
bearer, a sign of tlie zodiac. [L. aqua,
water.]
AQUATIC, a-lvwat'ik, adj., relating to
water: Uving or growing in water. —
Aquatics, a-kwat'iks, n. amusements on
the water, as boating, etc.
AQUA-VIT^, a'k^va-vI'te, n. (lit.) water of
life, a name given to ardent spirits. [L.
aqua, water, I'itce, of Ufe, vita.]
AQUEDUCT, aVwe-dukt, n. an artificial
channel for conveying water. [L. aqua,
water — duco, ductum, to lead.]
AQUEOUS, a'kwe-us, adj. watery: depos-
ited bv water.
AQUILtNE, ak'wU-in or -tn, adj. relating
to the eagle : hooked, like an eagle's beak,
JTL. aquila.]
ARAB, ar'ab, n. a native of Arabia: a
neglected or homeless boy or girl, usually
ARABESQUE, ' ar'ab-esk, adj. after the
manner of Arabian designs. — n. a fan-
tastic painted or sculptured ornament
among the Spanish Moors, consisting of
fohage and other pai-ts of plants curi-
ously intertwined. [Fr. — It. arabesco ;
-esco corresponding to Eng. -ish.]
ARABIAN, ar-ab'i-an, adj. relating to Ar-
abia.— n. a native of Arabia.
ARABIC, ar'ab-ik, adj. relating to Arabia,
or to its language. — n. the language of
Arabia. [L. Arabicus.]
ARABLE, ar'a-blj adj. fit for ploughing or
tillage. [L. arabilis — aro ; cog. ^ith Gr.
aroo, to plough, A.S. erian, E. Ear, v.t.,
Ir. araini.]
ARAMAIC, ar-a-ma'ik, ARAMEAN, ar-a-
me'an, adj. relating to Aramaea, the
whole of the country to the N.E. of
Palestine, or to its language, a branch of
the Semitic.
ARBITER, arTjit-er, n. one chosen by par-
ties in controversy to decide between
them : a judge having absolute power of
decision : an umpire •.-fern. Arbitress.
[L. — nr=ad, to, and bito (cog. with Gr.
bavno), to go or come ; sig. one who
comes to look on, a witness, a judge.]
ARBITRAMENT, ur-bit'rarment, n. the de-
cision of an arbiter : determination •
choice.
ARBITRARY, arT)ltr-ar-i, adj. depending
on the wiU (as of an arbiter) : not bo'ino
by rules : despotic : absolute. — adv. AE'
bitrarily. — n. Ar'bitrariness.
ARBITRATE, ar'bitr.at, v.i. to act as an
arbiter: to determine. — n. Arbitra'tion
ARBITRATOR, arTai-tra-tur, n. same as
Arbiter.— /era. AR'BrrRATRrr.
ARBOR, arTjuT, n. an inclosad seat in a
garden, covered with branches of trees,
plants, etc.: a bower, [Acorr ot harbor,
a shelter.1
I
ARBOREOUS
19
ARITHMETIC
ABBOREOUS, ar-bor'e-us, adj., of or be-
loug-ing to trees. [L. arboreus — arbor, a
tret.]
ARBORESCENT, ar-bor-es'ent, adj. grow-
ing: or formed like a tree. — n. Arbores'-
CENCE. [L. arborescn, to become a tree —
arbor, a tree.]
ARBORETUM, Sr-bor-efum, n. a place in
which specimens of trees and shrubs are
cultivated -.—pi. AEBOReT'A. [L. — arbor,
a tree.]
ARBORICULTURE, ar'bor-i-kult-ur, n.,
the culture of trees, esp. timber-ti-ees. —
adj. Arboricul'tuiul. — ?(. Arboricul'-
TURIST. [L. arbor, and Culture.]
ARBUTE, iir'but, ARBUTUS, iir'but-us, n.
the strawberry tree: an evergreen shrub,
which bears fruit resembling tlie straw-
berry. [L. arbutus, akin to arbor, tree.]
ARC, iirk, n. a segment of a circle or other
curve.^ELECTRic -VRC, in electric light-
ing, the li^ht emitted by an electric cur-
rent in crossing over the small interval of
space between the carbon points. Called
also Voltaic arc. [Fi\ — L. arcus, a
bow.]
ARCADE, ark-ad', n. a walk arched over :
a long arched gallery, lined with .shops
on both sides. [Fr.— L. areata, arched.
See ArchJ
ARCADIAN^ ark-ad'i-an, <xdj. pertaining
to Arcadia, a district in Greece: pastoral:
rural.
ARCANU^I, iirk-Hn'um, n. a secret : a
mystery : — pi. Arcan'a. [L. — arcanus,
secret, closed — area, a chest.]
ARCH, arch, n. a construction of stones or
other materials, arranged in the line of
a curve, so as by mutual pressure to sup-
port each other. — v.t. to cover with an
arch : to bend into the form of an arch.
[From Fr. arc, as ditch is from dyke — L.
arcus, a bow.]
ARCH, firch, adj. cunning : sly : waggish :
mirthful : shrewd. — adv. AECH'ly. — n.
Arch'ness. [A.S. earg, timid, slothful ;
cog. with Ger. arg, mischievous, bad.]
ARCH, arch (iirk, before a vowel), adj. used
as a prefix : the first or chief. [A.S. arce,
from Lat. and Gr. archi-, — Gr. a
beginning.]
ARCHEOLOGY, 'urk-e-ol'oj-i, n. knowl-
edge of ancient art, customs, etc.: the
science of Fatiquities. — adj. Arch.eolog'-
ICAL. — a<*v. Arch^oloo'ically. — n.
ArcHvEOL'ogist. [Gr. archaios, ancient
— arche, beginning, and logos, discourse.]
ARCHAIC, -AL, ariv-fi'ik, -al, adj., ancient:
obsolete. [Gr. archaikos — archaios, an-
cient— archi, beginning.]
ARCHAISM, firk'a-izm, n. an archaic or
obsolete word or phrase.
ARCHAIST, ar-ka'ist, n. an antiquarian :
an archaeologist. E. B. Browning.
ARCHjVNGEL, ark-an'jel, n. an angel of
the highest order. — adj. Aechangel'ic.
[Arch, chief, and Angel.]
ARCHBISHOP, arch-bish'up, ?;., a chief
bishop : the bishop of a province as well
as of his own diocese. — n. Archbish'-
opRic. [Arch, cliief, and Bishop.]
ARCHBISHOPESS, arc'h-bish'up-es, n. the
wife of an archbishop. Miss Bumey.
ARCHDEACON, arch-de'kn, n., a chief
ckacon : the officer ha^'ing the chief
supervision of a dioce.se or part of it,
next under the bishop. — 7i. Archdea'-
CONKY, the office, jurisdiction, or residence
of an archdeacon. — n. Archdea'conship,
the office of an archdeacon. [Arch, chief,
and Deacon.]^
ARCHDIOCESE, arch-dl'o-sez, n. the dio-
cese of an archbishop.
ARCHDUKE, arch-duk', n., a chief duke :
a prince of Austria. — fern. Archduch'ess.
— adj. Archdu'cal. — ns. Archduch'y,
Archduke'dom, the territory of an arch-
arche,
duke or archduchess. [Arch, chief, and
Duke.]
ARCHER, arch'er, n. one who shoots with
a bow and arrows : — fern. Arch'eress.
[Fr. — arc, L. arcus, a bow.]
ARCHERY, arch'er-i, n. the art of shooting
with the bow.
ARCHETYPE, ark-e-tip, ?;. the original
pattern or model. — adj. Archetyp'al.
[Gr. arche=archi-, original, and typos,
a model.]
ARCHIDIACONAL, Srk-i-di-ak'on-al, adj.
pertaining to an archdeacon. [Gr. archi-
ls here taken du-ectly fi-om Greek. See
Archdeacon.]
ARCHIEPISCOPAL, iirk-i-ep-i'skop-al, adj.
belonging to an archbishop. — Archiepis'-
COPACY, n. dignitv or pro^^nce of an
archbishop. [See Episcopal.]
ARCHIPELAGO, ark-i-pel'a-go, n. the chief
sea of the Greeks, or the jEgean sea :
a sea abounding in small islands. [Gr.
archi-, cliief, jjclagos, sea.}
ARCHITECT, ark i-tekt, n. one who de-
signs buildings and superintends theii-
erection : a maker. [Gr. architekton —
archi-, chief, and tekton, a builder.]
ARCHITECTURE, ark'i-tekt'ur. «., the art
or science of building: structure. — adj.
Architect' URAL.
ARCHITECTURE, ark'i-tekt'ur, v.t. to con-
struct : to build.
This was archi tectur^d thus
By the j,^reat Oceauus. — Keats.
ARCHITRAVE, ark'i-trav, n., the chief
beam : {arch.) the lowest division of the
entablature resting inunediately on the
abacus of the column. [It. from Gr.
archi-, chief, and L. trabs, a beam — the
chief beam.]
ARCHIVES, ark'Ivz, n. the place in which
government records are kept : pubUc
records. [Fr. — Gr. archeion — at die, gov-
ernment.]
ARCHIVIST, ark'iv-ist, n. a keeper of
archives or records.
ARCHON, ark'on, n. one of nine chief
magistrates who at one time governed
ancient Athens. [Gr. archo, to be first,
to rule.]
ARCHWAY, arch'wa, n. a way or passage
under an arch.
ARCOSOLIUM, ar-ko-s6'h-um, n. a term
applied to tliose receptacles for dead
bodies of martyrs in the Catacombs which
consist of a deep niche cut in the rocky
wall, arched above, and under the arch
a sarcoj)hagus excavated in the sohd
rock. 'The flat cover of the sarcophagus
might be used as an altar: and such
tombs were often riclily ornamented.
[L.L., from L. arcus, an arch, and solium,
a sarcophagus, a throne.]
ARCTIC, arkt'ik, adj. relating to the con-
stellation the Great Bear, or the north.
[Gr. arktos, a bear.]
ARCTOGEAL, ilrk-to-je'al, adj. of or per-
taining to the colder parts of the north-
ern hemisphere. " The great arctogeal
province." — Huxley. [Gr. aretos, the
north, and gea, the earth. 1
ARDENCY, ard'en-si, ARDOR, Srd'or, n.
warmth of passion or feeling: eager-
ness.
ARDENT, ard'ent, ctdj., burning: fiery:
passionate. — adv. Ard'ently. [L. ardeiis
— ardeo, to burn.]
ARDUOUS, ard'u-us, adj. difficult to ac-
complish : laborious. — adv. Ard'uOUSLY.
— n. Ard'uousness. [L. arduus, high,
akin to Celt, ard, high, height.]
ARE, ar, tlie plural of the present indica-
tive of the verb to be. [JI.E. ar-en was
the northern form which took the place
of A.S. sindon. Dan. er-es, ar-en^=as-en ;
er-e=es-e : the root is as-, to be seen in
L. es-se, S'um for es-um. See Was.]
AREA, a're-a, n. any plane surface or in-
closed space : the sunken space around
the basement of a building- : (geom.) the.
superficial contents of any figure. [L.]
ARENA, a-re'na, n. an open space strewed
with sand for combatants : any place
of pubhc contest. — adj. Arena'ceous,
sandy. [L. arena, sand.]
ARENATED, ar'e-na-ted, adj. reduced or
ground into sand. [L. arena, sand.]
AREOPAGITE, ar-e-op'aj-It, n. a member
of the Areopagus.
AREOPAGUS ar-e-op'ag-us, «., Mars'
Hill, on whicli the supreme court of an-
cient Athens was held : the court itself.
[L. — Gr. Areios pages, liill of Ares — or
Mars.]
ARETAICS, ar-e-ta'iks, ?i. in ethics, same
as Aretology. Orote. [Gr. arete, virtue.]
ARETOLOGY, ar-e-tol'o-ji. n. that part of
moral phdosopliv whicli treats of virtue,
its nature, and tlie means of attaining to
it. [Gr. arete, virtue, and logos, dis-
course.]
ARGENT, arj'ent, adj. made of, or like
silver. [_Fr. — L. argentum, silver — Gr.
argos, white.]
ARGILLACEOUS, arj-iU-a'shus, adj of the
nature of clay. [L. argilla — Gr. argilos,
white clay — argos, white.]
ARGONAUT, iir'go-nawt, n. one of those
who sailed in the ship Argo in search
of the golden fleece. [Gr. Argo, and
nautes. a, sailor.]
ARGO.SY, ar'go-si, n. a large merchant-
vessel riclily laden. [Prob. from the ship
Argo. See Argonaut.]
ARGUE, arg'u, v.t. to prove by argument :
to discuss. — v.i. to ofi'er reasons : to dis-
pute :~X}r.x>. ar'guing ; pa.p. ar'gued.
[L. arguo, to prove — from root of Gr.
argos, clear, and so==to make clear.]
ARGUMENT, arg'u-ment, n. a reason of-
fered as proof : a series of reasons : a
discussion : subject of a discourse. [L.
argumentum. See Argue.]
ARGUMENTATION, arg-u-ment-a'shun,
n. an arguing or reasoning. — adj. ARGU-
MENT'ative. — adv. Argument' ATIVELY.
—n. Aegutvient'ativeness.
ARGUS, iirg'us, n. a mj-thological being,
said to have had a hundred eyes, some of
which were always awake : any very
watchful person. [Gr. — argos, bright.']
ARIAN, a'ri-an, adj., pertaining to Arius
of Alexandria (4th c), who denied the
divinity of Christ. — n. one who adheres
to the doctrines of Arius : a Unitarian.
— Arianism, a'ri-an-izm, n. the doctrines
of the Arians.
ARID, arid, adj., dry : parched. — ns. Arid'-
ITY, Ar'idness. [L. aridus.']
ARIES, a'ri-ez, n., the Ram, the first of the
signs of tlie zodiac, which the sun en-
ters on March 31. [L.]
ARIGHT, a-rit', adv. in a right way :
rightly.
ARISE, a-riz', v.i., to rise up: to come into
view: to spring: — pa.t. ai-ose, a-roz' ;
jja.p. aris'en. [Prefix a (as in Abide),
and Rise.]
ARISTOCRACY, ar-is-tok'ras-i, n., govern-
ment by the best men or nobles: the
nobihty or chief persons of a state. [Gr
aristos, best, and kratos, power.]
ARISTOCRAT, ar'is-to-krat or ar-is'- n
one who belongs to or favors an aris
tocracy : a haughty person. — Aristo=
CRATic, -AL, ar-is-to-krat'ik, -al, adj.
belonging to aristocracy. — adv. AEISTO-
CRAT'ICALLY.
ARISTOTELIAN, ar-is-to-te'li-an, adj. re-
lating to Aristotle or to his philosophy.
ARITHMETIC, ar-ith'met-ik, n. the science
of numbers : the art of reckoning by
figures. — adj. .:Vbithmet'ical. — adv. AR-
ithmet'ically. [Gr. arithmetike {techne.
ARITHMETICIAN
30
ARTICULATE
art), relating to numbers — arithmos,
number.]
AJRITHMETICIAN. ar-ith-me-tish'yan, n.
one skilled in arithmetic.
ARITHMOCRACY, ar-ith-mok'ra-si, n.
rule or government by a majoritj'. "A
democracy of mere nmnbers is no democ-
racy, but "a mere brute arithmocracy." —
Kinc/sley.
ARITHMOCRATIC, a-rith'mo-krat'ik, adj.
of or pertaining to an arithmocracy or
rule of numbers. "American democ-
racy, being merely aritJimocratic, pro-
vides no representation whatsoever for
the more educated and more experienced
minority. "' — Kingsley.
ARK. ark, n. a chest or coffer : a large
floating vessel : a large, flat boat used
on some of the western rivers of the
United States, to transport merchandise.
[A.S. arc — L. area, a chest — arceo, to
guard.]
ARM, arm, n. the limb extending from the
shoulder to the hand : anj'thing project-
ing from the main body, as an inlet of
the sea : (fig.) power. — )i. Aem'ful. — adj.
A R m'l ess. — n. Akm'let, a bracelet.
[A.S. ; cog. with L. armus, the shoulder-
joint, Gr. harinos, a joint. From root
ar-. See ARMS.]
ABM, arm, n. a weapon : a branch of the
militarj' service. [Sing-, of Arms.]
ABM, arm, i\t. to nirnish with arms or
weapons : to fortify. — v.i. to take arms.
[L. anno, to arm — amia, weapons. See
Arms.]
ARMADA, arm-a'da, n. a fleet of armed
ships. [Sp. — L. armatus, armed — armo,
to arm.]
ARMADILLO, arm-a-dill'o, n. a small
quadruped, having its bodj- armed with
a bony shell : — pi. Armadlll'os. [Sp.
dim. of armado, armed.]
ARMAMENT, arm'a^ment, n. forces armed
or equipped for war : the guns, etc., >vith
which a ship is armed. [L. armamenta
— arma.]
ABMENIAN, ar-me'ni-an, adj. belonging
to Armenia, a country of Western Asia.
— n. a native of Armenia.
ABMINIAN, ar-min'yan, adj. holcUng the
doctrines of Arminius. — n. a follower of
Arminius. a Dutch di^-ine, who denied
the CaUnnistic doctrine of election. — n.
ARjnS'lANISM.
ABMIPOTENT. arm-i'pot-ent, adj., power-
ful in arms. [L. arma, arms, potens,
-enfis, powerful.]
ARMISTICE, iirm'ist-is, n. a short suspen-
sion of hostilities : a truce. [Fr. — L.
arma, arms, sisto, to stop.]
AB5IORIAL, arm-6r'i-al, adj. belonging to
armor, or to the anns of a family.
ARMORIC, ar-mor'ik, n. the language of
the inhabitants of Armorica. the ancient
name for Brittany. [L. Armoricus —
Celt. ar. on, mor, the sea.]
ARMOR, arm'ur, n. defensive ai-ms or
dress : plating of ships of war. — n.
Arji'or-bearer. — adj. a!bm'or-plated.
ARMORER, arm'ur-er, n. a maker or re-
pairer of, or one who has the charge of
armor.
ARMORY, arm'ur-i, n. the place in which
arms are made or kept : a collection of
ancient .'irmor.
ARMPIT, arm'pit, 7i. the pit or hollow un-
der the siioiilder.
ARMS, armz, n.pl. weapons of offence and
defence : war : hostility : armorial en-
signs. [L. ai^ma, (lit.) "fittings;" Gr.
harmona, the tackling of a ship — root
or-, to fit : conn. i%-ith ARM. the Umb.]
ARMSWEEP, arm'swep. n. the length of
reach or swing of an arm. Browning.
(Poetical.)
ARIVIY, arm'i, n. a large body of men armed
for war and under mUitary command : a
host. [Fr. armee — L. armata.^
ABOMA, a-ro'ma, ?i. sweet smell : the odor-
ous principle of plants : ijig.) flavor of any
kind. [Gr.]
ABOMATIC, ar-o-mat'ik, adj. fragrant :
spicy.
ABOSE, a-roz', past tense of Arise.
ABOUND, a-rownd', prep, on aU sides of. —
adv. on every side : in a circle. [A, on,
and Round.]
AROUSE, a-rowz', v.t. Same as Rouse.
ARPENT, ar'oang, n. an acre. [Fr.]
ARQUEBUSE, ARQUEBUSS, ar'kwi-bus,
11. an old-fashioned hand-gun. [Fr.
arqiiebuse, from Dut. haakbits — haak,
hook, and bus, box, barrel of a gun ;
Ger. hakenhuchse.'\
ARRACK, ar'ak, ?i. an ardent spirit used
in the East. [Ar. araq, juice or sweet.]
ARRAIGN, ar-ran', v.t. to call one to ac-
count : to put a prisoner upon trial : to
accuse publicly. — /;. Arraign'ment. [O.
Fr. aragnier, Fr. ai-raisonnei — Low L.
arrationare — L. ad. to, ratio, reason.]
ARRANGE, ar-ranj', v.t. to set in a rank
or row : to put in order : to settle. [Fr.
arranger — a ( — L. ad, to), and ranger.
See Range.]
ARRANGEMENT, ar-ranj'ment. n. act of
arranging : classification : settlement.
ARRAlfT, ar'rant, adj. downright, noto-
rious (used in a baxl sense). [Corr. of
arghand, pr.p. of argh, the northern
form of A.S. eargian, to be a coward,
Ger. arg, bad.]
ABBAS, ar'ras, n. tapestry. [From Arra.-i
in Northern France, where first manu-
factured.]
ARRAY, ar-ra', n. order : dress : equipage.
— v.t. to put in order : to arrange : to
dress, adorn, or equip. [O. Fr. arroi,
array, equipage — L. ad, and a Teut. root,
found either in O. Ger. rat (Ger. rath),
counsel, E. Read, or in E. Ready, Qer.
be-reit.]
ARREAB, a'rer, v.t. to cause to rise : to
raise up: to rear. "A desperate pre-
siunption arreared. " — Fuller.
ABREAR, ar-rer', n. that wliich is in the
rear or behind : that which remains un-
paid or undone (used mostlj' in pi.) ; also,
the rear. " The arrear consisting of be-
tween three and four thousand foot."—
Heylin. [Fi-. arriere, behind — L. ad, to,
retro, back, behind.]
ARREST, ar-rest', v.t. to stop : to seize : to
apprehend by legal authority. — )). stop-
page : seizm'e by warrant. [FV. arreter
for arrestei — L. ad, to, resto, to stand
still.]
ABBIEBO, ar-ri-a-ro', Ji. a muleteer. [Sp.]
ARRIVAli. ar-rlv'al, n. the act of arriving :
persons or tilings that arrive.
ABRIVE, ar-rlv', v.i. (fol. by at) to reach
any place : to attain to any object. [Fr.
arrirer — Low L. adripare — L. ad, to,
ripa, a bank ; as if, to reach the bank.]
ARROGANCE, ar'rog-ans, ABROGANCY,
ar'rog-ans-i, n. undue assumption of im-
portance.
ABBOGANT, ar'rog-ant, adj. claiming too
much : overbearing. — adv. Ar'rogantlt.
ARROGATE, ar'rog-ilt, v.t. to claim as
one's own : to claim proudly or unduly.
[L. arrogo — ad, to, rogo, rogatum, to ask,
to claim.]
ARRONDISSEMENT. ar-ron'des-raang, n.
a subdivision of a French department.
[Fr. — arrondir. to make round — L. ad,
and Fr. rond. See Round.]
ARROW, ar'ro, n. a straight, pointed
weapon, made to be shot from a bow. —
n. Arrow-head, ar'ro-hed. — • Arrow-
headed, ar'ro-hed'ed. adj. shaped hke the
head of an arrow. [A.S. aretce : Ice. or,
akin perhaps to Ice. orr, the swift.]
ARROWLET, a'ro-let, n. a little arrow
Teuny.'ion.
ABROWROOT, ar'ro-root, n. a starch ob-
tained from the roots of certain plants
growing chiefly in W. Indies, and much
used as food for invalids and children.
[Said to be so named because used by
the Indians of S. America as an antidote
against wounds caused by poisoned ar-
rows.]
ARROWY, ar'ro-i, adj. of or like arrows.
ABBOYO, ar-ro'yo, n. a ra\'ine. [Sp.]
ABSENAL, ar'se-nal, n. a public magazine
or manufactory of naval and military
stores. [Fr. and Sp. ; from Ar. di'ir, "a
house, and cina'at, trade.
ARSENIC, ar'sen-ik. n. a mineral poison :
a soft, gray-colored metal. [Gr. arsen,
male : the alchemists fancied some met-
als male, others female.]
ABSENIC, -AL, ar-sen'ik, -al, adj. com-
posed of or containing arsenic.
ABSON, iirs'on, n. the crime of willfully
burning houses or other buOdings. [(3.
Fv. a7-son — L. ardeo, ar»um, to burn.]
ART, iirt, 2d pers. sing, of the present
tense of the verb to be. [A.S. eart.]
ABT, art, n. practical skiU guided by rules :
the rvdes and methods oif doing certain
actions : a profession or trade : contriv-
ance : skill : cunning : artifice. [L. ars,
artis. from root ar-, to fit. See Arm.]
ABTERIALIZE, ar-te'ri-al-Iz, v.t. to make
arterial.
ARTERY, ar'ter-i, Ji. a tube or vessel
which conveys blood from the heart. —
adj. Arte'rial. [L. — Gr. arteria, orig.
the windpipe, the bronchiae, then applied
to the arteries : perh. conn, with artao,
I fasten to, hang from.]
ARTESIAN, ar-te'zhan, adj. appUed to
wells made by boring until water is
reached. [Fi-om Artois (anc. Artesiuni).
in the nortn of France, where these wells
are said to have been first made.]
ARTFUL, iirt'fool, adj. full of art : cun-
ning-.— adv. Art'fclly. — h. Art'fulness.
ABTHBOGBAPHY, ar-throg'ra-fi, n. in
anat. a description of the joints. [Gr.
arthron, a joint, and graphs, descrip-
tion.]
ARTHUBIAN, ar-thu'ri-an, adj. of or per-
taining to King Arthur, or to the legends
connected with him and his knights of
the Round Table. " Among the writers
of the seventeenth and eighteenth cen-
turies the historical existence of Arthur
was, wdth a few rare exceptions, denied,
and the Artlutrian legend regarded pure-
ly as an invention of the worthj chron-
icler, Geoffrej' of Monmouth." — Ency.
Brit.
ABTIAJD, ar'ti-ad, n. in chem. a name given
to an element of even equivalency, as a
dyad, tetrad, etc. : opposed to a perissad,
an element of imeven equivalency, such
as a monad, triad, etc.
ARTICHOKE, ar'ti-chok, n. an eatable
plant with large scalj' heads, like the
cone of the pine. [Fr. artichaut. It. ar-
ticiocco. Sp. alcachofa. Ax. alharshaf.]
ARTICLE, art'i-kl, n. a separate elenient.
member, or part of anj'tliing : a particu-
lar substance : a single clause, or term ;
(grain.) one of the particles, an or a and
the. — t\t. to di'aw up or bind by articles.
[L. articuhis, a little joint — artus, a joint
— root ar-. to join.
ARTICULAR, ar-tik'ul-ar, adj., belonging
to the joints. [See Article.]
ARTICULATE, ar-tik'ul-at, adj. distinct .
clear. — v.t. to joint : to form into dis-
tinct sounds, syllables, or words. — v.i.
to speak distinctly. — aflr. Artic'xjlately.
— n. Artic'ulateness. [L. articulo,
-atum, to furnish with joints, to utter
distinctly. See Article.]
ARTICULATION
21
ASSAIL
ARTICULATION, ar-tik-ul-a'shun, n., a
joining, as of the bones : distinct utter-
ance : a consonant.
ARTIFICE, art'i-fis, n. a contrivance : a
trick or fraud. [L. artijicium — artifex,
-ftcis, an artificer — ars, artis, and faeio,
to make.]
ARTIFICER, ar-tif' is-er, n. a workman :
an inventor.
ARTIFICIAL, art-i-fish'yal, adj., made by
art: not natural: cultivated: not in-
digenous : feigned. — adv. Aktific'ially.
[See Artifice.]
ARTILLERIST, ar-til'er-ist, n. one skilled
in artillery or gunnerj'.
ARTILLERY, ar-til'er-i, n. offensive weap-
ons of war, esp. cannon, mortars, etc. :
the men who manage them : a branch
of the military service : gunnery. [Fr.
artillerie — O. Fr. artiller, to arm : from
a supposed Low L. artiUare — L. ars, artis,
art.]
ARTILLERY-MAN. ar-til'er-i-man, n. a
soldier of the artillery.
ARTISAN, iirt'i-zan, n. one skilled in any
art or trade : a mechanic. [Fr. artisan,
It. artigiano = L. as if artitianus —
arfitus, skilled in the arts — ars, artis,
art.]
ARTIST, art'ist, n., one who practices an
art, esp. one of the fine arts, as painting,
sculpture, or architecture. [Fr. artiste,
Ital. artista — L. ai-s, artis, art.]
ARTISTIC, -AL, art-ist'ik, -al, adj- accord-
ing to art.
ARTLESS, art'les, adj. guileless : simple. —
n. Art'lessness.
ARUSPICY, a-rus'pi-si, n. divination by
inspection of the entrails of beasts. [L.
artispicium, orig. dub.]
ARYAN, a'ri-an, adj. relating to the family
of nations otherwise called Indo-Euro-
pean (comprehending the inhabitants of
Europe — except tlie Turks, Magyars and
Finns — and tiiose of Armenia, Persia,
and N. Hindustan), or to their lano-uages.
[Sans, arya, excellent, prob. allied to Gr.
aristos, the best.]
AS. az, adv. and eonj. similarly : for ex-
ample : while : in like manner. [As is a
corr. of also — A.S. eal-swa, al so, case, als ;
Ger. als. The primary meaning is, just
so. quite in that way.]
AS. rel. pro. from the Scand. [O. Ic, es.
Mod. Ic. er. This use of as is provincial.]
ASAFETIDA, as-a-fet'i-da, n., fetid asa,
a medicinal gum, having an offensive
smell, made from a Persian plant called
aza.
ASBESTOS, a-sbest'os, n. an incombustible
mineral, a variety of hornblende, of a
fine fibrous texture, resembling flax.
[Gr. (lit.) unquenchable — a, neg., sbestos,
extinguished.]
ASCEND, as-send', v.i., to climb or mount
up : to rise : to go backwards in the or-
der of time. — v.t. to climb or go up on.
[L. ascendo, ascensum — ad, and scando,
to climb, Sans, skand, to leap upwards.]
ASCENDANT, as-Send'ant, adj. superior :
above the horizon. — n. superiority : {as-
trol.) the part of the ecliptic rising
above the horizon at the time of one's
birth : it was supposed to have com-
manding influence over the person's
!ife. hence the phrase, in the ascend-
ant.
ASCENDENCY, as-send'en-si, n. control-
ling influence.
ASCENSION, as-sen'shun, n. a rising or
going up. [L. ascensio — ascendo.]
ASCENSION-DAY, as-sen'shun-da, n. the
festival held on Holy Tiuu-sday, ten days
before Whit-simday, to commemorate
Clirist's ascension to heaven.
ASCENT, as-sent', n. act of ascending :
way of ascending : degree of elevation.
ASCERTAIN, as-ser-tan', i\^ to determine :
to obtain certain knowledge of. — adj.
Ascertain' ABLE. [O. Fr. acertainer.
See Certain.]
ASCETIC, as-set'ik, n., one rigidly self-
denying in rehgious observances : a strict
hermit. — adj. excessively rigid : austere :
recluse. — n. Asceticism, as-set'i-sizm.
[Gr. asketes, one that uses exercises to
train himself.]
ASCHAM, as'kam, n. in archery, a large
case fitted up with the necessary drawers
and compartments for the reception of
the bow, arrows, string, and other neces-
sary accoutrements. [After Roger As-
cham, wlio in 1544 published " Toxophi-
lus," a celebrated treatise on archery.]
ASCITITIOUS, as-sit-ish'us, adj. See
Adscititious.
ASCRIBE, a-skrib', v.t. to attribute, im-
pute, or assign. — adj. Ascrib'able. [L.
ascribo, -scriptum — ad, to, scribo, to
write.]
ASCRIPTION, a-skrip'shun, n. act of as-
cribing or imputing.
ASEITY, a-se'i-ti, n. the state or condition
of liaving an independent existence.
'■ The absolute being and aseity of God."
— Prof. W. R. Smith. " By what mysteri-
ous light have you discovered that aseity
is entail'd on matter?" — Oentleman In-
structed, 1704. [L. a, from, and se, one's
self : I't. the state of being from or by
on°'s self.]
ASF. ash, n. a well-known timber tree. —
adj ASH'EN. [A.S. CBSC, Ger. esche. Ice.
ask' .\
ASHAMED, a-shamd', adj., affected Viith
shame. [Pa. p. of old verb ashame — pfx.
a, inten., and Shame.]
ASHES, ash'ez, n.pl. the du.st or remains
of anything burnt: the remains of the
human body when burnt (fig.) a dead
body. [A.S. cesce, Ice. a.ska ]
ASHLAR, ash'lar, ASHLE"^, ash'ler, n.
(lit.) stones laid in rows : hewn or squared
stone used in facing- a wall, as distin-
guished from rougn, as it comes from
the quarry. [Fr. aisselle, dim. of ais, a
plank ; L. assis, a plank — a&^da, a little
plank, a shingle. Such little wooden
boards were used to face walls before
stones, and squared stones took the
name. ]
ASHORE, a-shor', adv., onshore. [Pfx. a,
and Shore.]
ASH-WEDNESDAY, ash-wenz'da, n. the
first day of Lent, so called from the
Roman Catholic custom of sprinkling
ashes on the head.
ASHY, ash'i, adj. of or like ashes : ash-
colored : pale.
ASIDE, a-sid', adv., on or to one side : pri-
vately.
ASININE, as'in-in, adj. of or like an ass.
rSee Ass 1
ASININITY, as-i-nin'i-ti, n. the quality of
being asinine : obstinate stupidity.
ASIPHONATE, a-sl'fon-at, adj. of or per-
taining to the Asiphonata : not possess-
ing a respiratory tube or siphon. H. A.
Nicholson.
ASK, ask, v.t., to seek : to request, inquire,
beg, or question. — v.i. to request : to
make inquiry. [A.S. acsian, ascian,
Ger. heischen, Ice. ceskja, Sans, ish, to
desire.]
ASKANCE, a-skans', v.t. to turn aside, as
the eyes : to make look with indiffer-
ence.
O, how are they wrappM in with infamies
Tiiat from tlieir own misdeeds askance tlieir eyes.
— i^hak.
ASKANCE, a-skans', ASKANT, a-skant',
adv. sideways : awry : obliquely. [O.
Fr. a scanche ,• It. schiancio, aslope, from
the root of Slant.]
ASKEW, a-sku', adv. on the Skew : awrj-,
ASKINGLY, ask'ing-U, adv. in an entreat-
ing manner : with expression of request
or desire.
How askingly its footsteps hither bend I
It seems to say, " And have I found a friend ? "
— Coleridge
ASLANT, a^slant', adj. or adv. on tht
Slant : obliquely.
ASLEEP, a-slep', adj. or adv. in sleep : 1,
sleeping. 2, having a peculiar nunib, or
prickly feeling, as in the hands or feet.
"Hislegge . . . was all aslepe, and in a
manner sterke stiff." — Udall. 3, stunned :
senseless. " So saying, she . . . gave
Susy such a douse on the side of the head
as left her fast asleep for an hour and up-
ward."— H. Brooke.
ASLOPE, a-slop', adj. or adv. on the Slope.
ASMEAR, a-smer', adj. smeared over : be-
daubed. "I came into Smithfield. and
tlie shameful place, being all asmear
with filtli, and fat, and blood, and foam,
seemed to stick tome." — Dickens.
ASP, asp, ASPIC, asp'ik, n. a very veno-
mous serpent. [Fr.-^L. and Gr. aspis.]
ASPARAGUS, as-par'a-gus, n. garden
vegetable. [L. — Gr. asparagos.]
ASPECT, as'pelct, n. 'oot : vdew : appear-
ance : position in relation to the points
of tlie compass : the situation of one
planet with respect to another, as seen
from the earth. [L. aspeetus — ad, at,
specio, to look.]
ASPEN, asp'en, n. the trembling poplar.—
adj. made of, or like the aspen. [A.S.
(esp. Ger. aS2X.'\
ASPERITY, as-per'i-ti, n., roughness :
harshness. [Fr. — L. asperitas — asper,
rough.]
ASPERSE, as-pers', v.t. to slander or ca-
lumniate. [L. aspergo. -spersmn — ad, to,
on, spargo. to scatter.]
ASPERSION, as-per'shun, n. caliimny :
slander.
ASPHALT, as-falt', ASPHALTUM, as-
falt'um, )(. a hard, bituminous substance,
anciently used as a cement, and now for
paving, etc. — adj. Asphalt'ic. [Gr.
a.'>phaltos, an Eastern word.]
ASPHODEL, as'fo-del, n. a kind of Uly.
[See Daffodil.]
ASPHYXIA, a-sfiks'i-a, n. (lit.) suspended
animation, sutt'ocation. ^ad/. AsPHYX'-
iated. [Gr., a stopping of the pulse — a,
neg., sphyzo, to tlu'ob.]
ASPIRANT, as-plr'ant, n. one who aspires :
a candidate.
ASPIRATE, as'pir-at, v.t. to pronounce
with a full breathing, as the letter h in
house. — n. a mark of aspiration ( ' ) : an
aspirated letter. — n. ASPIRATION, as-pir-
a'shun. n. pronunciation of a letter with
a full bi-eathing. [L. ad, and spiro, to
breathe.]
ASPIRE, as-pir', v.i. to desire eagerly : to
aim at high things. — adj. Aspie'ing.—
aclv. Aspir'inglt. — Aspira'tion, n. eager
desiie. [L. aspiro, -atum — ad, to, spiro.
to breathe.]
ASQUAT, a-skwot', adv. in a squat or hud-
dled up manner: coweringly. "Sitting
a.iquat between my mother and sister. '
— Richardson.
ASQUINT, a-skwint', adv. towards the
corner of the eye : obliquely. [Pfx. a.
on, and Squint.]
ASS. as, n. a well-known quadruped of tlie
horse family : (Jig.) a dull, stupid fellow
[A.S. assa. The word, orig. perhaps Se-
mitic, has spread into all the Eur. lang. ;
it is a dim. in all but Eng. — L. as-inus.
Gel-, cx-el.]
ASSAFETIDA. same as Asafetida.
ASSAIL, as-sfd . v.t. to assault : to attack,
— adj. Assail'able. [Fr. assaillir, L,
assilire — ad, upon, and salio, to leap.]
ASSAILANT
ASTRINGENl
ASSAILANT, as-sal'ant, n. one who assails
or attacks.
ASSASSIN, as-sas'sin, n. one who kills by
surprise or secretly. [Fi\ — Ar. haslmhin,
the followers of an Eastern robber-chief,
who fortified themselves for their adven-
tures by hashish, an intoxicating drink
made from hemp.]
ASSASSINATE, as-sas'.sin-at, v.t. to murder
bv surprise or secret assault.
ASSASSINATION, as-sas-sin-a'shun, n. se-
cret murder.
ASSAULT, as-sawlt', v. a sudden attack :
a storming', as oi a town. — v.t. to make
an assault or attack upon. [Fr. assaut,
O. Fi-. asalt — L. ad, upon, sculiis, a leap.
See Assail.]
ASSAY, as-sa', v.t., to examine or weigh
accurately : to determine the amount of
metal in an ore or alloy. — c.i. to attempt :
to essay. — n. the determination of the
quantity of metal in an ore or alloy : the
thing tested. [See Essay.]
ASSEGAI, as'se-ga, n. a spear or javelin
used by the Kaffirs of S. Africa. [Sp.
azagaya — Ar. al-khaziq.}
ASSEMBLAGE, as-sem'blaj, n. a collection
of persons or tilings.
ASSEJIBLE, as-sem'bl, v.t. to call or bring
to the same place, or together : to collect.
— v.i. to meet together. [Fi\ assembler.
Low Lat. assimulare — L. ad, to, simul,
together, at the same time ; Gr. homos,
A.S. sam, same ; Sans, .saw, together.]
ASSEMBLY, as-sem'bli, ii. a collection of
individuals assembled in the same place
for any purpose.
ASSENT, as.-sent', v.i., to thinhimth : agree.
— n. an agreeing or acquiescence : com-
pUance. — adv. Assent'ingly. [L. — ad,
to. sentio, to think.]
ASSERT, as-sert', v.t. to declare strongly:
to affirm. [L. assero, assertum, to lay
hold of, declare — ad, to, sero, to join,
knit.]
ASSERTION, as-ser'shim, n. affirmation.
ASSESS, as-ses', v.t. to fix the amount of,
as a tax : to tax : to fix the value or
profits of, for taxation : to estimate. —
adj. Assess' ABLE. [Fr. asseob — L. assi-
dere, assessum, to sit by, esp. of judges
in a court (in Low L. to set, fix a tax),
from ad, to, sedeo, to sit.]
ASSESSMENT, as-ses'ment, n. act of assess-
ing : a valuation for the purpose of taxa-
tion : a tax.
ASSESSOR, as-ses'or, n. a legal adviser who
sits beside a magistrate. — adj. AsSESSO-
RiAL, as-ses-6'ri-al. [See Assess.]
ASSETS, as'sets, n.pl. the property of a
deceased or insolvent person, considered
as chargeable for all debts, etc. : the en-
tire property of all sorts belonging to a
merchant or to a trading association.
[M.E. aseth, Fr. assez, enough — L. ad, to,
sati^, enough.]
ASSEVERATE, as-seVer-at, v.t. to declare
seriou-ili/ or solemnly. — n. Asseveea'tion.
[L. a-ssevero, -atum — ad, to, severus, seri-
ous. See Severe.]
ASSEVERATORY, as-sev'er-a-to-ri, adj.
of the nature of an asseveration : sol-
emnly or positively affirming or .aver-
ring " After divers warm and assevera-
tory answers made by Mr. Atkins, the
captain stopped short in his walk." —
Roger Tiorth.
ISSLBILATION. a-sib'i-la'shon, n. the act
of making sibilant : specifically, in philol.
the assimilation of a dental or guttm-al
consonant wth a following t-sound, as in
the word nation, in wliich in pronunciar
tion the ti is assibilated.
ASSIDUITY, as-sid-u'i-ti, n. constant ap-
plication or diligence. [L. assiduitas—
assiduHx See ASSIDUOUS.]
ASSIDUOUS, aa-sid'u-us, adj. constant or
unwearied in application : diligent. — adv.
Assid'uously. — n. Assid'uousness. [L.
assiduus, sitting close at — ad, to, at,
sedeo, to sit.]
ASSIGN, as-sin', v.t., to sign or mark out to
one : to allot : to appoint : to allege : to
transfer. — n. one to whom any property
or right is made over. — Assignable, as-
sin'a-bl, adj. that may be assigned. [Fr.
assigner — L. assignare, to mai-k out — ad,
to, sigmim.. a mark or sign.]
ASSIGNATION, as-sig-na'shun, n. an ap-
pointment to meet, used chiefly of love-
appointments : the making over of any-
thing to another.
ASSIGNEE, as-sin-e', n. one to whom any
right or property is assigned i^pJ. the
trustees of a sequestrated estate.
ASSIGN3IENT, as-sin'ment, n. act of as-
signing : anytliing assigned : the writing
by which a transfer is made.
ASSIMILATE, as-sim'il-at, v.t., to make
similar or like to : to convert into a like
substance, as food in our bodies. — n. As-
similation. [L. assimilo, -atum — ad, to,
similis, Uke.]
ASSIMILATI^^E, as-sim'U-at-iv, adj. hav-
ing the power or tendency to assimilate.
ASSIST, as-sist', v.t. to help. [L. assisto,
to stand by — ad, to, sisto, Gr. histemi, to
make to stand.]
ASSISTANCE, as-sist'ans, n. help : relief.
ASSISTANT, as-sist'ant, adj. helping or
lending aid. — n. one who assists: a
helper.
ASSIZE, as-slz', v.t., to assess : to set or fix
the quantitj' or price. — n. a statute set-
tUng the weight, measure, or price of
anything : — pi. the sessions or sittings of
a court held in English and Canadian
counties twice a year, at wliich causes
are tried bj- a judge and jury. [O. FV.
assise, an assemblv of judges, a set rate
— asseoir — L. assicleo.']
ASSIZER, as-slz'er, n. an officer who in-
spects weights and measures.
ASSOCIATE, as-so'shi-at, v.t. to join with,
as a friend, or partner : to unite in the
same body. — v.i. to keep companj' with :
to combine or unite. [L. associo — ad, to,
socius, a companion.]
ASSOCIATE, as-so'shi-at, adj. joined or
connected with. — n. one joined or con-
nected with another : a companion,
friend, partner, or ally.
ASSOCIATION, as-so-shi-a'shun, n., act of
associating : union or combination : a
society of persons joined together to pro-
mote some object.
ASSOILZIE, as-soil'ye, v. to free one ac-
cused from a charge : a Scotch law term,
the same as the archaic assoil, to absolve
from sin, discharge, pardon. [Tlirough
Fr. from L. absolvere.\
ASSONANCE, as'son-ans, n. a correspond-
ence in sound : in Sp. and Port, poetry,
a kind of rhjiue, consisting in the coin-
cidence of the vowels of the correspond-
ing syllables, without regard to the con-
sonants. [L. ad, to, sonans, sounding.]
ASSONANT, as'son-ant, adj. resembling m
sound.
ASSORT, as-sort', v.t. to separate into
classes : to arrange. — v.i. to agree or be
in accordance with. [Fr. assortir — L.
ad, to, sors, a lot.]
ASSORTMENT, as-sorfmcnt, n. act of as-
sorting : quantity or number of things
assorted : variety.
ASSUAGE, as-swaj', v.t. to soften, miti-
gate, or allay. — v.i. to abate or subside.
[O. Ft., formed as if from a L. assua-
vinre — suavis. mild.]
ASSUAGEMENT, as-swaj'ment, n. abate-
ment : mitigation.
ASSUASIVE, as-swa'siv, a4J- softening,
mild. [See Suasivb.]
ASSUME, as-sum', v.t. to take upon ones
self : to take for granted : to arrogate :
to pretend to possess. — v.i. to claim un-
duly : to be arrogant. [L. — ad, to, suvio,
suviptiim, to take.]
ASSUMING, as-suni'ing, adj. haughty :
arrogant.
ASSUMPTION, as-sum'shun,n. act of
assuming : a supposition. [L. See As
SUME.]
ASSURANCE, ash-shoor'ans, n. confi.
dence : feehng of certainty : impudence :
positive declaration : insurance, as ap-
plied to lives.
ASSURE, ash-shoor', v.t. to make sure ->>•
secure : to give confidence : to tell posi-
tively : to insure. [Fr. assurer — ad, and
sur. sure. See Sure.]
ASSURED, ash-shoord', adj. certain : with-
out doubt : insured : overbold. — adv.
Assur'edly. — n. Assur'edness.
ASSYRIOLOGIST, as-sir'i-ol'o-jist, n. one
skilled in or well acquainted with the
antiquities, language, etc., of ancient
Assyria.
ASTER, as'ter, n. a genus of plants with
compound flowers, like little stars. [Gr.
astPr. a star.]
ASTERISK, as'ter-isk, n. a star, used in
printing, thus * : in the ' Qreek Ch. an
appliance in the form of a star or cross,
with the ends bent to serve as supports,
placed during the Hturgy over the paten
so as to keep the cover of the latter
from touching the sacred bread. [Gr.
asteriskos, dim. of aster, a star.]
ASTERN, a-stern', adv. on the stern : to-
wards the hinder part of a ship : behind.
[See Stern, n.]
ASTEROID, as'ter-oid, n. one of the minor
planets revolving between Mars and
Jupiter. — adj. Asteroid'al. [Gr. aster,
a star, eidos, form.]
ASTHMA, ast'ma, n. a chronic disorder oi
the organs of respiration. [Gr. — ao,
aemi, to breathe hard.]
ASTHMATIC, -AL, ast-mat'ik, -al, a<y
pertaining to or affected by asthma.
ASTONIED, as-ton'id, pa.p. of obs. v
Astony.
ASTONISH, a.s-ton'ish, v.t. to impress with
sudden surprise or wonder : to amaze :
[M. E. astonien, due to a confusion of
A.S. sfunian (see Stun) and O. Fr. es-
tonner (Fi\ etonner) — Low L. extonare,
— L. ex, out, tonare, to thunder.]
ASTONISHING, as-ton'ish-ing, adj. very
wonderful : amazing. — adv. Aston'ish-
INGLY.
ASTONISHMENT, as-ton'ish-ment, n.
amazement : wonder.
ASTOUND, as-townd', v.t. to amaze. [M.E.
astonien : a doublet of Astonish.]
ASTRAGAL, as'tra-gal, n. {arch.) a small
semicircular molding or bead eneirchng
a column : a round molding near the
mouth of a cannon. [Gr. astragalos, cue
of the vertebne, a molding.]
ASTRAKHAN, as'tra-kan, n. a name given
to sheep-sldns with a curled woolly sur-
face obtained from a variety of sheep
found in Bokhara, Persia and SjTia:
also, a rovigh fabric with a pile in imita^
tion of this.
ASTRAL, as'tral, adj. belonging to the
stars : starry. [L. astrtim, a stai- ; conn.
with Star.]
ASTRAY, a-stra', adv. out of the right
wav. [Prefix a, on, and Stray.]
ASTRICTION, as-trik'shun, «. a binding or
contraction. [L. See Astringent.]
ASTRIDE, a-strid', adv. with the legs
apart, or across. [Pfx. a, on, and
ASTRINGENT, as-trinj'ent, adj., binding:
contracting : strengthening : — n. a n.edi>
cine that causes contraction. — adv. As-
ASTROGEXY
23
ATTESTATION
TRTN'O'ENTLT. — n. Astring'exct. [L. as-
tringo — arl. to. stringo. to bind.]
ASTEOGENY, as-troj'e-ni. n. the creation
or evolution of the celestial bodies. H.
Spencer. [Gr. astron, a star, and gennao,
to produce.]
ASTROLABE, as'tro-Iab, n. an instnunent
for measuring' the altitudes of the sun or
stars at sea, now superseded by Hadley's
quadrant and sextant. [Gr. astron, a
star, lab, lambano, I take.]
ASTROLOGER, as-trol'c-jer, n. one versed
in astrolog'v.
ASTROLOGUE, as'tro-log, n. an astrologer.
Tom D'Urfet/.
ASTROLOGY, as-trol'o-ji, n. the infant
stage of the science of the stars (now
called Astronomy) : it was occupied
chiefly in foretelling- events from the
positions of the heavenly bodies. — adj.
AsTROLOG'ic, -AL. — adv. Astrolog'ical-
LY. [Gr. astrologia — astron, star, logos,
knowledge.]
ASTROXOMER, as-tron'o-mer, n. one
versed in a.stronomy.
ASTRONOMY, as-tron'om-i, n. the laws or
science of the stars or heavenly bodies. —
adj. AsTRONOM'ic. — adi\ Astronom'ical-
LT. [Gr. ustronomia — astron, star, nomos,
a law J
ASTUCIOUS, as-tu'shus, adj. designmg:
subtle : astute. " Louis . . . like all n.s-
tucious persons, was as desirous of look-
ing into the hearts of others as of con-
cealing his own." — Sir W. Scott.
ASTUCITY, as-tu'si-ti, ?!. the quality of
being a-stute : astuteness. "With as-
tticity, with swiftness, with audacity." —
Carli/le.
ASTUTE, ast-ut', adj., crafty: cunning:
shrewd : sagacioas. — adv. Astute'lt. —
n. Astute ness. [L. asttttus — astiis,
craft, akin perhaps to Acdte.]
4SUNDER, a-sun'der, adv. apart : into
parts : separately. [Pfx. a = on, and
Sunder.]
ASURA, as'u-ra or arsu'ra, n. in Hind,
myth, one of the demons born from the
thigh of Brahma while the quality of
darkness pervaded his body. Asura is a
general name for all the giants and dem-
ons who composed the enemies of the
gods and the inhabitants of Patala ; and
a special designation for a class of these
of the first order. Garrett.
ASYLtrxi, a-sil'um, n. a place of refuge
for debtors and for such as were accused
of some crime : an institution for the
care or relief of the unfortunate, sucli as
the blind or insane : any place of refuge
or protection. [L. — Gr. asylon — a, priv.,
syle, right of seizure.]
ASYMPTOTE, a'sim-tot, n. (math.) a line
that continually approaches nearer to
some curve witliout ever meeting it. —
adj. AsYMPTOT'iCAL. [Gr. asrjmptotos,
not coinciding — a, not, syn, with, ptotos,
apt to fall — pipto, to fall.]
AT, at, prep, denoting presence, nearness,
or relation. [A.S. cet : cog. with Goth,
and Ice. at, L. ad ; Sans, adhi, on.]
ATAVISM, at'av-izm, n. the recurrence of
any peculiarity or disease of an aticestor
in a later generation. [L. atavus — avus,
a grandfather.]
ATE, at or et, did eat, pat. of Eat.
A.THANASIAN, ath-a-naz'yan, adj. relat-
ing to Athanasius, or to the ci-eed attrib-
uted to him.
ATHEISM, a'the-izm, n. disbelief in the
existence of God. [Fr. atheisme — Gr. a,
priv. and tkeos. God.]
ATHEIST, a'the-ist. n. one who disbelieves
in the existence of God.
ATHEISTIC, -AL, a-the-ist'ik, -al, adj. re-
lating to or containing atheism. — adv.
Atheist'ically.
ATHEN^LTM, ATHENEUM. ath-e-ne'um,
n. a temple of Athena or Minerva at
Athens, in which scholars and poets
read their works : a public institution
for lectures, reading, etc. [Gr. Athe-
naion — Athena or Athene, the goddess
Minerva.]
ATHENIAN, a-the'ni-an, adj.. relating to
Athens, the capital of Greece. — n. a nar
five of Athens.
ATHERMANCY, a-ther'man-si, n. the
power or property of absorbing radiant
heat : corresponding to opacity in the
case of light ; as, the athermanci/ of ole-
fiant gas and of other compound gases.
Prof. Tyndall. [Gr. a, priv.jandrtenHai-
MO. I heat.]
ATHIRST, a-therst', adj., thirsty: eager
for. [A.S. of, very, and Thirst.]
ATHLETE, ath'let, n., a contender for vic-
torj- in feats of strength : one vigorous
in body or mind. [Gr. athletes — athlos,
contest.]
ATHLETIC, ath-let'ik, adj. relatmg to ath-
letics : strong, ^^gorous.
ATHLETICS, ath-let'iks, n. the art of
wrestling, running, etc. : athletic exer-
cises.
ATHROB, a^throb', adj. or adv. throbbing :
in a throbbing or palpitating state or
manner. E. B. Browning.
ATHWAJRT, a-thwawrt', 2>^ep. across. —
adv. sidewise : wrongly : perplexingly.
[Prefix a, on, and Tetwart.]
ATLANTEAN. at-lan-te'an. adj., relating
to, or like Atlas: strong: gigantic. [See
Atlas.]
ATL ANTES, at-lan'tez, n.pl, figures of
men used instead of columns. [From
Atlas.]
ATLANTIC, at-lan'tik, adj. pertaining to
Atlas, or to the Atlantic Ocean. — ?i. the
ocean between Europe, Africa, and Amer-
ica. [From Movmt Atlas, in the north-
w^est of Africa.]
ATT, AS, at'las, n. a collection of maps.
[Gr. Atlas (the bearer), a god who bore
the world on his shoidders, and whose
figure used to be given on the title-page
of atla.ses — prob. from a (euphonic), and
tlao, to bear.]
ATMOSPHERE, at'mo-sfer, n. the air that
siu-rounds the earth : {fig.) any surround-
ing influence. [Gr. atmos, air, sphaira,
a sphere.]
ATMOSPHERIC, -AL, at-mo-sfer'ik. -al,
adj. of or depending on the atmosphere.
ATOLE, a'tol, n. Indian corn gruel. [Sp.]
ATOM, at'om, n. a particle of matter so
small that it cannot be cut or divided :
anything very small. — adjs. Atomic,
a-tom'ik, Atomical, a-tom'ik-al. [Gr.
atomos — a, not, temnb, to cut.]
ATOMISM, at'om-izm, n. the doctrine that
atoms arranged themselves into the uni-
verse.
ATOMIST, at'om-ist, n., one who believes in
atomism.
ATONE, at-on', v.i. (with /or) to give satis-
faction or make reparation. — v.t. to ex-
piate. [At and one, as if to set at one,
reconcile ; the old pronunciation of one
is here preserved, as in only.l
ATONEMENT, at-6n'ment, n. the act of
atoning : reconciliation : expiation : repar
ration.
ATRABILIARY, at-ra-bil'yar-i, adj. of a
melancholy temperament : hj-pochon-
driac. [L. ater, atra, black, bdis, gall,
bile. See Bele.]
ATROCIOUS, a-tro'shus, adj. extremelv
CTniel or "nicked : heinous. — adv. Atro -
ciousLT. — n. Atro'ciousness. [L. atrox,
atroci.i, cruel.]
ATROCITY, a-tros'i-ti, n. shocking wicked-
ness or cruelty.
ATROPHY, a'trof-i, n. a wasting away
from want of noiu-Lshment owing to
some defect in the organs of nutrition,
[Gr. a. priv., and trophe, nourishment.
ATTACH, at-tach', v.t. to bind or fasten :
to seize : to gain over. [Fr. attacher,
from a ( — L. ad) and Tack. J
ATTACHABLE, at-tach'a-bl, adj. that may
be attaclied.
ATTACHE, at-tash-a', n. a young diplo-'
matist attached to the suite of an am- ■
bassador. [Fi'.]
ATTACHMENT, at-tach'raent, m. a bond of
fldeUty or affection : the seizure of any
one's goods or person by virtue of a legal
process.
ATTACK, at-tak', v.t. to fall upon vio-
lently : to assault : to assail with un-
friendly words or writing. — n. an assault
or onset: severe criticism or calumny.
[Fr. attaquer. See Attach, of which it
Ls a doubtlet.]
ATTAIN, at-tan', v.t. to reach or gain by
effort : to obtain. — v.i. to come or aiTive :
to reach. [Fr. atteindre — L. attingo, -ere
— ad, to, tango, to touch.]
ATTAINABILITY, at-tan-a-bil'i-ti, n. state
of being attainable.
ATTAINABLE, at-tan'a-bl, adj. that may
be reached. — n. Attain' ablesess.
ATTAINDER, at-tan'der, n. act of attaint-
ing: (latv) loss of civil rights through
conviction for high treason. [Fr. at-
teindre, to come to, reach ; O. Fi% attain-
dre, to convict, from L. attingo. See
Attain.]
ATTAINJIENT, at-tan'ment, n, act of at-
taining : the thing attained : acquisition.
ATTAINT, at-tant', v.t. to convict : to de-
prive of rights for being convicted of
treason. [See Attainder, Attain.]
ATTAR OF ROSES. See Otto.
ATTEMPER, at-tem'per, vJ. to mix in due
proportion : to modify or moderate ; to
adapt. [L. attempero — ad, to, and tern-
pcro. See TEMPER.]
ATTEMPT, at-temt', v.t., to try or en-
deavor : to make an effort or attack
upon. — v.i. to make an attempt or trial.
— n. a trial : endeavor or effort. [Fr.
attenter — L. attenio—ad, and tenijjto,
tento. to trv — tendo, to stretch.]
ATTEND, at-tend', v.t. to give heed to : to
wait on or accompany : to be present at :
to wait for. — t».i. to yield attention : to
wait. [L. attendo — ad, to, tendo, to
stretch.]
ATTENDANCE, at-tend'ans, n. act of at-
tending : presence : the persons attend-
ing.
ATTENDANT, at-tend'ant, adj. giving at-
tendance : accompanving. — n. one who
attends or accompanies : a servant :
what accompanies or foUows.
ATTENT, at-tent', adj. (B.) giving atten-
tion.
ATTENTION, at-ten'shun, n. act of attend-
ing : steady application of the mind :
heed : care. [L. atte)itio — attendo. See
Attend.]
ATTENTIVE, at-tent'iv, adj. fuU of atten-
tion : mindful. — adv. Attent'ively. — n.
Attent'iveness.
ATTENUATE, at-ten'u-at, v.t., to make
thin or lean : to break down into finer
parts. — v.i. to become thin or fine : tc
grow less. [L. attenvo, -aturn — ad tc
tennis, thin.]
ATTENUATE, at-ten'u-at, ATTENUATED
at-t<m'€i-at-ed, acy. made thin or slender r
made less viscid. — re. Attenuation, at-
ten-ii-a'shun.
ATTEST, at-test', v.t., to testify or bear
untness to : to afiSrm : to give proof of,
to manifest. [L. attestor — ad, to, testis.
a witness.]
ATTESTATION, at-test-a'shun, n. act of
attesting.
ATTIC
24
AUROCHS
ATTIC, at'ik, adj., pertaining to Attica or
to Athens : chaste, elegant. — n. Att'ic-
ISM. a chaste, elegant expression. [L.
attieus — Gr.J
ATTIC, at'ik, w. {ai'ch.) a low story above
the cornice that terminates the main
part of an elevation : a sky-lighted room
in the roof of a house. [Ety. dub.]
A.TTIRE, at-tir', v.t. to dress, array, or
adorn : to prepare. — n. dress : orna-
mental dress : (B.) a woman's head-dress.
[O. Fi'. atirer, from a^ad, and a Teut.
root found in Ger. zier, ornament, A.S.
tir. si^lendor. See TiRE, dress.]
ATTITUDE, at'ti-tud, ?;. posture or posi-
tion : gesture. — adj. Attitud'INAI,. [Fr.,
from It. attitudine, a fit position — L.
aptitudo — apfus, fit.]
ATTITUDINIZE, at-ti-tud'in-iz, v.i. to as-
sume affected attitudes.
ATTORNEY, at-tur'ni, n. one legally au-
thorized to act for another : one legally
quaMfied to manage cases in a court of
law ; a solicitor : a soUcitor or attorney
prepares cases and does general law busi-
ness, while a barrister pleads before the
courts : — pi. Attor'neys. — n. ATTORNEY-
SHIP, at-tm-'ni-ship. [O. Fr. atorne, Low
L. attornattis — atorno, to commit busi-
ness to another — L. ad, to, and torno, to
turn.]
ATTORNEY-GENERAL, at-tur'ni-
jen'er-al, n. in England, the chief law-
officer of the crown, whose duty it is to
manage cases in which the crown is
interested : in the United States, one of
the President's Cabinet, who is the legal
adx-iser of the Government, and must
represent the United States in all suits
brought against it. The individual
States have an officer with similar duties.
ATTRACT, at-trakt', v.t., to draw to or
cause to approach : to allure : to entice.
[L. attraho, attractus — ad, to, traho, to
draw.]
ATTRACTABLE, at-trakt'a-bl, adj., that
may be attracted. — 7i. Attractabil'ity.
ATTRACTION, at-trak'shun, n., act of at-
tracting : the force which draws or tends
to draw bodies or their particles to each
other : that which attracts.
ATTRACTIVE, at-trak-t'iv, adj., having the
power of attracting : alluring. — advs.
ATTRACT'rvELY, Attract'ingly. — n. At-
TRACT'rVENESS.
ATTRACTIVITY, at-trak-tiVi-ti, n. attrac-
tive power or influence.
ATTRIBUTE, at-trib'ut, v.t. to ascribe:
assign, or consider as belonging. — adj.
Attrib'utable. [L. attribuo, -tributum
— 17(/. to, tribuo, to give.]
ATTRIBUTE, at'trib-ut, n. that which is
attributed : that which is inherent in :
that wliich can be predicated of any-
thing : a quality or property.
ATTRIBUTION, at-trib-u'shun, n. act of
attributing : that which is attributed :
commendation.
ATTRIBUTIVE, at-trib'ut-iv, adj. express-
ing an attribute. — n. a word denoting an
attribute.
ATTRIST, a-trist', v.t. to grieve : to sad-
den. " How then could I write when it
was impossible but to attrist you 1 when
I could speak of nothing but unparallel-
sd horrors." — H. Walpole. [Preflx at
for ad, and L. fristis, sad.]
ATTRITION, at-trish'un, w. the rubbing
of one thing against another : a wearing
bv friction. fL. ad, and tero, tritum, to
rubj
ATTUNE, at-tun', v.t., to put in tune: to
make one sound accord with another : to
arrange fitly. [L. ad, to, and Tune.]
AUBADE, o-bad, n. open-air music per-
formed at daybreak, generallv at the
door, or under the window, of the person
whom it is intended to honor. [Fr.]
Distinguished from Serenade (which
see). Longfellow.
AUBURN, aw'burn, adj. reddish brown.
[The old meaning was a hght yellow, or
lightish hue ; Low L. alburnus, whitish
— L. albus, white.]
AUCTION, awk'shun, ?i. a pubUc sale in
which one bidder iiicreases the price
on another, and the articles go to him
who bids highest. [L. auctio, an increas-
ing— augeo, auctum, to increase.]
AUCTIONEER, awk-shun-er', one who is
licensed to sell by auction.
AUDACIOUS, aw-da'shus, adj., daring:
bold : impudent. — adr. Auda'ciously. —
ns. Auda'ciousness, Audacity, aw-das'i-
ti. [Fr. audaeieux — L. audax — audeo,
to darej
AUDIBLE, awd'i-bl, adj., able to be heard.
— adv. Aud'ibly. — n. Aud'ebleness [L.
audibilis — audio, to hear, conn, with Gr.
ous, otos, the ear.]
AUDIENCE, awd'i-ens, n. the act of hear-
ing : admittance to a hearing : an as-
sembly of hearers.
AUDIENT, aw'di-ent, adj. playing the
part of a hearer : listening. E. B. Brown-
ing. [L. audiens, hearing. See Audi-
ence.]
AUDIOMETER, aw-di-om'et-er, n. an in-
strument, among the constituted parts
of which are an induction-coil, a micro-
phone key, and a telephone, devised to
measure ■with precision the sense of hear-
ing. [L. audio, to hear, and Gr. metron,
measure.]
AUDIOMETRIC, aw'di-o-met'rik, adj. of
or pertaining to audiometry.
AUDIOMETRY, aw-di-om'et-ri, n. the test-
ing of the sense of hearing, especially by
means of the audiometer.
AUDIPHONE, aVdi-fon, n. an acoustic
instrument by means of which deaf per-
sons are enabled to hear, and even deaf-
mutes can be taught to hear and to
speak. The essential part of the instru-
ment is a fan-shaped plate of hardened
caoutchouc which is very sensitive to the
influence of sound waves. The sufferer
from deafness holds the instrument in
his hand and touches the top-edge against
his upper teeth ; and the sounds are col-
lected and conveyed by the teeth to the
auditory nerve without having to pass
through the external ear. [L. audio, to
hear, and Gr. phone, a sound.]
AUDIT, awd'it, n. an examination of ac-
counts by one or more duly authorized
persons. — v.t. to examine and adjust.
[L. auditus, a hearing — audio, to hear.
See Audible.]
AUDITOR, awd'it-or, n., a hearer: one
who audits accounts. — n. Aud'itorship.
AUDITORIUM, awd-it-or'i-um, n. in an
opera-house, public hall, or the like, the
space allotted to the hearers.
AUDITORY, awd'it-or-i, adj. relating to
the sense of hearing. — n. an audience : a
place where lectures, etc., are heard.
AUGEAN, aw-je'an, adj. filthy : difficult.
[From Augeas, a fabled king of Elis in
Greece, whose stalls, containing 3,000
cattle, and uncleaned for 30 years, were
cleaned by Hercules in one day.]
AUGER, aw'ger, n. a carpenter's tool used
for boring holes in wood. [A corr. of
nauger, A.S. nafegar — nafu, a nave of a
wheel, gar, a piercer. See Nave (of a
wheel), GrORE, a triangular piece.]
AUGHT, awt, n. a ivhit : ought : anything :
a part. [A.S. airiht — a, short for an,
one, and inht, a wight, a thing.]
AUGMENT, awg-ment', v.t. to increase : to
make larger. — v.i. to grow larger. [L.
augmentum, increase — augeo, to increase,
Gr. au^atiO.]
AUGMENT, awg'ment, n. increase : (gram.)
a prefix to a word.
AUGMENTATION, awg-ment-a'shun, n.
increase : addition.
AUGMENTATIVE, awg-ment'at-iv, adj.
having the quality or power of aug-
menting.— n. (gram.) a word formed
from another to express increase of its
meaning.
AUGUR, aw'gur, n. among the Romans,
one who foretold events by observing
the flig-ht and the cries of birds : a
diviner : a soothsayer. — v.t. to foretell
from signs. — v.i. to guess or conjecture.
[L., prob. from avis, bird, and root gar,
in L. garrire, to chatter, Sans, gir,
speech.]
AUGURY, aw'gur-i, n. the art or practice
of auguring : an omen. — adj. AuGURAL,
aw'gur-al. [L. augurium — atigur.'\
AUGUST, aw-gust', adj. venerable : im-
posing : majestic. — adv. August'ly. — n.
August'ness. [L. augustus — augeo, to
increase, honor.]
AUGUST, aw'gust, n. the eighth month of
the year, so called after C^sar Augustus,
one of the Roman emperors.
AUGUSTAN, aw-gust'an, adj. pertaining
to Augustus (nephew of Julius Caesar,
and one of the greatest Roman emper-
ors) or to the time in which he lived :
classic * refined
AUGUSTINE, aw-gust'in, AUGUSTINIAN,
aw-gus-tin'i-an, n. one of an order of
monks, so called from St. Augustine. '
AUK, awk, n. a web-footed sea-bird, found
in the Northern Seas. [Low L. alca,
Ice. cdka.'\
AULIC, awi'ik, adj. pertaining to a royal
court. [L. aulicus — aula, Gr. a^de, a
royal court.]
AUNT, ant, n. a father's or a mother's
sister. [O. Fr. ante — L. aniita, a father's
sister.]
AURELIA, awr-el'ya, n. the chrysalis of
an insect, from its golden color. [L. au-
rum, gold.]
AUREOLA, awr-eo-la, AUREOLE, awr'e-
61, n., the gold-colored light or halo vi^ith
wliich painters surround the head of
Christ and the saints. [L. aureolus, dim.
of aureus, golden.]
AURICLE, awr'i-kl, n. the external ear : —
pi. the two ear-like cavities of the heart.
[L. auricida, dim. of auris, the ear.]
AURICOMOUS, awr'ik-o-mus, adj. 1, hav-
ing golden hair : 3, applied to a prepara-
tion which gives a golden hue to the
hair. Lord Lytton. [L. aurum, gold,
and coma, hair.]
AURICULA, awr-ik'iil-a, n. a species of
primrose, also called bear's-ear, from the
shape of its leaf.
AURICULAR, awr-ik'ul-ar, adj., pertain-
ing to the ear : known by hearing, or by
report. — Auricular confession, secret,
told in the ear. — adv. Auric'CLAhly.
[See Auricle.]
AURICULATE, awr-ik'ul-at, adj., ear-
shaped. [Low L. auriculatus — ^L. auri-
cida.]
AURIFEROUS, awr-ifer-us, adj., bearing
or Yielding gold. [L. aurifer — aurum,
golcl, fero, to bear.]
AURIFIC, aviT-Lf'ik, adj. capable of trans-
muting substances into gold : gold-mak-
ing. " Some experiments made vfitb. an
aurifio powder." — Southey. [L. aurum,
gold, and facio, to make.]
AURIFORM, awr'i-form, aM., ear-shaped.
[L. auris, ear, and Form. J
AURIST, awr'ist, n. one skiUed in diseases
of the ear.
AUROCHS, awr'oks, n. the Eui-opean bison
or wild ox. [Ger. auerochs, O. Ger.
urohso — Ger. ur (L. urns, Gr. cmros). a
kind of wild ox, and oehs, ex.]
AURORA
25
AVOCATION
AURORA, aw-ro'ra, 7i. the dawn : ia
po*try, the goddess of dawn. [L. for
a K.wisa : cog. with Gr. eos : from a root
seen in Sans, usli, to burn.]
AURORA BOREALIS, aw-ro'ra bo-re-a'lis,
n.. the northern aurora or light: a me-
teor seen in northern latitudes. — Aurora
AUSTRALIS, a ws-tra'Us, n . a meteor in the
S. hemisphere. [L. boreaUs, northern
— horeas, the nortli wind. See Austral.]
AURORAL, aw-ro'ral, adj. relating to the
aurora.
AUSCULTATION, aws-kult-a'shun, it. the
art of discovering diseases of the lungs
and heart by applj'ing the ear to the
chest, or to a tube in contact %\-ith the
chest. [L. ausculto. to listen, from ausi-
eiila for auricula. See Auricle.]
AUSCULTATORY, aws-kult'a-tor-i, adj.
r-i'lating to auscultation.
AUSONLAN, aws-o'ni-an, adj. of or per-
taining to Italy or the Italians. Long-
fellow. (Poetical.) [L. *4 iisoni a, a poetical
term for the whole Italian peninsula,
ft'om Ausones, the name g^ven to the
primitive inhabitants of middle and
lower Italy.]
AUSPICE, aw'spis, n. an omen drawn from
observing birds : augury — generally used
in 2)1. Auspices, aw'spis-ez, protection :
patronage. [Fr. — L. auspicium — aiispex,
auspici^, a bird-seer, from avis, a bird,
sijccio, to observe.]
AUSPICIOUS, aw-spish'us, adj. having
good auspices or omens of success : favor-
able : fortunate. — adi\ Auspi'ciouslt. —
It. AUSPI'CIOUSNESS.
AUSTERE, aws-ter', adj. harsh : severe :
stern. — adv. Austere'ly. [L. aiisterus —
Gr. (nisteros — auo, to dry.
AUSTERENESS, aws-ter'nes, AUSTER-
ITY, aws-ter'it-i, ?i. quaUty of being
austere : severity of manners or life :
harshness.
AUSTRAL, aws'tral, adj., southern. [L.
australis — auster, the south wind.]
AUSTRALASIAN, aws-tral-a'shi-an, adj.,
pertaining to Australasia, or the coun-
tries that lie to the south of Asia.
AUSTRALIAN, aws-trali-an, adj., of or
pertaining to Australia, a large island
between the Indian and Pacific Oceans. —
n. a native of Australia.
AUSTRIAN, aws'tri-an, adj., of or pertain-
ing to Austria, an empire of Central
Europe. — n. a native of Austria.
AUTHENTIC, -AL, aw-thent'ik, -al, adj.
having authority or genuineness as if
from the author's own hand: original:
genuine : true. — adv. Authen'tically.
[Gr. authentSs, one who does anything
with his own hand — autos, self.]
AUTHENTICATE, aw-thent'ik-at, v.t. to
make authentic : to prove genuine.
AUTHENTICATION, aw-thent-ik-a'shun,
n. act of authenticating : confirmation.
AUTHENTICITY, aw-thent-is'it-i, »i. qual-
ity of being authentic : genuineness.
AUTTHOR, a^vth'or, n., one who originates
or brings into being : a beginner or first
mover : the writer of an original book : —
fern. Auth'oress. [Fr. auteur, L. auctor
— augeo, auctum, to cause things to in-
crease, to produce.]
AUTHORITATIVE, awth-or'it-at-iv, adj.
having authority : dictatorial. — adv.
Author'itatively. — n. Author'itative-
NESS.
AUTHORITY, awth-or'it-i, n. legal power
or right : power derived from office or
character : weight of testimony : permis-
sion : — pi. Author'ITIES, precedents :
opinions or saj'ings carrying weight :
persons in power.
AUTHORIZE. a^vth'or-Iz, v.t. to give au-
thority to : to sanction : to establish by
authority.— >i. Aithoriza'tion.
AUTHORSHIP, awth'or-ship, n. state of
being an author.
AUTOBIOGRAPHER, aw-to-bl-og'raf-er,
n. one wlio writes his own life.
AUTOBIOGRAPHY, aw-to-bi-og'raf-i, n.,
the biography or life of a person written
by hii/i.-ielf. — adjs. Autobiograph'ic, Au-
tobioguaph'ical. [Gr. autos one's self,
bios, life, grapho, to write.]
AUTOCRACY, aw-tok'ras-i, n. an absolute
government by one man : despotism.
[Gr. autos, self, kratos, power.]
AUTOCRAT, aw'to-krat, n. one who rules
by his own power : an absolute sovereign.
— adj. Autocrat'ic. [Gr. autokrates —
autos, self, kratos, power.]
AUTO-DA-FE, aw'to-da-fa', n. the execu-
tion of persons who were condemned by
the Inquisition to be burned :—pl. Autos-
da-fe. [Port., from auto, L. actus, act ;
da, L. de, of ; and fe, L. jides, faith — an
act of faith.]
AUTOGONY, aw-tog'o-ni, n. the genera-
tion of simple organisms fi'om an in-
organic formative fluid. Rossiter. [Gr.
autos, self, and gone, generation, birth.]
AUTOGRAPH, aw'to-graf, n., one's oivn
haxiAwriting : a signature. — adj. AUTO-
graph'ic. [Gr. autos, self, graphe,
writing.]
AUTOKINETICAL, aw'tO-ld-net'i-kal, adj.
self-moving. Dr. H. More. [Gr. autos,
self, and kineo, to move.]
AUTOMATISM, aw-tom'at-izm, 71. auto-
matic action : power of self-moving.
AUTOMATIZE, aw-tom'a-tiz, v.t. to make
an automaton or self-acting machine of.
"A god-created man, all but abnegating
the character of man ; forced to exist,
automatized, mummy-wise ... as Gen-
tleman or Gigman." — Carlyle.
AUTOMATON, aw-tom'a-ton, n., a self-
moving macliine, or one which moves by
concealed macliinery : — -jjZ. Autom'atons
or Autom'ata. — adjs. Automat'ic, Auto-
mat'ical. [Gr. automatos, self-moving
— autos, self, and a stem mat-, to strive
after, to move.]
AUTONOMIST, aw-ton'o-mist, n. one who
advocates or favors the principle of
autonomy.
AUTONOMY, aw-ton'om-i, n. the power or
right of self-government. — adj. Auton'-
OMOUS, self-governing. [Gr. — autos, and
nomos, law.]
AUTOPSY, aw'top-si, n., personal inspec-
tion, esp. the examination of a body after
death. [Gr. — autos, self, and opsis,
sight.]
AUTORIAL, aw-to'ri-al, adj. of or pertain-
ing to an author. "Testing the autorial
power." — Poe.
AUTOTHEISM, aw-to-the'izm, n. the wor-
ship of one's self ; excessive self-esteem.
Nineteenth Century.
AUTOTHEIST, aw-to-the'ist, n. one given
to autotheism ; one who makes a god of
himself. " He begins to mistake more
and more the voice of that very flesh of
his, which he fancies he has conquered,
for the voice of God, and to become witli-
out knowing it an autotheist." — Kingsley.
AUTUMN, aw'tum, n. the third season of
the year wlien fruits are gathered in,
popularly comprising the months of
August, September, and October. — adj.
Autum'nal. [L. autmnnus, auctumnus
— augeo, auctum, to increase, to produce.]
AUXILIAR, awg-zil'i-ar. 71. an auxiliary.
" My au.viliars and aUies."— Sir. H. Tay-
lor.
AUXILIARY, awg-zil'yar-i, adj. helping,
-^n. a helper : an assistant : (gram.) a
verb that helps to form the moods and
tenses of other verbs. [L. — auxilium,
help — augeo. to increase.]
AVAIL, a-val', v.t., to be of value or service
to . 1,0 benefit. — v.i. to be of use : to an-
swer- the purpose. — n. benefit : profit :
ser'/ice. — Avails, profits : proceeds.
(A_ner.) [Fr. — L. ad, to, valeo, to be
strong, to be worth.]
AVAILABLE, a-val'a-bl, adj. that one may
avail one's self of : profitable : suitable,
— adv. Avail' ABLY.
A VAILABLENESS, a-val'a-bl-nes, AVAUr
ABILITY, a-val-a-bil'i-ti, n. quaUty of
being available : power in promoting an
end in view : validity.
AVALANCHE, av'al-ansh, n. a mass of
snow and ice sliding down from a moun-
tain : a snow-sUp. [Fr. — avaler, to sUp
down — L. ad, to, vallis, a valley.]
AVARICE, av'ar-is, n. eager desire for
wealth : covetousness. [Fr. — L. avaritia
—avarus, greedy — aveo. to pant after.]
AVARICIOUS, av-ar-ish'us, adj. extremely
covetous : greedy. — adv. Avari'CIOUSLY.
— 71. AVARl'CIOUSNESS.
AVAST, a-vast', int. (naut.) hold fast!
stop ! [Dut. ho7id vast, hold fast.]
AVATAR, a-va-tiir', })., the descent of a
Hindu deity in a visible form : incarna-
tion. [Sans. — ava, away, down, and tara,
passage — tri, to cross.]
AVAUNT, arvawnf, int. move on : be-
gone ! [Fr. ava7it, forward — L. ab,
from, a7ite, before.]
AVE, a've, Ji., be well or happy: hail, an
address or prayer to the Virgin Mary : in
full, Ai^e Mari'a. [L. aveo, to be well or
propitious.]
AVENGE, a-venj', v.t. (B.) to inflict pun-
ishment for. — n. AVENGEMENT, a-venj'-
ment. [Fr. venger — L. vindicare. See
Vengeance.]
AVENGER, a-venj'er, n. one who avenges.
AVENOUS, a-ve'nus, adj. in bot. wanting
veins or nerves, as the leaves of certain
plants.
AVENUE, aVen-u, n. an alley of trees
leading to a house : in Amer. a wide
street. [Fr., from L. ad, to, venio, to
come.]
AVER, a-ver', v.t. to declare to be true:
to affirm or declare positively : — pr.p.
averr'ing ; pa.p. averred'. [Fr. avirei —
L. ad, and vents, true.]
AVERAGE, aver-aj, n. the mean value or
quantity of a number of values or quan-
tities.— adj. containing a mean value. —
v.t. to fix an average. — v.i. to exist in, or
form, a mean quantity. [Low L. aver-
agiiim, carrying service due to a lord by
his tenants with their averia or cattle ;
loss, expense in carrjang — averium,
" havings," goods, cattle — ^O. Fr. aver —
L. habere, to have ; confused with Dut.
averij, Fi\ avarie — Ar. awar, damage ;
hence a contribution towards damage to
a cargo formerly levied on each mer-
chant in proportion to the goods car-
1-ied.]
AVERMENT, a-ver'ment, n. positive asser-
tion.
AVERSE, a-vers', adj. having a disincMna-
tion or hatred : disUking. — adv. Averse'-
LY. — n. Averse'ness. [L. aversus, turned
away, pa.p. of averto. See A\T5RT.]
AVERSION, a-ver'shun, n. disUke : hatred :
the object of disUke. [See Avert.]
AVERT, a-vert', v.t. to tumfroni or aside :
to prevent. [L. averto — ab, from, verto,
to turn.]
AVIARY, a'vi-ar-i, n. a place for keeping
birds. JL. aviarium — avis, a bird.
AVICUL'TURE, a'vi-kul-tur, n. the breed-
ing and rearing of birds. Baird.
AVIDITY, a-vid'it-i, n. eagerness : greedi-
ness. [L. aviditas — avidxis, greedy —
aveo, to pant after.]
AVOCATION, a-vo-kashim, n. formerly
and properly, a diversion or distraction
from one's regular emplojinent : now.
AVOID
26
BACKSLIDE
one"s proper business^ VOCATION : busi-
' ness which calls for one's time and atten-
tion. [L. avocatio, a calling away — ab,
from, foco, to call.]
AVOID, a-void', v.t. to try to escape from :
to shun.— adj. Avoid' able. [Pfx. a=Fr.
es='L. ex. out, and Void.]
AVOIDANCE, a-void'ans, 71. the act of
avoiding' or shimning' : act of annullinpf.
AVOIRDUPOIS, av-er-du-poiz', adj. or n.
a system of weights in which the lb.
equals 16 oz. [Fr. avoir diipois, to have
(of the) weight — L. habeo, to have, pen-
snm, that wliich is weighed.]
AVOUCH, a-vowch'. v.t. to avow: to as-
sert or own positively. [Fr. d, and O.
Fr. vocher — L. voco, to call. See VorCH.]
AVOW, a-vow', v.t. to declare openly : to
own or confess. — adv. Avow'edly. — adj.
Avow' ABLE. [Fr. avotter. orig. to swear
fealty to — L. ad, and votum, a vow. See
Vow]
AVOWAL, a-vow'al, n. a positive declara^
tion : a frank confession.
AWAIT, a-wat', v.t. to wait or look /o?' ; to
be in store for : to attend. [Through Fr.
from root of Ger. tcacht. a watch. See
Wait.]
AWAKE, a-wak', v.t. to rouse from sleep :
to rouse from a state of inaction. — v.i. to
cease sleeping : to rouse one's self : —
pa. p. awaked' or awoke'. — adj. not
asleep : vigilant. [A.S. awaean — a- (Ger.
er-. Goth. MS-, Ice. or-), inten. or causal,
and u-acan, to wake.]
AWAKEN, a-wak'n, v.t. and v.i. to awake.
AWAKENING, a-wak'n-ing, n. the act of
awaking or ceasing to sleep : a revival of
religion.
AWARD, a-wawTd', v.t. to adjudge : to de-
termine.— n. judgment : final decision,
esp. of arbitrators. [O. Fr. eswardeir or
esgardeir, from es=L. ex and a Teutonic
root seen in E. Ward.]
AWARE, a-war', adj. wary: informed.
[From an A.S. gewcer, from prefix ge-
and iner. cautious. See Wary.]
AWAY, a-wii', adv. out of the way : ab-
sent.— int. begone !— {I cannot) Away
wiTH=bear or endure : A'svay with (liim)
i=take away : (make) Aw.\.Y wiTH=de-
stroy. ■ [A.S. aweg — a, on, xceg, way, (lit.)
•• on one s w^ay."]
AWE. aw, n. reverential /ear .• dread. — v.t.
to strike with or influence by fear. [Ice.
agi, A.S. cge. fear : cog. with Gael, eag-
Itul. Gr. achos, anguish. F'rom root ag-,
seen in Akgeh. Anxious.]
AWEARY, a-we'ri. n. weary. [Pfx. a,
and Weary.]
A^VE-STRUCK, aw'-struk, adj. struck or
affected with awe.
AWFUL, aw'fool, adj. full of awe. — adv.
Aw'ftjlly. — n. Aw'fulness.
AWHILE, arhwil', adv. for some time : for
a short time. [Pfx. a, and Wehle.]
AW^KWARD. aw-k'ward, adj. clumsy : un-
graceful.— adv. Awk'wardly. — n. Awk'-
WARDNESS. [M.E. aicV:, contrary, wrong,
and A.S. •irard, direction.]
AWL, awl, 71. a pointed instrument for
boring small holes in leather. [A.S. a;/.]
AWN, awn, n. a scale or husk : beard of
corn or grass. — adj». Awned, Awn'less.
[Ice. ogn: Ger. ahne; from root ak-,
shai-p, seen in Acute.]
AAVNING, awn'ing, n. a covering to shel-
ter from the sun's rays. [Ety. dub.]
AWOKE, a-wok', did awake — past tense of
Aw.uiE.
AAVRY, a-ri', adj. twisted to one side :
crooked : wrong : perverse. — adv. un-
evenly : perversely. [Pfx. o, on, and
Wry.]
AXE, aks, n. a well-known instrument for
hewing or chopping. — AXE TO GRIND, a
member c^ Congress who supports some
favorite project which makes him ap-
pear generous, while he acts from a self-
ish motive, is said to have an axe to
grind. (Amer.) [A.S. (e.r; L. ascia: Gr.
axine, perhaps from root ak-, .sharp.]
AXEMAN, aks'man, n. one who wields an
axe : one who cuts down trees : a wood-
man. Whittier.
AXIOM, aks'yum, 7!. a self-evident truth :
a universally received principle in an art
or science.— adjs. Axiomat'ic, Axiomat'-
ICAL. — adv. Axiomat'ically. [Gr. ax-
ioma — axioo, to think worth, to take for
granted — axios, worth.]
AXIS, aks'is, n. the a.vle, or the line, real
or imaginary, on wliich a body revolves :
— pi. Axes, aks'ez. — adj. Ax'ial. [L.
axis: cf. Gr. axon. Sans, aksha, A.S.
ear.]
AXLE, aks'l, AXLE-TREE, aks'1-tre, n.
the pin or rod in the nave of a wheel on
which the wheel turns. [Dim. from A.S.
eax, and axle ; Sw. axel.\
AY, AYE, 1, adv., yea: yes : indeed. —
Aye, i, n. a vote in the affirmative. [A
form of Yea.]
AYAH, a'ya, n. a native Indian waiting-
maid.
AYE, a, adf., ever: alwaj's : for ever.
[Ice. ei, ever, A.S. a ; conn, with Age,
E^-ER.]
AYRY, a'ri, n. a hawk's nest. [See Eyry.]
AZIMUTH, az'im-uth, n. the arc of the
horizon between the meridian of a place
and a vertical circle passing tkrough any
celestial body. [Ar. al saint, the direc-
tion. See Zenith.]
AZOTE, a-zot', ??. nitrogen, so called be-
cause it does not sustain animal life. —
adj. Azot'ic. [Gr. a, neg., and zao, to
live.]
AZURE, a'zhur, adj. of a faint blue: sky-
colored. — n. a delicate blue color : the
sky. [Fr. azur, corr. of Low L. lazur,
lazulum, azolum, blue ; of Pers. origin.]
B
BAA, ba, n. the cry of a sheep. — v.i. to
cry or bleat as a sheep. [From the
soimd.]
BABBLE, bab'bl, v.i. to speak like a baby :
to talk childishly : to tell secrets. — v.t.
to prate : to utter. [E. ; connected «ith
Dut. babbelen, Ger. babbeln, Fr. babiller,
from ba, ba. representing the first at-
tempts of a chUd to speak.]
BABBLE, bab'bl, BABBLEMENT, bab'bl-
ment, BABBLING, bab'bling, v. idle
senseless talk.
BABBLER, bab'bler, n., oneivho babbles.
BABE, bab, BABY, bal)i, n. an infant:
child. — adj. B.i'BYiSH. — n. Ba'byhood.
[Ba, ba. See Babble.]
BABEL, ba'bel, n. a confused combination
of sounds. [From Heb. Babel (confusion),
where the language of man was con-
founded.]
BABOON, ba-bo6n', n. a species of large
monkey, having a long face, dog-hke
tusks, large lips, and a short tail. [Fr.
baboimi ; remoter origin dtib.l
BACCARA, bak'ka-ra, BACCARAT, balc'-
ka-rat, a game of cards introduced from
France into England and America. It
is played by any number of players, or
rather bettors, and a banker. The latter
opens the play by dealing two cards to
each bettor, and two to himself, and
covering the stakes of each individual
with an equal sum. The cards are then
examined, and those belonging to the
bettors wliich when added score nine
points, or nearest that number, take
their own stake and the banker's. Should
he. however, be nearest the winning
number of points, he takes all the stakes
on the table ; in any case he takes the
stakes of the players who have not
scored so near the winning points as
himself. Various other numbers, as 19,
29, 18, 28. etc., give certain advantages
in the game. Court cards count as ten
points, the others according to the num
ber of pips. [Fr., origin unlcnown.]
BACCHANAL, bak'ka-nal, BACCHANA-
LIAN, bak-ka-na'li-an, n. a worshipper
of Bacchus : one who indulges in drunken
revels. — adj. relating to drunken revels.
[L. Bacchus, Gr. Bacchos, the god of
wine.]
BACCHANALIA, bak-ka-na'U-a, BAC-
CHANALS, bak'ka-nalz. v. pi. orig.
feasts in honor of Bacchus: drunken
BACCIFORM, bak'si-form. adj. shaped like
a berry. [L. bacca, a berry, and forma,
form.]
BACHELOR, bach'el-or. n. an unmarried
man : one who has taken his first degree
at a imiversity. — ns. Bach'elorhood,
Bach'elorship". [O. Fr. bacheler. a
young man. Ety. disputed ; according
to Brachet fTom Low L. baccalarius, a
farm - servant, originally a cow-herd ;
from baccalia, a herd of cows ; and this
from bacca. Low L. for vacca, a co\»-.]
BACILLUS, ba-sU'lus, 71. a species of rod-hke
microscopic organisms belonging to the
genus Bacterium. Certain diseases are
beUeved to be caused by these bodies
being introduced into the system.
BACK, bak, n. the hinder part of the body
in man, and the upper part in beasts :
the hinder part. — ndr. to the place from
which one came : to a former state or
condition : behind : in return : ag-ain. —
Back and forth, backward and forward.
(Amer.) — v.t. to get upon the back of:
to help, as if standing at one's back : tc
put backward.— y.j. to move or go back.
— To back out, to retreat from difficulty :
to withdraw from an engagement or
contest. (Amer.) [A.S. ocec, Sw. bak,
Dan. bag.]
BACKBTTE. bak'blt. v.t. to speak e\-il of
any one behind his back or in his ab-
sence.— ns. Back'biter, Back'biting.
BACKBONE, bak'bon, 7). the bone of the
back, the vertebral column ; also, firm-
ness, stabilitv of purpose, euergv. (Amer.)
BACKDOOR, bak'dor. n. a door in the
hack part of a building.
•BACKED, balvt. adj. provided with a back :
— used in composition, as Hump-backed.
R A CK F.R, bak'er, n. one who backs or sup-
ports another in a contest.
BACKGAMMON, bak-gam'un, n. a game
Slayed by two persons on a board with
ice ant} fifteen men or pieces each.
[Ety. dub., perhaps A.S. bcec, back, and
gamen. game.]
BACKGROUND, bak'grownd, n. gi-ound at
the back : a place of obscurity : the space
behind the principal figures of a picture.
BACK-HANDED, balc'-hand-ed, adj. with
the hand tm-ned backward (as of a blow) :
indirect.
BACK-PIECE, bak'-pes, BACK-PLATE,
bak'-plat, n. a piece or plate of armor for
the back.
BACK-SCRAPER, bak'-skrap-er, BACK-
SCRATCHER, bak'-skrach-er, n. same as
Scratch-back, 2. " A back-scratcher of
which the hand was ivorv." — Southey.
BACKSHEESH, BACKSHISH, bak'shesh,
n.. a gift or present of monej', in the East.
[Pers.]
BACKSLIDE, bak-slid', v.i. to slide or fall
back in faith or moraJs : — pa.p. backsUd'
or back.sUdd'en. — ns. Backslid'er, Back-
BACKSTAIRS
27
BALL
BACKSTAIRS, bak'starz. n.pJ. back or pri-
„ vaie stairs of a house. — adj. secret or
underhand.
BACK-STRING, bak'-string, «. a leading-
string: by which a cliild is supported or
gruided from behind. "The back-string
and the bib." — Coicper.
BACKWARD, b.ik'ward, BACKWARDS,
bak'wardz, adi: towards the back : on
the back : towards the past : from a bet-
ter to a worse state. [Back and affix
W.VRD- Waiids, in the direction of.]
BACKWARD, bak'ward.arf/'. keeping back :
unniUing : slow : late ; also, basliful,
timid. (Anier.) — adv. Back'wardlt. — n.
Back'wardxess.
BACKWOODS, bak'woodz, n.pl.. the for-
est or uncultivated part of a country be-
yond the cleared country, as in N. Amer.
— n. Backwoods'jiax.
BACON, ba'kn, n. swine's flesh salted or
pickled and dried. — To save one's bacon,
to preserve one's self from harm. (Amer.)
[O. Fi\— O. Dutch, bak, a pig-.]
BACONL\N. bak-on'i-an, adj. pertaining
to Lord Bacon (1.561-1626), or to his phi-
losophy, which was inductive or based on
experience.
BAD, bad, adj. ill or evil : wicked : hiu-t-
ful : — comp. Worse ; superl. Worst.
[Ety. dub., perhaps from Celt, baodh,
looiish. wicked.]
BADDISH, bad'ish, adj. somewhat bad :
not very good. [Bad, and dim. terminal
tion ish.J
BADE, bad, past tense of Bid.
BADGE, baj, 7i. a mark or sign by which
one is known or distinguished. [Low L.
bagia, a mark, baga, a ring, from a Teut.
root, seen in A,S. beah, a ring, mark of
distinction.]
BADGER, baj'er, n. a burrowing animal
about the size of a fox, eagerly hunted
by dogs. — v.t. to pursue with eagerness,
as dogs hunt the badger : to pester or
worry. [A corr. of" bladger — O. Fr.
bladier. Low L. bladariiis, a corn-dealer,
from bladum, corn, because the creature
was beheved to store up com. Ace. to
Diez, bladum is from Tu.ablatum, " carried
awav." See Ablative.]
BADI>rAGE, bad'in-azh, n. light playful
talk : banter. [Fr. badinage — badin,
plaj'ful or bantering.]
BADLY, bad'U, adv. in a bad manner : not
well: imperfectly: wrongly.-Ji. Bad'kess.
BADMINTON, bad-min'ton, n. a kind of
claret-cup or summer beverage, so called
from being invented at the Duke of Beau-
fort's seat of that name. " Soothed or
stimulated by fragrant cheroots or beak-
ers of Badnunton.'' — Disraeli.
BAFFLE, baf'fl, v.t. to elude or defeat by
artince : to check or make ineffectual.
rO. Fr. bcfler, to deceive, to mock ; It.
beffa. a scoffing.]
BAG, bag, n. a sack or pouch. — wt. to put
into a bag : to capture : — pr.p. bagg'ing :
pa.p. bagged'. [A.S. bmlg, bag, belly ;
Celt, bag, balg, belly, wallet.]
BAG-A.SSE, ba-ga.s', n. the dry remains of
the sugar-cane, after the "juice has all
been pressed out — ^used as fuel in boiUng
the juice. (Amer.)
BAGATELLE, bag-a-tel', n. a trifle: a
game played on a board with nine balls
and a cue. [Fr.; It. bagatella, a conjur-
er's trick, a trifle.]
BAG-FOX, bag'-foks, n. a fox kept in con-
finement, and slipped from a bag, when
no other victim of a himt is to l)e had.
Miss Ferrier.
BAGGAGE, bag's j. )i. the tents, provisions,
and other necessaries of an armv : travel-
ler's luggage. [Fr. bagage — O. Fr. bagues,
goods or effects ; from Celt, bag, a
bundle.]
BAGGAGE, bag'aj, 7i. a worthless woman:
a saucv female. [Fr. bagasse, a prosti-
tute.] ■
BAGGING, bag'ing, n. cloth or material
for bags : usually made of hemp, when
used for packing cotton. (Amer.)
BAGGY, bag'i, adj. loose Uke a bag.
BAGMAN, bag'man, n. a commercial
traveller.
BAGNIO, ban'yo, n. a house of Ul-fame.
[It. bagno — L. balneum, a bath.]
BAGPIPE, bag'plp, n. a musical wind-in-
strument, consisting of a leathern bag,
wliich acts as a bellows, and pipes. — n.
Bag'piper.
BAH, ba, int. an exclamation of disgust or
contempt.
BAIL, bal, n. one who procures the release
of an accused person by becoming guar-
dian or security for his appearing in
court : the security given. — v. t. to set a
person free by giving security for him :
to release on the security of another.
[O. Fr. bail, a guardian, a tutor ; Low L.
baila, a nurses from L. bajulus. a carrier.]
BAIL, bal, n. one of the cross pieces on the
top of the wicket in cricket ; also, the
handle of a pail, bucket or kettle. (Amer.)
[O. Fr. bailies, sticks, a paUsade.]
BAIL, bal, v.t. to clear (a boat) of water
with bxickeis. — To bail one's own boat,
to mind one's own business without
waiting for help from others. (Amer.)
iDut. balie, a tub, Fr. bailie (whence
)iez derives the Dut. word). Also spelled
Bale.]
BAILABLE, bal'a-bl, adj. admitting" of
bail.
BAILIE, bal'i, w. a municipal officer in Scot-
land corresponding to an alderman. [Fr.
bailli, land-steward, officer of justice.
See Baiuff.]
BAILIFF, bal'if, n. a shei-iffs officer: an
agent or land-steward. [O. Fr. baillif
(old form of bailli, see Bailie); from root
of Bail.]
BAILIWICK, bal'i-wik, n. the jurisdiction
of a bailiff. [O. Fr. baillie, lordship, au-
thority, and A.S. wic — L. vicus, a village,
station.]
BAIRN, barn, n. a child. [Scot, bairn,
A.S. beam — beran, to bear.]
BAIT, bat, n. food put on a hook to aUure
fish or make them bite : any allurement :
a refreshment taken on a journey. — v.t.
to set food as a lure : to give refreshment
on a jom"ney. — v.i. to take refi-eshment
on a journej-. [See Bait, v.]
BAIT, bat, v.t. to provoke an animal by in-
citing dogs to bite it : to harass. [Ice.
beita, from root of Bite.]
BAIZE, has, n. a coarse wooUen cloth.
[From pi. of Fr. baye ; so called from its
color. See Bay, a(^'.]
BAKE, bak. v.t. to dry, harden, or cook by
the heat of the sun or of fire : to prepare
food in an oven. — v.i. to work as a baker.
[A.S. bacan; cog. with Ger. backen, to
bake, Gr. phogo, to roast.]
BAKEHOUSE, bak'hows, n. a house or
place used for baking in.
BAKER, bak'er, n. one who bakes bread,
etc.
BAKERY, balv'er-i, 7i. a bakehouse.
BiVKING, bak'ing, n. the process by which
bread is baked : the quantity baked at
one time.
BAKING-POWDER, bak'ing-pou-der, n. a
powder used in baking bread chiefly as a
substitute for yeast. The common in-
gredients are powdered tartaric acid, bi-
carbonate of soda, and potato farina.
BALANCE, bal'ans, n. an instnmient for
weighing, usually formed of two dishes
or scales hanging from a beam supported
in the middle : act of weighing two
things : equality or just proportion of
weight or power, as the balance o}
pou-er : the sum required to make the
two sides of an account equal, hence the
surplus, or the sum due on an account :
also the remainder of anything ; as, the
" balance of the partj' stayed." (Amer.)
— v.t. to weigh in a balance : to counter-
poise : to compare : to settle, as an ac-
count.— i\i. to have equal weight oi
power, etc.: to hesitate or fluctuate,
[Fi-. — L. bilan.r, having two scales — bis.
double, lan-x, lands, a dish or scale.]
BALANCE -HANDLED, bal'ans-han-dld,
adj. a term applied to table-knives which
have the weight of the handle so ad-
justed that when the knives are laid on
the table the blades do not touch the
table-cloth.
BALANCE-SHEET, bal'ans-shet, n. a sheet
of paper showing a summary and bal-
ance of accounts.
BALANIFEROUS, bal-a-nifer-us, ac^\
bearing, jielding, or producing acorns.
[L. balanus, Gr. balanos, an acorn, and
fero, to bear.]
BALANOID, bal'a-noid, adj. having the
form or appearance of an acorn : relat-
ing or pertaining to the cirriped family
Balanidaj or acorn shells.
BALANOID, bal'a-noid, n. a cirriped of the
family Balanid.e or acorn-sheUs.
BALCC)NY, balk'on-i, n. a platform or gal-
ler3' outside the window of a room. Tit.
baleone ; from O. G«r. balcho (Grer. oal-
ken), a beam, cog. with E. Balk in the
obs. sense of beam, partition.]
BALD, bawld, adj. ^\-ithout hair on the
head : bare, unadorned. — adv. Baid'-
LY. — n. Bald'ness. [Orig. "shining,"
"white," Celt. 6a/, "white" spot; or
conn, with Bold, which in Goth, balihai
meant the "brave," "shining," Ice
Baklr. " LightgoA."]
BALDERDASH, bawA'der-dash, n. idle
senseless talk : anj-thing junibled to-
gether without judgment. [Ety. dub.]
BALDHEAD, bawld'hed, n. a pei-son bald
on the head.
BALDICOOT, bawl'di-kot, n. 1, the com-
mon coot. Hence — 2, (Jig.) a monk, on
account of his sombre raiment and
shaven crown. " Pi-ince.sses that . . .
demean themselves to hob and nob ^"itb
these black baldicoots." — Kingsley.
BALDRIB, bawld'rib, n. 1, a piece cut
froru the side of a pig lower down than
the spare-rib, and consisting- of a rib
with flesh devoid of fat on it. " Bald rib,
griskin, chine, or chop." — South. Hence
— 2, (fig.) a lean, lanky person. T. Mid-
dleton. (Rare.)
BALDRICK, bawld'rik, n. a warrior's belt.
[O. Fr. baldric, from O. GSer. balderieh,
girdle.]
BAXE, btil, »!., a ball, bundle, or package
of goods. — v.t. to make into bales. [See
B.VIX.]
BALE, bal, v.t. to throw out water. [See
BailO
BALEEN, ba-len', n. the whalebone of com-
merces^ [Fr. — L. baltena, whale.]
BALEFUL, bal'fool, adj. fuU of misery^
destructive : full of sorrow, sad. — adv,
Bale'fully. [Obs. E. bah, A.S. bealo
Ice. bol, woe, e^•il.]
BALK, bawk, v.i. to stop abruptly in one's
course, as a sulkj- horse. (Amer.)
BALK, bawk, Ji. a hinderance or disap
pointment. — v.t. to check, disappoint, or
elude : to stop short at : omit. [A.S.
balca, a heap or ridge, also a beam, a
Xartition; conn, with Bar. SeeBALCO.NY.]
LL, bawl, n. anything round : a bullet :
a well-known game. [Fr. Ixtllc. Weitj-and
has shown that this is a Romance woi-d,
as in It. pnlla — Or. pallo, to swing, akin
to ballo, to throw.]
HALL
28
BAPTIST
BALL, bawl, n. aa entertainment af danc-
ing. [Ft. bal — It. and Low L. oai,.are,
to dance, from Gr. baho to thro^% the
game of ball-throwing having been as-
sociated with music and dancing.]
BALLAD, ball'ad, n. a short narrative
poem : a popular song. [Fr. ballade. It.
tallata, from ballare, to dance ; a song-
sung in dancing.]
aALLADMONGER, baU'ad-mung-ger, n.
a dealer in ballads.
BALLAST, bal'last, n. heaw matter placed
in a ship to keep it steady when it has
no cargo : that which renders anything
steady. — x\t. to load with ballast : to
make or keep steady. [Dut. ; ety. best
seen in Dan. hag-last or ballanf, from
bag, " behind,'' the Back, and last,
load ; a load placed behind or under to
steady a ship.]
BALLET, ball'a, n. a theatrical exhibition
acted chiefly in dancing. [Fr. dim. of
bal. a dance.]
BALLISTA, ball-is'ta, n. a military engine
in the form of a cross-bow, used by the
ancients for throwing heavy arrows,
darts, lar^e stones, etc. [L.— Gr. ballo,
to throw.]
BALLOON, baU-oon', n. a lar^e bag, made
of light material, and filled with a gas
lighter than common air, so as to make
it ascend. — BALLOONING, the operation of
inflating shares or stock by publishing-
fictitious favorable reports or the like.
(Stock exchange slang.) [Fr. ballon—
balle. a ball ; the on is augmentative.]
BALLOT, bal'ut, n., a little ball or ticket
used in voting : the act of secret voting
by putting a ball or ticket into a box. —
v.i. to vote by ballot : — jyr.p. ball'oting ;
pa. p. ball'oted. [Fi\ ballotte, dim. of
balle. a ball. See Ball.]
3ALL-PR00F, bawl'-proor, adj. proof
against balls discharged from firearms.
BALLROOM, bawl'room, n. a room for
balls or dancing.
BALM, bam, ?t. an aromatic plant : a frrv
grant and healing ointment obta-ned
from such a plant : anything that heals
or soothes pain. [Fi-. baiime, O. Fr. basme
— L. balsamum. See Bajsam.j
BALJIY, bam'i, adj. frag'rant : soothing :
bearing balm.
8ALNE0GRAPHT, bal-ne-og'ra-fl, n. a de-
scription of baths. DmiglisoH. [L. bal-
neum, a batn, and Gr. gruphe, a descrip-
tion.]
BALNEOLOGV, bal-ne-ol'o-ji, n. a treatise
on baths or bathing : the branch of
knowledge relatino- to baths and bath-
mg. Dunglison. [L. balneum, a bath,
and Gr. logos, a discourse.]
BALNEOTHERAPIA. bal'ne-o-ther-a^pl'a,
BALNEOTHERAPY.bal'ne-o-ther-a-pi.n.
the treatment of disease by baths. Dun-
glL-ion. [L. balneum, a bath, and Gr.
therapeia, medical treatment.]
BALSAM, bawl'sam, n. the name of cer-
tain plants : a resinous oily substance
flo\ving from tnem. [L. balsamum — Gr.
balsamon — Heb. baal, a prince, and scha-
man. oil.]
BALSAMIC, bal-sam'ik, adj. soothing.
BALUSTER, bal'ust-er, n. a small pUlar
used as a support to the rail of a stau-
case, etc. — adj. Balustered, bal'ust-erd.
[Fi. balustre — Low L. balaustium — Gr.
oalaustion, the flower of the pomegran-
ate : from the similarity of form.]
BALUSTRADE, bal'ust-rad, ?). a row of
balusters joined by a raU.
BAMBOO, bam-boo', n. a gigantic Indian
reed or grass, with hollow-jointed stem,
and of hard texture. [Malay.]
BAMBOOZLE, bam-boo'zl. v.t. to deceive :
to confound. [Ety. dub.]
BAS, ban, n. a proclamation : a denuncia-
tion : a curse. [A.S. ge-bann, a procla-
mation, a widely diffused Teut. word,
O. Ger. pannan, orig. meaning to "sum-
mon to trial." See Abandon.]
B.£lNALITY, ba-nal'i-ti, n. the state of be-
ing banal, trite, or stale : commonplace-
'less : vulgarity or triviality in expres-
sion. [Fr. banal ite.l
BANANA, ba-na'na, n. a gigantic herba-
ceous plant, remarkable for its nutritious
fruit.
BAND, band, n., that which binds to-
gether : a tie. A.S. bend, from bindan,
to bind. See Bind.]
BAND, band n. a number of persons bound
together for any common purpose : a
bodj' of musicians —v.t. to bind together.
— v.i. to associate. [Fr. bande, from
Ger. band, bond, thing used in binding —
binden, E. Bind. See Banner.]
BANDAGE, band'aj, n. a strip of cloth
used to bind up a wound or fracture. —
v.t. to bind with such.
BANDAjSTA, bandanna, ban-dan'a, n. a
kind of silk or cotton colored handker-
chief, originallv from India.
BAI^BOX, band'boks, n. a thin kind ol
box for holding bands, caps, etc.
BANDIT, ban'dit, n. an outlaw : a robber :
—pi. Ban'dits or Banditt'i. [It. bandito
— Low L. bannire, bandire, to proclaim,
from Ban.]
BANDOG, ban'dog, n. properly band-dog,
a large, fierce dog (which, on account of
its fierceness, was kept bound or chained).
BiVNDORE, bp.n-dor', n. a widow's veil for
covering the head and face. Prior,
BANDS, bandz, n.pl. a portion of the dress
worn by clergymen, barristers, etc. — a
relic of the ancient amice.
RANDY, baa'di, n. a club bent at the end
for str>kmg a ball : a game at ball with
s\ich a club. — v.t. to beat to and fro as
witn a bacdy : to toss from one to an-
other (as words), like playing at bandy :
—pa.p. ban'died. [Fr. bander, to bend
— Ger. band, a tie, string.]
BANDY-LEGGED, ban'di-legd, adj. nav-
ing bandy or crooked legs.
BANE, ban, n., destruction : death : mis-
chief : poison. [A.S. bana, a murderer ;
Ice. bani, death.]
BANEFUL, ban'fool, adj. destructive. —
adv. Bane'fully.
BANG, bang, n. a heavy blow. — v.t. to
beat : to strike violently. [Ice. bang, a
hammering ; originally perhaps from the
sound.]
BANG, BANGUE, bang, n. an intoxicat-
ing drug made from Indian hemp. [Pers.
bang.\
BANIAN. See Banyan.
BANISH, ban'ish, v.t. to condemn to exile :
to drive away. [Fr. bannir — Low L.
bannire, to proclaim, from Ban, and see
Abandon. J
BANISHJIENT, ban'ish-ment, n. exile.
BANISTER, ban'ist-er, Ji. corruption of
Baluster.
BANJO, banjo, n. a musical instrument
hKe a fiddle. [Corr. of Fr. bandore or
pandore — ^L. pandura — Gr. pandoura.'\
BANJORE, ban'jor, n. Same as Banjo.
Miss Edqeworth.
BANK, bangk, n. a mound or ridge of
earth : the earthy margin of a river,
lake, etc. : rising ground in the se&.—v.t
to inclose -with a bank. [A.S. banc,
Ger. bank. Conn, with Bench through
the idea of " thing ridged or raised."]
BANK, bangk, ?;. a place where money is
deposited T an institution for the keep-
ing, lending, and exchanging, etc., of
money. — vt. to deposit in a bank, as
money. [Fr. banque — It. banco, a bench
on which the Italian money-changers dis-
played their money— Grer.6a(ifc,E. BENCH.]
BANKABLE, bangk'a-bl, a^. received at
a bank, as bUls : discountable, as notes.
( Amer. )
BANK-BILL, bangk'-bil, n. a bank-note.
(Amer.)
BANKER, bangk'er, n. a vessel engaged in
the Newfoundland fisheries. (Amer.)
BANKER, bangk'er, n. one who keeps »
bank : one employed, in banking busi-
ness.
BANKING, bangk'ing, n. the business of a
banker. — adj. pertaining to a bank.
BANKLESS, banglc'les, adj. without banks
or Limits. " The bankless sea." — Davies.
BANK-NOTE, bangk'-uot, n. a note issued
by a bank, which passes as money.
BANKRUPT, bangk'rupt,)?. one who breaks
or fails in business : an insolvent person.
— adj. insolvent. [Bank, a bench, and
L. rnptiis. broken.]
BANKRUPTCY, bangk'rupt-si, n. the state
of being or act of becoming bankrupt.
BANK-STOCK, bangk'-stok, n. a share or
shares in the capital stock of a bank.
BANNER, ban'er. n. a mUitarj' standard .
a flag or ensign. [Fi'. banniire. It. ban-
diera — Low L. bandum, a standard, from
Ger. band, a band, a strip of cloth, a
waving or fluttering cloth, used as a flag
— Ger. binden. See Band, Bind.]
BANNERED, ban'erd, adj. furmsbed with
banners.
BANNERET, ban'er-et, n. a higher ciass of
knight, inferior to a baron. [Fr., dim. of
Banner.]
BANNOCK, ban'nok, n. a cake of Indian-
meal fried in lard.
BANNS, banz, n.pl. a proclamation of mar-
riage. [From Bxs.]
BANQUET, bangk'wet, n. a feast: any
rich treat or entertainment. — v.t. to give
a feast to. — v.i. to fare sumptuously. — n,
Banq'uet-house. [Fi-. — It. banchetto,
dim. of banco, a bench or table — Ger.
bank. See Bank, a bench.]
BANQUETTE, ban-kef, n. a name for a
sidewalk in Louisiana.
BANSHEE, ban'she, n. a female fairy in
Ireland and elsewhere, who usually ap-
pears and utters a peculiar shrieking- wail
before a death in a particular family to
which she is attached, [Ir. bean, a wo-
man, sidhe, a fairy.]
BANTAM, bantam, n. a small variety of
the common fowl, brought from the
East Indies, and supposed to be named
from Bantam in Java. — adj. of the ban-
tam breed.
BANTER, bant'er, v.t. to assail with good-
humored raillery : to joke or jest at ;
also, to challenge to a match : to provoke
to a wager. (Amer.) — n. humorous rail-
lery : jesting-. [Ety. dub. J
BANTING, bant'ing, n. a system of diet
for reducing superfluous fat. [From "W.
Banting of London, who recommended
it to the public in 1863.]
BANTLING, bant'ling, n. a child. [So
called from the bands in which it is
wrapped.]
BANYAN, ban'yan, n. one belonging to
the caste of merchants in India. — Ban-
yan-day, a daj' without meat. [Sans.
banij, a merchant.]
BANYAN, ban'yan, n. the Indian fig-tree
whose branches take root and spread
over a large area. [So called by the
English because the Banyans (merchants)
held their markets under it. ]
BAOBAB, ba'o-bab, n. a large African tree.
fW. African.]
BAPTISM, bapt'izm, n. immersion in or
sprinkling with water as a reUgious cere-
mony.— adj. Baptism' AL.
BAPTtST, bapt'ist, n. one who baptizes .
one who approves only of adult baptism
bv immersion.
BAPTISTERY
29
BARROW
BAPTISTERY, bapt'ist-er-i, n. a place
where baptism is administered.
BAPTIZE, bapt-Iz'. v.t. to administer bap-
tism to : to christen. [Gr. baptizO — bapto,
to dip in water.]
BAR, bar, n. a rod of any solid substance :
a bolt : a hinderance or obstruction : a
bank of sand or otlier matter at the
mouth of a river : the railing that in-
closes a space in a tavern or in a court of
law : any tribunal : the pleaders in a court
as distinguished from the judges : a divis-
ion in music. — v.t. to fasten or secure, as
with a bar : to hinder oi exclude : — pr.j}.
barr'ing ; pa.p. barred'. [Fr. barre. It.
barra : of Celtic origin.]
BARB, barb, n. the beard-like jag near the
point of an arrow, fish-hook, etc. — v.t. to
arm with barbs, as an arrow, etc. [Fr. —
L. barba, a beard.]
BARB, barb, n. a swift kind of horse, the
breed of which came from Barbarj* in
Nortli Africa.
BARB AC AN, bar'ba-kan, BARBICAN,
bar'bi-kan, n. an outer work or defence
of a castle, esp. before a gate or bridge.
[Low L. barbacana. prob. from Pers.]
BARBADOS-NUT. biir-ba'doz-nut. n. the
physic-nut, a product of Curcas purgaiis
(Jotropha Curcas). [See Cuecas.]
BARBARESQUE, bar-bar-esk', adj. charac-
teristic of barbarians : barbarous. De
Quincey. (Rare.)
BARBARIAN, bar-bar'i-an, adj. uncivil-
ized : savage : without taste or refine-
ment.— n. an uncivilized man, a savage :
a cruel, brutal man. [L. barbarus, Ur.
barbaros — bar, bar, an imitation of unin-
telligible sounds — applied by the Greeks
(and afterwards the Romans) to those
speaking a different language from
themselves.]
civilized.
BARBARIC, bar-bar'ik, adj. foreign : un-
BARBARISM, bar'bar-izm, n. savage life :
rudeness of manners : an incorrect form
of speech.
BARBARITY, bar-bar'i-ti, n. savageness :
cruelty.
BARBARIZE, bar'bar-Iz, v.t. to make bar-
barous.
BARBAROUS, bar'bar-us, adj. uncivilized ;
rude : savage, brutal. — adv. Bar'bak-
OUSLY. — ?!. BaE'BAROUSNESS.
BARBECUE, barb'e-ku, v.t. to roast whole,
as a pig. [Ety. dub.]
BARBEL, barb'el, n. a fresh-water fish
with beard-like appendages at its mouth.
[O. Fr. barbel — L. barba, a beard.]
BARBER, barb'er, n. one who shaves
beards and dresses hair. [Fr. — L. barba,
a beard.]
BARBERRY, barTjer-i, n. a thorny shrub
with red berries, common in hedges.
[Low L. and Sp. berberis — Ar. barbaris.']
BARBICAN, bar'bi-kan, n. same as Bar-
BACAN.
BARD, bard, n. a poet and singer among
the ancient Celts : a poet. [Celtic]
BARDIC, baid'ik, adj. pertaining to bards
or their poetry.
BARE, bar, adj. uncovered, naked : poor,
scanty : unadorned : mere or by itself. —
v.t. to strip or uncover. — adv. Bare'ly.
— n. Baee'ness. [A.S. beer; Ger. baar,
bar : Ice. ber.]
BARE. bar. old pa.t. of Beak.
BAREFACED, bar'fast, adj. with the face
uncovered : impudent. — adv. Bake'-
FACEDLY.— Jl. BaRE'FACEDNBSS.
BARGAIN, bar'gin, n. a contract or agree-
ment : a favorable transaction. — Into
THE BAKGAIN, over : above : besides. —
r.t. to make a contract or agreement :
to chaffer. [Fr. bargidgiier — Low L.
barcaniare ; ace. to Diez from burca, a
boat, used in carrying goods about.]
BARGE, barj, n. a boat used in the unload-
ing of large vessels : a pleasure or state
boat. [O. Fr. barge — Low L. bargia.
Prob. a doublet of B.UlK. a barge.]
BARIC, bar'ik, adj. pertaining or relating
to weight, more especially the weight of
the atmosphere as measured by tlie bar-
ometer. [Gr. barys, heavy.]
BARILLA, bar-il'a, n. an alkaline ash ob-
tained by "burning several marine plants
(that grow chiefly on the east coast of
Spain), used for making soap, glass, etc.
[Sp.]
BARITONE, bar'i-ton, n. same as BaKY'-
TONE.
BARK, bark, n. the noise made by a dog,
wolf, etc. — v.i. to yelp Uke a dog : to
clamor. — To BARK UP THE ■iVKONG TREE,
to mistake one's object : to pursue the
wrong course to obtain it. In hunting, a
dog drives a squirrel or other game into
a tree, where by barking he attracts its
attention until the hunter arrives. Some-
times the game escapes, or the dog is
deceived, and barks up the wrong tree.
[A.S. beorcan, probably a variety of
breotn, to crack, snap. See Break.]
BARK, BARQUE, bark, n. a barge: a ship
of small size : technicallj', a three-masted
vessel with no square sails on her mizzen-
mast. [Fr. barque — Low L. barca ;
peril, from Gr. baris, a bout.]
BARK, bark, n. the outer rind or covering
of a tree. — v.t. to strip or peal the bark
from. — To BARK a SQUIRREL, to strike
with a rifle ball the bark on the upper
side of a branch on which tlie anim.il sits,
so that the concussion kills it without
mutilation. (Amer.) [Dan. bark, Ice.
borkr.]
BARKEN, bark'en, adj. consisting or made
of bark. "Barken knots." — ^^ltittier.
(Rare.)
BARLEY, biir'li, n. a grain used for food,
but chiefly for making malt. [A.S. bcerlia
— &ere(Scot.6ea/')and lie=lee,].eek., plant;
W. barllys — bara, bread, lli/s, a plant ;
akin to L. far, corn — from root of to
bearj]
BARLEY-CORN, bar'li-korn, n. a grain of
barley : a measure of length=the third
part of an inch.
BARM, biirm. n. froth of beer or other fer-
menting liquor used as leaven : yeast.
[A.S. beorma, Dan. bdrme ; akin to L.
fermentum, Eng. breu\}
BARMAID, bar' mad, n. a female who waits
at the bar of a tavern or beer-shop.
BARMECIDE, bar'me-sld, adj. imaginary
or pretended. [Fron: a story in the
"Arabian Nights," in which a beggar is
entertained by one of the Barmecide
princes on an imaginary feast.]
BARMY, barm'i, adj. containing barm or
yeast.
BARN, barn, n. a building in which grain,
hay, etc., are stored. — v.t. to store in a
barn. — nn. Babn-door, barn'-dor. Barn-
yard, barn'-yartl. [A.S. berern, con-
tracted bern, from bere, barley, era, a
house.]
BARNABY-BRIGHT, bar'na-bi-brit, n. the
day of St. Barnabas the Apostle, the 11th
of June, which in old style was the day
of tlie summer solstice, or as put by the
old rhyme : •• Barnaby-bright. tlie longest
day and the shortest niglit." "The
steward . . . adjourned tlie court to
SaTOa6//-6r((7/i< that they might have day
enough before them." — Addison.
BARNACLE, biir'na-kl, n. a shell -fish
which adheres to rocks and the bottoms
of ships : a kind of goose. [Ety. dub.]
BARNACLES, bar'na-klz, n. -spectacles.
[O. Fr. berkie, dim. from L. beryllus,
beryl, crystal ; Ger. brille.]
BAROME'TER, bar-om'et-er n. an instru-
ment by vi^hich the weight of the atmos-
phere is measured and changes of weath-
er indicated. — adj. Baromet'ric— cidt'.
Baromet'rically. [Gr. baros, weight ;
mefron. measure.]
BAROMETRY, ba-rom'et-ri, n. the art or
operation of conducting barometrical
measurements, experiments, observa
tions, or the like.
A scrap of parchment hun^ by geometry,
( .\ ^'reat retmement in barometry).
Can, like the stars, foretell tlje weather.— Swi/t.
BARON, bar'on, n. a title of rank next
above a baronet and below a viscount,
being the lowest in the House of Peers :
a title of certain judges : in feudal times,
the peers or great lords of the realm.
[Fr. haron : in the Romance tongues the
word meant a man as opposed to a wo-
man, a strong man, a warrior ; either
from Celtic bar, a hero, fear, a man, or
from O. Ger. bar, man. (O. Ger. bairan,
E. Bear, to carrv).]
BARONAGE, bar'on-ilj, n. the whole body
of barons.
BARONESS, bar'on-es, n. a baron's wife.
BARONET, bar'on-et, n. a title of rank
next above a knight and below a baron —
the lowest hereditary title in England.
[Dim. of Baron.]
BARONETAGE, bar'on-et-aj, n. the whole
body of baronets.
BARONETCY, bar'on-et-si, n. the rank of
baronet.
BARONIAL, bar-on'i-al, adj. pertaining to
a baron or barony.
B^VRONY, bar'on-i, jk the territory of a
baron.
BAROUCHE, ba-roosh', n. a double-seated
four-wheeled carriage with a falling top.
[It. barrocio—h. birotus, two-wheeled;
from bis, twice, rota, a wheel.]
BARQUE, bark. n. same as Bark, a ship.
BARRACLADE, bar'ra-klad, n. a home
made napless blanket. [D. baare klede
ren, bare cloths.]
BARRACK, bar'ak, n. a hut or building
for soldiers, esp. in garrison (generally
used in the plural). [Fr. baraque. It.
baracca. a tent ; cf. Celtic barrachad, a
hut.]
BARRANCA, bar-rang'kaw, n. a deep ra-
vine produced suddenly by heavy rains,
and having steep banks. Used on Mexican
boi'der. (Amer.)
BARRAQUE, bar-rak', n. a roof on four
posts for sheltering hay or other produce.
[Fr. baraque, barrack.]
BARREL, bar'el, n. a round wooden vessel
made of bars or staves : the quantity
which such a vessel contains: anything
long and hollow, as the barrel of a gun.
— v.t. to put in a barrel. [Fr. baril — barre.
See Bar.]
BARREL-VAULT, bar'el-vawlt, n. the
simplest form of vault, having a semi-
circular roof. [See Vault.]
BARREN, bar'en, adj. incai)able of bearing
offspring : unfruitful : dull, stupid. — Bar-
rens, in the United States, elevated
lands or plains on which grow small
trees, unfit for timber. — n. Barr'exness.
- [Fr. brehaigne, O. Fr. baraigiie.]
BARRICADE, bar'ik-ad, n. a temporary
fortification raised to hinder the advance
of an enemy, as in the street fights at
Paris. — v.t. to obstruct : to fortifj*. [Fr
— barre, a bar. See Bar.]
BARRIER, bar'i-er, n. a defence against
attack : a limit or boundary. [Fr. bar-
riere.]
BARRISTER, bar'is-ter, w. one who is quali-
fied to plead at the bar in an English
law-court.
BARROW, bar'ro, n. a siiiall hand or wheel
carriage used to bear or convey a load.
[A.S. beretve — beran, to bear.]
BARROW
30
BATTALION
BARROW, bar'ro, n. a mound raised over
graves in foi'iuer times. [A.S. beorh —
beorgan, to protect.]
BARTER, bar tcr, v.t. to give one thing in
exchange for another. — v.i. to traffic by
exchanging. — ». traffic by exchange of
commodities. [O. Fr. bareter.}
BARYCENTRIC, bar-i-sen'trik, adj. of,
pertaining, or relating to the centre of
gra\nty. — B.yrycenteic calculus, an ap-
plication to geometry of the mechanical
theory of tlie centre of gravity, executed
in two distinct ways, according- as metri-
cal or descriptive geometrical properties
are to be investigated. [Gr. barijs, heavy,
and kentroa, centre.]
BARYTONE, bar'i-ton', n. a deep-toned
male voice between bass and tenor. [Gr.
barys, hea\'j', deep, and tonos, a tone.]
BASALT, bas-awlt', n. a hard, dark-colored
rock of igneous origin. — adj. BaSALT'ic.
[L. basaltes (an African word), a marble
found in Ethiopia.]
BASALTOID, ba-sawlt'oid, adj. allied in
appearance or nature to basalt : resem-
bling basalt. [Basalt, and Gr. eidos, re-
semblance.]
BASE, has, n. that on which a thing rests :
foot : bottom : foundation : support : the
chief ingredient.— !\?. to found or place
on a base i—pr.p. bas'iug ; pa.p. based.
[Fr. — L. — Gr. basis — bainu, to step.]
BASE, has, n. a skirt which hung down
from the waist to the knees of a knight
when on horseback. [From Base, adj.]
BASE, bas, adj. low in place, value, esti-
mation, or principle : mean : vile : worth-
less : {New Test.) humble, lowly. — adv.
Base'ly. — n. BASE'^fESS. [Fi\ bas — Low
L. bassus, thick, fat, a vulgar Roman
word, found also in name Bass-iis.]
BASE-BAJjL. bas'-bawl, jj. a favorite game
of ball iu the United States, so-called
from the bases, four in number, set down
so as to mark the form of a diamond, and
which designate the circuit each player
must complete, in order to score a run,
after striking the ball.
BASE-BORN, bas'-bawrn, adj. born of low
parentage : illegitimate by birth : mean.
BASE-BURNER, bas'-bern-er, n. a base-
burning surface or stove.
BASE-BURNING, bas'-bern-ing, adj. burn-
ing at the base. — Base-burning furnace
or STOVE, one in wliich the fuel bui-ns at
the bottom, and is renewed from a self-
acting hopper or chamber above.
BASELESS, bas'les, adj. without a base or
foundation.
BASEMENT, bas'ment, n. the base or low-
est story of a building.
BASE-SPIRITED, bas'-spir-it-ed, adj.
mean-spirited.
BASE-STRING, bas'-string, n. the string
of a musical instrument that gives the
lowest note.
BASE- VIOL, bas'-vi-ol, n. Same as Bass-
viol.
BASHAW, ba-shaw", n. com. written
Pasha or Pacha (which see).
BASHFUL, bash'fool, adj. easily confused :
modest: shy: wanting confidence. — adv.
Bash'fullt.— )i. Bash'fulness. [From
root of Abash.]
BASIHYAL, ba-si-hi'al, adj. in anat. re-
lating to or connected with the body or
basal portion of the hyoid bone. [See
Hyoid.]
B.VSILICA, baz-U'ik-a, n. among the Ro-
mans, a large hall for judicial and com-
mercial purposes, many of which were
afterwards converted into Cliristian
churches : a magnificent church biult
after the plan of the ancient basilica.
[L. basilica, Gr. basilike (oikia, a house),
belonging to a king,from basileus,a. king.]
BASILISK, baz'il-isk, n. a fabulous serpent
having a crest on its head like a crown :
in modern zoology, a kind of crested
lizard. [G. basiliskos, dim. of basileus, a.
king.]
BASIN, bas'n, n. a wide open vessel or
dish : any hollow place containing water,
as a dock : the area drained by a river
and its tributaries. [Fr. bassin. It. bacino.
Low L. bacchimis, perhaps f;"om the Cel-
tic bac, a cavity.]
BASIOCCIPITAL, ba'si-ok-sip'i-tal, adj. in
anat, pertaining to or connected witli
tlie base of tlie occipital bone.
BASIPETAL, ba-sip'e-tal, adj. tending to
tlie centre. "Specifically, in bot. a term
applied to a leaf in which the axis ap-
pears first, and on its sides the lobes and
leaflets spring from above downwards,
the base being developed after the tip.
[L. basis, a base, and pt'fo, to seek.]
BASIS, bas'is, n. the foundation or that on
which a thing rests : the pedestal of a
cohimn : the groundwork or first prin-
ciple : — pi. Bases, bas'ez. [See Base,
foundation.]
BASISPHENOID, ba-si-sfe'noid, adj. in
anat. pertaining to or connected with
the base or posterior portion of the
sphenoid bone.
BASK, bask, i:i. to lie in the warmth or
sunshine. [From an O. Scand. form of
Bathe.]
BASKET, bas'ket, n. a vessel made of
plaited twigs, rushes, or other flexible
materials. [W. basged — basg, network,
plaiting.]
BASKET - BEAGLE, bas'ket-be-gl, n. a
beagle used in hunting a hare that was
slipped from a basket to be coursed.
" Gray-headed sportsmen, who had sunk
from fox-hounds to basket-beagles and
coursing." — Sir W. Scott.
BASKET-HARE, bas'ket-har, n. a captive
hare slipped from a basket to be coursed
in the absence of other game.
BASKET-HILT, bas'ket-hilt, n. the hilt of
a sword with a covering wrought like
basket-work to defend the hand from in-
BASKET-MEETING, bas'ket-met-ing, n. a
picnic much in vogue in the United
States. It derives its name from the
practice of each member's bringing- pro-
-visions in a basket.
BASQUE, bask, adj. relating to Biscay, a
district of Spain, or to the language of
its natives.
BAS-RELIEF, ba-re-lef , n. Same as Bass-
relief.
BASS, bas, n. the low or grave part in mu-
sic.— adj. low, deep, grave. — v.t. to sound
in a deep tone. [See Base, low.]
BASS, bas, n. Same as Bast (which see).
BASSOON, bas-66n', »i. a musical wind-
instrument of a bass or very low note.
[It. basso7ie, augment, of basso, low,
from root of Base.]
BASS-RELIEF, bas'-re-lef, n. (scrdpture)
figures which do not .stand far out from
the ground on which they are formed.
[It. basso-rilievo. See Base, low, and
Relief.]
BASS-VIOL, bas'-'vi-ol, n. a musical instru-
ment with four strings, used for playing
the bass : the -violoncello. [See Bass,
low, and Viol.]
BAST, bast, n. the inner bark of the lime-
tree : matting made of it. [A.S. bcest ;
Dan., Sw., G«r. bast.]
BASTARD, bast'ard, n. a child born of
parents not man-ied. — adj. born out of
wedlock : not genuine : false. [Fr. bd-
tard ; O. Fr. Jils de bast, son of bast, bast
or b&t being a coarse saddle for beasts of
burden, and indicating contempt.]
BASTARDIZE, bast'ard-iz, v.t. to prove to
be a bastard.
BASTARDY, bast'ard-i, n. the state of
being a bastard.
BASTfi, bast, v.t., to beat with a stick.
[Ice. beysta, Dan. boste, to beat.]
BASTE, bast, v.t. to drop fat or butter
over meat wliile roasting. [Etj*. un-
known.]
BASTE, bast, v.t., to sew slightly or with
long stitches. [O. Fr. bastir, from O.
Ger. bestan, to sew.]
BASTILLE, bast-el', n. an old fortress in
Paris long used as a state pri.son, and
demolished in 1789. [Fr. — O. Fr. bastir
(Fr. batir), to build.]
BASTINADE, bast-in-ad', BASTINADO,
bast-in-ad'o, v.t. to beat with a baton
or stick, esp. on the soles of the feet
(a form of punishment in the East) : —
jjr.jj. bastinad'ing or bastinad'oing ; pa.p.
bastinad'ed or bastinad'oed. — ns. Bastin-
aDE', BASTlNaD'o. [Sp. bastonada, Fr.
bastonnade — baston, baton. See Baton.]
BASTION, bast'^-rm, n. a kind of tower at
the angles of a fortification. [Fr. — O.
Fr. bastir, to build.]
BASTIONARY', bas'ti-on-a-ri. adj. pertain-
ing- to or consisting of bastions ; as,
systems of bastionary fortification.
BAT, bat, 11. a heavy stick for beating or
striking : a club for striking the ball in
base-ball and cricket : a piece of brick. —
v.i. to use the bat in cricket : — pr.p.
batt'ing ; pa.jj. batt'ed. [Celt, bat, the
root of beat, an imitation of the sound
of a blow.]
BAT, bat, n. an animal with a body like a
mouse, but which flies on wings attached
to its fore-feet. [M.E. and Scot, bakke
— Dan. bakke. Ice. letherblaka, leather-
flapper.]
BATCH, bach, n. the quantity of bread
baked or of anytliing made at one tmie.
[From Bake.]
BATE, bat, v.t. and v.i. Same as Abate.
BATEMENT- LIGHT, bat'ment-llt, n. in
arch, one of the hghts in the upper part
of a window of the perpendicular style,
abated, or only half the mdth of those
below.
BATH, bath, n. water for plunging the
body into : a bathing : a house for bath-
ing : — pi. Baths, bathz. [A.S. bceth ;
cog-, with Ger. bad.]
BATH, biith, «. the largest Jewish liquid
measure, containing about 8 gallons.
[Heb. " measured."]
BATHE, hhtk. v.t. to wash as in a bath: to
wash or moisten with any liquid. — v.i. to
be or he in water as in a bath. — n. the
act of taking a bath. [A.S. bathian —
bceth.]
BATHOS, ba'thos, n. a ludicrous descent
from the elevated to the mean in writ-
ing or speech. [Gr. bathos, depth, from
bathys, deep.]
BATING, bat'ing, prep., abating, except-
ing.
BATLET, bat'let, n. a wooden mallet used
bv laundresses for beating clothes. [Dim.
of Bat.]
BATON, "bat'on, n. a staff or truncheon,
esp. of a policeman : a marshal's staff.
[Fr. b&ton — Low L. basto, a stick ; of un-
known origin.]
BATRACHIAN, ba-tra'ki-an, adj of or be
longing to the frog tribe. [Gr. batrachoe,
a frog.]
BATRACHOPHIDIA, bat'ra-ko-fid'i-a, n.jA.
Same as Ophiomorpha. [Gr. batrachos,
a fi"og, and ophis, a serpent.]
BATSMAN, bats'man, n. one who wields
the bat at base-ball, cricket, etc.
BATTALION, bat-al'yun, n. in the infantry
of a modern army, the tactical unit or
unit of command, Ijeing a body of soldiers
convenient for acting together (number-
ing from 500 to 1,000) ; several companies
BATTAILOUS
31
BEAR-WARD
form a battalion, and one or more bat-
talions a reg-imeut : a body of jnen drawn
up in battle-array. [Fr. ; from root of
Battle.]
BATTAILOUS, bat'il-us, adj. arrayed for
battle, or appearing to be so. [See Bat-
tle.]
BATTEN, bat'n, v.i. to grow fat : to live in
.u.xury. — v.t. to fatten : to fertilize or en-
ricii. [Ice. batna, to grow better. See
Better.] [as Baton.]
dATTEN, bat'n, n. a piece of bosird. [Same
BATTER, bafer, v.t., to beat with successive
blown : to wear with beating or by use :
to attack with artillery. — n. ingredients
beaten along with some liquid into a
paste. — Batter-cake, a cake of Indian
meal, made with buttermilk or cream :
(arch.) a backward slope in the face of a
wall. [Fr. battre. It. battere — L. bat-
tuere ; conn, with Beat.]
BATTER, bat'er, ?(,. one who uses the bat
at base-ball or cricket.
BATTERING-RAM, bat'er-ing-ram, n. an
ancient engine for battering down walls,
consisting of a large beam with an iron
head like that of a ram, suspended in a
frame.
BATTERY, bat'er-i, n. a number of can-
non with their equipment : tlie place on
which cannon are mounted : t''e men
and liorses attending a battery ; an in-
strument used in electric and galvanic
expe -iments : (law) an assault by beating
or wounding.
BATTING, bat'ing, n. the management of
a bat in playing games.
BATTLE, bat'l, n. a contest between oppos-
ing armies : a fight or encounter. — v.i. to
ioin or contend in fight. [Fr. batcille —
battre, to beat. See Batter.]
BATTLE, bat'l, n. the body of an army.
BATTLE-AXE, bat'1-aks, n. a kind of axe
formerly used in battle.
BATTLEDOOR, BATTLEDORE, batl-dor,
Ji. a light bat for strildng a ball or shut-
tle-cock. [Sp. batidor, a beater, a wash-
inc-beetle.]
BATTLEMENT, batl-ment, n. a waU or
parapet on the top of a building with
openings or embrasures, orig. used only
on fortifications. — adj. Batt'lemented.
[Prob. from O. Fr. bastillcment — bastir,
to build.]
BATTUE, Dat-too', n. a sporting term : in
a battue, the woods are beaten and the
game driven into one place for the con-
venience of the shooters. [Fr. — battre,
to beat.]
BAUBLE, ba^vTjl, n. a trifling piece of
finery : a child's plaything. [Fr. babiole
— It.'babbole, toys — oabbeo, a simpleton.]
BAUDRIC, bawd'rik. Same as Baldeick.
BAWBLE, bawTil. Same as Bauble.
BAWD, bawd, n. a procurer or procuress
of women for lewd purposes. — jj.Bawd'rt.
[O. Fr. baud, bold, wanton, from root of
BoldJ
BAWDY, bawd'i, adj. obscene : unchaste.
— n. Bawd'iness.
BAWL, bawl, v.i. to shout or cry out loud-
ly.— n. a loud cry or shout. [Ice. baula,
to bellow.]
BAY. ba, adj. reddish-brown inclining to
chestnut. [Fr. bai, It. bajo — L. badius,
chest nut-colored. ]
BAY. ba, n. the laurel-tree : — pi. an honor-
ary garland or crown of victory, orig. of
laurel : literary excellence. [Fr. bate, a,
berrv — L. bacca.]
BAY, ba, n. an inlet of the sea, an inward
bend of the shore ; also, in the U. S., ap-
plied to a tract of low swampy land
covered with bay-trees. [Fr. baie — Low
L. baia, a harbor ; ety. dub. Ace. to
Littre from Baice, name of a town on
the Campanian coast.]
BAY, ba. v.i., to bark, as a dog at his
game. — v.t. to bark at : to follow with
barking. — At BAY, said of hounds, when
the stag turns and checlcs them, makes
them stand and bark. [O. Fr. abbayer
— L. ad, and baubari, to yelp.]
BAY-ICE, ba'-Is, ?i. ice recently formed on
the ocean.
BAY-LEAF, ba'-lef, n. the leaf of the sweet-
bay or laurel-tree (La urus nobilis). These
leaves are aromatic, are reputed stimu-
lant and narcotic, and are used in medi-
cine, cookery, and confectionery.
BAY-SIAHOCaNY, ba'-ma-hog-an-i, n.
Same as Bay-wood.
BAYONET, ba n-et, »i. a dagger for fixing
on the end of a mu->ket. — v.t. to ;itab
with a bayonet. [Fr. baiorn:ite — Ba;/-
onne, in France, where it was first
made J
BAYOU, bi'oo, n. the outlet of a lake, i
chann 1 for water. (Amer.)
BA"_S, baz, n. a garland. [See Bay, a
burel.]
BAY-SALT, bfl'-sawlt, n. sart obtained
from sea-water bj' evaporation, esp. from
S' -t-marshe;: along tb coast of France,
-tc. [See Bay, an inht.]
BAY-WINDOW, ba'-win-d5, n. a window
projecting so as to form a bay or r-^cess
within.
BAY - woe r, ba'-wood, «. that variety of
mahogany exported from Hondmas. It
is softer and less finely marked than the
variety known as Spanish mahogany,
but is the largest and most abundant
kind. [See Mahogany.]
BAZAAR, BAZAR, ba-zai-', n. an Eastern
market-place or exchange : a largo liall
or suite of rooms for the sale of goods.
[Arab, bazar, a market.]
BDELLIUM, del'i-um, n. a kind of gum.
[Gr. bdellion, from H<'b. bedolach.]
BE, be, v.i. to live : to exist : to have a
certain state or quality : — pr.p. be'ing
pa.p. been (bin). [A.S. bcoyi ; Ger. bin ;
Gael, bi, to exist ; W. byw, to live ; Gr.
phud, L. fui, Jio, Sans, bhu, to be, origi-
nally meaning, to grow.]
BEACH, bech, ?i. the shore of the sea or of
a Jake, especially when sandy or pebbly :
t) strand. [Ice. balcki, a variety of
'■„nkj
P /ACHED, becht, adj. having a beach:
driven on a beach.
BEACHry, bech'i, adj. having a beach or
beaches.
BEACON, be'kji. n. a fire on an eminence
used as a sign of danger : anything tliat
warns of danger. — v. t. to act as a beacon
to : to Ught up. [A.S. beacen, a beacon,
a sign ; conn, with Beckon.]
BEAD, bed, n. a little ball pierced for
stringing, used in counting the prayers
recited, also used as an ornament : any
small ball. — ^To draw a bead, to fire,
from the practice of the Western hunts-
man, in taking aim, of gradually raising
the front sight, which resembles a bead,
to a level with the hind sight, and firing
the moment the two are in a line.
(Amer.) [A.S. bed, gebed, a prayer, from
hiddan. to pray. See Bid.]
BEADING, bo.l'ing, n. 1, in arch, a mold-
ing in imitation of .. bead : 2, a prepara-
tion added to weak spirituous liquors to
cause them to carry a bead, and to hang
in pearly drops about the sides of the
bottle \>r glass when poured out or
shaken, it bnng a popular notion that
spii-it is strong in proportion as it shows
such globviles. A very small quantity
of oil of vitriol or oil of almonds mixed
with rectified spirit is often used for this
purpose.
BEADLE, bed'l, n. a messenger or crier of
a court : a petty officer of a church, col-
lege, parish, etc. [A.S. bydel — beddan,
to proclaim, to bid.]
BEAD-ROLL, bed'-rol, m. among R. Catho-
lics, a roll or list of the dead to be prayed
for. [See Bead.]
BEADS5IAN, bedz'man, n. one employed
to pray for othere. — fern. BEADS'wojLiN.
BEAGLE, be'gl, n. a small hound chieflj
used in hunting hares. [Etj-. unknown, j
BEAK, bek, n. the bill of a bird : anj-thing
pointed or projecting: in the ancient
galley, a pointed iron fastened to the
prow for piercing the enemy's vesseL —
adj. Beak'ed. [Fr. bee — Celt, bcic, akin
t( Peak, Pike.]
BEAKER, bok'er, n. a large drinking-bowl
or cup, [Ice. bikarr (Scot, bicker) — Low
L. bicarium, ace. to Diez from Gr. bikos ;
of Eastern origin.]
JEAK-HEAD, bek'ned, n. an ornament re-
sembling the head and beak of a bird,
used as an enricluuent of molding-s in
N Tman architecture.
BEAM, bem, n. a large and straight piece
. f timber or iron forming one of the
main supports of a building, ship, etc.:
the part A a balance from which the
scales hang : the pole of a carriage : a
cylinder of wood in a loom : a ray of
light. — 1>.'. to send forth light : to sliine.
[A.S. beam, a tree, stock of a tree, a ray
of light ; G-er. baum, a tree ; Gr. phyma,
a growth — -p/fy-, to grow.]
BEAMILY, bera'i-li, adv. m a beamy or
beamin ■ manner : radiantly. " A bright
halo, sliining beamily." — Keats.
BE.^MLESS, bem'les, adj. without beams :
emittiug no rays of light.
BEAMY, bem i, adj. shining.
BEAN, ben, n. the name of several Irinds
of pulse and their seeds. [A.S. bean
Gor. bohne. W. XTaen, L. faba.]
BEAR, bar, v.t. to carry or support : to ec:
ure : to behave or conduct one's self ;
to bring forth or produce. — To bear a
HAUT), to assist : to be active and not
delay. (Amer.) — v.i. to suffer : to be par
tienl : to press (with on or npon) : to be
situated : — pr.p. bear'ing ; pa.f. bore ;
pa.p. borne (but the pa.p. when uSed
to mean "brought forth" is bom).
[A.S. beran ; Goth, bairan, L. fero, Gr.
phero. Sans, bhri.]
BEAR, bar, n. a rough wild quadruped,
with long sliaggv hair and hooked
claws : any brutal or iU-behaved per-
son : (a.stron.) the name of two constel-
lations, the Great and tiie Little Bear.
[A.S. bera ; Grer. bur; L. fera, a wild
beast, akin to Gr. ther, JEol. ^j/igr.]
BEARABLE, barVbl, adj. that may be
borne or endured. — adv. Be.ar'ably.
BEARD, herd. n. the hair that grows on
the chin and adjacent parts ; pricldes on
the ears of corn : the oai-b of an arrow :
the gills of oysters, etc. — v.t. to take by
tlie beard : to oppose to the face. [A.S.";
W. barf, Gnu: hart, Russ. boroda, L.
barba.']
BEARDED, berd'ed, adj. having a beard :
pricklv : barbed. — adj. Beard'less.
BEAREk, bar'er, n. one who or that which
bears, esp. one who assists in carrying a
body to the grave : a carrier or mes-
senger.
BEAR-GARDEN, bar'-gSr-dn^ n. an inclos
ure where bears are £ept : a i-ude turbu
lent assembly.
BE^VRING, bar'ing, n. behavior : situation
of one object with regard to another;
relation.
BEARISH, bar'ish, adj. like a bear.
BEAR'S-SKIN, bai-z'-skin, n. the skin of a
bear : a shaggy woollen cloth for over-
coats.
BEAR- WARD, bar'-wawrd, n. a warden or
keeper of bears.
BEAST
32
BEFALL
BEaST, best, n. an irrational animal as op-
posed to man : a four-footed animal : a
brutal person. [O. Fr. beste, Fr. bete—L.
bestia.]
BF,aSTIN(tS. best'ingz. Same as Biestings.
BtASTLY, oest'U, adj. like a beast in ac-
tions or beiiavior ; coarse : obscene. — n.
Be.\st'liness.
BEAT, bet, v.t, U. Strike repeatedly: to
brealv or bruise r to strike, as bushes, in
order to rouse game : to thrash : to over-
come. — I'.i. to grive strokes repeatedly:
to thrcb : to dash, a.s a flood or storm : —
pr.p. b. at'ing ; jm.t. beat : pa.p. beat'en.
-r^i. a stroke : a stroke recurring at in-
tervals, or its sound, as of a watch or
the pulse . a round or course : a place of
resort. — adj. weary: fatigued. [A.S.
beatan, from root hat, imitative oi tbe
sound of a sharp blow . hence Bat,
Butt.]
BEATEN, bet'n, adj. made smooth or bard
bv beating or treading : worn by use.
BEATER, bet'er, 7i. one that beats or
strikes : a crushing instrument.
BEATIFIC, -AL. be-a-tif'ik al, adj. maK
ing supremely liappy.
BEATIFICATION, be-at-i-fika'shun n. act
of beatifying : {R. C. Church) a declara-
tion by tKe pope that a person is blessed
>n heaven.
BEATIFY, be-at'i-fi, v.t., to make blessed or
ha])py : to bless with eternal happiness
in heaven. [L. beatus, blessed, and fado,
to make.]
BEATING, bet'ing, n. the act of stnlring :
chastisement by blows : regular pulsa-
tion or throbbing.
BEATITUDE, be-at'i-tud, n. heavenly liap-
piness, or happiness of the highest kind :
— pi. sayings of Christ in Matt, v., de-
claring the possessors of certain lartues
to be blessed. [L. beatitudo — beatus,
blessed.]
iJEAU, bo, M., a fine, gay man. fond of
dress : a lover : — pi. BeaXjX, boz. —fern.
Belle. [Fr. beau, bel — L. bellus, tine,
fay, a contr. of benulus, dim. of benus,
onus, good.]
BEAU-IDEAL, bo-Td-e'al, n., ideal excel-
lence, or an imaginary standard of per-
fection.
BEAUJOLAIS, bo-zho-la, n. a variety of
light red Bui-gundy wine.
BEAU-MONDE, bo-mongd', n. the gay or
fashionable rvorld. [Fr. beau, gay, and
mo;iJ^s, world.]
BEAUTEOUS, bu'te-us, adj. full of beauty:
fair : handsome. — adv. Beau'teously. —
n. BEAu'TEOtrsiress.
BEAUTIFIER, bu'ti-fl-er. n. one who or
that which be.iutifies or makes beautiful.
BEAUTIFUL, b:i'ti-fool, adj. fair: beaute-
ous : applied by uneducated people both
in England and the Um'ted States to
anj'thing pleasing or good, indiscrimi-
nately. — adv. Beau'tifully.
BEAUTIFY, bu'ti-n,i\^ tomakebeautifiU:
to grace : to adorn. — v.i. to become beau-
tiful, or more beautiful. [Beauty, and
L. facto, to make.]
BEAUTY, bu'ti, n. a plea.sing assemblage
of qualities in a person or object : a par-
ticular grace or excellence : a beautiful
person. [Fi-. beaute, from beau.]
\iEAUTY-SLEEP, bu'ti-slep, n. the sleep
taken before midnight, and popularly re-
garded as the most refreshing poi-tion of
the night's repose. "A medical man,
who may be called up at any moment,
must make sure of his beauty-sleep." —
Kingsley.
BEAUTY-SFOT. bu'ti-spot, n. a spot or
patch put on the face to heighten beauty.
BEAA^ER, bev'er, n. an amphibious quad-
ruped valuable for its fur : the fur of the
beaver : a bat made ol the beaver's fur :
a hat. [A.S. befer : Dan. baerer. dor.
biber, Gael, beabhar, L. fiber.]
BEAVER, bev'er, n. that part of a helmet
which covers the face. [So called from
a fancied likeness to a child's bib, Fr.
baviere, from bare, slaver.]
BEBLOTCH, be-bloch', v.t. to cover with
blots or blotches, as of ink. Southey.
BEBOOTED, be-bot'ed, j3. and adj. an em-
phatic form of Booted. " Couriers . . .
bestrapped and bebooied.'" — Carlyle.
BECALM, be-kam', v.t. to make calm, still,
or quiet.
BECAME, be-kam', i)ct.f. of Become.
BECAUSE, be-kawz', conj. for the rea.son
tliat : on account of : for. [A.S. be, by,
and Cause.]
BECK, bek, n. a brook. [Ice. behkr ; Ger.
bach.]
BECK, bek, n. a sign with the finger or
head : a nod. — v.i. to make .such a sign.
[A contr. of Beckon.]
BECKON, bek'n, v.t. to nod or make a
sign to. [A.S. beacnian — beucen. a sign.
See Beacon.]
BECLOUD, be-klowd', v.t. to obscure by
clouds.
BECOME, be-kum', v.i. to pass from one
state to another : to come to be : (fol. by
of) to be the fate or end of. — v.t. to suit
or beSt : — pa.t. became'; />r/ .p. become'.
[A.S. becumau — pfx. be, and Come.]
BECOMING, be-kum'ing, adj. suitable to :
graceful. — adv. Becom'ingly.
BECORONET, be-ko'ro-net, v.t. to adorn,
as with a coronet : to coronet. Carlyle.
BECURSE, be-kers', v.t. to shower curses
on C. Reade.
BED, bed, n. a couch or place to sleep on :
a plot in a garden ; a place in which any-
thing rests ; the channel of a river : ygeoX.)
a layer or stratum. — v.t. to place in bed :
to sow or plant : to lay in layers -.—pr.p.
bedd'ing : pa.p. bedd'eS. — h.s.Bed'chamb'-
EE, Bedd'ing. [A.S oed : Ice. bedr, Ger.
belt.]
BEDAUB, be-dawb', v.t. to daub over or
smear with any thick and dirty matter.
BEDCHAIR, bed'char, ii. a cnair wnth a
movable back to support a sick person as
in bed.
BEDECK, be-dek', v.t. to deck or orna-
ment.
BEDEVIL, be-deVil, v.t. to throw u-o
disorder and conjfusion, as if by tL '
devil.
BEDEW, be-du', v.t. to moisten gently, as
with dew.
BEDFELLOW, bed'fel'6, n. a sharer of the
same bed.
BEDIADEM, be-di'a-dem, v.t. to crown or
adorn witli a diadem. Carlyle.
BEDIGHT, be-dit', adj. adorned. [Pfx. be,
and Dight.]
BEDIM, be-dim'. v.t. to make dim or dark.
BEDIZEN, be-dfz'n, v.t. to dress gaudily.
BEDIZENMENT. be-diz'n-ment, n. the act
of bedizening : the state of being be-
dizened : that which bedizens. " The
beilizenment of the great spirit's sanctu-
arj' with .skulls." — Kingsley. "Strong
Dames of the Market . . . with oak-
branches, tricolor bedizenment." — Car-
lyle.
BEDLAM, bed'lam, n. an asylum for luna-
tics : a m.idhouse : o place of uproar. —
adj. fit for a madhouse. [Corrupted from
Bethlehem, the name of a monasterj' in
London, afterwards converted into a
madhouse.]
BEDLAJtflTE. bed'lam-it, n. a madman.
BEDOUIN, bed^oo-in. n. the name given
to those Arabs who live in tents and
lead a nomadic life. [Fr. — ^Ar. badaiciy,
dwellers in the desert.]
BEDRENCH, be-drensh', v.t. to drench or
BEDRID, -DEN, bed'rid, -dn, adj. confined
to bed by age or sickness.
BEDROOSl, bed'room, n. a room in wiiich
there is a bed : a sleeping apartment.
BEDSTEAD, bed'sted, n. a frame for sup-
porting a bed.
BEDTICK, bed'tik, n. the tick or cover in
wliich feathers, etc., are put for bedding
BEE, be, M. a four-winged insect that
makes honey. — n. Bee-line, the most
du-ect road from one point to another
like the honey-laden bee's way home
to the hive. [A,S. beo : Ger. biene.]
BEE, be, n. an assemblage of people,
generally neigiibors, to unite their labors
for the benefit of one individual or
family, .^t such meetings dancing and
much mtrriment are usually introduced
at the brealdng up. (Amer.)
BEECH, bech, ?!. a common forest tree
wth smooth, silverj'-looking bark, and
producing nuts, once eaten l)y man, now
only by pigs. — adj. Beech'en. [A.S. bece,
boc : Ger. buche, Lat. fagus, Gr. phegos
— from root of phagb, to eat.]
BEE-EATER, be'-et'er, n. a bird aUied to
tlie king-tisher, which feeds on bees.
BEEF, bef, ?;. the flesh of an ox or cow : —
p?. Beeves, used in orig. sense, oxen. —
adj. consisting of beef. [Fi-. boeuf. It.
bove — L. hos, boi-is ; cf. Gr. 6ow«, Gael.
bo. Sans, go, A.S. cii.]
BEEF-EATER, bef -et'er, n. a popular name
for a yeoman of the sovereign's guard,
also of the warders of the Tower c.'
London. [The obv-ious ety. is tlie right
one, there being no such form as buffet ier,
as often stated. Cf. A.S. hldf-aeta lit.
" loaf-eater," a menial servant.]
BEEFSTEAK, bef'stak, n. a steak or slice
of beef for broiling.
BEEF-WITTED, bef'-wit'ed, adj. duU or
heavy in wits : stupid.
BEEHIVE, be'hlv, ?i. a case for bees tc
live in.
BEE-LINE, be'-Un, n. a direct or straight
line — as the bee flies home to the hive.
(Amer.)
BEEN, bin, pa.p. of Be.
BEE-NETTLE, be'-net-l, n. a species of
hemp-nettle ; Oaleopsis versicolor.
BEER, ber, n. a liquor made by fermenta-
tion from malted barley and hops. |-iS.
beor : Fr. biere, Ger. bier ; prob. from
root of Ferment.]
BEERY, ber'i, adj. of or affected by beer.
BEESTINGS, best'ingz. See Biestings.
BEESWAX, bez'waks, );. the wax collected
by bees, and used by them in construct-
ing their cells.
BEET, bet, n. a plant with a carrot-shaped
root, eaten as food, from which sugar is
extracted. [A.S. bete, Ger. beete, Fr. bette
— L. beta.]
BEET, bet, v.t. to mend, as a fire, by add-
ing fuel ; to bete : hence, to rouse : to
encourage. [Old EugUsh and Scotch.
See Bete.]
It heats me. It beets me.
And sets me a' on flame. — Bunts.
BEETLE, be'tl, n. an insect with hard
cases for its wings. [A.S. bitel — bitan,
to bite.]
BEETLE, be'tl, n. a heavy wooden mallet
used to beat with. — v.i. to jut or hang
out like the head of a beetle or mallet
[A.S. bitl, hytel, a mallet — beatan, tc
beat.]
BEETLE-BROWED, be'tl-browd, cidj
with overhanging or prominent brow.
BEETROOT, bgt'root, n. the root of the
beet plant.
BEEVES, bevz, n.pl. cattle, oxen. [See
Beef.]
BEFALL, be-fawl', v.t. to fall upon or hap-
pen to : to betide. — v.i. to happen or
come to pass :—pr.p. befall'ing ; pa.i. be
I
BEFETTER
SS
BELL-PUNCH
fell' ; pa.p. befall'en. [A.S. hefeaUan.
See Fall.]
8EFETTEK, be-fet'er, v.t. to confine with
fetters : hence, to deprive of freedom.
■• Tongue-tied, befettered, heavy-laden
nations. " — CarlyJe.
BEFIT, be-fit', r.^ to fit, or be suitable to :
—pr.p. befitt'ing ; pa.jx befitt'ed. [Pfx.
be. and Fit.]
BEFOOL, be-fool', v.t. to make a fool of,
or deceive.
BEFORE, be-for', prep, at the fore part, ot
in front of : in presence or sigrht of : pre-
vious to : in preference to : superior to.
— adv. in front : sooner than : hitherto.
[A.S. be-foran. See Fore.]
-lEFOREHAND, be-for'hand, adv. before
the time : bv way of preparation.
■r^EFOUL, be-foul'," r.f. to dirty : to soil : to
tarnish. " Law'yers can hve without be-
fouling each other's names." — TroUope.
3EFRIEXD, be-frend', v.t. to act as a
friend to : to favor.
BEFRILL, be-fril', v.t. to furnish or deck
with a frUl or frills. " The vicar's white-
haired mother, bef rilled . . , with dainty
cleanliness." — George Eliot.
BEFRIZZ, be-friz', v.t. to curl the hair of :
to frizz. '■ Befrizzed and bepowdered
courtiers;." — Contemp. Hev.
dEFUUDLE, be-fud'l, v.t. to stupefy or
muddle with liquor : to make stupidly
drunk.
BEG, beg, v.i. to ask alms or charity : to
live by asking' alms. — v.t. to ask earnest-
ly : to Deseech : to take for granted : —
pr.p. begg'ing ; pa./>. begged'. [A.S.
bed-ec-ian, contr. bed'eian,beggen, a fre-
quentative, to ask often, from Mddan, to
ask. See Bead, Bid.]
BEGET, be-get', v.t. to be the father of :
to produce or cause : to generate : to pro-
duce as an effect, to cause : — pr.p. begett'-
■ng; pa.f. begat', begot'; pa.p. begot',
oegott'en. [A.S. begrt^an, to acquire. See
Get.]
BEGETTER, be-get'er, n. one who begets :
a father.
BEGGAR, beg'ar, n. one who begs : one
who Uves by begging. — v.t. to reduce to
beggary : to exhaust.
BEGcGARLY, beg'ar-U, adj. poor: mean:
contemptible. — adv. meanly. — n. Begg'-
AKLINESS.
BEGGARY, beg'ar-!, 7). extreme poverty.
BEGIFT, be-gift', v.t. to confer gifts on :
to load with presents. Carlyle.
BEGIN, be-gin , v.i. to take rise : to enter
on lometbing new : to commence. — v.t.
to enter on : to commence : — pr.p. be-
ginn'ing; pa.t. began'; pa.p. begun'
[A.S. beginnan (also onginnan), from be,
and ginnan, to begin.]
BEGINNER, be-^n'er, n. one who begins :
one who is beginning to learn or practice
anything.
BEGINNING, be-gin'ing, n. origin or com
mencement : rudiments.
BEGIRD, be-gerd', v.t. to gird or bind with
a girdle : to surround or encompass : —
f.t. begirt', begird'ed ; pa.p. begirt'.
;e Gird.]
IRDLE, be-ger'dl, t\t. to surround or
encircle, as with a girdle. *' Like a ring
of iron they . . . begirdle her from
shore to shore." — Carlyle.
SEGIRT. be-gert', v.t. Same as Begird
' also jHt.t. and pa.p. of Begird.
' BEGLARE, be-glar', v.t. to glare at or on.
(A humorous coinage.) "So that a by-
stander %vithout beholding Mrs. Wilfer
at all must have known at whom she
was glaring by seeing her refracted from
the countenance of the beglared one." —
Dickenx.
aEGONE, be-gon', int. (lit.) be gone. In
WokBEOONE, we have the pa.p. of A.S.
began, to go round, to beset — ^beset with
woe.
BEGOT, be-got', BEGOTTEN, be-got'n,
pa.p. of Beget. [deeply.
BEGRIME, be-grim', v.t. to grime or soil
BEGROAN, be-gron', v.t. to receive vrith
groans : to assail with groans, as a mairW
of disapprobation. " Patriot Brissot, be-
shouted this day by the patriot giaeiies,
shall find himself begroaned by chevo, on
account of his limited pp.Wiatism." —
Carlyle.
BEGUILE, be-gil', v.t. to chefct or deceive :
to cause to pass unnoticei what may he
attended with tedium ot pain. — adv.
BeGUIL'INGL\. — 11.9. Becjuement, Be-
oriL'ER. [See Guile.]
BEGUM, be'giun, n. a Hindu princess or
lady of rank.
BEGUN, be-gun', pa.p. of Bfgdj.
BEHALF, be-haf , n. favor or benefit :
sake, accoimt : part. [A.S. healf, half,
part ; on healf e, on the side of.]
BEHAVE, be-hav', v.t. ('i\'ith self) to bear
or carry, to conduct. — v.i. to conduct
one's self: to act. This word, when
used intransitively and reflexively, has
sometmies, in coUoq'oial langruage, a
food sense, having the force of to he-
ave well, to conduct one's self well, the
modifying adverb being impUed ; as, the
boy \vill get his hoUdays if he behaves ;
behave yourselves and you will be duly
rewarded. [A.S. behabban, to restrain,
from habban, to have, to use.]
BEHAVIOR, be-hav'yur, n. conduct:
manners or deportment.
BEHEAD, be-hed', v.t. to cut off the head.
BEHEADING, be-hed'ing, n. th^ act of
cutting off the head. [HOLD.
BEHELD, be-held', pa.t. and pa.p. of Be-
BEHEMOTH, be'he-moth, n. an animal
described in the book of Job, p'-ob. the
hippopotamus. In Milton, the elephant.
[Heb. "betists," hence '"great oeast."]
BEHEST, be-hest', n. command : charge.
[A.S. behces, vow, from be, and Tubs,
command — hatan ; Goth, haitan, to call,
to name.]
BEHIND, be-hind', prep, at the back of :
after or coming after : inferior to. — adv.
at the back, in the rear : backward : past.
[A.S. behindan; Ger. hinten. See Hind.]
BEHINDHAND, be-hind'hand, adj. or adv.
being behind : tardv, or in arrears.
BEHITHER, he-hith'er,prep. on this side of.
" Two miles behither CUfden." — Evelyn.
BEHOLD, be-hold', v.t. to look upon : to
contemplate. — v.i. to look : to fix the at-
tention z—pa.t. and pa.p. beheld'. — imp.
or int. see I lo 1 observe t [A.S. be-
healden, to hold, observe — pfx. be. and
healdan, to hold.]
BEHOLDEN, be-hold'n, adj. bound in
gratitude : obliged. [Old pa.p. of Be-
hold, in its orig. sense.]
BEHOLDER, be-hold 'er, n. one who be-
holds : an onlooker.
BEHOOF, be-ho6f, n. benefit: conven-
ience. YSee Behoove.]
BEHOOVE, be-hoov', v.t. to be //, right,
or necessai^ for — now only ased imper-
sonally with it. [A.S. behofian, to be fit,
to stand in need of; connected with
Have, Ger. haben, L. habeo, to have,
habilis, fit, suitable.]
BEIGE, bazh, Ji. a light woollen fabric,
made of wool of the natural color, that
is, neither dyed nor bleached. [Fr.]
BEING, be'ing, n. existence : any person or
thing existing. [From the pr.p. of Be.]
BE.JUCO, ba-hci'ko, n. a slender, reed-like,
twining' plant of Central America.
[American Spanish.]
The serpent-like bejuco winds his spiral fold on fold
Round the tall and stately ceiba till It withers in his
hold. —Whitlit^
BELABOR, be-la'bur v.t. to beat soundly.
BELATED, bfe-lat'ted, actf. made too late:
benighted.
BELAY, bo-la' v.t, to fasten a rope by
wiRding it round a pin. [Dut. be-leggen,
cog. with Lay, v.]
jOELCH, belsh, v.t. to throw out wind
from the stomach : to eject violently.
— n. eructation. [A.S. bealcan, an imi
tation of the soundj
BELDAM, BELDAME, bel'dam, n. an old'
woman, esp. an ugly one. [Fr. bel, fan
(see Belle), and Dame, orig. fair dame,
used ironicallv.]
BELEAGUER, "be-leg'er, v.t. to lay siegs
to. [Dut. belegeren, to besiege ;" conn,
with Belay. 1
BELFRY, bel'fri, n. the part of a steepU
or tower in which bells are hung. [Orig.
and properly, a watch-tower, from O. Fr,
berfroi, O. Ger. bercfrit — O. Ger. f rid, a
tower, bergan, to protect.]
BELIE, be-li', v.t. to give the lie to: to
speak falsely of : to counterfeit : — p>''-P-
bel/ing; pia-P- belied'. [A.S. be, and
LieJ
BELIEF, be-Ief , n. persuasion of the truth
of an^-thing : faith : the opinion or doc-
trine believed.
BELIEVAPLE, be-lev'a-bl, adj. that may
be beheved.
BELIEVE, be-le'v', v.t. to regard as true
to trust in. — v.i. to be firmly persuaded
of anji;hing : to exercise faith : to think
or sujjpose. — adv. Beuev'ingly. [With
prefix be- for ge-, from A.S. gelyfan. For
root of lyfan. see Lea've, n.\
BELIEVER, be-lev'er, n. one who believes :
a professor of Christianity.
BELIKE, be-llk', adv. probably : perhaps.
[A.S. pfx. be, and Like]
BELL, bel, v. a hollow vessel of metaT
with a tongue or clapper inside, which
rings when moved : anj-thing bell-
shaped. — Bear the bell, to be first oi
superior, in allusion to the bell-wethet
of a flock, or to the leading horse of a
team wearing bells on his collar. [A.S.
bella, a bell — bellan, to sound loudly.]
BELLADONNA, bel-a-don'a, n. the plant
Deadly Nightshade, used in small doses
as a medicine. [It. bella-donna, fair
lady, from its use as a cosmetic]
BELLE, oel, «., a fine or handsome young
hull/: a beauty. [Fr., fem. of Beau.]
BELLES-LETTkES, bel-let'r, n. the de-
partment of Uterature, such as poetry
and romance, of which the chief aim is
to please by its beauty. [Fr. belle, fine, let-
tres, learning — lettre, L. litera, a letter.]
BELLETRISTIC, bel-let-ris'tik, adj. per
taining or relating to belles-lettres.
BELI^HANGER, bel'-hang'er, n. one whr
hangs or puts up beUs.
BELLICOSE, bel'ik-os, adj. contentious:
[L. bellicosus — bellum, war.]
BELLIED, bel'id, adj. swelled out, ot
prominent, like the belly — used gener-
ally in composition.
BELLIGERENT, bel-i'jer-ent, adj., carry-
ing on war. — n. a nation engaged in
war. [L. belligero, to carry on war —
bellum, war, gero, to carry. See Duel-
Jest.]
BELLMAN, bel'man, n. a toxvn-crier, whc
rings a bell when giving notice of any
thing.
BELL-MARE, bel'-mflr, n. a mare clioset
to lead a drove of mules in the South
west. (Amer.)
BELLOW, bel'S, v.i. to low: to make »
loud resounding noise. — n. a roaring
IFrom root of Bell.]
BELLOWS, bel'oz or bel'us, n. an Instru-
ment to blow with. [A.S. bcelig, a bag
Gael, balg: conn, \vitn Belly, Bag.]
BELL-PUNCH, bel'-punsh, n a small
BELL-SHAPED
34
BESET
punch fitted to the jaws of a pincers-
shaped instrument, combined with a
httle bell wliich sounds when tlie pimch
makes a perforation. Such punches are
generally used to cancel tickets, as in
tramway cars, etc.. as a check on the
eonductors, the ringing of the bell indi-
cating to tlie passenger that liis ticket
has been properly punched, and that the
blank cut lias passed into a receptacle in
the instrmuent from which the blanks
are taken and counted by an official of
the companj'. Other forms of bell-
punches .are in use, as a combined tell-
tale and bell, the ringing of which indi-
cates to an official at some distance that
the instrument has been duly pressed.
BELL-SHAPED, bel'-shapt, adj. shaped
like a bell.
BELL-WETHER, bel'-we^/i'er, n. a wether
or sheep wliich leads the flocks with a
bell on his neck.
BELLY, bel'i, n. the part of the body be-
tween the breast and the thighs. — v.t. to
swell out : to fill. — i\i. to swell : — pr.j}.
belVving ; pa.ji. bell'ied. [From root of
Bag"]
BELLi'-BAND, bel'i-band, n. a band that
goes round tlie belly of a horse to secure
the saddle.
BELLYFDX, bel'i-fool, n. as much as fills
the belly, a sufficiency.
BELONG, be-long', v.i. to be one's prop-
erty : to be a part : to pertain : to have
residence. (A.S. langian. to long after ;
cf. Dui. helangen.'\
BEIONGIXG, be-long'ing, n. that which
belongs to one — used generally in the
plural.
BELOVED, be-luvd', adj. much loved :
very dear.
BELOW, be-lo', prep, beneath in place or
rank : not worthy of. — adv. in a lower
place : (fig.) on earth or in hell, as op-
posed to heaven. \Be, and Low.]
BELT, belt, n. a girdle or band : igeog.) a
strait. — v.t. to surround with a belt : to
encircle. — adj. Belt'ed. [A.S. belt ; Ice.
helti, Gael, bait, L. halteus, a be't.]
BELVEDERE, bel've-der, n. (in Italy) a
pavilion or look-out on tlie top of a build-
ing. [It. — bello, beautiful, vedere, to see
— L f>e//i(sand indere.'\
BEM'^ET, be-met', v.t. to meet.
Our very lovin<r sifter, well beinet. — Shah.
BES'-ITRE, be-mi'ter, v.t. to adorn with a
nijtre. Carlyle.
BEMOAN, be-mon', v.t. to moan at : to
lament.
BEMOUTH, be-iuou/;i', v.t. to utter with
an affected, big, swelling voice : to
mouth. " In Mil tonic blank bemouthed."
— Southey.
BEMURMXIR; be-mur'mur, v.t. 1, to mur-
mur round. " Bemurmured now by the
hoarse-flowing Danube." — Carlyle. 2, to
greet with mui'iiiurs, as of discontent or
the hke. " So fare the eloquent of France,
bem itrnut red, besliouted. " — Carlyle.
BEMUZZLE, be-inuz'l, v.t. to put a muzzle
on : to muzzle. Carlyle.
BENCH, bensh, n. a long seat or form : a
mechanic's work-table : a judge's seat :
the body or a.ssembly of judges. — v.t. to
place on or furnish \vith benches. [A.S.
beuc : cog. with Grer. 6a)iA% and conn,
with E. Bank, a ridge of earth.]
BENCHER, bensh'er, n. a senior member
' of an inn of court.
BEND, bend, v.t. to curve or bow : make
crooked : to turn or incline : to subdue.
— v.i. to be crooked or curved : to lean :
to bow in submission : — pa.p. bend'ed or
bent. — n. a cuiwe or crook. [A.S. ben-
dan, to bend, from Bast}, a string ; a
bow was " bent " by tightening the band
or string.]
BENE, ben, n. a prayer : a request : an
entreaty. }\'ordsivorth. (Provincial En-
glish.) [A.S. ben, a prayer.]
BENEATH, be-neth', j^re/j. under, or lower
in place : unbecoming. — adv. in a lower
place : below. [-A-S. pfx. be, and neo-
than, beneath. See Nether.]
BENTHDICK, ben'e-dik, BENEDICT, ben'e-
dikt, H. a newly-married man : also, a
bachelor. [From Benedick, a character in
Shakespeai-e"s Much Ado About Xothing,
who begins as a confirmed bachelor and
ends by marrying Beatrice.]
BENEDICTINE, ben-e-dikt'in, n. one of an
order of monks named after St. Benedict,
called also Black Friars from the color of
their dress.
BENEDICTION, bea-e-dik'shun, n. a bless-
ing : the solemn act of imploring the
blessing- of God. [L. benedictio — bene,
well, dico, dictum, to say.]
BENEDICTORY, ben-e-dikt'or-i, adj. de-
claring a benediction : expressing ^vishes
for good.
BENEFACTION, ben-e-fak'shun, n. the
act of doing good : a good deed done or
benefit conferred. [L. bene/actio. See
Bejstefice.]
BENEFACTOR, ben-e-fak'tor, n. one who
confers a benefit. — fern. Benefac'tress.
BENEFICE, ben'e-fis, n. an ecclesiastical
h\dng. [Fr. — Ij.beneficium, a kindness —
benefacere, to benefit — bene, well, faeio,
to do. In Low L. benefieitim meant a
gift of an estate.]
BENEFICED, ben'e-fist, adj. having a
benefice.
BENEFICENCE, be-nef'i-sens, n. active
goodness : kindness : charity.
BENEFICENT, be-nefi-sent, adj., doing
good : kind : charitable. — adv. Benef'-
icently.
BENEFICIAL, beu-e-flsh'al, adj., doivrj
good : useful : advantageous. — adv. Bene-
FIC'IALLY.
BENEFICIARY, ben-e-fish'i-ar-i, n. one
who holds a benefice or receives a benefit.
— adj. holding in gift.
BENEFIT, ben'e-fit, n. a favor : advantage :
a performance at a theatre, the proceeds
of which go to one of the company. —
v.t. to do good to. — v.i. to gain advan-
tage : — lir.j}. ben'efiting ; pa.p. ben'e-
fited. [Fr. bienfait — L. bene/actum.]
BENEVOLENCE, be-neVol-ens, n., good-
tnll : disposition to do good : an act of
kindness : {E. Hist.) a species of tax
arbitrarily le\'ied by the sovereign, and
represented by him as a gratuit3-. [L.
benevolent ill— bene, well, volo, to wish.]
BEN'rEVOLENT, be-nev'ol-ent, adj., well-
u-ishing: disposed to do good. — adv.
Benev'olextly.
BENGAL-LIGHT, ben-gawl'-llt, n. aspecies
of firework producing a very viWd blue
light, much used for signals V)v sliips.
BENIGHTED, be-nit'ed, adj. overtaken by
night : involved in darkness : ignorant.
[Be, and Night.]
BENIGN, ben-Tn', adj. favorable : gracious :
kindly. [O. Fr. benigne — L. benignus=
benig'enus, weU-born, of gentle nature —
bemi.'i, bonus, good, and gen, root of
gigno, to produce.]
BENHGNANT, ben-ig'nant, adj. kind : gra-
cious.— adv. Besig'Nantly. [L. benig-
nns.]
BENIGNITY, ben-ig'nit-i, n. goodness of
disposition : kindness : graciousness.
BE^^GNLY■, ben-in'li, adv. kmdly : gra-
ciously.
BENISON, ben'i-zn. n., benediction, bless-
ing. [O. Fr. benei^on — L. benedictio.
See Benediction.]
BENJAillN, ben'ja-min, n. a kind of top-
coat or overcoat worn by men.
BENT, bent, jja.f. sLud pa.p. of Bend.
BENT, bent, n. leaning or bias : fixed ten-
dency or set of the mind. [From Bend.]
BENT," bent, n. a coarse grass. [A.S,
beonet.}
BENTHAMISM, ben'tham-izm, n. that
doctrine of ethics or of social and poUti-
cal economy taught bj- Jeremy Benf/iam,
the sum of wliich may be thus stated : —
The greatest happiness of the greatest
number is the end of all true moral
action. Nature lia\ing placed mankind
under the government of two sovereign
masters. Pleasure and Pain, it is for
them alone to point out what we ought
to do. This doctrine is the foundation
of Utilitarianism (which see).
BENTHAMITE, beu'tham-it, n. one who
holds or favors the doctrine of Bentham-
ism.
BENTTMB, be-num', v.t. to make 7iumb or
torpid.
BENZINE, ben'zin, n. a substance pre-
pared from coal-tar naphtha, used in re-
moving grease stains from cloth. [From
Benzoin".]
BENZOIN, ben-zo'in, n. a fragrant, me-
dicinal resin, obtained from the Styrax
benzoin, a tree of Sumatra. [Of Arab,
orig.]
BEPOMMEL, be-pmn'mel, v.t. to pommel
or beat soundly : to give a good drub-
bing to. '■• Bepommelled and stoned by
irreproachable ladies of the straitest sect
of the Pharisees." — Tliaclceray.
BEQUEATH, be-kwef/i', v.t. to give or
leave bj" will : to hand down, as to pos-
terity. [A.S. be, and cicethan, to say, to
tell. See Quoth.]
BEQUEST, be-kwest', n. something be-
queathed or left bv will : a legacy.
BERASCAL, be-ras'ljal, v.t. to call or ad-
dress bj' the opprobrious term i-ascal
Fielding.
BEREAVE, be-reV', v.t., to rob or mak«
destitute : — 2)a.2}. bereaved' or bereft',
[Pfx. be, and Reave. A.S. reafian.]
BEREA\"EMENT, be-rev'ment, 7i. heavy
loss, esp. of friends bv death.
BEREFT, be-reft', jjn.jj. of Bereave.
BERGAMOT. ber'ga-mot, n. a fragrant oil
obtained from the Bergamot pear.
[From Bergamo, a town of Lombardv in
Italy.]
BERIBAND, be-rib'and, BERIBBON, be-
rib'on, v.t. to adorn or deck with a rib-
bon or ribbons. "Nut-brown maids
bedizened and beribanded." — Carlyle
" Rouged and beribboned." — Miss Burney.
BERRIED, ber'id, adj. having bercies.
BERRY, ber'i, n. any small juicy fruit.
[A.S. berige : Ger. beere ; Dut" bezie ;
Goth, basi; Sans, bhas, to eat.]
BERTH, berth, n. a sliip's station at an-
clior : a room or sleeping-place in a ship :
a situation or place of employment. [A
form of BlETH.]
BERTHAGE, berth'aj, n. a charge made
on vessels occupying a berth in a dock or
harbor.
BERYL, ber'il, n. a precious stone of a
greenish color. [L. and Gr. beryllus.'\
BESCOUR, be-skour', v.t. to scour over : to
overrun. " France too is bescoured by a
devil's pack, the baying of wliich . .
still sounds in the mind's ear." — Carlyle.
BESEECH, be-sech', v.t. to seek or ask
from urgently : to implore or entreat :—
pr.p. beseecli'ing ; 2ya.t. and ^ja.jj. be-
sought (be-sawt'). — adv. Beseech'ingly
[A. is. be, and secnn, to seek.]
BESEECH INGNESS, be-sech'ing-nes, n.
the state or quality of being beseeching
or earnestlv solicitous : entreatv. George
Eliot.
BESEEM, be-sem', v.t. to be seemlv or fit
for. [Pfx. be, and Seem.]
BESET, be-set', v.t. to surround or inclose '
BESETTING
35
BIBLIOLATRY
to waylay : to perplex -.—pr.p. besett'-
ing ; pa.t. and XKi.p. beset'. [A.S. bi-
settan. to siurround.]
BESETTING, be-set'ing, adj. confirmed :
habitual,
BESHOUT, be-shoiit', v.t. to greet or re-
ceive with shouts. Caiiyle.
BESIDE, be-sid', prep., by the side of: over
and above : distinct from. — Beside one's
SELF, out of one's wits or reason. [A.S.
he. by, and Side.]
BESIDE, be-sId', BESIDES, be-sid/, adv.
moreover : in addition to.
BESIEGE, be-sej', v.t. to lay siege to : to
beset with armed forces : to throng
round. — n. BESIEGER, be-sej'er. [Be, and
Siege.]
BESING, be-sing', v.t. to praise or cele-
brate in song. " The Charter which has
been so niucli hesiuig." — Dickens.
BESilEAR, be-smer', v.t. to smear over or
daub.
BESOM, be'zum, n. an implement for
sweeping. [AS. besem, hes-mu.]
BESOT, be-sot , v.t. to make sottish, dull,
or stupid -.—pr-p. besott'ing ; jjo.jj. be-
sott'\^d.
BESOUGHT, be-sawt', pa.t. and pa.2}. of
Beseech.
BESPAKE, be-spak'. pa.p. of Bespeak.
BESPATTER, be-spafer, v.t. to spatter or
sprinkle with dii"t or anj-thing moist : to
defame.
BESPEAK, be-.spek', v.t., to speak for or
engage beforehand : to betoken. [Be,
and Speak.]
BESPEAK, be-spek', v.t. to speak, or speak
to. [Prefix be, and Speak.]
BESPEECH, be-spech', v.t. to annoy or tor-
ment by much speech-making. Carlyle.
BESPOUT. ue-spout', v.t. to annoy or ha-
rass \vith much loud, empty speaking.
Carlyle.
HESPY, be-spf, i\t. to subject to espion-
age : to set spies upon. " His own
friends of the j^eople . . . bespied, be-
headed. " — Ca rlyle.
BEST, best, adj. (serves as superl. of Good)
good in the highest degree : first : liigh-
est : most excellent. — n. one's utmost
endeavor : the highest perfection. — adv.
(superl. of Well) in the highest degree :
in the best manner. [A.S. betst, betest,
be.tt. See Better.]
BESTEAD, be-sted*, p.adj. situated :
treated. [Pfx. be, and Stead.]
BESTEAD, BESTED, be-sted', v.t. toplace
or dispose : to assist, to serve. [Prefix
he. Stead, place.]
BESTIAL, best'i-al, adj. like a beast : \Tle :
sensual. [L. bestiahs. See Beast.]
BESTIALIZE, best'i-al-Tz, v.t. to make like
:■ beast.
BESTIALiry, best-i-al'i-ti, n. beastliness.
BESTL^RLAN, bes-ti-a'ri-an, n. one who
takes an interest in the land treatment
of beasts ; the term has l)een applied to
those persons who oppose vivisection,
and was invented by Darwin. [L. bestia,
a beast : the word was suggested by hip-
manitarian.l
BESTIR, be-ster', v.t. to put into lively ac-
tion.
BESTOW, be-st5', v.t. to stow, place, or
put by : to give or confer : to apply.
\Hff Stow.]
BESTOWAL, be-stO'al, n. act of bestow-
in^' : disposal.
6ESTRAP, be-.strap', v.t. to confine -with a
strap or straps. "The .young lion's
whelp has to grow up all bestrapped, be-
muzzled." — Carlyle.
IBESTRIDE, be-strld', v.t. to stride over:
to sit or stand across -.—pa.t. bestrid',
bestrode' : pa.p. bestrid', bestridd'en.
[Spp Stride.]
BESTUD. be-stud', v.t. to adorn with studs.
BET, bet, 11. a wager : something staked
to be lost or won on certain conditions.
— v.t. and i. to lay or stake, as a bet : —
^jr.«. b ett'ing ; pa.t. and 2?a.p. bet or
bett'ed. [Ety. dub. ; either A.S. bad, a
pledge, akin to Wed, Wager, or a contr.
of Abet.]
BETAKE, be-tak', v.t. (^^•ith self) to take
one's self to : to apply or have recourse :
—pa.t. betook' ; pa.p. betak'en. [A.S.
be. and Ice. talca, to deliver.]
BETEL, be'tl, n. the betel-nut, or nut of
the areca palm, with lime and the leaves
of the Betel-Pepper, is chewed by the
Malays as a stimulant. [East, word.]
BETHlNK. be-thingk', v.t. to think on or
call to mind : to recollect (generally fol-
lowed bj' a reflective pronoun). — v.i. to
consider -.—pa.t. and pa.p. bethought
(be-tliawf). [A.S. bethenean, Ger. 6c-
denken. See 'Think.]
BETIDE, be-tid', v.t, to happen to: to be-
fall. [A.S. pfx. be, and tidan, to happen.
See Tide.]
BETIMES, be-tlmz', adv. in good time :
seasonably. [Pfx. be, and Time.]
BETOKEN, be-to'kn, v.t. to show by a
sign : to foreshow. [A.S. getacnian.
See Token.]
BETOOK, be-took', pa.t. of Betake.
BETRAY, De-tra', v.t. to give up treacher-
ously : to disclose in breach of ti-ust : to
discover or show. [Pfx. be, and Fr. trahir.
It. tradire — L. tradere, to deliver up.]
BETRAYAL, be-tra'al, n. act of betrajang.
BETRAY'ER, be-tra'er, n. a traitor.
BETROTH, be-troth', v.t. to contract or
promise in order to marriage : to affiance.
(Be. and TROTH or Trith.]
BETROTHAL, be-troth'al, BETROTH-
MENT, be-troth'ment, w. an agreement
or contract with a view to marriage.
BETTER, bet'er, adj. (serves as comp.
of Good) good in a greater degree :
preferable : improved. — adv. (comp. of
Well) well in a greater degree : more
fully or completely : with greater ad-
vantage : — -j:)?. superiors. — v.t. to make
better, to improve : to benefit. [A.S.
bet (adv.), betera, better, Goth, batiza,
Ger. besser : root bat, good ; it is in all
the Teutonic lang. See Boot.]
BETTER, bet'er, n. one who bets.
BETWEEN, be-twen'. BETWIXT, be-
twikst', pirep. in the middle of twain
or tico : in the middle or intermediate
space : from one to another. [A.S. he-
tireonan. betweox, betivuxt — be, and
ttcegen, twa, two, twain.]
BETWEENITY, be-twen'i-ti, n. the state
or quality of being between : intermedi-
ate condition : t)iat wliich occupies an
intermediate space, place, or position.
" To rejoin heads, tails and betiveem'tie.9."
— Southey. ' The house is not Gothic,
but of that betiveenity that intervened
when Gothic declined and Palladian was
creeping in." — H. Walpole.
BEVEL, iieVel, n. a slant or inclination of
a surface : an instrument openmg like a
pair of compasses for measuring angles.
— adj. having the form of a bevel : slant-
ing.— v.t. to form ^^'itIl a bevel or slant :
— pr.p. bevelling ; jia.p. bev'elled. —
Bevel-gear (inech.), wheels working on
each other in different nlanes. the cogs
of the wheels being bevelled or at obliii^ue
angles to the shafts. [Fr. biveau, an m-
strumeut for measuring angles.]
BEVERAGE, bev'er-aj, ii., drink: any
agreeable liquor for drinking. [O. Fi-. ;
It. beveraggio—bevere — ^L. bibere, to
drink.]
BEVY, hev'i. n. a brood or flock of birds,
especially of quails : a company, esp. of
ladies. [It. bei'a, a drink, a company for
drinking.]
BEWAIL, be-wal', v.t. to lament. [See
Wail.]
BEWARE, be-war', v.i. to be on one's
guard : to be suspicious of danger : to
take care. [The two words be ware run
together. See Wakt.]
BEWHISKER, be-whis'ker, v.t. to furnish
with whiskers : to put whiskers oo^
'•She who bewhiskered St. Bridget."^
Sterne. " Striplings beivhiskerea with
burnt cork." — Irving.
BEWILDER, be-wil'der, v.t. to perplex oi-
lead astray. — n. Bewil'derment. [Be,
and prov. E. icildern, a wilderness.]
BEWING, be-wing', v.t. to give or add
wings to. " An angel-throng bewinged."
—Poe.
BEWITCH, be-wic»>', v.t. to affect by witch-
craft : to fascir.jte or charm. [See
Witch.]
BEWITCHERY, be-wich'er-i, BEWITCH-
MENT, be-wich'ment, 7). fascination.
BEWITCHING, be-wich'ing, adj. charm-
ing- : fascinating. — adv. Bewitch'ixgly.
BEWRAY, be-ra', v.t. (B.), to accuse : to
point out : to betray. [A.S. pfx. be, and
icregan, to accuse.]
BEY, ba, n. a Tnrkisli governor of a town
or province. [Turk, beg, pronounced ba,
a governor.]
BEYOND, be-yond', prep, on the farther
side of : farther onward than : out of
reach of. [A.S. be-geond — pfx. be, and
geond, across, beyond. See YoN, Yo.v-
der.J
BEZEL, bez'l, n. the part of aringin whicl
the stone is set. [O. Fr. bisel, Fr. biseau ;
of uncertain oi-igin.]
BHANG, bang, n . Same as Bang, Bangue.
BI-, an old form of the Anglo-Saxon prefix
now usually written be ; as, bifore. bt
yon)=before ; bigav^\)ega.n ; hiheste'=-
behest ; Inside, bi,'»/de^=heside ; bitireetie
^between ; etc. Chaucer.
BIAS, br'as, n. a weight on one side of k
bowl (in the game of bowling), making
it slope or turn to one side : a slant or
leaning to one side : an inclination of
the mind, prejudice. — i\t. to cause to
turn to one side : to prejudice or
possess ; pp. bi'ased or bi'assed.
biais : prob. L. bifax, two-faced-
twice, fades, the face.]
BIB, bib, /(. a cloth put under an infant's
chin. [M.E. bibben, to imbibe, to tipple,
because the cloth imbibes moisture — L.
bibere, to drink.]
BIB, bilj, 11. a fish of the same genus as
the cod and haddock, also called the
Pout.
BIBBER, bib'er, n. a tippler : chiefly used
in composition, as (B.) wine-bibber. [L.
hibo, to drink.]
BIBLE, bi'bl, n. the sacred writings of the
Christian Church, consi.sting of the Old
and New Testaments. [Fr. — L. and Gr.
biblia, pi. of Gr. biblion, a little book,
hiblo.i. a book, from In/blos, the pap^TUs.
of wliich paper was made.]
BIBLICAL, bil)'lik-al, adj. of or relating to
the Bible : .scriptural. — adv. Bib'lically.
BIBLICALITY, bib-li-kal'i-ti, n. something
relating to, connected with, or contained
in the Bible. Carlyle.
BIBLICIST, bib'Us-ist, n. one versed in bib-
lical learning.
BIBLIOGRAPHER, bib-li-og'raf-er, n. one
versed in bibliography or the history of
books. — adj. BibliogRAPU'ic.
BIBLIOGRAPHY, bib-li-og'raf-i, n., the de-
scription or knowledge of books, in regard
to their authors, subjects, editions, and
history. [Gr. biblion, a book, grapho, to
write, describe.]
BIBLIOLATRY, bil)-li-ol'at-ri, n. super-
stitious reverence for the Bible. [Or.
biblion, a book, latreia, worship.]
■r pre-
[Fr.
1— ors.
BIBLIOLOGY
36
BIM ANGUS
eiBLIOLOGY, bib-li-ol'oj-i, ri. an account
of books : biblical literature, or theology.
[Gr. biblion. a book, logos discourse.]
BIBLIOMANIA, bib-li-o-man'i-a, n. a
mania for possessing rare and curious
books. [Gr. biblion. a book, and Mania.]
BIBLIOMANIAC, bib-li-o-man'i-ak, n. one
who has a mania for possessing- rare and
curiou.'s books.
8IBLI0P0LE, bib'li-o-pol, BIBLIOPOD-
IST. bib-li-op'ol-ist. n. a bookseller. [Gr.
biblion. a book, poleb, to sell.]
BIBULOUS, bib'u-lus, adj., drinking or
sucking in : spongy. [L. bibubis — bibo,
to drink.]
BICARBONATE, bi-kar'bon-at. n. a car-
bonate or salt having- two equivalents of
carbonic acid to one equivalent of base.
[L. bi- (for dri-. from duo, two), twice,
and CARBONATE.]
BICAVITARY, bl-kav'i-ta-ri, adj. consist-
mg of or possessing two ca\ities. [L.
prefix bi-, two. twice, and E. cainty.]
BICE, bis, 7!, a pale blue or green paint.
[Fr. bis, bise : orig. unknown.]
BICENTENARY, bl-sen'te-na-ri. n. 1, that
which consists of or comprehends two
hundred : the space of two hundred
years : 2, the commemoration of any
event that happened two hundred years
before, as the birth of a great man. [L.
prefi-K bi-. two, twice, and E. centenary.l
BICENTENARY, bl-sen'te-na-ri, adj. re-
lating to or consisting of two hundred :
relating to two hundred years : as, a
bicentenary celebration.
BICENTENNIAL, bl-sen-ten'ni-al, adj. 1,
consisting of or lasting two hundred
years : a-s, a bicentennial period : 2, oc-
curring every two hundred years.
BICEPS, bi-seps, n. the muscle in front of
the arm between the shoulder and elbow.
[L. bicej^s, two-headed — bis, twice, and
cajyut. head.]
BICIPITAL, bl-sip'it-al, adj. (anat.), having
tu-o heads or origins. [See Biceps.]
BICKER, bik'er, v.i. to contend in a petty
way : to quiver : to move quickly and
tremulously, as running water. [Ace.
to Skeat, bicker ^pick-er, or peek-er, to
pecA; repeatedly wth the beak.]
BICONVEX, bi-kon'veks, adj. convex on
both sides : double convex, as a lens.
See Lens. [Prefix bi-, two, twice, and
convex:]
BICORNE, bi-korn', n. one of two mon-
strous beasts (the other being Chichev-
ache — which see) mentioned in an old
satirical poem alluded to by Chaucer in
the " Clerk's Tale." Bicorne is repre-
sented as feeding on patient husbands,
while Chichevache feeds on patient wives,
and the point of the satire consists in
representing the former as being fat and
pampered with a superfluity of food,
while the latter is very lean, owing to
the scarcity of her diet.
BICYCLE, bi'sikl, n. a velocipede with two
wheels, arranged one before the other.
TL. bis. twice, and Gr. kyklos, a circle.]
BICYCLING, bi'sik-ling, n. the art or
practice of managing or travelling on a
bicyc-c.
BID, b:i, v.t, to offer : to propose : to pro-
claim : to in\nte : to command -.^pr.p.
bidd'ing ; pa.t. bid or bade ; pa.p. bid,
bidden.--?i. an offer of a price. [A.S.
beodan, Goth, bjxidan, Ger. bieten, to
offer.]
BID, bid, v.t., to ask for: to pray (nearly
obs.). [A..S. biddan, Goth, bidjan : the
connection with Bid, to command, is
dub. See Bead.]
BIDDABLE, bid'a-bl, adj. obedient to a bid-
ding or command : willing- to do what is
bidden : complying. " She is exceed-
ingly attentive and useful ; . . . indeed I
never saw a more biddable woman." —
Dickens.
BIDDER, bid'er, n. one who bids or offers
a price. [command.
BIDDING, bid'ing, n. offer : invitation :
BIDE, bid, v.t. and v.i. Same as Abide, to
wait for. [A.S. bidan, Goth, beidan.]
BIDING bid ing, n., abiding: stay.
BIENNIAL, bl-en'yal, adj. lasting tivo
years: happening' once in two years. —
n. a plant that lasts two years. — adv.
BlENX'lALLY. [L. biennalis^}is, twice,
and annus, a j'ear.]
BIER, ber, n. a carriage or frame of wood
for bearing tliedead to the grave. [A.S.
beer: Ger. bah re, L. fer-etnim. From
root of Beak, v.]
BIESTINGS, best'ingz, Ji. the first milk
from a cow after calving. [A.S. bysting ;
Ger. biest-milch.]
BIFACIAIj, bl-fa'shyal, adj. having tioo
like faces or opposite surfaces. [L. bis,
twice, and Facial.]
BIFURCATED, bl-furk'at-ed, adj., two-
forked : having two prongs or branches.
TL. bifurcKS — bis, twice, furca, a fork.]
BIFURCATION, bi-furk-a'shun. ?;. a fork-
ing or division into two branches.
BIG, big, adj. large or great : pregnant :
great in air, mien, or spirit. [JI.E. biijg,
Scot, bigly, prob. from Ice. byggi-ligr,
habitable — byggja, to settle, conn, with
bua, to dwell. Fi-om " habitable " it
came to mean " spacious," " large."]
BIGAMIST, big'am-ist, n. one who has
committed bigamy.
BIGAJMY, big'am-i. n. the crime of having
two wives or two husbands at once. [Fr.
— L. bis, twice, and Gr. gamos, marriage.]
BIGGIN, big'in, n. a child's cap or hood.
[Fr. beguin, from the cap worn bj' the
Beguines, a religious society of women in
France.]
BIGHT, bit, n., a bend of the shore, or
small bay : a bend or coil of a rope.
[Cf. Dan. and Swed. bugt. Dut. bogt, from
root of Goth, biugan. A.S. beogan, Ger.
biegen, to bend, E. boic]
BIGNESS, big'nes, n. bulk, size.
BIGOT, big'ot, n. one blindly and obsti-
natelj' devoted to a particular creed or
party. [Fr. ; variously derived from the
oath By God, used, ace. to the tale, by
the Norman Rollo, and then a nickname
of the Normans ; Beguine, a religious
society of women ; Visigoth, a Western
Goth ; and Sp. bigote, a moustache.]
BIGOTED, big^3t-ed, adj. having the quali-
ties of a bigot.
BIGOTRY, big'ot-ri, n. blind or excessive
zeal, especially in religious matters.
BIJOU, be-zhoo', n. a trinket : a jewel : a
little box :—pl. Bijoux, be-zhoo'. [Fr.]
BIJOUTRY, be-zho6'tri, n. jewelry : small
articles of virtu.
BILATERAL, bl-lat'er-al, adj., hatnng two
sides. [L. bis. twice, and Lateral.]
BILBERRY, bil'ber-i, «. caUed also Whor-
tleberry, a shrub and its berries, wliich
are dark-blue. [Dan. bollebaer, ball-
berry (cf . BiLLLAEDS) ; Scot, blaeberry ;
Ger. blaubeere.]
BILBO, bU'bo, n. a rapier or sword : — pi.
Bilboes, bil'boz, fetters. [From Bilboa
in Spain.]
BILE, bil, n. a thick yellow bitter fluid
secreted by the liver : {jig.) ill-humor.
[Fr.— L. bills, allied to fel, fellis, the
gall-bladder.]
BILEVE, v.i. to stay behind ; to remain.
Chaucer. [A.S. bel'ifan — be, and lifan, to
stay behind ; comp. D. blijven, G. bleiben.
BILGE, bilj, n. the bulging part of a cask :
the broadest part of a ship's bottom. —
v.i. to spring a leak by a fracture in the
bilge, as a ship. [See^BCLGE, Belly.]
BILGE-WATER, bilj'-waw'ter, n. the foul
water which gathers in the bilge or bot-
tom of a ship.
BILIARY, bil'yar-i, adj. belonging to or
conveying bile.
BILINGUAL, bl-hng'wal, adj. of or con-
taining tivo tongues or languages. [L.
bilingnis — bis, twice, lingua, tongue.]
BILIOUS, bil'jTis, adj. pertaining to or
affected "oj' bile.
BILITERAL, bl-lit'er-al, n. a word, root, or
syllable formed of two letters. A. H.
Sayce.
BILK, bilk. v.t. to elude : to cheat. [Per-
haps a dim. of Balk.]
BILL, bil, j(. a kind of battle-axe : a hatchet
with a hooked point for pruning. [A.S.
bil ,- Ger. beil.]
BILL, bil, n. the beak of a bird, or any-
thing like it. — v.i. to join bills as doves :
to caress fondly. [A.S. bile, the same
word as the preceding, the primarj' mean-
ing being, a cutting implement.] '
BILL, bil, Ji. an account of money : a draft
of a proposed law : a written engage-
ment to pay a sum of money at a fixed
date : a placard or advertisement : any
written statement of particulars. — BiLL
OF exchange, a written order from one
person to another, desiring the latter to
pay to some specified person a sum of
money at a fixed date. — Bill of lading,
a paper signed by the master of a ship,
by which he makes himself responsible
for the safe deliverj' of the goods speci-
fied therein. — Bill of fare, in a hotel,
the list of dishes or articles of food. —
Bill of health, an official certificate of
the state of health on board ship before
sailing. — Bill of mortality, an official
account of the births and deaths occur-
ring within a given time. [(Lif.) a sealed
paper, from Low L. billa — bulla, a seal
See BijLL, an edict.]
BILLET, bil'et, n., a little note or paper .
a ticket assigning quarters to soldiers.—
v.t. to quarter or lodge, as soldiers. [Fr
— dim. of Bill.]
BILLET, bil'et, 7i. a small log of wood used
as fuel. [Fr. billot — bille, the young
stock of a tree, prob. of Celt, orig.* perh,
allied to Bole, the trunk of a tree.]
BILLET-DOUX, bil-e-doo'. ?i., a siveet note:
a love-letter, [Fr. billet, a letter, doux,
sweet.]
BILLIARDS, bil'yardz, n. a game played
on a rectangular table, with ivory balls,
which the players, by means of cues or
maces, cause to strike against each other.
FFr. billard— bille, a ball.]
BILLINGSGATE, bil'ingz-gat, n. foul lan-
guage like that spoken at Billingsgate
(the gi-eat Ssh-market of London).
BILLION bil'yun, n. a million of millions
(1,000,000,000,000); or, according to the
French method of numeration, one thou-
sand millions (1,000,000,000). [L. bis,
twice, and Million.]
BILLMAN. bO'man, n. a soldier armed
with a bill.
BILLOW, bil'o, n. a great wave of the sea
swelled by the wind. — v.i. to roll in large
waves. [Ice. bylgja ; Sw. bolja. Dan.
bolge. a wave— root belg, to swell. See
Bilge. Bulge.]
BILLOAA^, bU'o-i, adj. swelling into bil-
lows.
BILLY, bil'li, n. 1, same as Slabbing
BILLY ; 2, stolen metal of any kind
(Slang) : 3, a small metal bludgeon that
may be carried in the pocket (Slang).
BIMANA, bi'man-a, n. animals ha\-ing
two hands : a term applied to the highest
order of mammalia, of which man is the
type and only species. [L. bis, twice,
and nianus, the hand.]
BIMANOUS, bl-man-us, adj., having two
hands.
BIMENSAL
3?
BISTER
BIMENSAL, bl-mens'al, adj. liappening
once in two months : bimonthly. [L. bis,
and mensis, a month.]
BIMETALLISM, bi-met'al-izm. ?;. that sys-
tem of coinage which recognizes coins of
two metals, as silver and gold, as legal
tender to any amount, or in other words,
the concurrent use of coins of two metals
as a circulating medium at a fixed rela-
tive value. "This coinage was super-
seded by the bimetallic (gold and silver)
coinage of Crccsus, and bimetallism was
the rule in Asia down to Alexander's
time in the fixed ratio of one to thirteen
and a half between tlie two metals." — ■
Ai-ademy.
BIMETALLIST, bl-met'al-ist, n. one who
favors bimetallism or a currency of two
metals. " Among the advocates of a
ilouble currency on the Continent have
i>een many eminent economists. Yet an
Englishman might almost as well avow
himself a protectionist as a bimetallist."
— Academy.
BIX. bin, 11. a place for storing corn, wine.
— v.f. to put into or store in a bin ; as, to
bin liquor. [A.S.]
BIXARY, bl'nar-i, adj. composed of two :
twofold. [L. binarius — fnm, two by two
— bis. twice.]
BIX AURAL, bi-nawr'al, adj. 1, having two
ears : 2, pertaining to both ears : fitted
for being simultaneously used by two
ears ; as, a binaural stethoscope, which
has two connected tubes capped by small
eai--pieces. [L. Mnus, double, and auris,
the ear.]
6rXD, bind, v.t. to tie or fasten together
with a band : to sew a border on : to
fasten together (the leaves of a book)
and put a cover on : to obUge bj' oath
or agreement or duty : to restrain : to
render hard -.—pa-t. and jya.p. bound.
[A.S. bindan ; cog. with Ger. binden,
Sans, bandli. Cf. Bakd, Bend, and Bun-
dle.]
BIXDER, bind'er, n. one who binds, as
books or sheaves. — Self-binder, a har-
vesting macliine which cuts, binds and
throws aside the ripe grain in sheaves.
BIXDERY, bind'er-i, n. an estabhshment
in which books are bound. (Amer.)
BIXDIXG, bind'ing, adj. restraining : obli-
gatory.— n. the act of binding : anji;hing
that binds : the covering of a book.
BIXDWEB, bind'web, n. in anat. the con-
nective tissue uniting the gray cellular
with the white fibrous matter of the
brain and spinal cord : neuroglia.
BIXDWEED, bmd'wed, n. tlie convolvulus,
a genus of plants so called from their
twining or binding-.
BIXXACLE, bin'a-kl, n. (naiit.) the box in
which on shipboard the compass is kept.
[Formerly bittacle — Port, bitacola — L.
habitaeutum, a dwelling-place — habito,
to dwell.]
BIXOCULAR, bin-ok'ul-ar, adj. having
tivo eyes : suitable for two eyes [L. bis,
and oculus, eye.]
BIXOMIAL, bl-nom'i-al, adj. and n. in
algebra, a quantity consisting of two
terms or parts. [L. bis, twice, and
nomen. a name, a term.]
BIOBLAST, biTi-blast, n. in biol. a minute
mass of transparent, amor])hous pro-
toplasm having formative power. [Gr.
bios, life, and blastos, a germ.]
BIODYNAMIC, bi'6-di-nam'ik, adj. per-
taining or relating to vital force, power,
or "nergy. [Gr. bios, life, and dynamis,
force.]
BIOGENESIS, bi-6-jen'e-sis. n. in Uol. 1,
that department of science which specu-
lates on tlie mode by which new species
have been introduced : specifically, that
view of this doctrine which holds that
lining organisms can spring only from
living parents. Biogenesis is opposed to
abiogenesis. and was first %'igorously sup-
ported by Redi, an ItaUan philosopher of
the seventeenth century : 2. the history
of life development generally, as distin-
guished from ontogenesis, or the historj'
of individual development, and from
phylogenesis, or the history of genealogi-
cal development. [Gr. bios, life, and
genesis, generation, from root of gigno-
mai or ginomai, to be born.]
BIOGENESIST, bi-o-jen'e-sist, BIOGE-
NIST, bi-oj'e-nist, n. one who favors the
theory of biogenesis.
BIOGENY, bi-oj'e-ni, n. Same as BIOGENE-
SIS. Huxley.
BIOGRAPHEE, bi-og'ra-fe', n. one whose
life has been written : the subject of a
biography. "There is too much of the
biographer in it (Foster's " Life of Dick-
ens"), and not enough of the biographee."
— Athenceum.
BIOGRAPHY, bl-og'raf-i, n., a written ac-
count or history of the life of an indi-
vidual : the art of writing such accounts.
— n. Biog'rapher, one who writes biog-
raphy.— adjs. Biograph'ic, Biograph'-
ICAL. — adv. Biograph'ically. [Gr. bios,
Hfe, grapho, to write.]
BIOLOGY, bi-ol'oj-i, n. the science that
treats of life or of organized beings. —
adj. Biolog'ICAl. [Gr. bios, life, logos, a
discourse.]
BIOMAGNETIC, bi'o-mag-net'ik, adj. per-
taining or relating- to biomagnetism.
BIOMAGNETISM, bl-o-mag'net-izm, n.
Same as Animal Magnetism. See under
Magnetism. [Gr. bios, life, and Mag-
netism.]
BIOMETRY, bi-om'et-ri, n. the measure-
ment of life : specifically, the calculation
of the probable duration of human life.
[Gr. bios, life, and metron, a measure.]
BIOPLASM, bi'o-plazm, n. a name sug-
gested by Dr. Beale for the albmninoid
substance constituting the living matter
of the elementary part or cell in plants
and animals. Called by him also Ger-
minajl Matter. It appers to diifer from
protoplasm chiefly in being informed
with life. [Gr. liios, life, and plasma,
anything formed, from 2ilass6, to form.]
BIOPLASMIC, bl-O-plaz'mik, adj. consist-
ing of or pertaining to bioplasm. "The
physical basis of life seems to be struc-
tureless and apparently homogeneous
bioplasmic matter." — Nicholson.
BIOPLASTIC, bi-o-plas'tik, adj. Same as
Bioplasmic.
BIPARTITE, bi'part-It or bi-part'it, adj.,
divided into two like parts. [L. bis,
twice, partitus, divided^;^^''^*''! to
diWde.]
BIPED, bl'ped, n. an animal with two feet.
— adj. having two feet. [L. bipes — bis,
twice, ped-. foot.]
BIPENNATE, bi-pen'at, BIPENNATED,
bi-pen'at-ed, adj., hainng two wings. [L.
—bis, penna, a wing.]
BIQUADRATIC, bi-kwod-rat'ik, n. a quan-
tity twice squared, or raised to the fourth
power. [L. bis, twice, and quadratus,
squared.]
BIRAMOUS, bl-ra'mus, adj. possessing or
consisting of two branches : di\-iding into
two branches, as the limbs of cirripedes.
H. A. Nicholson. [L. prefix In, two,
twice, and ratnus, a branch.]
BIRCH, berch, v.t. to beat or punish with
a birch rod.
There I was hirched, there I w.as brcl.
There Uke a little Ailam fed
From LearniiiiT's woeful tree.— Hood.
BIRCH, berch. n. a hardy forest-tree, with
smooth, white bark, and very durable
\vood : a rod for punishment, consisting
of a birch twig or twi^s. [A.S. birce.
Ice. biork. Sans, bhurja^
BIRCH, -EN, berch, -'en, adj. made of
birch.
BIRD, herd, n. a general name for feath-
ered animals. — i\i. to catch or snare
birds. [A.S. brid, the young of a bird, a
bird : either from root of BREED (bredan,
to breed) or of BiRTH (beran, to bear).]
BIRD-BAITING, berd'-bat-ing, n. the
catching of birds with ciap-nets.
Fielding.
BIRD-FAX'^CIER, berd'-fan'si-er, n. one
who has a fancy for rearing birds : one
who keeps bii'ds for sale.
BIRDLIME, berd'lim, ?i. a .sticky sub-
stance used for catching birds.
BIRD-OF-PARADISE, berd-ov-par'a-dls,
n. a kind of Eastern bird %vith splendid
plumage.
BIRD'S-EYE, berdz'-T, adj. seen from
above as if by the eye of a fljang bird. —
n. a kind of tobacco.
BIREME, bl'rem, n. an ancient vessel with
two rows of oars. [Fr. — L. biremis — bis,
twice, and remus, an oar.]
BIRK, berk, n. Scotch and prov. E. for
Birch.
BIRTH, berth, n. a ship's station at anchor.
[Same as Berth.]
BIRTH, berth, n. the act of bearing or
bringing forth : the offspring born : dig-
nit3- of family : origin. [A.S. beorth, a
birth — beran, to bear.]
BIRTHRIGHT, berth'rit, n. the right or
privilege to which one is entitled by birth.
BISCUIT, bis'kit, ?!. hard dry bread in
small cakes : in the United States, a
peculiar kind of hot tea-roll, usually fer-
mented, and eaten warm : a kind of un-
glazed earthenware. [{Lit.) bread twice
cooked or baked (so prepared by the Ra
man soldiers) ; Fr. — L. bis, twice ; Fr.
cuit, baked — L. coquo, coctum, to cook
or bake.]
BISECT, bi-sekt', v.t., to cut into tiro equal
parts. [L. bis, twice, and seco, sectum,
to cut J
BISECTION, bl-sek'shun, n. division into
two equal parts.
BISEXUAL, bi-sek'shoo-al, adj., of both
se.ves : (bot.) applied to flowers w-hich
contain both stamens and pistils within
the same envelojie. [L. bis, twice, and
Sexual.]
BISHOP, bish'op, ri. one of the higher
clergy who has charge of a diocese :
also, one of the pieces in the game of
chess, having- its upper section carved
into the shape of a mitre. [A.S. bisceop
— L. episcopus — Gr. episkopos, an over-
seer— epi, upon, skopeo, to \iew.]
BISHOPRIC, bish'op-rik, n. the office and
jurisdiction of a bishop : a diocese. [A.S.
ric, dominion.]
BISHOPSHIP, bish'up-ship, n. Same as
BisHOPDOM or Bishopric. Milton.
BISMUTH, biz'muth, iu a brittle metal of
a reddish-white color used in the arts
and in medicine. [Ger. bismuth, wiss-
muth ; orig. unk.]
BISON, bi'son, n. a large wild animal like
the bull, witli shaggy hair and a fatty
hump on its shoulders. [From L. and
Gr. ; but prob. of Teutonic origin.]
BISQUE, bisk. n. a species of unglazed
poi-eelain. twice passed through the fur-
nace. [Fr., from root of Biscuit.]
BISSEXTILE, bis-sext'il, n. leap-year.—
adj. pertaining to leap-j'ear. \L. bis,
t^vice, and se.vtvs, sixth, so caUed be-
cause in every fourth or leap year the
si.cth day before the calends of March, or
tlie '24th' February, was reckoned tuice.]
BISTER. BISTRE, "bis'ter. n. a brown color
made from the soot of wood. [Fr. : orig.
unknown.]
BISULPHATE
38
BLASTOMERE
BISULPHATE, bl-sul'fat, n., a double sul-
phate. [L. bis, twee, and Sulphate.]
BIT, bit, n. a bite, a morsel : a small piece :
the smallest degree : a small tool for bor-
ing' : the part of the bridle which the
horse holds in his mouth. — v.t. to put the
bit in the mouth -.—pr.p. bitt'ing ; pa.p.
bitt'ed. [From Bite.]
BITCH, bicli, ». the female of the dog-,
wolf, and fox. [A.S. bicce. Ice. bikkia^
BITE, bit, v.t. to seize or tear with the
teeth : to sting or pain : to wound by
reproach : — pa.t. bit ; pa.p. bit or bitt^'en.
— n. a grasp by the teeth : something
jitten off : a mouthful. — n. Bit'djg. —
adj. BlT'lNG. [A.S. bitan ; Goth, beitan,
Ice. bita, G«r. beissen ; akin to L. fid-,
Sans, bhid, to cleave.]
BITHEISM, bl'the-izm, n. a belief in the
existence of two Gods. [L. prefix bi,
two, twice, and Theism.]
BITTER, bit'er, v.t. to make bitter: to
give a bitter taste to. "Would not
horse-aloes bitter it (beer) as well ? " —
Dr. Wolcot.
BITTER, bit'er, adj., biting or acrid to
the taste : sharp : painful. — n. any sub-
stance ha\ing- a bitter taste. — adj. Bitt'-
ERISH. — adl'.BlTT'ERLT. — n. BiTT'ERSESS.
[A.S. — bitan, to bite.]
BITTERN, bit'ern, n. a bird of the heron
family, said to have been named from
the resemblance of its voice to the loll-
ing of a bidl. [M.E. bittour — Fr. — Low
L. butorius (bos, tatirus).]
BITTERS, bit'erz, n. a liquid prepared
from bitter herbs or roots, and used as a
stomachic.
BITUMEN, bi-tu'men, n. a name applied
to various inflammable mineral sub-
stances, as naphtha, petroleum, asphal-
tum.— adj. Bitu'minous. [L.]
BIVALVE, bi'valv, n. an animal ha-s-ing a
shell in fwo valves or parts, like the ov-
ster : a seed-vessel of like kind. — adj.
having two valves. — adj. Bivai.y'ijlar.
JL. bis. twice, valva, a valve.]
BrVOUAC, biv'oo-ak, n. the lying out all
night of soldiers in the open air. — v.t. to
pass the night in the open air -.^pr.p.
biv'ouacking ; p)0-P- biv'ouacked. [Fr.
— Ger. beiwachen, to watch beside— oe«,
by. ivachen, to watch.]
BI-WEEKLY, bi'wek'li, adj. properly, oc-
curring once in two weeks, but in Eng.
ticice m every week. [L. bis, twice, and
Week.]
BIZARRE, bi-zar', adj. odd : fantastic :
extravagant. [Fr. — Sp. bizarro, high-
spirited/]
BLAB, blab, v.i. to talk much : to tell
tales. — v.t. to tell what ought to be kept
secret -.—pr-p. blabb'ing ; jm.p. blabbed.
[An imitative word, found in Dan.
hlabbre, Ger. plappern.]
BLACK, blak. adj. of the darkest color ;
without color : obscure : dismal : sullen :
horrible. — n. black color : absence of
color : a negro : mourning. — v.t. to
make black: to soil or stain. — adj.
Black'ish. — n. Black'ness. [A.S. blac,
bkec. black.]
BLACKAMOOR, blak'a-moor, n., a black
Moor : a negro.
BLACK- ART, blak'-art, v. necromancy :
magic. [Ace. to Trench, a translation
of Low L. nigromantia, substituted
erroneously for the Gr. necromanteia
(see Necromancy), as if the first syl-
lable had been L. niger. black.]
BLACK-BACK, blak'-bak, n. the great
black -backed gull (Larus 7narinus}.
Kingsley.
BLACKBALL, blak'bawl. v.t. to reject in
voting by putting a black ball into a
ballet -box. [the bramble.
BLACKBERRY, blakT)er-i, n. the berry of
BLACKBIRD, blakljcrd, n. a species of
thrush of a black color.
BLACKBOARD, blak'bord, n. a board
painted black, used in schools for writ-
ing, forming figures, etc.
BLACK-CATTLE, blak'-kat'l, n. oxen,
bulls, and cows.
BLACKCOCK, blak'kok, n. a species of
grouse, common in the north of England
and in Scotland.
BLACK-CURRANT, blak'-km-'ant, n. a
garden shrub with black fruit used in
making' preserves.
BLACK-DEATH, blak'-deth. n. a name
given to the plague of the fourteenth
century from the black spots which
appeai-ed on the skin.
BLACKIEN, blak'n, v.t. to make black: to
defame.
BLACK-FLAG, blak'-flag, n. the flag of a
pirate, from its color.
BLACKFRIAR. blak'frl-ar, n. a friar of the
Dominican order, so called from his
black garments.
BLACKGUARD, blag'ard, n. (orig. apphed
to the lowest menials about a court, who
took charge of the pots, kettles, etc.) a
low, ill-conducted fellow. — adj. low:
scurrilous. — n. Black'gcaedism.
BLACK-HEART, blak'-hart, n. a species of
cherry of many varieties, so called from
the fruit being' heart-shaped and having
a skin nearly black.
The unnettett black-hearts ripen dark.
All thine, ai^ainst the garden wslU.— Tennyson.
BLACEIING, blak'ing. n. a substance used
for blacking leather, etc.
BLACKLE AD, blak-led', n. a black mineral
used in making pencils, blacking grates,
etc.
BLACKLEG, blak'leg, n. a low gambling
fellow.
BLACK-LETTER, blak'-let'er, n. the old
English (also called Gothic) letter
(Black-lcttcr)
BLACKMAIL, blak'mal, n. rent or tribute
formerly paid to robbers for protection.
[Black "and A.S. mal. tribute, toll.]
BLACK-ROD, blak'-rod. n. the usher of
the order of the Garter and of parlia-
ment, so called from the black rod which
he carries.
BLACKSMITH, blak'smith, n. a smith
who works in iron, as opposed to one who
works in tin.
BLACKTHORN, blak'thorn, n. a species of
dark-colored thorn : the sloe.
BLADDER, blad'er, n. a tliin bag distended
with liquid or air : the receptacle for the
urine. [A.S. blcedr — hlawan : O. G«r.
blahan, blajan, to blow ; Ger. blase,
bladder — blasen, to blow ; cf. L. flat-us,
breath.]
BLADE, blad, n. the leaf or flat part of
grass or corn : the cutting part of a
knife, sword, etc. : the flat part of an
oar : a dashing fellow. [A.S. bleed ; Ice.
blad. Ger. Matt.]
BLADED, blad'ed, adj. furnished with a
blade or blades.
BLAIN, blan, n. a boil or blister. [A.S.
blegen, a blister, prob. Trom blaican, to
blow.]
BLAMABLE, blam'a-bl, adj. deserv-ing of
blame: fault}'. — adv. BL4.m'ably. — n.
Blam'able.n'ESS.
BLA:ME, blam, v.t. to find fault with: to
censure. — n. imputation of a fault :
crime : censure. [Fr. bUimer, blasmer-^
Gr. blasphemed, to speak ill. See Blas-
pheme.]
BLAMEFLTL, blam'fool, adj. meriting
blame : criminal. — adv. Blame'fully. —
n. Blame'etlness.
BLAMELESS, blam'les, adj. ^vithout
blame : guiltless : innocent. — adv.
Blame'lessly. — n. Blame'lessness.
BLAMEWORTHY, blSmwur-tti, adj.
worthy of blame : culpable.
BLANC, blank, adj., tchite. [A form of
Blank.]
BLANCH, blansh, v.t. to whiten. — v.i. to
grow white. [Fr. blanchir — blanc, white.
See Blan-k.I
BLANC-MANGE, bla-mawngzh', n. a
white jelly prepared with milk. [Fr.
blanc. •vvliite, manger, food.]
BLAND, bland, adj.. smooth: gentle',
mild. — adv. Bland'ly. — )i. Bland'ness.
[L. bhmdiis. perh.= mla(n)dus = F,. mild.')
BLANDISHMENT, bland'ish-ment, n. act
of expressing fondness : flattery : win-
ning expressions or actions. [Fr. blan-
dissement, O. Fr. blandir, to flatter — L.
blandns, mild.]
BLANK, blank, v.t. to make pale, and so
confound.
BLANK, blangk, adj. without writing or
marks, as in tehite paper : empty : vacant,
confused : in poetry, not ha-ving rhvme.
— n. a paper without writing : a ticket
having no mark, and therefore valueless :
an empty space. — adv. Blank'ly. — n.
Blank'ness. [Fr. blanc, from root of
Grer. blinken, to glitter — O. H. Ger.
blichen, Gr. phlegein, to shine.]
BLANK-CARTRIDGE, blangk'-kar'trij, n.
a cartridge without a bullet.
BLANKET, blangk'et, n. a white woollen
covering for beds : a covering for horses,
etc. [Fr. blanchet, dim. of blanc, from
its usual white color.]
BLANKETING, blangk'et-ing. n. cloth for
blankets : the punishment of being tossed
in a blanket.
BLANK-VERSE, blangk'-vers, n. verse
without rhyme, especially the heroic
verse of five feet.
BLARE, bliir, i:i. to roar, to sound loudly,
as a trumpet. — n. roar, noise. [M.E.
blaren, orig. blasen, from A.S. blcesan, to
blow. See Blast.]
BLASPHEME, blas-fem', v.t. and v.i. to
speak impiously of, as of God : to curse
and swear. — n. Blaspjbem'er. [Gr. blas-
phemeii — blapto, to hurt, phemi, to speak.
See Blame.]
BLASPHEMOUS, blas'fem-us, adj. con-
taining blasphemy: impious. — adv. Blas'-
PHEMOrSLY.
BLASPHEMY, blas'fem-i, n. prof ane speak-
ing : contempt or inthgnity offered to
God.
BLAST, blast, n., a blowing or gust of
wind : a forcible stream of air : sound of
a wind instrimaent : an explosion of gim-
powder : anything pernicious. — v.t. to
strike with some pernicious influence, to
blight : to affect with sudden violence or
calamity : to rend asunder mth gun-
powder. [A.S. blcest — blcesan, to blow ;
Ger. blasen.]
BLAST-FURNACE, blast'-fur'nas, n. a
smelting furnace into which hot air is
blown.
BLASTIDE, blas'tid, Ji. in biol. a minute
clear space on the segments of the fecun-
dated ovum of an organism, which is
the primary indication of the eytoblast
or nucleusr [Gr. blastos, a germ, and
eidos. resemblance.]
BLASTING, blast'ing, n. the separating of
masses of stone by means of an explosive
BLASTOGENESIS. blas-to-jen'e-sis, ??. in
biol. reproduction by gemmation or
budding. [Gr. blastos, a germ, and
genesis, generation.]
BLASTOMERE, blas'to-mer. n. in biol. a
portion of fecundated protoplasm which
divides from other parts of the o\'um
after impregnation, and may remain
united as a single cell-aggregate, or some
or all of which may become separate
BLASTOSPHERE
39
BLOW
organisms. [Gr. hlaston, a g'erm, and
meros, a portion.]
BLASTOSPHERE, blas'to-sfer, n. in biol
the lioUow globe or sphere originating
from the formation of blastomeres on the
periphery of an impregnated ovum. [Gr.
blastos. a germ, and Sphere.]
6LAST0STYLE, blas'to-stil, n. a term ap-
plied by Prof. AUman to certain column-
shaped zooids in the Hydrozoa which are
destined to produce generative buds. [Gr.
bkistof, a germ, and stylos, a column.]
BLATANT, blat'ant. adj., bleating or bel-
lowing: noisy. [A.S. biceton, to bleat.]
BLAZE, blaz, n. a rush of light or of
flame : a bursting out or active display.
— v.i. to burn with a flame: to throw
out light. [A.S. blcese, a torch, from
root of Blow.]
BLAZE, blaz, BLAZON, bhVzn, v.t. to
proclaim, to spread abroad. — To Blaze A
TREE, to make a white mark by cutting
off a piece of the bark. [Same as Blare :
Blazon is the M. E. blasen, with the n
retained.]
BLAZON, bla'zn, v.t. to make public : to
display : to draw or to explain in proper
terms, the figures, etc., in armorial bear-
ings.— n. the .science or rules of coats of
arms. [Fr. blason, a coat of arms, from
root of Blaze.]
BLAZONRY, bla'zn-ri, n. the art of draw-
ing or of deciphering coats of arms :
heraldry.
BLEACif, blech, v.t. to make pale or
white : to whiten, as textile fabrics. — v.i.
to grow white. [A.S. bhician, to grow
pale, from root of Bleak.]
BLEACHER, blech'er, w. one who bleaches,
or that which bleaches.
BLEACHERY, blech'er-i, n. a place for
bleaching.
«LE ACHING, blech'ing, yi. the process of
whitening or decolorizing cloth.
3LEAK. blek, adj. colorless : dull and
cheerless : cold, unsheltered. — adv.
Bleak'ly.— M. Bleak'ness. [A.S. bkec,
blCic, pale, shining ; a different word from
blac (without accent), black. The root is
blican, to shine.]
BLEAK, blek, n. a small white river-fish.
BLEAE, bier, adj. (as in Blear-eyed, blGr'-
Td; sore or inflamed : dim or blurred with
inflammation. [Low Ger. bleer-oged,
" blear-ej'ed."]
BLEAT, blet, v.t. to cry as a sheep. — n. the
crj' of a sheep. [A.^. bJcetan ; L. balare,
Gr. bleche, a bleating ; root bla-; formed
from the sound.]
BLEATING, blet'ing, n. the crj' of a sheep.
BLEED, bled, v.i. to lose blood : to die by
slaughter : to issue forth or drop as
blood. — v.t. to draw blood from : — pa.t.
and pn.p.hXed. [A.S. bledan. See Blood.]
BLEEDING, bled^ing, n. a discharge of
blood : the operation of letting blood.
BLEMISH, blcm'ish, n. a stain or defect :
reproach. — v.t. to mark with any deform-
ity : to tarnish : to defame. [Fr. bUme,
pale, O. Fr. blesmir, to stain— Ice. blA-
man, livid color — bl&r, Blue.]
BLENCH, blensh, i\i. to shrink or start
back : to flinch. [From root of Blink.]
BLEND, blend, v.t., to mix together: to
confound. — (•.(". to be mingled or mixed :
—pa.p. blend'ed and blent. — n. Blend, a
mixture. [A.S. blandan.'\
BI EPHARIS, blef ar-is, n. a genus of fishes
allied to the mackerel and the dorj', and
including the hair-finned dory (B. criiti-
tua). a fish found on the Atlantic shores
of North America. [Gr. blepharis, an
eyelash, referring to the long filaments
proceeding from the fins.]
BLESS, bles, v.t. to invoke a blessing
upon : to make joyous, happy, or pros-
perous ; to wish happiness to : to praise
or glorify -.—pa.p. blessed' or blest. [A.S.
blessian, blet.tian, to ble.ss ; from blitli-
siaii or blissioii, to be blithe — blithe,
happy ; or from blotaii, to kill for sacri-
fice, to consecrate.]
BLESSED, bles'ed, adj. happy : prosper-
ous : happy in heaven. — (idi: Bless'-
EDLY. — It. BLESS'EDNESS.
BLESSING, bles'ing, n. a wish or prayer
for happiness or success : any means or
cause of happiness.
BLEST, blest, po.p. of Bless.
BLEW, bloo, pa.t. of Blow.
BLIGHT, but, n. a disea.se in plants, which
blasts or withers them ; anything that
injures or destroys. — v.t. to'affect with
blight : to blast I to frustrate. [Perh.
from A.S. bleee, pale, livid.]
BLIND, blind, adj. wthout sight : dark :
ignorant or undiscerning : without an
opening. — n. something to mislead: a
window-screen : a shade. — v.t. to make
blind : to darken, obscure, or deceive : to
dazzle. — adv. Blind'ly. — n. Blind'ness.
[A.S. blind : Ice. blindr.]
BLINDFOLD, blind'fold, adj. having the
eyes bandaged, so as not to see : thought-
less : reckless. — I'.i. to cover the eves : to
mislead. [M. E. blindfellen. froin A.S.
fyllan, feUan, to fell or strike down —
" struck blind ; " not conn. with/oW.]
BLINDWORM, blTnd'wurm, ii. a small rep-
tile, like a snake, ha\ing eyes so small
as to be supposed blind.
BLINK, blingk, v.i. to glance, twinkle, or
wink : to see obscurely, or with the ej'es
half closed. — v.t. to shut out of sig!.L ; to
avoid or evade. — n. a glimpse, glance, or
wink. [A.S. blican, to glitter ; Dut.
blinken.]
BLINKARD. blingk'ard, n. one who blinks
or has bad eyes.
BLINKERS, blingk'erz, n. pieces of leather
on a horse's bridle which prevent him
seeing on the side.
BLISS, blis, n. the highest happiness. [A.
S. blis — blithsian, blissian, to rejoice —
blithe, joyful.]
BLISSFUL, blis'fool, adj. happy in the
highest degree. — adv. Bliss'FCLLY. — n.
Bliss'pi-lness.
BLISTER, blis'ter, n. a thin bubble or blad-
der on the skin, containing watery mat-
ter : a pustule : a plaster applied to raise
a blister. — v.t. to raise a blister. [Dim.
of Blast.]
BLISTERY. blis'ter-i, adj. full of blisters.
BLITHE, Uith.adj. happy : gay : uprightly.
— adv. Blithe'ly. — «. 'Blithe'ness. [A.
S. blithe, joyful. See Bliss.]
BLITHESOME, bll«;'sum, adj. joyous.—
adv. Blithe'somely. — n. Bltthe'some-
NESS.
BLOAT, blot, i:t. to swell or puff out : to
dry by smoke (applied to fish). — v.i. to
swell or dilate : to grow tvu-gid. — p.adj.
Bloat'ed. [Scan., as in .Sw. biota, to
soak, to steep — blot, soft.]
BLOATER, blot'er, n. a herring partially
dried in smoke.
BLOCK, blok, n. an unshaped mass of
wood or stone, etc. : the wood on which
criminals are beheaded : (meeh.) a pulley
together with its framework : a piece of
wood on which something is formed : a
connected group of houses : an obstruc-
tion : a blockhead. — v.t. to inclose or
shnt up : to obstruct : to shape. fW^idely
spread, but ace. to Skeat, of Celt, orig.,
Gael, ploc, O. Ir. blog, a fragment. See
Plfo.]
BLOCKj^DE, blok-ad', n. the blocking up
of a place by surrounding it with troops
or by .ships. — v.t. to block up by troops
or ships.
BLOCKHEAD, blok'hed, n. one wth a
head like a block, a stupid fellow.
BLOCKHOUSE, blok'hows, n. a smaU tem-
porary fort generally made of logs.
BLOCKISH, blok'ish," adj. hke a block:
stupid : dull.
BLOCK-TIN, blok'-tin, n. tin in the form
of blocks or ingots.
BLONDE, blond, n. a person of fair com-
plexion with light hair and blue eyes : —
opp. to Brunette. — adj. of a fair com-
plexion : fair. [Fi\]
BLOND-LACE, blond'-las, n. lace made of
silk, so called from its color.
BL0NDNT:SS, blond'nes, n. the state of
being blond : fairness. " With this in-
fantine blondtiess. showing so much ready
self-possessed grace." — George Eliot.
BLOOD, blud, n. the red fluid in the arter-
ies and veins of men and animals : kin-
dred, descent : temperament : bloodshed
or murder : the juice of anj-thing, esp. if
red. — In hot or cold blood, under, or
free from, excitement or sudden i^assion.
— Half-blood, relationship through one
parent only. [A.S. blod — root blotcaii, to
bloom ; cog. with O, Fris. blod, Ger.
blut.]
BLOODHEAT, blud'het, n. heat of the
same degree as that of the human blood
(about {tS° Fahr.)
BLOODHORSE, blud'hors, n. a horse of
the purest and most hio^lily prized blood,
origin, or stock ; called also blooded
horse. (Amer.)
BLOODGUILTLESS, blud'gOUes, adj.
free from the guilt or crime of shedding
blood, or murder. Walpole.
BLOODHOUND, blud'hovrad, n. a large
hound formerly employed in tracking
human beings : a blood-thirsty person.
BLOODSHED, blud'shed, n. the shedding
of blood: slaughter.
BLOODSHOT, blud'shot, adj. (of the eyei
red or inflamed with blood.
BLOODY, blud'i, adj. stained with blood :
murderous, cruel.
BLOODY-FLUX, blud'i-fluks, n. dysen-
tery, in which the discharges from the
bowels are mixed with blood.
BLOODY-S\\^AT. hlud'i-swet, n. a sweat
accompanied with the discharge of blood.
BLOOM, bloom, v.i. to put forth blossoms :
to flower : to be in a state of beauty or
vigor : to flourish. — )?. a blossom or
flower : the opening of flowers : rosy
color : the prime or highest perfection of
any tiling.— p. arf/. Bloom'ing. [Ice. blom,
Goth. blo?na, from root of A.S. blSwan,
to bloom, akin to lj.Jfo-reo, to flower.]
BLOOM, bloom, v.t. to produce in full
bloom or beautj'.
BLOOMY, blooru-i, adj. flowery : flouiish-
ing.
BLOSSOM, blos'om, n. a flower-bud, the
flower that precedes fruit. — v.i. to put
forth blossoms or flowers : to flourish
and prosper. [A.S. blOstma, from root
of Bloom.]
BLOT, blot, n. a sjx>t or stain j an oblitera-
tion, as of something written : a stain in
reputation. — v.t. to spot or stain : to ob-
literate or destroy : to disgrace -.—ijr.p.
blott'ing; pa.p. blotfed. [Scand., as in
Dan. plet. Ice. bleftr, a spot. Cf. Ger.
£lat.'<ch, a splash, and Ice. oUmtr, moist ;
. flnid-vs.']
BLOTCH, bloch, n. a dark spot on the skin,
a pustule. — ndj. Blotched'. [Acc. te
Skeat, blotch==blatch, from black, as
bleach from bleak.]
BLOTTING-PAPER, blot'ing-pa'per, w,
misizod paper, used for absorbing ink.
BLOUSE, blowz, n. a loose outer garment
BLoiisi
BLOUSED, blowzed, p. and adj. wearing a
blouse. " A bloiised and bearded French-
man or two." — Kingsley.
BLOW, bio, ;i. a stroke or knock : a sud
BLOW
40
BOIL
den misfortune or calamity. [A.S. bleo-
vciH is doubtful ; found in Dut. blouweu,
to dress (beat) flax, Ger. bldiien, to beat
hard, anc? L. Jiig- in Inflict, Flagella-
tion. Derivative Blue.]
BLOW, bio, v.i. to bloom or blossom : —
pr.j). blow'ing ; pa.p. blown. [A.S
bljican, Ger. bluhen. See Bloom, Blos
SOM.J
:SLOW, bio, v.i. to produce a current ot
air : to move, as air or the wind. — v.t. to
dri .'e air upon or into : to drive by a cur-
rent of air : to sound as a wind instru-
ment -.—pa.t. blew (bloo) ; pa.p. blown. —
Blow upon, to taint, to make stale.
[A.S. blawan ; Ger. bUlhen, blaseii ; L.
/fore.]
BLOWPIPE, blo'pip, 71. a pipe through
which a current of air is blown on a
flame, to increase its heat.
BLOWN, blon, p.adj. out of breath, tii-ed :
swelled : stale, worthless.
BLOWZE, blowz, n. a ruddy, fat-faced
woman. — adjs. Blowzed', Blowz't, rud-
dy, or flushed with exercise. [From root
of Blush.]
BLUBBER, blub'er, n. the fat of whales
and other sea animals. — v.i. to weep in a
noisy manner. [Blubber, Blabber, etc.,
are extensions of bleb, blob ; they con-
tain the root idea of "puffed-up," and
are formed in imitation of the sound of
the bubliling or foaming of a liquid.]
BLUDGEON, blud'jun, n. a short stick
with a hea\'y end to strike with. [From
root of Block.]
BLUE, bloo, n. the color of the sky when
unclouded : one of the seven primary
colors. — adj. of the color blue. — n. Blue'-
NESS. [Found in Ice. blar, cog. with
Ger. blau; originally meaning livid, the
color caused by a Blow.]
BLUEBELL, bloo'bel, n. a plant that
bears blue bell-shaped flowers.
BLUEBOOK, bloo'book, n. a book contain-
ing some official statement, so called
from its blue cover.
BLUE-BOTTLE, bloo'-botl, n. a plant
with blue bottle-shaped flowers that
grows among corn : a large blue fly.
BLUE-JACKET, bloo'-jak'et, n. a seaman,
as distinguished from a marine.
BLUE-STOCKING, bloo'-stok'ing, n. a lit-
erary lady : applied in Dr. Johnson's time
to meetings held by ladies for conversa-
tion with certain literary men, one of
whom always wore blue stockings.
BLL'FF, bluf, adj. blustering : outspoken :
steep. — n. Blltf'ness. [Prob. Dut.]
BLUFF, bluf, M. a high steep bank over-
looking the sea or a river.
BLUISH, bloo'ish, adj. slightly blue. — n.
Blu'ishness.
BLUNDER, blun'der, v.i. to make a g^ross
mistake, to flounder aljout. — n. a g^oss
mistake. [From root of BLUNT.]
BLUNDERBUSS, blun'der-bus, n. a short
hand-gun, with a wide bore. [Corr. of
Dut. donderbus — dander, thunder, bus, a
box, barrel of a gun, a gun ; Ger. donner-
bi'ichse.]
BLUNT, blunt, adj. having a dull edge or
point : rough, outspoken, dull. — v.t. to
dull the edge or point : to weaken. — adj.
Butv't'ish. — adv. Blunt'ly. — n. Blunt'-
NESS. [Orig. sleepy, dull ; Dan. blunde,
to sluniber, akin to Blind.]
k'LUR, blur, n. a blot, stain, or spot. — v.t.
to blot, stain, obscure, or blemish : —
pr.p. blurring ; pa.p. blurred'. [A vari-
ety of Blear.]
BLURT, blurt, v.t. to utter suddenly or
unadvisedly. [From Blare.]
BLUSH, blush, n. a red "■low on the face
caused by shame, modesty, etc. : any
reddish color : sudden appearance. — i\i.
to show shame or confusion bj' growing
red in the face : to grow red. [A.S.
blyse, a blaze. See Blaze, Blowze. J
BLUSTER, blus'ter, v.i. to make a noise
like a blast of wind : to bully or swagger.
— n. a blast or roaring as of the wind :
bullying or boasting language. [An
augmentative of Blast.]
BLUSTERY, blus'ter-i, adj. blustering:
blusterous : raging : noisy. " A hollow,
blustery, pusillanimous, and unsound one
(character)." — Carlyle.
BO, bo, int. a word used to frighten
children.
BOA, bo'a, n. a genus of serpents, which
includes the largest species of serpents,
the Boa-constrictor : a long serpent-
like piece of fur worn round the neck by
ladies. [Perh. conn, with L. bos, an ox.]
BOAR, bor, n. the male of swine. [A.S.
bar.'\
BOARD, bord, n. a broad and thin strip of
timber : a table to put food on : food : a
table round which jiersons meet for some
kind of business : any council or author-
ized body of men, as a school board :
the deck of a ship. — On Board, in U. S.,
same as Aboard. — v.t. to cover with
boards : to supply with fnoA at fixed
terms : to enter a ship : to attack.— i'.;'.
to receive food or take meals. [A.S.
bord, a board, the side of a ship ; Ice.
bord, the side of a ship ; found also in
Celt. ; conn, either with Bear or with
Broad.]
BOARDER, bord'er, n. one who receives
board (food) : one who boards a sliip.
BOAivDING, bord'ing, n. the act of cover-
ing with boards : the covering itself : act
of boarding a ship.
BOARDING-SCHOOL, bord'ing-skool, n.
a school in which board is given as well
as instruction.
BOARD-WAGES, bord'-waj'ez, n. wages
allowed to servants to keep themselves
in food.
BOAST, host, v.i. to talk vaingloriously : to
brag. — v.t. to brag of : speak proudly or
confidently of : to magnify or exalt one's
self. — n. an expression of pride : a brag :
the cause of boasting. [M.E. bost — W.
bost. Gael, bosd, a bragging.]
BOASTFUL, bost'fool, adj. given to brag.
— adv. Boast'fully. — n. Boast'pulness.
BOASTING, bost'ing, n. ostentatious dis-
play : vaunting.
BOaI", bot, n. small open vessel usually
moved by oars : a small ship. — v.i. to go
in a boat. [A.S. bat; Dut. boot; Fr.
bat-eau ; Gael, bata.]
BOATABLE, bot'a-bl, adj. capabie of being
navigated with boats. (Amer.)
BOATHOOK, bot'hook, n. an iron hook
fixed to a pole used for pulling or push-
ing off a boat.
BOATING, bot'ing, n. the art or practice
of sailing in boats.
BOATMAN, bot'man, n. a man who has
charge of a boat : a rower.
BOATSWAIN,b6t'swan(coUoquiallyb6'sn),
J?, a petty officer on board sliip who looks
after the boats, rigging, etc., and calls
the seamen to duty [{Lit.) a boat's swain
or servant. From A.S. bdtswdn — bat, a
boat, mvdn, a lad.]
BOB, bob, v.i. to move quickly up and
down, to dangle : to fish with a bob. —
v.t. to move in a short jerking manner :
— pr.p. bobb'ing ; pa.p. bobbed'. — n. a
short jerking motion : a slight blow :
anything tliat moves with a bob or
swing : a pendant. [Perhaps imitative,
like Gael, bog, to agitate, babag, baban,
a tassel.]
BOBBIN, bob'in. n. a small piece of wood
on which thread is wound. [Fr. bobine,
perhaps from Gael, baban. a tassel.]
BOBBINET, bob-m-et' or bob'in-et, n. a
kind of fine netted lace made by m*
chines.
BOBOLINK, bob'o-lingk, n. aNorth Ameri-
can singing bird, found in the northern
states in spring and summer. [At first
Bob Lincoln, from the note of the bird.]
BOB-SLED, bob'-sled, ?;. a sled for the
transportation of large timber from the
forest to a river or public road : also a
farmer's road sled. (Amer.)
BOBWIG. bob'wig, n. a short wig.
BOCK-BEER, BOCK-BIER, bok'ber, )j.
a double strong variety of lager-beer,
darker in color than the ordinary kinds,
less bitter in taste, and considerablv
more intoxicating. [Gr. bock-bier, buck
or goat beer, so called, it is said, fi-om
making its consumers prance and tum-
ble about like a buck or a goat.]
BOOKING, bok'ing, ?t. a kind of baize or
woollen cloth, used to cover a floor or to
protect carpets. (Amer.)
BODE, bod, v.t. to portend or prophesy. —
v.i. to be an omen : to foreshow. [A.S.
bodian, to announce — bod, a message ;
allied to BiD.] [called in Canada,
BODETTE, bo-det', ?;. a cot bedstead, so
BODICE, bod'is, n. a woman's stays, for-
merly' called bodies, from fitting close tc
the body.
BODIED, bod'id, adj. having a body.
BODILESS, bod'i-les, adj. without a body :
incorporeal.
BODILY, bod'i-ly, adj. relating to the body,
esp. as opposed to the mind.
BODKIN, bod'kin, n., a small dagger: a
small instrument for pricking holes or
for dressing the hair : a large blunt
needle. [Prob. W. bidog.]
BODY, bod i, n. the whole frame of a man
or lower animal : the main part of an
animal, as distinguished from the limbs :
the main part of anything : matter, as
opposed to spirit : a mass : a person : a
number of persons united by some com-
mon tie. — v.t. to give form to : to em-
bodv : — pr.p. bod'jang ; pa.p. bod'ied.
[A.S. bodig.}
BODYGUARD, bod'i-giird, n. a guard to
protect the person, esp. of the sovereign.
BODY-POLITIC, bod'i-pol'it-ik, n. the col-
lective body of the people in its political
capacity.
BQiiOTIAiN, be-5'shyan, adj. pertaining- to
Boeotia in Greece, noted for the dullness
of its inhabitants : hence, stupid, dull.
BOG, bog, n. soft ground : a marsh or quag-
mire.— adj. Bogg'y. [Ir. bogach ; Gael.
bog.]
BOGGLE, bog'l, v.i. to stop or hesitate, as
if at a bogle : to make difficulties about a
thing ; also to embarrass. (Amer.)
BOGLE, bog'l, n. a spectre or goblin.
[Scot, bogle, a ghost ; W. bicg, a goblin.
See Bug.]
BOGMOSS. bog'mos, n. a genus of moss
plants.
BOGUS, bo'gus, adj. counterfeit, spurious.
[An Amer. cant word, of very doubtful
origin.]
BOHEA, bo-he', n. the lowest quality of
black tea. [Chinese.]
BOHEMIAN, Do-he'mi-an, w. and adj. ap-
plied to persons of loose and irregular
habits. — ?i. Bohe'mianism. [Fr. bohe-
mien, a gipsy, from the belief that these
wanderers came from Bohemia.]
BOIL, boil, v.i., to bubble up from the actioa
of heat : to be hot : to be excited or agi-
tated.— v.t. to heat to a boiling state :
to cook or dress by boiling.- — Boiling-
point, the temperature at which liquid*
begin to boil under heat. [O. Fr. boilir
— L. biillire — bulla, a bubble.^
BOIL, boil, n. an inflamed sweUing or
tumor. [A.S. byl : Ger. beule ; Ice. bola
from the root of Bulge.]
BOILER
41
BOOTLESS
BOILER, boil'er, n. one who boils : that ia
'vhich anvthing is boiled.
BOISTEROUS, bois'ter-us, adj., wild:
noisy : turbulent : stormy. — adv. BoiS'-
TEROUSLY. — n. BoIS'TEEOUSNESS. [M.E.
boistous — W. bwyst, wildness.]
BOISTEROUS, bois'ter-us, adj. strong.
BOLD, bold, adj. daring or courageous :
forward or impudent : executed with
spirit : striking to the sight : steep or
abrupt. — adv. Bold'ly. — n. Bold'ness. —
T'j MAiTF. BOLD, to take the liberty, to
make fi-ee. [A-S. bald ; O. Ger. paid ;
O. Ft. baud, Goth, baltlis. Ice. ballr.]
BOLE, bol, 71., the round stem or body of a
tree. [Ice. bolr, from its round form.
C onn. with Bowl, a cup, Bulge, Boil, a
swelUng, and Bag.]
I.'JLL, bol, n. one of the round heads or
sided-vessels of flax, poppy, etc. : a pod
or capsule : a Scotch diy measm-e ^ six
imperial bushels, not now legally in use.
[A form of BowL, a cup, and sig! "thing
round."]
BCiLLED, bold, swollen : podded. [Pa.p.
of M.E. bollen, to swell.]
BOLSTER, bol-ster, n. a long round pUlow
or cushion : a pad. — v.t. to support with
a bolster : to hold up. [A.S. bolster ;
from root of BowL.]
BOLT, bolt, 11. a bar or pin used to fasten
a door, etc. ; an arrow ; a thunderbolt.
— v.t. to fasten with a bolt : to throw or
utter precipitatel}' : to swallow hastily.
— v.i. to rush away (like a bolt from a
bow) : to start off suddenly, said origi-
nally of a horse starting from his course,
afterwards appUed to politicians who sud-
denly desert tlieir party : as to bolt the
nomination of an objectionable candi-
date. [A.S. and Dan. bolt, Ger. bolzen ;
from root of Bole, of a tree.]
BOLT, bolt, v.t. to sift, to separate the
bran from, as flour : to examine by sift-
ing : to sift through coarse cloth. [O. Fr.
biuter, or buleter=bureter — from bure —
Lew L. burru, a coarse reddish-brown
cloth — Gr. pyrros, reddisb^/jyr^FiRE.]
BOLTING-HUTCH, bolt'ing-huch, n. a
hutch or large box into which flour
falls when it is bolted.
BOLT-UPRIGHT, bolt'-up-rit'. adv. up-
right and straiglit as a bolt or arrow.
BOLUS, bolus, 71. a rounded mass of any-
thing : a large pill. [L. bolus, Gr. bolos,
a lump.]
BOilAREA. bo-ma're-a, 7i. a genus of ama-
ryllidaceous tn-ining plants, natives of
South America.
BOMB, bum, ?t. a hollow shell of iron filled
with gunpowder, and discharged from a
mortar, so as to explode when it falls.
[Fr. bombe — L. bombus, Gr. bo7nbos, a
hunmiing sound ; an imitative word.]
BOMBARD, bum-bard', v.t. to attack with
bombs. — n. Bomb.\kd'ment. — 7i. Bom-
bardier'.
BOMBASINE, BOMBAZINE, bum-ba-zen',
n. a twilled fabric of silk and worsted.
[Fr. bombasin — Low L. bombaeinium —
Gr. bomby.v, silk. See Bombast.]
BOMBAST, bum'bast, n. (oi-ig.), cotton or
any soft material used for stuffing gar-
ments : inflated or high-sounding Tan-
fuage. [Low L. bo7nbax, cotton — Gr.
oniby.r. silk.]
BOMBASTIC, bum-bast'ik, adj. high-
sounding : inflated.
BOMB-PROOF, bum'-proof, adj. proof or
secure against the force of bombs.
B03IB-VESSEL, bum'-ves-el, ?*. a vessel
for carrying the mortars used in bom-
barding from the sea.
BONBON, bong^bong, 7i. a sweetmeat.
iPr., " very good " — bon, good.]
ND, bond, n. that which binds, a band :
link of connection or union : a writing
of obhgation to pay a sum or to perform
a contract. — In bond, the state of being
deposited or placed in a bonded ware-
house or store : — pi. imprisonment, cap-
tivity.— adj. bound : in a state of ser\-i-
tude. — v.t. to put imported goods in the
customs' warehouses till the duties on
them are paid. [A.S. ; a variation of
band — bindan, to bind.]
BONDAGE, bond'aj, ?i. state of being
bound : captivity : slavery. [O. Fr. —
Low L. bondagium, a kind of tenure.
Ace. to Skeat, this is from A.S. bonda, a
boor, a householder, from Ice. bondi=
buandi, a tUler, a husbandman.]
BONDED, bond'ed, p. adj. secured by bond,
as duties.
BONDING, bond'ing-, 7i. that arrangement
by which goods remain in the customs'
warehouses tUl the duties are paid.
BONDMAN, boud'man, n. a man slave. —
ns. Bond'maid, Bond'woman.
BONDSMAN, bondz'man, n. a bondman or
slave: a surety.
BONE, bon, ti. a hard substance forming
the skeleton of an animal : a piece of the
skeleton of an animal. — v. t. to take the
bones out of. as meat. [A.S. ban : Ger.
bein, Goth, bain, bone, leg ; W. bo7i, a
stem or stock.]
BONE- ASH, bon'-ash, 7i. the remains when
bones are burned in an open furnace.
BONE-BLACK, bon'-blak, ?i. the remains
when bones are heated in a close vessel.
BONE-CAVE, bon'-kav, ?i. a cave in which
are found bones of extinct animals, some-
times together with the bones of man or
other traces of his contemporaneous ex-
istence
BONE-DUST, bon'-dust, n. ground or pul-
verized bones, used in agriculture, for
fertilizing the soil.
BONE-GLUE, bon'-glu, 7i. an inferior kind
of glue obtained from bones.]
BONE-SETTER, bon'-set'er, ji. one whose
occupation is to set broken and dislocated
bones.
BONFIRE, bon'fir, ?i. a large fire in the
open air on occasions of public rejoicings,
etc. [Orig. a fire in which bones were
burnt.]
BON-MOT, bong'-mo, 7i., a good or witty
saving. [Fr. bon, good, 7not, word.]
BONNE-BOUCHE, bon-boosh', n. a deUc-
ious mouthful. [Fr. bonne, good, bouche,
mouth.]
BONNET, bon'et, 7i. a covering for the head
worn by women : a cap. — J). adj. Bonn'-
eted. [Fr. — Low L. bonneta, orig. the
name of a stuff.]
BONNY, bon'i, adj. beautiful : handsome :
gay.— adc. BoNN'lLT. [Fr. bon, bonne —
L. bonus, good ; Celt, bain, baine, white,
fair.]
BONNY-CL.\BBER, bon'ni-klab'ber. 7i.
tliick milk from which the whey is
drained to get tlie curds out. (Amer.)
BONUS, bon'us, 7t. a premium beyond the
usual interest for a loan : an extra divi-
dend to shareholders. [L. bonus, good.]
BONY, bon'i, adj. full of, or consisting of,
bones.
BONZE, bon'ze, n. a Buddhist priest. [Jap.
bozii, a pi-iest.]
BOOBY, boob'i, n. a silly or stupid fellow :
;i water-bird, of the pelican tribe, remark-
able for its apparent stupidity. [Sp. bobo,
a dolt ; O. Fr. holm, stupid. — L. balbus,
stuttering.]
BOOBYISM, b5'bi-izm, n. the state or qual-
ity of being a bool)v : stupidity : foolish-
ness. '•Lamentable ignorance and 6006)/-
ism on the stage of a private theatre." —
Dickens.
BOOK, book, n. a collection of sheets of
paper bound together, either printed,
written on, or blank : a literary composi-
tion : a division of a volume or subject.—
v.t. to write in a book. [A.S. 60c, a book,
the beech ; Ger. buaite, the beech, buch,
a book, becausetheTeutonsfirst wrote on
beechen boards.]
BOOK-CLUB, book'-klub, m. an association
of persons who buy new books for circu
lation among themselves.
BOOKING-CLERK, book'ing-klerk, n. the
clerk or official who suppUes passengers
with tickets at a booking-office.
BOOKISH, book'ish. adj. fond of books, ac-
quainted only with books. — ?i. Book'ish-
NESS.
BOOK-KEEPING, book'-kep'ing, 71. the
art of keeping accounts in a regular and
systematic manner.
BOOK-LEARNING.book'-lern'ing.w.learn-
ing got from books, as opposed to practi-
cal knowledge.
BOOKPLATE, book'plat, 71. a label usuaUy
pasted inside the cover of a book, bearing
the owner's name,crest,or peculiar device.
BOOK-POST, book'-post, n. the depart-
ment in the Post-office for the transmis-
sion of books.
BOOKWORM, book'wurm, 7i. a worm or
mite that eats holes in books : a hard
reader : one who reads without discrimi-
nation or profit.
BOOKWRIGHT, book'rit, »i. a writer of
books : an author : a term of slight con-
tempt. Kingsley.
BOOM, boom, n. a pole by which a sail is
stretched : a chain or bar stretched across
a harbor. [Dut. boom, a beam, a tree.]
BOOM, boom, v.i. to make a hollow sound
or roar. — 71. a hollow roar, as of the sea,
the cry of the bittern, etc. [From a Low
Ger. root found in A.S. by7ne, a trumpet,
Dut. boinmen, to drum ; like Bomb, of
imitative origin.]
BOOMERANG,I)o6m'e-rang,n. a hard-wood
missile used by the natives of Australia,
shaped Uke the segment of a circle, and
so made that when thrown to a distance
it returns towards the thrower. (Aus-
tralian.) Applied also to any scheme
or plan which turns against its author.
(Amer.)
BOON, boon, 72. a petition : a gift or favor.
ilce. bun, a prayer; A.S. ben.]
ON, boon, adj. (as in boon companion)
gay. merry or kind. [Fr. bon — L. bonus,
good.]
BOOR, boor, 71. a coarse or awkward per-
son. [Dut. boer (Ger. baiter), a tiller of
the sou — Dut. boinven : cog. with Ger.
bauen, A.S. buan, to till.]
BOORISH, boor'ish, adj. like a boor : awk-
ward or rude. — adv. Boor'ishly. — n.
Boor'ishness.
BOOST, boost, v.t. to lift or push one up a
tree or over a fence. (Amer.)
BOOT, boot. 71. a covering for the foot and
lower part of the leg generally made of
leather : an old instrument of torture for
the legs : a box or receptacle in a coach :
7i.pl. the servant in a hotel that cleans
the boots. — v.t. to put on boots. ["Fr.
botte. a butt, or a boot, from O.Ger. hiaen,
a cask. See Bottle, Butt.]
BOOT, boot, v.t. to profit or advantage. —
71. advantage: profit. — To Boot, in addi
tion. [A.S. bot. compensation, amends,
whence betan, to amend, to make Bet-
TER.l
BOOTEE, boo-t^', 71. a boot without a top,
or a shoe made like a boot without a leg
(Amer.)
BOOTH, booth, 71. a hiit or temporary erec-
tion formed of slight materials. [Ice.
Imth : Ger. bude : also Slav, and Celt.,
as Gael. both, hut.]
BOOTJACK, boot'jak. n. an instrument for
taking off boots. [Boot and Jack.]
BOOTLESS, boat'les, adj. without boot c
BOOT-STOCKIXG
43
BOW
profit -. useless. — adv. Boot'lessly.— ?!.
Boot'lessness.
BOOT-STOCKING, bcit'stok-ing. n. a large
stocking which covers the leg Uke a jacK-
boot. -'Jiis boot-stockings comiag high
above the knees." — Southey.
BOOTY, boot'i, ti. spoil taken in war or by
force : plunder. [Ice. byti. shave— byta,
to divide.]
BO- PEEP, bo-pep', n. a game among chil-
dren in which one peeps from behind
something and cries "Bo."
BORACIC, bo-ras'ik, adj. of or relating to
borax. — BoRACic acid, an acid obtained
by dissolving borax, and also found native
in mineral springs in Italy.
BOE.AJX, bo'raks. n. a mineral salt used for
soldering and also in medicine. [Fr. — Ar.
hiiraq.]
BORDER, bord'er, n. the edge or margin of
anything : the march or boundary of a
country: a flower-bed in a garden. — v.i.
to approach: to be adjacent. — v.t. to make
or adorn with a border : to bound. [Fr.
bord. hordure : from i-oot of Board.]
BORDERER, bord'er-er. n. one who dwells
on the border of a country.
BORE, bor, v.t. to pierce so as to form a
hole : to weary or annoy. — n. a hole made
by boring : tlie size of the cavity of agun:
a' person or thing that wearies. [A.S.
borian, to bore, from bor, a borer : Ger.
bohren ; allied to L. foro. to bore, Gr.
pharyn.v. the gullet.]
BORE. bor. did bear. pa.t. of Bear.
BORE, bor, n. a tidal flood wliieh rushes
with great force into the mouths of cer-
tain rivers. [Ice. bdra. a wave or swell,
from root of to Be.vr or hft.]
BOREAL, bo're-al, adj. pertaining to the
north or the north wind.
BOREAS, bo're-as, (i. the north wind. [L.
and Gr.]
BORX. havrra.pa.p. of BeaB. to bring forth.
— Not born in the woods to be scared
BY AN OWL, too much used to danger to
be easily frightened. (Amer.)
BORNE, born, j^cp- of Bear, to carrv.
BOROGLYCERIDE. bo-ro-gli'se-rld. ~n. an
antiseptic compound introduced by Prof.
Barff, consisting of 93 pai-ts of glvcerine
to 62 piirts of boracic acid, to wliich is
added, when used to preserve meat,
oysters, milk, eggs,etc.. about fifty times
its weight in water.
BOROUGH, bur'o.n. a town with a corpora-
tion : a town that sends representatives
to parliament. Applied also to certain
towns in Pennsylvania. [A.S. burg, btirh,
!L citv, from beorgan, Ger. bergen, to pro-
tect."]
BOROtJGHMONGER. bur'6-mung'er.»i. one
who buys or sells the patronage of bor-
oughs in Great Britain.
BORROW, bor'6. v.t. to obtain on loan or
trust : to adopt from a foreign source. —
(i.Borr'ower. [A.S.borgian — borg, borh,
a pledge, security: akin to Borough, from
the notion of securitv.]
BOSCAGE, bosk'aj, ». thick foliage : wood-
land. [Fr. boscage, bocage — Low L. boscus
(hence Fr. bois), conn, with Ger. biisch,
E. bitsh.]
BOSH, bosh, n. used also as int., nonsense,
foolish talk or opinions. [Turk, bosh,
worthless, frequent in Morier's popular
novel 4i/es/ia (1834).]
BOSKY, bosk'i,a(y. woody or bushy: shady.
BOSOM, booz'um. n. the breast of a human
being.orthe part of the dress which covers
it : l^gf.)the seat of the passions and feel-
ings : the heart : embrace, inclosure. as
within the arms : any close or secret re-
ceptacle.— adj. (in composition) confiden-
tial : intimate. — v.t. to inclose in the
bosom. [A.S. bosm, Ger. bttsen.'\
BOSS, bos, n. a knob or stud : a raised or-
nament.— v.t. to ornament with bosses.
[Fr. bosse. It. bozza. a swelhng, from O.
Ger. bozen, to beat.]
BOSS, bos, 71. a master, an employer of
labor, a politician who holds control of
large patronage and uses his influence for
selfish and partisan purposes. Also a
name for the buffalo among Western
huntsmen. (Amer.)
BOSSY, bos'i. adj. ha\'ing bosses.
BOT_\NIZE. bot'an-iz. vri. to seek for and
collect plants for studv.
BOTANIST, bot'an-ist, 'n. one skilled in
botany.
BOTANY, bot'a^ni, n. the science of plants.
— adj. BOT an'ic. — adv. Botaic'icallt. [Gr.
botane, herb, plant — bosko. to feed, L.
vescor, I feed myself ; perh. cog. with
A.S. icoed.]
BOTCH, boch, n.. a sicelling on the sldn : a
clumsy patch: ill-finished work. — v.t. to
patch'or mend clumsily : to put together
unsuitably or unskilifully. [From root of
Boss.]
BOTCHER, boch'er, n. one who botches.
BOTCHY, boch'i, adj. marked with or full
of botches.
BOTH, both, adj. and pron.. the two: the
one and the other. — conj. as well : on the
one side. [Ice. bathi, Grer. beide ; A.S.
6d ; of. L. am-bo, Gr. am-plio. Sans, ubha,
orig. ambha.]
BOTHER, hoth'er, v.t. to perplex or tease.
[Peril, fi-ora Ir. biiaidliirt, trouble.]
BOTTLE, bofl, n. a bundle of hay. [Dim.
of Fr. botte, a bundle, fi-om root of Boss.]
BOTTLE,bot'l.n.a hollow vessel for holding
Uquids : the contents of such a vessel. —
v.t. to inclose in bottles. [Fr. bouteille,
dim. of botte, a vessel for liquids. From
root of Boot. Butt.]
BOTTLE-BELLIED, bot'1-bel-hd. adj. hav-
ing a belly shaped like a bottle : having
a swelling out prominent belly. "Some
choleric, bottle-bellied, old spider." — W.
Innng.
BOTTLED, hot'li, p.adj. inclosed in bottles:
shaped or protuberant like a bottle.
BOTTLER, bot'ler, n. one who bottles : spe-
cifically, one \\ nose occupation it is to put
liquors, as viine. spirits, ale. etc., into
bottles, and sell the bottled liquor.
BOTTOM, bot'um, n. the lowest part of any-
thing : that on which anything rests or
is founded : low land, as in a valley : the
keel of a ship, hence the vessel itself. —
v.t. to found or rest upon. — adj. Bott'om-
less. [A.S. botin : Gei\ boden : conn.
with L. fundus, bottom, Oael.bond, boicn,
the sole.]
BOTTOMRY, bot'um-ri, n. a contract by
which money is borrowed on the security
of a ship or bottom. [From Bottom, a
ship.]
BOLfDOIR, bood'war. n. a lady"s private
room. [Fi-. — bonder, to pout, to be
sulky.]
BOUGEI. bow, n. a branch of a tree. [A.S.
bog, boh. an arm, the shoulder (Ger. b^tg,
the shoulder, the bow of a ship) — ^A.S.
hugan, to bend.]
BOUGH, bow, v.t. to cover over or shade
with boughs.
a mossy track, all over toughed
For half a mile or more. — Coleridge.
BOUGHT, bawt. pa.t. and pa.p. of Btty.
BOULDER, bold'er.n.a large stone rounded
by the action of water : (geol.) a mass
of rock transported hy natural :igencies
from its native bed" — adj. containing
boulders. [Ace. to Wedg^vood, from
Swed. bullra, Dan. buklre, to roar Uke
thunder, as large pebbles do.]
BOULEVARD, bool'e-var, n. a promenade
formed by leveling the old fortifications
of a town. [Fr. — Ger. bollvxrk. See Bul-
wark.]
BOULEVER.SEMENT. l)(.|-ver.s-man. n. the
act of overthrowing or overturning : the
state of being overthrown or overturned;
overthrow: overturn: subversion: hence,
generally, convulsion or confusion. [Fr.]
BOUNCE, bowns, v.i. to jump or spring
suddenly : to boast, to exaggerate. — n,
a heavy, sudden blow: a leap or spring:
a boa-st : a bold he. [Dut. bonze n. to strike
from bon.i. a blow, from the sound.]
BOUNCER, bowns'er, n. one who bounces;
something- big : a bully : a liar.
BOUND, bownd. pa.t. and ^w./). of Bind.
BOUND, bownd, n. a limit or boundary. —
v.t. to set bounds to: to limit, restrain,
or surround. [O.Vr.bonne — LowL. bodina
— Bret. bonn. a boundary.]
BOUND, bownd. v.i. to spring or leap. — n.
a spring or leap. [Fr. hondir, to spring,
in O. Fr. to rebound — L. bombitare. See
Boom, the sound.]
BOLTND, bownd. adj. ready to go. [Ice.
buinn, pa.p. of bua, to prepare.]
BOUNDARY, bownd'a-ri, n. a\isiblebound
or limit : border : termination.
BOUNDEN, bownd'n, adj., binding : re-
quired : obUgatorv. [From Bind.]
BOUNDLESS, bownd'les, adj. having no
bound or limit : vast. — n. Boun'D'less-
NESS.
BOUNTEOUS, bown'te-us or bown'tyus,
BOUNTIFUL, bown'ti-fool. adj. liberal in
giving : generous. — adrs. Boun'teously,
Bouts/tifully. — ns. Boun'teousness,
BouVtifclness. [From Bounty.]
BOUNTY, bown'ti, n. liberahty in bestow-
ing gifts : the gift bestowed : money of-
fered as an inducement to enter the army,
or as a premium to encourage any branch
of industry. [Fr. bonte, goodness — L.
bonitas — bonus, good.]
BOUQUET, boo'ka, n. a bunch of flowers :
a nosegay. [Fr.— iiosgitef, dim. oibois, a
wood— It. l-osco. See Boscage. Bush.]
BOURBON, bur'bun, n. anv old fashioned
party which acts unmindful of past ex-
perience. (Amer.)
BOURG. burg. n. same as Burgs. Borough.
BOURGEOIS, bur-.iois'. n. a kind of print-
ing type, larger than brevier and smaller
than' longprimer. [Fr. — perh. from the
name of the typefounder.]
BOURGEOISIE, boorzh-waw'ze.ji.the mid-
dle class of citizens, esp. traders. [From
Fr. liourgeois, a citizen, from root of
Borough.]
BOURGEON, bur'jun, v. i. to put forth
sprouts or buds : to grow. [Fr. bourgeon.
a bud. shoot.]
BOURN, BOURNE, born or boorn. n. a
boundai-y, or a limit. [Fr. oorne, a limit.
See Bouxd.]
BOURN. BOURNE, born or boorn, Ji. a
little stream. [A.S. biinui, a stream ;
Scot, burn, a brook ; Goth, brunna, a
spring.]
BOURSE, boors, n. an exchange where
merchants meet for business. [Fr. bourse.
See Purse.]
BOUSE, booz, v.i. to drink deeply. [Dut.
buysen. to drink deeply — buis, a tube or
flask : allied to Box.]
BOUT. bowt. n. a turn, trial, or round : au
attempt. [Doublet of BiGHT ; from root
of Bow. to Dend.]
BOVINE, bo'vin, adj. pertaining to cattle
[L. bos, bovis, Gr. bous. an ox or cow.]
BOW, how, v.t., to ?(e«^ or incline towards:
to subdue. — v.i. to bend the body in salut
ing a person : the curving forepart of a
ship. [A.S. bugan. to bend ; akin to L.
fugio. to flee, to yield.]
BOW, bo, n. a bent piece of wood for shoot-
ing arrows : anj-thing of a bent or curveii
shape, as the rainbow : the instrument
by which the strings of a vioUn are
sounded. [A.S. boga.]
BOWELS
43
BRAWNY
BOWELS, bow'elz, n.pl. the interior parts
oi the body, the entrails : the interior
part of anything: : (fig.) the heart, pitv.
Tenderness. [Fr. boyau. O. Fr. hoel — L.
''■itellns, a sausage, also, an intestine.]
B'JWER. bow'er, n. an anchor at the bow
or forepart of a ship. [From Bow.]
BOWER, bow'er, 7i. a sliady inclosure or
recess in a garden, an arbor. [A.S. bur,
■.i chamber ; Scot, byre — root A.S. bi'uin,
-.. dwell.]
AVERY, bow'er-i,ad/.containing bowers:
-hady. — )?. the name of a busy, crowded
treet in New York Citv.
■WIE-KNIFE, b6'i-nifr«. a dagger-knife
■vorn in tlie Southern States of America,
~o named from its inventor.Coloneli?o(tve.
' i\VL. bol, H. a wooden ball used for roU-
Lig along the ground. — v.t. and i. to play
..t bowls : to roll along like a bowl : to
throw a ball, as in cricket. [Fr. boule —
L. bulla. See Boil, v.]
BOWL. bol. «. a round drinking-cup : the
loiind hollow part of anrthing. [A.S.
• 'Olla. See BOLE.]
Bi-iWLDER. bold'er, n. same as BodiJ)er.
BCiWLINE, bo'lin, n. (Ht.) the line of the
bow or bend : a rope to keep a sail close
to tlie wind.
BiJWLING-GREEN.bol'ing-gi-en.yi.agreen
. .r grassy plat kept smooth for bowling.
BijWMA!^. bo'man, n. an archer.
BOWSHOT,b6'shot,«.the distance to which
an arrow can be shot from a bow.
B JWSPRIT, bo'sprit, n. a boom or spar
irojecting fromthebow of a ship. [Bow
H ad Sprit.]
Ei;iWSTRING-, bo'string. n. a string with
■vhich the Turks strangled offenders.
BOW-WINDOW, bo'-windo, n. a bent or
semi-circular window.
BOX. boks. n. a tree remarkable for the
hardness and smoothness of its wood : a
ease or receptable for holding anytliing :
the contents of a box : a small house or
lodge : a private seat in a theatre : the
driver's seat on a carriage.— To be ix a
BOX, to be in difficulty, or in a compro-
mising position. (Amer.) The phrase TO
BE IX THE WEONO BOX has. it Seems, a re-
spectable antiquity. "If you will hear
how St. Augustine expoundeth that place,
you shall perceive that you are in a wrong
box.'" — Ridley (1554). " I perceive that
you and I are in a xvrong bo.v." — J. Udall
(1588). — v.t. to put into or furnish with
boxes. [A.S. box — 1,. buxus, Gr. pyxos,
the tree, pyxia. a box.]
BOX, boks. » . a blow on trie head or ear with
the hand. — v.t. to strike witli the hand or
fist. — v.i. to fight with the fists. [Dan.
bask, a sounding blow ; of. Ger. pochen,
to strike.]
BOXEN, boks'n, adj. made of or like box-
wood.
BOXING-DAY, boks'ing-da, n. in England,
the day after Christmas when bo.xes or
presents are given.
BOXWOOD, boks'wood.M.wood of the box-
tree.
BOY. boy, >i. amale child : al.ad. — n. Boy'-
HOOD. — adj. Boy'ish. — adv. Boy'ishly. —
n. Boy'ishxess. [Fris. boi, Dut. boef, Ger.
biihe. L. pHpu.9.]
BOYCOTT, boy'kot. v.t.to combine in refus-
ing to work to, to buy or sell with, or in
feneral to give assistance to, ov have
ealings with, on account of difference of
opinion or the like in social and political
matters : a word introduced under the
auspices of the Land League of Ireland
in 1880. [From Captain Boycott, who
was so treated by his neighbors in Ireland
in 1881.]
BRACE, bras. n. anything that draws to-
gether and holds tightly : a bandage : a
pair or couple : in printing, a mark con-
necting two or more words or lines ( [ ) :
— 2)1. straps for supporting the trousers :
ropes for turning the yards of a ship. —
v.t. to tighten or strengthen. [O. Fr.
brace. Fr. bra.s, the arm, power — L. bra-
chium, Gr, brachion, the arm, as holding
together.]
BRACELET, bras'let, n. an ornament for
the wrist. [Fr., dim. of O. Fr. brae. See
Brace.]
BRACH. brak, brach,n.adogfor the chase.
[O. Fr. braclie, from O. Ger. bracco.]
BRACHIAL, brak'i-al, adj. belonging to
the arm. [See Brace.]
BRACING, bras'ing. adj. giving strength
or tone. [From Brace.]
BRACKEN, brak'en, n. fern. [See Brake.]
BRACKET, brak'et, n. a support for some-
thing fastened to a wall :—pl. in printing,
the marks [ ] used to inclose one or moi-e
words. — v.t. to support by brackets : to
inclose by brackets. [Dim. formed from
Brace.]
BRACKISH, braVish. adj. saltish : applied
to water mixed with salt or «-ith sea-
water. — n. Brack'ishness. [Dut. brak,
refuse ; conn, with Wreck.]
BRACT, brakt, 7i. an irregularly developed
leaf at the base of the flower-stalk. — adj.
Brac'teal. [L. bractea, a thin plate of
metal, gold-leaf.]
BRADAWL, brad'awl, n. an awl to pierce
holes. [For inserting brads, long, thin
naUs.]
BRAG. brag,v.j'. to boast or bluster : — pr.p.
bragg'iug ; pa.p. bragged. — n. a boast or
boasting : the tiling boasted of : a game
at cards. [Prob. from a root brag, found
in all the Celtic languages. See Br.i.ve.]
BRAGGADOCIO, brag-a-do'shi-o, n. a
braggart or boaster : empty boa-sting.
[From Braggadochio,<i boastful character
in Spenser's Faery Queen.]
BRAGGART, brag'art, adj. boastful. — n. a
vain boaster. [O.Fr. brngfard, vain, brag-
ging, from root of Bracj.]
BRAHMAN, bra'man, BRAHOTN, bra'min,
n. a person of the highest or priestly caste
among the Hindus, — adjs. Brahsian'ic,
-AL, Br.^hmin''ic, -al, [From Brahma, the
Hindu Deitv.]
BRAHM.A.NISJI, bra'man-izm, BRAHMIN-
ISM, bril'min-izm, n. one or the religions
of India, the worship of Brahma,
BRAID, brad, v.t., to plait or entwine. — n.
cord, or other texture made by plaiting,
[A.S. bredan, bregdan; Ice. bregda, to
weave.]
BRAIN, bran. n. the m.ass of nervous mat-
ter contained in the sloiU : the .seat of
the intellect and of sensation : the in-
tellect.— v.t. to dash out the brains of.
[A.S. brcegen : Dut. brein.]
BRAINLESS, bran'les, adj. without brains
or understanding : sillv.
BRAIN-SICKNESS, brun'-sik'nes. n. disor-
der of the brain : giddiness : indiscretion.
BRAKE, brak, obs. pa.t. of Break.
BRAKE, brak, n, a fern : a place over-
grown with ferns or briers : a thicket,
[Low Ger. brake, brushwood ; Ger. brach,
fallow.]
BRAKE, brak, n. an instrument to break
flax or hemp : a carriage for breaking-
in horses : a bit for horses : a contrivance
for retarding the motion of a wheel.
[From root of Break.]
BRAKY, brak'i, adj. full of brakes : thorny :
rough.
BRAMBLE, bram'bl, n. a wild prickly'plant
bearing black berries : any rough prickly
shrub. — adj. Bram'bly. " [A.S. bremel;
Dut. braam, Ger. brom.]
BRAN, bran, n.. the refuse of grain : the
inner husks of corn sifted from the flour.
[Fr. bran, bran — Celt, bran, bran, re-
fuse.]
BRANCH, bransh, n. a shoot or arm-like
limb of a tree : anything like a branch :
any offslioot or subdivision. — v.t. to di-
\'icle into branches. — v.i. to spread out as
a branch. — adjs. Branch'less, Branch'y.
iFr. branche — Bret, branc. an arm ; Low
J. branea, L. brachium. See Brace.]
BRANCHL^, brangk'i-e. n.pl., gills.— adj.
Braxcuial, brangk'i-al. [L.]
BRANCHLET, bransh'let, n. a little branch.
BRAND, brand, n. a piece of wood burning
or partly burned : a mark burned into
anything with a hot iron : a sword, so
called from its glitter : a mark of in-
famy.— v.t. to biu'n or mark with a hot
iron : to fix a mark of infamy upon.
[A.S., from root of Burn,]
BRANDISH, brandish, v.t. to wave or
flourish as a brand or weapon. — n. a wav-
ing or flourish. [Fr. brandir, from root
of BRjUJD.]
BRAND-NEW. brand'-nu, adj. quite new
(as if newly from the fire).
BRANDY, braud'i, n. an ardent spirit dis-
tilled frona wine. [Formerly brandwine.
— Dut. brandewijn — branden, to burn, to
distil, and ivijn, wine ; cf. Ger. brant-
wein.] [sew.
BRAN-NEW, bran'nu, adj. Corr. of Brand-
BRASIER, bra'zher, 7i. a pan for holding
burning coals. [Fr., from the root of
Brass.]
BRASS, bras. n. an alloy of copper and
zinc : (^g.) impudence : — pi. monumental
plates of brass inlaid on slabs of stone
in the pavements of ancient churclaes :
also the brass musical instruments in a
band or orchestra. In its colloquial and
slang senses the use of the word is by no
means modern ; namely : 1. money. " We
should .scorn each bribing varlet's 6ra.ss. "
— Bo. Hall. 2. impudence : shameless-
ness. ' ' She in her defence made hira
appear such a rogue that the chief jus-
tice wondered he had the brass to appear
in a court of justice.'" — Roger Xorth.
[A.S. braes ; Ice. bras, solder : from
brasa to harden by fire, Swed. brasa,
fire.]
BRASS-BAND, bras'-band, n. a band or
company of musicians who pei'form on
brass instruments,
BRASSY, bras'i, adj. of or like brass : im-
pudent.
BRAT, brat, n. a contemptuous name for a
child. [A.S. brati. W.. Gael. brat, a rag ;
prov. E. brat, a child's pinafore.]
BRAVADO, brav-a'do, n. a display of
bravery : a boastful threat •.—pi. BraV.V-
does. [Sp. bravada, from root of Br.WE.}
BRAVE, brav, adj. daring, coui-ageous :
noble. — v.t. to meet boldly : to defy. — n.
a bully: an Indian warrior. — adv. Br.\.ve'-
LY. [Fr. brave : It. and Sp. bravo : from
Celt., as in Bret, braga. to strut about,
Gael, breagh, fine. See Brag.]
BRA'VERY, brav'er-i, n. courage : heroism :
finerj'.
BRAVO, brav'o, n. a daring villain : a hired
assassin -.—pi. Bravoes, orav'oz. [It. and
Sp.]
BRAVO, brav'o. int. well done : excellent.
[It.]
BRAVURA, brav-oor'a, n, (mtis.) a term
applied to songs that require great spirit
in execution, [It.]
BR.IWL. brawl, n, a noisy quarrel. — v.i. tc
quarrel noisily : to murmur or gurgle,
rw. bragal, to yociferate. which, ace. to
Skcat. is a freq. of Braq.]
BRAWN, brawn, n. mu.scle : thick flesh,
esp. boar's flesli : muscular strength. [O.
Fr. hraon, from O. Ger. brato, flesh (for
roasting) — O. Ger. pratan (Ger. braten),
to roa.st.]
BRAWN"V^ brawn'i, adj. fleshy : muscular :
strong.
BRAY
14
BRIDE
BRAY, bra, v.t., to break, pound, or g-rind
small. [O. Fr. breier (Fr. broyer) ; from
root of Break.]
BRAY, bra, n. the cry of the ass : any harsh
arrating- sound. — v.i. to cry Uke an ass.
[Fr. braire, Low L. bragire, from root of
Brag. Brawl.]
BRAZE, braz, v.t. to cover or solder with
brass.
BRAZEN, bra'zn, adj. of or belonging to
brass : impudent. — v.t. to confront with
impudence.
BRAZIER, bra'zher, n. see Bkasier.
BREACH, brech, n. a break or opening,
as in the walls of a fortress : a breaking
of law, etc. : a quarrel. — v.t. to make a
breach or opening. [A.S. brice, Fr. briche,
from root of Break.]
BREAD, bred, n. food made of flour or
meal baked : food : livelihood. Bread-
STCFF, in the United States, denotes all
the cereals which can be converted into
bread. [A.S. bread, from breotan, to
break ; or from breotvan. to brew.]
BREAD - BASKET, bred'-bas-ket, n. 1, a
papier mache or metal tray used for
holding bread at table: 2, the stomach.
(Slang.) "Another came up to second
liim, but I let drive at the mark, made
the soup-maigre rumble in his bread-bas-
ket, and laid him sprawling." — Foote.
BREAD-FRUIT-TREE, bred'-froot-tre', m.
a tree of the South Sea Islands, produc-
ing a fruit, which when roasted forms a
good substitute for bread.
BREADTH, bredth, n. extent from side to
side : width. [M.E. brede, A.S. brcedu.
See Broad.]
BREADWINNER, bred'win'er, n. one who
works for the support of himself or of
himsfilf and a family : a member of that
section of the community whose earnings
support both themselves and the women
and cliildren.
BREAK., brak,l'.^to part by force : to shat-
ter : to crush : to tame : to violate : to
check by intercepting, as a fall : to inter-
rupt, as silence : to make bankrupt : to
di\-ulge. — v.i. to part in two : to burst
forth : to open or appear, as the morning :
to become bankrupt : to fall out, as with
a friend: — pa.t. broke ; pa.^. brok'en. —
n. the state of being broken : an opening :
a pause or interruption : the dawn. —
Break cover, to burst forth from con-
cealment, as game. — Break down, to
crash, or to come down by breaking : (fig.)
to give way. — Break ground, to com-
mence e.Kcavation : {fig.) to begin. —
Bre.\k the ice {fig.), to get through
first difficulties.— Break a jest, to utter
a jest unexpectedly. — Break a lance
(fig.), enter into a contest with a rival. —
Bre.\k upon the wheel, to punish by
stretching a criminal on a wlieel, and
breaking his bones. — BRE.iK vmn, to fall
out. as friends. [A.S. brecan ; Goth.
brikan, Get. brechen : conn, with L.
frango, Gr. rhegnumi ; Gael, bragh, a
burstj
BREAKAGE, brak'aj, n. a breaking : an al-
lowance for things broken.
BREAKER, brak'er, n. a wave broken on
rocks or the shore.
BREAKFAST, brek'fast,n.a break or break-
ing of a fast : the first meal of the day.
— v.i. to take breakfast. — v.t. to furnish
with breakfast.
BREAKING-IN, braVing-in', n. the act of
training to labor, as of a horse.
BREAKNECK.brak'nek,ad;.likely to cause
a broken neck.
BREAKWATER, br,^k'waw'ter,n. a barrier
at the entrance of a harbor to break the
force of the waves.
BREAM, brem, n. a fresh-water fish of the
carp familj- : a salt-water fish somewhat
like it. [Fr. breme, for brestne — O. Ger.
brahsema, Ger. brassen.]
BREAST, brest, n. the forepart of the
human body between the neck and the
belly : (^gr.) conscience, disposition, affec-
tion's.— v.t. to bear the i)reast against : to
oppose manfully. [A.S. breost ; G«r.
brust, Dut. borsi, pern, from the notion
of bursting forth, protruding.]
BREASTPLATE, brest'plat, n. a plate or
piece of armor for the breast: in i?., a
part of the dress of the Jewish high-
priest.
BREASTWORK, brest' wurk, n. a defensive
work of earth or other materials breast-
high.
BREATH, breth, n. the air drawn into and
then expelled from the lungs : power of
breathing, life : the time occupied by
once breathing : a very shght breeze.
[A.S. brceth : Ger. brodeih, steam, breath;
perh. akin to L. frag-rare, to smell.]
BREATHE, bref/i,"r.i. to draw in and expel
breath or air from the lungs : to take
breath, to rest or pause : to Uve. — v.t. to
draw in and expel from the lungs, as air :
to infuse: to give out as breath: to utter
by the breath or softly ; to keep in breath,
to exercise.
BREATHING, hreth'ing, 7i. the act of
breathing : aspiration, secret prayer :
respite.
BREATHLESS,breth'les,arf/.out of breath :
dead. — n. Breath'lessness.
BREECH, brech, ?i. the lower part of the
body behind : the hinder part of any-
thing, especially of a gun. — v.t. to put
into breeches. [See Breeches, the gar-
ment, in which sense it was first used.]
BREECH-BLOCK, brech'-blok, ;;. a mov-
able piece at the breech of a breech-
loading gun which is withdrawn for the
insertion of the charge and closed before
firing to receive the impact of the recoU.
E. H. Knight.
BREECHES, brich'ez, n.pl. a garment worn
by men on the lower part of the body,
trousers. [A.S. broc. pi. brec : found in
aUTeut. lang.; alsoFr.braj'es — L. braccce,
which is said to be from the Celt., as in
Gael, briogais, breeches.]
BREECH-LOADER, brech'-lod'er, n. a fire-
arm loaded by introducing the charge at
BREECH-PIN, brech' - pin, BREECH-
SCREW, brech'-skro. n. a plug screwed
into the rear end of the barrel of a breech-
loading firearm forming the bottom of the
charge chamber. E. H. Knight.
BREECH-SIGHT, brech'-slt. n. the gradu-
ated sight at the breech of a gun, which,
in conjunction ■s'i'ith the front sight,
serves to aim the gun at an object. E. H.
Knight.
BREED, bred, v.t. to generate or bring
fortli : to train or bring up : to cause or
occasion. — v.i. to be with young : to pro-
duce offspring : to be produced or brought
forth -.—pa.t. and pa.p. bred. — n. that
wliich is bred, progeny or offspring : kind
or race. [A.S. breddn, to cherish, keep
warm : Ger. briiten, to hatch ; conn.
with Brew.]
BREEDER, bred'er, n. one who breeds or
brings up.
BREEDING, bred'ing, 7i. act of producing :
education or manners.
BREEZE, brez, n. a gentle gale ; a wind.
[Fr. brise, a cool wind : It. brezza.]
BREEZY, brez'i, adj. fanned with or subject
to breezes.
BRETHREN, hreth'ren, phir. of Brother.
BRETON, brit'un, adj. belonging to Brit-
tany or Bretagne. in Fi-ance.
BREVE, brev, n. (lit.) a brief or short note :
tlie longest note now used in music, |0 |.
[It. breve — L. brevis, short. In old church
music there were but two notes, the long
and the breve or short. Afterwards the
long was disused, and the breve became
the longest note. It is now little used,
the semibreve being the longest note.]
BREVET, brev'et. n. a military commission
entitling an officer to take rank above
tliat for wliich he receives pay. [Fr. a
short document — L. brevis, short.]
BREVL\RY, brev'i-ar-i, n. book containing
tlie daily service of the Roman Catholic
Cliurch. [Fi\ breviaire — L. brevis, short.
BREVIER, brev-er', n. a small type be-
tween bourgeois and minion, orig. used
in printing breviaries.
BREVITY, brev'it-i, ?i.,s7torfness; concise-
ness. [L. brevitas — brevis, short.]
BREW, broo, v.t. to prepare a Uquor, as
from malt and other materials : to con-
trive or plot. — v.i. to perform the opera-
tion of brewing : to be gatliering or form-
ing. [A.S. breovan ; cf. Ger. brauen.
which, like Fr. brasser, is said to be from
Low L. bra.rare. which is perh. from
Celt. brag, malt.]
BREWER, broo'er, n. one who brews.
BREWERY, broo'er-i, n. a place for brew-
ing.
BREWING, broo'ing, n. the act of making
liquor from malt : the quantitj' brewed
at once.
BREWIS, broo'is, n. crusts of rye and In-
dian meal bread, softened with milk and
eaten with molasses. (Amer.)
BRIAR-ROOT, brl'er-rot, n. the root oi the
white heath, a shrub often growing to a
large size. The roots are gathered ex-
tensively in the south of France and in
Corsica for the purpose of being made into
the tobacco-pipes now so much used under
the name of briar-root pipes. [The first
part of this word is a corruption of Fr.
bruyere. heath.]
BRIC-A-BRAC, brik-a-brak, »i. a collection
of objects ha\'ing a certain- interest or
value from their rarity, antiquity, or the
like, as old furniture, plate, china, curi-
osities ; articles of vertu. "Two things
only jarred on his eye in his hurried
glance round the room, there was too
much bric-a-brac: and too many flowers."
— H. Kingsley. [Fr. according to Littre
based on the phrase de brie et de broc, by
hook or by crook, brie being an old word
meaning' a kind of trap for catching birds,
etc., and broc, a pitcher or ju°-. JBric-a.-
brae would tlierefore be literally objects
collected bj- hook or crook.]
BRIBE, brib, n. something given to influ-
ence unduly the judgment or corrupt the
conduct: allurement. — v.t. to influence
by a bribe. [Fr. bribe, a lump of bread —
Celt, as in W. briico, to break, briw, a
fragment.]
BRIBER, brib'er, )i. one who bribes.
BRIBERY, brib'er-i, n. the act of giving or
taking bribes.
BRICK^ brik, n. an oblong or square piece
of burned clay : a loaf of bread in the
shape of a brick. — v.t. to lay or pave with
brick. [Fr. brique, from root of Break.!
BRICKBAT, brik'bat, n. a piece of brick'
[Brick and Bat, an implement foi strik-
ing with.]
BRICK-KILN, brik-kil, n. a kiln in which
bricks are burned.
BRICKLAYER, brik'la-er, n. one who lay.
or builds ^\-ith bricks. — u. Brick'laying
BRIDAL, brid'al, n. a marriage feast : h
wedding. — adj. belonging to a bride, or
a wedding : nuptial. ^Bride, and Ale, a
feast.]
BRIDE, brid, n. a woman about to be mar-
ried : a woman newlv married. [A.S,
bryd : Ice. briidr. Grer. b?'a«f, a bride ; W
priod. one married.]
BRIDECAKE
45
BRONZE
BRIDECAKE, brld'kak, n. the bride's cake,
or cake distributed at a wedding.
BRIDE-CHAMBER, brid'-cham'ber, n. the
miptial apartment.
BRIDEGROOM, brTd'gr6om,?i.a man about
to be married : a man newly married. —
Bride'maid. Bride's'maid, Bride'man,
Bride's'MAN, attendants at a wedding,
[A.S. brydgjtma — giana, a man.]
BRIDEWELL, brid'wel, n. a house of cor-
rection. [From a palace near St. Bride's
Well in London, afterwards used as a
house of correction.]
E^RIDGE, brij, n. a structure raised across
a river, etc. : anything like a bridge. —
i-.t. to build a bridge over. [A.S. bricg ;
Ger. briicke. Ice. bryggja.]
BRIDGELESS, brij'les, adj. without a
bridge : not capable of being spanned as
bv a bridge. " Brklgeless tide." — Southey.
BRIDLE, brl'dl, n. the instrument on a
horse's head, by which it is controlled :
any curb or restraint.— !•.<. to put on or
manage by abridle : to check or restrain.
— r. ('. to hold up the head proudly or af-
fectedly. [A.S. bridel ; O. Ger. bridel,
whence Fr. bride.]
r.RIDLE-PATH, bri'dl-path, n. a path or
way for horsemen.
BRIEF, bref, adj., short: concise. — adv.
Brief'ly. — n. Brief'ness.
BRIEF, bi-pf. n. a short account of a client's
case for the instruction of counsel : a
writ : a short statement of any kind. [Fr.
bref — L. brevis, short.
BRIEFLESS, bref les, adj. without a brief.
BRIER, bri'er, n. a pricUy shrub : a com-
mon name for the wild rose. — adj. Bri'-
ERT. [M.E. brere — A.S. brer, Ir. briar,
thorn.]
BRIG, brig, ii. a two-masted, square-rigged
vessel. [Shortened from Brigantine.]
BRIGADE, brig-ad', ii. a body of troops
consisting of two or more regiments of
infantry or cavalry, and commanded by
a general-officer, two or more of which
form a division. — v.f. to form into brig-
ades. [Fr. brigade — It. brigata — Low L.
briga. strife.]
BRIGADIER, brig-a-der', BRIGADIER-
GENERAL, brig-a-der'-jen'er-al, ri. a gen-
eral officer of the lowest grade, who has
command of a brigade.
BRIGAND, brig'and, n. a robber or free-
booter. [Fr. — It. brigante — briga, strife.]
BRIGANDAGE, brig'and-aj, n. freeboot-
ing : plundering.
BRIGANDINE, brig'an-dln, n. a coat of
mail. [Fr. ; so called because worn by
brigands.]
BRIGANTINE, brig'an-tin, n. a small, light
vessel or brig. [From BRIGAND, because
such a vessel was used bv pirates.]
BRIGHT, brit, adj., shining : full of light :
clear : beautiful : clever : illustrious. —
adv. Brightly. — n. Bright'ness. [A.S.
beorht, briht : cog. with Goth, bairhts,
clear. Gr. phlego, L. Jlagro, to flame,
flamma='flag-ma. Sans, bhraj, to shine.]
BRIGHTEN, brit'n, v.t. to m.ake bright or
brighter : to make cheerful or joyful : to
make illustrious. — r.i. to grow bright or
brighter : to clear up.
BRILL, bril, n. a fish of the same kind as
the turbot, spotted with white. [Corn.
brilli. ma.ckerel=brith-el, dim. of brith,
speckled, cognate with Gael, breac,
speckled, a trout. See Brock.]
BRILLIANT, bril'yant. adj. sparkling :
glittering : splendid. — n. a diamond of
the finest cut. — adv. Brill'iantly. — res.
Brill'iancy, Brill'iantness. [Fr. bril-
lant, pr.p . of briller, to shine, which,
Uke Ger. brille. an eyeglass, is from Low
L. beryllus. a beryl.]
BRIM, brim, n. the margin or brink of a
river or lake : the upper edge of a vessel.
— v.t. to fill to the brim. — v.i. to be full
to the brim : — pr.p. brimm'ing : pa.p.
brimmed. [A.S. brim, surge, surf, the
margin of the sea where it sounds ;
conn, with O. Ger. brcemen, to hum,
L. fremere, to roar.]
BRIMFUL, brmi'fool, adj. full to the brim.
BRIMMER, brim'er, n. a bowl full to the
brim or top.
BRIMSTONE, brim'ston, n. sulphur. [Lit.
burning stone : from A.S. bi'yne, a burn-
ing— byrnan, to burn, and Stone ; cf.
Ger. bernstein.]
BRINDED, brin'ded, BRlN'DLED,o(f/. marked
with spots or streaks. [See Brand.]
BRINE, brin, n. salt-water : the sea. [A.S.
bryne, a burning ; applied to salt liquor,
from its burning, biting quality.]
BRING, bring, v.t. to fetch: to carry : to
procure : to draw or lead. — pa.t. and
pa.p. brought (brawt). — Bring about, to
bring to pass, effect. — Bring down, to
humble. — Bring forth, to give birth
to, produce. — Bring to, to check the
course of, as a ship, by trimming the sails
so as to counteract each other. [A.S.
bringan. to carrj', to bring ; allied perh.
to Bear.]
BRINK, bringk, n. the edge or border of a
steep place or of a river. [Dan. brink,
declivity ; Ice. bringr, hillock.]
BRINY, brin'i, adj. pertaining to brine or
to the sea : salt.
BRIONY, brl'o-ni, n. same as BRYONY.
BRISK, brisk, adj. full of life and spirit :
active : effervescing, as liquors. — adv.
Brisk'ly. — ft. Brisk'ness. [W. brysg,
nimble, brys, haste. Other forms are
Frisk, Fresh.]
BRISKET, brisk'et, ii. the breast of an ani-
mal : the part of the breast next to the
ribs. [Fr. brechet, brichet — W. brysced.]
BRISTLE, bris'l, n. a short, stiff hair, as of
swine. — v.i. to stand erect, as bristles.
[A.S. byrst ; Scot, birse ; cog. with Ger.
borste. Ice. burst.]
BRISTLY, bris'li, adj. set with bristles:
rough. — n. Beist'liness.
BRISTOL MILK, bris'tol-milk, a mixed
beverage of which sherry is the chief in-
gredient. "Plenty of brave wine, and
above all Bristol milk. " — Pepys. ' ' A rich
beverage made of the best Spanish wine,
and celebrated over the whole kingdom
as Bristol milk." — Macaiday.
BRITANNIA-METAL, brit-an'i-a-met'l, n.
a metallic alloy largely used in the manu-
facture of spoons, etc.
BRITANNIC, brit-an'ik, adj. pertaining to
Britannia or Great Britain : British.
BRITISH, brit'ish, adj. pertaining to Great
Britain or its people.
BRITON, brit'on, n. a native of Britain.
BRITTLE, brit'l, adj., apt to break : easily
broken. — n. Britt leness. [A.S. breotan,
to break.]
BROACH, broch, v.t. to pierce as a cask,
to tap : to open up or begin : to utter.
[Fr. brocher, to pierce, broclie, an iron
pin — Lat. brocchus, a projecting tooth.]
BROACH-TURNER, broch'-tur-nur. n. a
menial whose occupation it is to turn a
broach : a turnspit.
Dishwasher and broacli-ttirner, loon I to rae
Thou sniellcst all of kitchen as before.
— Tennyson.
BROAD, brawd, adj. wide : large, free or
open : coarse, indelicate. — adv. Broad'ly.
— )). Broad'ness. [A.S. brad, Goth.
braids.]
BROADBRIM, brawd'brim, n. a hat with
a i)road brim, such as those worn by
Quakers : (colloq.) a Quaker.
BROADCAST, brawd'kast, adj. scattered
or sown abroad by the hand : dispersed
widely. — adv. by throwing at large from
the hand.
BROAD CHURCH, brawd church, n. a
party in the Church of England holding
broad or liberal views of Christian doc-
trine.
BROADCLOTH, brawd'kloth, n. a fine kind
of woollen fulled cloth, wider than twenty-
nine inches.
BROADEN, brawd'n, v.t. to make broad or
broader. — v.i. to grow broad or extend in
breadth.
BROAD-GAUGE, brawd'-gaj, n. a distance
of six or seven feet between the rails of a
railway, as distinguished from the pres-
ent standard gauge of 4 ft. 8i in.
BROADSIDE, brawd'sid, n. the side of a
ship : all the guns on one side of a ship
of war, or their simultaneous discharge :
a sheet of paper printed on one side.
BROADSWORD, brawd'sord, n. a cutting
sword with a broad blade.
BROBDINGNAGIAN, brob-ding-na'ji-an,
n. an inhabitant of the fabulous region
of Brobdingnag' in "Gulliver's Travels,"
the people of which were of great
stature, hence a gigantic person. — adj.
gigantic.
BROCADE, brok-ad', n. a silk stuff on which
figures are wrought. [It. broccato. Fr.
brocart, from It. broccare, Fr. brocher,
to prick ; from root of BROACH.]
BROCADED, brok-ad'ed, adj. woven or
worked in the manner of brocade :
dressed in brocade.
BROCCOLI, brok'o-li, n. a kind of cabbage
resembling cauliflower. [It. pi. of brocoo-
lo, a sprout, dim. of brocco, a skewer,
a shoot — root of BROACH.]
BROCHURE, bro-shoor', n. a pamphlet.
[Lit. a small book stitched, Fr. — brocher,
to stitch — broche, a needle. See Broach.]
BROCK, brok, n. a badger, an animal with
a black and white streaked face. [From
the Celtic, as in Gael, broc, a badger,
which is from Gael, breac, speckled.]
BROG, brog, n. a pointed steel instrument
used by joiners for piercing holes in
wood. [Gael, brog, a pointed instrument,,
as an awl ; W. procio, to stab.]
BROGUE, brog, n. a stout coarse shoe : a
dialect or manner of pronunciation, esp.
the Irish. [Ir. and Gael, brog, a shoe.]
BROIDER, broid'er. BROIDERY, broid'-
er-i. Same as Embroider, Embroidery.
BROIL, broil, n. a noisy quarrel : a con-
fused disturbance. [Fr. brouiller, to
break out, to rebel, prob. from the Celt-
ic]
BROIL, broil, v.t. to cook over hot coals.
—v.i. to be greatly heated. [Ety. dub.]
BROKE, broK, pa.t. and old pa.p. of
Break.
BROKEN, bro'kn, p.adj. rent asunder : in-
firm : humbled. [From Break.]
BROKEN-HEARTED, bro'kn-hart'ed, adj.
crushed with grief : greatly depressed in
spirit.
BROKER, brok'er, n. one employed to buy
and sell for others, especially stocks and
securities. [M.E. broconr — A.S. brucan,
Ger. brauchcn, to use, to profit.]
BROKERAGE, brok'er-aj, n. the business
of a broker : the commission charg-ed by
a broker.
BROMIDE, brom'id. n. a combination of
bromine with a base.
BROMINE, brom'in, n. an elementary body
closely allied to iodine, so called from its
disagreeable smell. [Gr. bromos, a dis-
agreeable odor.]
BRONCHIA, brongk'i-a, n.pil. a name
given to the ramifications of the ifind-
pipe which cai-ry air into the lungs. —
adj. Bronch'ial. [Gr. bronchos, the
windpipe.]
BRONCHITIS, brongk-rtis, n. inflamma-
tion of the bronchia^.
BRONZE, brona, n. a mixture of copper
BRONZIFY
and tin used in various ways since the
most ancient times : anytliing- cast in
bronze : the color of bronze : impudence.
— i:t. to jiive tlie appearance of bronze
to: to harden. [Fr. — It. bronzo ; conn.
^\•ith bruno, brown, and root bren, to
burn.]
BROXZIFY, bronz'i-fl, v.t. to represent in
a bronze fig^ure or statue : to cast in
bronze. "St. Michael descending- upon
the Fiend has been caught and bronzified
just as he lighted on the castle of St.
Anselo." — Tliackeray.
BROOCH, broch, n. an ornamental pin for
fastening- anv article of dre.ss. [Fr. oroche,
a spit. See Broach.]
BROOD, brood, v.i. to sit upon or cover in
order to breed or hatch : to cover, as with
wings : to think anxiously for a long
time. — v.t. to mature or cherish with
care. — n. something bred : offspring : the
number hatched at once. [A.S. brid. a
young one, esp. a young bird, from root
of Breed.]
BROOD-MARE, brood'- mar, n. a mare kept
for breeding.
BROOK, brook, n. a small stream. [A.S.
broc, water breaking forth.]
BROOK, brook, v.t. to bear or endure. [A.
S. bruean, to use, enjoy ; Ger. brauchen,
L. friior. fruc-ttis.]
BROOKLET, brook'let, n. a little brook.
BROOM, broom, ii. a wild evergreen shrub :
a besom made of its twigs. [A.S. brom.]
BROOM, broom, v.t. to sweep, or clear
away, as with a broom. " The poor old
^^•orlvpeople brooming awa5' the fallen
leaves." — Tliackeray.
BROOM-CORN, broom'-corn, n. a variety
of maize from the tufts of which brooms
are made. Scientific name. Sorghum vul-
gare. It is a native of India, and is now
much cultivated both in Europe and
America.
13R003.ISTICK, broom'stik, n. the staff or
handle of a broom.
BROTH, broth, n. a kind of soup. [A.S.
broth — breoivan, to brew ; cf. Fr. brouet,
O. Ger. prot, and Gael, brod.]
BROTHEL, broth'el, Ji. a house of 01-fame.
[Fr. bordel — O. Fr. borde, a hut, from
the boards of which it was made.]
BROTHER, brut/i'er, n. a male born of the
same parents : any one closelj- united
with or resembling another : a fellow-
creature ; also, in certain reUgious, bene-
ficial, and secret societies, a fellow mem-
ber. (Amer.) [A.S. brodhor : cog. with
Ger. bruder. Gael, brathah; Fr. fr^re,
L. frater. Sans, bhratri : from root
bhar. to bear, and hence brotlier orig.
meant one who supports the family after
the father's death.]
BROTHER-GERMAN, brui/j'er-jer'man, 7i.
a brother ha\ing the same father and
mother, in contradistinction to one by
the same mother only.
BROTHERHOOD, bruf/t'er-hood, n. the
state of being a brother : an association
of men for anv purpose.
BROTHER-IN-LAW, bru</i'er-in-law, n.
the brotlier of a husband or -wife : a sis-
ter's husband.
BROTHER-LIKE, bruf/t'er-lllv, BROTHER-
LY. brii//('er-li, adj. like a brotlier : kind :
affect:oriai,e.
BROUGIiAM, broo'am or broom, ji. a one-
horse close carriage, either two or four
wheeled, named after Lord Brougham.
BROUGHT, bra\vt, pa.t. and jja.^). of
BRiNa.
BROW, brow, n. the ridge over the eyes :
the forehead : the edge of a hiU. [A.S.
bru : Ice, bru7i, Scot. 6rae, a slope ; conn,
with Gr. ophrys.]
BROWBEAT, brow'bet, v.t. to bear down
with stern looks or speech : to bully.
46
BROWN, brown, adj. of a dark or dusky
color inclining to red or yellow.— n. a
dark reddish color, — v.t. to make brown
or give a brown color to. — adj. Brown'-
ISH, — n, BROWN'^fESS. [A.S. briui — A.S.
bi/rnaii. to burn.]
BROWNIE, brown'i, n. in Scotland, a kind
of good-natured domestic spirit.
BROWN-STUDY, brown'-stud'i, n. gloomy
reverie : absent-mindedness.
BROWSE, browz, v.t. and v.i. to feed on
the shoots or leaves of plants. [O. Fr.
brouster (Fr. hronter) — brou.'it, a sprout ;
also Celt, See Brush,]
BRUIN, broo'in, n. a bear, so called from
its broivti color. [Dut. bruin, Ger.
brann, brown.]
BRUISE, brooz, v.t., to break or crush:
to 1 educe to small fragments. — n. a
wound made by anything hea\'y and
blunt. [O. Fr. 'bruiser, from O.' Ger.
bresten. to burst.]
BRUISER, brooz'er, n. one that bruises : a
boxer.
BRUIT, broot. n. sometWng noised abroad :
a rumor or report. — v.t. to noise abroad:
to report. [Fr. bruit — Fr. bruire ; cf.
Lovr L. brugitus, Gr. brucho, to roar ;
prob. imitative.]
BRU]\IOUS. broo'mus, adj. pertaining or
relating to winter ; hence, foggy : misty:
dull and sunless ; as, a brumous climate.
[L. bruma, the winter season.]
BRUNETTE, broon-et', n. a girl with a
brotni or dark complexion. [Fr. dim. of
brun. brown.]
BRUNT, brunt, n. the heat or shock of an
onset or contest : the force of a blow.
[Ice. bruni ; Ger. brunst, heat. See
BCTRN.]
BRUSH, brush, ?!. an instrument for re-
mo\'ing dust, usually made of bristles,
twigs, or feathers : a kind of hair-pencil
used by painters : brushwood : a skirmish
or encounter : the tail of a fox. — v.t. to
remove dust, etc., from by sweeping: to
touch lightly in passing : (with off) re-
move.— v.i. to move over lightly. [Fr.
bros.se, a brush, brushwood — (3. Ger,
brusta (Ger. hiirste), ace. to Brachet,
orig. heather, broom. See Browse.]
BRUSHMAN, brush'man, n. a painter.
How diflficult in artists to allow
To brotlier bntshmen even a grain of merit I
Dr. Wdcot.
BRUSHWOOD, brush' wood, n. rough, close
bushes : a thicket.
BRUSQUE, broosk, adj. blunt, abrupt in
manner, rude, — n. Brusqtje'ness. [Fr.
brusque, rude. See Brisk.]
BRUSQUERIE, broosk-re,same as Brusque-
NESS. " Dorothea looked straight before
her, and spoke with cold biitsquerie." —
George Eliot. [Fr.]
BRUSSELS-SPROUTS, brus'elz-sprowts,
n.pl. a variety of the common cabbage
with sprouts like miniature cal)bages.
[From Srussels, whence the seeds were
imported.]
BRUTAL, broot'al, adj. like a brute : un-
feeling : inhuman. — adv. Brut'aixy. —
n. Brutal' ITY.
BRUTALIZE, broot'al-Iz, BRUTIFY,
broot'i-fr, v.t. to make like a brute, to
degrade.
BRUTE, broot, adj. belonging to the lower
animals : irrational : stupid : rude. — )i.
one of the lower animals. [Fr. bnit —
L. brutus, dull, irrational,]
BRUTISH, broot'ish, adj. brutal : (B.) un-
wise.— adv. Brut'ishly. — n. Brut'ish-
NESS.
BRYONY, brl'o-ni, n. a wild climbing
I^lant. [L. bryonia, Gr. brybne, perhaps
from bryo. to burst forth with, to grow
rapidlv.j
BUBBLE, bub'l, n. a bladder of water
BUDDHISM
blown out with air : anything empty : a
cheating scheme. — v.i. to rise in bubbles.
[Dim. of the imitative woid blob ; cf.
Dut. bobbel, L. hnlla. a bubble.]
BUBBLE AND SQUEAK, bub'l and skwek.
;i. a dish consisting of fried beef and cab-
bage : probably so called from the sounds
made during frying. Sometimes also
used contemptuously for something spe
cious, deceptive, worthless. "Rank and
title ! bubble and squeak .' No ! not half
so good as bubble and squeak : English
beef and good cabbage. But foreign
rank and title ; foreign cabbage and
beef ! foreign bubble and foreign squeak."
— Lord Lytton.
BUCCANEER, BUCANIER, buk-an-er', n.
the bvtccaneers were pirates in the West
Indies during the seventeenth century,
who plundered the Spaniards chiefly.
[Fr. boucaner, to smoke meat — Carib
boucan, a wooden gridiron. The French
settlers in the West Indies cooked their
meat on a boucan after the manner of
the natives, and were hence called bon-
caniers.]
BUCCINATORY, buk'sin-a-to-ri, adj. of or
pertainino^ to the buccinator or trumpet-
er's muscle. "The bticcinatory muscles
along his cheeks," — Sterne.
BUCK, buk, u. the male of the deer, goat,
hare, and rabbit : a dashing young fel-
low. [A.S. buc, bucca ; Ger. took, a he-
goat.]
BUCK, buk, v.t. to soak or steep in lye, a
process in bleaching, — n. lye in which
clothes are bleached. [From the Celt.,
as in Gael, buac, cowdung, used in
bleaching — bo, a cow; Ger. beuchen, etc.,
from the same source.]
BUCKET, buk'et, n. a vessel for drawing
or holding water, etc. [A.S. buc. a
pitcher; probably from Gael, bucaid, a.
bucket.]
BUCKLE, buk'l, n. an instrument for fa-st-
ening shoes and other articles of dress. —
v.t. to fasten with a buckle : to i>repare
for action : to engage in close fight. — v.i.
to bend or bulge out : to engage with
zeal. [Fr. boucle, the boss of a shield, a
ring — Low L. buceula, dim. of bucca, a.
chGGk 1
BUCKLER, buk'ler, ;i. a shield with a
buckle or central boss. [Fi\ bouclier —
Low L. biiceula.]
BUCKRAM, buk'ram, n. coarse cloth stif-
fened with dressing. — adj. made of buck-
ram : stiff : precise. [O. Fr. boqueran —
O. Ger. boe, a goat ; such stuff being made
orig. of goat's hair.]
BUCKSKIN, buk'skin, n. akind of leather :
— pi. breeches made of bucksldn. — adj.
made of the sldn of a buck.
BUCKWHEAT, buk'hwet, n. a Icind of
grain ha\-ing three-cornered seeds like
though much smaller tlian the kernels of
beech-nnts. From buckwheat flour a nu-
tritious griddle cake is made, excellent as
a winter diet, in the United States. [A.
S. b6c, beech, and Wheat ; Ger. bueh-
treizen — buche, beech, n-eizcn. corn.]
BUCOLIC, -AL, bu-kol'ik, -al, adj. per-
taining to the tending of cattle : pas-
toral.— n. a pastoral poem. [L. bucolicua
— Gr. boiikolikos — boukolos, a herdsman,
from bous, an ox, and perh. the root of
L. cola, to tend.]
BUD, bud, 11. the first shoot of a tree or
plant. — v.i. to put forth buds : to begin
to grow. — v.t. to graft, as a plant, by in-
serting a bud under the bark of another
tree : — j)r.p. budd'ing ; 2'c.p. budd'ed.
[From a Low Ger. root, as in Dut. bot, a
bud. See Button.]
BUDDHISM, bood'izm, n. the reformed re-
ligion of the greater part of Central and
E. Asia, so called from the title of its
BUDDHIST
47
BUOYANCY
founder, "the Buddha," " the wise." It
has well-nig-h supplanted the cruel codes
and rites of Brahniinism.
BUDDHIST, bood'ist, >i. a beUever in
Buddhism.
BUDGE, buj, v.i. to move off or .stir. [Fr.
Imager — It. biilicare, to boU, to bubble —
L. biillire.]
BUDGE, buj, n. lamb-skin fur, formerly
used as an edging; for scholastic gowns.
— adj. lined with budge : scholastic.
[Doublet of Bag. See also BtJDGET and
Bulge.]
.;UDGET, buj'et, n. a sack with its con-
tents : annual statement of the finances
of the Britisli nation made by the Chan-
cellor of the Exchequer. [Fr. bougette,
dim. of boiige, a pouch — L. bulga, a word
of GalUe origin — root of Bag.]
LTF, buf, n. a leather made from the
skin of the buffalo : the color of buff, a
liglit yellow -.^pl. a regiment so named
from their buff-colored facings. [Fr.
huffle, a buffalo.]
UFFALO, buf'a-Io, n. a large kind of ox,
generally wild. — Buffalo eobe, the skin
of the buffalo dressed for use. [Sp. buf-
(ihi — L. bubalus, Gr. boubalos, the wild
ox — bous, an ox.]
r L'FFER, buf'er, n. a cushion to deaden
the ■■ buff" or concussion, as in railway
carriages.
ITFFET, buf'et, ». a blow with the fist, a
slap. — r.t. to strike with the hand or fist :
to contend against. [O. Fr. bufet — b^lfe,
a blow, esp. on the cheek ; conn, with
Puff, Buffoon.]
BUFFET, buf'et, n. a kind of sideboard.
[Fr. buffet : orig. unknown.]
BUFFOON, buf-oon', n. one who amuses by
jests, grimaces, etc. : a clown. [Fr. bouf-
fou — It. biiffare, to jest, (lit.) topuffout
the cheeks.]
BUFFOONERY, buf-oon'er-i, n. the prac-
tices of a buffoon : ludicrous or vulgar
je.sting.
BUG, bug, n. an object of terror ; applied
loosely to certain insects, esp. to one
that infests houses and beds : a beetle.
rw. bwg, a hobgoblin.]
BTJGBEAR, bug'bar, n., an object of ter-
ror, generally imaginarj'. — adj. causing
fright.
BUGrGY, bug'i, n. a single-seated, four-
wheeled vehicle, with or without a top,
drawn bj' one or'two horses.
BUGLE, bu'gl, BUGLE-HORN, bu'gl-horn,
n. a hunting-horn, orig. a buffalo-horn :
a keyed horn of rich tone. [O. Fr. — ^L.
bueidus, dim of bos, an ox.]
BUHL, bul, n. unburnished gold, brass, or
mother-of-pearl worked into patterns for
inlaying : furniture ornamented with
such. [From Boule, the name of an
Italian wood-carver who introduced it
into France in the time of Louis XIV.]
BUILD, bild, v.t. to erect, as a house : to
form or construct. — v.i. to depend (on) :
. -pn.p. built or build'ed. — n. construc-
tion : make. [O. Swed, byljci, to build ;
Dan. bol : A.S. bold, a house.]
BUILDER. bUd'er, n. one who builds.
BUILDING, bild'ing, w. the art of erecting
houses, etc. : anything built : a house.
BUILT, biit, p.adj. formed or shaped.
BULB, bulb, n. an onion-Uke root. — v.i. to
form bulbs : to bulge out or swell. — adjs.
Bulbed, Bul'bous.
BULBUL, bool'bool, n. the Persian night-
ingale.
BULGE, bulj, n. the bilge or widest part
of a cask. — v.i. to swell out. [A.S. belgan,
to swell ; Gael, bolg, to swell. See Bilge,
Belly, Bag, etc.]
BULK, bulk, Ji. magnitude or size : the
greater part : (of a shijt) the whole cargo
in the hold. [A foi-m of Bulge.]
BULKHEAD, bulk'hed, n. a partition sep-
arating one part of a ship between decks
from another. ["BHit—sbalk, a beam.]
BULKY, bulk'i, adj. having bulk : of great
size. — /(. BtLK'iNESS.
BULL, bool. V. the male of the ox kind :
a sign of the zodiac. — adj. denoting
largeness of size — used in composition,
as bull - trout. [From an A.S. word,
found only in dim. bidluea, a little bull —
A.S. bellan, to bellow.]
BULL, bool, n. an edict of the pope which
has his seal affixed. [L. bulla, aknoh, any-
thing rounded by art ; later, a leaden
seal,]
BULL, bool, 7(. a ludicrous blunder in
speech, [Perli. in sarcastic allusion to
the pope's bulls.]
BULI^BAITING, bool'-bat'ing, n. the sport
of baiting or exciting bulls with dogs.
[See Bait.]
BULLDOG, bool'dog, n. a kind of dog of
great courage, formerly used for baiting
bulls : a cant name for a pistol. " ' I
have always a brace of bulldogs about
me. ' . . . So saying, he exhibited a very
handsome, highly finished, and richly
mounted pair of pistols." — Sir W. Scott.
Also a bailiff. " I sent for a couple of
bulldogs and arrested him." — Farquhar.
BULLDOZE, bool'doz, v.t. 1, toadministera
dozen strokes of a bull whip or cowhide
to, a mode of summary punishment in
some parts of the United States, where
the action of the law was considered too
slack or dilatory ; 2, to intimidate at
elections, as negroes by the whites, to
influence their votes : hence, to exercise
political influence on in any way. [Recent
Amei'ican poUtical slang.]
BULLDOZER, bool'doz-er, n. one who bull-
dozes.
BULLET, bool'et, n. a ball of lead for load-
ing small arms. [Fr. boulet, dim. of boule,
a ball — L. bulla. See Bull, an edict.]
BULLETIN, bool'e-tin, n. an official report
of public news ; also applied to a sum-
mai-v of the news, advertised outside of
the "business offices of metropolitan daily
newspapers. (Amer.) [Fr. — ^It. bidletino,
dim. of bulla, a seal, because issued with
the seal or stamp of authority. See Blxl,
an edict.]
BULLET-PROOF, bool'et-proof, adj. proof
against bullets.
BULLFIGHT, bool'fit, ii. bull-baiting, a
popular amusement in Spain.
BULLFINCH, bool'flnsh, n. a species of
finch a Uttle larger than the common
linnet. [Ace. to Wedgwood, prob. acorr.
of biid-finch, from its destroying the buds
of fruit-trees.]
BULLION, bool vun, n. gold and silver re-
garded si m ply Ly weight as merchandise.
[Ety. dub.]
BULLOCK, bool'ok, n. an ox or castrated
bull. [A.S. bulluca, a calf or young bull.
See Bull.]
BULL'S-EYE, boolz'-i, n. the centre of a
target, of a different color from the rest,
and usually round ; also the centre of
a railroad signal lamp or semaphore.
(Amer.)
BULLTROUT, bool'trowt, n. a large Icind
of trout, nearly allied to the salmon.
BULLY, bool'i, it., a blustering, noisy, over-
bearing fellow. — v.i. to bluster. — v.t. to
threaten in a noisy way : — pr.p. buU'y-
ing ; pa.2). bullied. [Dut. bulderen, to
bluster ; Low CJer. bidlerbrook, a noisy
blustering fellow.]
BULRUSH, bool'rush, n. a lai-ge strong
rush, which grows on wet land or in
, water.
BULWARK, bool'wark, h. a fortification
or rampart : any means of defence or
security. [Froui a Teut. root, seen in
Ger. bollicerk — root of Bole, trunk of
a tree, and Ger, trerk, work.]
BUM. bum, v.i. to hum or make a mur-
muring sound, as a bee :— /J7-.J}. bumm'-
ing ; jia.p. bummed'. [Bum = boom,
from the sound.]
BUMBAILIFF, bum'bal'if, n. an under-
bailiff.
BUMBLE-BEE, bum'bl-be, n. a large kind
of bee that makes a bumming or hum'
ming noise : the hvmible-bee. [M. E=
bumble, freq. of Buji, and Bee.]
BLTMBOAT, bum'bot, );. boat for carrying
provisions to a ship. [Dut. bum-boot,
for bunboot, a boat with a bun, or recep-
tacle for keeping fish alive.]
BUMP, bump, v.i. to make a heavy or loud
noise. — v.t. to strike with a dull sound :
to strike against. — n. a diill, heavy- blow :
a thump : a lump caused by a blow : the
noise of the bittern. r\V, puinpio, to
thmnp, ^jirHi^j, a round ma.ss, a bamp ;
from the sound.]
BUMPER, bump'er, n. a cup or oiass filled
till the liquor swells over the orim : the
buffer of a railroad car. [A corr. of bom-
bard, bumhard, a large drinking-vessel.]
BUMPKIN, bump'kin, n. an awlavard,
clumsy rustic : a clown. [Dut. 6ooni, a
log, and dim. -Kix.]
BUN, biui, n. a kind of sweet cake : the
familiar name for the squu-rel. (Amer.)
[O. Fr. bugne, a kind of fritters, a form
of bigne, a swelling, and found also in
beignet, a frittw- ; cf . Scot, bannock :
conn, with Buxiox and Bunch, the orig.
meaning being a swellittg.]
BUNCH, bunsh, n. a number of things tied
together or growing together : a cluster:
something in the form of a tuft or knot. —
i\i. to swell out in a bunch. [O. Sw. and
Dan. bunke. Ice. bunki, a heap — O. Sw.
bunga, to strike, to swell out.]
BUNCHY, bunsii'i, adj. grow ingin bunches
or like a bunch.
BUNCOMBE, bung'kum, n. pretended en-
thusiasm : fictitious sympathy, (-\nier.)
BUNDLE, buu'dl, n. a number ol things
loosely bound together. — v.t. to bind or
tie into bundles. [A.S. byndel — from
the root of BlXD.]
BUNG, bung-, n. the stopper of the hole in a
barrel: a large cork. — r.^ to stop up with
a bung. [Ety. dub.]
BUNGALOW, 'buug'ga-lo, n. a country-
house in India. [Per.s., '• belonging to
Beno;al."]
BUNCjfLE, bung'l. n. anything- clumsily
done: a gross blunder. — v.i. to act in a
clumsy, awkward manner. — v.t. to make
or mend clumsily : to manage awkwardly.
— )i. Bungler. ' [Perh. freq. of bang; cf.
O. Sw. bunga. to strike, bangla, to work
ineffectually.]
BUNION, bmi'yim, n. a lump or inflamed
swelling on the ball of the great toe.
[From root of BuN.]
BUNK, bungk, n. a wooden case used in
country taverns and in offices, which
serves for a seat during the day, and for
a bed at night : a sailor's sleepiiig berth :
a berth or rude bed in a lumber cam)), on
construction trains with boarding cars,
etc.
BUNTING, bunfing, n. a thin woollen
stuff of wliich ships' colors are made : *
kind of bird. [Ety. dub.]
BUOY, bwoi, J), a floating cask or light
piece of wood fastened by a rojie or cliain
to indicate shoals, the position of a ship's
anchor, etc. — v.t. to fix buoys or marlcs :
to keep afloat, bear up, or sustain. [Dut,
boei, buoy, fetter, through Romance
forms (Norman, bote), from O. L. boia, a
collar of leather — L. bos, ox.]
BUOTANCY. bwoi'an-si. n. capacity for
floating lightly on water or in vhe air;
BUOYANT
48
BUTLER
specific lightness : (fig.) lightness of
spirit, cheerfulness.
BUOYA?rr, bwoi'ant, adj. light : cheerful.
BUR, BURR, bur, n. the prickly seed-case
or head of certain plants, which sticks
to clothes : the rough sound of r pro-
nounced in the throat. [Prob. E., but
with cognates in many lang., as Swed.
horre, a sea-urchin, L. burrce, trash —
from a root signifying rough.]
BURBOT, bur'bot, ix. a fresh-water fish,
like the eel, having a longish heard on its
lower jaw. [Fr. barbote — L. barba, a
beard.]
BURDEN, bur'dn, n. a load : weight : car-
go : that which is grievous, oppressive,
or difficult to bear. — v.t. to load : to op-
press : to encumber. [A.S. hyrthen —
beran, to bear.]
PURDEN, bur'dn, n. part of a song re-
peated at the end of every stanza, refrain.
[Fr. bourdon, a humming tone in music
— Low L. burdo, a drone or non-woiking
bee.]
BURDENOUS, bur'dn-us, adj. burdensome.
BURDENSOME, bur'dn-sum, adj. heavy:
oppressive.
BURDOCK, bur'dok, n. a docTc with a bur
or prickly head.
BUREAU, bur'o. n. a writing-table or chest
of drawers, orig. covered with dark cloth :
a room or office where such a table is used :
a department for the transacting of public
business : — pi. Bxjeeaux, bur'o, BuEEArs,
bur'oz. [O. Fr. burel, coarse russet cloth
— L. bxirrus, dark red ; cf. Gr. pyrrhos,
flame-colored— ^i/r = FntE.]
BUREAUCRACY, bur-o'kras-i, n. govern-
ment by officials appointed b3' the ruler,
as opposed to self-government or gov-
ernment by parliamentary maioritj'.
[BuREAtJ and Gr. krato, to govern.]
BUREAUCRATIC, bur-o-krat'ik, adj re-
lating to, or having the nature of a
bureaucracy.
BURGAGE, burg'aj, n. a system of tenure
in boroughs, cities, and towns, by which
the citizens hold their lands or tene-
ments, in Great Britain and Holland.
BURGAMOT, bur'ga-mot, n. same as
BERGA3I0T.
HURGEON, bur'jun, v.i. same as BoxiR-
GEON.
BURGESS, bur'jes, BURGHER, burg'er, n.
an inhabitant of a borough : a citizen or
freeman : a magistrate of certain towns.
BURGH, bur'o or burg. n. — adj. Bur'Ghal.
BURGLAR, burg'lar, n. one who breaks
into a house by night to steal. [Fr.
bourg, town ( — (jrer. burg, E. BOROUGH),
O. Fr. leres — L. latro, a robber.]
BURGLARIZE, burg'lar-ize, v.t. to steal
from a residence, church, etc., in the
night time. (Amer.)
BURGLARY, burg'lar-i, n. breaking into a
house by night to rob. — adj. Bceglar'-
lOUS. — adv. BrRGLAE'lOUSLY.
BURGOiL^STER, burg'o-mast'er, n. the
chief magistrate of a German or a Dutch
burgh, answering to the English term
mayor. [Dut. burgemeesfer — burg, and
meester, a master.]
BURGUNDY, biu^'gun-di, n. a French w^ne,
so called fi-om Burgundy, the district
where it is made.
BURIAL, ber'i-al, n. the act of placing a
dead body in a grave : interment. [A.S.
birgels, a tomb. See Burt.]
BURIEN, bur'in, n. a kind of chisel used by
engravers. [Fr.; from root of BoRE.]
BURKE, burk, v.t. to murder, esp. by sti-
fling : hence, (fig.) to put an end to quiet-
ly. [From Burke, an Irishman of Lon-
don, who committed the crime in order
to sell the bodies of his victims for dis-
section.]
BURLAP, berlap, n. a coarse, heavy.
textUe fabric of jute, flax, manilla, or
hemp used for bags or wrappers. A
superior quality is sometimes manufac-
tured and made into curtains.
BURLESQUE, bur-lesk', n. (lit.) a. jesting
or ridiculing: a ludicrous representa-
tion.— adj. jocular : comical. — v.t. to
'turn into burlesque : to ridicule. [Fr.
— It. burlesco ; prob. from Low L. burra,
a flock of wool, a trifle.]
BLULY, bur'li, adj. bulky and vigorous :
boisterous. — ?i. Bue'liness. [Prob. Celt.,
as in Gael, borr, a knob, bori-ail=burly,
swaggering.]
BURN, burn, v.t. to consume or injure by
fire. — v.i. to be on fire : to feel excess of
heat : to be inflamed with passion : —
pa.p. burned' or burnt. — n. a hurt or
mark caused by fire. — To burn one"s
FINGERS, to suffer from interfering in
other's affairs, from embarking in specu-
lations, etc. [A.S. hyrnan : Ger. bren-
nen. to burn ; akin to L. ferveo, to glow.]
BURNER, burn'er, 7;. the part of a lamp or
gas-jet from which the flame arises.
BURNING-GLASS, burn'ing-glas, n. a
glass so formed as to concentrate the
sun's rays.
BURNISH, burn'ish, v.t. to polish ; to
make bright by rubbing. — n. polish :
lustre. [Fr. brunir, to make brown —
root of Brown.]
BURNISHER, burn'ish-er, n. an instru-
ment emploved in burnishing.
BURNT -OFFERING, burnt'-ofer-ing, n.
something offered and burned upon an
altar as a sacrifice.
BURR, bur, ?(. same as Bur.
BURROW, bur'o, n. a hole in the ground
dug by certain animals for shelter or de-
fence.— r.^'. to make holes underground
as rabbits : to dwell in a concealed place.
[A doublet of BOROUGH — A.S. beorgan,
to protect].
BURROWER, bur'o-er, n. one who bur-
rows : specifically, an animal, such as the
rabbit, which excavates and inhabits
bvu-rows or holes in the earth : a burrow-
ing animal.
BURSAR, burs'ar, n. one who keeps the
purse, a treasurer : in Scotland, a student
maintained at a university by funds de-
rived from endowment. [Low L. bnrsa-
ritis — bursa, a purse — Gr. byrse, skin or
leather.]
BURSARY, burs'ar-i, n. in Scotland, the
allowance paid to a bursar.
BURST, burst, v.t. to break into pieces : to
break open suddenly or by violence. — v.i.
to fly open or breat in pieces : to break
forth or aw&y :^pa.t. and pa.p. burst. —
n. a sudden outbreak. [A.S. berstan ; Ger.
bersten, Gael, brisd, to break.]
BURTHEN, bur'f/in, n. and v.t. same as
Burden.
BURY, ber'i, v.t. to hidein the ground : to
Elace in the grave, as a dead body : to
ide or blot out of remembrance : — pr.p.
bur'^-ing ; pa.p. bur'ied. [A.S. byrgan,
to bury ; Ger. oergen, to hide.]
BURYTS'G - GROUND, ber'i-ing-grownd,
BURYING- PLACE, ber'i-ing-plas, n.
ground set apart for burying the dead:
a graveyard.
BUSH, boosh, n. a shrub thick with
branches : anything of bushy tuft-like
shape : any wild uncultivated country,
esp. at the Cape or in Australia. — In the
United States, in the bush means in a
new country before it has been cleared
up. A SUGAR BUSH, a cluster of sugar
maple trees. [JM.E. busk, busch ; from a
Teut. root found in Gfer. busch, Low L.
boseus, Fr. 60 is.]
BUSH, boosh. n. the metal box or lining
of any cylinder in which an axle works.
[Dut. bits, — L. bu.vus, the box-tree.]
BUSHEL, boosh'el, n. in U. S.. a dry meas-
ui-e containing 32 dry quarts or21504 cu.
in.; in Great Britain. S imperial gallons
or 2218-2 cu. in. [O. Fr. boissel, from the
root of Box.]
BUSHMAN, boosh'man, ?i. a settler in the
uncleared land of British America or the
British colonies, a woodsman, similar to
a baclrwcodsman in the United States
one of a savage race in South Africa.
BUSH-RANGER, boosh'-ranj-er, Ji, in Aus
traUa, a lawless fellow, often an escaped
criminal, wlio takes to the bush and lives
by robbery.
BUSHY, boosh'i, adj. full of bushes : tluck
and spreading. — ji. Bush'iness.
BUSILY, biz'i-li, adv. in a busy manner.
BUSINESS, biz'nes, n. employment : en-
gagement : trade, profession, or occupa-
tion : one's concerns or affairs : a matter
or affair.
BUSK, busk, v.t. or v.i. to prepare : to
dress one"s self. [Ice. btia, to prepare,
and -sk, contr. of sik, the recip. pron.=
self.]
BUSK, busk, 71. the piece of bone, wood, or
steel in the front of a woman's stays.
[A form of BUST.]
BUSKIN, busk'in, n. a kind of half-boot
with high heels worn in ancient times by
actors of tragedy : hence, the tragic dra-
ma as distinguished from comedy. — adj.
Busk'lned, dressed in buskins, noting
tragedy, tragic. [Ety. dub.]
BUSS bus, n. a rude or playful kiss. — v.t.
to kiss, esp. in a rude or playful manner.
[M. E. bass, prob. from O. Ger. bussen. to
kiss, but modified by Fr. baiser, to kiss,
from L. basium. a kiss.]
BUST, bust, n. the human body from the
head to the waist : a sculpture represent-
ing the upper part of the body. [Fr. buste
— Low. L. bustum.]
BUSTARD, bus'tard, n. a genus of large
hea\'y birds, akin to the ostrich family,
and of which the Great Bustard is the
largest of European land-birds. [Fr. bis-
tard, corr. from L. avis tarda, slow bird,
from the slowness of its flight.]
BUSTLE, bus'l, v.i., to busy ones self : to
be active. — n. hurried acti\'ity : stir: tu-
mult ; also a part of ladies' attire, now
no longer fashionable. (Amer.) [M. E.
buskle. prob. from A.S. bysig, busy.]
BUSY, biz'i, adj. fully employed : active :
diligent : meddhng. — {\t. to make busy :
to occupy : — pr.p. busying (biz'i-ing) ;
pa.p. busied (biz'id). — adv. Bus'ily.
Ta.S. bysig.]
BUSYBODY, biz'i-bod-i. 11. one busy about
others' affairs, a meddling person.
BUT, but, prep, or cvnj. without : except :
besides : only : yet : still. [A.S. butan,
biutan, w-ithout — be, by, and titan, out —
near and yet otitside.]
BUT. but, n. same as BuTT.
BUTCH, booch, v.t. to butcher. (Rare.)
Take th.v huge offal and white liver hence.
Or in a twinkling: of this true blue steel
I shall be bufching thee from nape to rumo.
^^ —Sir H. Taylor.
BUTCHER, booch'er, n. one whose business
is to slaughter animals for food : one who
delights in bloody deeds. — v.t. to slaugh-
ter animals for food : to put to a bloody
death, to kill cruelly. [FV. boucher, orig.
one who Icills he-g-6ats — boue, a he-goat •
alUed to E. buck.]
BUTCHER-JIEAT. booch er-met, n. the
flesh of animals slaughtered by butchers,
as distinguished from fish, fowls and
game.
BUTCHERY, booch'er-i, n. great or cruel
slaughter; a slaughter-house or shambles.
BXJTLER, but'ler, n. a servant who has
charge of the liquors, plate, etc. — n.
But'lership. [Norm. Fr. butuiller, Fr.
bouteiller — bouteille, a bottle.]
BUTT
49
CADUCOUS
diJTI, but, v.i. and v.t., tostrike with the
head, as a goat, ^?tc. — n. the thick and
heavj' end : a push with the head of an
animal : a mark to be shot at : one who
is made the object of ridicule. [O. Fr.
boter. to push, strike, from O. Ger.oozeii,
to strike (see Beat).]
SDTT. but. n. a larg-e cask : a vi-ine-butt =
12(3 gallons, a beer and sherry butt = 108
!f:illons. [Fr. botte, a vessel of leather.
See Boot, of which it is a doublet. Cf.
A.S. bytte, a bottle.]
iSUTTE, but', rt. in the far "West, a detached
hill or ridge rising abruptly, but not
hish enough to be called a mountain.
BUTT-END, but'-end, n. the striking or
heavj' end ; the stump. [See Butt, to
strike.]
BUTTER, but'er, n. an oily substance ob-
tained from cream by churning. — v.t. to
spread over with butter. [A.S. buter ;
Ger. butter ; both from L. butyrum — Gr.
boutyron — boas, ox. tyros, cheese.]
BUTTERCUP, but'er-kup, n. a plant of the
crow-foot genus, with a ettp-like flower
of a eoklen yellow, like butter.
BUTTERFLY, but'er-fll, n. the name of
an extensive group of beautiful winged
insects, so called perh. from the butter-
like col»r of one of the species.
BUTTERINE, but'er-en, n. an artificial fat-
ty compound, sold as a substitute for but-
ter, and upon the manufacture and sale
of which an internal revenue tax is now
imposed in the United States.
BUTTERMILK, but'er-milk, n. the milk
that remains after the butter has been
separated from the cream by churning.
BUTTER-WEIGHT, but'er-wat, n. more
than full weight : a larger or more liberal
allowance than is usual or stipulated for :
from an old local custom of allowing 18
to 32 oz. to the pound of butter. Sivift.
8UTTERY, but'er-i, n. a storeroom in a
house for provisions, esp. liquors. [Fr.
bonteiUerie, lit. "place for bottles." See
Butler, Bottle.]
BUTTHORN, but'thorn, n. a kind of star-
fish, Asterias aurantiaca. [The first
part of the word is prob. the but of
halibxit. the second part from its spiny
surfacej
BUTTOCK, but'ok, w. the rump or pro-
tuberant part of the body behind. [Dim.
of Butt, end.]
BUTTON, but'n, n. a knob of metal, bone,
etc., used to fasten the dress by means of
a buttonhole : the knob at the end of a
foil. — v.t. to fasten by means of buttons.
[Fr. bouton, any small projection, from
houfer. to push; cf. W. botwin, a button.]
BUTTRESS, but'res, n. a projecting sup-
port built on to the outside of a wall :
any support or prop. — v.t. to prop or sup-
port, as by a buttress. [Prob. from O.
Fr. bretesche, a battlement.]
BUXOM, buks'um, adj. yielding, elastic :
gay, lively, jolly. [m!E. bulisum, plia-
ble, obedient — A.S. bugaii, to bow, yield,
and affix some.]
BUY. bi, v.t. to purchase for money : to
bribe: — pr.p. buy'ing ; pa.f. and pa.p.
bought (bawt). [A.S. bycgan ; Goth.
hitgjan.']
BUYABLE, brarbl, adj. capable of being
bought or of being obtained for money.
"The spiritual fire which is in that man
. . . . is not buyable nor salable." —
Carlyle.
BUYER, bfer, n. one who buys : a pur-
chaser.
BUZZ, buz, v.i. to make a humming noise
hke bees. — v.t. to whisper or spread se-
cretly : familiar slang for, to address a
young lady in coquetry (Amer.). — n. the
noise of bees and flies : a whispered re-
port. [From the sound.]
D
BUZZARD, buz'ard, n. a bird of prev of
the falcon family : a blockhead. [Fr.
bnsnrd — L. buteo, a kind of falcon.]
BY', bl, prep, at the side of : near to :
through, denoting the agent, cause,
means, etc. — adv. near : passing near :
in presence of : aside, away. — By and
BY, soon, presently. — By the bye, by
the way, in passing. [A.S. bi, big : Ger.
bet. L. ainbi, Gr. amphi, Sans, abhi.]
BY-FORM, bl'-form, n. a form of a word
slightlv varying from it. [Prep. By.]
BYGONE, bl'gon, BY-PAST, bl'-past, adj.
past. — n. a past event.
BYLAW, bl'law. n. the law of a city,
town, or private corporation : a supple-
mentary law or regulation. [From Ice.
byar-log, Dan. by-lov, town or municipal
law ; Scot, bir-laiv ; from Ice. b%ia, to
dwell. See Bower. By, town, is a suf-
fix in many place-names. The form by
in bylaw, esp. in its secondary meaning,
is generally contused with the prep.]
BYNAME, bi'nam, n. a nickname. [Prep.
By.]
BYPATH, brpath, n. a side path. [Prep.
By.]
BYPLAY, bi'pla, n. a scene carried on,
subordinate to, and apart from, the main
part of the play. [Prep. By.]
BY-PRODUCT, bi'-prod-ukt, n. a second-
ary or additional product : something
produced, as in the course of a manu-
facture, in addition to the principal prod-
uct or material ; as, wood-tar is obtained
as a by-product in the destructive distilla-
tion of wood for the manufacture of
wood-vinegar or wood-spirit.
BYROAD, bi'rod, n. a retired sideroad.
BYSTANDER, bi'stand'er, n. one who
stands bj' or near one : hence, a looker-
on.
BYWAY, bl'wa, n. a private and obscure
way.
BYWORD, bi'wurd, n. a common saying :
a proverb.
BYZANT, biz'ant, BYZANTINE, biz'an-
tin, n. a gold coin of the Greek empire,
struck at Byzantium or Constantinople,
valued at 75 dollars.
c
CAB, kab, w. short for Cabriolet.
CAB, kab, n. a Hebrew dry measure =■
nearly 3 pints. [Heb. kab — kabab, to
hollow.]
CABAL, ka-bal', n. a small party united
for some secret design : the plot itself. —
v.i. to form a party for a secret purpose :
to plot : — 2^^-P- caball'ing ; pa.p. car
balled'. — n. Caball'er, a plotter or in-
triguer. [Fr. cabale ; from Cabala.]
CABALA, kab'a-la, n. a secret science of
the Jewish Rabbis for the interpretation
of the hidden sense of Scripture. — n. Cab'-
alist, one versed in the cabala. [Chal.
kabbel, to receive.]
CABBAGE, kab'aj, n. a well-known kitch-
en vegetable. [Fr. cabus, headed {choux
eabus, a cabbage) ; from L. caput, the
head.]
CABIN, kab'in, n. a hut or cottage : a small
room, especially in a ship. — v.t. to shut
up in a cabin. [W. cab, cabaii, a rude
little hut.]
CABINET, Kab'in-et, n. a small room or
closet : a case of drawers for articles of
value : a private room for consultation
— hence The Cabinet, the advisers of the
President.
CABINET, kab'in-et, adj. confidential : se-
cret : private. In accordance with this
sense the term cabinet council was long
in general use before it became specifi-
cally applied in politics.
Those are cabinet councils.
And not to be communioated. — Masainger.
Others still sape t' anticipate
The cabinet desit^ns of Fate. — Hvdibraa.
CABINET-MAKER, kab'in-et-mak'er, n. a
maker of cabinets and other fine furni-
ture.
CABLE, ka'bl, n. a strong rope or chain
which ties anything, especially a ship to
her anchor : a nautical measure of 100
fathoms. [Fr. — Low L. caplum, a halter
— cajyio, to liold.]
CABOOSE, ka-boos', n. the kitchen or
cooking-stove of a ship. [Dut. kombuis,
a cook's room.]
CABRIOLET, kab-ri-o-la', n. a covered car-
riage with two or four wheels drawn by
one horse. [Fr. cabriole, formerly cap-
riole, the leap of a kid ; the springing
motion being implied in the name of
the carriage — L. capra, a she-goat.]
CACAO, ka-ka'o, n. the chocolate-tree,
from the seeds of which chocolate is
made. [Mex. kakahuatl.]
CACAO-BUTTER, ka-ka'o-but-er, n. the
oil expressed from the seeds of the choco-
late-tree (Tlieobi-oma Cacao). [See Cacao.]
CACHINNATION, kak-in-a'shun, 7i., loud
laughter. [L. cachinno, to laugh loudly
^fram the sound.]
CACKLE, kak'l, n. the sound made by a
hen or goose. — i\i. to make such a sound.
[E. ; cog. with Dut. kakelen — from the
sound.]
CACODOXY, kak'o-dok-si, n. a false or
wrong opinion or opinions ; erroneous
doctrine, esp. in matters of religion :
heresy. [Gr. kakos, bad, and doxa, doc-
trine.]
CACOGASTRIC, kak'6-gas-trik, adj. per-
taining to a disordered stomach or dys-
pepsia : dyspeptic. " The woes that
chequer this imperfect cacogastric state
of existence." — Carlyle. [Gr. kakos, bad,
and gaster, the stomach.]
CACOPHONY, ka-kof'6-ni, n. a bad, dis-
agreeable sound ; discord of sounds. —
adj. Cacoph'onous. [Gr. kakos, bad,
phone, sound.]
CACTUS, kak'tus, n. an American plant,
generally with prickles instead of leaves.
[Gr.]
CAD, kad, n. a low fellow. [Short for
Cadet.]
CADASTRE, ka-das'ter, n. the head survey
of the lands of a country : an ordnance
survey. — adj. Cadas'tral. [Fr. — Low L.
capitastrum, register for a po)!-tax — L.
caput, the head.]
CADAVEROUS, ka-dav'er-us. adj. looking
like a dead body : sickly-looking. [L.
cadaver, a dead body — cado, to fall dead.]
CADDY, kad'i, n. a small box for holding
tea. [Malay kati, the weight of the
small packets in which tea is made up.]
CADE, kad, n. a barrel or cask. [L. cadus,
CADENCE, ka'dens, n. (lit.) a falling : the
fall of the voice at the end of a sentence :
tone, sound, modulation. [Fr. — L. cado,
to fall.]
CADET, ka-det', n. the younger or youngest
son : in the army, one who serves as a
private in order to become an oSicer :
a student in a military school. — jkCadet^
SHIP. [Fr. cadet, formerly capdet — Low
L. capiiettum, dim. of caput, the head
See Captain.]
CADI, ka'di, n. a judge in Mohammedan
countries. [Ar. kadhi, a judge.]
CADRE, ka-dr, n. a list of the commissioned
and non-con)missioned officers of a regi-
ment forming tlie staff' : the skeleton of
a regiment: the staff'. [Fr., from L,
qnodrum, a square.]
CADUCOUS, ka-du'kus, adj., falling emrlj
CJESARISM
50
CALX
as leaves or flowers. [L. cadumts — cado,
to fall.]
C^SAEISM, se'zer-izm, n. a system of
government resembling that of a Ccesar
or emperor : despotic sway exercised by
one who has been put in' power by the
popular T\'ill : imperialism.
CiESUEA, CESURA, se-zu'ra, n. a syllable
cut off at the end of a word after the
completion of a foot : a pause in a verse.
— adj. C^sifRAi* [L. — ecedo, emsum, to
cut off. J
CAFFEINE, kafe-in cr kaf-e'in, n. the
active principle of coffee and tea. [Fr.
cafeine. See COFFEE.l
CAFTAN, kaftan, n. a Persian or Turkish
vest.
CAGE, kaj, n. a place of confinement : a
box made of wire and wood for holding
birds or smrll animals. [Fr. — L. cavea,
a hollow place.]
CAIRN, karn, n., a heap of stones, esp. one
raised over a grave. [Celt. karnJ]
CAITIFF, ka'tif, n. a mean, despicable
fellow. — adj. mean, base. [O. Fr. caitif
(Fr. chetif) — L. captivus, a captive —
capio, to take.]
CAJOLJE, ka-j6l , v.t. to coax : to cheat by
flattery. — ns. Cajoler, ka-jol'er. Ca-
jolery, ka-jol'er-i. [Fr. cajoler, O. Fr.
cageoler, to chatter like a bird in a
Cage.]
CAKE, kak, n. a piece of dough that is
baked or cooked : a small loaf of fine
bread : any flattened mass baked hard.
— v.t. to form into a cake or hard mass.
— v.i. to become baked or hardened.
fSw. kaka, Ger. kuehen — koclien; all
borrowed from L. coqtio, to cook.]
CALABASH, kal'a-basli, n. a vessel made
of a dried goiird-zhe]! : the gourd.
ealabaza, the gourd — Ar. gar ay\
dried goiu-d.]
CAL.43IITOUS, kal-am'i-tus, adj. making
wretched : disastrous.
CALAMITY, kal-am'i-ti, n. a great misfor-
tune : affliction. [Fr. calamite — L. calam-
lias. Ety. dub.]
CALAMUS, kalVmus, n. an Indian sweet-
scented grass.
CALASH, kar-lash', n. a light low-wheeled
carriage with a folding top : a hood worn
by ladies to protect their bonnets. [Fr.
caleche — Ger. kalesohe ; of Slav, origin,
as Boliem. kolesa, Russ. kolo, a wheel.]
CALCAREOUS, kal-ka're-us, adj. like or
containing chalk or linie. — n. Calca'ke-
OUSNESS. [L. calcarius, from calx.]
CALCINE, kal-sln' or kal'sin, v.t. to re-
duce to a calx or chalky powder by the
action of heat. — v.i. to become a calx or
powder by heat. — n. Calcination, kal-
sin-a'shun.
CALCIUM, kal'si-um, ?i. an elementary
substance present in limestone and chalk.
[L. calx, chalk.]
CALCOGRAPHY, kal-kog'ra-fl, «. a style
of engraving like chalk-drawing. — adj.
Calcograpitical. [L. calv, and Gr.
graphs, writing — grapho, to write.]
CALCULATE, kal'ku-lat, v.t. to count or
reckon : to adjust. — v.i. to make a calcu-
lation : to estimate. — adj. Cajl'culabub.
[L. calculo, to reckon by help of little
stones — calculus, dim. of calx, a Uttle
stone.]
CALCULATION, kal-ku-la'shun, n. the art
or process of calculating : estimate.
'CALCULATIVE, kal'ku-lat-iv, adj. relating
to calculation.
CALCULATOR, kallni-lat-or, n. one who
calculates.
CALCULUS, kal'ku-lus, n. one of the
higher branches of mathematics : a
stone-like concretion which forms in
certain parts of the body.— pZ. Calcctli,
kal'ku-li.
CALDRON, kawl'dron, n. a large kettle
for boihng or heating liquids. [L. cal-
darium — calidus, hot — caleo, to grow
hot.]^
CALEDONIAN, kal-e-do'ni-an, adj. pertain-
ing to Caledonia or Scotland.
CALENDAR, kal'en-dar, n. a register of
the months : an almanac : a list of crimi-
nal causes for trial. [L. calendaris, re-
lating to the calends — ealendce."]
CAXENDER, kal'en-der, n. (a corruption of
Cylindee) a press consisting of two rollers
for smoothing and dressing cloth : a per-
son who calenders, properly a calendrer.
— v.t. to dress in a calender. [Gr. kylhv-
dros — kylindo, to roll.]
CAI.ENDS kal'endz, n. among the Romans,
the first day of each montli. [L. calendce
— ealo. r' . kaleo, to caU, because the be-
ginning of the month was proclaimed.]
CALENTURE, kal'en-tur, n. a kind of
fever or delirium occurring on board ship
in hot climates. [Fr. and Sp. — ^L. caleo,
to be hot.]
CALF, kaf, n. the young of the cow and of
some other animals: a stupid, cowardly
person.—^?. Calves, kavz. [A.S. eealf ;
Ger. kalb, Goth, kalbo.]
CALF, kaf, n. the tliick fleshy part of the
leg behind : also calf-sldn leather ; as, a
book bound in calf. [Ice. kalfi; perh. the
same word as the preceding, the root
idea being to be fat, thick.]
CALF-LOVE, kaf-luv, n. a youthful, ro-
mantic passion or affection, as opposed
to a serious, lasting attachment or love.
" It's a girl's fancy, just, a kind o' calf-
love : let it go by."-^il/rs. Gaskell.
CALIBRE, CALIBER, kal'i-ber, «. the size
of the bore of a gun : diameter : intel-
lectual capacity. [Fr. calibre, the bore
of a gun ; It. calibro.]
CALICO, kal'i-ko, n. cotton cloth first
brought from Calicut in the East In-
dies.
CALIF, CALIPH, ka'Uf or kal'if, n. the
name assumed by the successors of Mo-
hammed. [Fr. — Ar. khalifah, a sue-
CGSSor. I
CALIFATE, CALIPHATE, kal'if-at, n. the
office, rank, or government of a caUf.
CALIGINOSITY, karlij'i-nos'i-ti, n. dim-
ness, obscurity, hidden meaning. " I dare
not ask the oracles ; I prefer a cheerful
caliginosity, as Sir Thomas Browne might
say." — Oeorge Eliot.
CALIGRAPHY, CALLIGRAPHY, ka-lig'-
ra-fl. n., beautiful hand-jcrrtuigr. [Gr. fca-
los, beautiful (akin to E. hale), graphe,
wilting.]
CALIPERS, kal'i-perz, CALIPER -COM-
PASSES, kal'i-per-kum'pas-ez, re. com-
passes with bent legs for measuring the
diameter of bodies. [Corr. of Cauber.]
CALISTHENICS, CALLISTHENICS, kal-
is-then'iks, n. exercises for the purpose
of promoting gracefulness, as well as
strength of body. — ndj.CALlSTHEN'lc. [Gr.
kalos, beautiful, sthenos, strength.]
CALIX. See Calyx.
CALK, kawk, v.t. to stuff (as if pressed
leith the /oo<) oakum into the seams of a
ship to make it water-tight : to roughen
a liorse's shoe to keep it from slipping. —
n. Cauc'er. [O. Fr. cauquer — L. calcare,
to tread under foot — calv, the heel.]
CALL, kawl, v.i. to cry aloud : to make
a short visit. — v.t. to name : to summon:
to appoint or proclaim. — n. a summons
or invitation : an impulse : a demand :
a short visit : a shrill whistle : the cry
of a bird. [A.S. ceailian : Ice. kalla, Gr.
ger-, in geryein, to proclaim.]
CALLING, kawl'ing, n. that to which a
person is called (by a divine voice, as it
were) to devote his attention ; trade :
profession : occupation.
CALLOSITY, kal-os'i-ti. n. a^jorrf swelling
on the skin. [L. callositas — callus, hard
skin.]
CALLOUS, kal'tis, ac^., hardened : unfeel-
ing or insensible. — adv. Call'ously —
n. Call'ocsness.
CALLOW, kal'o, adj, not covered viith
feathers ; unfledged. [A.S. calu ; Dut,
kaal, L. calvus, bald.]
CALM, kam, adj. still or quiet : serene
tranquil. — n. absence of wind : repose ;
serenity. — v.t. to make calm: to quiet.
— adv. Calm'ly'. — n. Calm'ness. [Fr.
calme ; from Low L. cawna. — Gr. kazima,
noonday heat — kaio, to burn.]
CALOMEL, kal'o-mel, n. a preparation of
mercury much used as a medioiue : the
u'hite sublimate got by the application
of heat to a mixture of mercury and
corrosive sublimate, which is black. [Gr.
kalos, fair, melcji, black.]
CALORESCENCE, kal-o-res'ens, n.inphys-
ics, the transmutation of heat rays into
others of higher refrangibility ; a pe-
culiar transmutation of the invisible cal-
orific rays, observable bevond the red
rays of the spectrum of solar and elec-
tric light, into visible luminous rays, by
passing them through a solution of io-
dine in bisulphide of carbon, which in-
tercepts the luminous rays and tr.ans-
mits the calorific. The latter, when
brought to a focus, produce a heat strong
enough to ignite combustible substances,
and to heat up metals to incandescence ;
the less refrangible calorific rays being
converted into rays of higher refrangi-
bility, whereby they become luminous.
[L. ealor, heat.]
CALORIC, ka-lor'ik, n., heat: the supposed
principle or cause of heat. [L. calor,
heat — caleo. to be hot.]
CALORIFIC, kal-or-if'ik,tarfj., caimjig heat:
heating. — n. Calorifica'TION. [L. calor
wad f ado, to make.]
CALOTTE, kar-lot', n. a skull-cap : esp. a
skull-cap worn bv ecclesiastics. [Fi'.]
CALOTYPE, kal'6-tlp, n. a kind of photog-
raphy. [Gr. kalos. beautiful, typos, an
image.]
CALOTYPIST, kal'o-tip-ist, n. one who
takes photographs by the calotype pro-
cess : in the extract used loosely and
equivalent to photographer.
I imnrint lier fast
On tlie void at last.
As the sun does whom he will
Bv the calotijpisVa skill.— Sroipii/n^.
CALTROP, kal'trop, n. a plant with pnckly
fruit : an instrument armed with four
spikes, formerly strewn in the way of an
enemy's cavalry. [A.S. coltr<Bj)e.]
CALUSCET, kal'Q-met, n. a kind of pipe,
smoked by the American Indians, re-
garded as a symbol of peace. [Fr. — L.
calamus, a reed.]
CALUMNIATE, ka-lum'ni-at, v.t. to accuse
falsely : to slander. — v.i. to spreaii evU
reports. — ns. CALUM'NLiTlON, Calum'-
NIATOR.
CALUMNIOUS, ka-lum'ni-us, adj. of the
nature of calumny : slanderous. — adv
Calum'niously.
CALUMNY, kal'um-ni, n. false accusation j
slander. [L. calumnia — calvere, to de
ceive.]
CALVE, kav, v.i. to bring forth a calf
CALVINISM, kal'vin-izm, n. the doctrine*
of Calvin, an eminent reUgious reformer
of 16th century.
CALVINIST, kalSin-ist, n. one who holds
the doctrines of Calvin.
CALVINISTIC, kal-vin-ist'ik, CALVINIST.
ICAL, kal-vin-ist'i-kal, adj. pertaining to
Calvin or Calvinism.
CALX, kalks, n., chalk or lime: the sub-
stance of a metal or mineral which re-
mains after being subjected to violent
CALYX
61
CANONICITY
beat.^pi. Calxes, kalk'sez, or Calces,
kal'sez. [L. calx, a stone, limestone,
lime ; allied to Gael, earraig, a rock.]
CALYX, CALLS, kal'iks or ka'liks, ». the
outer covering or cup of a flower. — pi.
C.^l'yxes, Cal'yces, or Cal'ices. [L.;
Gr. kabjx — kah/pto, to cover.]
tlAMBRIC, kam'brik, n. a kind of fine white
linen, origrinally manufactured at Cam-
bray in Flanders.
CAME, kam — did come — past tense of
Come.
CAMEL, kam'el, n. an animal of Asia and
Africa with one or two humps on its
back, used as a beast of burden and for
riding-. [O. Fr. camd — L. camellia — Gr.
kamelos — Heb. gania!.']
CAMELLIA, ka-mel'ya, n. a species of
evergreen shrubs, natives of China and
Japan. [Named from Camelhis, a
Jesuit, said to have brought it from the
East.]
OAMELOPARD, kam-el'o-pard or kam'el-
o-pard, n. the giraffe. [L. cameloparda-
lis; from Gr. kamelos, the camel, and
pardalis, the panther.]
'"'AMELOT, kam'lot, n. see Camlet.
_ AMEO, kara'e-6, n. a gem or precious
stone, carved in relief. [It. cammeo ;
Fr. camee — Low L. cammceus, traced by
Littre to Gr. kamnein, to work.]
CAMFRA, kam'er-a, CAMERA OBSCURA,
kam'er-a ob-sku'ra, n. an instrument for
throwing the images of external objects
on a white surface placed within a dark
eiiamber or box : used in photography.
^iilF'
CAMERATED, kam'er-at-ed, aclj. di^^ded
into cliambers: arched or vaulted.
CAMESTRES, ka-mes'trez, «. in logic, a
mnemonic word designating a syllogism
of the second figure, having a universal
affirmative major premiss, a universal
negative minor, and a universal negative
conclusion.
".CAMLET, kamlet, n. a cloth originally
made of camels' hair, but now chiefly of
wool and goats' hair. [Fr. — ^Low L.
eamelofum- -L. camelusj
CAMOMILE, CHAMOMILE, kam'o-mll, n.
a plant, or its dried flowers, used in medi-
cine. [Gr. chamaimelon, the earth-apple,
from the apple-like smell of its blossoms
— chamai, on the ground, melon, an
apple.]
CAMP, kamp, n. the ground on which an
army pitch their tents : the tents of an
army. — v.i. to encamp or pitch tents.
[Fr. camp, a camp — L. campus, a plain.]
CAMPAIGN, kam-pan', n. a large open
field or plain ; the time during which an
army keeps tlie field. — v.i. to serve in a
campaign. [Fr. campagne ; from L. Cam-
pania— campus, a field.]
CAMPAIGN, kam-pan', v.t. to employ in
campaigns. " An old soldier . . . who
had been campaigned, and worn out to
death in the service." — Sterne,
CAMPAIGNER, kara-pan'er, n. one who
has served several campaigns.
CAMPANIFORM, kam-pan'i-form, CAM-
PANULATE, kam-pan'u-lat, adj., in the
form of a bell, applied to flowers. [It.
campana, a bell, and Form.]
CAMPANILE, kam-pan-e'la, n. Italian
name for a church - tower from which
bells are hung. [It. — campana, a bell,
also a kind of balance invented in Cam-
pania.^
CAMPANOLOGY, kam-pan-ol'o-ji, n. a dis-
course on, or the science of, bells or bell-
ringing. [It. campana, a bell, and Gr.
logos, a discourse.]
CAMPESTRAL, kam-pes'tral. adj. growing
in or pertaining to fields. [L. camjiestris,
from campus.]
CAMP-FOLLOWER, kamp-fol'o-er, n. any
one who follows in the train of an army,
but takes no part in battle.
CAMPHOR (in B., Cajiphire), kam'for, n.
the white, solid juice of the laurel-tree
of India, China, and Japan, having a
bitterish taste and a pleasant smell.
[Fr. cajnphre — Low L. caiiiphora — ^Malay
kapur. chalk.]
CAMPHORATED, kam'for-at-ed, adj. im-
pregnated with camphor.
CAMPHORIC, kam-for'ik, adj. pertaining
to camplior.
CAMP-STOOL, kamp'-stool, n. a seat or
stool with cross legs, so made as to fold
up when not used.
CAN, kan, v.i. to be able : to have suflicient
power -.—pa.t. COULD. [A.S. cunnan, to
know (how to do a thing), to be able,
pres. ind. can ; Goth, kunnan, G«r. kon-
nen, to be able. See Know.]
CAN, kan, n. a vessel for holding liquor.
[A.S.canne : et. L. canna, a reed, Gr.
kantie, a reed.]
CANAL, kan-al , n. an artificial water-
course for navigation : a duct in the
body for any of its fluids. [L. canalis,
a water-pipe ; akin to Sans, khxm,, to
^ dig.]
CANARD, ka-nar' or ka-nard', n. an ex-
travagant or lying story. [Fi*.]
CANARY, ka-na'ri, n. a wine from the
Canary Islands : a bird orig. from the
Canary Islands.
CANCEL, kan'sel, v.t. to erase or blot out
by crossing with lines : to annul or sup-
press:—pr.p. can'celling; pa.p. can'ceUed.
[Fr. canccllei — ^L. cancello, from cancelK,
railings, lattice-work, dim. of cancer.]
CANCELLATED, kan'sel-at-ed, aclj. crossed
by bars or lines.
CANCER, kan'ser, n. an eating, spreading
tumor or canker, supposed to resemble a
crab : a sign of the zodiac. [L. cancer ;
cog. with Gr. karkinos. Sans, karkata, a
CANCEROUS, kan'ser-us, adj. of or like a
cancer.
CANDELABRUM, kan-de-lfiTsrum, n. a
branched and ornamented candlestick. —
pi. Candela'bra. [L.]
CANDID, kan'did, adj. frank, ingenuous :
free from prejudice : fair, impartial.—
adv. Cajn'didly. — n. Can'didness. [Fr.
candide — L. candidiis, white — candeo, to
shinej
CANDIDATE, kan'di-dat, n. one who offers
himself for any office or honor, so called
because, at Rome, the applicant used to
dress in white. — ns. Cax'didat0RE,
Can'didateship. [L. candidatus, from
cnndidus.]
CANDLE, kan'dl, n. wax, tallow, or other
like substance surrounding a wick : a
light. [A.S. eandel — L. candela, from
candeo, to glow.]
CANDLE-COAL, n. the same as Cannel-
COAL.
CANDLEMAS, kan'dl-mas, n. a festival of
the R. Catholic Church in honor of the
puriQcation of the Vir°-in Mary, on the 2d
of February, and so called from the num-
ber of candles used. [CANDLE and Mass.I
CANDLESTICK, kan'dl-stik, n. an instru-
ment for holding a candle, orig. a stick
or pi ;ce of wood.
CANDLEWOOD, kan'dl-wood, n. the wood
of a West Indian resinous tree, Ami/ris
balsamifera. Called also Rkodeswood.
CANDOR, kan'dur, n. freedom from preju-
dice or disguise : sincerity : openness. [L.
candor, whiteness, from candeo, to be
shining white.]
CANDY, kan'di, n. a sweetmeat made of
sugar : anything preserved in sugar. — •
v.t. to preserve or dress with sugar : to
congeal or crystallize as sugar. — v.i. to
become congealed: — pr.p. can'dying;
pa.p. can'died. [Fr. candi, from Ar.
qand, sugar.]
CANE, kan, n., a reed, as the bamboo, etc. ;
a waJ king-stick. — v.t. to beat with a cane.
[Fr. canne — L. canna — Gr. kanne, a reed.]
CANINE, ka-nin', adj. like or pertaining to
the dog. [L. caniaus, from canis, a dog.]
CANISTER, kan'is-ter, n. a box or case,
usually of tin : a case containing shot,
which bursts on being discharged. [L.
canistrum, a wicker-basket, Gr. kanas-
tron — kanne, a reed.]
CANKER, kang'ker, n. small sores in the
mouth : a disease in trees, or in horses'
feet: anything that corrupts or con-
sumes.— v.t. to eat into, corrupt, or de-
stroy : to infect or pollute. — v.i. to grow
corrupt : to decay. [Same as L. cancer,
orig. pronounced canker.]
CANKEROUS, kang'ker-us, adj. corroding
like a canker.
CANKER-WORM, kang'ker-wurm, n. a
worm that cankers or eats into plants.
CANNABIN, kan'na-bin, n. a poisonous re-
sin extracted from hemp, by exhausting
the bruised plant (Cannabis indica) with
alcohol. To this resin are due the nar-
cotic effects of hashish or bhang. [See
Bhang.]
CANNEL-COAL, kan'el-kol, CANDLE-
COAL, kan'dl-kol, n. a very hard, black
coal that burns without smoke, Hke a
candle. [Prov. cannel, candle.]
CANNIBAL, kan'i-bal, n. one who eats hu-
man flesh ; also an animal that eats the
flesh of members of its own or kindred
species. "They (worms) are cannibals,
for the two halves of a dead worm placed
in two of the pots were dra^g«d into
the burrows and gnawed." — Danvin. —
adj. relating to cannibalism. [Span, a
corr. of Caribals (English Caribs), the
native name of the W. India islanders,
who ate human flesh : prob. changed
into a word expressive of their char-
acter, from L. canis. a dog.]
CANNIBALISSI, kan'i-bal-izin, n. the prac-
tice of eating human flesh.
CANNON, kan'un, n. a great gun used in
war: a particular stroke in billiards.
[Fr. canon, from L. cowna, a reed. See
Cane.]
CANNONADE, kan-un-ad', n. an attack
with cannon. — v.t. to attack or batter
with cannon.
CANNONEER, CANNONIER, kan-un-er',
n. one who manages cannon.
CANNOT, kan'ot, v.i. to be unable. [Can
and Not.]
CANOE, ka-noo', n. a boat made of the
hollowed trunk of a tree, or of bark or
skins. [Sp. eanoa, which like Fr. canoi
is from Carib canooa.]
CANOEIST, CANOIST, ka-noo'ist, n. one
who practices the paddling of a canoe ;
one skilled in the management of a
canoe.
CANON, kan-yun', n. a deep gorge op
ravine between high and steep banks,
worn by water-couises. [Sp. , a hollow,
from root of CANNON.]
CANON, kan'un, Ji. a law or rule, esp. in
ecclesiastical matters : the genuine
books of Scripture, called the sacred
canon : a dignitary of the Church of
England : a list of saints canonized : a
large kind of type. [A.S., Fr., from L.
canon — Gr. kanon, a straight rod —
kanne. a reed.]
CANONIC, ka-iion'ik, CANONICAL, ka-
non'ik-al, adj. according to or included
in the canon : regular : ecclesiastical. —
adv. Canon'ically.
CANONICALS, ka-non'ik-alz, n. the offi-
cial dress of the clergy, regulated by the
church canoTis.
CANONICITY, kan-un-is'i-ti, n. the state
CANONIST
52
CAPUCHIN
of belonging to the canon or genuine
books of tne Scripture.
CANONIST, kan'un-ist, n. one versed in
the canon law. — adj. Canonist'ic.
CANONIZE, kan'un-Iz, v.t. to enrol in the
canon or list of saints. — n. Canoniza'-
TION.
CANONRY, kan'un-ri, n. the benefice of a
canon.
CANOPY, kan'o-pi, n. a covering over a
throne or bed : a covering of state
stretched over the head. — v.t. to cover
with a canopy -.—pi-.p. can'opying ; pa.p.
can'opied. [Fr. canapi, O. Fr. conopee —
L. conopeum — Gr. konopeion, a mosquito
curtain — konops, a mosquito.]
CANOROUS, kan-6'rus, adj., musical :
melodious. [L. canorus, from canor,
melodv — cano, I sing.]
CANSTfCK, kan'stik, n. a candlestick.
Shak.
CANT, kant, v.i. to talk in an affectedly
solemn or hypocritical way. — ". a hypo-
critical or affected style of speech : the
language peculiar to a sect : odd or pe-
cuUar talk of any kind. [Lit. to sing or
whine; L. canto, freq. of ca)iO, to sing.]
CANT, kant, n. (orig.) an edge or corner:
an inclination from the level : a toss or
jerk. — v.t. to turn on the edge or corner:
to tilt or toss suddenly. [Dut. kant ;
Ger. kante, a corner.]
CANTABANK, kan'ta-bangk, n. a singer
on a stage or platform; hence, a com-
mon ballad singer : in contempt. (Rare.)
[L. cantare, freq. of cano, to sing, and It.
banco, a bench. Comp. Mountebank.]
He was no tavern cantabank that made it.
But a Squire minstrel of your Higlmess' court.
—Sir H. Taylor.
CANTANKEROUS, kan-tang'ker-us, adj.
cross-gi-ained : perverse in temper. — /j.
CANTAyKEROUSNESS.
OANTATA, kan-ta'ta, n. a poem set to
music, interspersed with recitative. [It.
— L. cantare, freq. of cano, to sing.]
CANTEEN, kan-ten', n. a tin vessel used
by soldiers for holding liquors : a bar-
rack-tavern. [Fr. cantine — It. cantina,
a small cellar, dim. of canto, a corner.]
CANTER, kan'ter, n. an easy gallop. — v.i.
to move at an easy gallop. — v.t. to make
to canter. [Orig. Canterbury-gallop, from
the easy pace at whicli the pilgrims rode
to the shrine at Canterbury.]
CANTHARIDES, kan-tliar'i-dez, w.pZ.
Spanish flies, used for bUstering. [L.
eantharis, beetle, pi. cantharides.]
CANTICLE, kan'ti-kl, n. a song : — in ^jZ.
the Song of Solomon. [L. cantioulum,
dim. of caHtictim.]
CANTILEVER, kan'ti-lev-er, n. (arch.) a
wooden or iron block projecting from a
wall to bear mouldings, balconies, and
the like. The principle has been applied
in the construction of bridges to support
enormous weights.
CANTO, kan'to, n. division of a song or
poem : the treble or leading melody.
CANTON, kan'tun, n. a small division of
territory : also, its inhabitants : a divis-
ion of a shield or painting. — v.t. to divide
into cantons : to allot quarters to troops.
[Fr., a corner, a division.]
CANTONAL, kan'tun-al, adj. pertaining to
or di\'ided into cantons. — n. Can'ton-
MENT (also pron. Cantoon'ment), the
quarters of troops in a towu.
CANVAS, kan'vas, 7i. a coarse cloth made
of hemp, used for sails, tents, etc., and
for painting on : the sails of a ship. [Fr.
canevas — L. and Gr. cannabis=E. Hemp.]
CANVASS, kan'vas, v.t. to sift, examine :
to discuss : to soUcit votes. — n. close ex-
amination : a seeking or solicitation. — n.
Can'vasser. [Lit. to sift through can-
va«.]
CANY, kan'i, adj. full of or made of canes.
CANYON. Same as CaSon.
CANZONET, kan-zO-net', n. a little or short
song. [It. canzonetta, dim. of canzone,
a song ; from L. canto — cano, to sing.]
CAOUTCHOUC, koo'chook, n. the highly
elastic juice or gum of a plant which
grows in S. America and Asia : Indian
rubber. [S. American.]
CAP, kap, n. a covering for the head : a
cover : the top. — v.t. to put on a cap: to
cover the end or top : — pr.p. capp'ing ;
pa.p. capped'. [Low L. eappa, a cape or
cope.]
CAPABLE, kap'a-bl, adj. having ability,
power, or skill to do : qualified for. — n.
Capabil'ity. [Fr. — L. capio, to hold,
take oi- seize.]
CAPACIOUS, kap-a'shus, adj. including
much : roomy : wide : extensive. — adv.
Capa'ciouslt. — n. Capa'cioxjsness. [L.
capax. capacis — capio, to hold.]
CAPACITATE, kap-as'i-tat, v.t., to make
capable : to qualifv.
CAPACITY, kap-as'i-ti. n. power of hold-
ing or grasping a thing : room : power
of mind : character.
CAPARISON, ka-par'is-un, n. the covering
of a horse : a rich cloth laid over a war-
horse. — v.t. to cover witli a cloth, as a
horse : to dress very richly. [Fr. cap-
aragon — Sp. caparazon, augmentative of
capa. a cape, cover — Low L. cappa.]
CAPE, kap, n. a covering for the shoulders
attached to a coat or cloak : a cloak.
[O. Fr. cape — Low L. cappa."]
CAPE, kap, n. a head or point of land run-
ning into tlie sea : a /lead-land. [Fr. cap
— L. caput, the head.]
CAPER, ka'per, n. the flower-bud of the
caper-bush, used for pickling. [Fr. cdpre
— L. and Gr. capparis ; from Pers. ka-
bar. capers.]
CAPER, ka'per, v.i. to leap or skip like a
goat: to dance in a frolicsome manner.
— n. a leap : a spring. [It. capriolare —
capriolo, a kid — L. caper, a goat.]
CAPER- SPURGE, ka'per-spurj, n. see
vSPURGE.
CAPILLARITY, kap-il-ar'it-i, n. name
given to certain effects produced by
liquids in contact with capillary tubes.
CAPILLARY, kap'U-a-ri or ka-pU'a-ri. adj.
as fine or minute as a hair: having a
very small bore, as a tube. — n. a tube
with a bore as fine as a hair : — in pi. the
minute vessels that unite the veins and
arteries in animals. [L. capillaris —
capillus, hair, akin to caput, the head,
akin to E. Head.]
CAPITAL, kap'it-al, adj. relating to the
head : involving the loss of the head :
chief : principal : important. — adv. Cap*-
itally. [Fr. — L. capitalis — caput, the
head.]
CAPITAL, kap'it-al, n. the head or top
part of a column or pillar : the cliief or
most important thing : the chief city of
a country : a large letter : the stock or
money for carrying on any businiiss.
CAPITAL, kap'i-tal, v.t. to furnish or
crown with a capital, as a pillar or
column. •■ The white column capitalled
with gilding." — Charlotte Brmite.
CAPITALISM, kap'it-al-izra, n. the state
of having capital or property : possession
of capital. "The sense of capitalism
sobered and dignified Paul de Florae."
— Thackeray.
CAPITALIS'T, kap'it-al-ist, n. one who has
capital or money.
CAPITALIZE. ka*p'it-al-Tz, v.t. to convert
into capital or monev.
CAPITATION, kap-it-d'shun, n. a number-
ing of every head or indi\'idual : a tax on
every head. [Fr.— Low L. capitatio—
caput, the head.]
CAPITOL, kap'it-ol, n. tlie temple of Jupi-
ter at Rome, built on the top of a hill :
in the U.S. the house where Congress
meets. [L. Capitolium — caput, the head.]
CAPITULAR, kap-it'id-ar, CAPITULARY,
kap-it'ul-ar-i, n. a statute passed in a
chapter or ecclesiastical court : a mem-
ber of a chapter. — adj. relating to a
chapter in a cathedral : belonging to a
chapter. — adv. Capit'ulakly. [See Chap-
ter.]
CAPITULATE, kap-it'iil-at, v.i. to yield or
surrender on certain conditions or heads.
— II. Capitula'tion.
CAPON, ka'pn, n. a young cock cut ot
castrated. [A.S. cdpiin — L. capo — Gr.
kapon — kopto, to cut. See Chop.]
CAPOTE, ka-p6t', n. a kind of cloak. [Fr.,
dim. of cajic, a cloak.]
CAPRICE, ka-pres', n. a change of humor
or opinion without reason : a freak. [Fr.
caprice — It. capriccio ; perh, from L.
capra, a she-goat.]
CAPRICIOUS, ka-prish'us, adj. full of ca-
price : ohano-eable. — adv. Capri'ciously.
—n. C. -PE: CIOUSNESS
CAPRIOC^AN, kap'ri-korn, n. one of the
signs of tr.e zodiac, like a homed goat.
[L. eapricornus — caper, a goat, comu, a
horn.]
CAPRIOLE, kap'ri-6l, n., a caper ; a leap
without advancing. [O. Fr. capriole. — It
capriola — L. caper, capra, a goat.]
CAPSICUM, kap'si-kum, ?;. a tropical
plant, from which cayenne pepper is
made. [From L. capsa, a case, its ber-
ries being contained in pods or capsules
— capio, to hold.]
CAPSIZE, kap-siz',w.f. to upset. [Ety. dub.]
CAPSTAN, kap'stan, n. an upright machine
turned by spokes so as to wind upon it a
cable which draws something, generally
the anchor, on board ship. [Fr. cabestan ;
etv. dub.]
CAPSULAR, kap'sul-ar, CAPSULARY
kap'sul-ar-i, adj. hollow like a capsule ;
pertaining to a capsule.
CAPSULE, kap'sul, w. the seed-vessel of a
plant : & small dish. [Fr. — L. capsula,
dim. of capsa, a case — capio, to hold.]
CAPTAIN, kap'tin or kap'tan, ?i. a head or
chief officer : the commander of a troop
of horse, a company of infantry, or a
ship : the overseer of a mine. [O. Fr,
capitain — L. caput, the head.]
CAPTAINCY, kap'tin-si or kap'tan-si, n.
the rank or commission of a captain.
■CAPTION, kap'shun, n. the act of taking:
an arrest. [L. captio — capio, to take.]
CAPTIOUS, kap'shus, adj. ready to catch
at faults or take ofl'ence : critical : peev-
ish.— adv. Cap'tiously. — n. Cap'tious-
NESS. [Fi-. — L. captiosus — capio, to snatch
at.]
CAPTIVATE, kap'tiv-at, v.t. (lit.) to take
or r.iake captive : to charm : to engage
the affections. [See Captive.]
CAPTIV-\TING, kap'tiv-at-ing, adj. hav-
ing power to engage the .affections.
CAPTIVE, kap'tiv, n. on(! taken : » pris-
oner ot war : one kept in bondage.— adj.,
taken or kept a prisoner in war : charmed
or subdued by any thing. — n. CaptiVity.
[L. captivus^apio, captus.'\
CAPTIVE, kap'tiv, v.t. to take captive : to
capture.
CAPTOR, kap'tor, n. one who takes a pris-
oner or a prize.
CAPTURE, kap'tur, n. the act of taking ;
the thing taken : an arrest. — v.t. to take
as a prize : to take by force. [Fr. cap-
ture— L. captura — capio, to take.]
CAPUCHIN, kap-u-shen', n. a Franciscan
monk, so called from the hood he wears :
a hooded pigeon. [Fr. capucin — It.
cappucino, a small cowl — Low L. cappa.
See Cap, Cape.]
CAR
53
CARNATE
CAR (old form Cakr), kSr, n. a light vehi-
cle moved on wheels : a railway carriage,
{poetic) a chariot. [Fr. char, O. Fr. car:
char — L. carnis ; from Celt, car, allied
to Lat. currus.]
3AIIABINE, karVbIn, CARBINE, kar'bin,
n. a short light musket. [Fr. carabine,
O. Fr. calabrin, a carabineer — calabre, a
machine for casting stones — Low L.
chadubula — Gr. katabole, overthrown —
kataballo — kata, down, and ballo, to
throw. The name was transferred to
the musket after the invention of gun-
powder.]
CARABINEER, kar-a-bin-er', CARBI-
NEER, kar-bin-er', n. a soldier armed with
a carabine.
CARACK, kar'ak, n. a large ship of bur-
den. [Fr. caraque, Sp. carraea ; perh.
from LowL. carica, a load — root of Cae.]
CARACOLE, kar'a-kol, n. the ha.U-turn
which a horseman makes : a winding
stair. — v.i. to turn half round, as cavalry
in wheeling. [Fr. caracole — Sp. caraeol,
the spiral shell of a snail — Ar. karkara,
to turn.]
CARAFE, ka-raf , n. a water-bottle for the
table. [Fr. — Sp. garrafa — Ar.]
CARAT, kar'at, n. a weight of 4 grains :
l-24th part of pure gold. [Fr. — Ar. qirat
— Gr. keration, a seed or beam used as a
weight.]
CARAVAN, kar'a-van, n. a company of
travelers associated together for security
in crossing the deserts in the East : a
large close carriage. [Fr. caravane —
Pers. kdrw&n.]
CARAVANSARY, kar-a-van'sa-ri, CARA-
VANSERA, kar-a-van'se-ra, n. a kind of
unfurnished inn where caravans stop.
[Pers. kdrirdnsardi — kdncdn, caravan,
sar&i, inn.]
(yARAVEL, kar'av-el, 7i. a kind of light
sailing vessel. [Fr. — It. caravella — L.
carabus — Gr. karabos, a barque.]
CARAWAY, kar'a-wa, n. a plant with
aromatic seeds, used as a tonic and con-
diment. [Sp. alcaravea — ^Ar. karviya —
Gr. karon.]
CARBIDE, karTiTd, n. a carbon-metallic
compound. — Old word. Carburet, n.
CARBOLIC ACID, kar-bol'ik as'id, 7i. an
acid produced from coal-tar, used as a
disinfectant. [L. carbo, coal.]
CARBON, kar'bon. n. an elementary sub-
stance, widely diffused, of which pure
charcoal is an example. [Fr. carbone —
L. carbo, coal.]
CARBONACEOUS, kar-bon-a'she-us, CAR-
BONIC, kar-bon'ik, adj. pertaining to or
composed of carbon.
CARBONARI, kar-bon-ar'i, n. members of
a secret society in Italj- at the beginning
of this century. [It. " charcoal-burn-
ers."']
CARBONATE, kar'bon-at, n. a salt formed
by the union of carbonic acid with a
CARBONIC, kar-bon'ik, adj. relating to
carbon. CARBONIC acid is an acid formed
of carbon and oxygen, generally gaseous,
and evolved by respiration and combus-
tion.
CARBONIFEROUS, kar-bon-ifer-us, adj.,
producing carbon or coal. [L. carbo,
and /fro, to produce.]
CARBONIZE, kar'bon-iz, v.t., to mafceinto
carbon.^n. Carboniza'tion.
CARBUNCLE, kar'bung-kl, n. a fiery red
precious stone : an inflamed ulcer. [L.
carbitnculiw, dim. of carbo, a coal.]
CARBUNCULAR, kar-bung'ku-lar, adj.
belonging to or resembling a carbuncle :
red : inflamed.
CARBURET. karTju-ret, v.t. to combine
with carbon or a compound of it : specif-
ically, to saturate, as ^inflammable vapor,
by passing it through or over a liquid
hydrocarbon, for the purpose of inten-
sifying the illuminating power. E. H.
Knight.
CARBURETOR, kar'bu-ret-er, n. an ap-
paratus of various forms by wliich coal-
gas, hydrogen, or air is passed through
or over a liquid hydrocarbon, to confer
or intensify illuminating power. E. H.
Knight.
CARBURIZE, kar'bu-riz, v.t. same as Car-
BDEET.
CARCANET, kar'ka-net, n. a collar of
jewels. [Fr. — Bret, kerchen, the neck.]
CARCASS, CARCASE, kar'kas, n. a dead
body or corpse : the framework of any-
thing:, a kind of bombshell. [Fr. car-
casse, a skeleton — It. carcasno, a quiver,
hidl, hulk — Low L. tarcasius — Pers. tar-
kash, a quiver.]
CARD, kard, n. a piece of pasteboard
marked with figures for plajdng a game,
or with a person's address upon it : a
note. [Fr. carte — L. charta, Gr. chartes,
paper. Carte is a doublet.]
CARD, kard, n. an instrument for comb-
ing wool or flax. — v.t. to comb wool, etc.
[Fr. carde — L. carduus, a thistle.]
CARDER, kard'er, n. one of an associa-
tion of Irish rebels, so termed because
they punished their victims by driving a
wool or flax card into their backs and
then dragging it down along the- spine.
Miss Edgeicorth.
This shall a Carder, that aWhite-boy be;
Ferocious leaders of atrocious bands. — Hood.
CARDIAC, kar'di-ak, CARDIACAL, kar-
di'ak-al, adj., belonging to the heart :
cordial : reviving. [L. — Gr. kardiakos —
kardia, the heart.]
CARDINAL, kjir'din-al, adj. denoting that
on which a thing hinges or depends :
principal.—)!, a dignitary in the R. C.
Church next to the pope. [L. cardinalis
— cardo, cardinis, a hinge.]
CARDINALATE, kiir'din-al-at, CARDIN-
ALSHIP, kar'din-al-ship, n. the office or
dignity of a cardinal.
CARDOPHAGI, kar-dof'a-jl, n.pl. eaters of
thistles ; hence, donkeys. " Kick and
abuse him, you who have never brayed ;
but bear with him all honest fellow car-
dophagi ; long-eared messmates, recog-
nize a brother;donkey!" — Thackeray. [Gr.
kardos, a thistle, and phago, to eat.]
CARE, kar, n., anxiety, heedfulness: charge,
oversight : the obi'ect of anxiety. — v.i.
to be anxious : to be inclined : to have
regard. [A.S. cam ; Goth, kara, sor-
row, Ice. kcera, to lament, Celt, car,
care : allied to L. cams, dear.]
CAREEN, karren', v.t. to lay a ship on her
side to repair her bottom and keel. [Fr.
carener — carene — L. carina, the bottom
of a ship, the keel.]
CAREENAGE, ka-ren'aj, n. a place where
ships are careened : the cost of careen"-
ing.
CAREER, ka-rer', n. a racecourse: a race :
course of action ; also, onset. Milton. —
v.i. to move or run rapidly. [Fr. carri&re
— O. Ft. car, a car. See Car.]
CAREFUL, kar'fool, adj., full of care:
heedful: in B., anxious: in Dan. iii. 16,
at a loss, puzzled. — adv. Care'FULly. —
n. Care'fulness.
CARELESS, kar'les, adj., without care:
heedless : unconcerned. — adv. Care'-
LESSLY. — n. Care'lessness.
CARESS, ka^res', v.t. to treat with affec-
tion : to fondle : to embrace. — n. any act
or expression of affection. [Fr. caresser
— It. carezza, an endearment — Low L.
caritia — L. cams, dear.]
CARET, kil'ret, ji. a mark, a, used in writ-
ing when a word is left out. [L. caret,
there is wanting.]
CARGO, kar'go, n. what a ship carries':
its load. [Sp. from Celtic root of Car.]
CARICATURE, kar-i-ka-tur', n. a likeness
of anything so exaggerated or distorted
as to appear ridiculous. — v.t. to turn into
ridicule by ovei-doing a likeness. [It.
caricatura — carricare, to load, from root
of Cab.]
CARICATURIST, kar-i-ka-tur'ist, n., one
who caricatures.
CARIES, ka'ri-ez, n., rottenness or decay
of a bone. [L.]
CARINA, ka-rl'na, n. in bot. same as Keel :
in zool. a prominent median ridge or keel
in the sternum of all existing birds ex-
cept the Cursores. [L., the keel of a
boat. See Caeinate.J
CARINARIA, kar-i-na'ri-a, n. a genus of
gasteropodous molluscs, of the order
called Heteropoda or Nucleobranchiata.
whose shells are known to collectors un-
der the name of Venus' slipper and glass
nautilus. The gills are protected by a
small and very delicate shell of glassy
translucence. The creature itself is
about 3 inches in length, and is of
oceanic habits. It is so transparent
that the vital functions may be watched
by the aid of a microscope. [L. carina,
a keel, from the shape.]
CARINAT^, kar-i-na'te, n.pl. Huxley's
second order of the class Aves, the other
two being Saururffi and Ratitse. The
Carinatse include all the living flying
birds, that is, all existing birds except
the Cursores, and are characterized by
the fact that the sternum is furnished
with a prominent median ridge or keel,
whence the name. [From L. carina, a
keel.l
CARINATE, kar'i-nat, CARINATED, kar'-
i-niit-ed, adj. shaped like a keel : keeled :
specifically, (a) in bot. having a longi
tudinal ridge like a keel: applied to a
calyx, corolla, or leaf ; (&) in zool. ap-
plied to those birds whose sternum is
keeled, a character of all existing birds
except the cursorial. [L. carinatus, from
carina, a keel.]
CARIOLE, kar'i-ol, n. a light one-horse
carriage, used in Norway. [Fr. carriole
—root of Car.]
CARIOUS, ka'ri-us, adj. affected with
caries.
CARKING, kark'ing, adj. distressing, caus-
ing anxietj'. [A.S. cearc, care ; allied
to Care.]
CARMELITE, kar'mel-It, n. a monk of the
order of Mount Carmel, in Syria, in the
12th century : a kind of pear.
CARMINE, kar'min, ?i. a crimson color.
[Fr. or Sp. cartnin — Sp. cariaesin, crim-
son — Cannes, cochineal — Ar. qirmizi,
crimson. Same root as Crimson.]
CARNAGE, kar'naj, n. slaughter. [Fr.
carnage, from L. caro, carnis, flesh.]
CARNAGE, kar'naj, v.t. to strew or cover
with carnage or slaughtered bodies.
" That carnaged plain." — Southey.
CARNAL, kiir'nal, adj., fleshly: sensual:
unspiritual. — adv. Car'nally. |L. car-
nalis — caro, caimis, flesh.]
CARNALIST, kar'nal-ist, n. a sensualist :
a worldling.
CARNALITY, kar-nal'i-ti, n. state of betag
carnal.
CARNARIE, CARNARY, kar'na-ri, re a
bono - house attached to a church or
burial - place : charnel - house. [L. raro,
carnis. flesh.]
CARNATE. kar'nat, adj. invested with or
embodied in flesh : same as the modern
Incarnate, which word, however, is used
in the extract as if the i';)- were [iriva-
tive. " I fear nothing . . . that devil
carnate or incarnate can fairly do against
a ^^rtue so established." — Iiichard»ia.
CARNATION
54
CASTING
CARNATION, kar-na'shun, n. flesh-color :
a flesh -colored flower. [L. carnatio,
fleshiness.]
CAKNELIAN, kar-ne'li-an, n. a corr. of
CoE^'ELIAN, owing to a supposed ety.
from earneus, fleriiy.]
CARNIVAL, kSyni-val, n. a feast observed
by Roman Catholics just before the fast
of Lent : riotous feasting or merriment.
[Fr. carnaval — It. earnovale — Low L.
carnelevamen, solace of the flesh — caro,
carnis. flesh, and levamen, solace — levare,
to lighten.]
CARNIVORA, kar-niv'o-ra, n.pl, order of
flesh-eating animals.
CARNIVOROUS, kar-niVo-rus, adj., flesJv-
eating. [L. caro, carnis, flesh, voiv, to
eat.]
CAROL, kayol, n. a song of joy or praise.
— v.i. to sing a carol: to sing or warble.
— v.t. to praise or celebrate in song : —
pr.p. car'olling ; pa.p. car'olled. [O. Fr.
Carole ; It. earola, orig. a ring-dance ;
ety. dub., either dim. of L. cliorus, a
choral dance, or from Bret. koroU, a
dance, "W. carol, a song — root car, cir-
cular motion.]
CAROTID, ka-rot'id, adj. relating to the
two great arteries of the neck. [Gr.
karotides — karos, sleep, deep sleep being
caused by compression of them.]
CAROUSAL, kar-owz'al, n. a carouse : a
feast.
CAROUSE, kar-owz', n. a drinking-bout :
a noisy revel. — v.i. to hold a drinking-
bout : to drink freely and noisily. [O.
Fr. carous, Fr. cai-rousse — Ger. gar aus,
quite out ! — that is, empty the glass.]
CARP, karp, v.i. to catch at small faults
or errors. — adv. CAEP'rNGLY. [Ice. karpa,
to boast, modified in meaning through
likeness to L. carpo, to pluck, deride.]
LARP, karp, n. a fresh-water fish. [In all
Teut. lang., also Fr. and It.]
CARPENTER, kar'pent-er, n. a worker in
timber as used in building houses, ships,
etc. — n. Carpentry, kar'pent-ri, the
trade or work of a carpenter. [Fr. ehar-
pentier, O. Fr. carpentier — ^Low L. car-
peniarius — carpentuvi, a car, from root
of Car.]
CARPENTER, kar'pent-er, v.i. to do car-
penter's work : to practice carpentry.
" Mr. Grim wig plants, fishes, and carpent-
ers with great ardor." — Dickens.
** He Taxuisbed, he carpentered, he ^lued."
— Miss Austin.
CARPER, karp'er, n. cue who carps or
cavils.
CARPET, kar'pet, n. the woven or felted
covering of floors, stairs, etc. — v.t. to
cover with a carpet : — pr.p. and n.
car'peting ; pa.p. cai-'peted. [Fr. car-
pette — Low L. carpetu, a coarse fabric
made from rags pulled to pieces — L. car-
pere, to pluck.]
CARRIAGE, kar ij, n., act or cost of carry-
ing : a vehicle for carrying : behavior :
(B.) baggage.
CARRIAGE-COMPANY, kar'ij-kum-parni,
n. people who keep their carriages : those
wealthy people who pay visits, etc., in
theu- own carriages. " There is no phrase
more elegant and to my taste than that
in which people are described as ' seeing
a great deal of carriage-company.''" —
Thackeray.
tARRIAGED, kar'ijd, adj. behaved : man-
nered. [See Carriage.] " A fine lady . . .
very well carriaged and mighty dis-
creet."— Pepys.
CARRION, kar'i-un, n. the dead and putrid
body or flesli of any animal. — adj. relat-
ing to, or feeding on, putrid flesh. [Fr.
carogne — Low L. caronia — L. caro, car-
nis, flesh.]
(lARRONAJDE, kar-un-ad', n. a short can-
non of large bore, first made at Carron
in Scotland.
CARROT, kar'ut, »i. an eatable root of a
reddish or yellowish color. [Fr. carotte
— L. carota.]
CARROTY, kai-'ut-i, adj., carro<-colored.
CARRY, kai-'i, v.t. to convey or bear : to
lead or transport : to effect : to behave
or demean. — v.i. to convey or propel as
a gun : — pr.p. carr'jang ; pa.p. carr'ied.
f O. Fr. carier, fi-om root of Car.]
CART, kart, n. a veliicle witli two wheels
for conveying heaw loads. — v.t. to con-
vey in a cart. [Celt, cart, dim. of
Car.]
CARTAGE, kart'aj, n. the act or cost of
carting.
CARTE, kart, n. a bill of fare : a term in
fencing. [Fr. — L. charta, Gr. chartes,
paper. See Card.]
CARTE - BLANCHE, -blansh, n. a white
or blank card, with a signature at the
foot, which may be filled up at the pleas-
ure of the receiver : unconditional terms.
[Fr. carte, and blanche, white.]
CARTE-DE-VISITE, -viz-it', n. a photo-
graphic portrait pasted on a small card.
CARTEL, kar'tel, n. a. paper ot agreement
for exchange of prisoners. [Fr. cartel —
It. cartello, dim. from root of Carte.]
CARTER, kart'er, n. one who drives a cart.
CARTESIAN, kar-te'zhi-an, adj. relating
to the French philosopher Des Cartes, or
his philosophy.
CARTILAGE, kayti-laj, n. a tough, elastic
substance, softer than bone : gristle. [Fr.
— L. cartilago, ety. of which is doubtful.]
CARTILAGINOUS, kar-ti-laj'in-us, adj.
pertaining to or consisting of cartilage :
gristly.
CARTOON, kar-toon', re. a preparatory
drawing on strong paper, to be trans-
ferred to frescoes, tapestry, etc. : any
large sketch or design on paper. [Fr.
carton (It. cartone), augmentative of
Carte.]
CARTOUCHE, kar-toosh', n. a case for
holding cartridges : a case containing
bullets to be dischai-ged from a mortar :
{arch.) an ornament resembUng a scroll
of paper with the ends rolled up. [Fr.
— It. cartoccio — L. charta, paper.]
CARTRIDGE, kar'trij, n. a paper case
containing the charge for a gun. [Cor-
ruption of Cartouche.]
CARTULARY, kar'tfi-lar-i, n. a register-
book of a monastery, etc. : one who kept
the records. [Low L. cartularium — cliar-
tula, a document — charta, paper.]
CARVE, karv, v.t., to cut into forms, de-
vices, etc.: to make or shape by cutting :
to cut up (meat) into slices or pieces :
to apportion or distribute. — v.i. to exer-
cise the trade of a sculptor. [A.S. ceor-
fan, to cut, to hew ; Dut. kerven, (Jer.
kerben, to notch. See Grave.]
CARVER, karv'er, n. one who carves : a
scidptor.
CARYATES, kar-i-at'ez, CARYATIDES,
kar-i-at'i-dez, n.pl. (arch.) figures of wo-
men used instead of columns for sup-
porters. [L. Caryates, Gr. Karyatides,
the women of Cai'yce, a town in Arcadia.]
CASCADE, kas-kad', n. a waterfoZ/. [Fr.
cascade — It. caxcata, from cascare, L.
cado, casus, to fall.]
CASE, kas, n. a covering box or sheath.
[Fr. caisse, O. Fr. ca-tse — ^L. capsa, from
capio, to receive.]
CASE, kas, v.t. to put in a case or bo.x.
CASE, kas, n. that wliich falls or happens:
event : pai'ticular state or condition :
subject of question or inquiry : state-
ment of facts : {gram.) the inflection of
nouns, etc. [Fr. cos — L. casus, from
cado, to fall.]
CASEIN, CASEINE, ka'se-in, n. an organic
substance, contained In milk and cheese.
[Fr.— L. caseus, cheese.]
CASEMATE, kas'mat, n. a bomb-proof
chamber or battery in which cannon
may be placed to be fired through em-
brasures. [Ft. ; ety. dub.]
CASEMENT, Kas'ment, n. the case or frame
of a window : a window that opens on
hinges : a hollow moulding.
CASH, kash, ?;. coin or money : ready
money. — v.t. to turn into or exchange
for money: to pay money for. [A doublet
of Case, a box— O. Fr. casse, a box or
till.]
CASHIER, kash-er', n. a cashrkeeper : one
who has charge of the receiving and pay-
ing of money.
CASHIER, kash-ei-', v.t. to dismiss from a
post in disgrace : to discard or put away.
[Ger. cassire7i — Fr. casser — L. cassare —
cassus. void, empty.]
CASHMERE, kash'mer, n. a rich kind of
shawl, first made at Cashmere, in India.
CASINO, kas-e'no, n. a room for public
dancing. [It. ; from L. casa, a cottage.]
CASK, kask, n. a hollow round vessel for
holding liquor, made of staves bound
with hoops. [Fr. casque, Sp. casco, skull,
helmet, cask.J
CASKET, kask et, n., a little cask or case :
a small case for holding jewels, etc.
CASQUE, CASK, kask, n. a cover for the
head : a helmet. [A doublet of Cask.]
CASSIA, kash'ya, n. a species of laurel-
tree whose bark is cut off on account of
its aromatic qualities : wild cinnamon :
the senna-tree. [L. cassia — Gr. kasia;
from a Heb. root, to cut.]
CASSBIERE, kas-i-mer' (also spelled Ker-
seyiiere), n. a twilled cloth of the finest
wools. [Corr. of Cashmere.]
CASSOCK, kas'ok, n. a vestment worn by
clergjinen under the gown or surplice,
[Fr. casaque — It. casacca — L. casa, a cot-
tage, a covering.]
CASSOWARY, kas'6-war-i, n. an ostrich-
Uke bird, found in the E. Indies. [Malay
kassmvaris.]
CAST, kast, v.t., to throic or fling : to throw
down : to thi-ow together or reckon : to
mould or shape. — v.i. to wai-p :— i^a.f.
and jm.p. cast. — n. act of casting : a
thj'ow : the thing thrown : the distance
thrown : a motion, turn, or squint, as
of the eye : a chance : a mould : the
form received from a mould : manner :
the assignment of the various parts of
a play t^ the several actors : the com-
pany "of actors to whom such have been
assigned. [Scan. ; as Ice. kasta, to throw.]
CASTAWAY, kast'a-wa, «., one cast away,
an outcast.
CASTE, kast, n. one of the classes into
which society in India is divided : any
class of society wliich keeps itself apait
from the rest. [A name given b3- the
Port, to the classes of i>?ople in India,
Port, casta, breed, race — L. cast us, pure,
unmixed.]
CASTELLAN, kas'tel-an, n. governor or
captain of a castle.
CASTELLAR. kas-tel'er, a<y. belonging or
pei'taiuing to a castle. " Ajicieut castellar
dunifeons.'" — M'alpole.
CASTELLATED, kas'tel-at-ed, adj. having
turrets and battlements like a castle.
[L. castellatus.]
CASTER, kast'er, n. a small wheel on the
leas of furniture. — in pi. small cruets.
CASTIGATE, kas'tig-at, v.i., to chastise: to
correct : to punish with stripes. [L.
casfigo, castigattis, fi'om eo-sfjis, pure.]
CASTIGATION, kas-tig-a'shun, n. act of
eastiffating : chastisement : punishment.
CASTIGATOR, kas'tig-at-or, n. one who
castiicates.
CASTING, kast'ing, n. act of casting or
CAST-IKON
55
CAUL
moulding : that which is cast : a mould ;
also same as Worm-cast. " I resolved . . .
to weigh all tlie castings throwa up with-
in a given time in a nieasiu'ed space, in-
stead of ascertaining the rate at which
objects left on the surface were buried
bv worms." — Darwin.
C.^ST-IRON. See under Ikon.
""ASTLE, kasl, n. a, fortified house or fort-
ress : the residence of a prince or noble-
raun. [A.S. castel — L. castdluni, dim. of
castrunif a fortified place : from root
skad, as E. shade.] Formerly a term ap-
plied to a kind of helmet. Some com-
nieatators have unnecessarily given
casque or helmet as the equivalent of
castle in the following passage : —
Which of your han<ls hath not defended Rome,
And reared aloft the bloody battle-ax,
Writing destruction ou the enemy's castle? — Sfiak.
-'ASTOR, kas'tor, n. the beaver : a hat
noade of its fur. [L., Gr. kastor; cL
Sans, kastnri, musk.]
■ASTOR-OIL, kas'tor-oil, n. a medicinal
oil obtained from a tropical plaat, the
Ricinns comimuiii. [Etv. dub.J
J-\STRATE, kas'trat, v.t. to deprive of the
power of generation, to geld : to take
from or render imperfect. — n. Cas-
tra'tio:*. [L. castrare.]
1.ASTRATB, kas'trat, )i. one who has been
castrated, gelded, or emasculated : a
eunuch.
I'^VSUAL, kazh'u-al, adj. accidental : un-
foreseen : occasional. [L. casualis —
casus. See Case.]
"ASUALISM, kazh'u-al-izm, n. the doc-
trine that all things exist or that all
events happen by chance, that is. wth
an efficient, intelligent cause, and with-
out design.
CASUALIST, kazh'u-al -ist, n. one who be-
lieves in the doctrine of casualism.
CASUALTY, kazh'u-al-ti, n., that which
falls out : an accident : a misfortune.
CASUIST, kazh'u-ist, n. one who studies
and resolves cases of conscience.
CASUISTIC, kazh-u-ist'ik, CASUISTICAL,
kazh-u-ist'ik-al, adj. relating to cases of
conscience.
CASUISTRY, kazh'u-ist-ri, n. the science
or doctrine of cases of conscience.
CAT, kat, 11. a common domestic animal,
rin Teut., Celt., Slav., Ar., Turk., and
Late L.J
CATACLYSM, kat'a^kUzm, n. a flood of
water : a deluge. [Gr. katnklysmos —
kata, downward, klyzein, ty wash or
dash.]
CATACLYSSnST, kat'a-kJiz-uiist, n. one
who beheves that many important geo-
logical phenomena are due to cataclysms.
CATACOMB, kat'a-kom, n. a hollow or
cave imtlerground used as a burial-place.
[It. catacomba. Low L. catacumha^—Gr.
kata, downward, and kijmbfi, a hollow,
akin to W. cwm, a hollow.]
CATAFALQUE, kat-a^falk'. n. a tempo-
rary structure jf carpentry representing
a tomb or cenotajjh : a toml) of state.
[Fr. — It. eatafalco — Sp. eatar, to see, and
falco. from the Gor. root of Balcony.
Scaffold is a doublet through Fr. ecfia-
fand.-f
CATALEPSY, kat'arlep-si, n. a disease
that seizes suddenly. — ailj. Catalep'tic.
[Gr., from kata, down, lambano, leo-
aomai, to seize.]
CATALOGUE, kat'a-log, n. a Ust of names,
books, etc. — v.t. to put in a catalogue : —
pr.p. cat'aloguing ; pa.p. cat'alogued.
[Fr. — Late Lat. — Gr., from kata, down,
logos, a coimting.J
"ATAMARAN, kat-a-ma-ran", n. a raft of
three trees, used by the natives of India
and Brazil. [Tamul " tied logs."]
CATAPHRACT, kat'arfrakt, n. a cavalry
soldier, horse and man being both in
complete ai-mor. [Gr. kataphraktos,
covered — kata, quite, phrasso, to in-
close.]
CATAPULT, kat'a^pult, n. anciently a
machine for throwing stones, arrows,
etc. ; an instrument used by boys for
throwing small stones. [L. eatapulta —
Gr. katapeltes — kata, down, pallo, to
throw.]
CATAPULTIER, kat'a-pul-ter, n. one who
manages or discharges missiles from a
catapult. C. Reade.
CATARACT, kat'a-rakt, n. a great water-
fall : a disease of the eye which comes on
as if a veil fell before the eyes. [Gr. kata,
down, arasso, to dash, to rush.]
CATARRH, kat-ar', n. a discharge of fluid
from a mucous membrane, especially of
the nose, cau.sed by cold in the head : the
cold itself. — adj. Catabeh'al. [L. ca-
tarrhus, Gr. katarrkoos — kata, down,
rlieo, to flovvj
CATASTROPHE, kat-as'tro-fe, n., an over-
turning : a final event : an unfortunate
conclusion : a calamity. [Gr. kata,
down, strepho, to turn.]
CATASTROPHISM, kat-as'tro-flzm, n. the
theory or doctrine that geological changes
are due to catastrophes or sudden, violent
Ijhysical causes, rather than to continu-
ous and uniform processes.
CATCAL, CATCALL, kat'kawl, n.a squeak-
ing instrument used in theatres to con-
demn plays.
CATCH, kaoh, v.t., to take hold of: to seize
after pursuit : to trap or insnai-e : to take
a disease by infection. — v.i. to be con-
tagious : — -pa.i. a.nd jia-X}. caught (kawt).
— n. seizure : anything that seizes or
holds : tliat which is caught : a sudden
advantage taken : a song the parts of
which are caught vp by different voices,
[A doublet of Chase, from O. Fr. eachier
— L. captiaretor captare, in ten. of copere,
to take. See Chase.]
CATCHPENNY, kach'pen-i, n. any worthr
less thing, esp. a publication, intended
roerelv to gain monev.
CATCHPOLL, kach'pol," n. a constable.
CATCHUP, kach'up, CATSUP, kat'sup,
KETCHUP, kech'up, n. a Uquor ex-
tracted from mushrooms, etc., used as a
sance. [Prob. of E. Indian origin.]
CATCHA^V'ORD, kach'wurd, n. among ac-
tors, the last word of the preceding
speaker : the first word of a page given
at the bottom of the precedincr page.
CATECHETIC. kat-e-ket'ik, CATECHETI-
CAL, kat-e-ket'ik-al, adj., relating to a
catechism. — adv. Catechet'ically.
CATECHISE, kat'e-kiz. v.t. to instruct by
question and answer : to question ; to
examine. — n. Cat'echiser. [Gr. kate-
chizo, kateched, to din into the ears —
kata, down, eched, to sound.]
CATECHISM, kat'e-kizm, n. a book con-
taining a summary of principles in the
form of questions and answers.
CATECHIST, kat'e-kist, n, one who cate-
chises.
CATECHUMEN, kat-e-kQ'men. n. one who
is being taught the rudiments of Chris-
tianity. [Gr. katechoiimenos. being
taught, p. of katecheo, to teach.]
CATEGORICAL, kat-e-gor'ik-al, adj. posi-
tive : aljsolute ; without exception.
CATEGORY, kat'e-gor-i, n., what may be
affirmed of a class : a class or order.
[Gr. kategoria — kata, down, against,
agoreuo, to harangue, declai'e.]
CATER, ka'ter, v.i. to provide food, enter-
tainment, etc. — n. Ca'teker. [Lit. to
act as a cater, the word being orig. a
substantive, and spelled catonr — O. Fr.
oca* (Fr. ac/iat), a purchase — Low L. ac-
eajytare, to buy — L. ad, to, captare^
intensive of capere. to take.]
CATERPILLAR, kat'er-pil-ar, ji. a grub
that Uves upon the leaves of plants.
[O. Fr. ehattepeleuse, a hau-y cat — chatte,
a she-cat, pieleiise = Lat. pilosus, hairy.]
CATERWAUL, kat'er-wawl, v.i. to make a
uoise like cats.
GATES, katz, n.pl. dainty food. [O. R'
acates — root of Cater.]
CATGUT, kat'gut, n. a kind of cord mad«
from the intestines of animals, and used
as strings for musical instruments.
CATHARTIC, kath-art'ik,CATHARTICAL,
kath-iirt'ik-al, adj. having the power of
cleansing the stomach and bowels : purga-
tive. [Gr. kathartikos, fit for cleansing,
from katharos, clean.]
CATHARTIC, kath-ai-t'ik, n. a purgative
medicine.
CATHEDRAL, kath-e'dral. n. tbe prmcipal
church of a diocese, in which is the seat
or throne of a bishop. — adj. belong^ing to
a cathedral. [L. cathedra — Gr. katheara,
a seat.]
CATHOLIC, kath'ol-ik, adj., universal :
general, embracing the wltole body of
Christians : Uberal, the opp. of exclusive :
the name claimed bj' its adherents for
the Church of Rome as the representa-
tive of the church founded by Christ
and his apostles : relating to the Roman
Catholics. — n. an adherent of the Ro-
man Catholic Church. [Gr. katholikos,
universal — kata, throughout, holos, the
whole.]
CATHOLICISM, ka-thol'i-sizm. CATHOL-
ICITY, kath-ol-is'it-i, n., universality;
libei'ality or breadth of view : the tenets
of the R. Catholic Church.
CATHOOD, kat'hood, n. the state of being,
a cat. "Decidedly my kitten should!
never attain to cathood." — SoiUhey.
CATKIN, kat'kin, n. a loose cluster of
flowers like a cat's tail growing on cer-
tain trees, as hazels, etc. [Cat, and dim.
suffix -kin.']
CAT-0"-NINE-TAILS, kat'-6-nin'-taIz, n. a
whip with nine lashes.
CATOPTRIC, kat-op'trik. adj relatmg to
catoptrics, or vision by reflection. [Gr.,
from katoptron, a mirror — kata, against,
optomai. to see.]
CATOPTRICS, kat-op'triks, n.sing. the part
of optics which treats of reflected light.
CAT'S-PAW, kats'-paw, n. the dupe or tool
of another : (jiatit.) a light breeze. [From
the fable of the monkey who used the
paws of the cat to draw the roasting
chestnuts out of the fire.]
CAT-THYME, kat'-tim, n., Teucrium
Marum, a plant belonging to the Labi-
ate, one of the germanders, formerly
used in medicine.
CATTLE, kat'l, n.pl. beasts of pasture, esp.
oxen, bulls, and cows ; sometimes also
horses, sheep, etc. [O. Fr. catel, ehatel
— Low L. cax>tale. orig. capital, property
in general, then esp. animals — L. cajn-
talis, chief — caput, the head, beasts in
early tunes forming the chief part of
property.]
CAUCUS, kaw'kus, n. a party combination
or meeting- for influencing elections, esp.
in Amer. [Ety. dub. ; pei-h. a corr. of
ealkers' club, the nickname of a BostoB
clique .about 1706.]
CAUDAL, kaw'dal, adj. pertaining tc the
tail : having a tail or something like one.
[L. Cauda.]
Caudle, Icaw'dl, «., a war« drink given
to the sick. [O. Fr. ehaudel — Fr. ehaud
— L. '•iilidus. hot.]
CAUGHT, kawt, pa. f. and. pa.p. of C.^TCH.
CAUL, kawl, n. a net or covering for the
head : the membrane covering the head
of some infants at their birth. fO. Fr.
CAULDRON
56
CENSORIOUS
eate, a little cap— Celt. caUa, a veil,
hoodj
CAULDKOK. See Caldeon.
CAULIFLOWER, kaw'li-flow-er, n. a vari-
ety of cabbage, the eatable part of which
is the flower. [L. caulis, cabbage, and
Flower. See Cole.]
CAULK. See Calk.
STvAULKEE, kawVer, n. a dram : a glass or
other small quantity of spirits. (Slang.)
[Perhaps so called from being regarded
as keeping all tight, keeping out the wet.]
"Take a caulker? . . , No? Tak' a
drap o' kindness yet for auld langsyne."
— Kingsley.
CAUSAL, kawz'al, aclj. relating to a cause
or causes.
CAUSALITY, kawz-al'it-i, n. the working
of a cause : (phren.) the faculty of trac-
ing effects to their causes.
CAUSATION, kawz-a'shun, n., the act of
causing : the brinsing about of an ef-
fect.— Law of UNIVKKSAL CAUSATION is
the law or doctrine that every event
or phenomenon is the result or sequel
of some previous event or phenomenon
without which it could not have taken
place, and which being present it is sure
to take place.
CAUSATIONISM, kawz-a'shun-izm, n.
same as Laio of Universal Causation,
[See under Causation.]
CAUSATIONIST, kawz-a'shun-ist, n. one
who believes in causationism or in the
operation of tliG law of causation.
CAUSATIVE, kawz'a-tiv, adj. producing
an effect : caimng. — adv. Caus'ativelt.
CAUSE, kawz, n. that by or through which
anything is done : inducement : a legal
action. — i\t. to produce : to make to ex-
ist : to bring about. [Fr. cause — L.
causa. J
DAUSEUjESS, kawzles, adj., having no
cause or occasion. — adv. Cause'LESSLY. —
n. Cause'lessness.
CAUSEUSE, ko-zez, n. a small sofa or set-
tee for seating two persons. [Fr., from
causer, to converse.]
CAUSEWAY, kawz'wa, CAUSEY, kawz'e,
n, a'pathway raised and jjaved with stone.
[O. Fr. caucie, Fr, chaussie — ^L. calciata
— calx, chalk, because built with mortar.]
CAUSTIC, kaws'tik, adj., burning : severe,
cutting. — n. a substance that burns or
wastes away the flesh. [L. — Gr. kaus-
tikos — kg id, kaiiso, to burn.]
CAUSTICITY, kaws-tis'i-ti, Ji. quality of
being caustic.
CAUTERIZATION, kaw-ter-Iz-a'shun ,
CAUTERISai, kaw-ter-ism, CAUTERY,
kaw'ter-i, n. a burning ^vith caustics or a
hot iron.
CAUTERIZE, kaw'ter-Iz. v.t. to bum with
a caustic or a hot iron. [Fr. cauteriser
— Gr. kauter, a hot \von—-kaid, to burn.]
CAUTION, kaw'shun, n. heedfulness : se-
curity : warning. — v.t, to warn to take
care. [Fr. — L. cautio — caveo, to beware.]
CAUTIONARY, kaw'shun-ai--i, adj. con-
taining caution : given as a pledge.
CAUTIOUS, kaw'shus, adj. possessing or
using caution : watchful : prudent. — ade,
Cau'tiouslt.-- ?i. Cau'tiousness.
UAVALCADE, kav'al-kad, n. a train of
Eersons on horseback. [Fr. — It. cavallo —
u cabaUus, Gr. kaballes, ahorse, a nag.]
UAVALIER, kav-al-er*, n. a knight : a par-
tisan of Charles I. — adj. like a cavalier ;
gay : warlike : haughty. — adv. Cava-
LiER'Ly. [Fr. — It. cavallo. See Caval-
cade.]
CAVALRY, kav'al-ri, «., 7jorse-soldiers.
£Fr. cavalerie — ^It.l
VE, kav, n. a hollmo place in the earth :
a den. [Fr. — L. cavea — cavus, hollow.
Cage is a doublet.]
CAVEAT, ka've-at, n. (lit.) let him take
care : a notice of warning : a notice to
stop proceedings in a court. [L. — caveo,
to take care.]
CAVENDISH, kav'en-dish, n. tobacco
moistened'and pressed into quadrangular
cakes.
CAVERN, kav'ern, n. a, deep hollow place
in the eai'th. [L. eavema — cavu^, hol-
low.]
CAVERNOUS, ka\''er-nus, adj., hoUow:
full of caverns.
CAVIARE, CAVIAE, kav-i-ar', n, an ar-
ticle of food made from the salted roes of
the sturgeon, etc. [Fr. caviar — It. catnale
--Turk, havi&r.'l
CAVIL, kav'il, v.i. to make empty, trifling
objections : to use false arguments : —
pr.p. caViUing; pa.p. cav'illed. — n. a
frivolous objection. — n. Cav'iller. [O.
Fr. caviller — L. cavillor, to practice jest-
ing—mi'/ZZo, jesting.]
CAVITY, kaVit-i, n., a holloio place: hol-
lowness : an opening. [L. cavitas —
cai'us, hollow.]
CAVO-RILIEVO, ka'v6-re-le-a'v6, n. in
scidp. a kind of relief in which the high-
est surface is only level with the plane
of the original stone. Sculpture of this
kind is much employed in the decoration
of the walls of Egyptian temples. [It.]
CAW, kaw, v.i. to cry as a crow. — n. the
cry of a crow. — n. CAW'tNO. [From the
sound. See CHOUGH.]
CAZIQUE, ka-zek', n. a chief in certain
parts of America at the time of its dis-
covery. [Span, cacique, orig. Haytian.]
CEASE, ses, v.i., to give over : to stop : to
be at an end. — v.t. to put an end to.
[Fr. cesser — L. cesso, to give over — cedo,
to is-ield, give up.]
CEASELESS, sesles, adj., inthaut ceasing :
incessant.— adi;, Cease'lesslY.
CEDAR, se'dar, n. a large evergreen tree
remarkable for the durabihty and frag-
rance of its wood. — fiff;. made of cedar.
Also Cedarn. [L. — Gr. fcedros.]
CEDE, sed, v.t. to yield or give up to an-
other.— v.i. to give way. [L. cedo, ces-
sum, to go away from.]
CEIBA, sare'ba or tha-eTsa, n. the sUk-
cotton tree (Bombax Ceiba). [Sp.]
CEIL, sel, v.t. to overlay the inner roof of
a room. [See CEHlNa.]
CEILING, sel'ing, n. the inner roof of a
room. [M. E. syle or cyll, a canopy — Fr.
del, heaven, a canopv, a ceiling — L.
caelum, the vault of heaven. Cf. Gr.
koilos =. E. Hollow.]
CELADON, sel'ardon, n. a soft, pale, sea-
green color, so called from the name of
the hero of the romance "Astree," pop-
vdar in France in the Louis XIV. epoch.
" Porcelain beautiful with celadon.'" —
Longfellou:
CELANDINE, sel'an-dln, n., sicallow-vtort,
a plant of the poppy family, so named
because it was supposed to flower when
the swalloira appeared, and to perish
when they departed. [O. Fr. celidoine —
Gr. cheliaonion — chelidon, a swallow.]
CELEBRATE, sel'e-brat, v.t. to make fa-
mous : to distinguish by solemn cere-
monies. [L. celebro, -atum — celeber,
frequented.]
CELEBRATION, sel-e-bra'shun, n., act of
celebrating.
CELEBRITY, sel-eb'ri-ti, n. the condition
of being celebrated : fame. [L. celebritas
— celeber.^
CELERITY, sel-er'it-i, n. quickness : rapid-
ity of motion. [Fr. — L. celeritas — celer,
quick — cello, Gr. kello, to drive, urge on.]
CELERY, sel'er-i, n. a kitchen vegetable.
[Fr. celeri — L. and Gr. selinon, parslev.]
CELESTIAL, sel-est'yal, adj. heavenly:
dwelling in heaven : in the ■visible heav-
ens.— iu an inhabitant of heaven. — adv.
Celest'ially. [L. coelestis — eaelur^^
heaven ; Gr. koilos, E. HoLLOW.]
CELIBACY, sel'i-bas-i or se-Ub'as-i, n. a
single life : an unmarried state. [L,
ccelebs, single.]
CELIBATE, sel i-bat, adj., pertaining to a
single life. — n. one unmarried.
CELL, sel, n. a small room : a cave : »
small shut cavity. [L. cella, conn witk
celare, to cover.]
CELLARET, sel-ar-et', n. an ornamental
case for holding bottles. [A diminutive
of Cellar.]
CELLAR, serar, n. a cell under ground
where stores are kept. [L. cellarium—
cella.']
CELLARAGE, sel'ar-aj, n. space for cellars:
cellars : charge for storing in cellars.
CELLULAR, sel'u-lar, adj., consisting of or
containing cells. [From L. cellula, a lit-
tle cell.]
CELLULOID, seHu-loid, n. an artificial
substance, chiefly composed of cellulose
or vegetable flbnne, and much used as a
substitute for ivory, bone, coral, etc., in
the manufacture of piano-keys, buttons,
biUiard-balls, shirt cuffs, etc. The cellu-
lose is first reduced by acids to pjToxy-
line, camphor is then added, and t&e
mixture is subjected to immense hydrau-
lic pressure. The compound may then
be moulded by heat and pressure to any
desired shape, and it becomes hard, elas-
tic, and capable of taking on a fine finish.
[From cellulose, and Gr. eidos, resem-
blance.]
CELT, selt, n. a cutting instrument of
stone or metal found in ancient barrows,
[Founded on Celte (translated " \rith a
chisel"), perh. a misreading for certe
(" surely "), in the Vulgate, Job xix 24.]
CELT, selt, n. one of the Celts, an Aiyan
race, now represented by the Welsh
Irish, and Scottish Higl'ilanders.— a^;'^
Celt'ic. [L. Celtce; Gr. Keltoi or Keltai.]
CEMENT, se-ment', n. anything that makes
two bodies stick together : mortar : a
bond of union. [L. ccementa, cliips of
stone used to fill up in building a wall,
ccedimenta — ccedo, to cut off.]
CEMENT, se-ment', v.t. to unite viith ce-
ment : to join firmly.
CEMENTATION, sem-ent-a'shun, n., the
act of cementing : the process by wliich
iron is turned into steel, glass into por-
celain, etc. — done by surrounding them
with a cement or powder and exposing
them to heat.
CEMETERY, sem'e-ter-i, n. a burying-
ground. [Low L. ccemeterium — Gr. koime-
terion — koimao, to lull to sleep.]
CENOBITE, sen'o-bit or se'no-bit, n. one
of a rehgious order ZiVnigr in a community,
in opposition to an Anchorite : a monk.
— adjs. Cenobit'ic, Cenobit'ical. [L.
ccenomta — Gr. koinobios, from koinos,
common, and bios, life.]
CENOTAPH, sen'6-taf, n. (lit.) an empty
tomb : a nioniuuent to one who is buried
elsewhere. [Fr. — L. — Gr. kenotaphion
— kenos, empty, and taphos, a tomb.]
CENSER, senser, n. a pan in which jn-
cense is burned. [Fr. encensoir — Low L.
inceiisorium.]
CENSOR, sen'sor, n. in ancient Rome, an
officer who kept account of the property
of the citizens, imposed taxes, and
watched over theu- morals ; in modem
times, an officer who examines books or
newspapers before thej' are printed, and
whose permission is necessary for their
JiubUcation : one who censures or blames.
L. — censeo, to weigh, to estimate.]
NSORIAL, sen-sffri-al, adj. belonging
to a censor, or to the correction of public
morals.
CENSORIOUS, sen-so'ri-us, adj. expressing
CENSOESHIP
57
CHALICE
censure : tault-finding-. — adv. Censo'-
EIOUSLY. — n. CeNSO'RIOUSNESS.
rENSORSHIP. son'sor-ship, ii. office of
censor : time during which he holds of-
fice.—Censorship OF THE PRESS, a regu-
lation of certain governments, by which
books and newspapers must be examined
by officers, whose approval is necessary
to their publication.
CENSURABLE, sen'shur-a-bl, adj. deserv-
ing of censure: blamable. — adv. Cen'-
SUEABLY. — n. CEN'SUKABLENESS.
ENSURE, sen'shur, n. an unfavorable
judgment: blame: reproof. — v.t. to
blame : to condemn as wrong. [L. cen-
sura, an opinion, a severe judgment —
censeo. to estimate or judge.]
l'ENSUS. sen'sus, ?(. an official enumera-
tion of the inhabitants of a country. [L.
census, a register.]
CENT, sent, n., a hundred: an American
coin=the hundredth part of a dollar. —
Per Cent, by the hundred. [L. centum,
a hundred.]
' ENTAGE, sent'aj, n. rate hy the hundred.
ENTAL, sen'tal, n. a weight of 100 lbs.
proposed for general adoption, legalized
in 1878 in Eng., but not in U. S.
CENTAL, sen'tal, adj. pertaining to or con-
sisting of a hundred : reckoning or pro-
ceeding by the hundred. [L. centum, a
hundred.]
I ENTAUR, sen'tawr, n. a fabulous mon-
ster, half-man half-horse. [L. — Gr. ken-
tauros ; ety. dub.]
CENTENARY, sen'ten-ar-i, n. a hundred :
a century or hundred years. — adj. per-
taining to a hundred. — n. Centena'riaN,
one a hundred years old. [L. — centeni,
a hundred each — centum.']
CENTENNIAL, sen-ten'i-al, adj. happen-
ing once in a hundred years. [Coined
from L. centum, and annus, a year.]
3ENTESIMAL, sen-tes'i-mal, adj., hun-
dredth.—adv. Centes'tmat.t.y. [L. ceji-
tesimus — centum.]
CENTIGRADE, sen'ti-grad, adj. having a
hundred degrees : divided into a hundred
degrees, as the centigrade thermometer,
in which freezing-point is zero and boil-
ing-point is 100°. [L. centum, and gradus,
a step, a degree.]
CENTIPED, sen'ti-ped, CENTIPEDE, sen'-
ti-ped, n. an insect with a hundred or a
great many feet. [L. centum, and pes,
pedis, a foot.]
CENTNER, sent'ner, n. a common name
on the Continent for a hundredweight.
CENTRAL, sen'tral, CENTRIC, sen'trik,
CENTRICAL, sen'trik-al, adjs., relating
to, placed in, or containing the centre. —
adv.^. Cen'trally, Cen'trically.
CENTRALIZE, sen'tral-Iz, v.t. to draw to a
centre. — n. Centraliza'tion.
CENTRE, CENTER, sen'ter, n. the middle
point of anything : the middle. — v.t. to
place on or collect to a centre. — v.i. to
be placed in the middle : — pr.j). cen'tring,
cen'tering ; pa.p. cen'tred, cen'tered. [Fr.
— L. centrum — Gr. kentron, a sharp point
— kenteo, to prick.]
CENTRIFUGAL, sen-trif'u-gal, adj. tend-
ing to flee from the centre. [L. centrum,
and fugio, to flee from.]
CENTRIFUGENCE, sen-trif'u-jens, w. the
tendency to fly off from the centre : cen-
trifugal force or tendency. Emerson.
CENTRIPETAL, sen-trip'et-al, adj., tend-
ing toward the centre. [L. centmm, and
peto, to seek.]
CENTUPLE, sen'tu-pl, adj., hundred-fold.
[L. centuplex — centum, and plico, to fold.]
CENTURION, sen-tu'ri-on, n. among the
Romans, the commander of a hundred
men. [L. centurio.]
CENTURY, sen'tu-ri, n., a hundred, or
something consisting of a hundred in
number : a hundred years. [L. centuria
— centum.]
CEPHALIC, se-fal'ik, adj. belonging to
the liead. [Gr. kephalikos — kephale, the
head.]
CEPHALOTRIPSY, sef'a-lo-trip-si, n. in
obstretrics. the act or practice of operat-
ing with tlie cephalotribe : the operation
of crushing the head of the foetus in the
womb to facilitate deUvery. Dunglison.
CERACEOUS, se-ra'shus, adj., of or like
mix.
CERAMIC, se-ram'ik, adj., pertaining to
pottery. [Gr. keramos, potter's earth,
and suffix -ic]
CERASTES, se-ras'tez, n. a genus of poi-
sonous African serpents, having a horny
scale over each eye. [L. — Gr. kerastes,
horned — keras, horn.]
CERE, ser, v.t. to cover with ivax. — ns.
Cere'cloth, Cere'ment, a cloth dipped
in melted wax in which to wrap a dead
body. [L. cera ; cog. with Gr. keros,
Gael, ceir, beeswax.]
CEREAL, se're-al, adj. relating to corn or
edible grain. — Cereals, se're-alz, n.pl.
the grains used as food, such as wheat,
barley, etc. [L. cerealis — Ceres, the god-
dess of corn or produce.]
CEREBELLUM, ser-e-bel'um, n. the hinder
and lower part of the brain. [L., dim. of
cerebrum.]
CEREBRAL, ser'e-bral, adj., pertaining to
the cerebrum. — n. Cerebra'tion, action
of the brain, conscious or unconscious.
CEREBRALISM, ser'e-bral-izm, n. in psy-
ch ol. the theory or doctrine that all men-
tal operations arise from the activity of
the cerebrum or brain.
CEREBRALIST, ser'e-bral-ist, n. one who
holds the doctrine or theory of cere-
bralism.
CEREBRUM, ser'e-brum, n. the front and
larger part of the brain. [L. cerebruTn,
the brain, of which cere = Gr. kara, the
head, M. E. hemes, brains, Scot, hams.]
CEREMONIAL, ser-e-mo'ni-al, adj. relat-
ing to ceremony. — n. outward form: a sys-
tem of ceremonies. — adj. Ceremo'nially".
CEREMONIOUS, ser-e-mo'ni-us, adj., full
of ceremony : particular in observing
forms : precise. — adv. Ceremo'niouslY".
—n. Ceremo'niousness.
CEREMONY, ser'e-mo-ni, n. a sacred rite :
the outward form, religious or ottierwise.
[Fr.— L. ccerimonia, from root, kar, to
make, do.]
CERTAIN, ser'tan or ser'tin, adj. sure :
fixed : regular : some : one. — adv. Cer'-
TAiNLY. — ns. Cer'tatnty, Cer'titude.
[Fr. certain — L. certus, old part, of cerno,
to decide.]
CERTIFICATE, ser-tifi-kat, n. a written
declaration of some fact : a testimonial
of character. — i\t. to give a certificate. —
n. Certifica'tion. [Fr. certificat — L.
certus, and /«c)o.]
CERTIFY, ser'ti-fT, v.t., to make known as
certain ; to inform : to declare in writ-
ing : — pr.p. cer'tifying ; pa.p. cer'tified.
[Fr. certifier — L. certus, and faeio, to
make.]
CERULEAN, se-roo'le-an, adj., sk7j-blue ;
dark-blue : sea-green. [L. coeruleus —
cceluleus — ccelum, the sky.]
CERUSE, se'roos, n. white-lead, the na-
tive carbonate of lead. [Fr. — L. cerussa,
conn, with cera, wax.]
CERVICAL, ser'vi-kal, adj. belonging to
the neck. [Fr. — L. cervix, cervicis, the
neck.]
CERVINE, ser'vin, adj. relating to deer.
[L. cervits, a stag ; akin to E. hart.]
CESAREAN, se-zil're-an, adj. the Cesarean
operation is taking a child out of the
body of its mother l)?/ cutting. [L. ccBclo,
ctesus, to cut.]
CESS, ses, n. a tax. — v.t. to impose a tax,
[Shortened from Assess.]
CESSATION, ses-a'shun, n. a ceasing or
stopping : a rest : a pause. [Fr. — L. ; see
Cease.]
CESSION, sesh'un, n. a yielding U]). [Fr
— L. ; see Cede.]
CESSPOOL, ses' pool, n., a pool or hollow in
which filthy water collects. [Ace. to
Skeat, from Celt, soss-pool, a pool into
which foul messes flow. Cf. Scot, soss,
a mixed dirty mess.]
CESTUS, ses'tus, n. the girdle of Venus,
which had power to awaken love : an
ancient boxing-glove loaded with lead or
iron. [L. — Gr. kestos, a gii'dle.]
CESURA. See C^sura.
CETACEOUS, set-a'shus, adj. belonging to
fishes of the u-hale-kind. [L. ceie — Gr,
ketos. any sea-monster.]
CHACE. See Chase.
CHAFE, chaf, v.t., to make hot by rubbing:
to fret or wear by rubbing : to cause to
fret or rage. — v.t. to fret or rage. — n.
heat caused by rubbing: rage : passion.
[Fr. chauffer — L. calefacere — caleo, to be
hot, and facere, to make.]
CHAFER, chafer, n. a kind of beetle. [A.S.
ceafor.]
CHAFF, chaf. n. the case or covering of
grain : empty, worthless matter. — adjs.
Chaff'y, Chaft'less. [A.S. ceaf ; Ger.
kaff.]
CHAFF, chaf, v.t. to banter. — n. Chaff'-
ING. [A corr. of chafe.]
CHAFFER, chafer, v.t., to buy.— v.i. to
bargain : to haggle about the price.
[M.E. chapfare, a bargain, from A.S.
ceap. price, faru, way — a business pro-
ceeding. ]
CHAFFINCH, chaf'insh, n. a little song-
bird of the finch family. [Said to delight
in chaff. See Finch.]
CHAGRIN, sha-gren', w. that which uears
or gnaws the mind : vexation : ill-hu-
mor.— v.t. to vex or annoy. [Fr. chagrin,
shagreen, rough skin used for rasping or
polishing wood.]
CHAIN, chan, n. a series of links or rings
passing through one anothep : a number
of things coming after each other : any-
thing that binds : a measure of 100 links,
66 feet long. — v.t. to bind with or as with
a chain. [Fr. chaine — L. catena.]
CHAIR, char, n. something to sit down
upon : a movable seat for one. with a
back to it : the seat or office of <»ne in
authority. — v.t. to carry one publicly in
triumph. [Fr. chaire—'L. cathedra — Gr.
kathedra — kathezomai, to sit down.]
CHAISE, shaz, n. a light two-wheeled car-
riage, for two persons, drawn by one
horse. [Fr., a Parisian pronunciation of
chaire. See Chair.]
CHALCEDONY, kal-sed'o-ni or kal'-, n. a
variety of quartz of a milk-and-water
color.— or?/. Chalcedon'ic. [From Chal-
cedon, in Asia Minor.]
CHALCIDID^, kal-sid'i-de, ?!.p/. a famUy
of lizards, with long, snake-hke bodies,
but having minute fore and hind limlw
present : the scales are rectangular, and
arranged in transverse bands which do
not overlap. All the members of the
group are American. H. A. Nicholson,
[Gr. chalkcis, a kind of lizard, and eidos,
resemblance.]
CHALCOPYRITE, kal-ko-pir'It, n. yellow
or copper pyrites. [Gr. k(dkos, copper,
and pyrites, from pyr, fire. See under
Pyrites.]
CHALDAIC, kal-da'ik, CHALDEE, kal'de,
adj. relating to Chaldea.
CHALDRON, chawl'drun, n. a coal-measure
holding 36 bushels. \Yi-. chaudron. See
Caldron.]
CHALICE, charis. n. a cup or houl ■ a
CHALK
58
CHARACTER
commuaion-cup. — adj. Chal'ICED. [Ft.
calice — L. calix, calicis ; Gr. kylix, a cup.
Calys is a dill'erent word, but from tlie
same root.]
CHALK, chawk, n. the well-known white
substance, a carbonate of lime. — v.t. to
rub or manure with chalk. — adj.
Chalk'y. — n. Chalk'djess. [A.S. eealc,
like Fr. chaiuc, O. Fr. ehaulx, is from L.
cal.v, Umestone.]
JHALLENGE, chal'enj, v.t. to call on one
to settle a matter bj- lighting or any kind
of contest: to claim as one's own: to
accuse : to object to. — n. a summons to
a contest of any kind : exception to a
juror : the demand of a sentry. [O. Fr.
dialenge, a dispute, a claim — L. caluinniu,
a false accusation — calui, caluere, to de-
ceivej
CHALYBRAN, ka-lib'e-an, adj. forged oy
the Chalybes of Pontus, noted for their
preparation of steel : well-tempered.
[See Chalybeate.]
CHALYBEATE, karlib'e-at, adj. contain-
ing iron. — re. a water or other liquor con-
taining iron. [Gr. chalyps, chalybos,
steel, so called from the Chalyhes, a na-
tion in Pontus famous for steel.]
CHAMBER, cham'ber, n. an apai"tment :
the place where an assembly meets : an
assembly or body of men met for some
purpose, as a chamber of commerce : a
hall of justice : the back end of the bore
of a gun. — adj. Cha.m'beeed. — n. CHAil'-
BERD«5, in B., lewd behavior. [Fr. cham-
bre — L. camera — Gr. kamara, a vault, a
room ; akin to Celt, cam, crooked.]
CHA31BERLAIN, chamTjer-lan or -lin, n.
an overseer of the private apartments of
a monarch or nobleman : treasurer of a
corporation. — n. Chaji'berlaixship. [O.
Fr. chambrelenc ; O. Ger. chamerling —
L camera, a chamber, and affix ling or
Ze,ie=E. ling in hireling.']
CHAMBERLIN, cham'ber-Un, n. a servant
in an inn, in olden times, who united in
himself the offices of chambermaid,
waiter, and boots. [A form of Chamber-
lain.]
CHAMELEON, ka-mel'yun, n. a small liz-
ard famous for changing its color. [L.
chamceleon — Gr. chamaileon — chamai (==
L. humi), on the ground, leon, a lion^a
dwarf-lion.]
CHAMOIS, shara'waw or sha-moi', «. a
kind of goat : a soft kind of leather orig-
inally made from its skin. [Fr. — Ger.
gemse, a chamois.]
CHAMOMILE. See Camomile.
CH^\3IP, champ, v.i. to make a snapping
noise with the jaws in chewing. — v.t. to
bite or chew. [Older form chain, from
Scand., as in Ice. kiapta, to chatter,
l-ia2}tr, the jaw.]
CHAMPAGNE, sham-pan', n. alight
sparkling wine from Champagne, in
France.
CHAMPAIGN, sham-pan', adj., level, open.
— H. an open, level country. [A doublet
of Campaign, from O. Fr. champaigne —
L. Campania, a plain.]
CHAMP AIN, sham-pan , adj. champaign.
CHAMPION, cham'pi-un, n. one who fights
in single combat for himself or for an-
other : a successful combatant : a hero.
~-n. Cham'pioNSHIF. [Fr.— Low L. cam-
p:i> -Low L. canqyus, a combat — L. cam-
pus, a plain, a place for g;imes ; whence
also are borrowed A.S. camp, a fight,
cempa. a warrior, Ger. hdmpfen, to figlit.]
CHANCE, chans, n. that which falls out
or happens : an unexpected event : risk :
opportanity : possibility of something
happening. — v.t. to risk^ — v.i. to happen.
— adj. happening by chance. [Fr. — Low
L. cadentia — L. cado, to fall.]
CHANCEL, chan'sel, n. the part of a
church where the altar is placed, for-
merly inclosed with lattices or rails. [O.
Fr. — L. cancelli, lattices.]
CHANCELLOR, chaa'sel-or, n. the presi-
dent of a court of chancery or other
court. — n. Chah'CEIXORSHIP. [Fr. chan-
eeliei — Low L. cancellarius, orig. an offi-
cer tliat had charge of records and stood
near the cuncelli (L.), the crossbars that
smTounded tlie judgment-seat.]
CHANCE-MEDLEY, chans'-med-li, re. the
killing of a person by chance or in self-
defence. [Chance, a corruption of Fr.
chawle, hot, melee, fray, fight.]
CHANCERY, chan'ser-i, n. the highest
Enghsh court next to the parliament ;
in the United States a lower court of
equity. Also a pugilistic term for the
position of an opponent's head when it
is under one's arm, so that it may be
held and pommelled severely, the victim
meanwhile being unable to retaliate ef-
fectively ; hence, sometimes figuratively
used of an awkward fix or predicament.
[Fr. chancellerie.]
CHANTJELIER, shan-de-ler*, n. a frame
with branches for holding hghts. [Fr. —
Low L. ca7idelaria, a candlesticK — L.
candela, a candle.]
CHANDLER, chand'ler", n. orig. a candle
maker and dealer : a dealer generaUj-.
[Fr. chandelier.]
lY, chi
by a chandler.
CHANDLERl
and'ler-1, n. goods sold
CHANGE, chanj, v.t. to alter or make dif-
ferent : to put or give one thing or per-
son for anotlier : to make to pass from
one state to another. — v.i. to suffer
change. — n. alteration or variation of
any kind : a shift : variety : small coin :
also used as a short term for the Ex-
change.— To PUT THE CHANGE ON, to trick :
to mislead : to deceive : to humbug. "I
have jmt the change upon her that she
may be otherwise employed." — Con-
greve. "You ca.nnot put tlie change on
me so easy as you think, for I have Uved
among tlie quick-stirring spirits of the
age too long to swallow chsfl for grain."
— Sir W. Scott. [Ft. changer — ^Late L.
cambiare — L. ccnnbire, to barter.]
CHANGEABLE, chanj'a-bl. adj. subject
or prone to change : fickle : inconstant. —
adv. Change' ABLY. — n. Change' able-
VESS
CHANGEFUL, chanj'fool, adj., full of
change : changeable. — adv. Change'fuIt
ly.— re. Change'fulntjss.
CHANGELESS, chanj'les, adj., without
change : constant.
CHANGELING, chanj'Ung, n. a chUd taken
or left in place of another : one apt to
change.
CHANNEL, chan'el, Jt. the bed of a sti-eam
of water : the deeper part of a -strait,
bay, or hai'bor : a strait or narrow sea :
means of passing or convej'ing. [O. Fr.
Chanel or canel — L. canalis.]
CHANT, chant, i:t., losing: to celebrate
in song : to recite in a singing manner.
— n., song : melody : a kind of sacred
music, in which prose is sung. [Fr.
chanter (It. cajiiare)— L. canto— cano, to
sing.]
CHANTER, chant'er, n., one who chants :
a chief singer : the tenor or treble pipe of
a bagjjipe.
CHANTICLEER, cliant'i-kl5r, n. a cock.
[11. E. chaunte-cleer, from Chant and
Cleak.]
CHANTRY, chant'ri, n. an endowed chapel
in which masses are chanted for the
soiUs of the donors or others. [O. Fr.
chaiiterie — chanter, to sing.]
CHAOS, ka'os, n. a confused, shapeless
mass : disorder : the state of matter be-
fore it was reduced to order by the Crear
tor. [L. and Gr. chaas — root ha, to g^ape,
seen also in Gr. chaino, cliao, to gape,
to yawn.]
CHAOTIC, ka-ot'ik, adj., like chaos : con-
fused or disoi'dered.
CHAP, chap or chop, v.t., to cut : to cleave,
split, or crack. — v. i. to crack or open in
slits i—jpr.p. chapp'ing ; pa.p. cliapped',
chapt. [E.; Dut. kappen, Dan. kappe,U
cut. See Chip.]
CHAP, chap, CHOP, chop, n. a cleft, crack,
or chink.
CHAPBOOK, chap^ook, n. a small kind of
book or tract, at one time carried about
for sale bj' chapmen.
CHAPEL, chap'el, n. place of worship in-
ferior or subordinate to a regular church,
or attached to a palace or a private dwell-
ing : a dissenters' place of worsliip. [Fr.
chapelle, O. Fr. capele — Low L. capella,
dim. of cax)a, a cloak or cope : such a
small cope was kept in the palaces of
king's on which to administer oaths ; the
name was transferred to the sanctuary
where the capella was kept, and hence to
any sanctuary containing reUcs. Littre.]
CHAPELRY', ciiap'el-ri, u. the jm-isdiction
of a chapel.
CHAPERON, shap'e-ron, n. a kind of hood
or cap : one who attends a lady m pubhc
places as a protector. — v.t. to attend a
lady to pubhc places. [Fr., a large hood
or head-dress, and hence a person who
affords protection Uke a hood — chape, a
hooded cloak — Low L. cappa. See Cape.]
CHAP-FALLEN, cliap-fawln. Same as
Chop-fallen.
CHAPITER, chap'i-ter, n. the head or
capital of a column. |Fr. chapitel — Low
L. cajntelhim, dim. of L. caput, the head.]
CHAPLAIN, chap'lan or chap'Un, n. a
clei-gyman attached to a ship of wai% a
regiment, a public institution, or family.
— res. Chap'laikcy, Chap'lainship. [Fr
chapelain — Low L. eapellanus — capciia
See Ch,vpel.]
CHAPLET, chaplet, n. a garland or wreath
for the head : a rosary. [Fr. chapelet,
dim. of O. Ft. chapel, a liat — Low L.
capa, a cape.]
CHAPLET, chaplet, v.t. to crown or adorn
witli a chaplet. " His forehead chapleted
^green with wreathy hop." — Brointing.
CHAPMAN, chap'man, n. one who buys or
sells : a dealer. [A.S. ceap-man — ceaji,
trade, and 7naH. See Cheap.]
CHAPS, chaps, n.}}!. the jaws. [N. E. and
Scot, chafts— Scand., as Ice. kjaptr, the
jaw. See Jowl.]
CHAPT, chapt, pa.p. of Chap.
CHAPTER, chap'ter, n., a head or division
of a book : a corporation of clergymen
belonging to a cathedral or collegiate
church : an organized branch of some
society or fraternity. [Fr. chapitre — L,
capitidnm, dim. of caput, the head.]
CHAPTER, chap'ter, v.t. to divide or ar-
range into chapters, as a hterarj- compo-
sition.
CHAR, char, n. work done bj' the day : a
turn of work : a job. — v.i. to work by the
day. [A.S. cierr, a turn, space of time—
eyrran, to turn.]
CHAR, char, n. a red-bellied fish of the
salmon kind, found in mountain lake£
and rivers. [Ir. and Gael, cear, red blood'
colored.]
CHAR, chiir, v.t. to roast or burn until re-
duced to carbon or coal t—pr-p. charr'ing ;
pa.p. charred'. [Ety. dub. ; ace. to Skeat,
because wood is turned to coal, from
Chae, a timi of work.]
CHARACTER, kar'ak-ter, n. a letter, sign,
or figure : the peculiai- qualities of a per-
son or tiling : a description of the quali-
ties of a person or thing : a person with
his pecuhar quahties. [Fr. caractire—
CHARACTERIZE
59
CHEESECAKE
L. character — Gr. charakter, from cliar'
asso, to cut, engrave.]
CHARACTERIZE, kar'ak-ter-iz, v.t. to give
a character to : to desci-ibe by peculiar
qualities : to distinguish or designate. —
n. Characteriza'tion. [Gr. charakter-
H AR A C T E R I S T I C, kar-ak-ter-is'tik,
OHARACTERISTIGAX,, kar-ak-ter-is'tik-
al, adj. marking or constituting the pe-
culiar nature. — Chakacteris'tic, n. tliat
which mai-ks or constitutes the charac-
ter.— adv. Characteieis'tically. [Gr.]
iJHARADE, shar-ad', or -ad, n. a species of
riddle, the subject of which is a word
proposed for solution from an enigmat-
ical description of its several syllables
and of the whole ; the charade is often
acted. [Fr.; ety. dub.]
HARCOAL, cliar'kol, n., coal made by
charring or burning wood under turf.
HARGE, oharj, v.t. to lay on or load:
to impose or intrust : to fall upon or at-
tack : to put to the account of : to im-
pute to : to command : to exiiort. — v.i.
to make an onset. — n. that which is laid
on : cost or price : the load of powder,
etc., for a glm : attack or onset : care,
custody : the object of care : command :
exhortation : accusation. [Fr. charger —
Low L. carricare, to load — L. carrus, a
Avagon. See CAR, CARGO.]
HARGEABLE, charj'a-bl, adj. liable to
be charged : imputable : blamable : in
J5., burdensome. — n. Charge' ableness. —
(/(/('. Charge' ABLY.
OHARGER, charj'er, ii. a dish capable of
liolding a heavy charge or quantity : a
horse used iu charging, a. war-horse.
( 'HARILY, CHARINESS. See Chart.
< HARIOT, char'i-ot, n. a four-wheeled
pleasure or state carriage : a car used in
ancient warfare. [Fr., dim. of char, a
car, from root of Car.]
CHARIOT, char'i-ot, v.t. to convey in a
cliariot.
CHARIOTEER, cliar-i-ot-ei-', n. one who
drives a chariot.
CHARITABLE, cliar'i-ta-bl, adj., full of
charity: of or relating to cliai-ity : lib-
eral to the poor. — adv. Char'itably. — n.
CHAR'IT ABLENESS.
CHARITY, chai-'i-ti, n. in New Test., uni-
versal love : the disposition to tliink
favorably of others, and do them good :
almsgiving. [Fr. charite — L. caritas,
from carus, dear.]
CHARLATAN, shar'la-tan, n. a mere talk-
ing pretender : a quack. [Fr. — It. ciar-
latuno—ciarlare, to chatter, au imitative
word.]
CHARLATAlsRY, shar'la-tau-ri, u. the
profession of a charlatan : undue or
empty pretension : deception.
CHARLOCK, char'lok, n. a plant of the
mustard family, with yellow llowers, that
grows as a weed in coroflelds. [A.S. cer-
Tice — cer, unknown, lic=- leek, a plant.]
CHARM, charm, n. a spell : something
thought to possess hidden power or in-
fluence : that wliich can please irresisti-
bly.— v.t. to influence by a charm : to
subdue by secret influence : to enchant :
todeUght : toaUure. — adv. Charji'isglt.
[Fr. cliarme — L. carmen, a song.]
;DHARMER, charm'er, n., one who enchants
or delights.
CHARNEL, char'nel, adj. containing Jlesh
or carcasses. [Fr. charnel — L. canialis —
caro, earnis, flesh.]
CHARNEL-HOUSE, char'nel-hows, n. a
place where the bones of the dead are de-
posited.
CHART, chart, n. a map of a part of the
sea, with its coasts, shoals, etc., for the
use of sailors. [L. charta, a paper. See
Card.]
CHARTER, chart'er, n. a formal wi-itten
paper, conferring or confirming titles,
rights, or piivileges : a patent : grant :
immunity. — v.t. to establish by chai-ter :
to let or liire, as a ship, on contract. [Fr.
chartre — L. chartariam, archives — char-
ta.]
CHARTEEr-PARTY, chart'er-par-ti, n. a
mutual charter or contract for the hire
of a vesseL [Fr. chartre-partie, (lit.) a
di\'ided charter, as the jiractice was to
divide it in two and give a half to each
person.]
CHARTISM, chart'izm, n. the principles
of a party who sprung up in Gt. Britain
in 1838, and who advocated the people's
chartei — viz. universal sufi'rage, etc.
CHARTIST, chart'ist, n. one who supports
chartism.
CHARWOMAN, char-woom'an, ?;,. a woman
who chars or does odd work by the day.
CHARY, char'i, adj. sparing : cautious. —
adv. COAR'lLY.—n. CEtAR'lNESS. [A.S.
cearig — cearu, care.]
CHASE, chas, v.t. to pursue : to hunt : to
drive away. — n. pm-suit : a hunting : that
which is "hunted : ground abounding in
game. [Fr. chasser — Low L. caciare — L.
eapto — capio, to take.]
CHASE, chas, v.t. to incase: to emboss.
[See Enchase.]
CHASE, chas, n. a case or frame for hold-
ing types ; a groove. [Fr. ch&sse, a shrine,
a setting — ^L. capsa, a chest. See Case.]
CHASER, chas'er, n., one who chases : an
enchaser.
CHASM, kazm, n. a yawning or gaping
hollow : a gap or opening : a void space.
[Gr. chasma, from chaino, to gape ; con-
nected with Chaos.]
CHASTE, chast, adj. modest : refined : vir-
tuous : pure in taste and style. — adv.
Chaste'ly. [Fr. chaste — L. castus, pure.]
CHASTEN, clias'u, v.t. to free from faults
by punishing : hence, to punish : to cor-
rect. [Fr. chatter, O. Fr. chastier — L.
castigare — castus, pure.]
CHASTENESS, chast'nes, CHASTITY,
chas'ti-ti, »., purity of body, conduct,
or language.
CHASTISE, chas-tiz', v.t. to inflict punish-
ment upon for the purpose of correction:
to reduce to order or to obedience. — n.
Chastisement, chas'tiz-iuent.
CHASUBLE, chaz'u-bl, n. the uppermost
garment worn by a R. C. jniest at mass.
[Fr. — ^Low L. caxubhula, L. casula, a man-
tle, dim. of casa, a hut.]
CHAT, chat, v.i. to talk idly or familiarly:
— -pr.p. chatt'ing; pa.p. chatt'ed. — n.
familiar, idle talk. [Short for Chatter.]
CHATEAU, sha-to', n. a nobleman's castle :
a country-seat. [Fr., O. Fr. eh&tel, cas-
tel — L. castcllum, dim. of castrum, a fort.]
CHATTEL, chat'l, n. any kind of property
which is not freehold. [Doublet of Cat-
tle.]
CHATTER, chafer, v.i. to talk idly or rap-
idly : to sound as the teeth wnen one
shivers. [From the sound.]
CHATTINESS, chat'i-nes, n. the quality or
state of being chatty : talkativeness.
CHATTY, chat'i, adj., given to chat : talka-
tive.
CHAUVINIST, sho'vin-ist, n. a person im-
bued with chauvinisme, which means an
absurdly exaggerated patriotism or ex-
cessive military enthusiasm.
CHAUVINISTIC, sho-vin-ist'ik, adj. per-
taining to or cliaractei'ized by chauvin-
isme : fanatically devoted to any cause.
CHEAP, chep, adj. low in price : of small
value. — adv. Cheap'lt. — n. Cheap'ness.
[Orig. Good cheap, i.e., a. good bargain;
A.S. ceap, price, a bargain ; A.S. ceapan.
Ice. kaupa, Ger. kanfen, to buy ; Scot.
eoiqi — all borrowed, from L. caupo, a
huckster.]
CHEAPEN, chep'n, v.t. to make cheap:
to beat down in price.
CHEAT, chet, v.t. to deceive and defraud.
— n. a fraud : one who cheats. [A corr.
of Escheat, the seizure of such propertt
being looked upon as robbery.]
CHECK, chek, v.t. to bring- to a stand ; to
restrain or hinder : to rebuke. — n. a term
in chess when one party obliges the other
either to move or guard his king : anj'-
thing that checks : a sudden stop : in B.,
a rebuke. [Fr. eehec = Pers. shah, king
— (mind your) king !] — v.t. to compare
with a counterpart or authority in order
to ascertain correctness. — n. a mark put
against items in a list : a token : an order
for money (usually written Cheque) :
any counter-register used as secmity : a
checkered cloth. [From the practice of
the Court of Exchequer, where accounts
were settled by means of counters on a
checkered cloth.]
CHECK-BOOK, chek'-book, n. a bank-book
containing blank checks, for the use of
persons having accounts with the bank.
CHECKER, CHEQUER, chek'er, v.t. to
form into little squares like a chessboard
or clieeker, by lines or stripes of different
colors : to variegate or diversify. — n. a
chessboard. [Fr. echiqnier, O. Fr. es-
chequier. a chessboai-d — ecliec]
CHECKERS, check'erz, n.pl. a game played
by two persons on a elieckered board ;
also called Draughts.
CHECK31ATE, chek'mat, n. in chess, a
check given to the adversary's king when
in a position iu which it can neither be
protected nor moved out of check, so that
the game is finished : a complete check :
defeat: overthrow. — v.t. in chess, to make
a movement which ends the game : to
defeat. [Fr. echec et mat : Ger. schachmatt
— Pers. sh&h mCit, the king is dead.]
CHEEK, chek, n. the side of the face below
the eje. [A.S. ceace, the cheek, jaw.]
CHEEP, chep, v.i. to chirp, as a young
bird. [From the sound, like Chiep.]
CHEEPISR, chep'er, n. one who or that
which cheeps, as a j'oung chicken : sjie-
cifieally, among- sportsmen, the young
of the grouse and some other game birds.
CHEER, cher, n. that which makes the
countenance glad : joy : a shout : kind
treatment : entertainment : fare. — v.t.
to make the countenance glad : to com-
fort : to encourage : to applaud. [O. Fr.
chiere, the countenance — Low L. cara,
the face — Gr. kara, the head, face.]
CHEERFUL, cher'fool, adj., full of cheer
or good spirits : joyful : lively. — adv.
Cheer'ftjlly. — n. Cheer'fulness.
CHEERLESS, cher'les. adj., icithout cheer
or comfort : gloomy. — n. Cheer'less-
NESS.
CHEERY, cher'i, adj., cheerful : promot-
ing cheerfulness. — adv. Cheer'ilt. — u.
Cheer'iness.
CHEESE, chez, n. the curd of milk pressed
into a hard mass : also the inflated aj)-
pearance of a gown or petticoat result-
ing from whining round and making- a
low curtsey ; hence, a low curtsey.
" What more reasonable tiling could sn«
do than amuse herself with making
cheeses ? that is, whirling round . . . un-
til the petticoat is inflated like a balloon
and then sinking into a curt.sey.'" — D«
Quincey. "She and hersister botlimade
^lese clieeses in compliment to the new-
comer, and with much stately agilitv."
— Tliackeray. [A.S. cese, eyse, curdled
milk ; Ger. kii.ie ; both from L. caseiis ;
cf. Gael, caise.]
CHEESECAICE, chSz'kak, n. a cake made
of soft curds, sugar, and butter.
CHEESEMONGER
CHEESEMONGER, chez'mung'ger, n. a
doaler in cheese.
CHEESY, chez'i, adj. having the nature of
cheese,
CHEETAH, che'tah, n. an eastern animal
hke the leopard, used ia hunting. [Hind.
chitd.]
'"HEMIC, kem'ik, CHEMICAL, kem'i-kal,
adj. , belonging to chemistry. — adv. Chem'-
ICAIxLY.
CHEMICALS, kem'ik-alz, n.pl. substances
used for producing' chemical eflfects.
CHEMICO-ELECTRIC, keni'i-ko-e-lek'trik,
adj. pertaining or relating to electricity
resulting from chemical action : galvan-
ism : also, pertaining to chemical action
resulting from electricity.
CHEMISE, she-mez', n. a lady's shift. [Tr.
chemise — Low L. camisia,ii nightgown —
Ar. qamis, a shirt.]
CHEMISETTE, shem-e-zet', ?(. an under-
garment worn by ladies over the chemise.
fFr., dim. of chemise.']
CHEMIST, kem'ist, w. one skilled in chem-
istry.
CHEMISTRY, kem'is-tri formerly Chym-
ISTKY, n. the science which treats of the
properties of substances both elemen-
tary and compound, and of the laws of
their combination and action one upon
another. [From the ancient AXCHEMY,
which see.]
CHEMOSMOSIS, kem-os-mo'sis, n. chemi-
cal action acting through an intervening
membrane, as parchment, paper, etc.
[From chem-in chemistry, and ostnosis.']
CHEMOSMOTIC, kem-os-mot'ik, adj. per-
taining or relating to chemosmosis.
CHEQUE.CHEQUER. See Check,Checkee.
CHERISH, cher'ish, v.t. to protect and
treat with affection. [Fr. cherir, cheris-
sant — cher, dear — L. cams.]
JHEROOT, she-root', n. a kind of cigar.
[Ety. unknown.]
3HERRY, cher'i, n. a small bright-red
stone-fruit : the tree that bears it. — adj.
like a cherry in color : ruddj'. [Fr. cerise —
Gr. kerasos, a cherry-tree, said to be so
named from Cerasus, a town in Pontus,
from which the cherry was brought by
Lucullus.]
CHERT, chert, n. a kind of quartz or flint :
hornstone. [Ety. dub.]
CHERTY, chert'i, adj., like or containing
chert.
CHERUB, cher'ub, n. a celestial spirit : a
beautiful child. — jjZ. Cher'ubs, Cher'-
UBIM, Cher'dbims. [Heb. ker-ub.]
CHERUBIC, che-ro5blk, CHERUBICAL,
che-roob'i-kal, adj. pertaining to chembs :
angelic.
CHESS, ches, n. a game played by two per-
sons on aboard like that used in checkers.
[Corr. of Checks, the pi. of Check.]
CHEST, chest, n. a large strong box : the
part of the body between the neck and
the abdomen. [A.S. cyste, Scot, klst — L.
cista — Gr. kiste.]
CHESTNUT, CHESNUT, ches'nut, n. a nut
or fruit inclosed in a prickly case : the
tree that bears it. — adj. of a chestnut
color, reddish-brown. [M.E. chesten-nut
— O. Fr. ehastaigne — L. castanca — Gr.
kastanon, from Castana, in Pontus, where
the tree abounded.]
SHEVAI^DE-FRISE, she-val'-de-frez, n. a
piece of timber armed with spikes, used to
defend a passage or to stop cavalry. — pi.
Chevaux-de-frise, she-v6'-de-frez. [Fr.
eheval, horse, de, of, Frise, Friesland ; a
jocular name.]
CHEVALIER, shev-a-ler', n. a cavalier : a
knight : a gallant man. [Fr. — eheval — L.
caballus, a horse.]
CHEW, choo, v.t. to cut and bruise with
the teeth. [A.S. ceoiran : Ger. kaiien:
conn, with Jaw and Chaps.]
60
CHIARO-OSCURO, ki-ar'6-os-k5o'r6. See
Clare-obscure.
CHIBOUK, CHIBOUQUE, chi-book-, n. a
Turkish pipe for smoking. [Turk.]
CHICANE, shi-kan', v.i. to use shifts and
tricks, to deceive. — n. Chica'nert, trick-
ery or artifice, esp. in legal proceedings.
[Fr. chicane, sharp practice at law,
through a form zicanum, from Low Gr.
tzykanion, a game at mall — Pers. tchaii-
gan.]
CHICCORY. See Chicory.
CHICK, chik, CHICKEN, chik'en, n. the
j-oung of fowls, especially of the hen : a
child. [A.S. cicen, a dim. of cocc, a cock.]
C H I C K E N-HEAETED, chik'en-hart'ed,
adj. as timid as a chicken : cowardly.
CHICKEN-POX, chik'en-poks, n. mild skin-
disease, generally attacking children
only.
CHICKLING, chik^ing, n. a little chicken.
CHICKWEED, chik'wed. n. a low creeping
tveed that birds are fond of.
CHICORY, CHICCORY, chik-'o-ri, n., swc-
cory, a carrot-like plant, the root of wliich
when ground is used to adulterate coffee.
[Fr. chicoree — L. cichorium, succory —
Gr. kichorion.]
CHIDE, chid, v.t. to scold, rebuke, reprove
by words i—pr-p. chid'ing ; pa.t. chid,
(obs.) chode ; pa.p. chid, chidaen. [A.S.
cidan.]
CHIEF, chef, adj., head: principal, high-
est, first. — n, a head or principal person :
a leader : the principal part or top of
anything. [Fr. chef — L. caput, the head ;
Gr. kephale. Sans, kapala.]
CHIEFLY, chef'li, adv. in the first place :
principally : for the most part.
CHIEFTAlJr, chef'tan or 'tin, n. the head
of a clan : a leader or commander. — ns.
Chief'taincy, Chief'tainship. [From
Chief, like Captain, which see.]
CHIFFONIER, shif-on-er', n. an ornamen-
tal cupboard. [Fr., a place for rags —
chiffon, a rag.]
CHIGNON, she-nong*, n. an artificial ar-
rangement of hair at the back of the
head. [Fr., meaning first the nape of
the neck, the joints of which are like
the links of a chain — chainon, the link of
a chain — chaine, a chain.]
CHILBLAIN, chU'blan, n. a blain or sore
on hands or feet caused hy a, chill or cold.
[Chill and Blaik.]
CHILD, child, n. (2Jl. Children), an infejit
or very young person : one intimately
related to one older : a disciple :— p?. off-
spring : descendants : inliabitants. [A.S.
cild, from the root gnu-, to produce,
which ^^elds Ger. kind, a child.]
CHILDBED, clilld'bed, n. the state of a
woman brought to bed with child.
CHILDE, child, n. a title formerlj- given to
the eldest son of a noble, till admission
to knighthood. [Same word as Child.]
CHILDERMAS-DAY, chil'der-mas-da, n.
an anniversary in the Church of England,
called also Innocents' Day, held Decem-
ber 28th, to commemorate the slaying of
the children by Herod. [Child, Mass,
and Day.]
CHILDHOOD, child'hood, n., state of being
a ch ild.
CHILDISH, chlld'ish, adj., of or Hke a
child : silly : trifling. — adv. Child'ishly.
. — n. Cheld'ishness.
CHILDKIND, child'kind, re. chUdren gen-
erally. " All mankind, womankind, and
childkind." — Carlyle. [Child and Icind,
on type ot mat'kind, tvomankind.]
CHILDLESS, chlld'les, adj., imthout chil-
dren.
CHILDLIKE, childTlk, adj., like a child:
becoming a child : docile: innocent.
CHILIAD, kil'i-ad, n. the number 1000 :
1000 of any thing. [Gr.—chilioi, 1000.]
CHIROGR-IPHY
CHILL, chil, n., coldness: a cold thatv
causes shivering: anything that damps
or disheartens.- — adj. shivei-ing with cold:
sUghtly cold: opp. of cordial. — v.t. to
make chUl or cold : to blast with cold :
to discourage. — n. Chill'ness. [-^.S
cyle, coldness, celan, to chill. See Cou>,
Cool.]
CHILLY, chU'i, adj. somewhat chill — »
Chill'iness.
CHIME, cliim, n. the harmonious sound
of bells or other musical instruments r
agreement of sound or of relation :—
pi. a set of bells. — v.i. to so:md in har-
mony: to jingle: to accord or agree. —
v.t. to strike, or cause to sound in har-
mony. [M. E. chimbe. O. Fr. cymbale —
L. cymbalum, a cymbal — Gr. kymbalon.}
CHIMERA, ki-me'ra, re. a fabulous, fire-
spouting monster, with a lion's head, a
serpent's tail, and a goat's body : any
idle or wild fancy. [L. chimcera — Gr.
chimaira, a she-goat.]
CHIMERICAL, ki-mer'i-kal, adj. of the
nature of a chimera: wUd : fanciful. —
adv. Chimer'ically.
CHIMNEY, chim'ni, re. a passage for the
escape of smoke or heated air. [Fr.
cheminee — L. caminus — Gr. kaminos, a
furnace, prob. from kaiO, to burn.]
CHIMNEY-PIECE, chim'ni-pes, n. a jjKce
or shelf over the chimney or fi'-eplace.
CHIMNEY-SHAFT, chim'ni-shaft, n. the
shaft or stalk of a chimney which rises
above the building.
CHIMPANZEE, chim-pan'ze, n. a species
of monkey found in Africa. [Prob. na-
tive name of the animal.]
CHIN, chin, n. the jutting part of the face,
below the mouth. [A.S. cinn; Qer. k~inn.
Gr. genys.]
CHINA, chin'a, n. a fine kind of earthen
ware, originally made in China : porce-
lain.
CHINCOUGH, chin'kof, re. a disea.^e at-
tended with inolent fits of coughing:
whooping-cough. [E. ; Scot, kink-host.
Dut. kinkhoeste. See Chink, tlie sound.]
CHINE, chin, re. the spine or backbone,
from its thorn-like form : a piece of the
backbone of a beast and adjoining parts
for cooking. [Fi-. echine — C). Ger. skina,
a pin, thorn ; prob. conn, with L. .sjj/na,
a thorn, the spine.]
CHINESE, chl-nez', adj. of or belonging to
China.
CHINK, chingk, n. a rent or cleft : a nar-
row opening. — v.i. to split or crack. [A.
S. cinu, a cleft, cinan, to split.]
CHINK, chingk, n. the clink, as of coins.
— v.i. to give a sharp sound, as coin.
[F"rom the sound.]
CHINKERS, chingk erz, re. ^Z. coin: money,
(Slang.)
Are men like us to be eiiirapped and soul
And jsee no money do%vn. Sir Hurly-Burlr ? . .
So let us see your ch inkers. — ^Yr H. Taylor.
CHINTZ, chints, n. cotton cloth, printed
in five or six different colors. [Hind,
chi7it, spotted cotton cloth.]
CHIP, chip, v.t. to chop or cut into small
pieces : to diminish by cutting away a
little at a time : — pr.p. chipp'ing ; 23a -p
chipped'. — n. a small piece of wood or
other substance chopped off. [Dim. ot
Chop.]
CHIROGRAPHER, kl-rog'ra-fer, CHIROO
RAPHIST, kl-rog'ra-fist, n. one who pro-
fesses the art of writing.
CHIROGRAPHOSOPHIC, kfro-graf o-sof -
ik, re. an expert in chirography : a judge
of handwriting. King.<!ley. (Rare. ) [Gr.
cheir, the hand, grapho, to write, and
sophos, wise.]
CHIROGRAPHY, ki-rog'ra-fl, re. the art of
writing or penmanship. — adj. Chiro-
CHIROLOGIST
61
CHRONICLE
GRAPH'ic. [Gr. cheir, the hand, graphs,
■n-riting.]
CHIROLOGIST, kl-rol'o-jist, n. one who
converses by signs with the hands.
CHIROLOGY, M-rol'o-ji, n. the art of dis-
coursing with the hands or by signs as
the deaf and dumb do. [Gr. cheir, the
hand, logos, a discourse.]
CHIROPODIST, kl-rop'o-dist, n. a hand
and foot doctor: one who removes corns,
bunions, warts, etc. [Gr. cheir, the
hand. a.o(lpous,podos, the foot.]
HIROTONY, kl-rot'o-ni, n. imposition of
hands in ordaining priests. [Gr. cheir,
the hand, and trino, to hold out.]
HLRP, cherp, CHIRRUP, chir'up, n. the
sharji, shrill sound of certain birds and
insects. — v.i. to make such a sound.
[From the sound.]
:HIRURGE0N, kl-rur'jun, n. old form of
Surgeon.— n. CHmins'aERY, now Sur-
gery.— adj. Chieue'gical, now Surgi-
cal. [Fr. chirurgien — Gr. cheirourgos —
cheir, the hand, ergon, a work.]
CHISEL, ehiz'el, n. a tool to cut or hollow
out wood, stone, etc. — v.t. to cut, carve,
etc. with a chisel : — pr.p. chis'eUing ;
pa.ji. chis'elled. [O. Fr. cisel — Low L.
cisellus — L. sicilicula, dim. of sicilis, a
sickle, from seco, to cut.]
CHIT, chit, n. a baby : a lively or pert
young child. [A.S. eith, a young tender
shoot.]
CHITCHAT, chit'chat, n. chatting or idle
talk : prattle. [A reduplication of Chat.]
CHIVALRESQUE, shiVal-resk, adj. per-
taining to chivalry : chivalrous. "Some
warrior in a chivalresque romance." — Miss
Burney. [Fr. chevaleresque.'\
CHIVALRIC, shiv'al-rik, CHIVALROUS,
shiv'al-rus, ad/., jiertaining to chivalry:
bold : gallant. — adv. Chiv'alrously.
3HIVALRY, shiv'al-ri, n. the usages and
qualifications of chevaliers or knights :
the system of knighthood : heroic ad-
ventures. [Fr. chevalerie — cheval — L. ca-
balliis, a horse. See Cavalry.]
CHLORAL, klo'ral, n. a strongly narcotic
substance obtained by the action of chlo-
rine on alcohol. [Word formed by com-
bining chlor- la chlorine, and al- in alco-
hol]
CHLORALISM, klo'ral-izm, n. in med. a
mcubid state of the system arising from
the incautious or habitual use of chloral.
CHLORIC, klo'rik, adj., of or froni chlorine.
CHLORIDE, kl6'rid,m. a compound of cWo-
rine with some other substance, as pot-
ash, soda, etc.
CHLORINE, klo'rin, n. a pale-green gas,
with a disagi-eeable, suffocating odor.
[Gr. chloros, pale-green.]
CHLORITE, klo'rit, n. a soft mineral of a
greenish color, with a soapy feeling when
handled.
CHLOROFORM, klo'ro-form, n. a colorless
volatile liquid, much used to induce in-
sensibility. [Grig, a compound of chlo-
rine and formic acid ; Gr. chloros, and
/or wic acid, so called because orig. made
from ants, h. foiTnica, an ant.]
CHLOROSIS, klor-o'sis, n. a medical name
for f/reen-sickness. [Gr. chloros, pale-
green. J
"^OCOLATE, chok'o-lat, n. a kind of paste
made of the pounded seeds of the Cacao
iheobroma : a beverage made by dissolv-
ing this paste in hot water. [Sp. choco-
late : from Mexican kakahuatl. See
Cacao, Cocoa.]
CHOEROGRYL, ke'ro-gril, n. a name of
the Hyra.c syriaeiis or rock-rabbit. [Gr.
choiros, a hog, and gryllos, a pig.]
CHCEROPOTAMUS, ker-o-pot'a-mus. Ji. a
genus of fossil ungulate quadrupeds of
the group Suidaj, remains of which have
been found in the gypsum beds of Mont-
martre, near Paris. [Gr. choiros, a hog,
and }}otamos, a river.]
CHOICE, chois, ?!. act or power of choos-
ing : the thing chosen : preference : the
preferable or best part. — adj. worthy of
being chosen : select. [Fr. choix — choisir ;
from root of Choose.]
CHOIR, kwir, n. a cliorus or band of sing-
ers, especiallj' those belonging to a
church : the part of a church appropri-
ated to the singers : the part of a cathe-
dral separated from the nave by a rail or
screen. [Fr. chcew — L. chorus — Gr.
choros.l
CHOKE, chok, v.t. to throttle : to suffo-
cate : to stop or obstruct. — v.i. to be
choked or suffocated. [Ety. dub., prob.
from the sound.]
CHOKE-DAMP, chok'-damp, n. carbonic
acid gas, so called by miners from its
often causing sviffocation.
CHOKE Y, chok'i, adj. 1, same as Choky ;
3, inclined to choke : having a choking
sensation in the throat. (Colloq.) " The
allusion to his mother made Tom feel
rather chokey." — T. Hughes.
CHOLER, kol'er, n. the bile : anger or
irascibility, once supposed to arise from
excess of bile. [O. Fr. cholere — L., Gr.
cholera — Gr. chole, bile. Cf. E. Gall.]
CHOLERA, kol'er-a, w. a disease charac-
terized by bilious vomiting and purging.
[Gr. cholera — chole, bile.]
CHOLERAIC, kol-er-a'ik, adj., of the nat-
ure of cholera.
CHOLERIC, kol'er-ik, at^j. full of choler or
auger : petulant.
CHOOSE, chooz, v.t. to take one thing in
preference to another : to select. — v.i. to
win or determine : — pa.t. chose; pa.j}.
chos'en. [A.S. ceosan ; cog. with Dut.
kiesen, Goth, kiusan, to choose, and akin
to L. gustare, to taste.]
CHOP, chop, v.t. to cut with a sudden
blow : to cut into small pieces. — v.i. to
shift suddenly, as the wind: — pr.p.
chopp'ing ; pa.p. chopped'. [From a
Low-Ger. root found in Dut. kappen,
also in Ger. kappen, to cut ; cf. Gr.
kopto, from a root skap, to cut.]
CHOP, chop, n. a piece chopped off, esp. of
meat.
CHOP, chop, v.t. to exchange or barter:
to put one thing in place of another : —
pr.p. chopp'ing ; jya.p. chopped'. [M.E.
copen — O. Dut. koopen, to buy. Same
root as Cheap.]
CHOP, chop, n. the chap or jaw, generally
u.sedinpZ. [See Chaps.]
CHOP-FALLEN, chop'-fawm, adj. (lit.)
having the chop or lower jaw fallen
down : cast-down : dejected.
CHOPPER, chop'er, n. one who or that
which chops.
CHOPSTICKS, chop'stiks, n. two small
sticks of wood, ivory, etc., used by the
Chinese instead of a fork and knife.
CHORAL, ko'ral, adj. belonging to a cho-
rus or choir. — Choral Service, a church
service of song- : said to be partly choral
when only canticles, hymns, etc., are
clianted or sung, and ivhoVy choral
when, in addition to these, the versicles,
responses, etc., are chanted or sung.
CHORD, kord, n. the string of a musical
instrument: a combination of tones in
harmony : (geom.) a .straight line join-
ing the extremities of an arc. [L. chorda
— Gr. chorde, an intestine.]
CHORISTER, kor'ist-er, n. a member of
a choir.
CHORUS, ko'rus, n. a band of singers and
dancers, esp. in the Greek plays : a com-
pany of singers : that which is sung by
a chorus : tlie part of a song in which
the company join the singer. [L. chorus
— Gr. cliorox. orig. a dance in a ring.]
CHOSE, choz, pa.t. and obs. pa.2>. of
Choose.
CHOSEN, cho/n, past participle of Choose.
CHOUGH, chuf , n. a kind of jackdaw
whicli frequents rocky places and the
sea-coast. [A.S. ceo .• from the cry of
the bird — Cavt.]
CHOUSE, chows, v.t. to defraud, cheat, oi
impose upon. — n. one easily cheated : a
trick. [Turk, ehiaus, a messenger or
envoy. A ehiaus sent to England in
1609 committed gross frauds upon the
Turkish merchants resident in Britain ;
hence chouse, to act as this ehiaus did,
to defraud.]
CHRISM, krizm, n. consecrated or holy
oil : unction. [O. Fr. ehresme, Fr. chrenie
— Gr. chrisrna, from chrio, chriso, to
anoint.]
CHRISMAL, kriz'mal, adj., pertaining to
chrism.
CHRIST, krist, n. the Anointed, the Mes-
siah. [A.S. crist — Gr. Christos — chrio,
chriso, to anoint.]
CHRISTDOM, kris'dum, n. the rule or ser-
vice of Christ, whose service is perfect
freedom. (Rare.)
They know the i^ief of men without its wisdom ;
They sinfc in man's despair without its calm;
Are slaves, without the liberty in Christdont.
— E. B. Broiwiing.
CHRISTEN, kris'n, v.t. to baptize in the
name of Christ : to give a name to.
[A.S. cristnian, to make a Christian.]
CHRISTENDOM, kris'n-dum, n. that part
of the world in wliich Christianity is the
received religion : the whole body of
Christians. [A.S. Cristendom — eristen,
a Christian, aom, rule, sway.]
CHRISTIAN, krist'yan, n. a follower of
Christ. — adj. relating to Christ or his
religion. — Christian name, the name
given when christened, as distinguished
from the surname. — adjs. Cheist'ian-
UKE, Christ'ianly. [A.S. cristen—U
Christianus — Gr. Christos.]
CHRISTIANIZE, krist'yan-Iz, v.t. to make
Christian : to convert to Christianity.
CHRISTIANITY, kris-ti-an'i-ti, n. the relig-
ion of Christ.
CHRISTMAS, kris'mas, n. an annual festi-
val, orig. a mass, in memory of the birth
of Chri.'it. held on the 35th of December,
[Christ and Mass.]
CHRISTMAS-BOX. kris'mas-boks, n. a box
containing Christmas presents : a Christ-
mas gift.
CHRISTOLOGY, kris-tol'o-ji, ». that
branch of theology which treats of the
nature and person of Christ. [Gr. Chris-
tos, and logos, a discourse.]
CHROMATIC, kro-mat'ik. adj. relating to
colors : colored : (m usic) proceeding by
semitones. — n.sing. Chromat'ics, the sci-
ence of colors. [Gr. ehromati!:oc — chroma,
color.]
CHROME, krom, CHROMIUM, kro'mi-um,
n. a metal remarkable for the beautiful
colors of its compounds. — adj. Chrom'IC.
[Gr. chroma, color.]
CHROMOPHOTOGRAPHY, k r 6'm 6-f 6-
tog'ra-fl, JI. the art or process of pro-
ducing colored photographic pictures.
[See Chromatyte.]
CHROMOTYPOGRAPHY, kro'mo-ti-pog'-
ra-fi, n. typograpliv in colors : the art of
printing with tyiio in various colors.
CHROMOXYLOGRAPHY, kro'mo-zT-log'^
ra-fi, n. the art or process of producing
wood engravings in various colors.
CHRONIC, kron'ik, CHRONICAL, kron'ik-
al, adj. lasting a long time : of a disease,
deep-seated or long-continued, as opp. to
acute. [L. chronicus, Gr. chromkos —
chroHOs. time.]
CHRONICLE, kron'i-kl, n. a record ot
events in the order of time : a history. —
CHRONOLOGY
v.t. to record in history. — n. Chron'iclee,
a historian.
CHRONOLOGY, kron-oro-ji, n. the science
of dates. — adjs. Chronoloq'ic, Chron-
olog'ical. — ach: Chroxolog'icaixt. —
7is. Chronol'oger, Chkonol'ogist. [Gr.
chronos, time, logos, a discourse.]
CHRONOMETER, kron-om'e-ter, n. an in-
strument for meamiring time : a watch.
— adjs. Cheonomet'ric, Cheonomet'ri-
::ai [Gr. chronos, and metron, a meas-
ure.]
CHRYSALIS, krisVlis, n. the form, often
gold-colored, assumed by some insects
before they become Avinged : — 'pl. Ohbts-
Ai'roES (i-dez). — adj. Chets'aud. [Gr.
chri/.salli.t — chrysos, gold. ]
CHKYSANH^INE, kris-an'i-lin, n. a beau-
tiful yellow coloring matter (Ca„H„N3)
obtained as a secondary product in the
preparation of rosaniline, and considered
a splendid dye for sUk and wool. Called
also Akhjne' Yellow. [Gr. chrysos, gold,
and E. aHili»e.]
CHRYSANTHEMUM, kris-an'the-mum, n.
(lit.) gold-floiver : a genus of composite
plants to which belong the corn marigold
and ox-eye daisy. [Gr. chi~ysos, gold,
anthemon, flower.] "
CHRYSOLITE, ki-is'o-lTt, n. a stone of a
yellowish color. [Gr. chrysos, and lithos,
a stone.]
CHRYSOPHYLL, fcris'o-fil, n. the bright
golden yellow coloring matter of plants :
xanthophyll. [Gr. chrysos, gold, and
phyllon, a leaf.]
CHRYSOPRASE, kris'o-praz, n. a variety
of chalcedony : (B.) a j'ellowisli-green
stone, nature unknown. [Gr. chrysos,
and prason, a leek.]
CHTHONOPHAGIA, thon-6-fa'.ii-a,
CHTHONOPHAGY, tho-nof'a^ji, n. dirt-
eating : cachexia Africana. [Gr. chthon,
chfhonos. earth, and phago, to eat. See
Dirt-eating.]
CHLTB, chub, n. a small fat river-fish.
[Ety. dub., but same root as Chubby.]
CHUiSBY, chub'i, adj. short and thick :
t>lump. — n. Chubb'iness.
CHUCK, chuk, n. the call of a hen : a
word of endearment. — v.i. to call as a
hen. [From the sound — a variety of
Cluck.]
CHUCK, chuk, v.t. to strike gently, to
toss. — n. a slight blow. [Fr. ehoqiier, to
iolt ; allied to E. Shake.]
CHUCKLE, chuk'l, v.t. to call, as a hen
does her chickens : to caress.
CHUCKLE, chuk'l, i:i. to laugh in a quiet,
suppressed manner, indicating derision
or enjoynient. [See Choke]
CHUM, chum, »!. a chamber-fellow. [Perh.
a mutilation of Comkade, or Chamber-
fellow.]
CHURCH, Cijurch, n. a house set apart for
Christian worship : the whole body of
Christians : the clergy : any particular
sect or denomination of Christians. — v.t.
to perform with any one the giving of
thanks in church. ' [A.S. ci'rce; Scot.
kirk; Ger. kirche : all from Gr. hjria-
kon, belonging to the Lord — Kyrios, the
Lord.]
CHURCHMAN, ohurch'man, n. a clergj'-
man or ecclesiastic ; a member of the
Church of England.
CHURCHW'^ARDEN, church-wawr'den, n.
an officer who represents the interests of
a parish or church : a long clay-pipe.
[Chuecth and Warden.]
CHURCHYARD, churchWd, n. the ijard
round the church, where the dead are
buried.
CHURL, churl, n. an ill-bred, surly fellow.
[A.S. ceorZ, a countrjTnan ; Ice. karl, Ger.
icerl, a man ; Scot, carl.]
CHURLISH, churl'ish, adj. rude : surly :
62
iU-bred.— adv. Churl'ishly n. Cbukl'-
ishness.
CHURN, chum, v.t. to shake violently, as
cream when making butter. — n. a vessel
in which cream is churned. [Ice. kima,
a churn. Dut. and Ger. kemen, to churn ;
akin to K-ERN-el ; as if to extract the es-
sence or best part.]
CHUSE, chooz, v.t. a form of Choose.
CHYLE, kil, n. a while fluid drawn from
the food while in the intestines. — adjs.
Chyla'ceous, Chyl'ous. [Fr. — Gr. chy-
los, juice — ched, to pour.]
CHYUF ACTIVE, kll-i-fak'tiv, adj. having
the power to make chyle. — n. Chtlifac -
TiON, or Chtlifica'tion. [L. chylus, and
facio, to make.]
CHYME, 1dm, n. the pulp to which the
food is reduced in the stomach. — adj.
Chysi'ous. [Gr. chipnos. from cheo.]
CHYMIFICATION. kim-i-li-ka'shun. n. the
act of being formed into chyme. [L.
chymits. and facio, to make.]
CHYMIST . CliYMISTRY, now Chemist,
O HJR\n mTiv
CICADA, si-ka'da, CICALA, si-kala. n. an
insect remarkable for the sound it pro-
duces.
CICATRICE, sik'a-tris [Fr.], CICATRIX,
si-ka'trLks [L.l, n. the scar over a wound
after it is healed.
CICATRIZE, sik'a-triz, ■v.^ to help the for-
mation of a skin or cicatrix on a wound
or ulcer by medicines.— r.i. to heaL [Fr.
cicatriser.]
CICERONE, sis-e-ro'ne, n. one who shows
strangers the curiosities of a place : a
guide. [It. — L. Cicero, the Roman orar
tor.]
CICERONIAN, sis-e-ro'ni-an, adj. relating
to or like Cicero.
CIDER, si'der, n. a drink made from apple-
juice. — n. Ci'derkin', an inferior cider.
[Fr. cidre — L. sicera — Gr. sikera, strong
drink — Heb. sh<ikar, to be intoxicated.]
CEEL. sel. See CEIL.
CIELING, sel'ing, n. same as Ceillng, used
by Milton with allusion to its derivation.
CIGAR, si-gar', n. a small roll of tobacco for
smoking. [Sp. cigarro, a kind of tobacco
in Cuba.]
CIGx\JlETTE, sig-ar-et', n. a little cigar : a
little finely-cut tobacco rolled in paper
for smoking.
CILIA, sil'i-a, n.pl. hair-like appendages on
the edge of a vegetable bodj', or on an
animal organ or animalcule. — adjs. ClL'-
LAEY, Cil'L4.ted, having cilia. [L. cilium,
pi. cilia, eyelids, eyelashes.]
CIMBRIC, sim'brik, adj. relating to the
Ci7nbri, a tribe originally from the north
of Germanv.
CIMETER, sim'e-ter. See ScmiTAa.
CIMMERIAN, sim-e'ri-an, adj. relating to
the Cimmerii, a tribe fabled to have lived
in pei'petual darkness : extremely dark.
CINCHONA, sin-ko'na, n. the bark of a
tree that grows in Peru, from which
QuiNIXE is extracted, a valuable medi-
cine for ague : also called Peruvian bark.
[Said to be so named from the Countess
del Cinchon, butprob. from kinakina, the
native word for bark.]
CINCTURE, singk'tur, n. a girdle or belt :
a moulding round a column. — adj. ClNO'-
TtTRED, having a cincture. [L. cinctura —
eingo, cinctus, to gird.]
CINDER, sin'der, n. the refuse of burned
coals : anything charred by fire. [A.S.
sinder, scoria?, slag. The c instead of s
is owing to Fr. cendre, a wholly uncon-
nected word, which comes from L. cinis,
cineris, ashes.]
CINDERY, sin'der-i, adj., like or composed
of cinders.
CINERARY, sin'er-ar-j, adj. pertaining to
ashes.
CIRCUMFLEX
CINERATION, sin-er-a'tion, ». the act of
reducing to ashes. [L. cinis, cineris.]
CINNABAR. sin'a--bar, n. sulphuret of mer-
ciu-y, called vermilion when used as a
pigment. [L. cinnabaris, Gr. kinnabari,
a dye, known as dragon's blood, from,
Pers.1 i
CINNAMON, sin'a-mon, n, the epicy bark4!
of a laurel in Ceylon. [L. dnnamoTnum '
— Heb. kinnamon.]
CINQUE, singk, n. the number ^re. [Fr.l
CINQUE-FOIL, singk'-foil, n. the Jire-btacl.
ed clover. [Fr. cinque, and feuille, L. fo-
lium. Gr. phyllon, a leaf.]
CIPHER, sT'fer, n.(arith.) the character 0 :
any of the nine figures : anything of lit-
tle value : an interweaving of the initials
of a name : a secret kind of writing. —
v.i. to work at arithmetic. JO. Fr. cifre,
Fi\ chiffre — Ar. sifr, empty.]
CIRCASSIAN, ser-kash'yan, adj. belonging
to Circassia, a country on the north of
Mount Caucasus.
CIRCEAN, ser-se'an, adj. relating to the
fabled Circe, who by magic potions
changed her guests into animals : poi-
sonous, delusive, fatal.
CIRCLE, serki, n. a plane figure bounded
by a hue every point of which is equally
distant from a point in the middle called
the centre : the line which bounds the
fierure : a ring : a series ending where it
began : a company surrounding the prin-
cipal person. — v.t. to move round : to en-
compass.— v.i. to move in a circle. [A.S;
circid, from L. circidus, dim. of circus,
Gr. kirkos or krikos, a circle ; allied to
A.S. hring, a ring — root kar, to move in
a circle.]
CIRCLET, serk'let, n. a little cii-cle.
CIRCUIT, ser'kit, n. the act of moving
round : that which encircles : a round
made in the exercise of a calling, esp,
the round made by the judges for hold
ing the courts of law. [Fr. — L. eircuitits
— circueo, to go round — circum, round,
eo, it urn, to go.]
CIRCUITOUS, ser-ku'it-us, adj. round
about. — adv. Ciecu'itously.
CIRCULAR, ser'ku-lar, adj. round : ending
in itself : addressed to a circle of persons.
— CrRCTJLAR NOTES are a kind of bank-
note issued for the convenience of trav-
elers.— n. a note sent round to a circle
or number of persons. — adv. Cir'culably.
— n. CiRCULAB'lTY.
CIRCULATE, ser'ku-lat, v.t. to make to go
round as in a circle: to spread. — v.i. to
move round : to be spread about. [L.
circulo, circulatus.]
CIRCULATION, ser-ku-la'shun. n. the act
of moving in a circle, or of going and
returning : the money in use at any time
in a countrv.
CIRCULATORY, ser'kH-la-tor-i, adj. circu-
lar : circulating.
CIRCUMAMBIENT,ser-kum-amb'i-ent,a<^".
going round about : surrounding. [L. «r-
oum, about, ambio, to go round — anibi,
Gr. amphi, around, and eo, to go.]
CIRCUMAMBULATE, ser-kum-am'bul-at,
v.i. to walk round abotit. — n. Circum-
ambl'la'tion. [L. atnbrilo, ambulatus, to
walk.]
CIRCUMCISE, serTjum-sIz, v.t. to cut ofl
the fore-skin according to the Jewish
law. [L. circumcido, circumcisics — ccedc.,
to cut.]
CIRCUMCISION, ser-kum-sizh'un, n the
act of circumcising.
CIRCUMFERENCE, ser-kum'fer-ens, n.
the boundary-line of any round body :
the line surrounding anything. — adj.
Ctrcumfeeen'tial. [L. fero, to carry.]
CIRCUMFLECT, ser'kum-flekt, r.f. to
mark with a circumflex.
CIRCUMFLEX; ser'kum-fleks, «. an accent
CIRCUMFLUENT
63
CLAM-SHELL
(A) denoting a Hsiiig and falling of the
voice on a vowel or syllable. [L. flecto,
fle.riix, to bend.]
CIRCUMFLUENT, ser-kum'floo-ent, adj.,
rioirivg round about. [L. fluens,Jluentis,
flowingj
CIRCUMFUSE, ser-kum-fuz', v.t. to ponr
around. — n. CmcuMFU'siON. [L. fundo,
fn.tiis, to pour.]
1RCUMJACENT, ser-kum-ja'sent, adj.,
ijfing round : bordering on every side.
[L. jacens, lying — jaceo, to lie.]
ClRC'UMLOCtJTION, ser-kum-lo-ku'shun,
It., round-about spealxing : a manner of
expression in wliich more words are used
than are necessary. — adj. CracuiiLOC'U-
TORT. [L. loquor, locutus, to speak.]
IRCUMNAVIGATE, ser-kuin-naVi-gat,
v.t. to sail round. — n. Ciecumnatiga'-
TiON. [See Navigate.]
IRCUMNAVIGATOR, ser-kmn-nav'i-gat-
or, )i., one who sails round.
IRCUilNUTATE, ser-kiun-nu'tat, v.i. to
nod or turn round : specifically, in hot.
to move round in a more or less circular
or elliptical path : said of the stem and
other organs of a plant. "It will be
shown that apparently every growing
part of every plant is continually circum-
nutating, though often on a small scale."
— Darwin. [L. circum, round, and nuto,
freq. from nuo, to nod. See CiRCHMNU-
TATIOX.]
:IRCUMNUTATI0N, serT.nim-nu-ta'shon,
n. a nodding or inclining round about :
specitically, in bot. the continuous mo-
tion of every part or organ of every
Elant, in which it describes irreg-ular el-
ptical or oval figures ; as, for instance,
the apex of a stem, after pointing in one
direction commonly moves back to the
opposite side, not, however, returning
along the same line. While describing
sue li figures, tlie apex often travels in a
zigzag line, or makes small subordinate
loops or triangles. " On the whole, we
may at present conclude tliat increased
growth first on one side, and then on the
other, is a secondary effect, and that the
increased turgescence of the cells, to-
gether with the extensibility of their
walls is the primary cause of the move-
ment of circu.mnutation." — Daru-in.
CTRCUMSCRIBE, ser-kum-ski-ib', v.t. to
draw a line round : to inclose within cer-
tain limits. [L. scribo, to write.]
CIRCUMSCRIPTION, ser-kum-skrip'shun,
n. limitation : the line that limits.
CIRCUMSPECT, ser'kum-spekt, adj., look-
ing round on all sides watchfully : cau-
tious: prudent. — adv. Cm'CUMSPECTLY. —
n. Cir'cujispectness. [L. specio, spectuui,
to look-.]
CIRCIBISPECTION, ser-kum-spek'shun, n.
watchfulness : caution.
CIRCUMSTANCE, ser'kum-stans, n. some-
thing attendant upon another thing:
an accident or event i—pl. the state of
one's affairs. [L. stans, stantis, standing
— sto, to stand.]
CIRC UM S TANTIAIi, ser-kum-stan'shal ,
adj. consisting of details : minute. — adv.
CrRCUMSTAN'TTALLY. — CIRCUMSTANTIAL
EviDEN'CK, evidence not positive or di-
rect, but which is gathered indirectly
from the circum.stances of a case.
CIRCUMSTANTIALS, ser-kum-stan'shals,
ii.jjl. incidentals.
CIRCUMSTANTIATE, ser-kum-stan'shi-at,
i'.^ to^rot-e by circumstances : to describe
exactly.
C I R C It SIVA LL AT ION, ser-kum-val-a'-
shun, n. a smrrounding with a wall : a
wall or fortification surrounding a town
or fort. [L. vallum, an earthen rampart
or wall.]
CIRCUMVENT, ser-kum-vent', v.t. to come
round or outwit a person : to deceive or
cheat. — n. ClRCDirvEN'TlON. [L. vetiio,
to come.]
CIRCUMVENTIVE, ser-kum-vent'iv, adj.
deceiving by artifices.
CIRCUMVOLUTION, ser-kum-vol-u'shun,
n. a turning or rolling round : anjiihing
winding or sinuous. [L. volvo, volutum,
to roU.]
CIRCUS, sei''lrus, n. a circular building for
the exhibition of games : a place for the
exhibition of feats of horsemanship. [L.
circus : cog. with Gr. kirkos, A.S. hring,
a ring.]
CIRQUE-COUCHANT, sirk-koo'shant, adj.
lying coiled up. (Rare.) [Fr. cirque, a
circus, and eouchant, lying.]
He found a palpitating snake.
Bright, and cirque-cmuihant in a dusky brake.
— Keats.
CIRROUS, sir'us, adj., having a curl or
tendril.
CIRRUS, sir'us, n. the highest form of
cloud consisting of curling fibres : (&o<.)
a tendril: (zool.) any curled filament.
[L., curled hair.]
CISALPINE, sis-alp'in or -alp'Tn, adj., on
tliis side (to the Romans) of the Alps,
that is, on the south side. [L. eis, on
this side, and ALPINE.]
CIST, sist, 71. a tomb consisting of a stone
chest covered with stone slabs. [See
Chest, Cyst.]
CISTERN, sis'tern, n. any receptacle for
holding water or other liquid : a reser-
voir. [L. dsterna, from cista, a chest.]
CIT, sit, n. shortened from citizen, and
used as a term of contempt. [See Cm-
zenJ
CITADEL, sit'a-del, n. a fortress in or near
a city. [It. cittadella, dim. of cittd, a
city. See City.]
CITATION, si-ta'shun, n. an ofilcial sum^
mans to appear : the act of quoting : the
passage or name quoted.
CITE, sit, v.t. to call or summon: to sum-
mon to answer in coui-t : to quote : to
name. [L. cito, to CEill, intensive of cieo,
cio, to make to go, to rouse.]
CITHERN, sith'ern, CITTERN, sit'ern, n.
a musical instrument like the guitar.
[A.S. cytere — L. cithara — Gr. kithara. A
doublet of Guitae.]
CITIZEN, sit'i-zen, n. an inhabitant of a
city : a member of a state : a townsman :
a freeman. — n. Cit'izenship, the rights
of a citizen. [M.E. citesein — O. PV. cite-
ain. See CiTY.]
dTIZENRY, sit'i-zen-ri, n. the inhabitants
of a city, as opposed to country people,
or to the military, etc. : townspeople.
"No Spanish soldiery nor citizenry,
showed the least disposition to join
him." — Carlyle.
CITRON, sit'run, n. the fruit of the citron-
tree, resembling a lemon ; also, same as
CrrEON-WATEE. "Drinking citron with
his Grace." — Miscellanies by Su^ft, Pope,
and Arbuthnot. [Fr. — L. citrus- -Gr. kit-
ron, a citron.]
CITY, sit'i, n. a large town : a town with
a corporation. [Fr. cit^, a city — L. cii'i-
tas, the state — civis, a citizen ; atdn to L.
quies, quiet, E. HrvE and Home.]
GIVES, sivz, n. a plant of the leek and
onion genus g^rowing in tufts. [Fr. cii'e
— L. cmpa, iin oniou.l
CIVET, siv'et, n. a perfume obtained from
the civet or civet-cat, a small carnivor-
ous animal of N. Africa. [Fr. civette —
Ar. zabad.]
CIVIC, siv'ik, adj. pertaining to a city or a
citizen. [L. eivicus — civisT]
CIVIL, siVfl, adj. pertaining to the com-
munity : having the refinement of city-
bred people : polite : commercial, not
military : lay, not ecclesiastical. — CiVIL
ENGINEER, One who plans railways, docks,
etc., as opp. to a military engineer, or to
a mechanical engineer, who makes ma-
chines, etc. — Cmi. LIST, now embraces
only the expenses of the sovereign's
household. — Civil service, the paid ser-
vice of the State, in so far as it is not
military or naval. — Civil-suited, suited
or attu'ed like a civilian or citizen, ae
opp. to the gay dresses of courtiers, etc.
— CrvTL war, a war between citizens of
the same state. — adv. Civ'illy. [L. civ-
His — civis.']
CIVILIAN, siv-il'3'an, n. a professor or
student of civil law (not canon law) : one
engaged in civil as distinguished from
military and other pursuits.
CIVILITY, siv-il'i-ti, n. good-breeding : po-
liteness.
CIVILIZATION, siv-il-i-za'shun,J!. the state
of being civilized.
Civilize, siv'il-Iz, v.t. to reclaim from bar-
barism : to instruct in arts and refine-
ments.
CLACK, klak, v.i. to make a sudden sharp
noise as by striking. — n. a sharp sudden
sound frequently repeated. [From the
sound.]
CLAD, klad, pa.t. and pa.p. of Clothe.
CLAIM, klam, v.t. to call for : to demand
as a right. — n. a demand for something
supposed due : right or gTound for de-
manding : the thing claimed. [O. Fr.
claimer — L. clamo, to call out, from calo,
cog. with Gr. kaleo, to call.]
CLAIMABLE, klam'a-bl, adj. that may be
claimed.
CLAIMANT, klam'ant, n. one who makes
a claim.
CLAIRVOTANCE, klar-voi'ans, n. the al-
leged power of seeing things not present
to the senses. [Fr. — clair — L. clarus
clear, and Fi\ voir — L. video, to see.]
CLAIRVOYANT, klar-voi'ant, n. one whc
professes clairvoyance.
CLAM, klam, v.t. to clog with sticky mat-
ter : — pr.p. clamni'ing ; pa.p. clammed'.
[A.S. clam, clay ; a variety of lam;
Loam.]
CLAM, klam, n. a common shell-flsh. — As
HAPPY AS A clam, a common expression
in those p.arts of the U. S. coast where
clams are found.
CLAM, klam, n. the state or quality of
having or conveying a cold, moist, vis-
cous feeling: clamminess. "Corruption,
and the clam of de.ith." — Carlyle.
CLAMANT, klam'ant, adj., calling aloud
or earnestly.
CJLAM-BAKE, klam'-bak, n. an out-door
feast, customary on exceptionally joy-
ful occasions in the New England States,
at which huge quantities of clams are
baked in improvised ovens of stone and
weeds.
CLAMBER, klamTjer, v.i. to climb with
difficulty, grasping with the hands and
feet. [From root of Clump ; ct. Ger.
klammern — klemmen, to squeeze or hold
tightly.]
CLAMMY, klam'i, adj. sticky : moist and
adhesive. — n. Clamsi'iness.
CLAMOR, klam'or, n. a loud continuous
outcry : uproar. — v.i. to cry aloud in de-
mand: to make a loud continuous out-
cry.— v.i. to salute with clamor. [L,
clamor.]
CLAMOROUS, klam'or-iis, a^. noisy •
boistei'ous. — adv. Clam'OKOUSLY. — re
Claji'orousness.
CLAMP, klamp, n. a piece of timber, iron.
etc., used to fasten things together or to
strengthen any framework. — v.t. to bind
with clamps. [From a root, seen in A.S.
clom, a bond, Dut. klamp, a clamp, and
al^in to E. Olip. Climb.]
CLAil-SHE. L, klam'-Bhel, n. the lips or
CLAN
C4
CLERGY
mouth : the patent lock on a mail bag-.
(Amer.)
CLAN, klan, n. a tribe or collection of
families subject to a single chieftain,
bearing the same surname, and supposed
to liave a common ancestor : a clique,
sect, or body of persons. [Gael, claim,
Ir. clann or eland, offspring, tribe.]
CLANDESTINE, klan-des'tin, adj., con-
cealed or hidden: private: unlawful:
sly. — adv. Clandes'tinely. [L. clandes-
tinus — clam, secretly, from root kal, seen
also inceto, to conceal.]
CLANG, klang-, v.i. to produce a sharp,
ringing sound. — v.t. to cause to clang. — n.
a sliarp, ringing sound, like that made
by metallic substances struck together.
[L. clango ; Ger. klang : formed from the
sound.]
CLANGOR, klang'gur, n. a clang : a sharp,
shrill, harsh sound. [L. clangor.]
CLANK, klangk, n. a sharp sound, less
prolonged than a clang, such as is made
by a chain. — v.t. or v.i. to make or cause
a clank.
CLANNISH, klan'ish, adj. closely united
like the members of a clan. — adv. Clann'-
ISHLY. — n. Claioj'ishness.
CLANSHIP, klan'ship, n. association of
families under a chieftain.
CLANSMAN, klanz'man, n. a member of a
clan.
CLAP, klap, n. the noise made by the sud-
den striking together of two things, as
the hands : a sudden act or motion : a
burst of sound. — v.t. to strike together so
as to make a noise : to thrust or drive
together suddenly : to applaud with the
hands. — v.i. to strike the hands together :
to strike together with noise : — pr.j).
clapp'ing ; pa.p. clapped'. [Ice. klapjya,
to pat ; Dut. and Ger. Happen : formed
from the sound.]
CLAPBOARD, klap'bord,?!. a narrow, thin,
planed board used for siding on houses,
and so placed as to overlap the one below
it. (Amer.)
CLAPPER, klap'er, n., one who clajis: that
wh ich claps, as the tongue of a bell.
CLAP-STICK, klap'stik, n. a kind of
wooden rattle or clapper used in raising
an alarm or the like. "He was not dis-
turbed ... by the watchman's rappers
or clap-sticks." — Southey.
CLAP-TRAP, klap'-trap, n. a trick to gain
applause.
CLARE-OBSCURE, klar'-ob-skur',
CHIARO-OSCURO, ki-ar'6-os-ko6'r6, ?i.
clear-obscure : Ught and shade in paint-
ing. [Fr. clair — L. clarus, clear, and Fr.
obscur — L. obscurus, obscure ; It. chiaro,
clear, oscuro, obscure.]
CLARET, klar'et, 71. orig. applied to ^vines
of a light or clear red color, but now
used, generally, for the dark-red wines
of Bordeaux. [Fr. clairet — clair — L.
clot'K'i^ clccir 1
CLARIFIER, klar'i-fl-er, n. that which
clarifies or purifies.
CLARIFY, klar'i-fr, v.t. to make clear. —
v.i. to become clear : — pr.p. clar'ifying ;
pa.p. clar'ified. — n. Clabifica'tion' [L.
clams, clear, a.nd facto, to make.]
CLARION, klar'i-on, n. a kind of trunipet
whose note is clear and shrill. [Fr.
clairon — clair, clear.]
CLARIONET, klar'i-on-et, CLARINET,
klar'i-net, n. a wind instrument of music,
sounded by means of a reed fixed to the
movithpiece. [Fr. clarinette, dim. of
clairon.]
CLASH, klash, ?;. a loud noise, such as is
caused by the striking together of weap-
ons : opposition : contradiction. — v.i. to
dash noisilj' together : to meet in op-
position : to act in a cont ary direction.
— v.t. to strike noisily against. [Formed
from the sound, like Ger. andSw. Iclatsch.]
CLASP, klasp, n. a hook for fastening : an
embrace. — v.t. to fasten with a clasp : to
inclose and hold in tlie hand or arms : to
embrace : to twine round. [M.E. clajise,
from the root of A.S. clyppan, to embrace.
See Clip.]
CLASPER, klasp'er, ?!., that ivhich clasps:
the tendrU of a plant.
CLASP-KNIFE, klasp'-nlf, n. a knife, the
blade of which is clcLsped by, or folds into,
the'.handle.
CLASS, klas, n. a rank or order of persons
or things : a number of students or schol-
ars who are taught togetlier : a scientific
division or arrangement. — v.t. to form
into a class or classes ; to arrange me-
thodically. [Fr. classe — L. elassis, orig.
a rank or order of the Roman people when
called together, from a root, kal-, seen
in L. calare, clamare, to call, Gr. kaleo,
klesis.]
CLASSIC, klas'ik, CLASSICAL, klas'ik-al,
adj. of the highest class or rank, esp. in
literature : originally and chiefly used of
the best Greek and Roman writers : (as
opp. to romantic) like in style to the au-
thors of Greece and Rome : chaste : re-
fined.— Class'ics, n.pl. Greek, Roman,
and modern writers of the first rank,
or their works. — adv^: Class'ically.
CLASSICALITY, klas-ik-al'i-ti, CLASSIC-
ALNESS, klas'ik-al-nes, n. the quality
of being classical. '
CLASSIFICATION, klas-i-fi-ka'shun, n.
act of forming into classes.
CLASSIFY, klas'i-fl, v.t. to make or form
into classes : to arrange : — pr.j). class'ify-
ing ; pa.p. class'ified. [L. elassis, and
facio, to make.]
CLASSMAN, klas'man, n. one who has
gained honors of a certain class at the
Oxford examinations : opp. to passman.
CLASTIC, klas'tik, adj. relating to what
may be taken to pieces ; as, clastic anat-
omy, tlie art of putting together or tak-
ing apart the pieces of a manikin. [Gr.
klastos, broken.]
CLATTER, klat'er, n. a repeated confused
rattling noise : a repetition of abrupt,
sharp sounds. — v.i. to make rattling
sounds : to rattle with the tongue : to
talk fast and idly. — v.t. to strike so as
to produce a rattling. [Ace. to Skeat,
clatter^clacker, a freq. of Clack.]
CLAUSE, klawz, n. a sentence or part of a
sentence : an article or part of a con-
tract, wUl, etc. [Fi-. clause — L. claiisus
— claudo, to shut, inclose.]
CLAVE, klav — did cleave — past tense of
Cleave.
CLAVICLE, klav'i-kl, n. the collar-bone,
so called from its resemblance to a Ro-
man key. [Fr. clavicule — L. clavicula,
dim. of clavis, a key.]
CLAVICULAR, kla-vik'u-lar, adj. pertain-
ing to the clavicle.
CLAW, klaw, n. the hooked nail of a beast
or bird : the wliole foot of an animal
with hooked nails : anything like a claw.
— r. f . to scratch or tear as with the claics
or nails : to tickle. [A.S. clatcu ; cog.
with Ger. klaite : akin to Cleave, to
stick or hold on.]
CLAY, kla, ?j. a tenacious ductile earth :
earth in general. — v.t. to purify with
claj-, as sugar. [A.S. clceg ; cog. with
Dan. klceg, Dut. klai, Ger. klei; conn,
with Clag, Clog, Clew, L. gluten, Gr.
glia, glue ; and Glxje.]
CLAYBANK, kla'bangk, adj. denoting the
color most common to a bank of clay.
(Amer.)
CLAYEY, kla'i, adj. consisting of or like
clay.
CLAYMORE, kla'mor, n. a large sword
formerly used by the Scottish Highland
ers. [Gael, claidlieanih-mor — Gael, and
Ir. claidheamh, sword, and Tjior, great:
cf. L. gladius, a sword.]
CLEAN, klen, adj. free from stain or
whatever defiles : pure : guiltless : neat.
— adv. quite: entirely: cleverly. — v.t. to
make clean, or free from dirt. — n. Clean'-
NESS. [A.S. clcene ; W., Gael, glan, shtue,
polish ; Ger. klein, small.]
CLEANLY, klen'li, adj. clean in habits
or person : pure : nea.t.— adv. in a clean-
ly manner. — n. Clean'liness.
CLEANSE, klenz, v.t. to make cleaii 01
pure.
CLEAR, kler, adj. pure, bright, undimmed :
free from obstruction or difficulty : plain,
distinct : without blemish, defect, draw-
back, or diminution : conspicuous. — adv.
in a clear manner : plainly : wholly :
quite. — v.t. to make clear : to free from
obscurity, obstruction, or guilt : to free,
acquit, or vindicate : to leap, or pass by
or over : to make profit. — v.i. to become
clear : to grow free, bright, or transpar-
ent. — 71. Cleae'ness. [Fr. clair — L.
clarus, clear, loud.]
CLEARANCE, kler'ans, n., act of clearing :
a certificate that a ship has been cleared
at the custom-house — that is, has satis-
fied all demands and procured permission
to sail.
CLEARING, kler'ing, n. a tract of land
cleared of wood, etc., for cultivation.
CLEARING, kler'ing, n. a method by
which banks and railway companies
clear or arrange certain affairs which
mutually concern tliem. — Clearing-
house, a place where such clearing busi-
ness is done.
CLEARLY, kler'li, adv., in a clear manner :
distinctly.
CLEAVAGE, klev'aj, n. act or manner of
-cleaving or splitting.
CLEAVE, klev, v.t. to divide, to split: to
separate with violence. — v.i. to part
asunder : to crack : — pr.p. cleav'ing ;
pa.t. clove or cleft ; pa.p. clov'en or
cleft. [A.S. cleofan ; cog. with Ger.
klieben.]
CLEAVE, klev, v.i. to stick or adhere : to
unite -.—pr.p. cleav'ing ; pa.t. cleaved' or
clave ■,]]a.p. cleaved'. [A.S. clifian ; cog.
with Ger. kleben, Dut. Icleven. See Clay.]
CLEAVER, klev'er, n. the person or thing
that cleaves : a butcher's cliopper.
CLEF, kief, n. a character in music which
determines the key or position on the
scale of the notes tliat follow it. [Fr.,
from L. clavis, the root of which is seen
also in L. clauderc, to shut, Gr. kleis, a
key.]
CLEFT, kleft, in B., CLIFT, ?i. an opening
made by cleainng or splitting : a crack,
fissure, or chink.
CLEMATIS, klem'atis, n. a creeping
plant, called also virgin's bower and
traveller's joy. [Low L. — Gr. klematis —
klema, a twig.]
CLEMENCY, klem'en-si, n. the quality of
being' clement : mildness : readiness to
forgive.
CLEMENT, klem'ent, adj. mild : gentle :
kind : merciful. — adv. Clem'ently. [Fr.
— L. Clemens.]
CLENCH, klensh. Same as CLINCH.
CLEPSYDRA, klep'si-dra, n. an instru
nient used by the Greeks and Romans
for measuring time by the trickling of
water, as if bj' stealth, through a very
small orifice. [L. — Gr. klepsydra—klep-
to, klepso, to steal, hydor, water.]
CLERGY, kler'ji, n. the body of ministers
of reHgion : persons connected with the
clerical profession or the religious orders.
"I found the clergy in general persons
of moderate minds and decorous man-
CLERGYMAl^
65
CLOSURE
ners ; I include the seculars and regulars
of both sexes." — Burke. [Fr. clerge — Low
L. clericia ; from Late L. dericus. Gr.
klerikos, from Gr. kleros, a lot, then the
clergy ; because the Lord was the lot or
inheritance of the Levites (Deut. xviii.
2), or because the church was the inherit-
ance of the Lord (1 Peter v. 3), the name
being thence applied to the clergy.]
CLERGYMAN, kler'ji-man, n. one' of the
clergy, a man regularly ordained to preach
the gospel, and administer its ordinances.
CLERGYWOMAN, kler'ji-woom'an. w. a
woman connected with the clergy or
belonging to a clergyman's family.
•'From the clergyu-omen of Windham
down to the charwomen the question
was discussed." — Mrs. Oliphant.
CLERIC, kler'ik, CLERICAL, kler'ik-al,
adj. belonging to the clergy: pertaining
to a clerk or writer.
CLERK, klerk. n. (orig.) a clergyman or
priest : a scholar : one who reads the re-
sponses in the English Church service :
in common use, one employed as a writer
or assistant in an office. — n. Clerk'ship.
[A. 8. clerc, a priest — Late L. clericus.
See Clergy.]
CLERUCHIAL. kle-roo'ki-al. adj. pertain-
ing to a kind of colonial land settlement
(called a klerouchki) in ancient Greece,
by which a number of citizens obtained
an allotment of land in a foreign country
while still retaining all the privileges of
citizens in their own state, where they
might continue to reside. [Gr. klerouchia
— kleros. a lot, and echo, to have.]
CLEVER, klev'er, adj. able or dexterous :
ingenious : skillfully done ; also, good-
natured, obliging (Amer.). — adv. Clev'-
ERLT. — ?!. Clev'erness. [Ety. dub.]
CLEW, kloo, n. a ball of thread, or the
thread in it : a thread that guides
through a labyrinth : anything that
solves a mystery : the corner of a sail.
— v.t. to truss or tie up sails to the yards.
[A.S. cliwe : prob. alnn to L. glomus, a
ball of thread, and globus, a sphere, from
root of Cleave, to adhere. See Globe.]
CLICK, klik, n. a short, sharp clack or
sound : anything that makes such a
sound, as a smaU piece of iron falling
into a notched wheel. — v.i. to make a
light, sharp sound. [Dim. of Clack.]
CLIENT, klient, n. one who employs a
la\vyer : a dependent. — n. Cli'entship.
[Fr. — L. cliens, for cluens, one who hears
or listens (to advice), from cliieo, to hear.]
CLIFF, klif, n. a high steep rock : the steep
side of a mountain. [Perh. akin to
Clxmb.]
CLIFT. Same as Cleft.
CLIFTY. klif'ti, adj. applied to a river on
the banks of which limestone cliffs
abound. (Amer.)
CLIMACTERIC, klim-ak'ter-ik or klim-ak-
ter'ik, n. a critical period in human life,
in which some great bodily change is
supposed to take place, esp". the grand
climacteric or sixty-third year. — acJjs.
Climac'teeic, Climacter'ic, Climacter'-
ICAL. [Gr. klimakter — A-Zfrnaa-. a ladder.]
CLIMATE, kli'mat, ?i. the condition of a
country or place with regard to temper-
ature, moisture, etc. [Fr. — L. clinia,
climafls — Gr. kliina. klimatos. slope —
klitio. to make to slope, akin toE. Le.\n.]
CLIMATIC, kll-mat'ik, CLIMATICAL. kU-
niat'ik-al. adj. relating to, or limited by
a climate.
CLIMATIZE, kll'ma-tlz, v.t. or v.i. See
CLIMATOLOGY, kli-ma-tol'o-ji, w., the
*cience of climate-'i. or an investigation of
the causes on which the climate of a
place depends. [Gr. klima, and logos,
aigcourse.]
E
CLIMAX, kll'maks, n. in Rhetoric, the
arranging of the particulars of a portion
of tliscourse so as to rise in strength to
the last. [Gr. klimanc, a ladder or stair-
case—from klind, to slope.]
CLIMB, klim, i:i. or v.t. to ascend or
mount up by clutching with the hands
and feet ; to ascend with difficulty.
[A.S. climban : Ger. klimmen : conn.
\vith Clamber and Cleave, to stick.]
CLIME, klim, ?i. a country, region, tract.
[A variety of CLIMATE.]
CLINCH, klinsh, v.t. to fasten or rivet a
nail : to grasp tightly : to settle or con-
firm. [Causal form of klink. to strike
smartly ; Dut. and Ger. klinken, to rivet
a bolU
CLINCHER, klinsh'er, n. one that clinches ;
a decisive arg^ument.
CLING, kling-, %\i. to adhere or stick close
by winding round : to adhere in interest
or affection i—pa.t. and pa. p. clung.
[A.S. clingan, to shrivel up, to draw
tO*^Gth6t* 1
CLINIC, klin'ik, CLINICAL, klin'ik-al,
adj. pertaining to a bed : (med.) applied
to instruction given in hospitals at the
bedside of the patient. [Gr. klinikos —
kline, a bed, from klinb, to recline.]
CLINK, klingk, n. a ringing sound made
by the striking together of sounding
bodies. — v.t. to cause to make a ringing
sound. — v.i. to ring or jingle. [A form
of Click and Clank.]
CLINKER, klink'er, n. the cinder or slag
formed in furnaces : brick burned so
haa-d that, when struck, it makes a
sharp and ringing- sound.
CLIP, klip, v.t. to cut by making the
blades of shears meet : to cut off : for-
merly, to debase the coin by cutting off
the edges : to give a blow to (Amer.) : —
pr.p. clipp'ing ; pa.p. clipped'. [From
the root of Ice. klippa, to cut, and allied
to A.S. clyp^jan, to embrace, to draw
closely.]
CLIP, klip, n. the thing clipped off, as the
wool that has been shorn off sheep : also
a blow.
CLIPPER, Idip'er, ?;., one that clips : a
sharp-built, fast-sailing vessel.
CLIPPING, klip'ing, n. the act of cutting,
esp. debasing coin by cutting off the
edges : the thing clipped off.
CLIQUE, klek, n. a group of persons in
union for a purpose : a party or faction :
a gang : — used generally in a bad sense.
[Fr., prob. from root of click, and so^a
noisy conclave.]
CLOAJK, CLOKE, klok. n. a loose outer
garment : a covering : that which con-
ceals : a disguise, pretext. — v.t. to clothe
with a cloak : to cover : to conceal. [Old
¥v. cloque — Low L. cloca. a bell, also a
horseman's cape, because bell-shaped,
from root of Clock.]
CLOCK, klok. n. a machine for measuring
time, and which marks the time by the
position of its ''hands" upon the' dial-
plate, or by the striking of a hammer on
a hell. [Word widely diffused, as A.S.
clucga, Gael, clog, Ger. glockc. Fr. cloche.
and all^a bell : tlie root is doubtful.]
CLOCKMUTCH, klok'mutch, n. a woman's
cap composed of three pieces — a straight
centre one from the forehead to the neck,
with two side-pieces. [D. klapmuts, a
night-cap. Amer.]
CLOCKWORK, klok'wurk, n. the works or
machinery of a clock : machinery like
that of a clock.
CLOD, klod, )(. a thick round mass or
lump, that cleaves or sticks together, es-
pecially of earth or turf : the ground : a
stupid fellow : a bait used in fishing for
eels, and consisting of a bunch of lob-
worms strung on to stout worsted [see
Clod-fishing] : — pr.}}. clodd'ing ; pa.p,
clodd'ed. [A later form of Clot.]
CLOD - FISHING, klod'-fish-ing, n. a
method of catching eels by means of a
clod or bait of lobworms strung on
worsted. The fisher allows this bait to
sink to the bottom of the stream, and
when he feels an eel tugging he raises
the bait without a jerk from the water,
and if successful he will find the eel hasj
its teeth so entangled in the worsted asj
to be unable to let go.
CLODHOPPER, klod'hop-er, ?i. a country-
man : a peasant : a dolt. [CLOD and
Hopper.]
CLODHOPPING, klod'hop-ing, adj. like a
clodhopper : loutish : boorish : heavy
treading, as one accustomed to walking
on ploughed land. "What a mercy you
are shod with velvet. Jane ! a clodhop-
ping messenger would never do at this
juncture." — Charlotte Bronte.
CLODPATE, klod'pat. CLODPOLL, klod'-
pol, n. one witli a head like a clod, a stu-
pid fellow. [Clod and Pate, Poll.]
CLOG, klog, i:f. to accumulate in a mass
and cause a .stoppage : to obstruct : to
encumber : — pr.p. clogg ing ; jja.p.
clogged'. — n. anything hindering mo-
tion : an obstruction : a shoe with a
wooden sole. [Akin to Scot, clag, to
cover with mud, claggy, sticky ; from
root of ClaT.]
CLOISTER, klois'ter, n. a covered arcade
forming part of a monastic or collegiate
establishment : a place of religious re-
tirement, a monastery or nunnery. — v.t.
to confine in a cloister : to confine' within
walls. [O. Fr. cloistre, Fr. cloitre (A.S.
cUnister) — L. claustrmn — claudo, clau-
snm. to close, to shut.]
CLOISTERAL. klois'ter-al. CLOISTRAL,
klois'tral, old form CLAUSTRAL, klaws'-
tral, adj. pertaining to or confined to a
cloister: secluded.
CLOISTERED, klois'terd, adj. dwelling in
cloisters : solitary : retired from the
world.
CLOMB, klom, old past tense of Climb.
CLOSE, klos, adj., shut up: with no open-
ing : confined, unventilated : narrow :
near, in time or place : compact : crowded:
hidden : reserved : crafty.— ad?-, in a close
manner : nearly : densely.— )!, an inclosed
place : a small inclosed' field : a narrow
passage of a street. — adv. Close'ly. — n.
Close'ness. [Fr. clos, shut— pa.jj. of
clore. from L. claudere, clausus. to shut.]
CLOSE, kloz, i:t. to make close: to draw
together and unite : to finish. — r.i. to
grow together : to come to an end. — n,
the manner or time of closing : a pause
or stop : the end.
CLOSET, kloz'et, n. a small private room :
a recess off a room. — v.t. to shut up in,
or take into a closet : to conceal r — pr.p,
clos'eting ; pa.p. clos'eted. [O. Fr. closet,
dim. of clos. See Close.]
CLOSE-TIME, klos'-tim, n. a certain sea-
son of the year during which it is unlaw-
ful for any person to catch or kill winged
g.ame and certain kinds of fish. "He
had shot . . . some young wild-du<ks. as
though close-time was then unknown,
the broods of grouse were yet too young
for the sportsman." — §ir 11'. 'Scott.
' ' They came on a wicked old gentlemam
breaking the laws of his country, and
catching perch in close-time out of a
punt." — H. Kingsley.
CLOSURE, kloz'ur, )!. the act of closing:
that which closes : specifically, the brmg
ing or putting an end to a tlebate SQ as
to proceed immediately to vote on a ques-
tion or measure in a deliberative assen>-
blj-. as a parliment. by the decision of a
competent authority,' as tlie president, or
CLOT
6«
COB-HOUSE
by a majority of votes of the members
themselves. [Called also Cloture, of
which French word it is a translation.]
CLOT, klot, n. a mass of soft or fluid mat-
ter concreted, as blood. — v.i. to form
into clots : to coagulate -.^pr.p. clotfing- ;
pa.p. clott'ed. [M.E. clot, a clod of earth ;
cog. with Ice. hlot, a ball, Dan. klode, a
globe ; from root of Clew. See Ci.f.avt.,
to stick, adhere.]
CLOTH, kloth, jjZ. CLOTHS, /;. woven ma-
terial from wliich garments or coverings
are made : the clerical profession, from
their wearing black cloth. [A.S. elath,
cloth, clathas, clothes, garments ; Ger.
kleid. Ice. klcedi, a garment.]
CLOTHE, kloth, v.t. to cover with clothes:
to pro\ide with clothes : (fig.) to invest,
as with a garment : — pr.]}. cloth'ing ;
pa.t. a.nd pa.p. clothed' or clad.
CLOTHES, kloihz (coUoq. kloz), n.pl. gar-
ments or articles of dress.
CLOTHIER, kibth'i-er, n. one who makes
or sells cloths or clothes.
CLOTHING, kloth'iag, n., clothes, gar-
ments.
CLOUD, klowd, n. a mass of waterj' vapor
floating in the air : (Jig.) a great volume
of dust or smoke. — v.t. to overspread
with clouds : to darken : to stain with
dark spots or streaks. — v.i. to become
clouded or darkened. [A.S. clud, a hill,
then, a cloud, the root idea being amass
or ball. Clod and Clot are from the
same root.]
CLOUDLESS, klowd'les, adj. unclouded, in
any sense. — adv. Cloud'lesslt.
CLOUDLET, klowd'let, v. a little cloud.
CLOUDY, klowd'i, adj. darkened with, or
consisting of clouds: obscure: gloomy:
stained with dark spots. — adv. CLOui)'-
ILT. — n. Cloud'INESS.
CLOUGH, kluf, n. a cleft in a rock, or tlie
side of a hUl. [A doublet of Cleft ;
Scot, cleugh.]
CLOUT, klowt, 11. a small piece of cloth :
a piece of cloth sewed on clumsily ; a rag.
— v.t. to mend with a j^atch : to mend
clumsily. [A.S. clut, from W. clwt, a
patch.]
CLOVE, klov, pa.f. of Cleave, to split.
CLOVE, klov, n. a pungent, aromatic
spice, the unexpanded flower-bud (so
called from its resemblance to a iiail) of
the clove-tree, a native of the Moluccas.
[Sp. clavo — L. clavus, a nail.]
CLOVEN, klov'n, j^a.p. of Cleave, to
divide, or adj. divided : parted. — adjs.
Cloven-footed, Cloven-hoofed, ha\'ing
the foot parted or divided.
CLOVE-PINK, kloV-pingk, n. the clove
gillyflower or carnation iiink, which has
an odor like that of cloves.
CLOVER, klov'er, n. a species of grass in
which the leaf is divided into three lobes.
[A.S. clcefer, perh. from cleofan, to
cleave.]
CLOWN, klown, n. a rustic or country-
fellow : one %\'ith the rough manners of
a country-man : a fool or buffoon. [Etj*.
dub.]
CLOWNISH, klown'ish, adj. of or like a
clown : coarse and awkward : rustic. —
adv. Clown'ishlt. — n. Clown'ishness.
CLOY, kloi, v.t. to fill to loathing : to glut
or satiate -.^pr.p. c\oy''\ng; pa.p. cloyed'.
[O. Fr. cloyer, Fr. clouer, to drive a' nail
I into, to spike or stop, as a gun, from L.
' clavus, a nail.]
CLUB, klub, n. an association of persons
for the promotion of a common object,
as literature, politics, pleasure, etc. — i'. i.
tpjoin together for some common end :
to share in a common expense : — pr.p.
clubb'ing ; pa.p. clubbed'. [From root
of Clump, a club being a clump of peo-
ple.]
CLL'B, klub, n. a heavy tapering stick,
knobby or viassy at one end, used to
strike witli : a cudgel : one of the four
suits of cards (called in Sp. bastos, cud-
gels or clubs). [Ice. and Sw. klubba ;
same root as CLCnrp.]
CLUB-FOOT, klub'-foot, n. a short, de-
formed foot, like a club. — adj. Club'-
foot'ed.
CLUB-LAW, klub'-law, n. government by
violence.
CLUB-MOSS, klub'-mos, 7i. a moss with
scaly leaves and stems like a club.
CLUCK, kluck, n. the caU of a hen to her
chickens. — v.i. to make the sound of a
hen when calling on her chickens. [From
the sound, like Dut. klokken, Ger. gliick-
en, to cluck.]
CLUE. See Clew.
CLUMP, klump, n. a thick, short, shape-
less piece of anything : a cluster of trees
or shrubs. [Prob. E., but cog. wth Ger.
and Dan. klump, a lump ; from root of
O. Ger. klimpfen, to press together, conn,
with Clamp, Club.]
CLUMSY, klum'zi, adj. shapeless : Ul-
made : awkward : ungainly. — adv. Clum'-
SILY. — n. Clum'siness. pM.E. clumsen,
to be stiff or benumbed ; akin to Clam.]
CLUNG, klung — did cUng— ^a.i. and. pa.p.
of Cleng.
CLUSTER, klus'ter, n. a number of things
of the same kind growing or joined to-
gether : a bunch : a mass. — v.i. to grow
or gather into clusters. — v.t. to collect
into clusters. [A.S. cluster; Ice. klastr,
from the root klib, seen in A.S. clifian,
to adhere.]
CLUTCH, kluch, v.t. to seize or grasp. — n.
a grasj} or grip : seizure : — jil. Clutch'es,
the hands or paws : cruelty : rapacity.
[M.E. cloche, cloke, claw, grasp ; Scot.
cleik ; from root of A.S. geloeccan, to
catch, wlience Latch.]
CLUTTER, klut'er, a form of Clatter.
CLYFAKING, kli'fak-ing, /(. jjocket-pick-
ing. H. Kingsley. (English slang.)
CLYSTER, klis'ter, »!. a liquid injected into
the intestines to wash them out. [Gr. —
klyzo, to wash out.]
COACH, koch, 7i. a large, close, four-wheeled
carriage. — v.t. to carry in a coach : in
American sports, to train before or direct
during a contest. [Fr. cache — L. concha,
a shell, a boat, a carriage — Gr. kogke, a
shell : or from Hung. kotschi.'\
CO AD JUST, ko-ad-just', v.t. to adjust mu-
tually or reciprocally : to fit to each other.
Owen.
COADJUTOR, ko-ad-joot'or, n. a fellow-
helper or assistant : an associate: — fern.
Coadjut'rls. — n. Coadjut'orship. [L.
CO, with, adjutor, a helper — ad, to, juvo,
to help.]
COAGULABLE, ko-ag'u-la-bl, adj. capable
of being coagulated.
COAGULANT, ko-ag'u-lant, n. a substance
whicli causes coagulation, as rennet.
COAGULATE, ko-ag'u-lat, v.t. to make to
curdle or congeal. — i:i. to cm-die or con-
geal.—)!. Coagula'tion. — adj. Coao'l^la-
tive. [L. coagulo — co, together, ago, to
drive.]
COAGULUM, ko-ag^u-lum, 7i. what is co-
agulated. [L.]
COAL, kol, n. a solid, black, combustible
substance used for fuel, dug out of the
earth. — v.i. to take in coal. [A.S. col,
cog. with Ice. kol. Ger. kohle; conn, with
Sw. kylla. to Icindle.]
COALESCE, ko-al-es', v.i. to groio together
or unite into one body : to associate. —
adj. Coalesc'ext, uniting. [L. coalesco —
CO. together, and alesco, to grow up, from
alo. to nourish.]
COALESCENCE, k6-al-es'ens, n. act of
coalescing: union.
COALFIELD, kol'feld, n. a field or district
containing coal strata.
COALITION, ko-al-ish'un, ?i. act of coaleso-
ing, or uniting into one body : a union
or combination of persons, states, etc.,
into one : alliance.
COALITIONIST, ko-al-ish'un-ist, n. one of
a coalition.
COALIZED, ko-al-izd', p. and adj. joined
bj' a coalition: allied. "Rash eoalized
kings." — Carlyle. (Rare.)
COAL-OIL, kol'oil, n. same as Petroleum.
COAI^SCLTTLE, kol-skut'tl, n. a bucket
used for carrj-ing- coal, and so shaped aa
to let the coal slide out of it into the
stove without scattering. — Coal-scuttlk
bonnet, a woman's bonnet shaped like
a coal-scuttle, and usually projecting far
before the face. " Miss Snevellici ....
glancing fi-om the depths of her coal-
scuttle bonuet." — Dickens.
COALY, kol'i, adj. of or like eoal.
COARSE, kors, adj. rough : rude : uncivO :
gross. — adv. Coaese'ly. — n. Coarse-
ness. [Orig. written Course ; from being
used in the phrase, •■ in course,'' it came
to mean ordinary, commonplace.]
COAST, kost, n., side or border of land
next the sea : the sea-shore : limit or
border of a country. — v.i. to sail along or
near a coast. — v.t. to sail bj- or near to.
[Fr. cote for coste — L. casta, a rib, side.]
COASTAL, kost'al, adj. of or pertaining
to a coast or shore.
COASTER, kost'er, n. a vessel that sails
along' the coast.
COASTGUARD, kosfgiird, n. a body of
men organized to act as a guard along
the coast, orig. intended to prevent smug-
gling
COASTWISE, kost'wiz, adv. along the
coast. [Coast and Wise.]
COAT, kot, n. a kind of outer garment :
the hair or wool of a beast : vesture or
habit : any covering : a membrane or
layer : the ground on which ensigns
armorial are portraj-ed, usually called
a coat of arms : an exaction levied by
Charles I. on the pretext of providing
clothing for the army : more usually
called Coat-money [see Conduct, las"t
meaning]. — v.t. to cover with a coat or
layer. [Fr. cotte — Low L. cottus, cotta. a
tunic ; from root of Ger. kotze, a matted
covering : akin to E. cot, a hut.]
COATEE, kot-e', n. a little coat: a coat
with short flaps.
COATING, kot'ing, n. a covering : cloth
for coats.
COAX, koks, v.t. to persuade by fondling
or flattery : to humor or soothe. — adv.
CoAX'iNGLT. [M.E. cokes, a simpleton :
prob. from W. coegr, empty, fooUsh. Sea
CoG.]
COB, kob, 71. a head of maize : a thick
strong pony. [W. co5 ; of. Dut. kop, Ger.
kopf, the top. head.]
COBALT, ko'bawlt, n. a brittle, reddish-
gray metal, usually found combined with
arsenic and other minerals. [Grer. kobalt,
from kobold, a demon, a nickname given
by the German miners, because they sup-
posed it to be a mischievous and hurtful
metal ; from Low L. gobelimis — Gr
kobalos, a goblin.]
COBBLE, kob'l, v.t. to patch up or mend
coarsely, as shoes. [O. Fr. cobler, to
join together, to tie together ; from L.
copulo. to join.]
COBBLER, kob'ler. n. one who cobbles or
mends shoes.
COB-HOUSE, kob'-hous, 71. in England a
house built of cob, that is of a compost
of puddled clay and straw, or of sti-aw,
lime, and earth. " A narrow street of
cob-houses whitewashed and thatched." —
H. Kingsley.
COBLE
67
COGNIZANCE
COBLE, kobl, n. a small fishing-boat. \}V.
keitbal, a hollow trunk, a boat.]
COBRA DA CAPELLO, ko'bra da ka-pel'o,
n. a poisonous snake, native of the East
Indies, which dilates the back and sides
of the neck so as to resemble a hood.
[Port. = snake of the hood.]
COB- WALL, kob'-wawl, n. a wall built up
solid of cob. [See Cob-house above.]
COBWEB, kob'web, n. the spider's iceb or
net : anj- snare or device intended to
entrap. [A.S. attorco2ypa, a spider, lit.
poison-head or tuft, from A.S. ator,
poison, and coppa = W. cop, a head,
tuft.]
COCAGNE, kok-an', n. the laud of cookery
or good living : an imaginary country of
luxury and delight. [Ft. cocagne ; from
L. coquo, to cook.]
COCCIFEROUS, kok-sif'er-us, adj., berry-
beariiig. [L. coccus ( — Gr. kokkos), a
berry, and jero, to bear.]
COCHINEAL, koch'i-nel, n. a scarlet dye-
stuti' consisting of the dried bodies of cer-
tain insects gathered from the cactus
plant in Mexico, the W. Indies, etc. [Sp.
cochinUla, dim. of L. coccinus — Gr. kok-
kos, a berry, as the cochineal was for-
merly supposed to be tlie berry or seed
of tlie plant.]
v'OCHLEARY, kok-le-ar-i, COCHLEATE,
kok'le-at, COCHLEATED, kok'le-at-ed,
adj.. twisted like a snail-shell : spiral.
[L. coclilea, snail - shell, screw — Gr.
kochlos. a shell-fish with a sjiiral shell.]
COCK, kok, n. the male of birds, particular-
ly of the domestic fowl : a weathercock :
a strutting chief or leader : anything set
erect : a tap for liquor : a familiar form
of address or appellation, preceded usual-
ly by old, and used much in the same way
a-s chap, fellow, boy, etc. " He has drawn
blood of liim yet ; well done, old cock!''
— Massinger. "He was an hone.st oM
rock, and loved his pipe and a tankard of
.;ider, as well as the best of us.'' — Graves.
—That cock wost fight, that plan will
not do, that storj' will not tell (Eng. col-
loquial). " I tried to see the arms on the
carriage, but there were none ; so that
cock wouldn't jight." — Kingsley. — v.t. to
set erect or upright : to set up, as the
hat. — v.i. to strut : to hold up the head.
[A.S. coc, an imitative word.]
COCK, kok, n. a small pile of hay. [Swed.
loka, a lump of earth ; Dut. Icogel, Ger.
kugel, a ball.]
COCK, kok, n. part of the lock of a gun.
[Ital. coccO; a notch, coceare, to put the
string of a bow into the notch of the ar-
row ; this expression was transferred to
firearms — hence, to put a gun on cock.'\
COCKADE, kok-ad', n. a knot of ribbons or
something similar worn on the hat as a
badge. [Fr. cocarde — coo, perh. from its
likeness to the comb of the cock.]
COCKATOO. kok.-a-t6o', n. a kind of par-
rot with a crest. [Malay kakatua,
formed from its cry.]
COCK^ITRICE. kok'a-tris, n. a lizard or
serpent imagined to be produced from a
cock's egg. [The word ha-s nothing to
do with cock : the O. Fr. cocafrice meant
a crocodile— Low L. cocatrix, a corr. of
Low L. cocodrillus, a crocodile. See
Crocodile.]
COCKBOAT, kok'bot, n. a smaU boat. [O.
Fr. coqiie. Fr. cache, a small boat — L.
concha, a shell ; the word boat is super-
fluous.]
COCK-BREAD, kok'-bred, w. a kind of
stimulating food given to game-cocks.
" You feed us with cock-bread, and arm
us with steel spurs that we may mangle
and kill each other for your sport." —
Southey.
COCKCHAFER, kok'chaf-er, n. the May-
bug, an insect of a pitchy-black color,
most destructive to ve°retation.
COCKER, kok'er, v.t. (obs.) to pamper, to
indulge. [Ety. dub.]
COCKLE, kok^i, n. a troublesome weed
among wheat, with a purple flower. [A.
S. coccel — Gael, cogal, from cog, a husk,
a bowl.]
COCKLE, kok'l, n. a shell-flsh, having two
wrinkled shells, of a heart-shape. [W.
cocs, cockles, and Gael, cuach. a drink-
ing-bowl, dim. cogan, a small bowl ;
compare Fr. coquille—Gr. kongchylion,
kongche. a cockle.]
COCKLOFT, kok'loft. n. the room in a
house uext the roof. [The loft where
the cocks roost.]
COCKNEY, kok'ne, n. b_v-name for a native
of the citv of London.— j^^- Cock'nets.
[Etv. dub."]
COCKXEYDOM, kok'ne-dum, n. the region
or home of Cockneys.
COCKNEYISM, kok'ne-izm, n. the dialect
or manners of a Cockney.
COCKPIT, kok'pit, n. a pit or inclosed
space where game-coci's fought : a room
in a ship-of-war for the wounded during
an action.
COCKROACH, kok'rSch, n. the common
black beetle.
COCKSCOMB, koks'kom, n. the comb or
crest on a cock's head : the name of three
plants.
COCKSWAIN, or COXSWAIN, kok'swan
(colloq. kok'sn), ?i. a seaman who steers
a boat, and under the superior officer
takes charge of it. [Cock, a boat, and
sicain.']
COCOA, ko'ko, Ji. a beverage made from
the ground beans of the cacao or choco-
late tree. [A corr. of cacao.l
COCOA, ko'ko, 71. a palm-tree growing in
tropical countries, and producing the
cocoa-nut. [Port, and Sp. coco, a bug-
bear ; applied to the nut from the three
marks at the end of it, which form a
grotesque face.]
COCOA-NUT, or COCO-NUT, ko'ko-nut,
n. the well-known fruit of the cocoa-
palm.
COCOON, ko-koon', n. the egg-shaped shell
or covering which the larvae of silkworms
and some other insects spin. [Fr. cocon,
from coque, a shell — L. concha, a shell.]
COCOONERY, ko-koon'er-i, n. a place for
keeping- silkworms when feeding and
spinning cocoons.
COCTIO^J; kok'shun, n. the act of boiling.
[L. coctio — coquo, to boil, to cook.]
COD, kod, CODFISH, kod'fish, n. a species
of fish much used as food, found in the
northern seas. — Cod-liver Oil, a medici-
nal oil extracted fiom the fresh liver of
the common cod. [Ety. dub.]
COD, kod. n. a Intsk, sliell, or pod, contain-
ing seeds. [A.S. codd, a small bag ; Ice.
koddi, a cushion.]
CODDLE, kod'l, i:t. to pamper : to fondle :
to parboil. [Ety. dub.]
CODE, kod, n. a collection or digest of
laws. [Fr. code — L. codex or caudex,
the trunk of a tree, a tablet for writing,
a set of tablets, a book.]
CODICIL, kod'i-sil, n. a short writing- or
note added as a supj)lement to a will. —
adj. Codicill'ary. [L. codicillus, dim.
of coder.']
CODIFY, kod'i-fl, v.t. to put into the form
of a code : — pr.p. cod'ifying ; 2>i-P- cod'-
ified. — )!. Codifica'tiox. [L. codex, a
code, and/ac(o, to make.]
CODLING, koil'Iing, )/. a voung cod-fish.
CODLING, kod'ling, CODLIN, kod'Un, n. a
hard kind of apple. [Dim. of cod, a pod.]
COEFFICIENT, ko-ef-fish'ent, n. that
which acts together with another thing :
(math.) the number of known quantity
prefixed as a multiplier to a variable or
unknown quantity. — n. Coeffi'ciekct.
—adv. CoEFFl'ciENTLY. [L. CO, together,
and Efficient.]
CCENOGAMY. se-nog'a-mi, n. the state of
hav-ing husbands or wives in common :
a community of husbands cr wives, such
as exists among certain primitive tribes.
[Gr. koinos, common, and gamos. mar-
riage.]
COERCE, ko-ers', v.t. to restrain by force :
to compel. [L. coerceo — co, together,
arceo, to shut in, conn, with area, a
chest.]
COERCIBLE, ko-ers'i-bl, adj. that may be
restrained or compelled. — adv. Coerc'-
LBLY.
COERCION, ko-er'shun, n. the act or proc-
ess of coercing : restraint.
COERCIVE, ko-ers'iv. adj. having power
to coerce : compelling. — adv. Coerc'-
rvELY.
COE'VAL, ko-e'val, adj., of the savie age.
— n. one of the same age. [L. co, to-
gether, and oivwn, age, Gr. aion.]
CO-EXTENSIVE, ko-eks-ten'siv, adj.
equally extensive.
COFFEE, kofe. n. a drink made from the
seeds of the coffee-tree, a native of Ara-
bia. [Turk, kahveh — Ar. qahireh.]
COFFER, kof'er, ?i. a enesi for holding
money or treasure. [O. Fr. cofre or
cojin, a chest — L. cophinus, a basket — Gr.
kophinos.]
COFFERDAM, kof er-dam, n. a water-tight
barrier or ho.v of timber, placed in the
bed of a river, etc., to exclude the water
during- the progress of some work. [COF-
FER and Dam.]
COFFIN, kof'in, n. the coffer or chest in
which a dead body is inclosed. — v.t. to
place within a coffin. [The earlier form
of Coffer.]
COG, kog, v.t. to cheat or deceive : to cog
dice is to load them so that they may
fall in a given way. [W. coegio, to make
void, to trick — coeg, empty.]
COG, kog, 11. a catch or tooth on a wheel.
— v.t. to fix teeth in the rim of a wlieel :
— pr.2). cogg'ing ; pa.p. cogged'. [Ace. to
Skeat from Gael, and Ir. cog, a mill-cog.]
COGENCY, ko'jen-si, n. power of convinc-
ing.
COGENT, ko'jent, adj., driving or pressing
on the mind : powerful : convincing. —
adv. Co'GENTLY". [L. cogro — co, together,
and ago. to drive.]
COGITATE, koj'i-tat, v.i. to agitate or turn
a thing over in one's mind : to meditate -.
to ponder. [L. cogito. to think deeply—
CO, together, and agito, to put a thing in
motion.]
COGITATION, koj-i-ta'shun, ?i. deep
thought : meditation.
COGITATIVE, koj'i-ta-tiv, adj. having the
power of cogitating or thinking : given
to cogitating.
COGNAC. COGNIAC, kon'yak, n. the best
kind of Frencli brandy, so called because
much of it is made near the town Cognac.
COGNATE, kog'nat. adj.. born of the same
family: related to: of the same kind.
[L. cognatus — co. together, and gnascor.
gnatus, to be born.]
COGNITION, kog-nish'un, 7i. certain knoirl-
edge. [L., from cognosco, cognitum — co,
together, and nosco, gnosco, to know.]
COGNIZABLE, kog'niz-abl or kon'-. adj.
that may be knoini or understood : that
may be judicially investigated. [O. Fr.
cogno issableA
COGNIZANCE, kog'ni-zans or kon'-. v.,
knowledge or notice, judicial or private :
observation : jurisdiction : that by which
one is known, a badge. [O. Fr. — L. cog'-
nosco.]
COGNIZANT
68
COLLOQUY
COGNIZANT, kog'ni-zant or kon'-, adj.,
hai'ing eognizance or knowledge of.
CXXiNOMEN, kog-no'men, )(. a surname :
the last of the three names of an indi-
vidual among the Romans, indicating the
house or family to wliich he belonged.
[L. — CO, together, iiomen. gnomen, a name
— nosco, gnosco, to know.]
COHABIT, ko-hab'it. v.i. to dwell together
as husband and wife. — n. Cohabita'tiox.
[L. cohabito — co, together, and habito, to
dwell.]
COHERE, ko-lier', v.i. to stick together : to
remain in contact : to follow in proper
connection. [L. colwareo — co, together,
and lueveo, to stick.]
COHERENCE, ko-her'ens, COHERENCY,
ko-her'en-si, n. a sticking together : a con-
sistent connection between several parts.
COHERENT, ko-her'ent, adj.. sticking to-
gether: connected : consistent. — adv. Co-
her'entlt.
COHESION, ko-he'zhun, n. the act of stick-
ing together : a form of attraction by
w-hich particles of bodies of the same
nature stick together : logical connec-
tion. [L. colxesus, pa.p. of cohcereo.]
COHESI\TG, ko-he'siv, adj. hai'ing the
power of cohering : tending to unite into
a mass. — adv. Cohe'sively. — n. Cohe'-
SrVENESS.
COHORT, ko'hort, n. among the Romans,
a body of soldiers about 600 in number,
forming about a tenth part of a legion :
any band of armed men. [Fr. — L. cohors,
an inclosed place, a multitude inclosed,
a company of soldiers. [See Court,
Garden. Yard.]
COIF, koif, n. a cap or covering for the
head. [Fr. coiffe — Low L. cofia, a cap,
from O. Ger. chnppha, a cap, another
from of O. Ger. chuph, a cup (Ger. kopf,
the head) : so that coif is a doublet of
CCP.]
COIFFURE, koif'ur, n. a head-dress. [Fr.]
COIGN, koin, n. a corner or external angle:
a corner-stone : a wedge. [See Coin.]
COIL, koil, v.t. to gather together, or wind
in rings as a rope, a serpent. — n. one of
the rings into which a rope is gathered.
[O. Fr. coillir, Fr. cueillir — L. colligere —
col, together, legere, to gather.]
COIN, koin, n. a piece of metal legally
stamped and current as money. — v.t. to
convert a piece of metal into money : to
form, as a medal, by stamping : to make,
invent, fabricate. [Fr. coin, coin, also
the die to stamp money — L. cutieus, a
wedge. Coign is a doublet.]
COINAGE, koin'aj, n. the act or art of
coining : the pieces of metal coined : in-
vention, fabrication.
COINCIDE, ko-in-sid', v.i. to fall in with,
or agree, in opinion : to correspond : to
be identical. [L. co. together, incidere —
in. in, cado, to fall.]
COINCIDENCE, ko-in'si-dens, COINCI-
DENCY, ko-in'si-den-si, n. act or condi-
tion of coinciding : the occurrence of an
event at the same tinu: as another event.
— adj. Coin'cident. — adv. Coin'cidently.
COINLESS. koiu'les, adj. having no coin or
money : moneyless : penniless. " Coin-
less bards." — Wm. Combe.
COIR, koir, n. cocoa-nut fibre for ropes or
matting.
COKE. kok. n. coal charred and deprived
of its volatile matters, for use in fur-
naces. [Perh. conn, with Cake.]
COLANDER, kul'and-er. CULLENDER,
kul'end-er, n. a strainer: a vessel having
small holes in the bottom. [L. colans,
colantis. pr.p. of colare. to strain — colum,
a strainer.]
COLD, kold. adj. the opposite of hot : shiv-
ering : without passion or zeal : spirit-
less : unfriendly : indifferent : reserved.
— n. absence of heat : the feeling or sen-
sation caused by the absence of heat : a
disease caused by cold : catarrh : chill-
ness. — adv. Cold'ly. — n. Cold'ness.
[A.S. ceald ; Scot, caidd, G«r. kalt ; cog.
also with E. cool. Ice. kala, to freeze, L.
gelidus — gelu, frost.]
COLDISH, kold'ish, adj., somewhat cold:
cool.
COLE, kol, ?(. a general name for all sorts
of cabbage. [A.S. caivel ; Ger. kohl,
Scot, kail; all from L. colis, catdis, a
stem, especially of cabbage ; cf. Gr. kau-
los.]
COLEOPTERA, kol-e-op'ter-a, n.pl. an
order of insects ha^^ng two pair of wings,
the outer pair being hard or horny, serv-
ing as wing-cases for the true wings, as
the beetle. [Gr. koleos, a sheath, and
pteron. pi. ptera, a wing.]
COLEOPTEROUS, kol-e-op'ter-us, adj.,
sheath-uinged.
COLEWORT, kol'wurt, n. a species of cole
or cabbage. [A.S. tvyrt, a plant.]
COLIBRI, ko-le'bre, 11. a name given to
various species of humming-birds. [Said
to be the Carib name.]
COLIC, kol'ik, n. a disorder of the colon :
acute pain in the stomach or bowels.
COLISEUM. See Colosseum.
COLLABORATE, kol-lab'6-rat, v.i. to work
jointlv or together.
COLLABORATOR, kol-ab'o-ra-tor, n. an
associate or assistant in labor, particu-
larlj' literary or scientific. [Coined from
L. col. witli, and laboro, laboratum, to
labor.]
COLLAPSE, kol-aps'. n. a falling away or
breaking down : any sudden or complete
breakdown or prostration. — v.i. to fall
or break down : to go to ruin. [L. col-
lapsns — col, together, and labor, lapsus,
to slide or fall.]
COLLAR, kol'ar, n. something worn round
the neck : the part of a garment at the
neck: a ring: a band. — v.t. to seize by
the collar : to put on acollar. [Fr. collier
— L. collare — collum, the neck ; akin to
A.S. heals, Ger. hals, the neck.]
COLLAR-BONE, kol'ar-bon, n. a bone of
the neck between the breastbone and the
shoulder-blade ; also called the clavicle.
COLLATE, kol-at', v.t. (lit.) to bring or lay
together for comparison : to examine and
compare, as books, and esp. old manu-
scripts : to place in or confer a benefice :
to place in order, as the sheets of a book
for binding. [L. coUatus, pa.p. of confero
— con, together, and fero, to bring.]
COLLATERAL, kol-at'er-al, adj.. side by
side : running parallel or together : not
direct : descended from the same ances-
tor, but not directly, as the children of
brothers. — n. a collateral relation. — adv.
Collat'erally'. [L. col, and latus, la-
teris, aside.]
COLLATION, kol-a'shun, ?i., aci of collat-
ing : a bringing together, for examina-
tion and comparison : presentation to a
benefice : a repast between meals.
COLLATOR, kol-a'tor, n., one jcho collates
or compares : one who bestows or pre-
sents.
COLLEAGUE, kol'eg, n. a partner, asso-
ciate, or coadjutor. [Fr. collegue — L.
collega — col, together, and lego, to send
on an embassy /)
COLLEAGUE, kol-eg'. v.i. to join or unite
with in the same office : — 2^^-P- coUeagu-
ing (kol-eg'ing) ; pa.p. colleagued (kol-
egd').
COLLECT, kol-ekt'. v.t. to assemble or
bring together : to infer : to compile. —
v.i. to run together : to accumul.-ite. [L.
colligo, collectus, from col, together, and
lego. Gr. lego, to gather, to choose.]
COLLECT, kol'ekt, )i. a short and compre-
hensive prayer in the service of the R.
Catholic and Anglican Churches. [Origin
of the name dub.]
COLLECTED, kol-ekt'ed, adj., gathered
together: having one's senses gathered
together : cool : firm. — adv. Collect"-
edly. — n. Collect'edness.
COLLECTION, kol-ek'shun, n., act of col-
lecting : that which is collected : an as-
semblage : a heap or mass : a book ot
selections.
COLLECTIVE, kol-ekt'iv, adj. considered
as forming one mass or sum : congre-
gp.ted : (grain.) expressing- a number or
multitude. — Collective note, in di^jlom-
acy, a note or official communication
signed by the representatives of several
governments. — adv. COT.T.F.CT'rvELY'. — n.
Collect'iveness.
COLLECTIVITY, kol-lek-tiv'i-ti, Ji. same
as Collectiveness. John Morley.
COLLECTOR, kol-ekt'or, «., one who col-
lects or gathers. — ns. Cot.t.kc'torate,
Collec'torship.
COLLEGE, kol'ej, n. (orig.) anj' collection
or community of men with certain pri\'i-
leges or a common pursuit, as a college
of heralds or the college of cardinals : a
seminary of learning : a hterary, politi-
cal, or religious institution : the edifice
appropriated to a college. — Collegian,
kol-e'ji-an, n. a member or inhabitant of
a college : in England, an inmate of a
debtor's prison. "It became a not un-
usual circumstance for letters to be put
under his door at night inclosing half-a-
crown . . . for the Father of the
Marshalsea, ' with the compliments of a.
collegian taking leave.'" — Dickens. [Fr.
college — L. collegium, from col, and lego.\
COLLEGIATE, kol-e'ji-at, adj. pertaining
to or resembling a college : containing a
college, as a town : instituted like a
college.
COLLET, kol'et, n. the collar of a rin^ or
the part which contains the stone. [Fr.
— L. colhtni.]
COLLIDE, kol-id', v.i. to strike or dash
together. [L. collido, collisus — col, to-
gether, lalo, to strike.]
COLLIE, COLLY, kol'i, n. a shepherd's
dog. [Et.y. dub., prob. Celt.]
COLLIER, iiol'j'er, n. one who works in a
C0K?-mine : a ship that carries coal.
COLLIERY, kol'yer-i, 71. a eoa?-mine.
COLLISION, kol-izh'un, n. a striking to-
gether: state of being struck together:
conflict : opposition.
COLLOCATE, kol'6-kat, v.t. to place to-
gether: to place, set, or station. [L. col-
loco, collocatns, from col, together, and
loco, to jilace.j
COLLOCATION, kol-o-ka'shun, n., act of
collocating: disposition in place : arrange-
ment. [L. collocatio.]
COLLOCUTORY, kol-lok'u-to-ri, adj. per-
taining to or having the form of a collo-
quy or conversation: colloquial. "We
proceed to give our imitation, which is
of the Amcebean or collocutoty kind."
— Antijacobin.
COLLODION, kol-o'di-on. n. a gluey solu-
tion of gun cotton in alcohol and etlier,
used in surgery and pliotography. [Gr.
kollodes, fronikolla, glue, and eidos, form,
appearance.]
COLLOP, kol'up, n. a .slice of meat. [From
clop or colp, the sound of a soft lump
thrown on aflat surface ; Dut. klo}). It.
colpo, a blow.]
COLLOQUIAL, kol-o'kwi-al, adj. pertain-
ing to or used in common conversation.
—adv. Collo'quially'.
COLLOQUIALISM, kol-o'kwi-al-izm. n. a
form of expression, used in familiar talk.
COLLOQUY, kol'o-lrwi, n. a speaking to-
gether : mutual discourse : conversation.
I
COLLUDE
69
COMFORTATIVE
[L. colloquium, from col, together, and
loquor, to speak.]
COLLUDE, kol-ud', v.i. to play into each
otiier"s hand : to act in concert, especially
iu a fraud. [L. colludo, collusus, from
col, and liido, to play.]
COLLUSION, kol-u^zhun, n.,act of collud-
ing : a secret agreement to deceive. [L.
collusio.}
COLLUSIVE, kol-u'ziv, adj. fraudulently
concerted : deceitful. — adv. Collu'sive-
LY.— )l. COLLU'SIVENESS.
COLOCOLA, kol-o-ko'la. n. a ferocious
tiger-cat of Central America {Felis or
Leopardus ferox). It equals or surpasses
the ocelots in size, and is a terrible ene-
my to the animals among which it lives,
especially the monkeys.
COLOCYlSfTH.koro-sinth, n. the dried and
powdered pulp of a kind of cucumber,
much used as a purgative. [G-r. kolokyii-
tlnS.]
COLON, ko'lon, n. the mark ( : ) used to in-
dicate a distmct member or clause of a
sentence. [Gr. kolon, a limb, member.]
COLON, ko'lon, n. the lower division cf the
intestinal canal or large intestine. [Gr.
h'lon, conn, with koilos, hollow.]
COLONEL, kur'nel, n. an officer who has
command of a regiment. — n. Colonelcy,
kur'nel-si, liis office or rank. [Fr. (Sp.
and O. E. coronel) ; a corr. of It. eolonello,
the leader of a coloiina, or column — L.
columna.]
COLONIAL, kol-o'ni-a.. adj. pertaining to
a colony.
COLONIST, kol'on-ist, h. an inhabitant of
a colony.
COLONIZATION, kol-on-i-za'shun, n. act
or practice of colonizing : state of being
colonized.
COLONIZE, kol'on-Iz, v.t. to plant or es-
tablish a co?oh;/ in : to form into a colony.
COLONNADE, kol-on-ad'. n. a range of
cohimns placed at regular intervals. [Fr.
— L. columna.']
COLONY, kol'on-i, n. a body of persons
wlio form a fixed settlement in another
country : the settlement so formed. [L.
colonia — colonus, a husbandman — colo,
to tillj
COLOPHON, kol'o-fon, n. in early printing,
the inscription at the end of a book con-
taining the name or date, etc. [L. colo-
phon— Gr. kolophon, tlie top, the finish.]
COLOPHONY, kol-of'o-ni, n. the dark-
colored resin got from the distillation of
oil of turpentine. [Gr., from Colophon,
a 'itv of Asia Minor.]
COLORIFIC, kul-ur-if'ik, adj. containing
o!' producing colors. [L. color, and facio,
to make.]
COLOR, kul'ur, 71. a property of Ught
v.'hiili causes bodies to have different ap-
pearances to the eye : the hue or appear-
ance which bodies present to tlie eye :
appearance of blood in the face,: tint :
paint : false show : kind :— j)?. a flag,
ensign, or standard : paints. — v.t. to put
color on : to stain : to paint : to set in a
fair light : to exaggerate. — v.i. to sliow
color : to blush. [Fr. — L. color ; akin to
celo. to cover, conceal.]
COLORABLE, kul'ur-a-bl, adj. having a
fair appearance : designed to conceal. —
adv. COL'OR.\BLY.
COLOR-BLINDNESS, kul'ur-blind'nes, n.
a defect of the eyesight by which one is
unalde to distinguish between colors.
COLORING, kul'ur-ing, n. any substance
used to give color : manner of applying
colors : specious appearance.
COLORIST, kul'ur-ist, n., one who colors
ov paints : one who excels in coloring.
COLORLESS, kul'ur-les, adj., without
coh'r : transparent.
COLOR-SERGEANT, kul'ur-sar'jent, n.
the sergeant who guards the colors of a
regiment.
COLOSSAL, kol-os'al, adj., like a colossus :
gigantic.
COLOSSEUM, kol-os-e'um, COLISEUM,
kol-i-se'um, n. Vespasian's ampliitheatre
at Rome, wliicli was the largest in the
world. [L. ; from adj. of Gr. kolossos.]
COLOSSUS, kol-os'us, n. a gigantic statue,
particularly that of Apollo which stood
at the entrance of the liai-bor of Rhodes.
[L. — Gr. kolossos.]
COLPORTAGE, kol'port-aj, n. the distri-
bution of books, etc., by colporteurs.
COLPORTEUR, kol'p6rt-ar, COLPORTER,
kol'port-er, n. a pedler, particularly one
wlio travels for the sale of tracts and
religious books. [Fr. colporteur, from
col — L. collum, the neck, a.nd porter — L.
portare. to carry.]
COLT, kolt, n. a young horse : a foolish
yoimg fellow : (B.) a young camel or ass.
[A.S. colt: Sw. kull't, a young boar, a
stout bov.l
COLTER, COULTER, kol'ter, v.. the fore-
iron of a plough, that cuts through the
ground. [A.S. culter ; from L. culter, a
knife : Sans, krit, to cut.]
COLTISH, kolt'ish, adj., like a colt : frisky :
wanton.
COLT'S-FOOT, koltz'-foot, n. a plant with
large soft leaves once used in naedicine.
COLUMBARY, kol'um-ba-ri, n. a pigeon-
house or dovecot. [L. columbarium —
columba. a dove.]
COLUMBIAN, ko-Ium'bi-an, adj. pertain-
ing to Columbia, a name of Ajnerica.
[Columbia, America, from Columbus, its
discoverer.]
COLUMBINE, kol'um-bln. adj., of or like
a dove : dove-colored. — n. a genus of
plants : a kind of violet or dove color :
the heroine in a pantomime. [Fr. — L.
columbii, a dove.]
COLUMN, kol'um, n. a long, round body,
used to support or adorn a building : any
upright body or mass like a column : a
body of troops drawn up in deep files :
a perpendicular row of lines in a book.
fL. colunien, columna, akin to cel-sus,
ligh, collis, a hill, and Gr. kolone, a hill.]
COLUMN AL, kol-um'nal, adj. same as Col-
umnar.
Cra^ overhang-ing:, nor coiumnal rock
Cast its dark outline tliere. — Southeif.
COLUMNAR, kol-um'nar, adj. formed in
columns : having the form of a column.
COLURE, kol'iir, n. (astron.) one of two
great circles supposed to intersect each
other at right angles in the poles of the
equator, so called because a part is al-
ways beneath the horizon. [Gr. kolou-
ros, dock-tailed — kolos, docked, oura,
tail.]
COLZA, kol'za, n. a kind of cabbage from
the seeds of which is obtained an oil
used in lamps. [Dut. koolzaad, the
"seed of cabbage."]
COMA, ko'ma, ??., depp sleep : stupor. [Gr.
— koimao, to hush to sleep.]
COMATOSE, ko'ma-tos or kom'-, COMA-
TOUS, ko'ma-tus, adj., affected with
coma : in a state of stupor from drowsi-
ness : drowsy.
COMB, kom, /(. a toothed instrument for
separating and cleaning hair, wool, flax,
etc.; the crest of a cock: the top or
crest of a wave or of a hill : a cell for
honey. — v.t. to separate, arrange, or
clean by means of a comb. [A.S. camb ;
Ice. kambr, comb, crest.]
COMB, COMBE, kom, ?i. a hollow among
hills : a narrow valley. [W. cwm, a
hollow.]
COMB, kom, )!. a drv measure of four
bushels. [Ety. dub.f
COMBAT, kom'bat or kum'bat, v.i. to con-
tend or struggle with. — v.t. to beat
against : to act in opposition to : to
contest. — n. a struggle : a battle or fight.
[Fr. combattre, to fight — com, with, and
battre, to beat. See Be.\t.]
COMBATANT, kom'bat-ant, adj. disposed
or inclined to combat. — n. one who fights
or combats.
COMBATIVE, kom'bat-iv, adj. inclined to
quarrel or fight. — n. Com'bativeness.
COMBER, kom'er, n., one wlio combs wool
COMBINATION, kom-bi-na'shun, n. the
act of combining : union : a number of
persons united for a pur250se.
COMBINE, kom-bin', v.t. to join two to-
gether : to unite intimateh'. — v.i. to come
into close union : (chem/) to unite and
form a new compound. [X. combinare,
to join — com, together, and bini, two and
two.]
COMBUSTIBLE, kom-bust'i-bl, adj. that
may take Jire and burn : liable to take
fire and burn. — n. anything that will
take fire and burn. [L. comburo, com-
bust us, to consume — com, intensive, and
buro, uro, to burn.]
COMBUSTIBLENESS, kom-bust'i-bl-nes,
COMBUSTIBILITY, kom-bust-i-bil'i-ti, 71.
capability of being burned.
COMBUSTION, kom-bust'yun,?i. a6»)-?iingr.-
the action of fire on combustible sub-
stances.
COME, kum, v.i. to move toward this
place (the opp. of go) : to draw near : to
arrive at a certain state or condition : to
issue: to happen: — 2^''P- com'ing ; jja.i,
came ; pa.p. come. [A.S. cuman ; Ger,
ko7nmen, to come.]
COMEDIAN, kom-e di-an, n. one who acts
or writes eo»(edies: an actor.
COMEDIETTA, kom-e'di-et'ta, n. a dra
matic composition of the comedy class,
but not so much elaborated as a regular
comedy, and generally consisting of one
or at most two acts.
COMEDY, kom'e-di, n. a dramatic piece of
a pleasant or humorous character, orig.
accomp. with dancing' and singing. [L.
cot7ioedia — Gr. komodia, a ludicrous spec-
tacle, from komos, a revel, and ode, a
song.]
COMELY, kum'li, adj. pleasing : graceful •
handsome. — adv. in a comely manner. —
7}. Come'liness. [A.S. cymlic — cyme, suit-
able "rom Come), and lie, like.]
COMESTIBLES, kom-est'i-blz, ?i. eatables,
[Fr. — L. comedo, t eat up.]
COMET, kom'et, 7i. a heavenlj' body with
an eccentric orbit and a luminous tail. —
adj. Com'etaky. [Gr. koi/ietes, long-
haired— kome, the hair.]
COMFIT, kum'fit, COMFITURE. kum'flt-
ur, Ji. a sweetmeat. [A doublet of CoN-
FECT ; from Fr. confit, confiture — L. eo/i-
Jicio. to make up.]
COMFORT, kum'furt, f.f. to relieve from
pain or distress : to cheer, revi%-e. — 7i.
Com'forter. [O. Fr. co7iforter — L. con,
and foi-t is. strong-.]
C03IF0RT. kum'furt. J), relief : encourage-
ment : ease : quiet enjoyment : freedom
from annoyance : wliatever gives ease,
enjovment. etc.
COMFORTABLE, kum'furt-a-bl, ac^. im
parting or enjoying comfort. — adv. CoM
FORTABLY.
COMFORTATIVE. kum'furt-at-iv, adj.
tending to promote comfort : capable
of making comfortable. " Comfortativ*
and wholesome, too." — Udall.
COMFORTATIVE, kum'furt-at-iv, 71. that
which gives or ministers to comfort.
"The two hundred crowns in gold . . ■
as a cordial and coinfortativel carry next
my lieart." — Jarvis.
COMFORTLESS
70
COMMUNE
COMTORTLESS, kum'f urt-les, adj. without
comfort.
COJnC. koiu'ik. COMICAL, komik-al. adj.
relating- to comedy : raising- mirth : droll.
—adv. Cosi'iCAXiT. — ns. CoincAL'iTY,
COM'ICALKESS.
COillTIA, ko-mish'i-a, n. amon"- the
Romans, the assemblies of the people for
electing ma^strates, passing- laws, etc.
[L. — com. together, eo, itnm, to go.]
COMITY, kom'i-ti, n., eourteousness : civ-
ility. [L. cotnitas, -atis — comis, coui-te-
ous.]
C02HMA, koni'a, n. in punctuation, the
point ( , ) which marks the smallest
division of a sentence. [L. comma — Gr.
komma, a section of a sentence, from
kopto, to cut off.]
COMMAND, kom-and', v.t. to order : to
bid: to exercise supreme authority over:
to have within sight, influence, or con-
trol.— v.i. to have chief authoritj- : to
govern. — n. an order : authority : mes-
sage: the abiUty to overlook or influence:
the thing commanded. [Fr. commander
— L. commendare, to commit to one's
charge, to order — con}, and mandare, to
intrust. A doublet of CoJlMEXD.]
COMMAND ANT, kom-and-ant', n. aa
officer who has the command of a place
or of a body of troops.
COMMANDER, kom-and'er, }!,, one u-ho
commands : an officer in the navy next
in rank under a captain. — n. Coidiaxd'-
ERSHIP.
COMMANDING, kom-and'ing, adj. fitted
to impress or control. — adv. COiDlAND'-
IXGLT.
COMJIAJvDMENT, kom-and'ment, n. a
command : a precept : one of the ten
moral laws.
COMMEMORATE, kom-em'o-rat, v.t. to
call to remembrance by a solemn or pub-
Uo act. — n. CoiniEJioRA'Tios. [L. coni-
memoratus, pa. p. of coinmemorare, to
remember — com, intensive, and memor,
mindful.]
CO JBIEMORATl V E, kom-em'o-ra-tiv, adj.
tending or serving to commemorate.
COMMENCE, kom-eus', v.i. to begin: to
originate : to take rise. — v.t. to begin :
to originate : to enter ujjon. [Fr. com-
mencei — L. co??i, and initiare, to begin —
in. into, and eo. to go.]
COMMENCEMENT, kom-ens'ment, n. the
beginning: the thing begun.
COMMEND, kom-end', v.t. to give into the
charge of : to recommend as worthy : to
praise. [L. commendare, to intrust. See
COJTMAXD.]
COMMENDABLE, kom-end'a-bl, adj wor-
thv of being commended or praised. —
adv. Coidiexd'ablt.— H. Comme>-d'able-
NESS.
COMMENDATION, kom-en-da'shun, n. the
act of commending : praise : declaration
of esteem.
COMMENDATORY. kom;pnd'a-to-ri, adJ,
commending : containing praise or com-
mendation : presenting to favorable no-
tice or reception.]
COMMENSURABLE, kom-en'su-ra-bl, adj.,
having a common mea-mre. — adv. COM-
MES'StTRABLT. — nS. COMMESSURABIL'ITY,
COMMEX'SUEABLESESS. [L. COm, witll,
and mensiira, a measure — metior, mensus,
to measure.]
COMMENSURATE, kom-en'su-rat, adJ, of
the same measure tcitic : equal in measure
or extent : in proportion with. — adv.
COMMEX'SURATELY. — ns. COJIMEX'SURATE-
XESS, Coilmexscea'tiox.
COMMENT, kom'ent, n. a note conveying
an illustration or explanation : a remark,
observation, criticism. — v.i. (or kom-ent')
to make critical or explanatory notes. —
ns. Com'mextator, Coii'MEsroR. [Fr.—
L. commentor, to reflect upon — com, and
the root ment-. L. mens, the MiSD.]
COMMENTARY, kom'ent-a-ri, n. a eoHi-
nient. or a book or body of comments.
COJIMERCE. kom'ers. /"(. interchange of
merchandise on a large scale beticeen
nations or individuals : extended trade
or traffic : intercourse: fellowship. [Fr.
commerce — L. commercium — com, with,
and mer.v. mereis. g-oods. merchandise.]
COMMERCIAL, kom-er'slial, adj. pertain-
ing to commerce : mercantile. — adv.
COMIIERCIALLY.
COMMERCIALISM, kom-mer'shal-izm, n.
the doctrines, tenets, or practices of
commerce or of commercial men. '• The
buy-cheap-and-sell-dear commercialism
in which he had been brought up.'"
— Kingsley.
COMMERCING, kom-mers'ing, pr.p. of
Commerce, v.i. to hold intercourse
with.
COMMINATION, kom-in-a'shun, n. a
threat: a recital of God"s threatenings
made on Ash- Wednesday in the Episco-
pal Church. [L. — coHi. intensive, and
minor, to threaten. See Mexace.]
COMMINATORY. kom-iu'a-tor-i. adj.,
threatening or denouncing punishment.
COMMINGLE, kom-ing'gl, v.t. to mingle
or mix irith. [L. com, together, and
3I1XGLE.]
COMMINUTE, kom'in-ut, v.t. to reduce to
minute or small jjar<ictes. — n. COM)rrxxi'-
Tiox. [L. comminuo, -utum. to break
into pieces — com, and minuo, to make
small — root minus, less.]
COMMISERATE, kom-iz'er-at, v.t. to feel
for the miseries of another : to pity. [L.
com, with, and miseror, to deplore, from
mi^er, T\Tetched.]
COM3IISERATIO>, kom-iz-er-a'shun, n.
concern for the sufferings of others :
pitv.
COMMISSARIAL, kom-is-a'ri-al, adj. per-
taining to a commissary.
COMMISSARIAT, kom-is-a'ri-at. n. the de-
partment whicli is charged with the fur-
nishing of provisions, as for an army :
the body of officers in that department :
the office of a commissarj-.
COMMISSARY, kom'is-ar-i, »j. one to
whom any charge is committed : an of-
ficer who has tlie charge of furnishing
provisions, etc. to an army. — n. Coini'is-
SARYSHIP. [Low L. commissarius — L.
committo, commissus.]
COMMISSION, kom-isli'un, n., act of com-
mitting: that wliich is committed: a
writing conferring certain powers : au-
thority : charge or fee to an agent, etc.
for transacting business : one or more
persons appointed to perform certain
duties. — v.t. to give a commission to : to
appoint.
COMinSSIONER, kom-ish'un-er, n. one
who holds a commission to perform some
business.
COMMIT, kom-it', v.t. to give in charge or
trust : to do : to endanger : to pledge : —
pr.p. committ'ing-: pa.p. committ'ed. [L.
committo — com, with, and mitto, to send.]
C0M3IITMENT, kom-it'ment, n., act of
committing : an order for sending to
prison : imprisonment.
COMMITTAL, kom-ifal, n. commitment:
a pledge, actual or implied.
COMMITTEE, kom-it'e, n. one or more
persons to whom some special business
is committed by a court or assembly or
other body of men.
COMMIX, kom-iks'. v.t. to viur together. —
V. i. to mix. [L. com, together, and Mrs.]
COMMIXTURE, kom-iksM;ur, n.. act of
mixing together: the state of being
mixed : the mass formed by mixing.
COMMODE, kom-od', n. a small sideboard :
by
[Fr. — L. commodus, convenient.]
COMMODE, kom-mod'. adj. accommodat-
ing : obliging. "Am I not ven.' commode
to you." — Cibber. [Fr. commode, com-
modious, accommodating, kind.]
COMMODELY. kom-mod'h. adv. conven-
iently. "It will fall in verv com modt/^
between mv parties." — H. ]Yalpole.
COilMODIOUS, kom-o'di-us. adj. suitable
or convenient : comfortable. — adv. COM-
mo'diously. — n. Cosrsio'DiousxEss. [L.
commodus {lit., having the same meas-
ure, fitting) — com, with, modus, meas-
ure.]
COilMODITY. kom-od'it-i. n. a conven-
ience, or that which affords it : an
article of traffic. [L. commoditas, from
commodus.]
COMMODORE, kom'o-dor, n. the com-
viander of a squadron or detachment
of ships : the leading ship of a fleet of
merchantmen. [Corr. of Sp. cometidador
— L. commendo, in late L. to command.]
COIDION, kom'iui. adj. belonging equallj-
to more than one : public : general :
usual : frequent : easy to be had : of
little value : ^Tilgar. — n. a tract of open
land, used in common by the inhabitants
of a town, parish, etc. -Common Pleas,
one of the high courts of justice in
Eng. : in some of the L^nited States a
county court.— Book of Common Prayer,
the liturgy of the Episcopal Church. —
adv. Comf'ONLY. — n. Comm'oxness. [Fr.
commun — L. communis — com, together,
and munis, serving, obliging.]
COMMONAGE, kom'un-aj, n. right of
pasturing on a common : the right of
using an^•thing in common.
C0M5I0NALTY, kom'un-al-ti. 71. the body
of common people below the rank of
nobility.
COMMONER, kom'un-er, n. a member of
the House of Commons : a student of
the second rank in the university of
Oxford.
COMMONPLA.CE. kom'un-plas, 11. a com-
mon topic or subject : a memorandum :
a note. — adj. common : hackneyed. — n.
CoiiJi'oxPLACE-BOOK, a note or memo-
randum book. [Cosniox. and Place, a
translation of L. locus, a place, a topic
of discourse.]
COMMONS, kom'unz. n.pl. the lower House
of Parliament or House of Commons :
common land : food at a common table.
COMMON-SENSE, kom'un-sens. adj.
marked bv sovmd. plain sootl sense.
COMMONAA'EAL, kom'un-wel. COMMON-
WEALTH, kom'un-welth. n. (lit.) the
common or public u-cll-heing or good:
the government in a free state : the pub-
lic or whole body of the people : a form
of government in which the power rests
with the people, (hist.) that in England
after the overthrow of Charles I. [See
Wealth.]
COMMORANT. kom'mo-rant. n. a resident.
"All my time that I was a commoraiit
in Cambridu-e." — Bp. Hacket.
COMMOTE, kom-mot', v.t. to commove :
to disturb : to stir up. Hau-tliorne. [See
Commotiox.]
COMMOTION, kom-o'shun. n. a r-iolent
motion or moiling : excited or tunmltuous
action, physical or mental : agitation :
tumult. [L. commotio — coyn, intensive,
and moveo. motus, to move.]
COMMUNAL, kom-un'al, adj. of a com-
mune.
COMMUNE, kom'un. n. in France, a terri-
torial di-^asion governed by a mayor.
The Cosdiuxt: at Paris in IST'l was a re-
volt against the nationaJ government,
the principle of the i-^volt being that
each citj' or district should be ruled inite
COMMUNE
71
COMPLEX
pendently by its own commune or local
governmentr [Fr. commune — root of
CommonJ
COMJIUNE. kom-un', v.i. to converse or
talk together : to have intercourse. [Fr.
commutiiei — L. commimico, from com-
munis. See Common.]
lOMMUNICABLE. kom-un'i-ka-bl, adj.
that may be communicated. — ach: COM-
MfN'lCABLY.
COMMUNICANT, kom-un'i-kant, w. one
who partakes of The Communion.
COMMUNICATE, kom-im'i-kat, v.t. to give
a share of, impart : to reveal : to bestow.
— i:i. to have something in common with
another : to have the means of passing
from one to another : to have intercourse :
to partake of The Communion. [L. com-
ttiunico. commiinicahis, from commtinis.^
COMMUNICATION, kom-un-i-ka'shun, n.
act of communicating : that which is
communicated : intercourse : correspond-
ence.
COMMUNICATIVE, kom-un'i-ka-tiv, adj.
inclined to communicate or give informa-
tion : unreserved, — n. Commun'icative-
NESS.
CO JDIUNICATORY, kom-un'i-ka-tor-i , adj.
imparting knowledge.
COMMUNION, kom-iln'yun, n. act of co?(i-
niiining : mutual intercourse: fellow-
ship : common possession : interchange
of transactions : union in religious ser-
vice ; the body of people who so unite. —
The Communion, the celebration of the
Lord's Supper : the act of receiving Holy
Eucharist in R, C. Church.
OMMUNISM, kom'u-nizm. n. a theory or
condition of tilings, according to which
private property should be abolished,
and all things held in common.
COJfMUNISTTkom'u-nist. n. one who holds
the principles of commvnism.
30MJnJNITY, kom-un'i-ti, n., common
possession or enjoyment : people ha^^ng
common rights, etc. ; the public or peo-
ple in eeseral.
COMilUTABLE, kom-ut'a-bl. adj. that
may be commuted or exchanged. — n.
COMjrCTABIL'lTY.
COMMUTATION, kom-u-t;Vshun. n. the
act of commuting : change or exchange
of one thing for another : the change of
a penalty or rate from a greater to a
less.
COMMUTATIVE, kom-ut'a-tiv, adj. relat-
ing to exchange: interchangeable. — adi\
COMiRTT'ATrVELT.
COMMUTE, kom-ut', f.f. to exchange: to
exchange a punishment for one less
severe. [L. commuto, from com, with,
and inuto. to change.]
C0M5IUTUAL, kom-ut'u-al. adj. mutual.
COMPACT, kom-pakt'. adj.. fastened or
packed togetlier: firm: close: brief: in
Milton, composed or made of.— i:t. to
press closely together : to consolidate. —
advs. Compact'ly, Compact'edly. — n.
CoxrPACT'EDNESS. [Fr.— L. compactws,
pa. p. of comjyingo — com. together, and
pango, to fasten, fix : akin to E. Fang.]
COMPACT, kom'pakt, n. a miitnal bar-
griin or agreement : a leagiie, treatv, or
union. [L, compacfuni — vomjiadscor,
from com, with, a.u(\ paciscor, to make a
bargain : from root jiango.]
COMPACTNESS, kom-pakt'nes, n, state of
being compact : closeness.
COMPANION, kom-pan'j'un, n. one who
keeps company or frequently associates
with another : an associate or partner. —
n. Compan'ionship. [Fr. compagnon,
from Low L. companmm, a mess — L.
com. with, and porjis, bread.]
COMPANIONABLE, kom - pan'jim - a - hi,
adj., fit to lie a companion : agreeable. —
adv. "COMPAN'IONABLY.
COJIPANIONLESS, kom-pan'yun-les, adj.,
without a companion.
COMPANY, kum'pa-ni, n. an assembly of
persons : a number of persons associated
together for trade, etc. : a society : a
subdivision of a regiment : the crew of a
ship : state of being a companion : fel-
lowship : society. — v.i. to associate with.
[Fr. compagnie. See COMPANION. ]
COMPARABLE, kom'par-a^bl, adj. that
may be compared : being of equal re-
gard.— adv. Com'paeably.
COMPARATIVE, kom-par'a-tiv, adj. esti-
mated by comparing with something
el.se: not positive or absolute: (gram.)
expressiuET more. — adv. Compak'atively.
COMPARErkom-par', v.t. to set things to-
gether, to ascertain how far they agree
or disagree : to liken or represent as
similar : (gram.) to inflect an adjective.
— v.i. to hold comparison. [Fr. — L. com-
paro, to match, from com. together,
and paro, to make or esteem equaJ^3or,
equal.]
COMPARE, kom-par', ?;. comparison.
COMPARISON, kom-par'i-sun, n. the act
of comparing : comparative estimate : a
simile, or figTire by which two things are
compared : (gram.) the inflection of an
adjective.
COMPARTMENT, kom-part'ment, n. a
separate part or division of any inclosed
space: a subdivision of a carriage. [Fr.,
from compartir. to divide — Lat. co7n, and
partire. to part.]
COMPASS, kum'pas, n. a circuit or circle :
space : limit : range : an instrument
consisting of a magnetized needle, used
to steer ships by, etc. — To fetch a Com-
pass, to make a circuit, to go round : —
pi. Com'passes, an instiiiment consisting
of two movable legs, for describing cir-
cles, etc. [Fr. compas. a circle — Low L.
compassus — L. com, together, andprt.s.?-
us, a step, a way, a route ; the mariner's
compass goes round in a circle.]
COMPASS, kum'pas, v.t. to pass or go
round : to surround or inclose : to be-
siege : to bring about or obtain : to con-
trive or plot.
COMPASSION, kom-pasli'un, n. feUow-
feeling, or sorrow for the sufferings of
another: pity. [Fr. — L. compassio — com,
with, and potior, passus, to suffer.]
COMPASSIONATE,- kom-pash'un-at, adj.
inclined to pity or to have mercj' upon :
merciful. — v.t.' to have compassion for:
to have pity or mercy upon. — adi\ COM-
PASSIONATELY.— n . COMPASS'IONATENESS.
COMPATIBILITY, kom-pat-i-bil'it-i, n. the
being compatible : suitability.
COMPATIBLE, kom-pat'i-bl, 'adj., that can
bear u-ith : that suits or agrees with. —
adv. Compat'ibly. [Fr. — L. com, with,
patior. to bear.]
COMPATRIOT, kora-pa'tri-ot, adj.. of the
same fatherland or countrv. — n. one of
the same country. [Fr. — £. com., with,
and Patriot.]
COMPEER, kom-per', «., one who is equal
to another: a companion: an associate.
[L. compar — com, with, and Peer, from
par, equa>.]
COMPEL, kom-pel', v.t. to drive or urge
on forcibly : to oblige : — pr.p. compell'-
ing ; pa.p. compelled'. — adj. Compell'-
able. [L. com, intensive, and pello,
pulsum. to drive.]
COMPENDIOUS, kom-pen'di-us, adj. short:
comprehensive. — adv. Compen'DIOUSLY.
COMPENDIUM, kom-pen'di-um, n. a
shortening or abridgment : a book or
treatise containing the substance of a
larger one. [L. compendium, what is
weighed together, or saved (opposed to
di.<i2)endinni) — com, together, and pendo,
to weigh.]
COMPENSATE, kom-pen'sat. or kom'pen-
sat. v.t. to reward suitably for service
rendered : to make amends for loss sus-
tained : to recompense : to counterbal-
ance. [L. com, intensive, and penso, to
weigh, freq. of pendo. to weigh.]
COMPENSATION, kom-pen-sa'shun, n. act
of compensating : reward for service :
amends for loss sustained.
COMPENSATORY, kom-pen'sa-tor-i, adj.
serving for compensation : making
amends.
COMPESCE, kom-pes',t\f. to hold in check :
to re.strain : to curb. Carlyle. [L. com-
pesco. to fasten together, to confine,]
COaiPETE. kom-pet', v.i. to seek or strive
with others for something : to contend
for a prize. [L. competo — com, together,
and peto. to seek.]
COMPETENCE, kom'pe-tens, COMPE-
TENCY, kom'pe-ten-si, n. fitness : sufli-
ciencv : legal power or capacity.
COMPETENT, kom'pe-tent, adj., .niiiable:
sufficient : fit : belonging. — adv. Com'pe-
TENTLY. [Fr. — L. competo, to strive after
together, to agree — com, with, and peto,
to seek.]
COMPETITION, kom-pe-tish'un, n. the act
of competing : common strife for the
same object.
COMPETITIVE, kom-pet'i-tiv, adj. per-
taining to or producing competition.
COMPETITOR, kom-pet'i-tor, n. one who
competes : a rival or opponent.
COMPILATION, kom-pil-a'shun, 7). the act
of compiling, or tlie thing- compiled : a
literary work composed by gathering the
materials from various authors.
COMPILE, kom-pTl', v.t. to wiite or com-
pose by collecting the materials from
other books : to draw up or collect. — h. /
Compil'er. [Fr. — L. compilo — com, to-j
gether, waApilo. to plunder.] '
COMPLACENCE, kom-pla'sens. COMPLA-
CENCY, kom-pla'sen-si, n. pleasure : sat-
isfaction : civilitj'.
COMPLACENT, kom-pla'sent, adj. showing
satisfaction: pleased: gratified. — adv.
Compla'cently. [L. complacens — com,
intensive, and p/aceo. to please.]
COMPLAIN, kom-plan', v.i. to express
grief, pain, censure : to murmur or ex-
press a sense of injui-y : to accuse. [Fr.
complaindre — Low L. complangere — com,
intensive, n.nA plango. to bewail : {lit.) to
beat (the breast), Gr. jjlesso. to strike.]
COMPLAINANT, komplan'ant, n. one who
complains : (law) one who raises a suit,
a plaintifl'.
COMPLAIire, kom-plant', «., a complain-
ing : an expression of grief : a repre\
sentation of pains or injuries : a finding
fault : the thing complained of.
COMPLAISANCE, kom'pla-zans or kom-
pla-zans', n. caro or desire to please : an
obliging civilitv. [Fr.]
COMPLAlSANT.'kom'pla-zant or kom-pla-
zant', adj. desirous of pleasing : obliging.
— adv. Com'plaisantly or Complaisant'..
LY. [Fr. — complaire — L. complaceo.^
COMPLEMENT, koiu'ple-nient, n. that
wiiich completes or fills up : full num^
ber or quantity. [L. complementum^^
com. and plro.]
COMPLEMENTAL, kom-ple-raent'al, COM-
PLEMENTARY, kom-plo-n'.ent'ar-i, adj.,
filling vj) : supplving a deficiency.
COMPLETE, kom'-plet', v.t. to' fill up,
finish, or perfect : to accomplish. [L.
complco, completum. to fill up— cow, m-
tensivi'. and pleo, to fill,]
COMPLETE, kom-plet', adj., filled «u .•
free from deficiency : perfect : finished.
— adv. Complete'ly. — n. Complete'ness.
COMPLETION, kom-ple'shun, n. the act
or state of being complete : fulfillment.
COMPLEX, kom'pleks, adj. composed of
COMPLEXION
CONCENT
more than one, or of many parts : not
simple : intricate : difficult. — adv. Com'-
PLEXLY.— u. Com'plexness. [L. complex
— com, together, and root of plico, to
fold. See COMPLICATE.]
COMPLEXION, kom-plek shun, n. color or
look of the skin, esp. of the face : gen-
eral appearance, temperament, or text-
ure. [Fi-.— L. complexio, a combination,
physical structure of body — eomplector,
eomple.rus, to embrace — plectere, to plait.]
CO:\IPLEXIONAL, kom-plek'shun-al, adj.
depending- on or pertaining to covi-
'ol^ccioii.
COMPLEXIONED, kom-plek'shund, adj.
having a complexion, or a certain tem-
perament or state.
COMPLEXITY, kom-plek'si-ti, n. state of
being complex.
C03.[PLL\NCE, kom-pli'ans, n. a yielding :
agreement.
COMPLIANT, kom-pli'ant, adj. yielding:
civil. — adv. Compu'antly.
COMPLICACY, kom'pU-ka-si, n. state of
being complicated.
COMPLICATE, kom'pli-kat, v.t. to twist
or plait together : to render complex :
to entangle. [L. com, together, and
plico. plictitum, to fold. See COMPLEX.]
COMPLICATION, kom-pli-ka'shun, n. an
intricate blending or entanglement.
COMPLICITY, kom-plis'i-ti, n. state or
condition of being an acconipilice.
COMPLIMENT, kom'pli-ment, n. an ex-
pression of regard : delicate flattery.
[Fr. compliment, from root of Comply.
Complement is etymologically the same
word, but direct from the Lat.]
COMPLIMENT, kom'pli-ment, v.t. to pay a
compliment to : to express respect for :
to praise : to flatter.
COMPLIMENT ARY,kom-pli-ment'ar-i,ady.
conveying civility or praise.
COMPLOT. kom-p\ot',v.t. to plot together,
to conspire : — vr.pi. complott'ing ; pa.jj.
complott'ed.
COMPLY, kom-pli', v.i. to yield to the
wishes of another : to agree: — p>r.p. com-
ply'ing ; pa.t. and pa.p. complied'. [O.
Fr. complir. It. complire, to fulfill, to suit,
to offer courtesies — L. complere, to ful-
fill or complete.]
COMPONENT, kom-po'nent, adj. making
up or composing: forming one of the
elements of a compound. — n. one of the
elements of a compound. [L. com, to-
gether, and pono, to place.]
COMPORT, kom-port', t'.i. to agree, accord,
suit. — v.t. to bear one's self, to behave.
[L. com. together, andpocto, to carry.]
COMPORTMENT, kom-port'ment, n. de-
p<,>rtment, behavior.
COMPOSE, kom-poz', v.t. to form by put-
ting two or more parts or things togeth-
er : to place in order : to set at rest : to
soothe : to place types in order for print-
ing : to originate or become the author
of, as a book. [Fr. composer, from L.
cum, and Fr. poser, which is from L.
pausare, to cease, to rest.]
COMPOSED, kom-pozd', adj. settled, quiet,
calm. — adv. Compos'edly. — n. COMPOS'-
EDNESS.
COMPOSER, kom-poz'er, n. one who com-
poses or adjusts a thing : a writer, an
autlior, esp. of a piece of music.
COMPOSITE, kom'poz-it, adj., composed
of two or more distinct parts : {arch.) a
blending of the Ionic and the Corinthian
orders. [L. compositus, pa.p. of compo-
nere. to put together.]
COMPOSITION, kom-p6-zish'un, n. the act
ot putting together : the thing composed,
as a work in literature, music, or paint-
ing- : a coming togetlier or agreement :
an agreement whereby pajniient of part
of a debt is taken for the whole.
COMPOSITOR, kom-poz'i-tor, n. one who
puts together or sets up types for print-
ing.
COMPOSITOUS, kom-poz'i-tus, ad.j. in hot.
belonging to the order Compositae : com-
posite. Darwin.
COMPOST, kom'post, n. a mixture for
manure: a kind of plaster: in Milton,
composition, agreement.
COMPOSURE, kom-po'zhur, n. calmness,
self-posse.ssion, tranquillity.
COMPOUND, kom-pownd', v.t. to mix or
combine : to settle or adjust by agree-
ment.— v.i. to agree, or come to terms:
to bargain in the lump. [L. compono.
See Composite.]
COMPOUND, kom'pownd, adj. mixed or
compiosed of a number of parts : not
simple. — n. a mass made up of a number
of parts.
COMPREHEND, kom-pre-hend', v.t. to
seize or take up with the mind, to
understand : to comprise or include. [L.
com, with, and prehendo, from prce, be-
fore, and an old word hendo == Gr. chan-
dano, to hold, comprise ; akin to E. Get.]
COMPREHENSIBLE, kom-pre-hen'si-bl,
adj. capable of being understood. — adv.
Comprehen'sibly. — ns. Comprehensibil'-
ITY, COMPREHEN'SIBLENESS.
COMPREHENSION, kom-pre-hen'shun, «.
the act or quality of comprehending :
power of the mind to understand : (logic)
the intension of a term or the sum of the
qualities implied in the term.
COMPREHENSIVE, kom-pre-hen'siv, adj.
having the quality or power of compre-
hending much : extensive : full.— adt'.
CoMPREHEN'srVELT. — n. COMPREHEN'SIVE-
NESS.
COMPRESS, kom-pres', v.t. to press to-
gether : to force into a narrower space :
to condense. [L. com, together, and
pressare, to press^pre?no, presstis, to
Ol'GSS.l
COMPRESS, kom'pres, n. folds of linen,
used in surgery to make due pressure on
any part.
COMPRESSIBILITY, kom-pres'i-bil-i-ti, n.
the property that bodies have of being
reduced in bulk bv pressure.
COMPRESSIBLE, kom-pres'i-bl, adj. that
ma.y be compressed.
COMPRESSION, kom-presh'un, n. act of
compressing : stater of being compressed.
COMPRESSIVE, kom-pres'iv, adj. able to
compress.
COMPRISAL, kom-prlz'al, n. the act of
comprising.
COMPRISE, kom-priz', v.t. to contain, in-
clude. [Fr. conq^ris, pa.p. otcomprendre
— L. comprehendere. See Comprehend.]
COMPROMISE, kom'pro-miz, n. a settle-
ment of differences by mutual promise or
concession. — v.t. to settle by mutual
agreement and concession : to jiledge : to
involve or bring into question. [Fr. eom-
promis — L. coHi, together, M\A p>romitto,
to promise.]
COMPTROLL, COMPTROLLER. See under
Control.
COMPULSION, kom-pul'shun, n. the act
of compelling : force : necessity: violence.
[See Compel.]
COMPULSE, kom-puls', v.t. to compel : to
constrain : to oblige. " Some are beaten
and com2yulsed." — Latimer. "She rends
her woes, shivers them in eoiirpulsed ab-
horrence."— Charlotte Bronte.
COMPULSIVE, kom-pul'siv. COMPUL-
SORY, kom-pul'sor-i. adj. having power
to compel: forcing. — advs. COMPUL'-
srvELY. Compul'sorily.
COMPUNCTION, kom-pungk'shun, n. un-
easiness of conscience : remorse. [O.Fr.
— L. compunctio — com, intensive, and
pungo, ptmctus, to prick.]
COMPUNCTIOUS, kom-pungk'shus, adj.
feeling or causing compunction : repeM-
ant : remorseful.
COMPUTABLE, kom-put'a-bl, adj. that
may be computed or calculated.
COMPUTATION, kom-put-a'shun, n. act
of computing : the sum or quantity com-
puted : estimate.
COMPUTE, kom-pOt', v.t. to calculate : to
number. [L. comjmto, from com, to-
gether, and p)iito. to reckon.]
COMRADE, kom'rad, n. a companion. [Sp.
camarada, a room-full, a chamber-mate
— L. camera, a chamber.]
COMRADERY, kom'rad-ri, n. the state or
feeling of being a comrade : companion-
ship : fellowship.
COMTISM, kongt'izm, n. the philosophical
system founded by Auguste Comte : posi-
tivism. [See Positive Philosophy, under
Positive.]
COMTIST, kongt'ist, n. a disciple of Comte:
a positivist. [Also used as an adjective.]
CON, kon, a contraction of L. contra,
against, as in Pro and Con, for and
ag-ainst.
CON. kon, v.t. to study carefully : to com-
mit to memory -.^pr.p. conning ; jia.p,
conned'. [A.S. cunnian, to test, to try
to know — from ciinnan, to know.]
CONCATENATE, kon-kat'e-nat, v.t. to
chain or link together: to connect in a
series. [L. con, together, and catena, a
chain.]
CONCATENATION, kon-kat-e-na'shun, n.
a series of links united : a series of things
depending on each other.
CONCAVE, kon'kav, adj. curved, vaulted,
or arched, appUed to the inner side of
any curved line or rounded body, and op-
posed to convex, which is applied to the
outside. — n. a hollow: an arch or vault.
[L. concavus. from con, intensive, and
cavus. hollow. See Cave.]
CONCAVITY, kon-kav'i-ti, n. the inner,
surface of a concave or hollow bod3'.
CONCEAL, kon-sel', v.t. to hide completely
or carefully: to keep secret : to disguise :
to keep from telling. [L. concelo, from
COM, intens., and celo, to hide; akin to
A.S. helan, to hide.]
CONCEALABLE, kon-sel'a-bl, adj. that
may be concealed.
CONCEALMENT, kon-sel'ment, n. act of
concealing : secrecy : disguise : hiding-
place.
CONCEDE, kon-sed', v.t. to cede or give
up : to quit : to surrender ■ to admit : to
grant. — v.i. to admit or grant. [L. coh-
cedo, from coit. sig. completeness, and
cedo, to go. to yield.]
CONCEDENCE, kon-sed'ens, n. the act ot
conceding-: concession. " A mutual co/J-
cedence." — Richardson.
CONCEIT, kon-set', n. over-estimate of
one's self : too favorable opinion of one'3
own good qualities: a pleasant, fantas-
tical, or affected notion. — Out of CON-
CEIT WITH, no longer fond of. [Throi gh
a Fr. form conceit, from L. conceptvs,
pa.p. of concipio.'\
CONCEITED, kon-set'ed, adj. having ■
high opinion of one's self ; egotistical.
—adv. Conceit'edly.— »i. Conceit'ed-
NESS.
CONCEIVABLE, kon-sev'a-bl, adj. that
may be conceived, understood, or be-
lieved.— adv. Conceiv'ably. — ?i. Con-
ceiv'ableness.
CONCEDE, kon-sev', v.t. to receive into,
and form in the womb : to form in the
mind : to imagine or think : to under-
stand. — v.i. to become pregnant : to
think. [O. Fr. concevei — L. concipio,
conceptum, from con, and capio, to take.]
CONCENT, kon-sent', n. a singing to-
gether: concert: harmony. [L. con-
CONCENTRATE
CONDIMENT
centm — con, tog-ether, and eano, cantum,
to sing.]
CONCENTRATE, kon-sea'trat, v.t. to bring
into a closer union, or a narrower com-
pass : to condense. [A lengthened form
of Concentre.]
CONCENTRATION, kon-sen-tra'shun, n.
act of concentrating : condensation.
CONCENTRATIVE, kon-sen'tra-tiv, adj.
tending to concentrate.
CONCENTRE, kon-sent'er, v.i. to tend to
or meet in a common centre. — v.t. to
bring or direct to a common centre or
point : — pr.p. concent'ring ; pa.p. con-
cent'red or concent'ered. [Fr. concentrer
— L. coH.with, and cenfri(»(,tlae Centre.]
CONCENTRIC, kon-sen'trik. CONCEN-
TRICAL, kon-sen'trik-al, adj. having a
common centre.
CONCEPT, kon'sept, n. a thing conceived,
a notion.
CONCEPTION, kon-sep'shun, n. the act of
conceiving : the thing conceived : the
formation in the mind of an image or
idea : a notion.
lONCEPTUALISM, kon-sep'tu-al-izm, n.
the doctrine in philosophy that general
properties can be conceived in the mind
apart from any concrete embodiment.
CONCERN, kon-sern', v.t. to relate or be-
long to : to affect or interest : to make
uneasy. — n. that which concerns or be-
longs to one : interest : regard : anxiety :
a business or those connected with it. —
n. Concern'ment. [Fr. — L. eoncemo,
from con, together, and cerno, to sift, to
see.]
CONCERNED, kon-sernd', adj. having con-
nection with : interested : anxious ; also
confused with drink : slightly intoxicated.
•• Not that I know his Reverence was ever
coiicern'd to my knovfleige."— Swift. " A
little as you see concerned with liquor."
—Sir H. Taylor. — adv. Concern'edly. —
n. Concern'edness.
CONCERNING, kon-sern'ing, jJrep. regard-
ing : pertaining to. [Pr.p. of Concern.]
CONCERNMENT, kon-sern'ment, n. that
which concerns one.
CONCERT, kon-sert', v.t. to frame or de-
vise together: to arrange, adjust. [Fr.
concerter — con, together, certare, to con-
tend, vie with : ace. to Skeat, from L.
eonsertus, joined together.]
CONCERT, kon'sert, n. union or agreement
in any undertaking : harmony : musical
harmony : a musical entertainment. [Fr.]
CONCERTINA, kon-ser-te'na, n. a ni\isical
instrument, on the principle of the ac-
cordion.
CONCERTO, kon-ser'to, n. a piece of music
for a concert. [It.]
CONCESSIBLE, kon-ses'i-bl, a(^j. capable
of being conceded or granted. "One of
the most concessible uostulations in nat-
ure."— Sterne.
CONCESSION, kon-sesh'un, n. act of co»i-
ceding : the thing conceded : a grant.
CONCESSrV'E, kon-ses'iv, adj. implying
concea.'iion.
CONCESSORY, kon-ses'or-i, adj. yielding.
CONCH, kongk, it. a marine sliell. [L.
concha — Gr. kongchU ; Sans, eankha, a
shell : conn, with CoCKLE.]
CONCHIFEROUS, kong - kif'er - us, adj.,
lutring a .^hell. [L. concha, and/ero, to
bear.]
CONCHOID AL, kong-koid'al, adj., shell-
like, applied to the fracture of a mineral,
.jrr. kongche. and eidos, form.]
CONCHOLOGIST, kong-kol'o-jist, n. one
versed in conchology.
CONCHO LOGY, kong-kol'o-ji, n. the
science of shells and of the animals in-
habiting them. [Gr. kongche, and logos,
a discourse.]
CONCILIATE, kon-sil'i-at, v.t. to gala or
win over : to gain the love or good-will
of such as have been indifferent or hostile.
[L. concilio, conciliatus, to bring together
— concilium. See Council,.]
CONCILIATION, kon-sil-i-a'shun, n. act of
conciliating. — n. Conciliator, kon-sil'i-
a-tor. — adj. CONCILIATORY, kon-sil'i-a-
tor-i.
CONCISE, kon-sis', adj., cut short : brief. —
adv. Concise'ly. — n. Concise'ness. [Fr.
— L. concido, concisus, from coti, and
I cedo, to cut.]
CONCISION, kon-sizh'un, n. (B.) circum-
cision : a faction.
CONCLAVE, kon'klav, n. the room in
which cardinals meet to elect a pope :
the body of cardinals : any close assem-
bly. [L. conclave, from con, together,
and clhvis, a key.]
CONCLUDE, kon-klood', v.t. to close : to
end. — v.i. to end: to infer: to form a
final judgment. [L. concludo, conclusus
— con, together, and claudo, to shut.]
CONCLUSION, kon-kloo'zhun, n. act of
concluding : the end, close, or last part :
inference : judgment. [L. conclusio.]
CONCLUSIVE, kon-kloos'iv, adj. final:
convincing. — adv. CONCLUS'rvELY. — n.
Conclus'iveness.
CONCOCT, kon-kokt', v.t. (lit.) to cook or
hoil together : to digest: to prepare or
mature. [L. concoquo, coneoetus — coyi,
together, and coqiio, to cook, to boil.]
CONCOCTION, kon-kok'shun, n. act of
concocting : ripening: preparation.
CONCOCTIVE. kon-kokt'iv, adj. having
the power of digesting or ripening. Mil-
ton.
CONCOMITANCE, kon-kom'i-tans, CON-
COMITANCY, kon-kom'i-tan-si, 7i. state
of being concomitant.
CONCOMITANT, kon-kom'i-tant, adj., ac-
companying or going along %cith : con-
joined with. — n. he or that which accom-
panies.— adv. Concom'itantly. [L. con,
with, and comitans, pr.p. of comitor, to
accompany — comes, a companion.]
CONCORD, kong'kord or kon'-, n. state of
being of the sayne heart or mind : union :
harmonj-. [Fr. Concorde — L. concordia
— concors, of the same heart, from con,
together, and cor. cordis, tlie heart.]
CONCORDANCE, kon-kord'ans, n. agree-
ment : an index or dictionary of the lead-
ing words or passages of the Bible, or of
any author.
CONCORDANT, kon-kord'ant, adj. harmo-
nious : united. — adv. ConcORD'antly.
[L. concordans, pr.p. of concordo — con-
cors, agreeing.]
CONCORDAT, kon-kord'at, n. an agree-
ment or oompact, especiallj' between a
temporal sovereign and the pope. [Fr. —
It. concordato — L. concordo, to agree.]
CONCOURSE, kong'kors, n. an assembly
of persons running or drawn together.
[Fr. — L. coneursus.]
CONCRESCENCE, kon-kres'ens, n. a groic-
ing together.
CONCRETE, kong'kret, or kon'-, adj.
formed into one mass : the opposite of
abstract, and denoting a particular
thing. — n. a mass formed by parts
growing or sticking together : a mixt-
ure of lime, sand, pebbles, etc., used in
building, —adv. Concrete'ly. —n. CON-
CRETe'ness. [L. concretus — con, together,
cresco, cretum, to grow.]
CONCRETE, kon-kret', v.i. to unite into a
solid mass.
CONCRETIANISM, kon-kre'shan-izm, n.
the belief that the soul was generated
at the same time as, and grows along
with, the body. [L. con, together, and
cresco. cretum, to grow.]
CONCRETION, kon-kre'shun. n. a mass
concreted : a lump or growth which
forms in certain parts of the body, aa
calculi, etc.
CONCRETIVE. kon-kret'iv, adj., causing
or having [wwer to concrete.
CONCUBINAGE, kon-ku'bin-aj, n. state of
living together as man and wife without
being married.
CONCUBINE, kong'ku-bin, n. a woman
who cohabits or lives with a man with
out being married. [Fr. — L. concnbina—
con, together, cubo, to lie down.]
CONCUPISCENCE, kon-ku'pis-ens, n., ex-
cessive or irregular desire for unlawful
pleasure : lust. — adj. Concu'piscent.
[Fr. — L. concupiscentia ■ — concupisco —
con. intensive, cupio, to desire.]
CONCUR, kon-kur', v.i. to run together :
to meet in one point : to act together :
to agree : to assent to : — pr.p. concurr'-
ing ; pa.p. concurred'. [L. coneurro,
from con, together, and curro, ctirsum,
to run.]^
CONCURRENCE, kon-kur'ens, n. union :
joint action : assent.
CONCURRENT, kou-kur'ent. adj. coming,
acting, or existing together : united :
accompanving. — adv. Concurr'ently.
CONCUSSION, kon-kush'un, n. state of
being shaken : a violent shock caused
by the sudden contact of two bodies :
any undue pressure or force exerted
upon any one. [L. concussio — concutio
— con, intensive, and quatio, to shake.]
CONCUSSrVE, kon-kus'iv, adj. having the
power or quality of shaking or com-
IDelling.
CONCUTIENT, kon-ku'shi-ent, adj. coming
suddenly into collision : meeting togeth-
er with violence. " Meet in combat like
two concutient cannon-balls." — Tliack-
eray. [See Concussion.]
CONDEMN, kon-dem'. v.t. to pronounce
guilty : to censure or blame : to sentence
to punishment : to pronounce unfit for
use. [L. condemno, from con, intensive
and danino, to damn. See Damn.]
CONDEMNABLE, kon-dem'na-bl, adj.
blamable.
CONDEMNATION, kon-dem-na'shun, n.
state of being condemned : blame : pun-
ishment.
CONDEMNATORY, kon-dem'na-tor-i, adj.,
containing or implying condemnation.
CONDENSABLE, kon-dens'a-bl, adj. capa-
ble of being compressed.
CONDENSATION, kon-den-si'shun, n. act
of condensing.
CONDENSE, kon-dens', v.t. to compress,
or reduce by pressure into smaller com-
pass.— v.i. to grow dense. [L. condenso
— COM, intensive, denso, to make dense.
See Dense.]
CONDENSE, kon-dens', adj., dense: com
pact : close in texture. Milton. [See
Condense.]
CONDENSER, kon-dens'er, n. an apparatus
for reducing vapors to a liquid form : an
appliance for collecting or condensing
slccti'icitv.
CONDESCEND, kon-de-send', v.i. to de-
scend willingly from a superior position ;
to act kindly to inferiors : to tleigu : to
lower one's self. [L. con, iuteasive, and
descendo. to descend.]
CONDEvSCENDING, kon-de-send'ing, adj,
yielding to inferiors : courteous ; oblig
ins;. —adv. Condescend'inoly.
CONDESCENSION, kon-de-sen'shun, Jt
kindness to inferiors : courtesj-.
CONDIGN, kon-dln', adj. well merited :
adequate (generally said of punishment).
— adv. Condign'lV. — n. Condion'ness.
[L. condignus — con, wholly, dignus,
worthv.]
CONDIMENT, kon'di-ment, n. that which
is put along with something else to jire-
serve or pickle it : seasoning : sauce.
Condition
CON FORMER
|L. condimentiim — condio, to preserve, to
pickle. J
CONDITION, kon-dish'im, n. state in which
things exist : a particular manner of be-
ing : quality : rank : temper : a term of
ft contract : proposal : arrangement. —
v.i. to make terms. — v.t. to agree upon.
[L. conditio — condere. to put together.]
CONDITIONAL, kon-dish'un-al, adj. de-
pending on stipulations or conditions:
not absolute. — adv. Coubi'tionaLLY.
CONDITIONED, kon-dlsh'und, adj. having
a certain condition, state, or quality :
subject tc limitations — the opp. of abso-
lute.
CONDOLE, kon-dol', v.i. to grieve with
another : to sympathize in sorrow. [L.
con. \\\t\\. and doleo, to grieve.]
CONDOLEMENT, kon-<151'ment, CONDOL-
ENCE, kon-dol'ens, n. expression of grief
for another's sorrow.
CONDONATION, kon-don-a'.shun, n., for-
girenesx. [L. condonatio.]
CONDONE, Kon-don', v.t. to forgive. [L.
con, dono, to give. See Donation.]
CONDOR, kon'dor, n. a large vulture found
among the Andes of S. America. [Sp.
condor, from Peruvian cuntur.']
CONDOTTIERE, kon-dot'i-a'ra, n. pi. CON-
DOTTIERI, kon-dot'i-a're, one of the
leaders of certain bands of Italian mili-
tary a<lventurers who, during the four-
teenth century, were ready to serve any
pai"t}', and often practiced warfare on
their own account, purely for the sake
of plunder : a mercenarv soldier ; also, a
brigand. Hallam. [It.]
CONDUCE, kon-dus', v.i. to lead or tend
to some end : to contribute. [L. con, to-
gether, and duco. ductus, to lead.]
CON'DUCIBLE, kon-dus'i-bl, CONDUCIVE,
kon-dus'iv, culj., leading or tending : hav-
ing power to promote. — advs. Conbuc'-
IBLY, CONDUC'IVELY. — ns. CONDUC'IBLE-
NESS, CONDCC'IVENESS.
CONDUCT, kon-dukt', v.t. to lead or guide :
to direct : to manage : to behave : {elec-
tricity) to carry or transmit. [See Con-
duce.]
CONT)UCT, kon'dukt, n. act or method of
leading or managing : guidance : manage-
ment : behavior : the leading of an
army : also a tax levied by Charles I. of
England for the purpose of paying the
travelling expenses of his soldiers. " He
who takes up amies for cote and conduct
and his four nobles of Danegelt." — Milton.
[Called also CONDVCT-MONEY. See Co.^T.j
CONDL'CTIBLE, kon-dukt'i-bl, adj. capable
of being conducted or transmitted. — n,
Conductibil'ity.
CONDUCTION, kon-duk'shun, n. act or
firoperty of conducting or transmitting :
ransmission bv a conductor, as heat.
CONDUCTIVE, "kon-dukt'iv, adj. having
the quality or power of conducting or
transmitting.
CONDUCTIVITY, kon-duk-tiv-i-ti, n. a
Eower that bodies have of transmitting
eat and electricity.
CONDUCTOR, kon-dukt'or, w. the person
or thing that conducts : a leader : a man-
ager : that which has the property of
tiansniitting electricity, heat., etc.— fern,
Conduct'ress.
OONDUIT, kon'dit or kun'-, n. a channel or
pipe to lead or convey water, etc. [Fr.
conduit — L. conduetus — conduco, to
lead.]
CONE, kon, n. a solid pointed figure with
a circular base, as a sugar-loaf : fruit
shaped like a cone, as that of the pine,
fir, etc. [Fr. cone — L. comis — Gr. konos,
a peak, ajneg ; from a root ka, to sharpen ;
allied to E. none.]
CONEY. See Cony.
CONTAB, kon-fab', v.i. to confabulate : to
chat. " Mrs. Thrale and I were dressing,
and as usual confabbing." — Miss Bumey.
CONFABULATE, "kon-fab'u-lat, v.i. to talk
familiarly together: to chat. — n. CoN-
fabula'tion. [L. con, together, and fab-
ulor, fabulatus, to talk— fainda, the thing
spoken about— /art, akin to Gr. phad, and
phemi, to speak.]
CONFECT, kon'fek-t, CONFECTION, kon-
fek'shun, n. fruit, etc., prepared with
sugar : a sweetmeat : a comfit : also the
art of confecting or compounding differ-
ent substances into one preparation ; as,
the confection of sweetmeats. [L. confi'
do, confectus, to make up together — con,
together, /aeio, to make.]
CONFECTIONARY, kon-fek'shon-a-ri, n. a
room in which confections are kept.
" The keys of the stores, of the confec-
tionary,'ot the wine vaults." — Richard-
son.
CONFECTIONER, kon-fek'shun-er, (B.)
Contec'tionaey, n. one who makes or
sells confections.
CONFECTIONERY, kon-fek'shun-er-i, n.
sweetmeats in general : a place for mak-
ing or selling sweetmeats.
CONFEDERACY, kon-fed'er-a-si, n. a
league or mutual engagement : persons
or states united bv a league.
CONFEDERATE, kon-fed'er-at, adj.,
leagued together: allied. — n. one united
in a league : an allj- : an accomplice. —
v.i. and v.t. to league together or join in
a league. [L. confaiderains, pa.p. of con-
foedero — con., together, fcedus, fcederis, a
league.]
CONFEDERATION, kon-fed-er-a'shun, n.
a league : alliance, especially of princes,
states, etc.
CONFER, kon-fer*, v.t. to give or bestow.
— v.i. to talk or consult together : — pr.p.
conferr'ing ; pa.p. conferred'. fFr. — L.
confero — con, together, and jero, to
bring.]
CONFERENCE, kon'fer-ens, n. an ap-
pointed meeting for instruction or dis-
cussion.
CONFESS, ken-res', v.t. to acknowledge
fully, especially something wrong : to
own or admit : to make known, as sins
to a priest : to hear a confession, as a
priest. — v.i. to make confession. — adv.
Conpess'edly. [Fr. confesser — L. con-
Jiteor, eonfessns — con, sig. completeness,
and fateor—fari, to speak, alun to Gr.
phemi. to speak.)
CONFESSION, kon-fesh'un, n. acknowl-
edgment of a crime or fault : avowal ; a
statement of one's religious beUef : ac-
knowledgment of sin to a priest.
CONFESSIONAL, kon-fesh'iin-al, n. the
seat or inclosed recess where a priest
hears confessions.
CONFESSOR, kon-fes'or, m. one who pro-
fesses the Christian faith : in the R. C.
Church, a priest who hears confessions
and grants absolution.
CONFIDANT, kon'fi-dant or kon-fi-dant',
n. one confided in or intrusted with se-
crets : a bosom-friend. — fem. Con'fi-
dante. [O. Fr., Fr. confident.]
CONFIDE, kon-fid', v.i. to trust wholly or
have faith in: to rely. — v.t. to intrust,
or commit to the charge of. [L. confide
— con, sig. completeness, and fido, to
trustj
CONFIDENCE, kon'fl-dens. n. firm trust or
belief : sel f-reliance : lirmness : boldness.
CONFIDENT, kon'fl-dent, adj. trusting
firmly : having fuU belief : positive :
bold.^rfr. Con'fidently.
CONFIDENTIAL, kon-fi-<len'shal. adj.
(given) in confidence : admitted to con-
tfdence : private. — adv. CONFrDEyTIALLY.
CONFIGURATION, kon-fig-u-ra'shun, n.
external figure or shape : relative posi-
tion or aspect, as of planets. [L. con-
figuratio — con, together, and figuro, to
form. See FiGUHE.]
CONFINABLE, kon-fin'a-bl, adj. that may
be confined.
CONFINE, kon-fin', v.t. to limit, inclose,
imprison. [Fr. confiner, to border on, to
confine ; also, in Milton, to have the samt
boundary width : to border on — L con-
finis, having a common boundary, bor«'
dering upon— cwi, with, finis, the'end or
boundary'.]
confine", kon'fin, n. border, boundary, or
limit — generallv used in plural.
CONFINEMENT," kon-fln'ment. n. state of
being shut up : restraint from going
abroad by sickness, and esp. of women
in childbirth : seclusion.
CONFIRM, kon-ferm', v.t. to strengthen:
to fix or establish : to assure : to admit
to full communion in the Episcopal
Church. — adj. ConFirm'able. [Fr. — L.
coiifirmo — con, intensive, and root of
Fnui.J
CONFIRMATION, kon-fer-ma'shun. n. a
making firm or sure : convincing proof :
the right by which pei-sons are admitted
to full communion in the Episcopal
Church.
CONFIRMATIVE, kon-f erm'a-tiv. adj.
tending to confirm.
CONFIRMATORY, kon-ferm'a-tor-i, adj.
giving additional strength to.
CONFISCATE, kon-fls'kat or kon'-, v.t. to
appropriate to the state, as a penalty,
[L. confisco — con, and fiscus, a basket, the
public treasurv.]
CONFISCATE, "kon-fls'kat or kon'fls-kat,
adj. forfeited to the public treasurv. — adj.
Confis'cable. — n. Contisca'tion."
CONFISCATOR, kon'fls-ka-tor, n. one whe
confiscates.
CONFISCATORY, kon-fis'ka-tor-i, adj. cod
signing to confiscation.
CONFLAGRANT, kon-fla'grant, adj., bum.
ing together. [L. con, together, and
Flagrant.]
CONFLAGRATE, kon-fla'grat, v.t. to burn
up : to consume with fire. " Conflagrat-
ing the poor man himself into ashes and
caput mortumn.^' — Carh/le.
CONFLAGRATION, kon-'fla-gra'shun, ?;. a
great burning or fire. [L. conjlagratio —
con, intensive, and flagro, to burn. See
Flagra^tt ]
CONFLICT, Uon-flikt', v.i. to be in op-
position : to fight : to contest. [L. eon-
fligo. conflictus, from con, together, and
fligo, to dash. I
CONFLICT, kon'flikt, n. violent collision :
a struggle or contest • agony.
CONFLUENCE, kon'floo-ens, n. a flowing
together: the place of meeting, as of
rivers : a concourse.
CONFLUENT, kon'floo-ent, adj., flou-ing
together: uniting. [L. confliteni, pr.p.
of confine, conftitxus, from ccm, together,
and fluo, to flow.]
CONFLUX, kon'fluks, n. a flowing to-
gether.
CONFORM, kon-f orm', v.t. to make like or
of the same form with: to adapt. — v.i.
to be of the same form : to comply with :
to obey. [L. conformo — con, with, and
formch— forma, fonn.l
CONFORSI, kon-forn/, adj. made like in
form: assuming the same shape: .simi-
lar. Milton. [Late L. conformis — L. con,
and forma, form.]
CONFORMABLE, kon-form'a-bl, a/ij. cor-
responding in form : suitable : compliant.
— adv. Conform' ABLY.
CONFORMATION, kon-for-ma'shun, n. the
manner in which a body is formed:
shape or structure.
CONFORMER. kon-form'er, CONFORM-
IST, kon-form'ist, n. one who conforms
CONFORMITY
TS
CONNOTE
especially with the worship of the Es-
tablished Church in Engrland.
COKFORMITY. koa-form'i-ti, n. likeness :
compliance with : consistency.
CONFOUND, kon-fowncV, i\t to mingle so
as to make the parts indistinguishable :
to throw into disorder : to perplex : to
astonish. [Fr. confondre — L. confundo,
confusus — con, together, and fundo, to
Hour.]
OONTRATERNITY, kon-fra-ter'ni-tl, n.
same as FRATER^•ITT. [L. con, ' inten-
sive, and Fraternttt.]
CONFRONT, kon-frunt'.f.i. to stand front
to front: to face: to oppose; to compare.
'Fr. confronter — Low L. confrontare,
troiTi L. con, together, and frons, the
front. See Front.]
CONFUCIAN, kon-fu'shyan, adj. of or be-
longing to Confucius, the Chinese phi-
losopher.
CONFUSE, kon-fuz', v.t. to pour or mix
'ogether so that things cannot be dis-
inguished: to throw into disorder: to
erplex. [A doublet of CONFOUM).]
NFUSEDLY, kon-fuz'ed-li, adi: in a
onfused manner.
CijNFUSION, kon-fu'zhun, n. disorder:
shame : overthrow.
CONFUTE, kon-fut', v.t. to prove to be
false : to repress : to disprove. — adj.
CoyiTTfABVE. — n. Confuta'tion. [L.
onfuto, to cool boiling water by pour-
ing in cold — con, intensive, and /»h's, a
■nater- vessel, from fundo, to pour. See
FCTILE.]
CONGfi, kon'je (formerly written Coxgie),
)!. leave of absence : farewell : parting
ceremony. — v.i. to take leave : to bow or
courtesj'I [Fr. (Pro v. conijat), from L.
commedtns, a going backand forth, leave
of absence — com, intensive, and vieo, to
go.]
0ON6EAL, kou-jel', v.t. to cause to freeze:
to change from fluid to solid by cold : to
fix, as by cold. — i\i. to pass from fluid to
solid as by cold. — adj. Congeal'able.
[L. congelo, from con, and gelu, frost.]
CONGEALMENT, kon-jel'ment, CON-
GELATION, kon-jel-a'shun, n. act or
process of congealing.
CONGENER, kon'je-ner or kon-je'ner, n.
a person or thing of the same kind or
nature. [L. — con, with, and genus, gen-
eric, Gr. genos, kind.]
CONGENIAL, kon-je'ni-al, adj. of the
same genius, spirit, or tastes: kindred,
sympathetic : suitable. — adv. Conge'ni-
ALLY.— )). CO^'GE^XtL'ITY. [L. — CO/i,with,
j;e»ua?is, genial. See Genial.]
CONGENITAL, kon-jen'i-tal, aclj., begotten
or born with, said of diseases or deformi-
ties dating from birth. [L. congenitus,
from con, together, gigno, genitus, to
beget.]
CONGER, kong'ger, n. a large sea-eel.
[L.; Gr. gonggros.]
DON( ■
CONGERIES, kon-je'ri-gz, n. a collection
of particles or small bodies In one mass.
[L. — co(i, together, gei'O, gestiis, to bring.]
CONGESTED, kon-jest'ed, adj. affected
with an unnatural accumulation of
blood.
CONGESTION, kon-jest'yun, n. an accu-
mulation of blood in any part of the body :
fullness. [L. congestio.]
OONGESTIVE, kon-jest'iv, adj. indicating
or tending to congestion.
CONGLOBATE, kon-glob'at, adj. formed
together into a globe or ball. — v.t. to form
into a globe or ball. — n. Congloba'tion.
[L. con, together, and globo, globatus —
globus, a ball, globe. See Globe.]
CONGLOBULATE. kon-glob'u-lat, v.i. to
gather into a globule or small globe. [L.
eon. and gh^bulus, dim of glolms.^
CONGLOMERATE, kon-glom'er-at, adj.
gathered into a clew or mass. — v.t. to
gather into a ball. — n. a rock composed
of pebbles cemented together. [L. co>i-
glomeratus, pa. p. of conglomero — con,
together, and glomus, glomeris, a clew,
akin to qlobus.]
CONGLOMERATION, kon-glom-er-a'shun,
n. state of being conglomerated.
CONGLUTINANT, kon-gloo'tin-ant, adj.
serving to glue or unite : healing.
CONGLUTINATE, kon-glo6'tin-at, v.t. to
glue together: to heal by uniting. — v.i. to
unite or grow together. [L. conglutino,
conglufinatus — con, together, and gluten,
glue. See GLUE.]
CONGLUTINATION, kon-gloo-tin-a'shun,
n. a joining by means of some sticky sub-
stance : healing.
CONGLUTINATIVE, kon-gloo'tin-a-tiv,
adj. having power to conghitinate.
CONGOU, kong'goG, n. a kind of black tea.
[Chinese.]
CONGRATULATE, kon-grat'u-lat, v.t. to
wish m uch joy to on any fortunate event,
[L. congratulor, congratulatus — con, in-
tensive, and grattdor — grains, pleasing.]
CONGRATULATION, kon-grat-u-la'shun,
n. expression of sympathy or joy on ac-
count of good fortune. — adj. CoNGRAT'u-
LATORY.
CONGREDIENT, kon-gre'di-ent, n. a com-
ponent part : an element which, along
with others, forms a compound. Sterne.
CONGREGATE, kong'gre-gat, v.t. to gather
together: to assemble. — i:i. to flock to-
gether. [L. congrego — con, together, and
qre,v, gregis, a flock.]
CONGREGATION, kong-gre-ga'shun, n. an
assemblv.
CONGREGATIONAL,kong-gre-ga'shun-al,
adj. pertaining to a congregation.
CONGREGATIONALISM, kong - gre - ga'-
shun-al-izni, n. a form of church govern-
ment in which each congregation is inde-
pendent in the management of its own
affairs : also called Independencv.
CONGREGATIONALIST, kong -'gre - ga'-
shun-al-ist, n. an adlierent of Congrega-
tionalism.
CONGRESS, kongr'gres, n. a meeting to-
gether or assembly, as of ambassaxiors,
etc., for political purposes : the federal
legislature of the United States. — adj.
CONGRESS'IONAL. [L. con, together, and
gradior, gressiis, to step, to go.l
CONGRUENCE, kong'groo-ens, CONGRU-
ENCY, kong-gi'66'en-si, n., agreement:
suitableness.
CONGRUENT, kong'grSo-ent, ac^., agree-
ing: suitable. [L. congruo, to run or
meet together, to agree.]
CONGRUITY, kong-gro6'i-ti, n. agreement
between things : consistency.
CONGRUOUS, kong'groo-us, adj. suitable :
fit : consistent.— adi'. Cong'euously.— «.
Cong'ruousness.
CONIC, kon'ik, CONICAL, kon'ik-al, adj.
having the form of or pertaining to a
cone. — adv. CoyiCALLY.
CONICS, kon'iks, n. the part of geometry
which treats of the cone and its sections.
CONIFEROUS, kon-if'er-us, adj., cone-
bearing, as the flr, etc. [CONE, and L.
fero. to carry.]
CONIFORM, £on'i-form, adj. in the form
of a cone.
CONJECTURE, kon-jekt'ur, n. an opinion
formed on slight or defective evidence :
an opinion without proof : a guess: an
idea. — adj. Conject'cral. — adv. CoN-
JECT'crally. [L. conjicio, eoniectum, to
throw together — con, together, jacio, to
throw.]^
CONJECTURE, kon-jekt'ur, v.t. to make
conjectur&t regarding: to infer on slight
evidence : to guess.
CONJOIN, kon-join', v.t. to join together.
[Fr. conjoindre — L. con, together, and
jungo, juuctus, to join. See Join.]
CONJOINT, kon-joint', adj. joined to-
gether : united. — adi: Conjoint'ly.
CONJUGAL, kon'joo-gal, adj. pertaining
to the marriage-tie or to marriage. — adv.
Con'jugally. — n. Conjtgal'ity. [L.
conjugalis — conjux, one united to an-
other, a husband or wife — con, and jugum^[
a yoke.]
COlljUGATE, kon'joo-gat, v.t. (gram.) to
give the various inflections or parts of a
verb. — n. a word agreeing in cierivation
with another word. [L. conjugo — con,
together, and/«gr«m, that which joins, a
yokej
CONJUGATION, kon-joo-ga'shun, n. a
joining together : the inflection of the
verb : a class of verbs inflected in the
same manner.
CONJUNCTION, kon-junk'shun, 71. , con-
nection, union : (gram.) a word that con-
nects sentences, clauses, and words. [L.
conjunct io — con, and jungo.}
CONJUNCTIVE, kon-junk'tiv, adj. closely
united : ser^-ing to unite : (gram.) intro-
duced bj' a conjunction. — adv. Conjunc'-
TTVELY.
CONJUCTURE, kon-junk'tur, n. combina-
tion of circumstances : important occa-
sion, crisis.
CONJURATION, kon-joo-ra'shim. n. act
of summoning by a sacred name or sol-
emnly : enchantment.
CONJURE, kon-joor', v.t. to call on or
summon by a sacred name or in a solemn
manner : to implore earnestlj-. — n. CON-
jdr'er. [Orig. v.i. to unite under oath,
Fr. — L. con, together, and juro, to
swear.]
CONJURE, kun'jer, v.t. to compel (a spirit)
by incantations : to enchant : to raise
up or frame needlessly. — v.i. to practice
magical arts : — pr.p. conjuring (kun'jer-
ing) ; pa.p. conjured (kun'jerd). [Same
word as the preceding.]
CONJURER, kun'jer-er, n. one who prac-
tices magic : an enchanter.
CONJUROR, kon-j56r'or, ii. one bound bif
oath with others.
CONJURY, kon'ju-ri, ?i. the acts or art of
a conjurer : magic : legerdemain. Mot-
ley.
CONNATE, kon'at or kon-W, adj., born
with one's self. [L. con, with, and tias-
cor, natus, to be born.]
CONNATURAL, kon-af ii-ral, adj. of the
same nature with another.
CONNECT, kon-ekt', v.t. to tie or fasten
together: to establish a relation between.
[L. con, together, and necto, to tie.]
CONNECTEDLY, kon-ekt'ed-li, adv. in a
connected manner.
CONNECTION, kon-ek'shun, n. act of con-
Jiecting : that which connects : a body or
society held together by a bond : coher-
ence : intercourse.
C0NNECTI\T:, kon-ekt'iv, adj. binding
together. — n. a word that connects sen-
tences or words. — adr. Connect'itely.
CONNEXION, kon-ek'shun, n. same as
Connection.
CONNIVANCE, kon-Iv'ans, n. voluntary
oversight of a fault.
CONNIVE, kon-iv', v.i. to tcinle at a fault
to fail by intention to see a fault. ^Fr.—
L. connived, to wink.]
CONNOISSEUR, kon-is-sar', n. one who
knoirs well about a subject : a critical
judge. [Fr., from connoitre — L. cog-
nosco, to Know- — co, intensive, and juisco,
old form guosco. to acquire knowledge.]
CONNOIS.SEURSHIP, kon-is-ar'ship, n. the
skill of a connoisseur.
CON"NOTE. kon-ot', v.t. to note or Imply
along with an object something inher-
ent tlierein : to include. — n. Connota'-
COJSTxVUBIAL
76
CONSTANT
TiON. — adj. Connot'atite. [L. eon, with,
and Note.]
CONNUBIAL, kon-u'bi-al, adj. pertaining
to marriage or to tlie married state : nup-
tial. [L. con, and nubo, to marry. See
NVTTIAL.]
CONOID, kon'oid, n. anything like a cone
inform. — adjs.Coa'oiD, Conoid' al. [Gr.
konos, eidos. form.]
CONQUER, kong'ker, v.t. to gain by force :
to overcome or vanquish. — v.i. to be
victor. [Fr. coiiqiierv — L. conquiro, to
seek after earnestly — con, intensive, and
qiicero, to seek.]
CONQUERABLE, kong'ker-a-bl, adj. that
mav be conquered.
CONQUEROR, kong'ker-or, n. one who
conquers.
CONQUEST, kong'kwest, n. the act of
conquering : that which is conquered or
acquired by physical or moral force. [O.
Fi'. conqueste, Fr. conquete—L. conquiro,
conquisitum.]
CONSANGUINEOUS, kon-sang-gwin'e-us,
adj. related by blood : of the same family
or descent. [L. eonsanguineus — con, with,
and sanguis, blood.]
CONSANGUINITY, kon-sang-gwin'i-ti, n.
relationship by blood : opposed to affinity
or relationship by marriage.
CONSCIENCE, kon'shens, n. the knowl-
edge of our own acts and feelings as right
or wrong : sense of duty : the faculty or
principle by which we distinguish right
from wrong. [L. conscientia, from co7i-
scio. to know with one's self — con, with,
and scio, to know.]
CONSCIENTIOUS, kon-shi-en'shus, adj.
regulated by a regard to conscience :
fatthful : just. — adv. Conscien'tiously.
— H. Conscien'tiousness.
CONSCIONABLE, kon'shun-a-bl, adj. gov-
erned or regulated by conscience. — adv.
CON'SCIONABLY.
CONSCIOUS, kon'shus, adj. having the
feeling or knowledge : aware. — adv. CoN'-
SCIOUSLT.
CONSCIOUSNESS, kon'shus-nes, n. the
knowledge which the mind has of its
own acts and feelings.
CONSCRIPT, kon'skript, adj.,imiien down,
enrolled, registered. — n. one whose name
has been enrolled and who is liable to
serve as a soldier or sailor. [L. con-
scribo, conscrix)tum, to write together in
a list, to enlist.]
CONSCRIPTION, kon-skrip'shun, n. an
enrolment of individuals held liable for
naval or military service. — adj. CON-
SCRIP'TIONAL.
CONSECRATE, kon'se-krat, v.t. to set
apart for a holy use : to render holy or
venerable. — n. Con'seckater or CON'-
SECRATOR. [L. consecro, to make wholly
sacred — con, and sacro, to set apart as
sacred — .sacer, sacred.]
CONSECRATION, kon-se-kra'shun, n. the
act of devoting to a sacred use.
CONSECUTION, kon-se-ku'shun, n. a train
of consequences or deductions : a series
of things that follow one another.
CONSECUTIVE, kon-sek'u-tiv, adj., fol-
lowing in regular order : succeeding. —
«(?r. CONSEC'UTIVELY. — n. CONSEC'UTTVE-
NESS. [Fr. consecutif — L. con, and seqiior,
secutus. to follow.]
CONSENSUS, kon-sen'sus, n. unanimity :
agreement.
CONSENT, kon-sent', v.i. to feel or think
along tnth another : to be of the same
mind : to agree : to give assent : to yield.
— n. agreement : accordance with the
actions or opinions of another : concur-
rence. [L. consentio, to agree — con, with,
and sentio, to feel, to think.]
CONSENTANEOUS, kon-sen-ta'ne-us, adj.,
agreeable or accordant to : consistent
with. — adv. Consent a'neously. — ns.
Consenta'neousness, Consentane'ity.
CONSENTIENT, kon-sen'shi-ent, adj.,
agreeing in mind or in opinion.
CONSEQUENCE, kon'se-kwens, n. that
which /o??0(cs or comes after : effect : in-
fluence : importance. [L. consequentia
— con, with, and sequor, to follow.]
CONSEQUENT, kon'se-kwent, adj., follow-
ing as a natural effect or deduction. — n.
that which follows : the natural effect of
a cause. — Consequent Points, in mag-
netism, intermediate poles, caused when
either from some peculiarity in the
structure of a bar, or from some irregu-
larity in the magnetizing process, a re-
versal of the direction of magnetization
occurs in some part or parts of the
length, whereby the magnet will have
not only a pole at each end, but also a
pole at each point where the reversal
occurs. — adv. Con'sequently.
CONSEQUENTIAL, kon-se-kwen'shal, n.
an inference: a deduction: a conclusion.
"Observations out of the Lord Claren-
don's History, and some consequentials."
— Roger North.
CONSEQUENTIAL, kon-se-kwen'shal, adj.
following as a result : pretending to im-
portance : pompous. — adv. Consequen'-
tiat.t.y.
CONSERVANT, kon-serv'ant, adj. having
the power of conserving.
CONSERVATION, kon-ser-va'shun, n. the
act of conserving : the keeping entire.
CONSERVATISM, kon-serv'a-tizm, n. the
opinions and principles of a Conserva-
tive : aversion to change.
CONSERVATIVE, kon-serv'a-tiv, adj.,
tending, or having power to conserve,
—n. (politics) one who desires to iwe-
serve the institutions of his country until
they can be changed with certainty for
the better : one averse to change.
CONSERVATOR, kon'ser-va-tor or kon-
ser-va'tor, w. one who x>reserves from
injurv or violation.
CONSERVATORY, kon-serv'a-tor-i, n. a
place in which tilings are put for pi-es-
ervation : a greenhouse or place in which
exotic plants are kept.
CONSERVE, kon-serv', v.t. to keep entire:
to retain : to preserve : to preserve in
sugar : to pickle. — w. Conserv'er. [L.
con, together, and servo, to keep.]
CONSERVE, kon'serv, n. something pre-
served, as fruits in sugar.— arf/. Conserv'-
able.
CONSIDER, kon-sid'er, v.t. to look at
closely or carefully : to tliink or delib-
erate on : to take into account : to at-
tend to: to reward. — v.i. to think seri-
ously or carefully : to deliberate. [Fr. —
L. considero, prob. a word borrowed from
augury, meaning to mark out the bound-
aries of a templum (see CONTEMPLATE) by
the stars — sidus, sideris. a star.]
CONSIDERABLE, kon-sid'er-a-bl, adj.
worthj^ of being considered : important :
more than a little. — adv. Consid'erably.
— n. Consid'erableness.
CONSIDERATE, kon-sid'er-at, adj.
thoughtful : serious : prudent. — adv.
Consid'erately.— «. Consid'erateness.
CONSIDERATION, kon-sid-er-a'shun, n.
deliberation : importance : motive or
reason : compensation : the reason or
basis of a compact.
CONSIGN, kon-sin', v.t. to gi%'e to another
formally or under sign or seal : to trans-
fer : to intrust. — n. Consign'er. [Fr.
consigner — L. consigno — con, with, and
signum, a sign or seal. See Sign.]
CONSIGOTE, kon-si-ne', n. one to whom
anything is consigned or intrusted. [Fr.
consigne, pa.p. oi consigner, to consign.]
CONSIGNMENT, kon-sin'ment, n. act of
consigning : the thing consigned : the
writing by which anything is made over.
CONSIST, icon-sist', v.i. to be composed:
to co-e.i-ist, i.e. to agree. [Fr. — L. con-
sisto — con, si;^. completeness, and sisto —
sto, to stand.]
CONSISTENCE, kon-sist'ens, CONSIST-
ENCY, kon-sist'en-si, n. a degree of dens-
itv : substance : agreement.
CONSISTENT, kon-sist'ent, adj. fixed : not
fluid : agreeing together : uniform. — adv.
ConSist'ently.
CONSISTORY, kon-sist'or-i, n. an assembly
or council : a spiritual or ecclesiastical
court.— ad/. Consisto'rial. [See Con-
sist.]
CONSOCIATION, kon-s6-shi-a'shun, n.,
companionshi2} icith : association : alli-
ance. [L. consociatio — con, with, sociiis,
a companion.]
CONSOLABLE, kon-sol'a-bl, adj. that may
be comforted.
CONSOLATION, kon-sol-a'shun, n., solace:
alle^^ation of misery. — adj. Consola-
tory, kon-sol'a-tor-i.
CONSOLE, kon-sol', v.t. to give solace or
comfort: to cheer in distress. — n. CON-
SOL'er. [L. con, intensire, and solor, to
comfort. See Solace.]
CONSOLIDATE, kon-sol'i-dat, r.f. to make
solid : to form into a compact mass : to
unite into one. — v.i. to grow solid or firm :
to unite. [L. consolido, consolidatus —
con, intensive, and solidus, solid.]
CONSOLIDATION, kon-sol-i-da'shun, n.
act of making or of becoming solid.
CONSOLS, kon'solz, n.pl. (short for Con-
solidated Annuities) that part of the
British national debt which consists of
the 3 per cent annuities consolidated
into one fund.
CONSONANCE, kon'son-ans, n. a state of
agreement : agreement or unison of
sounds.
CONSONANT, kon'son-ant, adj. consist-,
ent : suitable. — n. an articulation which
can be sounded only with a vowel : a let-
ter representing such a sound. — adj.
Consonant' AL. — adv. Con'sonantly.
[L. consonans, pr.p. of consono, to sound
with, to harmonize — con, with, and sono,
to sound.]
CONSORT, kon'sort, n. one that shares the
same lot with another : a partner : a
companion : a wife or husband : an ac-
companying ship. [L. consors, from
coji. with, and sors, sortis, a lot.]
CONSORT, kon-sort', v.i. to associate or
keep companv.
CONSPICUOUS, kon-spik'u-us, adj., clear
ly seen ; visible to the ej-e or mind ;
prominent. — adv. CoxsPic'uousLY. — n.
CONSPIC'UOUSNESS. [L. eonsineuus — con-
spicio — eon, intensive, and specio, to
look.]
CONSPIRACY, kon-spir'a-si, n. a banding
together for an evil purpose : a plot :
concurrence.
CONSPIRATOR, kon-spir'a-tor, n. a plotter
(along with others).
CONSPIRE, kon-spir', v.i. to plot or scheme
together : to agree : to concur to one end.
[L. conspiro — con, together, and spiro, to
breathe.]
CONSTABLE, kun'sta-bl, n. formerly a
state-oflicer of the highest rank : a peace-
officer : a policeman. — n. Con'stableship.
[O. Fr. conestable, Fr. connetable. L. comes
stabuli, count of the stabulum, stable.]
CONSTABULARY, kon-stab'Ci-lar-i, adj.
pertaining to constables or peace-officers.
— n. the bodv of constables.
CONSTANCY," kon'stan-si, n. fixedness, un-
changeableness.
CONSTANT, kon'stant, adj. fixed, un-
changeable : continual : faithful. — n. that
which remains unchanged. [L. constans,
CONSTANTLY
CONTENTION
from consto, to stand firm — con, inten-
sive, sto. to stand.]
CONSTANTLY, kon'stant-li, adv. firmly:
continually.
CONSTATE, kon'stat. v.t. to verify : to
prove : to establish. (Recent and rare.)
[Fr. constater. to verify ; L. constare,
l-onstatum, to be established or evident
— con. together, and stare, to stand.]
CONSTELLATION, kon-stel-a-shun, n. a
group of stars : an assemblage of beauties
or excellencies : {astrol.) a particular dis-
position of the planets. [L. consteUatio
— con. together. steJla, a star.]
CONSTERNATION, kon-ster-na'shun, n.
Terror which throws into confusion : as-
;onishment : horror. [L. consternatio —
■unsterno, consternatus, from con, sig.
completeness, and stemo, to strew, to
throw down.]
CONSTIPATE, kon'stip-at, v.t. to press
closely together : to stop up : to make
ostive. [L. con. together, and stipo,
^fipatus, to pack.]
. UNSTIPATION, kon-stip-a'shun, n. cos-
t iVGOGSS.
r ONSTITUENCY, kon-stit'u-en-si, n. the
vhole body of voters for a member of
Congress.
CONSTITUENT, kon-stit'u-ent, adj., con-
stituting or forming : essential : elemen-
tal.— n. an essential or elemental part :
one of those who elect a representative,
esp. in Congress.
: ijNSTITUTE, kon'stit-ut, v.t. to set up :
to establish : to form or compose : to ap-
point. [L. constituo, constitiitu-s, from
con, together, and statue, to make to
stand, to place — sto, to stand.]
CONSTITUTION, kon-stit-u'shun, n. the
natural condition of body or mind : a
system of laws and customs : the estab-
lished form of government : in U. S. the
highest, fundamental law.
CONSTITUTIONAL, kon-stit-u'shun - al,
adj. inherent in the natural frame : nat-
ural : agreeable to the constitution or
frame of government : legal : a CONSTI-
TUTIONAL Government is one where tlie
ruler is subject to fixed laws. See Abso-
, LLTTE.^?!. a walk for the sake of one's
health. — adv. Constitu'tionallt.
CONSTITUTIONALIST, kon-stit-u'shun-
al-ist, CONSTITUTIONIST, kon-sti-tu'-
shun-ist, 71. one who favors a constitu-
tional government.
CONSTITUTIVE, kon'stit-ut-iv, adj., that
constitutes or establishes : having power
to piisx^t pto
CONSTRAIN, kon-stran', v.t. to urge with
irresistible power : to force. — adj. Con-
STKAINABLE, kon-stran'a-bl. — adv. CON-
STRAINEDLY, kon-stran'ed-li. [O. Fr.
constraindre — L. constringo, eonstrictus
— con. together, stringo, to press. See
Strain.]
CONSTRAINT, kon-strant', n. irresistible
force : compulsion : confinement.
CONSTRICT, kon-strikt', v.t. to bind or
press together : to contract : to cramp.
TL. constringo, eonstrictus.]
CONSTRICTION, kon-strik'shun, n. a,press-
ing togetlier.
CONSTRICTOR, kon-strikt'or,«. that which
drairs together : a serpent which crushes
its prey in its folds.
OONSTRINGE, kon-strinj', v.t. to dra^c to-
gether : to contract. [L. constringo.']
CONSTRINGENT, kon-strinj'ent, adj. hav-
ing the quality of contracting.
CONSTRUCT, kon-strukt'. v.t. to build up :
to compile : to put together the parts of
a thing : to make : to compose. [L.
ccmstruo, constructus, to pile together.]
CONSTRUCTION, kon-struk'shun, n. any-
thing piled together, building : manner
of forming : (gram.) the arrangement of
words in a sentence : interpretation :
meaning.
CONSTRUCTIVE, kon-strukt'iv, adj. not
direct or expressed, but inferred. — adv.
Construct'ively.
CONSTRUCTR^ENESS, kon-strukt'iv-nes,
n. the faculty of constructing.
CONSTRUE, kon'stroo, v.t. to set in order:
to exhibit tlie order or arrangement in
another language : to translate : to ex-
plain. [L. construo, constructus, to pile
together.]
CONSUBSTANTI AL, kon - sub - stan'shal,
adj. of the same substance, nature, or es-
sence.— n. Consubstantial'ity. [L. con,
with, and Substantial.]
CONSUBSTANTIALIST, kon - sub - stan'-
shal-ist, n. one who believes in consub-
stantiatio7i.
CONSUBSTANTIATE,kon-sub-stan'shi-at,
v.t. to unite in one common substance or
nature.
CONSUBSTANTIATION,kon-sub-stan-shi-
a'sliun, n. state of being of the same sub-
stance : {theol.) the Lutheran doctrine of
the actual, substantial presence of the
body and blood of Christ ivith the bread
and wine used at the Lord's Supper. [See
Transubstantiation.]
CONSUETUDE, kon'swe-tud, n. custom.—
adj. CON'SUETUDINAKY, also n. a ritual of
customary devotions. [L. consuetudo,
custom.]
CONSUL, kon'sul, n. among the Romans,
one of the two chief magistrates of the
state : one commissioned to reside in a
foreign country as an agent for, or repre-
sentative of, a government. [L.]
CONSULAR, kon'siil-ar, adj. pertaining to
a consid.
CONSULATE, kon'sul-at, n. the office,
residence, or jurisdiction of a consul.
CONSULSHIP, kon'sul-ship, n. the office,
or term of office, of a consul.
CONSULT, kon-sult', v.t. to ask advice of:
to apply to for instruction : to decide or
act in favor of. — v.i. to consider in com-
pany : to take counsel. [L. consulto,
inten. of cons-rdo, to consult.]
CONSULTATION, kon-sult-a'shun, n. the
act of considting : a meeting for the pur-
pose of consulting.
CONSUMABLE, kon-sum'a-bl, adj. that
can be consumed.
CONSUME, kon-sum', v.t. to destroy by
wasting, fire, etc. : to devour : to waste
or spend : to exhaust. — v.i. to waste
away.^H. Consuu'er. [L. consumo, to
destroy — con, sig. completeness, and
sumo, sumptus, to take.]
CONSUMMATE, kon-sum'at or kon'-, v.t.
to raise to the summit or highest point :
to perfect or finish. [L. consuinmo, to
perfect — coji, with, and summus, highest,
perfect.]
CONSUMMATE, kon-sum'at, adj. in the
highest degree: perfect. — adv. Consumm'-
ATELY.
CONSUMMATION, kon-sum-a'shun, n. act
of completing : perfection : close.
CONSUMPTION, kon-sum'shun, n. the
act of using up : adi.sease in the lung's,
which gradually ion.fies aivaythe frame
=Phthisis. [See Consume.]
CONSUMPTIVE, kon-sum'tiv, adj. having
tlie quality of wasting away: inclined to
the disease consumption. — adv. CON-
sump'tively.
CONSUMPTIVENESS, kon-sum'tiv-nes, n.
a tendency to consumption.
CONTABES'CENCE. kon-tab-es'sens, n. in
bot. a peculiar condition of the anthers
of certain plants, in which they are
shrivelled up or become brown" and
tough, and contain no good pollen, thus
resembling the anthers of the most
sterile hybrids. Darwin.
CONTACT, kon'takt, n. a close touching :
close union : meeting. [L. eontingo,
contactum, to touch — con, sig. complete-
ness, and tango, to touch — root tag-]
CONTAGION, kon-ta'jun, n. transmission
of a disease by contact.
CONTAGIOUS, "kon-ta'jus, adj. that may
be communicated by contact. — adv. CoN-
TA'GIOCSLY. — n. CONTA'GIOUSNESS.
CONTAGIUM, kon-ta'ji-um, n. in vied.
that which carries the infectious element
in diseases from one person to another.
" Supposing the contagium of every com-
municable disease to consist of minute
organized particles susceptible of under-
going almost unlimited multiplication
when introduced into a suitable medium,
etc.'' — Academy. [See Contagion.]
CONTAIN, kon-tan', v.t. to hold together :
to comprise, to include : to restrain. —
adj. Contain' ABLE, that maybe contained.
[Fr. contenir — L. eontineo — con, together,
and teneo, to hold.]
CONTAMINATE, kon-tam'i-nat, v.t. to de-
file by touching or mixing with : to pol-
lute : to corrupt : to infect. [L. con-
tamino — contamen = contagmen. See
Contact.]
CONTAMINATION, kon-tam-i-na'shun. n.
pollution.
CONTEMN, kon-tem', v.t. to despise: to
neglect. — n. Contem'ner. [L. contemno,
contemptus, to value little — con, inten-
sive, and temno, to slight.]
CONTEMPLANT, kon-tem'plant,a(f;'. gi\eD
to contemplation : meditative. " Ci:m-
templant spirits." — Coleridge.
CONTEMPLATE, kon-tem'plat, v.t. to con-
sider or look at attentively : to meditate
on or study: to intend. — r'.t. to think
seriously : to meditate. [L. contemplor,
contemplatus, to mark out carefully a
templum or place for auguries — con. sig.
completeness, and templum. See Con-
sider and Temple.]
CONTEMPLATION, kon-tem-pla'shun. n.
continued study of a particular svib-
iect.
CONTEMPLATIVE, kon-tem'pla-tiv, adj.
given to contemplation. — adv. Contem'-
PLATIVELY.
CONTEMPORANEOUS, kon-tem-po-ra'ne-
us, adj. living, happening, or being at the
same time. — adv. Contemfora'neously.
— n. Contempora'neousness. [L. con, to-
gether, and temporaneus — tempus, time.]
CONTEMPORARY, kon-tem'po-rar-i, adj.
contemporaneous. — n. one who lives at
the same time.
CONTEMPT, kon-tempt', n. -scorn: dis-
grace : (law) disobedience of the rules
of a court. [See CONTEMN.]
CONTEMPTIBLE, kon-tempt'i-bl, adj. des-
picable.— adv. Contempt'ibly. — n. Con-
tempt'ibleness.
CONTEMPTUOUS, kon-tempt'u-us, adj.,
full of contempt : haughty: scornful. —
adv. Contempt'uously.— ». Contempt'-
UOUSNESS.
CONTEND, kon-tend', v.i. to strive: to
struggle in emulation or in opposition :
to dispute or debate. [L. contendo, con-
tentum — con, and tendo, to stretch,
strain.]
CONTENT, kon'tent or kon-tent', n. that
which is contained : the capacity, meas-
urement, or extent of anything: — pi.
the things contained : the list of subjects
treated of in a book. [See CONTAIN.]
CONTENT, kon-tent', adj. having the
desires limited by present enjoyment :
satisfied. — v.t. to make content : to satisfy
the mind : to make quiet : to please.
CONTENTED, kon-tent'ed, ad;'., content.—
adu. CONTENT'EDLY.— 71S.C0NTENT'KDNESS,
Content' MENT.
CONTENTION, kon-ten'shun, n. a violent
CONTEXTIOUS
CONTROVERTIBLE
straining' after any object : strife : debate.
|See Contend.]
CONTENTIOUS, koa-ten'shus. adj. quarrel-
some.— adv. CONTEN'TiousLY. — n. Con-
tentiousness.
CONTERMINAL.kon-ter'uiiu-al, CONTER-
MINOUS, kon-ter'niin-us, adj. having a
common ^ermj)ut.s or boundary. [L. con-
terminus, neighboring — con, together,
and ferminun. a boundai'v.]
CONTERMINANT, kon-teVrain-ant, adj.
coming to an end at the same time : con-
terminate. Lamb.
CONTEST, kou-test', v.t. to call in question
or make the subject of dispute : to strive
for. — adj. Contest' ABLE. [L. contestor,
to call to witness — con, and testor, to be
a witness — testis, a witness.]
CONTEST, kon'test, n. a struggle for su-
periority : strife : debate.
CONTEXT, kon'tekst, n. something tcoven
together or connected : the parts of a
discourse or treatise which precede and
follow a special passage. [L. contexo —
con, togetlier, texo, textus, to weave.]
CONTEXTURE, kon-tekst'ur, n. the inter-
weaving of parts into a \vhole : system.
CONTICENT, kon'ti-sent, adj. silent:
hushed : quiet : said of a number of per-
sons or the like. " The servants have
left the room, the guests sit contieent.'' —
Tliackeray. [L. conticens, conticentis,
ppr. of conticeo — eon, together, and taceo,
to be silent.]
CONTIGUITY, kon-tig-u'i-ti, n. the state
of being in close contact.
CONTIGUOUS, kon-tig'u-us,ad/., touching:
adjoining : near. — adv. Contig'UOUSLT. —
n. Contig'uousnkss. [L. contigims, from
contingo, contigi, to touch on all sides —
con, signifying completeness, tango, to
touch.]
CONTINENCE, kon'ti-nens, CONTINEN-
CY, kon'ti-nen-si, n. the restraint im-
posed by a person upon his desires and
passions" : chastitv. [See Continent, adj.]
CONTINENT, kou'ti-nent, n. a large extent
of land not broken up by seas : the main-
land of Europe : one of the great di-
visions of the land surface of the globe. —
adj. Continent' AL. FL. continens ^=con-
tiuuiis, holding together, uninterrupted.]
CONTINENT, kon'ti-nent, adj.. holding in
or restraining the indulgence of pleasure,
especially of sexual enjoyment : temper-
ate : virtuous. — adv. Con'tinent_y. [L.
coutinens, moderate— conh'n^o — con, to-
eether, and teneo, to hold.]
CONTINGENCE. kon-tin'jens, CONTIN-
GENCY, kon-tin'jen-si, n. tlie quality of
being continge7it : what hapi)en8 by
chance : an accident.
CONTINGENT, kon-tin'jent, adj. depend-
ent on something else : liable but not
certain to happen : accidental.— ». an
event which is liable but not certain to
occur : a share or proportion, especially
of soldiers. — adv. CONTIN'OENTLT. [£.
contingo, to touch, to happen.]
CONTINUAL, kon-tin'u-al, adj. without
interruption : unceasing. — adv. Contin'-
VALLY. [See Continue.']
CONTINUANCE, kon-tiu'u-ans, n. dura-
tion : uninterrupted succession : stav.
CONTINUATION, kon-tin'u-a'shun, n. con-
stant succession : extension.
CONTINUATIVE, kon-tin'u-a-tiv, adj.,
continuing.
OONTINUATOR, kon-tin'u-a-tor, n. one
who continues or keeps up a series or
succession.
CONTINUE, kon-tin'u, v.t. to draw out or
prolong : to e.xtend or increa.se in any
way : to unite without break : to persist
in. — v.i. to remain in the same place or
state : to last or endure : to persevere.
[Fr. continner — L. continuus, joined, con-
nected, from contineo — con, together,
and teneo. to hold.]
CONTINUED, kou-tin'ud, adj. uninter-
rupted : unceasiag : extended. — adv.
CONTIN'I'EDLY.
CONTINUITY, kon-tin-u'i-ti, n. state of
being- continuous : uninterrupted con-
nection.
CONTINUOUS, kon-tin'u-us, adj., joined
together : without interruption. — adv.
Contin'uocsly.
CONTLINE, kout'lin, n. the space between
the strands on the outside of a rope.
E. H. Knight.
CONTO, kon'to, n. a Portuguese money of
account in which large sums are calcu-
lated ; value 1,000,000 reis, or $1,100 gold
standard.
CONTORT, kon-tort',r.^. to tuyist or turn
violently: to writhe. [L. con, intensive,
and torqueo. tortus, to twist.]
CONTORTION, kon-tor'shun, 7i. a violent
twisting.
CONTOUR, kon-toor', n. the outline : the
line which bounds the figure of any ob-
ject. [Fr. contour, from C0)i, and tour,
a turning — L. tomus, Gr. tomos, a turn-
ing-lathe.]
CONTRABAND, kon'tra-band, adj.,
against or contrary to ban or law : pro-
hibited.— n. illegal traffic : prohibition :
prohibited goods. — n. Con'trabandist, a
smuggler. Tit. contrabbando — L. contra,
against, and Low L. bandum, a procla-
mation. See Ban.]
CONTRACT, kon-trakt', v.t. to draio to-
gether: to lessen: to shorten: to acquire:
to incur : to bargain for : to betroth. —
v.i. to shrink : to become less. [L. con-
fralio, contractus, from co)(, together,
and traho, to draw.]
CONTRACT, kon'trakt, n. an agreement
on fixed terms : a bond : a beti'othment :
the writing containing an agreement.
[O. Fr. contract, an agreement — L. con-
tractus, a compact.]
CONTRACTED, kon-trakt'ed, adj., drawn
together : narrow : mean. — adv. CON-
TRACT'EDLY. — n. CONTRAOT'EDNESS.
CONTRACTIBLE, kon-trakt'i-bl, adj. capa-
ble of being contracted. — ns. Contracti-
bil'ity, Contract'iblen-ess.
CONTRACTILE, kon-trakt'il, adj. tending
or having (jower to contract. — n. CON-
tractil'ity.
CONTRACTION, kon-trak'shun, n. act of
contracting : a word shortened by reject-
ing a part of it.
CONTRACTOR, kon-trakt'or, n. one of the
parties to a bargain or agreement : one
who engages to execute work or furnish
sujiplies at a fixed rate.
CONTRA-DANCE. kon'tra-dans (corruptly
Country-dance), n. a dance in which the
partners are arranged in opposite lines.
[Fr. contre-danse : from L. contra,
against, opposite, and Dance.]
CONTRADICT, kon-tra-dikt', v.t. to speak
in opposition to : to oppose by words :
to assi>rt the contrary : to deny. [L.
contradico.contradictus — eo»fra, against,
and dico. to speak.]
CONTRADICTION, kon-tra-dik'shun, n.
at:t of contradicting: a speaking against :
denial : inoonsistencv.
CONTRADICTIVE. kon-tra-dikt'iv, CON-
TRADICTORY, kon-tra-dikt'or-i, adj.
affirming the contrary : opposite : incon-
sistent.— fidv. Contr.^dict'orily.
CONTRADISTINCTION, kon-tra-dis-tink'-
shun, H., distinction bv contrast.
CONTRADLSTINCTIVE",kon-tra-dis-tinkt'-
iv, adj., distinguishing bv opposite quali-
ties.
CONTRADISTINGUISH, kon-tra-dis-ting'-
gwish, v.t. to distinguish or mark the
difference by opposite qualities. [L. con-
tra, against, opposite, and Distinguish.]
CONTRALTO, kon-tral'to, n. {music) couri-
ter-alto : same as alto or counter-tenor.
[See Alto and COUNTER.]
CONTRARIETY, kon-tra-rl'e-ti, n. opposi-
tion : inconsistency.
CONTRARIWISE, kon'tra-ri-ivIz, adv. oa
the contrary way or side : on the other
hand. [Contrary and Ways.]
CONTRARY, kou'tra-ri, adj., opposite : in-
consistent : contradictory. — n. a thing
that is contrary or of opposite qualities.
— n. Con'trariness. — adv. Con'trahily.
[L. contraiius — contra, against.]
CONTRAST, kon-trast', v.i.lo stand against
or in opposition to. — v.t. to set in opposi-
tion, in order to show superiority or give
effect. [Fr. contraster — L. contra, oppo-
site to, stare, to stand.]
CONTRAST, kon'trast, «., opposition or
unlikeness in things compared : exhibi-
tion of differences.
CONTR AVALLATION, kon - tra - val - a'-
shun, n. a, fortijication built by besiegers,
which is thus opposed to that of the
besieged. [L. cmitra, opposite to, and
vallo, vallatus, to fortify — vallum, a
wall.]
CONTRAVENE, kon-tra-ven', v.t. to come
against : to oppose : to hinder. [L. con-
tra, against, venio, to come.]
CONTRAVENTION, kon-tra-ven'shun, n.
act oi contravening : opposition : obstruc-
tion.
CONTRIBUTARY, kon-trib'u-tar-i, adj.
paving a share.
CONTRIBUTE, kon-trib'ut, v.t. to give
along with others : to give for a common
purpose : to paj- a share. — v.i. to give or
bear a part. — n. Contrib'UTOR. [L. con,
along with, tribuo. tributus, to give.]
CONTRIBUTION, kon-trib-u'shun, n. s
collection : a \ev\.
CONTRIBUTIVE. ' kon - trib'u - tiv, CON- ■
TRIBUTORY, kon-trib'u-tor-i, adj. giv-
ing a share : helping.
CONTRITE, kon'trit, adj. broken-hearted
for sin : penitent. — adv. Con'teitely.
[L. contritus — contero — con, sig. com-
pleteness, and tero, to bruise.]
CONTRITION, kon-trish'un, n. deep sor-
row for sin : remorse.
CONTRFV^ANCE, -kon-triv'ans,!!. act of con-
triving : the thing contrived : invention :
artifice.
CONTRFVE, kon-trlv', v.t. to find out or
plan : to invent. — n. CONTRlv'ER. [Fr.
controuver — eon, and trouver, to find.
See Trover.]
CONTROL, kon-trol', n. (formerly COSIP-
TROLL). restraint : authority: com-
mand.— v.t. to check : to restrain : to
govern : — xrr.p. controll'ing ; pa.p. con-
trolled'. [Fr. contrOle. from contre-role,
a duplicate register, for checking the
original. See Roll.]
CONTROLLABLE, kon-trol'a-bl. adj. capa-
ble of, or subject to control.
CONTROLLER. COMPTROLLER, kon-
trol'er, n. one who controls or checks the
accounts of others bv keeping a counter-
roll or register. — n. toNTROLL'ERSHIP.
CONTROLMENT, kon-trol'ment. n. act or
power of controlling : state of being
controlled : control.
CONTROVERSIAL, kon-tro-ver'shal, adj.
relating to controversy. — adv. Contro-
ver'sially.
C0NTR0\T:RSIALIST, kon-tro-ver'sbal-
ist, n. one given to controversy.
C0NTR0\'ERSY, kon'tro-ver-si, n. a di*
putation, discussion, or debate : contest,
CONTROVERT, kon'tro-vert, v.t. to op-
pose : to argue against : to refute. [L.
contra, against, and verto, to turn.]
CONTROVERTIBLE, kon-tro-vert'i-bl, adj.
CONTUMACIOUS
79
COOKERY
tfhat may be controverted. — adv. CON-
TROVERT'IBLY.
« O N T U MAC lOUS, kon-tu-ma'shus, adj.
opposing- lawful authority with con-
tempt : obstinate : stubborn. — adv. CON-
TLTIa'CIOUSLT. — n. CONTUilA'CIOrSNESS.
CONTIIMACITY, kon-tu-mas'i-ti, n. same
as Contumacy. Carlyle.
CONTUMACY, kon'txi-ma-si, n. obstinate
disobedience or resistance : stubbornness.
I [L. contumacia — contumax, contumacis,
' insolent, from con, and root tern- in teinno,
to despise, or ace. to Littre from tmneo,
to swell.]
CONTUMELIOUS, kon-tu-me'li-us, adj.
haug-htily reproachful: insolent. — adv.
COSTUME'UOtrSLY. — H. CONTUME'LIOUS-
NESS.
CONTUMELY, kon'tu-mel-i, n. rudeness :
insolence : reproach. [L. contumelia,
which is from the same source as con-
tumacy. See Contumacy.]
CONTUSE, kon-tuz', v.t. to beat exceed-
ing-ly or bniise to pieces : to crush. [L.
contundo, contusus — con and tundo, to
beat, to bruise.]
CONTUSION, kon-tu'zhun, n. act of bruis-
ing .• state of being bruised : a bruise.
CONTUSIVE, kon-tu'ziv, adj. apt to cause
contusion: bruising'. "Shield fi-om eon-
tnsive rocks her tender limbs." — Antijac-
obin.
CONUNDRUM, kou-un'drum, n. a sort of
riddle containing some odd or fanciful
resemblance between things quite unUke.
[Etv. unknown.]
CONVALESCE, kon-val-es', v.i. to regain
health. [L. con, and valesco — valeo, to be
strong.]
CONVALESCENCE, kon-val-es'ens, n.
gradual recovery of health and strength.
CONVALESCENT, kon-val-es'ent, adj.
gradually recovering health. — n. one re-
covering health.
CONVECTION, kon-vek'shun, n. the proc-
ess of transmission of heat or electricity
through liquids or gases by means of cur-
rents. [L. convectio — con, and veho, I
carry.]
CONVENE, kon-ven', v.i. to cmne together:
to assemble. — v.t. to call together. [Fr.
— L. convenio, from con, together, and
venio, to come.]
CONVENER, kon-ven'er, n. one who con-
A'enes a meeting : the chairman of a com-
mittee.
CONVENIENCE, kon-ven'yens, CONVEN-
lENCY, kon-ven'yen-si, n. suitableness :
accommodation.
CONVENIENT, kon-ven'yent, adj. suit-
able : handy : commodious. — adv. CoN-
ven'iently. [L. conveniens, convenientis,
orig. pr.p. of convenio, to come together.]
CON\rENT. kon'vent, n. an association of
persons secluded from the world and de-
voted to a religious life : the house in
which they live, a monastery or nunnery.
[L. conventus — convenio, to come to-
gether.]
CON\"ENTICLE, kon-vent'i-kl, n. applied in
contempt to a meeting for worship of
dissenters from the Established Church
in England. [L. conventiculum, a secret
niaeting of monks, dim. of eojireufKS.]
CON"^"ENTION, kon-ven'shun, n. an as-
sembly, esp. of representatives for some
special object : temporarj- treaty : an
agreement. [Fr. — L. conventio. See
Con^'eneJ
CON\"ENTIONAL, kon-ven'shun-al, adj.
formed by convention : growing out of
tacit ag-reement or custom : customary.
—adv. Conven'tionally.
CONVENTIONALISM, kon-ven'shun-al-
izm, n. that which is established by tacit
agreement, as a mode of speech, etc.
CONVENTIONALITY,kon-ven-shun-al'i-ti,
n. state of being conventional : that
which is established by use or custom.
CON^'ENTUAL, kon-vent'u-al, adj. belong-
ing to a convent. — n. a monk or nun. [L.
eonventualis.]
CONVERGE, kon-verj', v.i. to tend to one
point. [L. con, together, and verge, to
bend, to incline.]
CONVERGENCE, kon-verj'ens, CONVER-
GENCY, kou-verj'ens-i, n. act or quality
of tending to one point.
CONA'^RGENT, kon-verj'ent, adj. tending
to one point.
CONVERSABLE, kon-vers'a-bl, adj. dis-
posed to converse : sociable. — adv. CON-
vees'ably. [See Converse.]
CONVERSANT, kon'vers-ant. adj. ac-
quainted by study : familiar : (B.) walk-
ing or associating with.
CONn^ERSATION, kon-ver-sa'shun, n. in-
tercourse : talk: familiar discourse : (B.)
behavior or deportment. — adj. CONVER-
SA'TIONAIj.
CONA'ERSATIONALIST, kon-ver-sa'shun-
al-ist, II. one who excels in conversation.
CONVERSAZIONE, kon-ver-sat-se-o'ne, n.
a meeting for conversation, particularly
on literary subjects : — pi. Conversazio'ni
(-ne.) [It.]
CONVER.SE. kon-vers', v.i. to have inter-
com-se: to talk familiarly. [Fr. — L. con-
versor, to live with — con, intensive, and
ver.'io. to turn much — verto, to turn.]
CONVERSE, kon'vers, n. famUiar inter-
course : conversation.
CONVERSE, kon'vers, n. a proposition
converted or turned about — i.e. one in
which the subject and predicate have
changed places.— ad/, reversed in order
or relation. — adv. Con'versely.
CON\"ERSION, kon-ver'shun, n. change
from one thing, state, or religion, to an-
other : change from a wicked to a holj'
life : appropriation to a special purpose :
(logic) act of interchanging the terms of
a proposition.
CONVERT, kon-vert', -y.^ to turn round :
to change or turn from one tiling, con-
dition, or religion to another : to change
from a bad to a good life : to apply to a
particular purpose. [L. converto, con-
ver.itis — con. and verto, to turn.]
CONVERT, kon'vert, n., one converted :
one who has become religious, or who
has changed his i-eligion.
CONVERTER, kon-vert'er, n. an iron re-
tort of a somewhat globular shape with
a large neck, used in the Bessemer proc-
ess of steel-making, molten iron being
exposed in it to a blast of air, the oxygen
of which burns out the carbon and some
other ingredients of the iron ; the requis-
ite amount of carbon being then intro-
duced by the addition of molten spie-
geleisen or other variety of iron rich in
carbon, and the result being a variety of
steel. The converter is supported on
trunnions, so that it may swing freely.
It has a Uning consisting in most cases
of finely ground hard sandstone mixed
with lire-clay powder, and made into a
paste with water. Also written CoN-
vertor.
CONVERTIBLE, kon-vert'i-bl, adj. that
maj- be converted : that may be changed
one for the other. — adv. Convert'ibly. —
n. Contertibil'ity.
CONVEX, kou'veks, adj. rising into a
round form on the outside, the reverse of
concave. — adv. Con'vexly. [L. convexits
— conreho — con, together, and ivho, to
carry.]
CONVEXED, kon-vekst', adj. made convex,
—adv. Convex'edly.
CONA'EXITY. kon-veks'i-ti, n. roundness
of form on the out.side.
CONn'EY, kon-va', v.t. (lit.) to bring or
send on the way : to carry : to transmit :
to impart. — adj. Conyeyable, kon-va'a-
bl.— H. Convey'er. [O. Fr. conveier—
Low L. conviare. to conduct — L. con,
along with, and via, a way.]
CON\^YANCE, kon-va'ans. n. the instru-
ment or means of conveying : (lav) the
act of transferring- projierty : the writ-
ing which transfers it.
CONn'EYANCER, kon-va'ans-er, n. one
whose business is the preparation of deeds
for the transference of property.
C0NAT:YANCING, kon-va'ans-lng, n. the
business of a conveyancer.
CONA'ICT, kon-%ikt'. v.t. to prove guilty;
to pronounce guilty. [From root of
Convince.]
CONVICT, kon'vikt, n. one convicted or
found guilty of crime, esp. one who has
been condemned to penal ser\'itude.
CONVICTION, kon-vik'shun, n. act of con-
vincing or of convicting: strong belief:
a proving guiltj-.
CONVINCE, kon-vins', v.t. to subdue the
mind by evidence : to satisfy as to tnith
or error : (B.) to convict : to refute. —
adj. Continc'ible. — adv. Continc'ingly.
[L. con, .sig. completeness, and vinco,
victus. to conquer.]
CONVTVE. kon'vlv. n. a boon companion.
Eraser's May. [Fr. convive, L. conviva,
a guest, a table companion.]
CONVIVIAL, kon-viv'i-al, adj. feasting in
company : relating to a feast : social :
jovial. — adv. Conviv'ially. — n. Con-
■YtviAL'lTY. [L. convivium, a liring- to-
gether, a feast — con, together, and I'ivo,
to live.]
CONVOCATION, kon-vo-ka'shun, n. act of
convoking : an assemblv.
CONVOKE, kon-vok', v.t. to call together:
to assemble. [L. con, together, and
i-oco. vocatus, to call.]
CONn'OLUTE, kon'vo-lut, CONVOLUTED,
kon'vo-lut-ed, adj., rolled together, or
one part on another. [See Convolve.]
CONVOLUTION, kon-vo-lu'shun, n. a
twisting : a fold.
CONVOLVE, kon-voh-', v.t.- to roll to-
gether, or one part on another. [L. con,
together, and volvo, volutus, to roll.]
CONVOLVULUS, kon-.'ol'vu-lus, n. a
genus of twining or trailing plants,
called also bindweed.
CONVOY, kon-voy', v.t. to accompany on
the way for protection. [Fr. convoyer,
from root of Convey.]
CONVOY, kon'voy, n. the act of convoy-
ing : protection : that which convoys or
is convoved.
CONVUXSE, kon-vuls', v.t. to agitate
violently : to affect by sjiasms. [L. con,
intensive, and vello, vulsus. to pluck, to
pull.]
CONAnjLSIBLE, kon--vuls'i-bl, o^". capable
of being convulsed : subject to con\'\il-
sion. Emerson.
CONVULSION, kon-vul'shun, n. a violent
and involuntary contortion of tlie i\ius-
cles : commotion.
CONmLSIVE. kon-vuls'iv, adj. attended
with convulsion!,: spasmodic. — adv. CON-
vuLS'm:LY.— ». Convcls'iveness.
CONY. CONEY, ko'ni or kun'i, n. a rabbit
fProb. orig. E. : cf. Dut. konijn, Dan.
kanin: or, through O. Fr. connil, from
L. euniculus, a rabbit.]
COO, koo. v.i. to make a noise as a dove :
to caress fondly : — pr.j). coo'ing ; jja.^.
cooed'. [_From the sound.]
COOK, kook, v.t. to prepare food. — n. one
whose business is to cook. [A.S. coc,
a cook (Ger. koch). borrowed from L.
coqiio. to cook.]
COOKERY, kooV: er-i, n. the art or practice
of cooking ; also a delicacy : a dainty.
COOL
SO
CORIANDER
" Cookerie.1 were provided in order to
tempt his palate." — Roger North.
COOL, kool, adj. slightly cold : free from
excitement : calm : not zealous or ar-
dent : indifferent : impudent : also used
in speaking- of a sum of money, generally
a large sum, by way of emphasizing the
amount. (Colloq.) " I would pit her for
a cool hundred." — Smollett. "A cool four
thousand ... I never discovered from
whom Joe derived the conventional
temperature of the four thousand
pounds, but it appeared to make the
sum of money more to him, and he had
a manifest relish in insisting on its being
cool." — Dickens. — v.t. to make cool : to
allay or moderate, as heat, excitement,
passion, etc. — To COOL one's coppers, to
allay the thirst or parched sensation
caused by excessive drinking of intoxi-
cating liquors. "Something to cool his
coppers." — T. Hughes. (Slang.) — i\i. to
grow cool. — n. CoOL. — ndv. Cool'ly.
LA.S. col ; Ger. MM ; see Cold and
Chill.]
COOLER, kool'er, n. anything that cools.
COOLIE, kool'i, n. ulaborer: in Hindustan,
a porter in general: an Indian or Chinese
laborer in other countries. [Hind, kfdi,
a laborer.]
COOLNESS, kool'nes, n. moderate cold :
indifference : want of zeal.
COOM, koom, n. matter that gathers at
the naves of wheels : soot that gathers
at the mouth of an oven : coaldust.
[Conn, with Ger. kahm, mould gathered
on liquids.]
COOMB, koom, another form of Comb=4
bushels.
COOP, koop, n. {lit.) anything hollow, as a
cup — a tub, cask, or barrel : a box or
cage for fowls or small animals. — v.t. to
confine in a coop : to shut up or confine.
[A.S. cijpa, a basket ; akin to CuP.]
COOPER, koop'er, n. one who makes coops,
tuns ojifSks p^c
COOPERAGE, koop'er-aj, n. the work, or
workshop of a cooper: the sum paid for
a cooper's work.
CO-OPERANT, ko-op'er-ant, adj. working
together.
CO-OPERATE, ko-op'er-at, v.i. to work
together. — n. Co-of'erator. [L. co, to-
gether, and Operate.]
CO-OPERATION, ko-op-er-a'shun, n joint
operation : tlie association of a number
of persons for the cheaper purchasing of
goods, or for carrying on some branch of
industry. — adj. C6-op'erative.
CO-ORDINATE, ko-or'di-nat, adj. holding
the same order or rank : not suibordinate.
— adv. Co-OR'dinately. [L. co, together,
equal, and Ordinate.]
CO-OBDINATION. ko-or-di-na'shun, n.
state of being co-ordinate.
COOT, koot, n. a short-tailed water-fowl.
[Dut. koet ; W. cuiiar — civt, a short taQ.
See Cut.]
COPAL, ko'pal, n. a resinous substance
used in varnishes. [Sp. — Mexican eopalli,
a general narce of resins.]
COPARTNER, ko-piirt'ner, n. ajolnt piart-
ner. — ns. Copart'nership. Copart'nery.
[L. CO, together, and Partner.]
COPE, kop, n. a covering, a cap or hood :
a cloak worn by a priest : anything
spread overhead : a coping. — i\t. to cover
with a cope. [From root of Cap.]
COPE, kop, v.i. to vie with, especially on
equal terms or successfullv : to match.
[Dut. koopen, cog. with A.S. ceapian, to
bargain. See Cheap.]
COPECK, ko'pek, n. a Russian copper coin
equal to f of a cent.
COPESTONE, kop'ston, COPING-STONE,
koping-stOn, n. the stone which copes
or tops a wall. [Cope, a covering, and
Stone.]
COPIER, kop'i-er, COPYIST, kop'i-ist. n.
one who copies: an imitator: a plagiarist.
COPING, kop'ing, n. the capping or cover-
ing course of masonry of a wall.
COPIOUS, ko'pi-us, adj., plentiful: over-
flowing : not concise. — adv. Co'PIOTJSLY.
—n. Co'piousNESS. [O. Fr. copieiLv—L,.
copiosus — copia, plenty — co, intensive,
and 02)s, apis, power, property, wealth.
See Opulent.]
COPPER, kop'er, n. a metal of a reddish
color, named from the feland of Cyprus :
a vessel made of copper. — v.t. to cover
with copper, [tow L. cuper — L. cuprum,
a contr. of cuprium ces, " Cyprian brass,"
because the Romans obtained copper in
Cvprus.]
COPPERAS, kop'er-as, n. sulphate of iron
or green vitriol. [F^'. couperose (It. cop-
parosa) — L. cupri rosa, rose of copper.]
COPPERISH. kop'er-ish, COPPERY, kop'-
ei'-i, CUPREOUS, ku'pre-vis, ad), contain-
ing or like copper.
COPPERPLATE, kop'er-plat, n. a plate of
polished copp<r, on which something has
been engraved : an impression taken
from the plate.
COPPICE, kop'is, COPSE, kops, n. a wood
of small growth for cutting. [O. Fr.
copeiz. wood newly cut — couper, to cut
— Low L. copare, to cut.]
COPRESENCE, ko-prez'ens, n. the state or
condition of being present along with
others : associated presence. " The co-
presence of other laws." — Emerson.
COPTIC, kop'tik, adj. pertaining to the
Copts, the descendants of the ancient
Eg'vptians.
OTUT " "
COf ULA, kop'u-la, n. that which couples or
joins together : a bond or tie : {logic) the
word joining the subject and predicate. —
Copula {gram.) is omitted, with few ex-
ceptions, in modern improved text-books.
[L. CO, together, and root ap, connected
with L. aptus, fastened, and Gr. hapto,
to join.]
COPULAR, kop'u-ler, adj. in logic, of or re-
lating to a copula.
COPULATE, kop'u-lat, v.t. and v.i. to
couple or join together : to come together
sexuallv.
COPULATION, kop-u-la'shun, n. act of
copidating.
COPULATIVE, kop'ii-Iat-iv, adj., uniting.
— n. {gram.) a conjunction that unites
ideas as well as words.
COPY, kop'i, n. one of a number, esp. of
books : an imitation from an original
pattern : that which is imitated : an
original work : manuscript for printing.
— v.t. to write, paint, etc., after an origi-
nal : to imitate : to transcribe : — ^jn./).
cop'ied. [Fr. copie, from L. copia, plenty ;
in Low L. a transcript, because by such
the original was multiplied.]
COPYHOLD, kop'i-hold, w. {Eng. law) a
species of estate or right of holding land,
for which tlie owner can only show the
copy of tlie rolls originallj' made by tlie
steward of the lord's court.
COPYIST. See Copier.
COPYRIGHT, kop'i-rit, n. the exclusive
right of an author or his heirs to publish
for a tcm of years copies of iiis work,
whether a book, painting, engra\ing,
etc.
COQUET, ko-ket', v.i. to excite admiration
or love, from vanity, or to deceive. — i:t.
to trifle with in love ; — pr.p. coquett'ing ;
pa.p. coquett'ed. [Fiv coqueter — coquet,
dim. of coq, a cock.]
COQUETRY, ko-ket'ri or koH et-ri, w. act
of coquetting : attempt to attract ad-
miration, etc., in order to deceive ; deceit
in love. [Fr. coqiietterie.}
COQUETTE, ko-ket', n. a vain, trifling
woman.
COQUETTISH, ko-ket'ish, adj. practicing
coquetry : befitting a coquette. — adv. Co-
quett'ishly. — n. Coquett'ishness.
COR, kor, n. a Hebrew measure, the same
as the homer.
CORACLE, kor'a-kl, n. a small oval row-
boat used in Wales, made of skins or
oilcloth stretched on wicker-work. [W.
convgl — coricg, anytl^ing round : Gael.
curach. a wicker-boat.]
CO-RADICATE, ko-rad'i-kat, adj. in 2)hilol.
of the same root with. Skeat. [L. prefix
CO, and radix, radicis, a root.]
CORAL, kor'al, n. a hard substance of vari-
ous colors, growing on the bottom of the
sea, composed of the skeletons of zoo-
phytes : a child's toy made of coral :
also the unimpregnated eggs in the lob-
ster, so called from being of a bright red
color. [O. Fr. — L. corallium — Gr. kor-
allion.']
CORALLIFEROUS, kor-al-if'er-us, adj.,
hearing or containing coral. [Coral,
and L. fero, to bear.]
CORALLINE, kor'al-in, adj of, like, or
containing coral. — n. a moss-like coral :
a coral-like substance.
CORANACH, kor'a-nak, n. a dirge or lam-
entation for the dead, formerly common
among the Irish and Scottish Celts. [Ir.,
a " diro;e."]
CORBAN, kor'ban, n. {lit.) anything de-
voted to God : a vessel to receive gifts of
charity : alms. [Heb. korban, an offer-
ing, .sacrifice.]
CORBEL, kor'bel, n. {arch.) an ornament
orig. in the form of a basket — anj- orna-
mented projection supporting a superin-
cumbent weight. [Fr. corbeille, from L.
corbicida. dim. of corbis, a basket.]
CORD, kord, n. {orig.) a chord : a small
rope or thick kind of string, — v.t. to bind
with a cord. [Fr. corde — L. chorda.
See Chord.]
CORDAGE, kord'aj, n. a quantity of cords
or ropes.
CORDELIER, kor-de-ler', n. a Franciscan
friar, so named from the knotted cord
worn by him as a girdle. [O. Fr. cordel,
dim. of corde, a rope.]
CORDIAL, kor'di-al, adj., hearty: with
warmth of heart : sincere : affectionate :
reviving the heart or spirits. — n. aru'-
thing which revives or comforts the
heart : a medicine or drink for refresh-
ing the spirits. — adv. Cor'dially. — n.
Cordial'ity. [Fr. — L. cor, cordis, the
heart. See Core.]
CORDON, kor'don, n. a cord or ribbon be-
stowed as a badge of honor : {fort.) a
row of jutting stones : a line of military
posts. [Fr.]
CORDOVAN, kor'do-van, CORDWAIN,
kord'wan, n. goatskin leather, orig.
from Cordova in Spain.
CORDUROY, kor'du-roy, n. thick cotton
stuff, corded or ribbed. [Perh. Fr. corde
du roi, king's cord.]
CORDWAINER, kord'wan-er, r?. a worker
in cordovan or cordwain : a shoemaker.
CORE, kor, n. the heart : the inner part
of anything, especially of fruit. [O. Fr.
cor — L. cor. coi'dis, the heart.]
CORELATPv^E, etc. See Correlative.
CORELESS, kor'les, adj. wanting a core :
without pith : weak : debilitated,
ji am ^'oue in years, my Lie^e, am very old.
Careless and sapless. — Sir H. Taylor.
CORIACEOUS, kor-i-a'shus, adj. leathery:
of or like leather. [L. jorium — Gr.
chorion, skin, leather.]
CORIANDER, kor-i-an'der, n. an annual
plant, the seeds of which when fresh
have a bwgr-like smell, used as a medi-
cine, spsoe, etc. [Fr. — L. coriandrum —
CORINTHIAN
81
CORROSIVE
Gr, koriannon, kor-ion, from knris, a
bug-.]
CORINTHIAN, ko-rinth'i-an, adj. pertain-
iuff to Corinth, a city of Greece : per-
taining- to an ornate order of Greek ar-
chitecture.
CORK, kork, n. tiie outei- bai'k of the
cork-tree, an oak found in tiie south of
Europe, etc.: a stopper made of cork. —
r.^ to stop with a cork : to stop up.
[Sp. corcho — L. cortex, bark, rind.]
■ 'ORMOPHYTE, kor'mo-fit, n. in hot. a
L;eneral term applied to all vascular
plants and to tlie higher cellular plants
In which roots and leaves are disting-uish-
able. Called also Phtllophtte. Ency.
Brit. [Gr. kormos, a trunk, and phyton,
a plant.]
?ORMORANT, kor'mo-rant, n. a genus of
web-footed seabirds, of great voracity : a
glutton. [Fr. corvioran (It. eo7'ro mar-
ino), from L. corvus marintis, the sea-
crow. — Brack et. ]
CORN, korn, n. a grain or kernel : seeds
that grow in ears, as wheat, rye, etc.:
grain of all kinds. In U.S., applied to
Indian corn or maize, only. — v.t. to
sprinkle with salt in grains. — n. Corn'-
FIEUD, a field in which corn is growing.
[A.S. corn ; Goth, kaiirn ; akin to L.
gran)an.'\
CORN, korn, n. {lit.) horn .- a hard homy
excrescence on the toe or foot. [Fr.
come — Low L. coma — L. comu, horn,
akin to E. Horn.]
CORNCRAKE. Same as Crake.
CORNEA, kor'ne-a, n. the transparent
homy membrane which forms the front
part of the eye.
CORNEL, kor'nel, n. the cornelian-cherry
or dogwood-tree, so named from the
homy or hard nature of its wood. [O.
Fr. comille, Low L. corniola, cornolium
—T-,. cornit, a horn.]
CORNELIAN, kor-ne'li-an, n. a precious
stone, a variety of chalcedonj'. [Fr.
cornaKne — L. comu, a horn, the stone
being so called from the likeness of its
color to the reddish tint of the finger-
nail.]
CORNER, kor'ner, n. a ^orji-like projec-
tion : the point where two lines meet : a
.secret or confined place : in speculation,
a clique or party formed for the purpose
of obtaining possession of the whole or
greater part of a particular stock or other
species of property, and thus creating a
demand for it at high prices. [O. Fr.
corniere — L. comii.l
'l:ORNER, kor'ner, v.t. to place at a disad-
vantage : to checkmate : also, to create
a scarcity of, as of a particular stock or
the like, after having obtained command
of the supply. [See above noun.]
CORNERED, kor'herd, adj. having cor-
ners.
CORNER-STONE, kor'ner-ston, n. the
stone which unites the two walls of a
building at a corner : the principal
stone, esp. the corner of the foundation
of a building : hence (fig.) something of
very great importance, as that upon
which other things rest.
CORNET, kor'net. n. (lit.) a little horn : a
horn-shaped trumpet : formerly a body
of cavalry accompanied by a cornet-
player : formerly, the lowest rank of
commissioned officers in the British cav-
alry, corresponding to the present sub-
lieutenant.— n. Cor'net-a-PIS'TON, a kind
of comet with valves and pistons. [Fr.
cornet, dim. of cortie, a horn, trumpet.
See Corn, (lit.) horn.]
CORNETCY, kor'net-si, n. the commission
or rank of a comet.
CORNICE, kor'nis, n. the highest moulded
projection of a wall or column, etc.
F
[Fr. — It. — Low L. corontv, coronicis — Gr.
koronis. a curved line, a flourish ; akin to
L. corona. 1
CORNICULATE, kor - nik'Q - lat, adj.,
horned : shaped like a horn. [L. comic-
idatus — corniculnm, dim. of comu.]
CORNIFICATION, kor'nif-i-ka'shun, n. the
growth or formation of horn. Sotithey.
[L. comu, a horn, and facio, to make.]
CORNIGEROUS, kor-nij"'er-us, adj.^ bear-
ing horns. [L. comu, and gero, to bear.]
CORN-LAWS, korn-lawz, n. (in England)
laws that restricted the importation of
wheat, etc., bv imposing a duty, repealed
in 1846.
CORNOPEAN, kor-no'pe-an, «. a musical
wind-instrument of the horn or trumpet
kind. [From L. comu. a horn.]
CORNUCOPIA, kor-nu-ko'pi-a, n. (lit.) the
horn of plenty : according to the fable,
the horn of the goat that suckled Jupi-
ter, placed among the stars as an em-
blem of plenty. [L. comu, and copia,
plenty.]
COROLLA, ko-rol'a, n. the inner covering
of a flswer composed of one or more
leaves called petals. [L. corolla, dim. of
corona, a, crown.]
COROLLARY, kor ol-a-ri, n. an inference
or deduction from recognized facts. [L.
corollarium, a little garland, a gratuity
— corolla.]
CORONAL, kor'o-nal, CORONARY, kor'o-
nar-i, adj. pertaining to a crown, or to
the top of the head. — CORONAL, n. a
crown or garland : the frontal bone. [L.
corona, a crown.]
CORONATION, kor-o-na'shun, n. the act
of crowning a sovereign. [L. coronatio.]
CORONER, kor'o-ner, n. an officer, in
mc;!. States elected, whose duty is to
inquire into the causes of accidental or
suspicious deaths.
CORONET, kor'o-net, n. a small or inferior
crown worn by the nobility : an orna-
mental head-dress. — adj. Cor'oneted,
having or wearing a coronet.
CORONIS, ko-ro'nis, n. the curved line or
flourish at the end of a book or chapter ;
hence, the end generally. (Rare.) " The
coronis of this matter is thus : some bad
ones in this family were punish'd strictly,
all rebuked, not all amended." — Bp.
Racket. Also in Oreek gram, a sign of
contraction ( ' ) placed over a syllable.
[Gr. koronis.]
CORPORAL, kor'po-ral, n. among infan-
try, a non-commissioned or sub-officer
next in rank to a sergeant : in the navy,
an officer under a master-at-arms. — n.
Cor'poralship. [Fr. caporal — It. cajio-
rale — caj)o, the head — L. caput, the
head.]
CORPORAL, kor'po-ral, adj. belonging or
relating to the body : having a body :
not spiritual. — n. the cloth used in Catho-
lic churches for covering the elements of
the Eucharist.— adt;. Cor'poeally. [L.
corporalis — cor2}us, corporis, the bodv.]
CORPORATE, kor'po-rat, adj. legally
united into a body so as to act as an in-
dividual : belonging to a corporation :
united.— nrfc. Cor'porately. — n. CoR'-
porateness. [L. corporatus — corporo,
to shape into a Dody, from corjjus.]
CORPORATION, kor-po-ra'shun, n. a body
or society authorized by law to act as one
individual.
CORPOREAL, kor-po're-al, adj. having a
body or substance : material. — adv. CoR-
po'really. — n. Corporeal'ity. [L. cor-
poreus.]
CORPS, kor, n. a large body of soldiers,
consisting of .two divisions, and forming
a complete army by itself :— pZ. CORPS,
korz. [Fr., from L. corpus.]
CORPSE, korps, n. the dead body of a hu-
man being. [O. Fr. corjJS, or cars, the
body — Lat. corpus; akin to A.S. hrif.
See 'Midriff.]
CORPULENCE, kor'pu-lens, CORPU-
LENCY, kor'pu-len-si, ?!. fleshiness of
body : excessive fatness.
CORPULENT, kor'pu-lent, adj having a
large body: fleshy or fat. — adv. CoR'PU-
lently. [Fr. — L. corpulentus — corpus, a
body.]
CORPUSCLE, kor'pus-l, n. a minute par-
ticle : a physical atom. — odjs. CORPUS'-
cular, Corpus'culous. Prof. Tyndall.
[L. corpusctilum, a little body, dim. of
corpus, a body.]
CORRECT, kor-ekt', v.t. to inake right: to
remove faults : to punish : to counter-
balance.—ad/, made right or straight :
free from faults : true. — adv. COR-
RECT'LY. — n. Correct'ness. [L. corrigo,
correctus — cor, intensive, rego, to rule,
set right.]
CORRECTION,kor-ek'shun, n. amendment:
punishment.
CORRECTIONAL, kor-ek'shun-al, COR-
RECTIVE, kor-ekt'iv, adj. tending, or
having the power, to correct. — Coreect'-
rvE, n. that which corrects.
CORRECTOR, kor-ekt'or, n. he who, or
that which, corrects.
CORRELATABLE, ko-re-lat'a-bl. adj. ca-
pable of being correlated : assignable to
correlation.
CORRELATE, kor'e-lat, v.i. to be mutually
related, as father and son — n. Correla'-
TION. [Coined from L. cor, with, and
RfT ATP I
CORRELATIVE, kor-el'a-tiv, adj., mutually
or reciprocally related, —n. person or
thing correspondingly related to another
person or thing.^ — adv. Coerel'atively.
— n. Correl'ativeness.
CORRESPOND, kor-e-spond',r.?. to answer,
suit : to hold intercourse, especially by
sending and receiving letters. — odr. fcoR-
respond'ingly. [Coined from L. cor,
with, and Respond.]
CORRESPOND ENCE. kor-e-spond'ens,
CORRESPONDENCY, kor-e-spond'en-si,
n. suitableness: friendly intercourse: com-
munication by means of letters : letters
which pass between correspondents.
CORRESPONDENT, kor-e-spond'ent, adj.
agreeing with : suitable. — n. one with
whom intercourse is kept up by let irs.
— adv. Correspond'ently.
CORRIDOR, kor'i-dor, n. a passage-waj or
open gallery running along, communi-
cating with separate chambers. [Fr. —
It. corridore, a runner, a running— It. cor-
rere, to run — L. curro.]
CORRIGENDA, kor-i-jen'da, n.pl. things
to be corrected.
CORRIGIBLE, kor'i-ji-bl, adj. that may be
corrected, reformed, or ))unished.
CORROBORANT, kor-ob'o-rant, CORROB-
ORATIVE, kor-ob'o-rat-iv, adj. tending
to confirm. — n. that which corroborates.
CORROBORATE, kor-ob'o-rat, v.t. to con-
firm : to make more certain. [L. cor, in-
tensive, and roboro. roboratus, to make
strong. See ROBUST.]
CORROBORATION, kor-ob-o-ra'shun, n,
confirmation.
CORRODE, kor-o'", x:t. to gnaw or eat
away bj' degret. : to rust. [L. cor, in-
tensive, rodo. rosus. to gnaw.]
CORRODENT, kor-od'ent, adj. having the
power of corroding. — n. that which cor
rodes.
CORROSION, kor-6'zhun, n. act of eating'
or wasting awav.
CORROSIVE, kor-os'iv, adj. having the
quality of eating away. — n. that which
has the power of corroding. — adv. COR-
ROS'IVELY.— n. CORROS'IVENESS. [L. COT-
ro.fus. See Corrode.]
CORRUGATE
COULD
CORRUGATE, kor'oo-gat, v.t. to icrinkle
or draw into folds. — n. Corbuga'tion.
[L. cor, intensive, rugo, rugatus, to
wrinkle — ruga, a wrinkle.]
CORRUPT, kor-upt', v.t. to make putrid :
to defile: to debase: to bribe. — i:i. to
rot : to lose puritj-. — adj. putrid : de-
praved : defiled : not genuine : full of
errors. — adv. Corrupt'ly. — 7is. Corrcpt'-
NESS, Corrxtpt'er. [L. eor, intensive,
and rumpo. rujitus, to break.]
CORRUPTIBLE, kor-upt'i-bl. udj. liable to
he corrupted. — adv. Corrupt'ibly. — ns.
CORRUPTIBIL'rrY, Corrupt'ibleness.
CORRUPTION, kor-up'.shun, n. rottenness:
putrid matter : impuritv : briberv.
CORRUPTPVE, kor-upt'iv", adj. having- the
qualitj- of corrupting.
CORSAIR, kor'Har, n. a pirate : a pirate's
vessel. [Fr. corsaire, one who makes
the course or ranges — L. cursus, a run-
ning— curro, to run.]
CORSE, kors, n. a poetic form of Corpse.
CORSELET, CORSLET, kors'let, n. a piece
of armor for covering the body. [Fr.
corselet, dim. of O. Fr. cors — L. corpus,
the body.]
CORSET, kor'set, n. an article of women's
dress laced round the body : stays. [Dim.
of O. Fr. cors — L. corjiits, the body.]
CORTEGE, kor'tazh, ?i. a train of attend-
ants, orig. applied only to the court : a
procession. [Fr. — It. corteggio — corte,
court. See Court.]
CORTES, kor'tes, n. the parliament of Spain
and Portugal. [Sp., pZ. of cor/e, a court.]
CORTEX, kor'teks, n. the hark or skin of
a plant : a covering. — adj. COR'TICAL,
pertaining to hark : external. [L. cor-
te.c. cortlcis, bark. See Cork.]
CORTICATE, kor'ti-kat, CORTICATED,
kor'ti-kat-ed, adj. furnished with bark ;
resembling bark.
CORUNDUM, ko-run'dum,ji. a crystallized
mineral of extreme hardness, consisting
of pu'-e alumina, used for polishing gems.
[Hinci Vjfj'fOid.]
CORUSCATE, ko-rusTiat or kor'-, v.i. to
sparkle: to throw off flashes of light. —
adj. CoRUS'CA>T, flashing. [L. corusco,
coruscatus, to vibrate, g-litter — coruseus.]
CORUSCATION, ko - rus - ka'shun, n. a
glittering : sudden flash of light.
CORVETTE, kor-vet', n. a smaU ship of
war, next to a frigate. [Fr. — Port, cor-
beta — L. corbita. a slow - sailing ship,
from coring, a basket.]
CORVINE, korMn, adj. pertaining to the
crow. [L. corvinxis — corvus, a crow.]
CORYPHEUS, kor-i-fe'us, n. the chief or
leader, esp. the leader of the chorus in
the Attic drama. [L. — Gr. koryphaios —
koryphe, the head.]
COSE, koz, n. anything snug, comfort-
able, or cosey : specifically, a snug con-
versation. Written also Coze. " They
might have a comfortable coze." — Miss
Artstoi.
COSE, koz, v.t. to be snug, comfortable,
or cosey. " The sailors cose round the
fire with wife and child." — Kingsley.
COSECANT, ko-se'kant. COSINE, ko'sin,
COTANGENT, ko-tan'jent, ns. {math.)
the secant, sine, or tangent respectively
of the complement of an arc or angle of
90°.
COS E ISMAL, ko-sis'mal, n. the curve
formed by the points at which the wave-
swell of an earthquake reaches the sur-
face : the line along which an earth-
quake is simultaneously felt. Used also
adjectivelj', as a coseismal line. "The
coseismal zone of maximum disturbance."
— R. Mallet. [Prefix co, and Gr. seismos,
an earthquake.]
COSJIETIC, koz-met'ik, atlj. improving
beauty, especially that of the complex-
ion.— 11. a preparation used for beautify-
ing the complexion. — adl'.COSMET'lCALLY.
[Gr. kosmetikos — kosmeo, to adorn — kos-
mos, order, ornament.]
COSMIC, koz'mik, COSMICAL, koz'mik-al,
adj. relating to the u-orld or to the uni-
.'erse : of or pertaining to cosmism ; as,
the cosmic philosophj- : (astron.) rising
or setting with the sun. — adv. Cos'mic-
AIXY. [&r. kosmikos — kosmos.]
COSMISM, koz'mizm. n. that system of
philosophy based on the doctrine of evo-
lution enunciated by Mr. Herbert Spencer
and his school : a phase of positivism.
COSMOCRAT, koz'mo-krat, u. rider of the
universe or of the world : in the extract
applied to the devil. [Gr. kosmos, the
universe, and krateo, to rule.]
You will not think, sreat Cogmocrat!
That I spend my time in fooling ;
Many irons, my Sire, have we in tlie fire.
And I must leave none of them coolinsr.
— Souihey.
COSMOGONIST, koz-mog'o-nist, n. one
who speculates on the origin of the uni-
verse.
COSMOGONY, koz-mog'o-ni, .i. the science
of the formation of the xmiverse. [Gr.
kosmogonia — kosmos. and gon, root of
gignomai. to be born.]
COSMOGRAPHIC, koz-mo-graf'ik, COS-
MOGRAPHICAL, koz-mo-graf'ik-al, adj.
pertaining to cosmography.
COSMOGRAPHY, koz-mog'ra-fi, n. (lit.) a
description of the world : the science
of the constitution of the universe. — n.
Cosmog'Rapher. [Gr. kosmographia —
kosmos, and grapho, to write.]
COSMOLOGIST, koz-mol'o-jist, n. one
versed in cosmology.
COSMOLOGY, koz-mol'o-ji, n. the science
of the universe : a treatise on the struct-
ure and parts of the system of creation.
— adj. CosiiOLOG'iCAL. [Coined from Gr.
kosmos, and logos, discourse.]
COSMOPOLITAN, koz-mo-pol'i-tan, COS-
MOPOLITE, koz-mop'o-llt, H. (lit.) a eiti-
zen of the u-orld : one who can make a
home everywhere : one free from local
or national prejudices. — )i. Cosmopol'i-
TANISM. [Gr. kosmopolites — kosmos, and
polites, a citizen — polls, a city.]
COSMORAMA, koz-mo-ra'ma, n. a view,
or a series of views, of different parte of
the world. — adj. Cosmoram'ic. [Gr. kos-
mos, and horama, a spectacle — horao, to
see.]
COSMOS, koz'mos, n. the world as an
orderly or systematic whole, opposed to
chaos. [Gr.]
COSMOTHEISM, koz-mo-the'izm, n. same
as Pantheism. [Gr. kosmos, the universe,
and Tlieos, God.]
COSSACK, kos'ak, n. one of a warlike tribe
in the east and south of Russia. [Russ.
Easake (of Tai-tar origin), a light-armed
soldier, a robber.]
COST, kost, v.t. to bring a certain price :
to require to be laid out or suffered : —
2)a.t. and jM.p. cost. — n. wliat is laid out,
or suffered to obtain anything — pi. ex-
penses of a lawsuit. [Fr. co<i/er, O. Fr.
couster — L. constare, to stand at — con,
and stare, to stand.]
COSTAL, kost'al, adj. relating to the ribs,
or to the side of tlie body. IL. costa, a
rib.l^ '■
COSTERMONGER, kos'ter-mung-ger, n. a
seller of costards or apples and other
fruit : an itinerant seller of fruit. [Cos-
tard. a variety of apple, and Monger.]
COSTIVE, kos'tiv, adj. having the motion
of the bowels too slow. — adv. Cos'tively.
[Fr. constipe. See Constipate.]
COSTIVENESS. kos'tiv-ne% n. slowness in
the action of the bowels.
COSTLY, kost'li, adj. of great cost : high-
priced : valuable. — n. Cost'UNESS.
COSTUME, kos-tum', n. the manner of
dressing prevalent at a particular
period or place : dress. [Fr. — It. — Low
L. costuma ■ — L. eonsuetudo, custom.
Doublet of Custom.]
COT, kot, n. a small dtvelling, a cottage;
a small bed : a sleeping-place on board
ship : an inclosure for sheep or cattle.
[A.S. cote, a cot or den ; a doublet of
Coat.]
COTE, kot, n. an inclosure for sheep, etc.
[A varietv of CoT.]
COTEMPORANEOUS, ko-tem-po-ra'ne-us,
COTEMPORARY, k5-tem'po-rar-i. Same
as Contemporaneous, Contemporary.
COTERIE, ko'te-re, n. a number of jjersons
who meet familiarly for social, literary,
or other purposes. [Fr. : orig. a number
of peasants clubbed together to obtain a
tenure of land from a lord — Low L. cota,
a hut. See CoT.]
COTILLON, COTILLION. ko-til'jTin, n. a
brisk dance by eight persons. [Fr. — cotte,
a petticoat — Low L. cotta, a tunic. See
Coat.]
COTQUEAN, kot'kwen, n. a man who
busies himself with women's affairs.
[Cot. a small house, and quean.']
COTTAGE, kot'aj, n. a cot : formerly ap-
plied to a hut or hovel, now to a small
neat dwelling.
COTTAGER, kot'aj-er, »j. one who dwells
in a cottage.
COTTAR, COTTER, kot'er, n. same as
COTTON, kot'n. n. a soft substance like
fine wool, got from the pods of the cot-
ton-plant : cloth made of cotton. [Fi-.
colon — Ar. qntun.]
COTYLE. kot'i-le, COTYLA, kot'i-la, n.
in anaf. the cavity of a bone which re-
ceives the end of another in articulation :
in zool. one of the suctorial cups or disks
of the arms of a cuttle-fish, by means of
which it attaches itself to any object, on
the principle of a boy's sucker. [Gr.
kotyle. a hollow, ca\ity.]
COTYLEDON, kot-i-le'don, n. a atp-shaped
leaf or lobe in certain plants, forming
part of the seed, and on which the grow-
ing germ is nourished, [fir. kotyledon —
kotyle, a cup.]
COTYLEDONOUS. kot-i-le'don-us or -led'-
on-us, adj. pertaining to or having coty-
ledons or seed-lobes.
COTYLIGEROUS, kot-i-lij'er-us, adj. fur-
nished with cotyles.
COUCH, kowch. v.t. to lay dmni on a bed,
etc. : to arrange in language, to express :
to depress or remove a cataract in the
eye. — v.i. to lie down for the purpose of
sleep, concealment, etc. : to bend or stoop
in reverence. — CouCH a speab, to fix it in
its rest at the side of the armor. [Fr.
coucher, to lay or lie down. O. Fr. colcher
— L. collocarc, to place — col, and locus, a
placej
COUCH, kowch, n. any place for rest or
sleep : a bed.
COUCHANT, kowch'ant, adj., couching or
lying down with the head raised. [Fr.,
pr.p. of coucher.]
COUCHMATE, kowch'mat, n. one who lies
in the same couch or bed with another :
a bed-fellow : a bed-mate : hence a hus-
band or wife. Brotrning.
COUGAR, koo'gar, n. an Anierican animal
same as the puma. [Brazilian.]
COUGH, kof, n. an effort of the lungs to
throw off injurious matter, accompanied
by a harsh sound, proceeding from the
throat. — v.i. to make this effort. — v.t. to
expel from the throat or lungs by a cough.
[From a Low Ger. root found in I>ut.
kugchen, to cough, imitative of th»
sound.]
COULD, kood, past tense of Can. [O. E.
COULTER
63
COUSINRY
coiide, couth — A.S. cuthe for cunthe. was
able ; I is inserted from the influence of
would and should.]
COULTER. See Coltee.
COTJNCIL, kown'sil, n. an assembly called
together for deliberation or advice. [Fr.
concile — L. condlium — con, together, and
root cal, to call.]
COUNCILLOR, kown'sil-or, n. a member
' ofaco««cj7.
£XDUNSEL, kown'sel, n., consultation : de-
liberation : advice : plan : purpose : one
who gives counsel, a barrister or advo-
cate.— v.t. to give advice: to warn: —
pr.p. coun'selling; pa.p. coun'selled. JTr.
cotiseil — L. consilium, advice — consulere,
to consult.]
COUNSELLOR, kown'sel-or, n. one who
counsels : a barrister. — n. Coun'seixor-
SHIP.
COUNT, kownt, n. on the continent, a title
of nobility equal in rank to an English
eail.— /ei?t. Couut'ess, the v;ile ot a, count
or earl. [Fr. comie, from L. comes,
eomitis, a companion (of a prince) — con,
with, and eo, itum, to go.]
COUNT, kownt, v.t. to number, sum up :
to ascribe : esteem : consider. — v.i. to add
to or increase a number by being counted
to it : to depend. — n. act of numbering :
the number counted : a particularcharge
In an indictment. — «cf/. Coujct'less. [O.
Fr. eunter, Fr. compter — L. computare.
See Compute.]
COUNTENANCE, kown'ten-ans, n. the
face : the expression of the face : appear-
ance.— v.t. to favor or approve. [Fr.
eontenance — L. continentia, restraint, in
LateL. demeanor — L. confinere, to con-
tain. See Contaix.]
COUNTER, kown'ter, n. he who or that
which counts: tliat which indicates a
number: a piece of metal, etc., used in
I reckoning : a table on which money is
counted or goods laid.
COUNTER, kown'ter, adv., against : in
opposition. — adj. contrary : opposite.
[L. contra, against.]
COUNTERACT, kown-ter-akt', v.t. to act
counter or in opposition to : to hinder or
defeat.— w. Counteeac'tion.
COUNTERACTRT:. kown-ter-akt'iv, adj.
tending to counteract. — n. one who or
that which counteracts. — adv. Counter-
act'itely.
COUNTERBALANCE, kown-ter-bal'ans,
f.^. to balance by weight on the opposite
side : to act against with equal weight,
power, or influence.
COUNTERBALANCE, kown'ter-bal-ans, n.
an equal weight, power, or agency work-
ing in opposition.
COUNTERFEIT, kown'ter-flt, v.t. to imi-
tate : to copy without authority : to
forge. [Fr. contrefait, from contrefaire,
to imitate — L. contra, against, facere, to
do, to make.1
COUNTERFEIT, kown'ter-flt, n. some-
thing false or copied, or that pretends to
be true and original. — adj. pretended :
made in imitation of : forged : false.
COUNTERFOIL, kovvn'ter-foil, n. the cor-
responding part of a tally or check.
[Counter and Foil].
COUNTERMAND, kown-ter-mand', v.t. to
give a command in opposition to one
already given : to revoke. [Fr. eontre-
mandei — L. contra, against, and mando,
*,o order.]
COUNTERJIAND, kown'ter-mand, n. a
revocation of a former order. — adj.
Countermand' AB1.E.
COUNTERMARCH, kown-ter-march', v.i.
to march back or in a direction contrary
to a former one.
COUNTERMARCH, kown'ter-mfirch, n. a
marching backward or in a direction dif-
. ferent from a former one : (mil.) an evo-
lution by which a body of men change
front, and still retain the same men in
the front rank : change of measm-es.
COUNTERPANE, kown'ter-pan, n. a cov-
ei'let for a bed, stitched or woven in
squares. [A corr. of O. Fr. contre-
poincte, which is a corr. of coultepointe
— L. culcita puncta, a stitched pillow or
cover. See QuiLT.]
COUNTERPART, kown'ter-part, n. the
part that answers to another part : that
which fits into or completes another,
having the qualities which the other
lacks, and so an opposite.
COUNTERPOINT, kown'ter-point, n. the
older form of COUNTERPANE.
COUNTERPOINT, kown'ter-point, n.
(music) written harmony which originally
consisted of points placed opposite to
each other : the setting of a harmony of
one or more parts to a melody : the art
of composition. [Fr. contrepoint — contre,
against, and point, a point. See Coxjnter
and Point.]
COUNTERPOISE, kown-ter-poiz*, v.t. to
jjoise or weigh against or on the opposite
side : to act in opposition to with equal
effect. — n. COUNTERPOISE, an equally
heavy weight in the other scale. [COUNT-
ER and Poise.]
COUNTERSCARP.kown'ter-skarp,ra. (for;.)
the side of the ditch nearest to the besieg-
ers and opposite to the scarp. [Counter
and Scarp.]
COUNTERSIGN, kown'ter-sin, v.t. to sign
on the opposite side of a writing ; to sign
in addition to the signature of a superior,
to attest the aiithenticitj' of a writing. —
n. a military private sign or word, which
must be given in order to pass a sentry :
a counter-signature. [CouNTERand Sign.]
COUNTER-SIGNATURE, kown'ter-sig'na-
tur, n. a na.mecountersignedtoa.'vrritvag.
COUNTERSTAND, kown'ter-stand. ?). the
act of resisting or making a stand against:
opposition : resistance. Longfelloiv,
COUNTER-TENOR, kown'ter'-ten'or, n.
name applied to alto, when sung by a male
voice (so called, because a contrast to
tenor).
COUNTERVAIL, kown-ter-val', v.t. to be
of avail against : to act against with
equal effect : to be of equal value to.
[Counter and Avail.]
COUNTESS. See under COUNT.
COUNTRY, kun'tri, n. a rural region as
distinct from a town : a tract of land :
the land in which one was born, or in
which one resides. — adj. belonging to the
country : rustic : rude. [Fr. con free —
Low L. contrata, contrada, an extension
of L. contra, over against. It was a
name adapted by the German settlers in
Gaul as a translation of Ger. qegend,
region (from gegen, over against).]
COUNTRY-DANCE. See Contra-dance.
COUNTRYMAN, kun'tri-man, n. one who
liveB in the country : a farmer : one born
in the same country with another.
COUNTY, kown'ti, n. (orig.) the province
ruled by a count : a division of a State in
U. S. with a chief city, called the county-
seat : a shire (Eng.).
COUPLE, kup'l, n. two of a kind joined
together, or connected : two : a pair. —
v.t. to join together: to unite. [Fr.,
from L. copula. See Copula.]
COUPLET, l»p'let, n., tico lines of verse
that rhyme with each other.
COUPLING, kup'ling, n. that which con-
nects.
COUPON, koo'pong, n. an interest warrant
attached to transferable bonds, which is
cut off when prpsfnted for payment. [Fr.
— caliper, to cut off.]
COURAGE, kur'aj, )j. the quality that en-
ables men to meet dangers without fear:
bravery : spirit. [Fr. courage, from L.
cor. the heart.]
COURAGEOUS, kur-a'jus, adj., full of
courage : brave. — adv. Goura'geously. — ■
n. Coura'geousness.
COURIER, koo'ri-er, n . a runner ; a messen-
ger : a state servant or messenger : a
travelUng attendant. [Fr., from eourir
— L. currere, to run.]
COURSE, kors, ?7. the act of running: the
road or track on which one runs : the
direction pursued : a voj'age : a race :
regular progress from point to point :
method of procedure : conduct : a part
of a meal served at one time. [Fr. cours
— L. cursus, from curro, cursum, to run.]
COURSE, kors, v.t. to run, chase, or hunt
after. — r.i. to move with speed as in a
race or hunt.
COURSER, kors'er, n. a runner : a swift
horse : one who courses or hunts.
COURSING, kors'ing, n., hunting with grey-
hounds.
COURT, kort, n. a space inclosed : a space
surrounded by houses : the palace of a
sovereign : the body of persons who form
his suite or council : attention : civility,
as to pay court : (lair) the hall of ju-stice :
the judges and officials who preside there:
any body of persons assembled to decide
causes, whether civil, military, or eccle-
siastical.— v.t. to pay attentions to : to
woo : to solicit : to seek. — n. Court'yard,
a court or inclosure near a house. [Fr.
cour, O. Fr. cort — Low L. cortis, a court-
yard— L. cors, cohors, an inclosure ; akin
to Gr. chortos, an inclosed place, L. hor-
tus, a garden. See Yard.]
COURTEOUS, kurt'yus, adj. of court-like
manners : polite : respectful : obliging.
—adv. Couht'eously.— n. Couet'eous-
NESS.
COURTESAN, COURTEZAN, kurt'e-zan,
n. a fashionable prostitute. [Sp. corte-
Sana — corte, court. See Court. ]^
COURTESY, kurt'e-si, n., courtliness: ele-
gance of manner : an act of civility or
respect.
COURTESY, lairt'si, n. the gesture of salu-
tation or respect performed by women
by slightly depressing the body and bend-
ing the knees. — v.i. to make a courtesy :
— pr.p. court'esjung ; pa.j). court'esied.
[O. Fr. cortoisie. See Court.]
COURTIER, kort'yer, n. one who frequents
courts or palaces : one who courts or flat-
COURTIERISM, kort'i-er-izm, 71. the prac-
tices and behavior of a courtier. " The
perked-up courtierism and pretentious
nullitv of many here.'' — Carlyle.
COURTLEDGE, kort'lej, n. same as Curti-
lage. " Arambhng courtledge of barns
and walls." — Kingsley.
COURTLY, kort'li, adj. ha^^ng manners
like those of a court : elegant. — n. COURT'-
liness.
COURT-MARTIAL, kort'-milr'shal, n. a
court held bj' officers of the ai-my or
navy for the trial of offences against
military or naval laws : — pi. COUETS-
MAE'TIAL.
COURT-PLASTER, kort'-plas'ter, n. stick-
ing plaster made of silk, orig. applied as
patches on the face bv ladies at court.
COURTSHIP, kort'ship', n. the act of woo-
ing with intention to marry.
COUSIN, kuz'n, n. formerly, a kinsman
generally : now, the son or daughter of
an uncle or aunt. — CousiN-GERMAN.a first-
cousin. [Fr. — L. consobrinus — con, sig.
connection, and sobrinus for sororinus,
applied to the children of sisters — soror,
a sister.]
COUSINRY, kuz'n-ri, n. cousins collective-
ly : relatives : kindred. " Of the numer-
COUSINSHIP
ous and now mostly forgettable coustnry
we specify farther only the Mashams of
Otes in Essex."— CarZ?/Ze.
COUSESrSHIP, kuz'n-sliip, 11. the state of
being cousins : relationship: cousinhood.
George Eliot.
COVE, kov, 11. a small inlet of the sea : a
bay. — v.t. to overarch, and thus form a
hollow. [A.S. cofa, a chamber ; Ice.
Tiofi, a shed ; not to be confused with
cave or alcove.']
COVENANT, kuv'e-nant, n. a mutual
agreement : the writing containing the
agreement. — v.i. to enter into an agree-
ment : to contract or bargain. [O. Fr.
— L. con, together, and venio, to come.]
COVENANTED, kuv'en-ant-ed, adj. hold-
ing a position, situation, or the like
under a covenant. — Covenanted crvrL
SERVICE, that branch of the British Indian
civil service whose members enter a
special department after being sent out
from Britain, and are entitled to regular
promotion and a pension after serving a
specified number of J'ears and who can-
not resign without permission,
CO\TENANTER, kuv-e-nant'er, ,. one who
signed or adhered to the Scottish Na-
tional Covenant of 1638.
COVER, kuv'er, v.t. to hide : to clothe : to
shelter : to brood or sit on : to be suffi-
cient for, as to cover expense. — h. that
■which covers or protects: {hunting) the
retreat of a fox or hare. [Fr. couvrir
(It. coprire) — L. cooperire — con, and
operio, to cover.]
COVER, kuv'er, v.i. to lay a table for a
meal: to pi-epare a banquet. Shak. ''To
cover courtly for a king." — Greene.
COVERING, kuVer-ing, n. anything that
covers.
COVERLET, kuv'er-let, n. a bedcover. [Fr.
couvrelit, from cov/ure, andZii — L. ledum,
abed.]
COVERT, kuv'ert, adj., covered: con-
cealed : secret. — 71. a place that covers
or affords protection.
COVERTLY, kuVert-li, adv. in a covered
or concealed manner.
COVERTURE, kuv'er - tur, n., covering,
shelter, defence : (law) the condition of a
married woman.
COVET, kuVet, v.t. or v.i. to desire or
wish for eagerly ; to wish for what is un-
lawful.— adj. Cov'etable. [O. Fr. cov-
eiter, Fr. convoiter ; It. cubitare — L.
cupidus, desirous — cupio, to desire.]
COVETOUS, kuv'et-us, adj. inordinately
desirous : avaricious. — adv. Cov'etously.
— )!. Cov'etousness.
COVEY, kuv'i, n. a brood or hatch of birds :
a small flock of birds — said of game. [Fr.
couvee — couve, pa.p. of couver. to hatch
— L. cubo, to lie down.]
COW, kow, n. the female of the bull. [A.S.
cu ; Ger. kuh. Sans, go : from its cry.]
COW, kow, v.t. to subdue, keep under:
to dishearten. [Ice. kuga, Dan. kue, to
subdue, to keep under.]
COWARD, kow'ard, n. one wlio turns fail :
one without courage. [O. Fr. coward, It.
codardo — L. catida, a tail.]
COWARD, kow'ard, COWARDLY, kow'-
ard-li, adj. afraid of danger : timid :
mean. — adv. Cow'ardlt. — n. Cow'ardli-
NESS.
(30WARDICE, kow'ard-is, n. want of cour-
age : timidity.
COWER, kow'er, v.i. to sink down, gener-
ftUy through fear : to crouch. [Of. Ice.
kura, Dan. kure, to lie quiet.]
COWL, kowl, n. a cap or hood : a monk's
hood : a cover for a chimney. [A.S.
cufle ; Ice. co^ ,- akin to L. cucullus,
hood J
COWLED, kowld, adj. wearing a cowl.
COWPOX, kow'poks, n. a disease which
84
appears in pox or pimples on the teats of
the COM', the matter from which is used
for Vaccination.
COWRY, kow'ri, n. a small shell used as
money in the E. Indies and in Africa.
[Hind, kauri.]
COWSLIP, kow'slip, n. a species of prim-
rose which appears early in spring in
moist places. [A.S. ku-slyppe, a word of
doubtful meaning.]
COWTREE, kow'tre, n. a tree that pro-
duces a nourishing fluid resembling milk.
COXCOMB, koks'kom, n. a strip of red
cloth notched like a cock's comb, which
professional fools used to wear : a fool :
a fop. [Corr. of COCKSCOMB.]
COXSWAIN. See COCKSWAIN.
COY, koy, adj. modest : bashful : shy. —
adv. Cot'ly. — n. Coy'ness. [Fr. coi;
from L. quietus, quiet.]
COYISH, koj^'ish, adj., somewhat coy. —
adv. Cot'ishlt. — n. Coy'ishness.
COZ, kuz, n. a contraction of COUSIN.
COZEN, kuz'n, v.t. to flatter: to cheat. —
n. Coz'ener. [From Fr. cousiner, to
claim kindred for one's own advantage,
play the parasite — cousin, a co\isin.]
COZIilNAGE, kuz'n-aj, n. the practice of
cheating : deceit.
COZY, ko'zi, adj. snug : comfortable. — adv.
Co'ziLY. [Fr. causer, to chat; prob. fr.
Ger. kosen, to caress.]
CRAB, krab, n. a common shell-fish having
ten legs, the front pair terminating in
claws : a sign in the zodiac. [A.S. cra&-
ba ; Ger. krabbe.]
CRAB, krab, n. a wild bitter apple. [Perh.
because it pinches, like a crab.]
CRABBED, krab'ed, adj. ill-natured : pee-
vish : harsh : rough : difficult, perplexing.
— adv. Crabb'edly. — n. Crabb'edness.
CRABSIDLE, krab'sid-1, v.i. to go or move
side foremost like a crab. " Others crab-
sidling along." — Southey.
CRACK, krak, n. a lie : a fib. "A con-
founded crack.'' — Goldsmith. (Old slang.)
CRACK, krak, v.i. to utter a sharp sudden
sound : to split. — v.t. to produce a sudden
noise : to break into chinks : to split : to
break partially or wholly. — n. a sudden
sharp splitting sound : a chink : a flaw.
[A.S. cearcian, to crack ; Dut. krak,
Gael, cnae; like Creak, Croak, etc.,
from the sound.]
CRACKER, krak'er, n. the person or thing
which cracks : a noisy firework : a hard
biscuit.
CRACKLE, krak'l, ^\i. to give out sligJit
hut frequent cracks. — n. Crack'UCNG, the
rind of roasted pork.
CRACKLE, krak'l, n. a small crack : spe-
cifically applied to a particular kind of
chinaware, or to the mode of ornament-
ing it. [See Crackun.]
CRACKLIN, krak'lin, n. a species of china-
ware which is ornamented by a net-
work of small cracks in all directions.
The ware receives the minute cracks in
the kiln with the efl'ect that the glaze or
enamel which is afterwards applied ap-
pears to be cracked all over.
CRACKNEL, krak'nel, n. a hard, brittle
biscuit.
CRADLE, kra'dl, n. a bed or crib in which
children are rocked : (Jig.) infancy: a
frame in which anything is imbedded :
a case for a broken limb : a frame under
a ship for launching it : an implement
for reaping grain by hand.-»-r'.f. to lay or
rock in a cradle. [A.S. cradol, borrowed
from Gael, crcathall, a cradle, a grate ;
akin to L. craticula, dim. of crates, a
crate, and to E. HuRDLE. See Crate.]
CRADLE-BABE, kra'dl-bab, n. an infant
lying in a cradle. " Mild and gentle as
the cradle-babe. " — Shak.
CRADLE - CLOTHES, kra'dl - kl6(/iz, ?i.
CRANK
clothes worn by a child in the cradle : <
swaddling-clothes.
O that it could be proved
That some nieht-tripping fairy had exchanged
In cradle-clothes our children where they lay.
—Shak.
CRADLE-WALK, kra'dl-wawk,?;. a walk or
avenue arched over with trees. " The
garden is iust as Sir John Germain
brought it from Holland ; pjTamidal
yews, treillages, and square cradle-tvalks
with windows clipped in them." — H.
Walpole.
CRAFT, kraft. n. cunning : dexterity : art :
trade : small ships. [A.S. craefi ; Ger.
kraft, power, energy ; from root of
Cramp.]
CRAFTSMAN, krafts'man, n. one engaged
in a craft or trade. J
CRAFTY, kraft'i, adj. having craft or t
skill : cunning : deceitful. — adv. Craft'- .
ILY. — 71. CRAPT'INESS.
CRAG, krag, n. a rough, steep rock or ■
point : (geol.) a bed of gravel mixed with
shells. [Gael, ereag, W. craig, a rock,
which is short for car-eg. a dim. from
root car, a rock, whence also earn = E.
Cairn.]
CRAGGED, krag'ed, CRAGGY, krag'i, adj.,
full of crags or broken rocks : rough ;
rugged. — ns. Crago'edness, Cragg'iness.
CRAKE, krak, CORN'CRAKE, «. the
landrail, a migratory bird which lives
much among grass, corn, etc. [So
named from its cry.]
CRAM, kram, v.t. to press close : to stuff :
to fill to superfluity. — v.i. to eat greedily:
— pr.p. cramm'ing ; pa.j7. crammed'. — 71.
Cramm'er, one who prepares students
for examination by cramming them with
the required knowledge. [A.S. cr«7)4-
viian ; Ice. kremja, to squeeze ; Dan.
kramme, to crumple, crush.]
CRAMP, kramp, n. a painful spasmodio
contraction of muscles : restraint : a '
piece of iron bent at the ends, for hold-
ing together wood, stone, etc. — v.t. to
aff'ect with spasms : to confine : to
hinder : to fasten with a crampiron.
[E.; Ger. krampf, conn, with Clamp.]
CRAMPFISH, kramp'fish, n. the torpedo,
because it causes spasms when touched.
CRANBERRY, kran'ber-i, n. a red, sour
berry growing on a stalk resembling the
neck of a crane, much used for tarts, etc.
CRANCH. krancb. Same as Crunch.
CRANE, kran, n. a large wading bird, with
long legs, neck, and bill : a bent pipe for
drawing liquor out of a cask, a machine
for raising heavy weights — both named
from their likeness to the bird. [A.S.
cran; Ger. kranich, W. garan ; Gr.
geranos, L. grus, a crane, from the
sound ; cf. Garrulous.]
CRANIAL, kra'ni-al, adj. pertaining to the
cranium.
CRANIOLOGIST, kra-ni-ol'o-jist, n. one
skilled in craniologv.
CRANIOLOGY, kra-ni-ol'o-ji, n. the study
of skulls : phrenologj'. — adj. Craniolog'-
ICAL. [Low L. cranium, a skull, and Gr.
logos, a discourse.]
CRANIUM, kra'ni-um, n. the skull : the
bones inclosing the brain. [Low L. cra-
nium — Gr. kranion, from kare, the head.]
CRANK, krangk, n. a crook or bend : a
bend on an axis for comnmnicating
motion : a twisting or conceit in speech
tFrom an E. root krank, seen also in
)ut. kronkelen, krinkelen, to curl, twist,
bend : also in E. Cringe, Crinkle.]
CRANK, krangk, CRANKLE, krangk'l
CRINKLE, kringk'l, v.t. to form with
short turns or wrinkles. — I'.i. to bend,
turn, wind, or wrinkle.
(JRANK, krangk. CRANKY, krangk'i, adj
weak : (naut.) Uable to be upset. [From
CKANKLE
the notion of bending ; cf. Ger. krank,
CRANKLE, krangk'l, CRINKLE, ki-ingk'l,
n. a turn, winding, or wrinkle.
CRANKNESS, krangk'nes, n. liability to
be upset.
CRANNOG, kran'og, ii. the name given in
Scotland and Ireland to a fortified island
M (partly natural and partly artificial) in a
lake, used as a dwelling-place and place
of refuge among the early inhabitants.
CRANNY, kran'i, 7i. {lit.) a rent : a chink :
a secret place. [Fi-. cran, a notch— L.
crena, a notch.]
CRAPE, krap, n. a thin transparent crisp
or criinpled silk stuff, usually black, used
in mourning. [Er. crepe, O. Fr. crespe—
L. crispus, crisp.]
CRAPULENCE, krap'u-lens, n. sickness
caused by intemperance. — adj. Ceap'u-
Lous, Ceap'iilent. [Fr. crapule— L. crap-
ula, intoxication.]
CRASH, krash, n. a noise as of things
breaking or being crushed by falling.— r.i.
to make a noise as of things falling and
breaking. [Formed from the sound. See
Orttsh "1
CRASIS, kra'sis, n. (gram.) the mingling or
contraction of two vowels into one long
vowel, or into a diphthong. [Gr. krasis
— kerannumi, to mix.]
CRASS, kras, adj., gross: thick: coarse.
[L. orassits.J
CRASSAMENT, kras'a-ment, »!. the gross
or thick part of a fluid, esp. blood. [L.
crassamentum — crosses.]
CRASSITUDE, kras'i-tud, n. grossness :
coarseness.
CRATCH, krach, n. a crib to hold hay for
cattle, a manger. [Fr. creche, a manger;
from a Teut. root, of which E. Crib is
an example.]
DRATE, krat, «., imcker-u-ork: a case made
of rods wattled together, and used for
packing crockery in. [L. crates, a hurdle.
See CeaDLE.I
CRATER, krat'er, n. the 6o«ji-shaped mouth
of a volcano. [L. crater — Gr. krater, a
large bowl for mixing wine, from keran-
nUmi, to mix.]
CRAUNCH, kranch, a form of Crunch.
CRAVAT, kra-vat', n. a kind of neckcloth
worn by men, introduced into France in
1636 from the C'ravates or Crvutians.
[Fr. cravate, a corruption of Croat.}
CRAVE, krav, v.t. to beg earnestly : to
beseech : to demand or require : to long
for. [A.S. 'crafian, to crave.]
CRAVEN, krav'n, n. a cowa-d : a spiritless
fellow. — adj. cowardl' . . piritless. — adv.
Crav'enly. — n. Cr enness. [Orig.
cravant, or cravana. craving quarter or
mercv when vanqiushed.]
CRAVfNG. krav'ing, n. a strong desire.
CRAW, kraw, n. the crop, throat, or first
stomach of fowls. [Dan. kroe ; Ger. kra-
gen: Scot, craig, the neck.]
CRAWFISH. See CRAYFISH.
CRAWL, krawl, v.i. to creep or move on :
to mo- i feebly or slowly. [Ice. krafla,
Dan. kravle ; Ger. krabbeln, to creep.]
CRAYFISH, kra'fish, CRAWFISH, kraw'-
fish, )!. a small species of crab or lobster,
found in fresh water. [A corr. of Fr.
ecreiusse, from O. Ger. krebiz, a crab ;
not a compound of FiSH.]
CRAYON, kril'on, n. a pencil made of chalk
or pipe-clay, variously colored, used for
drawing : a drawing "done with crayons.
[Fr. crayon — craie, chalk, from L. creta,
chalk.]
CRAZE, kraz, v.t. to weaken : to derange
(applied to the intellect).— orfr. Craz'-
EDLY. [Ice. Arosa, to crackle, from which
also is derived Fr. ecraser, to crush,
shatter ; akin to Crash.]
85
CRAZY, kraz'i, adj. feeble: crack-brained:
insane.— orfr. Craz'ILY.— )U Craz'INESS.
CREAK, ki'ek, v.i. to make a sharp, crack-
ing, grating sound, as of a hinge, etc.
[E. ; 6. Fr. wiquer, is from the same Teut.
root ; conn, with Crack.]
CREAM, krem, n. the oily substance which
forms on milk: the best part of anything.
—v.t. to take oft' the cream. —v.i. to gather
or form cream. [Fr. creme — Low L.
crema: perh. alhed to A.S. ream, Ger.
rahni, which had prob. initial /;.]
CREAM-FACED, krem' -fast, adj.. pale-
faced either naturally or through fear :
coward-looking.
CREAMY, krem'i, adj., full of or like cream:
gathering like cream.— n. Cream'iness.
CREASE, kres, n. a mark made by folding
or doubling anything. — v.t. to niake
creases in anything. [Bret, kriz, a
wrinkle ; perh". akin to L. crispus.]
CREASE, CREESE, kres, n. a Malay dag-
ger. [The Malay word.]
CREASOTE. See "Creosote.
CREATE, kre-at'. v.t. to bring into being
or form out of nothing : to beget : to
form : to invest with a new form, office,
or character : to produce. [L. creo, cre-
atus ; cog. with Gr. kraino, to accom-
plish, to fulfill ; Sans, kri, to make.]
CREATIN, kre'a-tin, n. a crystallizable
substance found in the flesh or muscu-
lar tissue of animals. [Gr. kreas, flesh.]
CREATION, kre-a'shun, n. the act of creaf-
ing, esp. the universe : that which is cre-
ated, the world, the universe. [L. crea-
f(o.]
CREATIVE, kre-a'tiv, adj. having power
to create : tliat creates.— adv. Ckea'tive-
LY'. — n. Crea'tiveness.
CREATOR, kre-a'tor, v. he who creates : a
maker - The Creator, the Supreme Be-
ing, God.
CREATURE, 'a-e'tur, n. whatever has
been creaked , animate or inaniniate :
esp. every animated being, an animal,
a man : a term of contempt or endear-
ment: a dependent. [O. Fr.— L. crea-
tura.]
CREDENCE, kre'dens, n., belief: trust:
the small table beside the altar on which
the bread and wine are placed before
being consecrated. [Low L. credentia—
credent-, believing, pr.p. of wedo.l
CREDENT, kre'dent, adj. easy of belief.
CREDENTIAL, kre-den'shal, adj. giving a
title to belief or credit.— «. that which
entitles to credit or confidence.— pZ. esp.
the letters by which one claims confi-
dence or authority among strangers.
CREDIBLE, kred'i-bl, adj. that may be
believed.— )is. Credibil'ity, Cred'ible-
KESS.—adv. Cred'ibly.
CREDIT, kred'it, n., belief: esteem: repu-
tation : honor : good character : sale on
trust : time allowed for payment : the
side of an account on which payments
received are entered.— I'.J. to believe : to
trust : to sell or lend to on trust : to
enter on tlie credit side of an account :
to set to the credit of. [L. ereditus—
credo.]
CREDITABLE, kred'it-a-bl, adj. trust-
worthv : bringing credit or honor.— Ji.
Cred'itableness.— adr. Cred'itably.
CREDITOR, kred'it-or, n. (commerce) one
to whom a debt is due.
CREDULITY, kre-du'li-ti, n., credulmts-
ness: disposition to beheve on insufficient
evidence.
CREDULOUS, kred'u-lus, adj., easy of be-
lief: apt to believe without sufficient
evidence : unsuspecting. — adv. Cred'TJ-
LOrSLY-.— 11. Cred'vxousness.
CREED, kred, n. a summary of the articles
of religious belief. [L. credo, I believe,
CREST
the first word of the Apostles' Creed ;
akin to Sans, ^raddha, faith.]
CREEK, krek, n. a small inlet or bay of
the sea or a river : any turn or winding.
[A modification of Crook ; A.S. oecca ;
cog. with Dut. kreek ; Ice. kriki, a cor-
ner— orig. a bend.]
CREEKY, krek'i, adj. fuU of creeks : wind-
ing- , ,
CREEL, krel, n. a basket, esp. an angler s
basket. [Gael.]
CREEP, krep, v.i. to move on the belly,
like a snake : to move slowly : to grow
along the ground or on supports, as a
vine: to fawn :— :P)'.p. creep'ing : jia.t.
and pa. p. crept. [A.S. creopan ; Dut.
kruipen.]
CREEPER, krep'er, n. a creeping plant : a
genus of small climbing birds.
CREESE. See Crease.
CREMATION, krem-a'shun, n. act of burn-
ing, esp. of the dead. [L. crematio, from
cremo. to burn.]
CREMONA, krem-o'na, n. a superior kind
of violin made at Cremona in Italy.
CRENATE, kre'nat, CRENATED, kre'nat-
ed, adj. (bot.) ha^^ng the edge notched.
[L. crena, a notch.]
CRENELATED, kre - nel - at'ed, adj. fur-
nished with notches in a parapet to fire
through : indented : battlemented. [Low
L. crenellare, to indent — crenellus, a bat-
tlement—L. crena, a notch.]
CREOLE, kre'ol, n. strictly applied to an
inhabitant of S. America or W. Indies
born in the country and of pure Euro-
pean blood : one born in tropical Amer-
ica of anv color, but of a race not native
to it. [Fr. Creole — Sp. criollo. contr. of
criadillo, "a little nursling," dim. of
criado — criar, lit. to create, also to bring
up, to nurse — L. creare.]
CREOSOTE, kre'o-sot, CREASOTE, kre'a-
sot, n. an oily, colorless liquid distilled
from woodtarj and having the quahtv of
preserving flesh from corruption. [Gr.
Hcreas, kreos, flesh, and soter, a preserver,
from sozo. to save.}
CREPITATE, krep'i-tat, v.i. to crackle, as
salt when suddenly heated. [L. crepito,
crepitatus, frequentative of crepio, to
crack, rattle.]
CREPITATION, krep-i-ta'shun, n. a re-
peated snapping noise.
CREPT, krept, pa.f. anApa.p. of Creep.
CREPUSCULAR, kre - pus'ku - lar. CRE-
PUSCULOUS, kre-pus'kii-lus, adj. of or
pertaining to twilight.
CREPUSCULE, kre-pus'knl. CREPUSCLE,
kre-pus'l, n.. tu-dight. [L. erepusculum
— creper. duskv, obscure.]
CRESCENDO, kre^-en'do, adv. with an in-
creasitrg volume of sound, a musical
term wliose sign is <.
CRESCENT, kres'ent, adj., increasing.— n.
the moon as she increases towards half-
moon : a figure like the crescent moon,
as that on the Turkisli standard : the
standard itself : the Turkisli power : a
range of buildings in curved form. [L.
crescens, crescentis, pr.p. of cresco. to
grow.]
CRESS, kres, n. the name of several spe-
cies of plants like the watercress, which
grow in moist places, and have pungent
leaves used as a salad. [A.S. ca:rse. cre»
s<e : cog. with Dut. kers, Ger. kresse ]
CRESSET, kres'et, n. a cn/.w. jar, or open
lamp filled with combustible material,
placed on a beacon, lighthouse, etc. [Fr.
crenset. See Crock, Cruse.]
CREST, krest, n. the comb or tuft on the
head of a cock and other birds : .-i jikime
of feathers or other ornament on thf top
of a helmet : (her.) a figure placed over
a coat of arms.— f.<. to furnish with, or
CREST-FALLEN
86
CROSS-EXAMrN"E
serve for, a crest. [O. Fr. creste — L.
crista.^
CREST-FALLEX, krest'-fawln, adj. de-
jected : heartless.
CRESTLESS, krest'les, ac^. without a crest :
not of high birth.
CRETACEOUS, kre-ta'shus, adj. composed
of or like chalk. [L. cretaceus, from
creta, chalk.]
CRETIN, kre'tin, n. one of a class of idiots
found in deep valleys, esp. among: the
Alps, and generally aiHicted with goitre.
JEty. dub.J
CRETINISM, kre'tin-izm, n. the condition
of a cretin.
CREVASSE, krev-as', n. a crack or spUt,
esp. applied to a cleft in a glacier. [Fr.
crevasse — crever, to burst, rive — L. cre-
•pare, to creak, crack.]
CREVICE, krev'is, n. a crack or rent : a
narrow, opening. [A doublet of CREV-
ASSE.]
CREW, kroo, n. a company, in a bad or
contemptuous sense : a ship's company.
[Ice. kru, a multitude ; Sw. kry, to
swarm. 1
CREW, kr65 — did crow— ;pas^ teiise of
Crow.
CREWEL, kroo'el. n a kind of embroidery.
[Cf. Clew.]
CRIB, krib, n. the rack or manger of a
stable : a stall for oxen : a child's bed :
a small cottage : (colloq.) a literal trans-
lation of the classics, which schoolboys
use unfairly in preparing their lessons.
— v.t. to put away in a crib, confine,
pilfer: — pr.p. cribb'ing; pa.p. cribbed'.
JA.S. crib ; Ger. krippe.]
CRIBBAGE, ki'ib'aj, n. a game at cards in
which the dealer makes up a third hand
to himself partly by cribbing or taking
from his opponent.
CRIBBLE, krib'l, n. a coarse screen or
sieve, used for sand, gravel, or grain :
coarse flour or meal. — v.t. to sift or rid-
dle. [L. cribellum, dim, of cribruin, a
sieve.]
CRICK, krik, n. a spasm or cramp, esp. of
tlie neck. [A doublet of Creek.]
CRICKET, krik'et, n. a genus of insects
allied to grasshoppers, which make a
chirping noise with their wing-covers.
[Fi-. criquet, from Teut. root of Ceeak.]
CRICKET, ki-ik'et, ?i. a game with bat and
ball. — v.i. to play at cricket. [A.S. cricc,
a staff ; the game was at first played
with a club or staff.]
CRICKETER, krik'et-er, n. one who plays
at cricket.
CRIED, krid, jja.f. andjja.jx of Cry.
CRIME, krlm, Ji. a violation of law : of-
fence : sin. [Fr. — T.. crimen.}
CRIMINAL, krim'in-al, adj. relating to
crime : guilty of crime : violating laws.
— n. one guilty of crime. — adv. CRni'lN-
ALLT.
CRIMINALITY, lo-im-in-al'i-ti, n. guilti-
ness.
CRBIINATE, krim'in-at, v.t. to accuse.—
adj. CRIM'rNATORT.
CRIMINATION, krmi-in-a'shun, n. act of
criminating : accusation.
CRniP, krimp, adj. made crisp or brittle."
— v.t. to wrinkle : to plait : to make
crisp : to seize or decoy. — n. one who
decoys another into the navai or military
seo'ice. [A dim. of cramp ; Dut. krim-
pen, to shrink.]
CRUMPLE, krimpl, v.t. to contract or draw
together : to plait : to curl. [Dim. of
Cetsip.]
CRIMSON, krim'zn, n. a deep red color,
tinged with blue: red in general. — adj.
of a deep red color. — v.t. to dye crimson.
— v.i. to become crimson : to blush. [O.
E. crimosyn — O. Fr. cramoisin ; from Ar.
kermez (=Sans. krimi, L. vermis, E.
worm), the cochineal insect, from which
it is made.]
CRINGE, krinj, v.i. to bt-nd : to crouch
^vith servility : to submit : to fawn : to
flatter. fA.S. crincan, cringan, to face ;
connected with Crank, weak.]
CRINGELING, krinj'hng, n. one who
cringes.
CRI^^TE, kri'nlt, adj., hairy: (6of.) re-
sembling a tuft of hair. [L. crinitus,
provided with hair — crinis, hair.]
CRINKLE. See under Crakk and
Craxkle.
CRINOLINE, krin'o-lin, n. a lady's stiff
petticoat, originally made of haircloth,
but afterwards expanded by hoops, etc.
[Fr. crin — L. crinis, hair, and lin — L.
linum, flax.]
CRIPPLE, krip'l, n. a lame person. — adj.
lame. — v.t. to make lame : to deprive of
the power of exertion. [From root of
Creep.]
CRISIS, kri'sis. ii. point or time for de-
ciding- anj-thing — that is, when it must
either terminate or take a new course :
the decisive moment :^j?. Crises, kri'-
sez. [Gr. krisis, from krino, to sepa-
rate.]
CRISP, krisp, adj., curled : so dry as to be
crumbled easily: brittle. — r.^ to curl or
ttt-ist : to make wa^'J•. — adv. Crisp'ly. —
n. Crisp'ness. [L. crtsjjus.]
CRISPY, ki'isp'i, adj., curled or curly:
brittle.
CRITERION, kri-te'ri-on, n. a means or
standard of Judging : a test : a rule : — j;Z.
Crite'ria. [Gr., from krites, a judge —
krino.]
CRITIC, la-it'ik, n. a judge inUterature, the
fine arts, etc. : a fault-finder. [Gr. kriti-
kos — krino.]
CRITICAL, krit'ik-al, at/j. relating to criti-
cism : skUled in judging literary and other
productions : discriminating : captious:
decisive. — adv. Crit'icallt! — n. Crit'io
AL>fESS.
CRITICISE, ki-it'i-slz. r.f. to pass judgment
on : to censure.
CRITICISM, krit'i-sizm, n. the art of judg-
ing, esp. in literature or the fine arts :
a critical judgment or obseiwation.
CRITIQUE, kri-tek', n. a. criticism or crit-
ical examination of any production: a
review. [Fr.]
CROAK, In-ok, v.i. to utter a low rough
sound as a frog or raven : to grumble: to
forebode evil. — n. the sound of a frog or
raven. — n. Croak'er. [From the sound.
Cf. Crake, Crow, and L. graculus, a
jackdaw.]
CROCHET, kro'sha, n. fancy knitting made
by means of a small hook. [Fr. crochet,
a little crook, a hook — croc, from root
of Crook.]
CROCK, ki'ok, n. a narrow-necked earthen
vessel or pitcher: a cup. [A.S. croc; Ger.
krug ; perh. of Celt, origin, as in W.
crochan, a pot, Gael, trog, a pitcher; akin
to Crag, and giving the notion of hard-
ness.
CROCKERY, krolv'er-i, n. earthenware :
vessels formed of baked clav.
CROCODILE, krok-'o-dU, n. a large amphib-
ious reptile inhabiting the large rivers
of Asia and Africa. [Fr. — L. crocodihts
— Gr. krokodcilos, a hzard ; so called
from its resemblance to a hzard.]
CROCUS, Ivro'kus, n. a well-known flower.
[L. crocus — Gr. krokos ; prob. of Eastern
origin, as Heb. karkom, saffron.]
CROFT, kroft, n. a small jiiece of arable
land adjoining a dwelling : a kind of
small farm. — n. Croft'er. [A.S. croft;
perh. from Gael, croit, a croft.]
CROilLECH, krom'lek, n. a circle of stand-
ing stones, often called a Druidical circle.
[W. cromlech — crom, cm-ved, circular,
and llech, a stone.]
CRONE, kron, ji. au old woman, usually in
contempt. [Perh. Celt., as in Ir. crion,
withered, old.]
CRONY, kron'i, n. an old and intimate
companion. [From Crone.]
CROOK, krook, n. a bend, anj-thing bent :
a staff bent at the end, as" a shepherd's
or bisliops : an artifice or trick. — v.t. to
bend or form into a hook : to turn from
.the straight hne or from what is right.
— v.i. to bend or be bent. [From a root
common to Teut. and Celt., as W. crwg,
a hook. Ice. krokr, Dut. kroke, a fold or
\vi-inkle.]
CROOKED, krook'ed, adj., bent like a
crook : not straight : de-s-iating from rec-
titude, perverse. — adv. Crook'edly. — «.
Crook'edness.
CROP, la-op, n. all the produce of a field of
grain : anj-thin"- gathered or crop{>ed :
the craw of a bud. — v.t. to cut off the
top or ends : to cut short or close : to
mow, reap, or gather -.—pr.p. cropp'ing;
pa.p. cropped'.-— Crop OCT, v.i. to appear
above the surface : to come to light. [A.
S. crop, the top shoot of a plant ; any
protuberance, as the crop of a bird ; Dut.
crop, a bird's crop.]
CROQUET, kro'ka, n. a game in which two
or more players try to drive wooden
balls, by means of long-handled mallets,
through a series of arches set in tlie
ground. [Etj-. unknown.]
CEOSIER, kro'zher, n. a staff with a erooit
at the top carried before bishops on sol-
emn occasions. [O. Fr. croce, a crosier
— Fr. croc, a crook, hook, from root of
Crook.]
CROSS, kros, ?i. a gibbet on which male-
factors were hung, consisting of two
pieces of timber, one placed crosswise on
the other, either thus f or X ; the instru-
ment on which Christ suffered, and thus
the symbol of the Christian reUg:ion : the
sufferings of Christ : anything that
crosses or thwarts : adversitj' or afflic-
tion in general : a crossing or mixing of
breeds, esp. of cattle. — v.t. to mark with
a cross : to lay one bodj' or draw one line
across another : to cancel by drawing
cross lines : to pass from side to side : to
obstruct : to thwart : to interfere witli.
— v.i. to lie or be athwart: to move or
pass from place to place. [O. Fr. crois,
Fr. croi.r — L. cru.r. orig. an upright post
to which latterly a cross-piece was
added ; conn, with 'Crook by Gael, croc-
an, a hook, croch, hung; Ir. erochaim,
to hang, croch, a gallows.]
CROSS, kros, adj., lying across: trans-
verse : oblique : opposite : adverse : ill-
tempered: interchanged. — adv. Cross'ly.
— n. Cross'ness.
CROSSBILL, kros'bil, n. a genus of birds
resembling bullfinches, linnets, etc., with
the mandibles of the bill crossi7ig each
other.near the points.
CR0SS-B0NT:S, kros'-bonz, n.pZ. a symbol
of death, consisting of two human thigh
or arm bones, placed crosswise, and often
found on old monuments, etc., generally
in conjunction with a skull.
CROSSBOW, kros'bo. v. a weapon for
shooting arrows, formed of a bcno placed
crosstvise on a stock.
CROSSBUN, kros'bun, ji. a.bun marked with
the form of a cross, .eaten on Good-
Fridav.
CROSS-BUTTOCK, kros'-but-ok, n. a pe-
culiar throw i)racticed bj' -nTestlers ;
hence, an unexpected fling down or re-
pulse. "Many cross-buttocks did I sus-
tain."— Smollett.
CROSS-EXA^IINE, kros-egz-am'in, v.t. to
test the e\'idence of a witness by subject-
CROSS-'JRAINED
87
CRY
ing' liim to an examination by the op-
posite partj-. — n. Cross-exajuxa'tiox.
CROSS-GRAIXED, kros'-grand, adj. hav-
ing- the yraiii or Bbres crossed or in-
tertwined : perverse : contraiy : untract-
able.
CROSS-HATCHLNG, kros-hach'ing, n. a
term in engraving applied to Unes,
whether straiglit, sloping, or curved,
which cross each other regularly to in-
crease or modify depth of shadow.
CROSSING, kros'ing, n. act of going across:
a thwarting : a place for passing' from
one side to the other.
CROSSLET. ki-os'let, n. a, little cross.
CROSS-QUESTION, kros'-kwest-yun, v.t.
to cro.ss-e.xaniine.
CROSS-REFERENCE, kros-ref'er-ens, n. a
reference from one part of a book to an-
other where something incidentally men-
tioned is treated of, or where there is
some account of the same or an allied
subject as that which is under notice at
the place where the cross-reference is.
CROSSTREES, kros'ti-ez, n. pieces of tmi-
ber placed across the upper end of the
lower-masts and top-masts of a ship.
I'ROSSWAY, kros'wa, n. a way that crosses
another.
CROSSWISE, kros-wiz, adv. in the form of
a cross : across.
CROTCHET, kroch'et, n. a note in music,
equal to half a minim, T : a crooked or
or conceit,
a hook. See
a whim
of croc.
perverse fancy :
[Fr. Crochet, dim
Crochet.]
CROTCHETEER, kroch-et-er', n. one who
fixes the mind too exclusively on one
subject : one given to some favorite
theory crotchet, or hobby. "Nobody of
the slightest pretensions to influence is
safe from the solicitous canvassing and
silent pressure of social crotcheteers." —
Fortniqhthj Rev.
CROTCHETINESS, kroch'et-i-nes, n. the
state or quality of being crotchety: the
character of a crotcheteer. Grote.
CROTCHETY, kroch'et-i, adj. having
crotchets or peculiarities : wliinisical.
CROTON, kro'ton. n. a genus of tropical
Clants, producing a brownish-yellow oil,
avirg a hot biting taste. [(Jr. hroton,
a tick or mite, which the seed of the
plant resembles.]
CROUCH, krowch, v.i. to squat or lie close
to the ground : to cringe : to fawn. [A
form of Crook.]
CROUP, kroop, n. a severe disease in the
throat of children, accompanied by a
hoarse cough. [A.S. hropan, to cry ;
Scot. roux>, croup, hoarseness ; from the
sound.]
CROUP, kroop, n. the rump of a fowl : the
buttocljs of a horse : the place behind
the saddle. [Fr. croupe, a protuberance ;
allied to Crop.]
CROUPIER, kroo'pi-er, n. one who sits at
the croup or lower end of the table as as-
sistant-chairman at a public dinner : a
vice-president : he who watches the cards
and collects money at a gaming-table.
CRCW.kro, n. a large bird, generally black,
which utters a croaking sound : the cry
of a cock : a boast. — v.i. to croak, to cry
as a cock, in .joy or defiance : to boast : to
swagger : — -jxi.f. crew (kroo) or crowed';
pa.}), crowed'. • [A.S. cratce, a crow:
from the sound.]
CROWBAR, kro'bar, n. a large iron bar
with a claw like the beak of a crow.
CROWD, krowd, n. a number of persons or
things closely pre.'ised together, without
order: the rabble: multitude. — v.t. to
gather into a lump or crowd : to fill by
pressing or driving together. — v.i. to
press together in numbers : to swarm.
[A.S. creodan, to crowd, press.]
CROWFOOT, kro'foot, n. a common weed,
the flower of which is like a croiv's foot.
CROWN, krown, n. the diadem or state-
cap of royalty : regal power : honor :
reward : the top of anj-thing, esp. of the
head : comple';ion : accomplishment : a
5s. piece stamped with a crown. — v.t. to
cover or invest with a crown : to invest
with royal dignity : to adorn : to dignify :
to complete. — ddj. Crows'less. [Fr.
couronne — L. corona; cog. with Gr.
koronos, curved ; W. crvm, Gael, cruinn,
round.]
CROWN-GLASS, krown'-glas, n. a kind of
window-grZas.s formed in circular plates or
discs.
CROWN-HEAD, krown'-hed.ji. in draughts
the row of squares next to each player.
J'See Draughts.]
CROW N-P R I N C E, krown'-prihs, ri. the
prince who succeeds to the crown.
CROWS-FOOT, kroz'-foot, n. wrinkles pro-
duced by age, spreading out in the shape
of a crow"s foot from the corners of the
eyes : (mil.) a caltrop.
CRUCIAL, kroo'shi-al. adj. testing, searoh-
ing,from the practice of marking a testing
instance with a ci'oss to draw attention
to it. [Fr. crucial, from L. crux, cnicis,
a cross. See Cross.]
CRUCIBLE, kr5o'si-bl, n. an earthen pot,
for melting ores, metals, etc. [Low L.
crucibulum, from root of Crock ; erro-
neously supposed to be corm. with L.
cru.v.'l
CRUCIFEROUS, kroo-sif'er-us, adj. (bot.)
bearing four petals in tlie form of a cross.
[L. crux, and /ero, to bear.]
CRUCIFIX, kroo'si-fiks. n. a figure or pict-
ure of Christ Jia'ed to the cross.
CRUCIFIXION, kroo-si-fik'shun. n. death
on the cross, esp. that of Christ.
CRUCIFORM, kroo'si-form, adj. in the
form of a cross.
CRUCIFY, kroo'si-fi, v.t. to put to death
by fixing the hands and feet to a cross :
to subdue completelj^ : to mortify -.—pa.p.
cruc'ified. [Fr. crucifiei — L. cruciflgo,
crucifixus — crux, a.a<\figo, to fix.]
CRUDE, kroOd, adj., raw. unprepared ; not
reduced to order or form : unfinished :
undigested : immature. — adv. Crudk'lt.
— n. Crcde'ness. [L. crudtis, raw. See
Raw.]
CRUDITY, krood'i-ti, n. rawness: unripe-
ness : tliat which is crude.
CRUEL, ln-66'el, adj. disposed to inflict
pai n, or pleased at suffering- : void of pity,
merciless, savage. — adv. Cru'elly. — n.
Cec'elty. [Fr. cruel — L. crudelis. From
root of Crude.]
CRUET, kroo'et, n. a small jar or pliial for
sauces and condiments. [Ace. to Skeat,
prob. formed from Dut. kruik. a jar =
E. Crock ; and ace. to E. Miiller, dim. of
O. Fr. cruye (mod. Fr. er!(c/te, cruchette,
a jai-), from root of Crock.]
CRUISE, krooz, v.i. to sail to and fro : to
rove on the sea. — )(. a sailing to and fro :
a voyage in various directions in searcli
of an enemy, or for the protection of
vessels. — ». Ceuis'er. [Dut. kruiseu, to
cross — kruis, a cross-— 0. Fr. crois — L.
crux.]
CRUISE, krooz, n. a small bottle. Same
as Cruse.
CRUMB, krum, 7i. a small hit or morsel of
bread : the soft part of bread. [A.S.
eruma : Ger. krume : allied to Crimp.]
CRUMBCLOTH, krum'kloth. ». a cloth laid
under a table to receive falling crumbs,
and keep the carpet clean.
CRUMBLE, krum'bl. v.t. to break into
crumbs. — v.i. to fall into small pieces : to
decay : to perish. [Orig. dim. of Ceumb ;
Dut. kruimelen : Ger. kriimebi.]
CRUMBY, CRUMMY, krum'i, adj.. in
crumbs : soft.
CRUMP, ki'ump, adj. crooked : wrinkled.
[A.S. crumb: Ger. krumm ; Scot, crum-
my, a cow with a crumpled horn. From
the root of CRAMP, Crimp.]
CRTXNIPET, krum'pet, n. a kind of crumbif
or soft cake or muffin.
CRUMPLE, krump'l, v.t. to mark with or
draw into folds or wrinkles : to crease. —
v.i. to become wrinkled : to contract or
shrink. [Freq. of Cramp.]
CRUNCH, krunch, v.t. to crush with the
teeth : to chew anything hard, and so
make a noise. [From the sound ; cf. Fr.
grincer.l
CRUPPER, krup'er, ?i. a strap of leather
fastened to the .saddle and passing under
the horse's tail to keep the saddle in its
place. [Fr. croupiire — croupie, the Croup
of a horse.]
CRURAL, kroo'ral, adj. belonging to or
shaped like a leg. [L. cruralis, from cms,
cruris, the leg.]
CRUSADE, kroo-sad', ii. a military expedi-
tion under the banner of the cross to
recover the Holy Land from the Tui-ks:
any daring or romantic undertaking.
[Fr. croisade — Prov. crozada — croz, a
cross. See Cross.]
CRUSADER, kroo-sad'er, n. one engaged
in a crusade.
CRU.se. krooz, 7i. a.\i earthen pot : a. sniaM
cup or bottle. [Fr. ; Ice. krus : also allied
to Crock.]
CRUSH, krush, v.t. to break or bruise : to
squeeze together : to beat down or over
whelm: to .subdue : to ruin. — n. a violent
squeezing. [O. Fr. cruisir, from a Scan,
root seen in Sw. kfysta, whose oldest
form appears in Goth, kriustan, to grind
the teeth, formed from the sound. See
Crash and Craze.]
CRUST, krust, n. the hard rind or outside
coating of anything : the outer part of
bread : covering of a pie, etc.: (geol.) the
solid exterior of tlie earth. — v.t. to cover
with a crust or hard case. — v.i. to gather
into a hard crust. [O. Fr. — L. crusta ;
perh. conn, with Gr. kryos, icv cold.]
CRUSTACEA, krus-ta'sbi-a. n.p'l. a class of
animals whose bodies are covered with a
crust-like shell covering-, such as lobsters,
shrimps, and crabs.
CRUSTACEAN, krus-ta'slii-an, n. one of
the Crustacea.
CRUSTACEOUS. krus-ta'shi-us, CRUSTA-
CEAN, krus-ta'shi-an, adj. pertaining to
the Crustacea, or shelUish.
CRUSTATED, krus-tat'ed, ac{j. covered
with a crK.sf.
CRUSTATION, krus-ta'shun, n. an adher-
ent crust.
CRUSTY, krust'i, adj. of the nature of or
hax'ing a crust : having a hard or harsh
exterior: hard: snappy: surly. — adv.
Crust'ily. — n. Crust'iness.
CRUTCH, kruch, n. a staff with a cross-
piece at the head to place under the arm
of a lame person : any support like a
crutch. [From root of Crook : perh.
modified by L. eria", a cross.]
CRY, kri, v.i. to utter a shrill loud .sound,
esp. one expressive of pain or grief: to
lament : to weep : to bawl. — v.t. to utter
loudly : to proclaim or make public : —
pa.t. a.nApa.p. cried'. — n. any loud sound:
particular sound uttered bj- an animal :
bawling : lamentation : weeping : praver:
clamor: — jj/. Cries. — n. Cri'er. [Fr.
crier (It. gridare) — L. quiritare, to
scream — freq. of L. queri, to lament.]
CRY. kri, v.i. to be in the act of giving
birth to a child : sometimes followed by
out. Shak.
CRYING-OUT
68
CUNEIFORM
CRYING-OUT, kii'ing-out, n. the confine-
ment of a woman : labor. " Aunt Nell,
who, by the way, was at the crying-out."
— Richardson.
CRYPT, kript, n. an underground cell
or chapel, esp. one used for burial. [L.
crypto — Gr. krypte — krypto, to conceal.
Doublet of Grot.]
CRYPTOGAMIA, krip-to-gra'mi-a, n. the
class of flowerless plants, or those which
have their fructification concealed. [Gr.
A-r^p<os,concealed, and gamos, marriage.]
CRYPTOGAMIC, krip -to-gam'ik, CRYP-
TOGAMOUS, krip-tog-'a-mus, adj. per-
taining- to the Cryptogamia.
CRYPTONYM, krip'to-nim, n. a private,
secret, or hidden name : a name which
one bears in some society or brother-
hood. J. R. Lowell. [Gr. kryptos, con-
cealed, and onoma, a name.]
CRYSTAL, kris'tal, n. a superior kind of
glass : (chem.) a piece of matter which
has assumed a definite geometrical form,
with plane faces. [O. Fr. cristal — L. erys-
tallum, from Gr. krystallos, ice — kryos,
icv cold ; akin to Crcst.]
CRYSTAL, kris'tal, CRYSTALLINE, kris'-
tal-Tn or -in, adj. consisting of or like
crystal in clearness, etc.
CRYSTALLIZATION, kris-tal-iz-a'shun, n.
the act of crvstalUzing.
CRYSTALLIZE, kris'tal-Iz, v.t. to reduce to
the form of a crystal. — v.i. to assume a
— crvstalline form.
CRt^STALLOGRAPHY, kris-tal-og'ra-fi, n.
the science of crystallization. [Gr. k)-ys-
tallos, and graplio, to write.]
CUB, kub, n. thej'oung of certain animals,
as foxes, etc. : a whelp : a young boy or
girl (in contempt). — r. to bring forth
young : — pr.p. cubb'ing ; pa.p. cubbed'.
[Prob. Celt., as Ir. cuib, a whelp, from
eii, a dog.]
OUBATURE, kub'a-tur, n. the act of find-
ing the solid or cubic content of a body :
the result thus found.
CUBE, kiib, n. a solid body having six
equal square faces, a soUd square : the
third power of a number, as — 2x2x3=8.
— v.t. to raise to the third power. [Fr.
cube — L. cubus — Gr. kybos, a die.]
CUBIC, kub'ik, CUBICAL, kub'ik-al, adj.
pertaining to a cube. — adv. Cub'ically.
CtJBICULUM, kub-ik'u-lum. n. a burial
chamber in the Catacombs often for a
single family, having round its walls the
loculi or compartments for the recep-
tion of dead bodies. The name was also
applied to a chapel attached to a basilica
or other church. [L., a bed-chamber,
from cubo, to lie.]
CUBIFORM, kub'i-form, adj. in the form
of a cube.
CUBIT, kub'it, n. a measure employed by
the ancients, equal to the length of the
■ arm from the elbow to the tip of the
middle-finger, varying from 18 to 22
inches. [L. cubitus, (lit.) a bend ,' akin
to L. cubare. to lie down ; also to Cup.]
CUBOID, kub'oid, CUBOIDAL, kub-oid'al,
adj. resembling a cube in shape. [Gr.
kyboeides, from kybos, a die, and eidos,
form.]
CUCKOLD, kuk'old, n. a man whose wife
has proved unfaithful. — v.t. to wrong a
husband by unchastity. [O. Fr. coucuol
(Mod. Fr. cocu) — coucou, a cuckoo — L.
cuculus.']
CUCKOO, koo'koo, n. a bird which cries
cuckoo, remarkable for laying its eggs in
the nests of other birds. [Fr. coucou —
L. cuculus, from the sound. Cf. CoCK,
Cockatoo.]
CUCUMBER, ku'kum-ber, n. a creeping
plant, with large oblong fruit used as a
salad and pickle. [L. cucumis, cucum-
eris.'\
CUD, kud, n. the food brought from the
first stomach of a ruminating animal
back into the mouth and chetced again.
[Like Quid, what is chewed, from A.S.
ceowan, to chew.]
CUDDLE, kud'l, f.i. to hug: to embrace:
to fondle. — v.i. to lie close and snug to-
gether.— n. a close embrace. [Ace. to
Skeat, a freq. of M.E. couth, well known,
familiar. See Uncouth.]
CUDDY, kud'i, n. a small cabin or cook-
room, generally in the forepart of a boat
or lighter : in large vessels applied to
the officers' cabin under the poopdeck.
[Fr. cahute ; Dut. kajuit ; Ger. kajiXte.]
CUDGEL, kud'jel, n. a heavy staff : a club.
— v.t. to beat with a cudgel : — pr.p.
cud'gelUng ;pa.p. cud'gelled. [W. cogyl,
a club.]
CUDWEED, kud' wed, n. the popular name
for many species of plants covered with
a cottony down. [Prob. corrupted from
cotton-weed. "]
CUE, kii, n. a queue or tail-like twist of
hair formerly worn at the back of the
head : a rod used in playing billiards :
the last words of an actor's speech serv-
ing as a hint to the next speaker : any
hint : the part one has to play. [Fr.
queue — L. Cauda, a taO.]
CUE-BAIL, ku'-bawl, adj. corruption of
Skew-bald. " A gentleman on a cue-ball
horse." — R. D. Blackmore. (Pro\'incial
English.)
CUFF, kuf, n. a stroke with the open hand.
— v.t. to strike ■ndth the open hand.
[From a Scan, root seen in Sw. kuffa, to
knock.]
CUFF, kuf, ti. the end of the sleeve near
the wrist : a covering for the wrist.
[Prob. cog. with COIF.]
CUIRASS, kwi-ras' or kwe'-, n. a defensive
covering for the breast orig. made of
leather, afterwards of iron fastened with
straps and buckles, etc. [Fr. cuirasse —
Low L. corafia — L. coriiim, sldn, leather ;
whence Fr. cuir.]
CUIRASSIER, kwi-ras-er', n. a soldier
armed with a cuirass.
CULDEE, kul'de, n. one of a Celtic frater-
nity of monks who formerly lived in
Scotland, Ireland, and Wales. [Ir. ceile
de, "servant of God." See GlLLIE.]
CULINARY, ku'lin-ar-i, adj. pertaining to
the kitclien or to cookery : used in the
kitchen. [L. culinarius — cidina, a kitch-
en.]
CULL, kul, v.t. to select : to pick out. [Fr.
cueilUr, to gather — ^L. colligo — col, to-
gether, and lego, to gather. A doublet
of Collect.]
CULLENDER. See Colander.
CULLION, kul'yun, n. a wretch : acoward-
Ij' fellow. [Fr. couillon, a dastard, a
poltroon (It. coglione) — L. coleus, aleather
bag-, the scrotum.]
CULLY, kul'i, n. (a contr. of Cullion) a
mean dupe. — v.t. to deceive meanly. —
pa.p. cull ied.
CULM, kulm, 7i. the stalk or stem of cereals
or of grasses. [L. cuhnus, a stalk or stem.
Cog. with Haulm.]
CULMIFEROUS, kid-mifer-us, adj., bear-
ing stalks or stems. [L. culmits, a stalk,
and/ero, to hear.]
CULMINATE, kul'min-at, v.i. to come to
the top : (astron.) to be vertical or at the
highest point of altitude : to reach the
highest point. [Coined, as if from a Low
L. culmino, from L. cidmen, properly
columen, a summit. See Column.]
CULMINATION, kul-min-a'shun, n. act of
culminating : the top or highest point :
(astron.) transit or passage of a body
. across the meridian or highest point for
the day.
CULOTTIC, koo-lot'ik, adj. having breech-
es ; hence, pertaining to the respectable
classes of society : opposed to Sanscd-
LOTTic (which see). " Young Patriotism,
Culottic and Sansculottie, rushes for-
ward."— Carlyle.
CULOTTISM, koo-lot'izm, n. the princi-
ples, rule, or influence of the more re-
spectable classes of society. Carlyle. [See
Sansculottism.]
CULPABILITY, kul-pa-bU'i-ti, CLXPA-
BLENESS, kul'parbl-nes, n. liability to
blame.
CULPABLE, kul'pa-bl, adj. faulty, crimi-
nal.— adv. Cul'pablt. [O. Fr. — L. eid-
pabilis, worthy of blame — cidpa, a fault.]
CULPRIT, kul'prit, n. one culpable or in
fault : a criminal : in Eng. law, a prisoner
accused, but not tried. [For cidpate,
from old law L. culpatus, a person ac-
cused.]
CULT, kult, n. a system of religious be-
hef, worship. [L. cultus — colo, cidtus,
to worship.]
CULTIVATE, kul'ti-vat, t'.<. to till or pro-
duce by tillage : to prepare for crops : to
devote attention to : to civUize or refine,
— n. Cul'tivator. [Low L. cultivo. cul-
tivatus — L. colo, cultus, to till, to wor-
ship.]
CULTIVATION, kul-ti-va'shun, n. the art
or practice of cultivating : civilization :
refinement.
CULTURABLE, kul'tiir-a-bl, n. capable of
becoming cultured or refined.
CULTURE, kul'tur, n., cultivation: the
state of being cultivated : advancement
or refinement the result of cultivation.
— v.t. to cultivate : to improve. [L. citl-
tura.]
CULTUS, kult'us, n. same as Cult. Helps.
Also the moral or jesthetic state or con-
dition of a certain time or place. [L.]
CULVER, kul'ver, CULVERIN, kul'ver-in,
n. an ancient cannon, so called from it»
long, thin, serpent-like shape, or from its
being- ornamented with the figures of
serpents. [Fr. coulevrine, from coideiitfre
— L. coluber, a serpent.]
CULVERT, kul'vert, n. an arched water-
course, etc. [Prob. from Fr. cmder, to
flow — L. colare — colum, j. strainer.]
CUMjEAN, kii-me'an. ae!j, of or pertaining
to Cumce, an ancien'. citj' on the coast of
Campania, and the earliest of all the
Greek settlements in Italy ; as, the cave
of the Cumiean sibj-1.
CUMBER, kuni'ber, v.t. to trouble or hin-
der wit'n something useless : to retard,
perplex, trouble. [O. Fr. combrer, to
hinder — Low L. combrus, a heap ; corr.
of L. cunndus, a heap.]
CUMBERSOME, kum'ber-sum, ad/ trouble-
some.
CUMBRANCE, kumTsrans, n. encum-
brance.
CUMBROUS, kum'brus, adj. hindering:
obstructing : heavy : giving trouble, —
adv. Cum'beously. — n. Cum3eousness.]
CUMIN, CUMMIN, kum'in, n. a plant, the
seeds of which are valuable for their car-
minative qualities, [L, cuminum,through
the Gr. kyminon, from Heb. kammini.']
CUMULATE, kiim'u-lat, v.t. to heap to-
gether : to accumulate. [L, cumido,
-atum — cumulus, a heap.]
CIBIULATION, kum'u-la-shun. Same aa
Accumulation.
CUMULATIVE, kum'u-la-tiv, adj. increas-
ing by successive additions.
CUMULUS, ku'mu-lus, n. a species of
cloud.
CUNEAL, ku'ne-al, CUNEATE, ku'ne-at,
adj. of the form of a wedge. [L. cuneiis,
a wedge.]
CUNEIFORM, kil-ne'i-form, CUNIFORM,
ku'ni-form, adj. wedge-shaped — specially
appUed to the old Babylonian and Assy-
CUNNING
nan writing, of which the characters
have a icedge-shape.
CUNNING, kun'ing-, adj., knoinng : skill-
ful : artful : crafty. — n. knowledge :
skill : facultj' of using stratagem to ac-
complish a purpose. — adv. Ccnn'ixgly.
[A.S. cunnan, to know.]
I'L P, kup, n. a vessel used to contain liq-
uid : a drinking-vessel : the liquid con-
tained in a cup : that which we must re-
ceive or undergo : afflictions : blessings.
— v.t. to extract blood from the bodv by
means of cupping-glasses from wliich
the air has been e3chausted:—j3r.p. cupp'-
mg ; pa.p. cupped'. [A.S. ctippe. Fr.
coupe, It. coppa, a cup, the bead ; all
from L. cupa, cuppa, a tub, a drinking-
vessel.]
CUPBOARD, kup'bord or kub'urd, n. a
place for keeping ^•ictuals, dishes, etc.
[Cup and BOABD, a table or shelf.]
CL PID, kG'pid. n. the god of love. [L.
Citpido — cupio, to desire.]
CUPIDITY, ku-pid'i-ti. n., eager desirefor:
covetousness : lust after. [L. cupiditas
— cupidus, desirous.]
C UPOLA, ku'po-la, n. a cup-shaped vault
on the summit of a tower : a dome. [It. ;
lim. of Low L. cupa, a cup — L. cupa, a
tub. See CUP.]
L UPREOUS. See under Copperish.
' UR, kur, >!. a worthless, degenerate dog :
,i churUsh fellow. — adj. CUKR'ISH. [Dut.
-.orre. Dan. kitrre, to whir ; from its
growling.]
CLRABLE, kur'a-bl, adj. that may be
cured: capable of curing. "A curable
vertue against all diseases." — Saudys. — n.
Ccrabil'itt.
CURAQOA, koo-ra-so'.n. a liqueur so named
from the island of Curagoa in the West
Indies, where it was first made.
CURACY, kur'a-si, ii. the office, employ-
ment, or benefice of a curate : also the
state, condition, or office of a guardian ;
guardianship. " By way of curacy and
protectorship." — Roger NortJt.
CCTRATE, kur'at, n. one who has the cure
or care of souls, so in Pr. Bk. : an inferior
clergyman in the Church of England who
assists a rector or vicar in the discharge
of his duties. [Low L. curatus, from L.
cur a, care.]
CURATIVE, kur'a-tiv, adj. tending to cure.
CURATOR, kfir-a'tor. w. one who has the
care of anything : a superintendent : one
appointed by law as guardian.
CURB, kurb, i\t. to bend to one"s will : to
subdue : to restrain or check : to furnish
with or guide by a curb. — n. that which
curbs : a check or hindrance : a chain or
strap attached to the bit of a bridle for
restrainingthe horse. [Fr. courber, from
L. curvus. crooked, bent.]
CURBSTONE, kurb'ston. n. a stone placed
edgeways against earth or stone work to
check it!
CURD, kurd, n., milk thickened or coagu-
lated : the cheese part of milk, as dis-
tinguished from the whej'. [Celt., as in
Gael, gruth, Jr. cruth, curd, cruthaim, 1
milk.]
CURDLE, kurd'l, v.i. to turn into curd : to
congeal: to thicken. — v.t. to cause to
turn into curd, or to congeal.
CURDY, kurd'i, adj. like or full of curd.
CURE, kur, n., care of souls or spiritual
charge : care of the sick : act of heabng :
that which lieals : a remedy. — v.t. to heal:
to preserve, as by dr\ing. salting, etc. :
— -jjr.^. cur'ing ;pa.jj. cilred'. [O Fr. cure
— L. cura, solicitude, care; not of the
same origin as Care.]
CURELESS, kur'les, adj. that cannot be
cured.
CURFEW, kur'fu, n. {lit.) eover-fire: in
feudal times the ringing of a bell at eight
89
o'clock, as a signal to cover or put out
all ^res and lights. [Fr. couvrefeu, from
couvrir, to cover, and feu, fire, from L.
focus. 1
CURIOSITY, kQr-i-os'i-ti, n., state or
qualitj' of being curious: inquisitiveness:
that which is curious : anj-thing rare or
unusual.
CURIOUS, ktir'i-us, adj. anxious to learn :
inquisitive: showing great care or nicety:
skillfully made : singular : rare. — adv.
Cur'iously. — n. Cur'iousness. [Fr.
eurieu.T — L. curiosus — cura.]
CURL, kurl, v.t. to twist into ringlets : to
coil. — v.i. to shrink into ringlets : to rise
in undulations : to writhe : to ripple : to
plaj'at the game of cm-ling. — n. a ringlet
of hair, or what is like it : a wave, bend-
ing, or twist. [Orig. crull ; Dut. krullen,
Dan. krolle, to curl.]
CURLEW, kur'lil, n. one of the wading-
birds. having a very long slender bill
and legs, and a short tail. [Fr. corlieu ;
probably from its cry.]
CURLING, kurl'ing, n. a game common in
Scotland, consisting in hurling heavy
stones along a sheet of ice, like plaj'ing
at bowls.
CURLY, kurl'i, adj., having curls: full of
curls. — )). CrRL'iNESS.
CURMUDGEON, kur-mui'un, n. an avar
ricious, ill-natured fellow : a miser. —
adj. Curmud'geonly. [O. E. cornmudr
gin, sig. corn-hoarding, from corm and
mudge or mug, or mooch, to hide or
hoard ; seen in muglard, a miser ; from
O. Fr. mucer, Fr. musser, to conceal.]
CURRANT, kur'ant, n. a small kind of
raisin or dried grape, imported from the
Levant : the fruit of several garden
shrubs. [From Corinth, in Greece.]
CURRENCY, kur'en-si, n. circulation :
that which circulates, as the money of a
country : general estimation.
CURREl^T, kur'ent, adj., running or floic-
ing : passing from person to person :
generally received : now passing : pres-
ent.— n. a running or flotving : a stream :
a portion of water or air moving in a cer-
tain direction : course. — adv. Curr'ent-
LY. [L. eitrrens, currentis — eurro, cur-
sus. to run.]
CURRICLE, kur'i-kl, n. a two-wheeled
open chaise, drawn by two horses
abreast : a chariot. [L. curriculum,
from Ci/rj'O.]
CURRICLE, kur'i-kl, v.i. to drive in a cur-
ricle or as in a curricle. " Who is this
that comes curricling through the level
yellow sunlight ? " — Carlyle.
CURRICULUM, kur-ik'u-lum, n. a course,
esp. the course of study at a university.
^^
CURRIER, kur'i-er, ?;. one who curries or
dresses tanned leather.
CURRY, kur'i, n. a land of sauce or sea-
soning much used in India and elsewhere,
and compounded of pepper, ginger, and
other spices : a stew mixed with curry-
powder. [Pers. khUrdi, broth, juicy
meats, from khurdan, to eat.]
CURRY, kur'i. t\t. to dress leather : to rub
down and dress a horse : to beat : to
scratch : — pr.p. curry'ing ; pa.p. curr'ied.
—To CURRY FAVOR (corr. of CURRY FA-
TELL, to rub down a horse, favell being a
common old name for a horse), to seek
favor by flattery. [Fr. corroyrr — corroi,
O. Fr. conroi: from a Teut. root present
in Ice. reidhi, tackle. Dan. rede, to set in
order. E. ready. See Ready.]
CURSE, kurs, v.t. to invoke or wish evil
upon : to devote to perdition : to vex or
torment. — x\i. to utter imprecations: to
swear. — ». the invocation or wishing of
evil or harm upon : evil invoked on an-
other : torment. — n. CCRS'ER. [A.S. cur-
CUSTARD
sian — c^irs, a curse, perh. from Sw. and
Dan. kors, a cross, whicli is derived from
O. Fr. crois. See CROSS.]
CURSED, kurs'ed, adj. under a curse : de-
serving a curse : blasted by a curse ;
hateful.
CURSIVE, kur'siv, adj.. running, as applied
to handwriting : flowing. [L. curro, cur-
sus, to run.]
CURSORY, kur'sor-i. adj. hasty : super-
ficial : careless. — adv. Cxjr'sorily. [L.
curro.}
CURT, kurt, adj., short: concise. — adv.
Curt'ly. — n. Curt'ness. [L. eurtus,
shortened ; Sans, krit, to cut, separate.]
CURTAIL, kur-tal', v.t. to cut short : to
cut ofl' a part : to abridge : — pr.2}. cur-
tail'ing ; pa.p. curtailed'. [Old spelling
curtal. O. Fr. courtaidt. It. cortaldo —
L. eurtus.]
CURTAIN, kur'tin, n. draperj' hung round
and inclosing a bed, etc. : the part of a
rampart between two bastions ; also, an
ensign or flag. Shak. — v.t. to inclose or
furnish with curtains. [Fr. courtine—
Low L. cortina ; from L. cors, cortis, a,
place inclosed, a court.]
COURTILAGE, kur'til-aj, n. in law. a
court-yard, backside, or piece of ground,
lying near and belonging to a dwelling-
house : the limit of the premises within
which housebreaking can be committed
iinder English law. [O. Fr. courtilage,
from coui-iil, a court-j-ard, from L. cors,
cortis. a court.]
CURTSY, kurt'si. Same as Courtesy, the
gesture.
CURULE, ku'rool, adj. applied to a chair
in which the higher Roman magistrates
had a right to sit. [L. cumts, a chariot
— curro. to rim.]
CURVATURE, kur'va-tur, n. a curving or
bending: the continual bending or the
amount of bending from a straight line.
[L. rjirvatura.]
CURVE, kurv, ?;. anything bent: a bent
line : an arch. — v.t. to bend : to form
into a curve. [L. eurvus, crooked. See
Circle.]
CURVET, kurVet, n. a certain leap of a
horse in which he gives his body a curve:
a leap or frolic. — v.i. to leap in curvets :
to leap: to frisk:^^r.p. curv'eting: j^a.p.
curv'eted.
CURVILINEAR, kur-vi-lin'i-ar, CLTRVI-
LINEAL, kur-vi-lin'i-al, adj. boimded by
curved lines. [L. curv^is, and linea, a
line.J
CUSCUS-GRASS, kus'kus-gras, n. a pecul-
iar kind of British Indian grass {Andro-
pogon muricatus) used for screens and
blinds. Called also Khus.
CUSHAT, koosh'at, ?k the ringdove or
woodpigeon. [Prov. E. cotvshot ; from
A.S. cusceote.]
CUSHION, koosh'un, n. a case filled with
some soft, elastic stuff, for resting on : a
pillow. — i\t. to seat on or furnish with a
cushion. [Fr. coussin. It. cuscino. from
L. culcitinum, dim. of ndcita, mattress.
See Counterpane and Quilt.]
CU SHITE, kush'it. adj. of or pertaining to
a brancli of the Haniite family which
spread along tracts extending from the
higher Nile to the Euphrates and Tigris,
or to their language. Used also substan-
tively. [From Cu.th the son of Ham.]
CUSP, kusp, n. a poini : the point or horn
of the moon, etc. [L. ciispis. a point. ]^
CUSPIDATE, kus'pi-dat, CUSPIDATED,
kus'pi-dat-ed, adj. {bot.) having a sharp
en(\ or point. [L. cuspidatus — euspis.]
CUSTARD, kus'tard, n. a composition of
milk, eggs, etc., sweetened and flavored.
[Once spelled custade. a corr. of ci-x(stade,
a pie with crust ; from O. Fr. croustade
— ^L. crustatus, cru.sted. See Crust. 1
CUSTARD-APPLE
90
DACTYLOLOGY
CUSTARD-APPLE, kus'tard-ap'l, n. the
fruit of a W. ludian tree, having an eat-
able pulp, like a custard.
CUSTODIAL, kus-to'di-al, adj. pertaining
to custody.
CUSTODIAN, kus-to'di-an, ii. one who has
custody or care, esp. of some pubhc
building'.
CUSTODY, kus'to-di, n. a watching or
guarding : care : security : imprison-
ment. [L. custodia, from custos, custodis,
a watcher or keeper.]
CUSTOM, kus'tum, fi. what one is wont to
do : usage : frequent repetition of the
same act : a frequenting of a shop to buy
goods : regular trade or business : a tax
on goods:— pi. duties imposed on imports
and exports. [O. Fr. custume, costume ;
fromL. consuetudo — consuesco, consuetus,
to accustom.]
CUSTOMARY, kus'tum-ar-i, adj. according
to use and wont : holding or held by cus-
tom.— adv. CUS'TOMAKILY. — n. Cus'TOM-
ARINESS.
CUSTOMER, kus'tum-er, n. one accustomed
to frequent a certain place of business : a
buyer.
CUSTOM-HOUSE, kus'tum-hows, n. the
place where customs or duties on exports
and imports are collected.
CUT, kut, v.t. to make an incision: to cleave
or pass through : to divide : to carve or
hew : to wound or hurt: to affect deeply:
to caslvaX%:^pr.p. cutt'ing ; pa.t. and
pa.p. cut. — n. a cleaving or dividing : a
stroke or blow: an incision or wound: a
piece cut off: an engraved block, or the
picture from it : manner of cutting, or
fasliion. — ^A short cdt, a short or near
passage. [W. cwtau, to shorten, cwtt, a
little piece ; Ir. cutaich, to cui'tail.]
njTANEOUS, ku-ta'ne-us, adj. belonging
to the skin.
4. UT-AWAY, kut'-a-wa, n. a coat, the skirts
of which are rounded or cut away so
that they do not hang down as in a frock-
coat. '• A green cut-au-ay with brass
buttons." — T. Hughes. Used also adject-
ively. " A brown cut-away coaX." — Tliack-
eray.
CUTCHA, kuch'a, n. in Hindustan, a weak
kind of lime used in inferior buildings ;
hence, used adjectively in the sense of
temporary : makeshift : inferior : in con-
tradistinction to pucka, which implies
stability or superiority.
CUTENESS, kut'nes, n. the quality of
being cute : sharpness : smartness : acute-
ness. "Who could have thought so in-
nocent a face could cover so much cute-
ness ? " — Goldsmith .
CUTICLE, ku'ti-kl, n. the outermost or
thin skin. [L. cuticula, dim. of cutis, the
skin, E. Hide.]
CUTLASS, kut las, n. a broad curving
sword with one edge. [Fr. contelus, from
L. cultellus, dim. oieulter, a ploughshare,
a knife.]
CUTLER, kufler, n. one who makes or
sells knives. [Fr. coutelier, from root of
Cutlass.]
CUTLERY, kut'ler-i, n. the business of a
cutler: edged or cutting instruments in
general.
CUTLET, kut'Iet, n. a slice of meat cut off
for cooking, esp. of mutton or veal, gen-
erallv the I'ib and the meat belonging to
it. [Fr. cotelette, dim. of cote, from L.
eosta, a rib. See Coast.]
CUTTER, kut'er, n. the jierson or thing
that cuts: a small swift vessel with one
mast and sharp bows that cut the water.
CUTTING, kut'ing, h. a dividing or lopping
off : an incision : a piece cut off : a twig.
CUTTLE, kut'l, CUTTLE-FISH, kut'1-fish,
n. a kind of mollusc, remarkable for its
power of ejecting a black inky liquid,
f A.S. cudele : origin dub.]
CUT-WATER, kut'-waw'ter, n. the fore-
part of a sliip's prow.
CYCLE, sl'kl, n. a period of time in which
events happen in a certain order, and
which constantly repeats itself : an imag-
inary circle or orbit in the heavens. [Gr.
kyklos, a circle ; akin to ClECLE.]
CYCLIC, sl'klik, CYCLICAL, sl'ldik-al,
adj. pertaining to or containing a cycle.
CYCLOID, sl'kloid, n. a figure like a circle :
a curve made by a point in a circle, when
the circle is rolled along a straight line.
— adj. Cycloid' AL. [Gr. kyklos, and eidos,
form.]
CYCLONE, sl'lvlon, n. a circular or rotatory
storm. [Coined from Gr. kyklon, pr.p.
of kykloo, iit> whirl round — kyklos.]
CYCLOPEDIA, CYCLOPEDIA, sl-kl6-pe'-
di-a, n. the circle or compass of human
knowledge : a work containing informa-
tion on every department, or on a partic-
ular department of knowledge. — adj.
Cycloped'ic. [Gr. kyklos, a circle, and
paideia, learning.]
CYCLOPEAN, sl-iilo-pe'an, adj. of or like
the Ci/clopes,'a, fabled race of giants with
one circular eye in the middle of the fore-
head : giant-like : vast. [Gr. kyklopeios
— kyklops — kyklos, a circle, and ops, au
eye.]
CYDIPPE, si-dip'pe, n. a genus of coelen-
terate animals belonging to the order
Ctenophora, and allied to the genus
Beroe. One member of the genus (C
2nleus) is a very beautiful object, and is
common in the seas round Britain. The
body is globular in shape and adorned
with eight bands of cilia serving- as its
means of locomotion and presenting bril-
liant rainbow hues. From the body are
pendent two long filaments, to which are
attached numerous shorter tlu-eads, and
these appendages can be protruded and
retracted at will.
CYGNET, sig'uet, n. a young swan. [Ace.
to Diez, dim. of Fr. cygne, whose old
form cisne (Sp. cisne, a swan) is from
Low L. ceciiiua, and is not connected with
L. cygnus, Gr. kyknos, a^svvan.]
CYLINDER, sil'in-der, «. a solid circular
or roWer-like body, whose ends are equal
parallel circles. [Gr. kylindros, from
kylindd, to roll.]
CYLINDRIC, si-lin'drik, CYLINDRICAL,
si-lin'drik-al, adj. having the form or
properties of a cylinder.
CYMBAL, sim'bal, n. a hollow brass, basin-
like, musical instrument, beaten together
in pairs. [L. cymbalum, from Gr. kym-
t'dlon — kymbe, the hollow of a vessel ;
akin to E. Hump.]
CYMBOCEPHALIC, sim'bo-se-fal'ik, adj.
shaped like a bowl or cup : round : said
of tlie skull. [Gr. kymhos, a cup or bowl,
and kephale, the skull.]
CYNIC, sin'ik, CYNICAL, sin'ik-al, adj.,
dog-like : surly : snarling : austere : mis-
anthropic.— adv. Cyn'ically. [Gr. kyni-
kos, dog-like, fi'om kyun, kynos, a dog ;
akin to L. can-is, E. Hound.]
CYNIC, sin'ik, n. one of a sect of ancient
philosophers, so called from their morose
and contemptuous \'iews: a morose man:
a snarler.
CYNICISM, siu'i-sizm, n., surliness : con-
tempt for human nature : heartlessness,
misanthropy.
CYNOSURE, siu'o-shoor or si'-, n. the dog's
tail, a constellation containing the north-
star : hence, anything that strongly at-
tracts attention. [Gr. kyon, kynos, a
dog, oura, a tail.]
CYPHER-TUNNEL, si'fer-tun-nel, n. a
mock chimney : a chimnev built merely
for outward' show. -"fhe device of
cypher-tunnels or mock chimnej's merely
for uniformity of building.'" — Fuller.
CYPRESS, si'pies, ii. an evergreen tree
whose branches used to be carried at
funerals : hence, a symbol of death. [Fr.
cypres — L. cupressus — Gr. kyparissosi]
CYST, sist, n. {lit.) a chest : a bag in ani-
mal bodies containing morbid matter
[From root of Chest.]
C"iTODE, si'tod, n. in physiol. a name
given by Haeckel to a kind of non-
nucleated cell containing protoplasm to
distinguish it from the cell proper wliich
has a nucleus. Nineteenth Century.
CZAR, zar, TSAR, tsar, n. the emperor of
Russia.— /em. Czarina, za-re'na, the em-
press of Russia. [Russ. tsare, a king ;
its conn, with Ger. kaiser, L. ccesar, a
king or emperor, is doubtful.]
CZAREVITCH, zar'e-vitch, CESARE-
VITCH, se-zar'e-vitch, n. the eldest son
of the czar.— fern. Czaeevna, zar-ev'na,
his consort. [Russ. tsare, a czar, and
I'itz (pronounced vitcli), descended from.]
CZECH, chech, n. the name applied to a
member of the most westerly branch of
the gTeat Slavonic family of races. They
have their headquarters in Bohemia,
where they arrived in the second half of
the sixth century. Their language (also
called Czech) is closely allied to tlie Pol-
ish. Written also CsEOH, TSECH.
D
DAB, dab, v.t. to strike gently with some-
thing soft or moist : — pr.ji. dabb'ing ;
loa.p. dabbed'. — n. a gentle blow : a small
lump of anything- soft or moist : a small
flat fish like a flounder, but with a I'ough
back. [E. ; from a Teut. root present in
O. Dut. dabben, to pinch, Ger. tappe. a
pat. E. Tap is a doublet. See also DuB.]
DAB, dab, n. an expert person. [Prob. a
corr. of Adept.]
DABBER, dab'er, n. one who or that which
dabs : specifically, («) in j^i'inting, a ball
formed of an elastic material and fitted
with a handle, formerly used for inking a
form of type : (b) in engr. a silk-covered
elastic ball used for spi'eading etching
groimd upon steel or copper plates: (c) in
stereotyping, a hard hair brush used in
the papier-mache process for dabbing
the back of the damp paper, and so driv-
ing it into the interstices of the tvpe.
DABBLE, dab'l, v.t. to wet by little dabs
or strokes: to spatter. — v.i. to play in
water with hands or feet : to do any-
thing in a trifling way. [Freq. of Dab.]
DABBLER, dab'ler, n. one who dabbles or
does things in a superficial, trifling way.
DABCHICK, dab'chik, n. a small water-
foicl that dives or dabbles in the water.
DACE, das, DARE, dar, DART, diirt, n. a
small river fish, so called from the qttick-
ness of its motions. [M.E. darce — O. Fr.
dars — Low L. dardus, a dart or javelin
(Fr. dard, a dart or a dace).]
DACIAN, d;T'slii-an, adj. i)(.'rtaiuiug or be-
longing- to the Daci, an ancient barbar-
ous people, whose territory extended
over parts of the modern Hungary,
Roumania, Transylvania, and neighbor-
ing regions.
DACTYL, dak'til, n. in Latin and Greek
poetry, a foot of three syllables, one long
followed by two short, so called from its
likeness to the joints of a finger : in En-
glish, a foot of three syllables, with the
first accented, as merr\\y. [L. dactylus
— Gr. daktylos, a finger. See Digit.]
DACTYLIC, dak-til'ik, adj. relating to or
consisting chiefly o f dactyls.
DACTYLOLOGY,'dak-til-ol'o-ji, n. the art
DAD
91
DARKEN
of talking with the fingers, like the deaf
and dumb. [Gr. daktylos, and logos, dis-
course— legfi, to speak.]
DAD, dad, DADDY, dad'i, n., father, a
word used by children. [W. tad; Gr.
fata. Sans, tata.]
DADO, da'do, n. the solid block or cube
forming the body of a pedestal : wains-
coating round the lower part of a wall.
[It. — L. datus (talus, a die, being under-
stood), given or thrown forth-^are, to
give. Doublet, Dee.]
D.^MONIC, de-mon'ik, adj. pertaining to
or proceeding from a supernatural be-
ing or from supernatural enthusiasm.
" He may even show sudden impulses
which have a false air of daemonic
strength, becausej^they seemed inexpUc-
able." — Oeorge Eliot. [Gr. dainion, a
divinity.]
DAFFODIL, daf'o-dil, DAFFODILLY, daf-
o-dil-i, n. a yellow flower of the lUy
tribe, also called King's spear. [M.E.
affodille — O. Fr. asphodile — Gr. and L.
asphodelus; the d is prefixed accident-
ally.]
DAGfGER, dag'er, n. a short sword for
stabbing : a mark of reference ( f ). [W.
dagr. It. daigear, Fr. dague. It. daga.'\
DAGOLE, dag'l, v.t. and v.i. to icet or
grow wet by dragging on the wet
ground. [Freq. of prov. E. dag, to
sprinkle with water, from a Scand.
root seen in Sw. dagg, E. Dew.]
DAGUERREOTYPE, da-ger'o-tip, n. a
method of taking sun-pictures on metal
plates : a picture thus produced. [Fr.,
from Dagnerre, the inventor, and Type.]
DAHLIA, dal'i-a, n. a garden plant with a
large beautiful flower. [From Dahl, a
Swedish botanist.]
DAILY, da'li. adj. and adv. every dav.
DAINTIFY, dap'ti-fl, v.t. to make dainty :
to weaken by over refinement. " My
, father charges me to give you his kindest
love, and not to daintify his affection
into respects or compliments." — Miss
Bximey. [E. dainty, and L. facia, to
make.]
DAINTY, dan'ti, adj. pleasant to the pal-
ate : delicate : fastidious. — n. that which
is dainty, a delicacy. — adv. Dain'tilt. —
n. DAErTlNESS. [if.E. deintee. anjthing
worthy or costly — O. Fr. daintie, wor-
thiness— L. dignitas. See Dignity.]
DAIRA. da'ir-a, n. the private estates of
the Khedive of E^'pt.
DAIRY, da'ri, ii. the place where milk is
kept, and butter and cheese made : an
e.stablishment for the supply of mUk.
[M.E. dey, dairymaid — Ice" deigja, a
dairymaid ; orig. a kneader of DouoH, in
Ice. deig : or from a root sig. to mUk.
See Dug.]
DAIS, da'is, n. a raised floor at the upper
end of the dining-hall where the high
table stood : a raised floor with a seat
and canopy. [O. Fr. dais — Low L.
discus, a table — L. discus, a quoit — Gr.
di.skos. See Dish, Disc]
DAISIED, da'zid, adj. covered with dai-
sies.
DAISY, da'zi, n. (lit.) the day's eye, a com-
mon spring flower, so called from its sun-
like appearance. [A.S. dceges ege, day's
eye, the sun.]
DAIJE, dal, DELL, del, n. tlie low ground
between hills : the valley through which
a river flows. — n. Dales'max. [A.S.
dcel ; Scand. dal, Ger. thai, orig, mean-
ing "cleft." See Deal, Dell.I
DALLLANCE. dal'i-ans, n., dallying, toy-
ing, or trifling: interchange of embraces:
delay.
DALLY, dal'i, v.i. to lose time by idleness
or trifling: to play: — pa.p. dall'ied.
[A.S. dol, foolish ; Ger. dahlen, to trifle t
perh. conn, with Dwell.]
DAM, dam, n. an embankment to restrain
water. — v.t. to keep back water by a
bank or other obstruction: — pr.p. danuii'-
ing' ; 2}a.p. dammed'. [E., and in all the
Teut. tongues.]
DAM. dam, n. a mother, applied to quadru-
peds. [A form of Dame.]
DAMAGE, dam'aj, n., hurt, injury, loss:
the value of what is lost: — pi. compensa-
tion for loss or injury. — v.t. to harm, in-
jure.— v.i. to take injury. [O. Fr. da-m-
age (Fr. dommage), from L. damnum,
loss, injurv.]
DAjMAGEABLE, dam'aj-a-bl, adj. capable
of being damaged.
DAMASK, dam'ask, n. figured stuff orig.
of sOk. now of hnen, cotton, or wool. —
v.t. to flower or variegate, as cloth. — adj.
of a red color, hke that of a damask
rose. [From Damascus, in Syria, where
it was orig. made.]
DAME, dam, n. the mistress of a house : a
matron : a noble lady. [Fr. dame — L.
domina, a mistress, fern, of dominus, a
master. Doublet, Dam, a mother, see
Dominate.]
DAMN, darn, v.t. to censure or condemn :
to sentence to eternal punishment. — n.
an oath : a curse. [Fr. damner — L.
damnare, to condemn, from damnum,
loss, penalty.]
DAMNABLE, dam'na-bl, adj., deserving or
tending to damnation : hateful : perni-
cious.— adv. Dam'nably. — n. Dam'nable-
NESS. [Late L. damnabilis.]
DAMNATION, dam-na'shun, n. (theol.) the
punisliment of the impenitent in the
future state : eternal punishment. [L.
damnat>o.'\
DAMNATORY, dam'na-tor-i, adj. contain-
ing sentence of condemnation. [L. dnm-
natorius.]
DAMP, damp, n., vapor, mist: moist air :
lowness of spirits: — pi. dangerous capors
in mines, etc. — v.t. to wet slightly: to
chill : to discourage : to check : to make
dull. — adj. moist : foggy. — adv. Dajip'ly.
— n. Damp'ness. [E. ; aldn to Dut. damp,
Ger. dampf, vapor.]
DAJIPER, damp'er, n. that which checks
or moderates : (Australia) a kind of
hastily-baked bread.
DA3ISEL, dam'zel, n. a little dame or lady :
a young unmarried woman : a girl. [Fr.
demoiselle, O. Fr. damoisel, a page — ^Low
L. domicellus. dim. of dominus. a lord.]
DAJMSON, dam'zn, n. a small black plum.
[Shortened from Damascene — Damascus.
See Damask.]
DANCE, dans, v.i. to move with measured
steps to music. — v.t. to make to dance or
jump. — ?i. the movement of one or more
persons witli measured steps to music.
[Fr. danser, from O. Ger. danson, to draw
along, Ger. tavzen.']
DANCER, dans'er, n. one who practices
danciyig.
DANCING, dans'ing, n. the act or art of
moving in the dance.
DANDELION, dan-de-lt'un, n. a common
plant with a yellow flower, so called from
the jagged tooth-like edges of its leaf.
[Fr. dent de lion, tooth of the Hon.]
DANDLE, dan'dl, v.t. to play with: to
fondle or toss in the arms, as a babj'.
[E. ; cog. with (Jer. t&ndeln — tand, a tov ;
allied in Scot, dander, to go about idfj',
to trifle.]
DANDRIFF, dand'rif, DANDRUFF, dand'-
ruf, n. a seal}' scurf which grows on the
head, esp. under tlie liair and beard. [W.
ton. surface, skin, and dricg, bad.]
DANDY, dan'di, n. a foppish, silly fellow :
one who pays much attention to dress.
[Perh. from Fr. dandin, a ninny ; and
prob. from root of DaN'DLE.]
DANE, dan, ?t. a native of Denmark.
DANGER, dan'jer, n. a hazard or risk :
insecurity. [O. Fr. dangier, absolute
power (of a feudal lord), hence power
to hurt — Low L. dominium, feudal au'
thority — L. do7ninus, a lord. See Dun
GEON.]
DANGEROUS, dan'jer-us, adj. full of dan
ger : unsafe : insecure. — adv. Dan'qer-
OUSLY".
DANGLE, dang'gl, v.i. to hang loosely or
with a suinging motion: to follow "any
one about. — v.t. to make to dangle.
[From a Scand. root, found in Ice. dingla,
to s\\'ing to and fro, freq. of Ding, to
throw, push.]
DANGLEJIENT, dang'gl-ment, n. the act
of dangling. "The very suspension and
danglemeni of any puddings whatsoever
right over his ingle-nook." — Ld. Lytton.
DANGLER, dang'gler, n. one who dangles
about others, especially about women.
DANISH, dan'ish, adj. belonging to Den-
mark.
DANITE, dan'It, n. a member of a secret
society among the Mormons, who, it is
beheved, took an oath to support the
authority and execute the commands of
the leaders of the sect at all hazards.
Many massacres and robberies committed
during the early history of Utah are as-
cribed to the Danites. [From Dan. See
Gen. xlix. 16.]
DANK, dangk, adj. moist, wet. [Perh.
conn, with Dew. See also Daggle.]
DANTESQUE, dan-tesk', adj. pertaining or
relating- to Dante Alig-hieri, the Italian
poet : resembhng or characteristic of,
Dante's manner or style : more especially,
characterized bj' subUmity and gloomi-
ness, like his pictures of the Inferno.
DAPPER, dap'er, adj. quick: little and
active : neat : spruce. [Dut. dapper,
brave : Ger. tapfer, quick, brave.]
DAPPLE, dap'l, adj. marked with spots.—
v.t. to variegate with spots. [See Dim-
ple.]
DA-RAPTI, da-rap'tl, n. in logic, a mne-
monic word, designating- a syllogism of
the third figure, comprising a universal
aSirmative major premise, a particular
aflarmative minor premise, and a particu-
lar affirmative conclusion.
DAEDAN, dar'dan, DARDANIAN, dar-da'-
ni-an, adj. of or pertaining to the Dar-
dani or Trojans, a people mentioned in
the Eiad, to Dardania, their territory,
or to Dardanus. the founder of the race,
and ancestor of Priam of Troy : Trojan.
Also used substantively.
DARE, dar, v.i. to he bold enough : to vent'
\i3:e.^pa.t. durst. — v.i. to challenge: to
defj'. [A.S. dear, durran : Goth, daur-
san: akin to Gr. tharreo, Sans. dhrUh,
to be bold.]
DARE, dar. Same as Dace.
DARII, da'ri-I, n. in logic, a mnemonic
word to express a syllogism of the first
figure, compiising a universal affirmative
major premise, a particular affirmative
minor premise, and a particular afiirnia/-
tive conclusion.
DARING, dar'ing, adj., bold : courageous :
fearless. — n. boldness. — adv. Dar'inoly,
DARING-GLASS, dar'ing-glas, n. a mirror
used for daring larks. Bp. Gauden.
DARK, dark, adj. without light : black or
somewhat black : gloomy : difficult to
understand : unenlightened : secret. — n.
absence of light : obscurity : a state of
ignorance. — adv. Dark'ly". — ». Dark'-
ness. [A.S. deoi-c]
DARKEN, dark'n, v.t. to make dark: t,
render ignorant : to sully. — v.i. to grow
dark or darker.
DARKISH
92
DEBARK
DAHKISH, dark'ish, adj. somewhat dark :
dusky.
DARKLING, dark'ling, adj. being in the
dark (poet.)-
DARKSOME, dark'sum, adj., dark:
gloomy (poet.).
DARLING, dar'ling, n. a little dear : one
dearly beloved : a favorite. [Deae, and
ling.]
OARN, darn, v.t. to mend a hole by imi-
tating the texture of the stuff. — n. the
place darned. [W. darn, a piece, a
patch.]
DARNEL, dar'nel, n. a weed of the rye-
grass genus. [Ety. dub.]
DART, dart, n. a pointed weapon for
throwing with the hand : anything that
pierces. — v.t. to hurl suddenly : to send
or shoot forth. — v.i. to start or shoot
forth rapidlj'. — adv. Daet'ikglt. [O.
Fr. dart : from a Low Ger. root.]
DART. See Dace.
DARTLE, dar'tl, v.t. a frequentative form
of dart. " My star that dartles the red
and the blue.'' — Brouming.
DARWEESH, dar'wesh,?i. same as Dervis.
DARWINISM, dar'win-izm, n. the theory
of the origin of species propounded by C.
Darwin.— adj. Dae-wis'ian.
DASH, dash, v.t. to throw violently : to
break bj' throwing together : to throw
water suddenly : to bespatter : to de-
stroy or frustrate : to mix or adulterate.
— v.i. to strike against: to break against,
as water : to rush with violence. — n. a
violent striking : a rushing or violent
onset : a blow : a mark ( — ) at a break
in a sentence : a slight admixture. [Dan.
da.ske, to slap.l
DASH-AND-DOT, dash'-and-dot, adj. con-
sisting of dashes and dots : as, the dash-
and-dot telegraphic alphabet.
DASHING, dash'ing, adj. rushing : reck-
less : hasty and rash : gallant. — adv.
Dash'inglt.
DASTARD, das'tard, n. a cowardly fellow.
— adj. shrinking from danger : coward-
Iv. — adj. and adv. Das'tardly. — ns.
Das'taedness, DAs'TARDLXNi=;bS. [From
a Scand. stem dast=E. dazed, and Fr.
suffix -ard. See Daze.]
DASTARDICE, das'terd-is, n. cowardice:
dastardliness. "Upbraided with ingrati-
tude, dastardice.'' — Richardson.
DATA, da'ta, n.pl. facts given or admitted
from which other facts may be deduced.
— sing. Da'tctm. [L. datum, data, given
— do, to give.]
DATE, dat, n. the time when a letter is
giv^en or written : the time of any event :
a stipulated time. — v.t. to affix the date
to. — !m". to reckon : to begin. [Fr. date
— L. datum.]
DATE, dat, ?i. the fruit of the date-palm,
so called from its fancied resemblance to
the finger. [Fr. datte — L. dactylus — Gr.
daktylos, a finger.]
DATISI, da-ti'sl, n. in logic, a mnemonic
word expressing a sj'llogism of the third
figure, comprising a universal affirma-
tive major premise, a particular affirma-
tive minor premise, and a particular
affirmative conclusion.
DATIVE, dat'iv. adj. that is given or ap-
pointed.— n. the dative case, the oblique
case of nouns, etc., which follows verbs
or other parts of speech that express
giving or some act directed to the object
— generally indicated in English by to or
for. [L. clatiims.]
DATUM, da'tum, n. See Data.
DAUB, dawb, v.t. to smear : to paint
coarsely. — n. a coarse painting. —
Dauber, dawb'er, n. one who daubs : a
coarse painter. [O. Fr. dauber, to
plaster — L. dealbare. to whitewash — de,
down, and albus, white.]
DAUGHTER, daw'ter, n. a female child :
a female descendant. — n. Daugh'ter-in-
Law, a son's wife. [A.S. dohtor ; Scot.
dochter, Ger. tochter, Gr. thygater. Sans.
duhitri, from dnh or dhugh, to milk — as
if " the milkmaid." See Dug.]
DAUGHTERLY, daw'ter-li, adj, like or
becoming a daughter. — n. Daugh'terli-
NESS.
DAUNT, dant or dawnt, v.t. to frighten :
to discom-age. [O. Fr. danter, Fr. damp-
ter—L. domito — domo, Gr. damao, to
tame : conn, with Tame.]
DAUNTLESS, dant'les, adj. not to be
daunted. — adv. Daunt'lesslt. — n,
Daunt'lessness.
DAUPHIN, daw'fin, n. formerly a name
given to the eldest son of the king of
France.— /eni. Dau'phiness. the dauphin's
wife. [O. Fr. daulphin, Fr. dauphin —
L. delphinus, a dolphin. Danphin was
the proper name of the lords of Viennois,
who had taken for their crest three dol-
phins. When "Viennois (Dauphine) was
ceded to the crown of France, the name
became the title of the kind's eldest son.]
DAVIT, daVit, n. a spar projecting from a
ship, used as a crane for hoisting the
anchor clear of the vessel: — pi. pieces of
timber or iron, projecting over a ship's
side or stern, having tackle to raise a
boat by. [Fr. davier, a forceps.]
DAW, daw, n. a bird of the crow kind : a
jackdaw. [From its cry.]
DAWDLE, daw'dl, v.i. to waste time by
trifling: to act or move .slowly. — ?i.
Daw'dler. [Allied to DANDii and
Dandy.]
DAWN, dawn, v.i. to become day: to begin
to grow hght : to begin to appear. — n.
daybreak: beginning. [A.S. dagian, day.]
DAY, da, n. the time of light : the time
from morning till night : twenty-four
hours, the time the earth takes to make
a revolution on her axis ; also credit : a
distant day being fixed for payment.
Faith, then, I'll pray you, 'cause he is my neighbor.
To take a hundred pound, and give him day.
— B. Jmison.
[A. S. dceg ; Qer. tag. from an unknown
root, not conn, with L. dies.]
DAYBOOK, da'book, n. a book in which
merchants, etc., enter the transactions
of everv day.
DAYBREAK, daTirak, n. the breaking of
day, or first appearance of light.
DAYDREAM, da'drem, n. a dreaming or
musing while awake.
DAY-LILY, da'-lil'i, n. a lily that blooms
during- the day or for a dav only.
DAYSHINE, da'shin, n. dayUght.
Wherefore waits the madman there,
Naked in open dayshine f — Tennyson.
DAYSMAN, daz'man, n. one who appoints
a day to hear a cause : an umpire.
DAYSPRING, da'spring, n. the springing
of day : dawn.
DAYSTAR, da'star, n. the star which ush-
ers in tlie day : the morning-star.
DAZE, daz, v.t. {obs.) to render dull or
stupid. [Ice. dasa, to be breathless or
exnausted ; conn, with A.S. dirces, fool-
ish.]
DAZZLE, dazl, v.t. to daze or overpower
with any strong light. — adv. Dazz'ling-
LY. [Fi-eq. of Daze.]
DEACON, de'kn, n. in Episcopal and Cath-
olic churches the order of clergy under
priests : in some Presbvterian cliurches,
an officer under the elders : in Congre-
gational and some other churches, the
principal lay official : in Scot, the master
of an incorporated companj'.— /f »». Dea'-
CONESS. — ns. Dea'conship, Dea'conry.
[L. diaconus — Gr. diakonos, a servant.]
DEACON, de'kon, v.t. to read out, as a
line of a psalm or hymn, before singing it.
DEAD, ded, adj. deprived of life : that
never had life : deathlike : useless : dult
cold and cheerless : without vegetation :
perfect. — DEAD-DRUNK,conipletely drunk;
Dead-language, one no longer spoken ;
Dead-letter, a letter undelivered and
unclaimed at the post-office ; Dead-
lights, storm-shutters for a cabin win-
dow ; Dead-lock, a position of matters
when thej' have become so complicated
that they are at a complete standstill
and progress is impossible ; Dead-march,
a piece of solemn music played at funeral
processions, especially of soldiers ; Dead-
reckoning, an estimation of a ship's
place, simply by the log-book ; Dead-
weight, a heavy or oppressive burden. —
adv. Dead'ly. — n. Dead'ness. [A.S.
dead ; Goth, dauths, Ger. todt, from root
of die.]
DEAD, ded, n. the time of greatest still-
ness : — 'n.pl. those who are dead.
DEADEN, ded'n, v.t. to make dead: to de-
prive partlj' of vigor or sensation : to
tjlunt : to lessen.
DEAD-FILE, ded'-ffl, n. a file whose cnts
are so close and fine that its operations
are practicallj' noiseless.
DEADLY, de'd'li, adj., causing death:
fatal : implacable. — n. Dead'liness.
DEAF, def, adj., dull of hearing: unable
to hear at all : not willing to hear : in-
attentive. — adv. Deaf'ly. — n. Deaf'-
NESS. [A.S. deaf ; Dut. doof, Ger. taub.]
DEAFEN, def'n. v.t. to make deaf, partly
or altogether : to stun ; to render imper-
vious to sound.
DEAF-JIUTE, def'-mut, n. one who is both
deqf and ?nute or dumb.
DEAL, del, n. a portion : an indefinite
quantity ; a large quantity : the act of
dividing cards : one of the divisions or
boards into which a piece of timber is
cut : a fir or pine board. Often ajijilied
in U. S. to large and important business
transactions, especially on-the Stock Ex-
change. [A.S. dcel ; Ger. tlieil, a part or
division.]
DEAL, del, v.t. to divide, to distribute : to
throw about. — v.i. to transact busine.ss :
to act : to distribute cards -.^pa.t. and
pa.p. dealt (deio). [A.S. dcelan^dixl ;
Ger. theilen — theil.]
DEALER, del'er, n. one who deals: a trader.
DEALING, del'ing, n. manner of acting
towards others : intercourse of trade.
DEAN, den, n. a dignitary in cathedral and
collegiate churches who presides over
the other clergy : a priest who presides
at local synods : the president of the
faculty in a college. — ns. Dean'ship,
Dean'ery. the office of a dean : a dean's
house. [O.Fr. deien — L. decanus, a chiet
often — clecem. ten.]
DEAR, der, adj. high in price : costly :
scarce : highl.y valued : beloved. — n. one
who is dear or beloved. — adv. Dear'ly. —
n. Dear'ness. [A.S. deore ; Ger. theuer,
O. Ger. tiuri, precious.]
DEARTH, derth, n., dearness, high ^Jj'i'cc
scarcity : want : famine : barrenness.
DEATH,'deth, n. state of being dead: ex-
tinction of life : manner of dying : mor-
tality.— n. Death'-bed, the last illness.
[A.S. death ; Ger. tod.]
DEATHINESS, deth'i-nes, n. the quality o/
producing death : an atmosphere of
death. (Rare.)
Look 1 it burns clear ; but with the air around
Its dead ingredients mingle deathiness. — Southey
DEATHY, deth'i, adj. pertaining to or char-
acteristic of death. (Rare.)
The cheeks were deaths dark. — Southey.
DEBAR, de-biir', v.t. to bar out from : to
exclude : to hinder i^pr.j}. debarring ;
pa.p. debarred'. [L. de. from, and Bar.]
DEBARK, de-bark', v.t. or v.i. to land /rom
a bark, ship, or boat : todisembark. [Fr.
DEBARKATION
93
DECLAIM
dibarquer — des = L. dis, away, and
Barque, a ship.]
DEBARKATION, DEBARCATION, de-
bark-a'shun, n. the act of debarking or
disembarkiug.
DEBASE, de-bas', v.t. to lower: to make
mean or of less vaJue: to adulterate. [L.
de. down, and Base, low.]
DEBASEMENT, de-bas'ment, n. degrada-
tion.
DEBASING, de-bas'ing, adj. tending to
loner or degrade. — adv. Debas'ingly.
DEBATABLE, de-bat'a-bl, adj. liable to be
disputed.
DEBATE, de-bat', n. a contention in words
or argument. — v.t. to contend for in
argument. — v.i. to deliberate : to join ic
debate. — n. Debat'er. [Fr. de, and battre,
to beat. See Beat.]
DEBAUCH, de-bawch', v.t. to lead away
from duty or allegiance : to corrupt
with lewdness. — y.i. to indulge in revelry.
— n. a fit of intemperance or debauchery.
[Fr. debaucher — des = L. dis, and a word
oauche, a workshop, of unknown origin.]
DEBAUCHEE, deb'o-she, n. one given up
to debauchery : a libertine.
DEBAUCHERY, de-bawch'er-i, n. corrup-
tion of fidelity ■ seduction from duty :
excessive intemperance : habitual lewd-
ness.
DEBENTURE, de-bent'ur, u. an acknowl-
edgment of a debt : a deed of mortgage
given by a railway or other company for
borrowed money : a certificate entitling
an exporter of imported goods to a
drawback or repayment of the duty paid
on their importation. [L. debentiir, there
are due, 3d person pi. passive of debeo, to
owe.]
DEBILITATE, de-bil'i-tat, v.t. to make
weak : to impair the strength of. [L.
debilito, debilitafus — debilis, weak — ae,
not. habilis, able. [See Ability.]
DEBILITY, de-bil'i-ti, 71., weakness and
languor : a weak action of the animal
functions.
DEBIT, deb'it, n. a debt or something due :
an entry on the debtor side of an ac-
count.— v.t. to charge with debt : to en-
ter on the debit or debtor side of an ac-
count. [L. debit um, what is due, from
debeo, to owe.]
DEBONAIR, deb-o-nar', adj. of good air
or appearance and manners : elegant :
courteous. [Fr. de, of, bon, good, air,
apjiearance, manner.]
DEBOUCH, de-bo6sh', v.i. to march out
from a narrow pass or confined place.
[Fr. deboucher — de, from, bouche, the
mouth — L. biicca, the cheek.]
DEBOUCHURE, da-boo-shoor', n. the
mouth of a river or strait.
DEBRIS, de-bre', n., bruised or broken
pieces of anything, esp. of rock : rub-
bish : ruins. [Fr., from briser, akin to
Bruise.]
DEBT, det, n. what one owes to another :
what one becomes liable to do or suffer.
[L. debit U7n.]
DEBTOR, det'ur, n. one who oives a debt :
the side of an account on which debts
are charged. [L. debitor.]
DEBUT, de-bu'(u sounded as in Scot, gude),
n. a beginning or first attempt : a first
appearance before the public, as of an
actor, etc. [Fr. debut, a first stroke — de,
from. but. aim, mark.]
DECADE or DECAD, dek'ad or dek'ad, n.
an aggregate of ten : specifically, a period
of ten years. [Fr. decade — Gr. dekas —
deka. ten.]
DECADENCE, de-ka'dens, DECADENCY,
de-ka'den-si, n., state of decay. [Fr. —
Low L. decadentia, from de, down, and
Low L. cadentia — L. cado, to fall. See
Cadence, Decay.]
DECAGON, dek'a-gon, n. a plane figure of
ten angles and sides. [Gr. deka, and
gonia. an angle : akin to Knee.]
DECAHEDRON, dek-a-he'dron, n. a soUd
figure having ten bases or sides. [Gr.
deka, and hedra, a seat.]
DECALCOMANIA, de-kal'ko-ma'ni-a, n.
the art or process of transferring pictures
to marble, porcelain, glass, wood, and
the like. It consists usually in simply
gmiiming a colored lithograph or wood-
cut to the object and then removing the
paper by aid of warm water, the colored
parts remaining fixed. [Fr. decalcoma-
nie, from decalquer, to countertrace, and
Gr. mania, madness.]
DECALOGUE, dek a-log, v. the ten com-
mandments. [Gr. deka, cen, logos, a dis-
course, a proposition.]
DECAMP, de-kamp', v.i. (lit.) to go from
or shift a camp : to go away, esp. secretlj*.
[Fr. deeamper — Fr. de=L. dis, away, and
camp. See Camp.]
DECAMPMENT, de-kamp'ment, n., shift-
ing a camji : a marching off. [Fr. dd-
campement.]
DECANAL, dek'an-al, adj. pertaining to a
deanery.
DECANT, de-kant', v.t. to pour off, leaving
sediment : to pour from one vessel into
another. [Fr. dicanter — de, from, and
Cant, a side or corner.]
DECANTER, de-kant'er, n. a vessel for
holding decanted liquor : an ornamental
bottle.
DECAPITATE, de-kap'i-tat, v.t. to take
the head from : to behead. [Low L. de-
capitare—L. de, from, and caput, capitis,
the head.]
DECAPITATION, de-kap-i-ta'shun, n. the
act of beheading.
DECAPOD, dek'a-pod, n. one of the shell-
fish which have ten feet or claws, as the
crab. [Gr. deka, ten, and pous, podos, a
foot.]
DECARBONIZE, de-kfir'bon-Iz, v.t. to de-
prive of carbon. [De, from, and Casbon.]
DECARBURIZE, de-kar'bur-iz. Same as
D F O A TtBO NT 7F
DECASTYLE, dek'a-stll, n. a portico with
ten styles or columns in front. [Gr. deka,
ten, stylos, a column.]
DECASYLLABIC, dek-arsil-ab'ik, adj. hav-
ing ten syllables. [Fr. decasyllabique — Gr.
deka, ten, syllabe, a syllable.]
DECAY, de-ka', v.i. to fall away from, a
state of health or excellence : to waste
away. — n. a falling into a worse or less
perfect state : a passing awaj'. [O. Fr.
decaer — L. de, from, cadere, to fall.]
DECEASE, de-ses', v.i. to cease to live : to
die. — n. death. [O. Fr. deces — L. decessus
— de, away, cedo, cessus, to go.]
DECEIT, de-set', n. act of deceiving : any-
thing intended to mislead another.
FThrough Fr. from L. deccptus.]
DECEITFUL, de-set'fool, adj. full of deceit:
disposed or tending to deceive : insincere.
—adv. Deceit'fullt. — n. Deceit'ful-
NESS.
DECEIVABLE, de-seVa-bl, adj. that may
be deceived : exposed to imposture. — n.
Deceiv'ableness. — adv. Deceiv'ably.
DECEIVE, de-sev', r.t. to mislead or cause
to err : to cheat : to disappoint. — 7t. De-
ceiv'er. [Fr. dicevoir—h. decipere, de-
ceptus — de, from, capere, to take, catch.]
DECEMBER, de-sem'ber, n. the te7ith mo7ith
among the Romans, who began their year
with March : with us, the twelfth month
of the vi'ar. [L. decern, ten.]
DECEMBERLY, de-sem'ber-li, adj. resem-
bling December : hence, chilly, gloomy,
and cheerless. "The many bleak and
decemberly nights of a seven years' widow-
hood."— fiterne.
DECEMVIR, de-sem'vir, w. one of ten
7nagistrates who at one time had absolute
Sower in Rome -.—pi. Decem'virs or (L.)
lECEMViRi, de-sem'vi-rl. [L. decern, ten,
and vir, a man.]
DECEMVIRATE, de-sem'vir-at, ?i. a boG^
of ten 7nen in office : the term of office of
decemvirs.
DECENCY, de'sen-si, 71. becomingness :
modestv. [L. decentia. See Decent.]
DECENlfARY, de-sen'ar-i, 71. a period ot
ten years. [L. decem, ten, and annus, a
year.]
DECENNIAL, de-sen'i-al, adj. consisting
of, or happening every teii years.
DECENT, de'sent, adj., becomi7ig : seemly:
proper : modest : moderate : tolerable.—
adv. De'cently. [L. decens, decentis,
pr.p. of decet, it is becoming.]
DECENTISH, de'sent-ish, adj. somewhat
decent : of a fairly good kind or quality:
passable. (Colloq.)
You'll take our potluck, and weVe decentish wine.
— R. H. Barham.
DECENTRALIZE, de-sen'tral-iz, v.t. to
withdraw from the centre. [L. de, priv.,
and Centralize.]
DECEPTION, de-sep'shun, n. act of deceiv-
i7ig : the means bj' which it is sought to
deceive. [L. decep>tio.]
DECEPTIVE, de-sep'tiv, adj. tending to
deceive. — adv. Decep'tively. — n. De-
cep'ttveness.
DECIDE, de-sId', v.t. to determine : to
end : to settle. [Fr. decide} L. de-
cidere — de, away, ccedo, to cut.]
DECIDED, de-sld'ed, adj., determined :
clear, unmistakable : resolute. — adv.
Decid'edly.
DECIDUOUS, de-sid'u-us, adj., falli7ig off :
that fall in autumn, as leaves : not per-
manent.— n. Decid'uousness. [L. d»
ciduus — decido, from de, cado, to fall.]
DECIMAL, des'i-mal, adj. numbered ot
proceeding by tcTis. — n. a fraction hav-
ing ten or some power of ten for its
denominator. — Decimal system is the
French system of weights or measures,
the principle of which is that it multi-
plies and divides Iw ten. — adv. Dec'i-
mally. [Fr. — Low L. decimalis — decem,
ten.]
DECIMATE, des'i-mat, v.t. to take the tenth
part of : to put to death every tenth
man. — ji. Dec IMATOR. [L. decimo, deei-
7nat7is — deci7niis, tenth.]
DECIMATION, des-i-ma'shun, n. a mili-
tary punishment, by which every tenth
man was selected by "lot, and put to death,
or otherwise punished.
DECIPHER, de-si'fer, v.t. to tin-cipher or
read secret writing : to make out what
is unintelligible or obscure. [L. de, neg-
ative, and Cipher.]
DECIPHERABLE, de-sl'fer-arbl, adj. that
mav be deciphered.
DECISION, de-sizh'un, n. the act of deccd-
ing : determination : settlement.
DECISIVE, de-sl'siv. adj. having the power
of deciding : final : positive. — adv. Deci'-
srvELY. — n. Deci'siveness.
DECK, dek, v.t. to cot'er; to clothe: to
adorn : to furnish with a deck, as a ves-
sel.— ji. a covering : the floor or covering
of a ship. [Dut. dckken, to cover ; G«r.
decke7i ; akin to L. tego. See Thatch.]
DECKER, dek'er, n. the person or thing
that decks : a vessel which has a deck or
decks, used chiefly in composition, as a
three-decker, a ship with three decks.
DECK-HAND, dck'-hand, 71. a person en-
gaged on board a ship, but whose duties
are confined to the deck, he being unfit
for the work of a seaman properly so
called.
DECLAIM, de-klam', v.i. to make a set or
rhetorical speech : to harangue. — ns. De-
DECLAMATI05T
94
DEFALCATE
CLAIM'AXT. Declaui'er. [Fr. — L. declamo
—<ie. intensive, clanio, to cry out.]
DECLAMATION, dek-Wma'shun, n. act of
declaiming: a set speech in public : dis-
play in speaking.
DECLAMATORY, de-klam'a-tor-i, adj. re-
latins' to declamation : appealing to the
passions : noisy and rhetorical merelj'.
OECLARATIOX, dek-la-ra'shun, n. act of
declaring: that which is declared: a
written affirmation.
DECLARATIVE, de-klar'a-tiv, DECLARA-
TORY, de-klar'a-tor-i, adj. explanatory. —
ad vs. Decxar'atively, Declak'atorilt.
DECLARE, de-klar", v.t. to make known :
to show plainly to others by words : to
assert. — v.i. to make a statement. [Fr.
declarer, fromL. declaro, declaratus — de,
sig. completeness, clarus, clear.]
DECLENSION, de-klen'shun, n. a falling
off : decay : descent : (gram.) change of
termination for the oblique eases. [See
Decline.]
DECLINABLE, de-klln'a-bl, adj. having in-
flection for the oblique cases.
DECLINATION, dek-Un-a'shun, n. act of
declining: de\'iation: decay: (astr.) the
distance from the celestial equator.
DECLINE, de-klln', v.i. to bend or turn
aivay from (a straight line) : to deviate :
to refuse : to bend down : to fail or de-
cay : to draw to an end. — v.t. to bend
down : to turn away from : to refuse : to
avoid : (gram.) to give the changes of a
word in the oblique cases. — n. a falling
off : deviation : decay : a gradual sinking
of the bodily facidties, consumption.
[Fr. declines — L. de, down, away from,
clino. to bend. See Lean.]
DECLIVITY, de-kli\''i-ti, n. a place that
decline'? or slopes doicnward, opp. of
AcxuviTV : inclination downward : a
gradual descent. [L. declivitas — de,
downward, clivus, sloping, akin to clino.]
OECOCT. de-kokt', v.t. to digest by heat.
[L. decoquo, decoctus — de, down, eoquo,
to oook.J
DECOCTION, de-kok'shun, n. an extract
of anything got by boiling.^-adj. Decoc'-
TIVE.
DECOLL.VTE, de-kol'at, v.t. to behead. [L.
detollo — de, from, collum, the neck.]
DECOLLATION, de-kol-a'shun, n. the act
of beheading.
DECOLOR, de-ltul'ur, DECOLORIZE, de-
kul'ur-iz, v.t. to deprive of color. [Fr.
decolorer — L. decoloro — de, from, color,
color.]
DECOLORANT, de-kul'ur-ant, n. a sub-
stance that bleaches or removes color.
DECOLORATION, de-kul'ur-a-shun, n. the
removal or absence of color.
DECOMPOSABLE, de-kom-poz'a-bl, adj.
that mav be decomposed.
DECOMPOSE, de-kom-poz', v.t. to separate
the parts composing anj'thing: to resolve
into original elements. [L. de, sig. sepa-
ration, and Compose.]
DECOMPOSITION, de-kom-po-zish'un, n.
act of decomposing : decav or dissolution.
DECOMPOUND, de-kom-pownd', v.t. to
cotnpound again : to compound things al-
ready compounded; also, to divide a thing
into its constituent parts. — adj. com-
pounded a second time. — adj. Decom-
roiiND'ABLE. [L. de, intensive, and Com-
pound.]
OECONCENTRATE, de-kon-sen'trat, v.i. to
spread or scatter from a point or centre:
to break up or dismiss from concentra^
tion, as bodies of troops. London Times.
[Prefix de, priv., and Concentrate.]
DECORATE, dek'o-rat. v.t. to ornament,
to beautify. [L. decoro, decoratus —
rfecits, what is becoming, ornament, from
decet, it is becoming.]
DECORATION, dek-o-ra'shun, n. ornament:
anything that heightens beautv.
DECORATIVE, dek'o-ra-tiv, adj.'adorningr
suited to adorn.
DECORATOR, deVo-ra-tor, n. one who
decorates.
DECOROUS, de-ko'rus, adj. becoming: suit-
able: proper: decent. — adv. Deco'rously.
[L. deeor^is.]
DECORTICATE, de-kor'ti-kat, v.t. to de-
prive of the bark, husk, or peel. — n. De-
CORTICa'tion. [L. decortico, decorticatus
— de, from, and cortex, bark.]
DECORUM, de-ko'rum, n. that which is
becoming in outward appearance : pro-
priety of conduct : decency. [L., neuter
of decerns, becoming.]
DECOY, de-ko/, v.t. to allure, entice : to
entrap : to lure into a trap or snare. — n.
anj^hing intended to allure into a snare.
[L. de, down, and O. Fr. coij, quiet ; as
if to quiet down. See Coy.]
DECREASE, de-kres', v.i. to grow or be-
come less. — v.t. to make less : to lessen
gradually. — n. a gi-o\\ing less : loss. —
adv. Decreas'ingly. [O. Fr. decrois, a
decrease, from L. deeresco — de, from,
and cresco, to grow.]
DECREE, de-kre', n. an order by one in
authority : an established law : a prede-
termined purpose. — v.t. to decide or de-
termine by sentence in law : to appoint.
— v.i. to make a decree : — pr.p. decree'-
ing ; pa.p. decreed'. [Fr. — ^L. decretiim —
decerno. to decide.]
DECREMENT, dek're-ment, n. the quantity
lost by decrease. [L. deerementum — de-
crexco.]
DECREPIT, de-krep'it, adj. worn out by
the infirmities of old age : in the last
stage of decay. [L. decrepitus, noise-
less, very old — de. not, crejiitus, a noise.]
DECREPITATE, de-krep'i-tat, v.i. to
crackle, as salts, when heated. — v.t. to
roast so as to cause a continual crack-
ling.— n. Decreptta'tion. [L. de, inten.,
crepito, to rattle much, freq. of crepo.]
DECREPITUDE, de-krep'l-tud. n. state of
beinr/ decrepit or worn out with age.
DECRESCENT, de-kres'ent, adj., becoming
gradually less. [L.]
DECRETAL, de-ln-e'tal, adj. pertaining to
si. decree. — n.a. decree, es p. of the pope:
a book containing decrees : a collection of
the pope's decrees. [L. decretalis — de-
cretiiw.']
DECRETIVE, de-krg'tiv, adj. having the
force of a decree.
DECRETORY, dek're-tor-i, adj. established
by a decree : determining : judicial.
DECRIAL, de-krt'al, n. a crying doum:
clamorous condemnation.
DECRY, de-krT, i:t. to cry doim : to con-
demn : to blame : — pa.}), decried'. [Fr.
de(s)=L. dis, and cn'er, tocrv. See CRY.]
DECUMAN, dek-u-man. D"ECUMANE,
dek'ii-man, adj. tenth : hence, from the
ancient notion that everv tenth wave was
the largest in a series, "large : immense.
" Overwhelmed and quite sunk by such
deeitmane bUlowes." — Bp. Gauden.
Sometimes substantively used for the
tenth or largest wave. "The baffled
decuman." — J. R. LoireU. [L. decu-
manus, dedmanus, of or pertaining to
the tenth, from decern, ten.]
DECUMBENCE, de-kum'bens, DECUM-
BENCY, de-kum'ben-si, n. the act or post-
ure of lying doien.
DECUMBENT, de-kum'bent, adj., lying
dou-n : reclining on the ground. — adv.
Decibi'bently. [L. decumbens — de,
down, and crimbo, for ««6o, to lie.]
DECUPLE, dek'u-pl. adj., tenfold.— n. a
number ten times repeated. — v.t. to
make tenfold. [Fr. decuple — L. decern,
ten, and plico, to fold.]
DECURRENT, de-kur'ent, adj., running or
extending doicmcard. — adv. Decurr'-
ENTLY. [L. decurrens — de, down, ctirro,
eursnm, to i-un.]
DECUSSATE, de-kus'at, v.t. to cross in the
form of an X : to cross, as lines, etc. —
adj. crossed : arranged in pairs which
cross each other. — n. Decussa'tion. [L.
decusso, decussatus — decussis, a coin o'
ten asses (decern asses) marked with X,
the symbol of ten. See ACE.]
DEDICATE, ded'i-kat, v.t. to set apart and
consecrate to some sacred purjxise : to
devote wholly or chiefly : to inscribe to
any one. [L. dedico, ded'icatus — de, down,
dico, to declare.]
DEDICATION, ded-i-ka'shun, n. the act of
dedicating : an address to a patron, pre-
fixed to a book.
DEDICATORY, ded'i-kartor-i, adj. serving
as a dedication.
DEDUCE, de-dus', v.t. to draw from : to
infer a truth or opinion from what pre-
cedes or from premises. [L. de, from,
duco, ductum, to lead.]
DEDUCIBLE, de-dus'i-bl, adj. that may be
deduced or inferred.
DEDUCT, de-dukt', v.t. to take from : to
separate : to subtract.
DEDUCTION, de-duk'shun, «. 1, the act
of deducing : that which is deduce<l :
reasoning from a general to a particular
proposition. [From Deduce.] 2, the act
of deducting : that which is deducted :
abatement. [From Deduct.]
DEDUCTIVE, de-dukt'iv, adj., that is, or
may be deduced from premises. — adv.
Deduct'ively.
DEED, ded, n. something done : an act :
an exploit : a legal transaction : the writ-
ten evidence of it. [A.S. deed — don. tc
do ; Ger. that — thun, to do. See Do.]
DEEDILY, ded'i-li, adv. in a deedy man
ner : actively : busily : industriously.
" Frank Churchill at a table near her
most deedily occupied about her specta-
cles."— Miss Austen. (Rare.)
DEEDLESS, dedles, adj. not having per-
formed deeds.
DEEM, dem, v.t. or v.i. to judge : to think:
tobeheve. [A.S. deman, to form a judg-
ment— dom, judgment. See Doom.]
DEEP, dep, adj. extending far down or far
from the outside: difficult to understand:
secret : wise and penetrating : cunning :
very stUl : profound : intense : sunk low :
low or grave. — n. that which is deep : the
Bea : anything profound or incompre-
hensible.— adv. to a great depth : pro-
foundly.— adv. Deep'ly. — n. Deep'ness.
[A.S. deop ; Ger. tief ; akin to Dip,
DrvE.]
DEEPEN, dep'n, v.t. to make deeper in
any sense: to increase. — v.i. to become
deeper.
DEER, der, n. a quadruped of several spe-
cies, as the stag, reindeer, etc. ; in M.
E. any kind of animal. [A.S. deor : Ger.
thicr, Gr. ther, L. fera, a wild beast.]
DEER-STALKER, der'-stawk'er, n. one
who practices deer-stalking.
DEER-STALKING, der'-stawk'ing, n. the
hunting of deer by stalking, or steaUng
upon them unawares. [See Stalk, to
walk.]
DEFACE, de-fas', v.t. to destroy or mar the
face or external appearance of, to dis-
figure : to obliterate. [O. Fr. desfacer—^
des = L. dis, away, and face, from L,
facies-l
DEFACEMENT, de-fas'ment, n. act of de-
facing : injury to form or appearance :
that which defaces.
DEFALCATE, de-fal'kat, v.t. to deduct a
part of. used chiefly of money, etc. : to
embezzle money held on trust. [Low L.
difalco, difalcatus, to cut away — L. dif-
DEFALCATION
=^»s-. off. and fake, f aids, a sickle. See
Falchiox.]
DEFALCATION, def-al-ka'shun, n. a dim-
inution : a deficit of funds intrusted to
one's caie.
DEFAJIATION, def-a-ma'shun, n. the act
of defaming: calumny: slander.
DEFAiL-i.TORY, de-fam'a-tor-i, adj. con-
taining defamation : injurious to reputa-
tion : calumnious.
DEFA3IE, de-fam', v.t. to take away or
destroy the good fame or reputation of :
to speak e\al of. [O. Fr. defamer — L.
diffamare — dis, away, detraction, and
fam,a, report. See Fame.]
DEFAULT, de-fawlt', n. a. fault, failing, or
failure : defect : neglect to do what duty
or law requires : offence. — v.i. to fail
through neglect of duty : to fail to ap-
pear in court when called upon. [O. Fr.
defai'te, and default — de=L. dis, inten-
sive, anAfaute. See Fault.]
DEFAULTER, de-fawlt'er, n. one who fails
to account for money intrusted to his
care.
DEFEASANCE, de-fez'aas, n. (law) a con-
dition annexed to a deed, which, being
performed, renders the deed void. [Norm.
defaisance — Fr. defaisant, pr.p. of de-
fdire. to undo.]
DEFEASIBLE, de-fez'i-bl, adj. that may
be defeated or annulled. — n. Defkas'ible-
NESS.
DEFEAT, de-fet', v.t. to frustrate : to over-
come : to ruin.— ji. a frustration of plans :
overthrow, as of an army in battle. [Fr.
defa ite — clef a ire, lo undo — de = L. dis,
asunder, and Fr. faire, L. facere, to do.]
DEFECATE, def'e-kat, v.t. to clear from
dregs or impurities : to purify from ex-
traneous matter. [L. defceeo, defceeatus,
to cleanse — de, from, fcex, fcecis, dregs.]
DEFECATION, def-e-ka'shun, n. the act of
clearing away impurities.
OEFECT, de-fekt', n. a deficiency : a want :
imperfection : blemish : fault. [L. deficio,
defectus. to fail or be wanting — de, neg.,
and f ado, to do.]
DEFECTIBLE. de-fekt'i-bl, adj. liable to
imperfection.
DEFECTION, de-fek'shun, n. a falling
ateay from dutv : revolt.
DEFECtl\^, de^fekt'iv, adj. having de-
fect : wanting in some necessary quality :
msufficient. — adv. Defect'ively. — n. De-
FECT'IVENESS.
DEFENCE, de-fens', n. a defending : that
which defends : protection : Nnndication :
(late) a defendant's plea. — JJefesc'ed,
pa.p. {B.) fortified.
DEFENCELESS, de-fens'les, adj. without
defence. — adv. Defence'lesslt. — n. De-
FENCE'IESSNESS.
DEFEND, de-fend', v.t. (lit.) to fend or
ward off: to keep off anything hui-tful :
to guard or protect : to maintain against
attack : (late) to resist as a claim : to
contest. — n. Defend'er. [L. defendo,
defensus, to ward off — de, off, and obs.
fendo, to strike.
DEFENDA
)ABLE, de-fend'a-bl, adj. that may
be defended.
DEFENDANT, de-fend'ant, n. a defender :
(lav) a person accused or sued.
DEFENSIBLE, de-fens'i-bl, adj. that may
be defended. — )i. Defensibil ity.
OFFENSIVE, de-fens'iv, adj. serving tode-
feml : in a state or posture of defence. —
n. tliat wliich defends : posture of de-
fence.— adv. Defens'itelt.
DEFER, de-fer', v.t. to put off to another
time : to delaj' : — pr.p. deferr'ing ; pa.p.
deferred'. [L. differo—dis, asunder, /ero,
to bear, carrj'.]
DEFER, de-fer'. v. i. to yield to the wishes
or opinions of another, or to autliority.
— v.t. to submit to or lay before : — pr.p.
95
deferr'ing ; pa.p. deferred'. [L. defero—
de. down, and /ero, to bear.]
DEFERENCE, def'er-ens, v. a deferring or
yielding in judgment or opinion : regard :
submission.
DEFERENTIAL, def-er-en'shal, adj. ex-
pressing deference or respect. — adv. Def-
erex'tiallt.
DEFIANCE, de-fl'ans, n. the act of defy-
ing : a challenge to combat : contempt
of opposition.
DEFIANTNESS, de-fi'ant-nes, n. the state
or quality of being defiant : defiance.
" He answered, not raising his voice, but
speaking with quiet defiantness." — Oeorge
Eliot.
DEFICIENCY, de-fish'en-si, n. defect.
DEFICIENT, de-fish'ent, ad./, wanting.
DEFICIT, def'i-sit, n., deficiency, esp. of
revenue, as compared with expenditure.
[L.. it is wanting, 3d per. sing, of dejido.]
DEFILE, de-fir, v. i. to march off in file or
line, or file by file. — n. a long narrow
pass or way, in which troops can march
only in file, or with a narrow front. [Fi\
dejiler — L. dis, and filum, a thread. See
File.]
DEFILE, de-fa', v.t. to make foul: to pol-
lute oi' corrupt : to violate. — n. Defil'ER.
[L. de, and A.S. fylan, gefylan, to pol-
lute.]
DEFILEMENT, de-fil'ment, n. act of de-
filing : foulness.
DiEFINABLE, de-fin'a-bl, af^". that may be
defined.
DEFINE, de-fin', v.t. to fix the bounds or
limits of: to determine with precision:
to describe accurately : to fix the mean-
ing of. [Fr. — L. definio, definifus, to set
bounds to — de, a.nd finis, a limit.]
DEFINITE, def'i-nit, adj., defined: ha\ing
distinct limits : fixed : exact : clear. —
adv. Def'initely. — n. Def'initeness.
DEFINITION, def-i-nish'un, n. a defining:
a description of a thing by its proper-
ties: an explanation of the exact meaning
of a word, term, or phrase ; also, the
quahty or power of marking or showing
distinctly or clearly the outlines or feat-
ures of any object. " A small 21 inch re-
fractor . . . the definition of which is
superb." — Nature.
DEFINITIVE, de-fin'i-tiv, adj., defining or
limiting : positive : final. — n. (gram.) an
adjective used to limit the extent of the
signification of a noun. — adv. Defin'i-
TTVELY.
DEFLAGRATE, defla-grat, v.i. or v.t. to
burn down : to burn with suddenness and
sparkling. — n. Deflagra'tion. {L. defla-
gro — de, down, and flagro, to burn.]
DEFLAGRATOR, defla^gra-tor, n. a gal-
vanic instrument for producing rapid
combustion.
DEFLECT, de-flekt', v.i. or v.t. to turn
aside : to swerve or deviate from a right
line or proper course. [L. de, from, and
ftecto, to bend, turn.]
DEFLECTION, de-flek'shun, n. a turning
aside : deviation.
DEFLORATE, de-flo'rat, adj., past the
flowering state, as an anther after it has
shed its pollen.
DEFLORATION, def-lo-ra'shun, n. the act
of devouring.
DEFLOUR, de-flowi-', v.t. to deflower or
deprive offlotcers: to deprive of original
grace and' beauty : to ravish. — n. De-
flour'ee. [Fr. dkfleurir — L. defloro, to
strip flowers off — de, priv., a,ndflos,fl</ris,
a flower.]
DEFLO\\^R. Same as Defloce.
DEFLUXION, de-fluk'shun, ji. a discharge
of fluid matter in the body. [L. defluxio
— de, down, and_^i(0, fltta-um, to flow.]
DEFOLIATION, de-fMi-a'shun, n. the
falling off of leaves: the time of shedding
DEIFY
leaves. [Low L. defolio, defoliatum — de,
off. folium, a leaf.]
DEFORCE, de-fors', v.t. (law) to keep out
of possession by force. — n. Deforce'-
MENT. [Fi-. de^='L. dis, and Force.]
DEFORM, de-form', v.t. to alter or injm-e
tlie form of : to disfigure. [L. deformis,
ugly — de, from, and forma, form,
beauty.]
DEFORMATION, def-or-ma'shun, n. act of
deforming.
DEFORMITY, de-form'i-ti, n. state of being
deformed : want of proper form : ugli-
ness : disfigurement : anything that de-
stroys beauty.
DEFRAUD, de-frawd', v.t. to deprive of
by fraud : to withhold wrongfully : to
cheat or deceive. [L. defraudo — de,
from, a.nd fraus, fraudis, fraud.]
DEFRAY, de-fi'a', v.t. to discharge the ex-
pe7ises of anything : to pay :—pr.p. de-
fray'ing ; pa.^}. defrayed'. — ns. Defray'-
MENT, Defray'al. [Ft. defrayer — di,
and frais. expense — Low L. fractum,
breakage damage, expense.]
DEFT, deft, adj. handj', clever. — adv.
Deft'ly. — n. Deft'ness. [A.S. dcBft,
convenient, fitting.]
DEFUNCT, de-funkt', adj. having finished
the course of life, dead. — n. a dead per-
son. [L. defungor, defunctus, to finish —
de. And fungor, to perform.]
DEFY, de-fi', v.t. to challenge : to brave :
— pr.p. defy'ing ; pa.p. defied'. — n. De-
fi'er. [Fr. defier — Low L. diffidare, to
renounce faith or allegiance — L. dis,
asunder, and fido, to trust— ^des. faith.]
DEGENERACY, de-jen'er-a-si, DEGEN-
ERATION, de-jen-er-a'shun, n. the act
or process of becoming degenerate : the
state of being degenerate.
DEGENERATE, de-ien'er-at, adj. having
departed //'OWi. the high qualities of ra»;e
or hind : become base. — adv. Degen'-
ERATELY. — n. Dkgen'erateness. [L. de-
generatus, from degenero, to depart from
its kind — de, from, down, genus, gen-
eris, kind.]
DEGENERATE, de-jen'er-at, v.i. to fall
from a nobler state : to be or to grow
worse.
DEGENERATIVE, de - jen'er - a - tiv, adj. ,
tending or causing to degenerate.
DEGLUTITION, deg-loo-tish'un, n. the act
or power of sivallowing. [Fr. — L. de,
down, and glutio, to swallow. See
Gl0T.]
DEGRADATION, deg-ra-da'shun, n. dis-
grace.
DEGRADE, de-grad', v.t. to lower in
grade or rank : to deprive of otBce or
dignity : to lower in character or value •.
to thsgrace. [Fr. degrader — L. de, down,
and gradus, a step. See GRADE.]
DEGREE, de-gre', n. a grade or step : posi-
tion : rank : extent : a mark of distinc-
tion conferred by universities : the 8C0th
part of a circle : 60 geograpliical miles.
[Fr. degre — L. de, and gradus, a step.]
DEHISCENCE, de-his'ens, n. the opening
of the capsules of a plant.
DEHISCENT, de-his'ent, adj., gaping or
opening, as the capsules of plants. [L.
dehiscens, pr.p. of dehisco — de, intensive,
and hisco. to gape.]
DEHYDRATION, de-hl-dra'shun, n. in
chem. the process of freeing a compound
from th(,' water contained in it.
DEICIDE, de'i-sid, n. the killing of a god:
the putting to death of Jesus Christ.
[From a supposed L. form deiddium —
deus, and i-cedo, to cut, to kill.]
DEIFICATION, de-i-fi-ka'shun, n. the act
of deifying.
DEIFORM, de'i-form, adj. havang the /or>?»
of a god.
DEIFY, de'i-fi, v.t. to exalt to the rank of
DEIGN
96
DEMICIRCLE
a god : to worship as a deity : — pr.p.
deifying ; pa.p. deified'. [Fr. deifier—L.
deiflcare—deus, and facere, to make.]
DEIGN, dan, v.i. to condescend. — v.f. to
give : to allow. [Fr. daigner — L. dig-
nor. to think worthy — dignus, worthy.]
DEISM, de'izm, n. the creed of a deist. [Fr.
deisine.'\
DEIST, de'ist, n. one who believes in the
existence of Ood but not in revealed re-
ligion.—ad;. Deist'ical. [Fr. deiste—li.
deus. god.J
DEITY, de'i-ti, n. the divinity : godhead :
a god or goddess: the Supreme Being.
[Fr. — Low Li. deltas — L. deus, god ; Sans.
deva — div, to shine.]
DEJECT, de-jekt', v.t. to cast doiim. the
countenance or spirits of. [L. dejido,
dejecfus — de, down, andjacio, to cast.]
DEJECTED, de-jekt'ed, adj., cast dotim :
dispirited. — adv. Deject'edly. — n. De-
ject'edness.
DEJECTION, de-jek'shun, n. lowness of
spirits.
DELATION, de-la'shun, n. [law) act of
charging with a crime. [L. defero. de-
lation, to bring a report against, to in-
form^-de, intensive, and /ero, to bear.]
DELAY, de-la', v.t. to put off to another
time : to defer : to hinder or retard. — v.i.
to pause, linger, or put off time. — n. a
putting off or deferring : a lingering :
hinderauce -.—pr-p. delay'ing ; pa.p. de-
layed'. [Fr. delai — L. dilatio, a putting
oS—differo, dilatum—dis, apart, and/ero,
to carry. See Defer.]
OELAYABLE, de-la'a-bl, adj. capable of
delay, or of being delayed. " Law thus
divisible, debatable, and delayable. is be-
come a greater grievance than all that it
was intended to redress." — Henry Brooke.
DELEBLE. del'e-bl, adj. that can be blotted
out. [See Delete.]
DELECTABLE, de-lekt'a-bl, adj., delight-
fid : pleasing. — n. Delect' ablekess. —
adi: Delect' ABLY. [Fr.— L. delectabilis
—delecto. to delight. See Delight.]
DELECTATION, de-lek-ta'shun,?). delight.
DELEGATE, del'e-gat, v.t. to send as a
legate or representative : to intrust or
commit to. — n. one who is delegated : a
deputy or representative. — ad/.delegated,
deputed. [L. de, away, and lego, legatiis,
to send as ambassador. See Legate.]
DELEGATION, del-e-ga'shun, n. the per-
sons delegated.
DELETE, de-let', v.t. to blot out ; to erase :
to destroy. — n. Dele'tion. [L. deleo, de-
letum. to blot out.]
DELETERIOUS, del-e-te'ri-us, adj. tending
to destroy life : hurtful or destructive :
poisonous. — n. Delete'riocsness. [Gr.
deleterios, hurtful — deleomai, to hurt.]
DELF, delf, n. a kind of earthenware made
at Delft, in Holland.
DELIBERATE, de-hb'er-at, v.t. to weigh
well in one's mind. — v.i. to consider the
reasons for and against : to reflect upon :
to discuss. [L. delibero, deliberatum — de,
intensive, and libro, to weigh — libra, a
balance.]
DELIBERATE, de-lib'er-at, adj. well con-
sidered : considering carefully : .slow in
determining. — adv. Delib'erately. — n.
Delib'erateness.
DELIBERATION, de-lib-er-a'shun. n. the
act of deliberating : mature reflection :
calmness : coolness.
DELIBERATIVE, de-lib'er-a-tiv, adj. pro-
ceeding or acting by deliberation. — adv.
Delib'eratively.
DELICACY, del'i-ka-si, n. state or quality
of being delicate : anything delicate or
daintv. [Fr. delicatesse — L. delicattis.]
(DELICATE, del'i-kat, adj. pleasing to the
senses, esp. the taste : dainty : nicelj'
discriminating or perceptive •. of a fine,
slight texture or constitution : tender,
frail : requiring nice handling : refined in
manners, gentle, polite, considerate. —
7i.pl. Del'icates, (B.) delicacies. — adv.
Del'icately, in a delicate manner : (B.)
luxuriously. — n. Del'icateness, state of
being delicate : (B.) delicacy, luxury. [L.
delicatus—delicice, allurements, luxury —
delicio — de, intensive, and lacio, to en-
tice.]
DELICIOUS, de-lish'us, adj. full of delica-
cies : highly pleasing to the senses :
affording- exquisite pleasure. — n. Deli'-
ciousNESS. [L. delieiosus — delieice.]
DELICIOUSLY, de-lish'us-li, adv. in a de-
licious manner: {B.) luxuriously.
DELIGHT, de-llt', v.t. to please highly.—
v.i. to have or take great pleasure : to
be greatly pleased. — n. a high degree of
pleasure : extreme satisfaction : that
which gives great pleasure. [O. E. delite ;
from O. Fr. deliter — L. dehctare, inten-
sive of delicio. See Delicate.]
DELIGHTFUL, de-lit'fool, DELIGHT-
SOME, -sum, adj., full of delight.— adv.
Delight'fully. — »!. Delight'fulness.
DELINEATE, de-lin'e-at, v.t. to mark out
with lines : to represent by a sketch or
picture : to portray : to describe accur-
ately in words. [L. delineo, delineatum
—de, down, and linea, a line. See Line.]
DELINEATION, de-lin-e-a'shun, n. the act
of delineating : a sketch, representation,
or description.
DELINEATOR, de-lin'e-a-tor, n. one who
delineates.
DELINQUENCY, de-ling'kwen-si, n., fail-
ure in or omission of duty : a fault : a
crime.
DELINQUENT, de-ling'kwent, adj., leav-
ing one's duty : faUing in duty. — ?i. one
who fails in or leaves his duty : a trans-
gressor : a criminal. — adv. Delin'quent-
LY. [L. delinquens, -entis, pr.p. of de-
linquo — de, intensive, and linquo, to
DELIQUESCE, del-i-kwes', v.i. to melt
and become liquid by absorbing moisture,
as certain salts, etc. [L. deliquesco, to
melt away — de, intensive, and liquesco,
to become fluid — liqueo, to be fluid.]
DELIQUESCENT, del-i-kwes'ent, adj., be-
coming liquid in the atmosphere. — re.
Deliquesc'ence.
DELIRIANT, de-lir'i-ant, n. in 7ned. a poi-
son which causes more or less continued
delirium.
DELIRIFACIENT, de-lir'i-fa'shi-ent, adj.
tending to produce delii'ium. — 7i. in med.
a substance which tends to produce de-
lirium. [L. deliro, to rave, and facio,
faciens, to make.]
DELIRIOUS, de-Ur'i-us, adj. wandering in
mind : light-headed : insane. — adv. De-
lir'iously. — n. Delir'iousness. [L. de-
lirus, one that goes out of the furrow in
ploughing — de, from, and lira, a furrow.]
DELIRIURI, de-lir'i-um, n. state of being
delirious : strong excitement : wild en-
thusiasm.— Delirium Tremens, a name
generally applied to delirium produced
by excessive drinking, and marked by
convulsive or trembling symptoms. [L.
delirium (see Delirious), and tremens,
pr.p. of tremo, to tremble.]
DELITESCENCE, del-i-tes'ens, n. state of
being concealed : retirement.
DELITESCENT, del-i-tes'ent, adj., lying
hid or concealed {e.g. the germs of an
infectious disease). [L. delitescens, pr.p.
of delitesco — de, from, and latesco — lateo,
to lie hid.]
DELIVER, de-li^er, v.t. to liberate or set
free from restraint or danger : to rescue
from evil or fear : to give up, or part
with : to communicate : to pronounce :
to give forth, as a blow, etc.: to relieve a
woman in childbirth. — n. Deliv'erer,
[Fr. delivrer — L. de, from, and liberare,
to set free — liber, free.]
DELIVERANCE, de-liv'er-ans, n. act of
delivering or freeing : state of being da-
livered : freedom. Also, decision : judg-
ment authoritatively pronounced ; as, to
give a deliverance in a controversy.
DELIVERY, de-liv'er-i, n. the act of de-
livering : a giving- up : the act or man-
ner of speaking in public : the act ot
giving birth.
DELL. See Dale.
DELTA, del'ta, n. the fourth letter of the
Greek alphabet, the capital form of
which is A ; a tract of land of like shape
formed at the mouth of a river. [Gr.,
from Heb. daleth, a door (of a tent).]
DELTOID, del'toid, adj. of the form of the
Greek A ; triangular. [Gr. deltoeides —
delta, and eidos, form.]
DELUDE, de-lud', v.t. to play or impose
upon : to deceive : to cheat. [L. deludo.
to play, make sport of — de, down, hcdo.
lusus, to play.]
DELUGE, del'iij, n. a great overflow of
water : a flood, esp. that in the days of
Noah. — v.t. to inundate: to overwhelm
as with water. [Fr. — L. diluvium — dilito
— dis, away, luo=lavo, to wash.]
DELUSION, de-lu'zhun, n. the act of de-
luding : the state of being deluded : a
false belief : error.
DELUSIVE, de-lu'siv, DELUSORY, de-lu'-
sor-i, adj., apt or tending to delude:
deceptive. — adv. Delu'sively. — n. Delu'-
SrVENESS.
DELVE, delv, v.t. to dig with a spade. — >!.
Delv'er. [A.S. delfan, to dig ; conn,
with Dale. Dell.]
DEMAGNETIZE. de-mag'net-Iz, v.t. to de-
prive of magnetic power. [L. de, priv.,
and Magnetize.]
DEMAGOGUE, dem'a-gog, n. a leader of
the people : a popular and factious ora-
tor. [Gr. demagogos — demos, the people,
agogos, leading — ago. to lead.]
DEMAIN, de-man', DEMESNE, de-men', n.
forms of Domain.
DEMAND, de-mand', v.t. to claim : to ask
earnestly or authoritatively : to call for :
to question. — n. the asking for what is
due : an asking for with authority : a
claim : earnest inquiry. [Fr. — L. de-
mando, to give in charge — Low L. de-
mando, to demand — de, from, a^wAmando,
to put into one's charge.]
DEMANDABLE, de-mand^a-bl, adj. that
may be demanded.
DEMANDANT, de-mand'ant, n. one who de-
mands : a plaintiff.
DEMARCATION, DEMABKATION, de-
mark-a'shun, n. tlie act of marking off
or setting bounds to : di\'ision : a fixed
limit. [Fr. demarquer, to mark off — de.
off, and marquer. to mark. See Mark.]
DEMEAN, de-men', v.t. (with self) to con-
duct : to behave. [Fr. deniener — de, in-
tensive, and mener, to lead — Low L.
minare, to drive cattle, L. minor, to
tlireaten.]
DEMEAN, de-men', v.t. to make mean : to
lower. [L. de, and Mean.]
DEMEANOR, de-men'ur, )i. behavior :
bearing.
DEMENTED, de-ment'ed, adj., out of one's
mind : deprived of reason. [L. demena,
dementis, out of one's mind — de, from,
and 7nens, the mind.]
DEMERIT, de-mer'it, n. ill-desert : fault ;
crime. [L. de, want of, and Merit.]
DEMESNE. See Domain.
DEIHCIRGLE, dem-i-ser'kl, n. an instru-
ment for measuring or indicating angles,
sometimes used as a substitute for the
theodolite. It consists essentially of a
graduated scale of half a circle and a
DEMIGOD
97
DENY
movable rule pivoted OQ the centre so
as to sweep the g;raduated aix. E. H.
Kniijjif.
OEMIGOD. dem'i-god, n., half a god: one
wliiise nature is partly divine. [Fr. deini,
half, and GoD.]
DEMISE, de-miz', «., lai/ing doicn — hence,
a transferring : the death of a sovereign
or a distinguished person : a transfer of
the crown or of an estate to a successor.
— v.t. to send down to a successor : to
bequeath bj' will. [O. Fr. demise, pa. p.
of demettre, to lay down — L. dimittere, to
Bend away — L. dis, aside, and mittere,
VI issus. to send.]
DEMI-SEMIQUAVER, dem'i-sem'i-kwa- «
ver. n. {music) a note equal in time to K
the half of a semiquaver. [Fr. demi, p
half, and Semiquaver.]
DEMISSION, de-mish'un, n. a lowering or
iftting down : degradation : humiliation.
: L. demissio.']
LiEMOCRACY, de-mok'ra-si, n. a form of
government in which the supreme power
is vested in the people collectively. [Gr.
demokratia — demos, the people, and
krateo, to rule — kratos, strength ; akin
to E. Hakd.]
DEMOCRAT, dem'o-krat, n. one who ad-
lieres to or promotes democracy.
DEMOCRATIC, dem - o - krat'ik, DEMO-
CRATICAL, dem-o-krat'ik-al, adj. relat-
ing to democracy. — adv. Democrat'ic-
AT.I.Y.
DEMOGRAPHY, dem - og'ra - fi, n. that
branch of anthropology which treats of
the statistics of heaUh and disease, of the
physical, intellectual, physiological, and
economical aspects of births, marriages,
and mortality. [Gr. demos, people, and
graplie, a writing.]
DEMOLISH, de-mol'ish, v.t. to reduce to a
shapeless heap: to destroy, ruin. [Fr.
demolir—Jj. demolior, to throw or pull
down — de, down, and molior, to move, to
hurl— mo?e.s, aheap.]
DEMOLITION, dem-o-lish'un, n. the a«t of
pulling down : ruin : destruction.
DEMON, de'mon, n. {myth.) a spirit hold-
ing a place between man and the gods :
an evil spirit, a devil. [L. dwmon — Gr.
daimon, a spirit, genius.]
DEMONIAC, de-mo'ni-ak, DEMONIACAL,
de-mo-nl'ak-al, adj. pertaining to or like
demons or evil spirits : influenced by
demons. — adv. Demoni'acai.ly.
DEMONIAC, de-mo-ni-ak, n. a human being
possessed bva demon or evil spirit.
DEM0N0LAT:RY, de-mon-ol'a-tri, n. the
trorship of demon-" [Gr. daimon, and
latri'ia. worship.]
DEMONOLOGIST, de-mon-ol'o-jist, n. a
irriter on demonology.
DEMONOLOGY, de-mon-ol'o-ji, ?i. a dis-
oo/O'.se on demons and their agency. —
adjs. Demonolog'ic, Demonolog'ical.
[Gr. daimon, /og'o.s, adiscour.se.]
DEMONSTRABLE, de-mon'stra-bl, adj.
that may be demonstrated. — n. Demon'-
strableness. — adv. De.mon'strably.
DEMONSTRATE, de-mon'strat. r.t. to
t:hoir or point out clearly : to prove with
certaiut}'. [L. demonstro — de, intensive,
and mniistro, to show. See MONSTER.]
DEMONSTRATION, dem-on-stril'shun, n.
a pointing out : proof beyond doubt : ex-
pression of the feelings by outward
signs : show : a feigned movement of
troops in war.
DEMONSTRATIVE, de-mon'stra-tiv, adj.
making evident: proving with certainty:
given to the manifestation of one's feel-
ings.— adv. DEMON'STatATTVELY. — n. De-
MON'STRATIVENESS.
DEMONSTRATOR, dem'on-stra-tor, n. one
who proves beyond doubt : one who
G
teaches : (anat.) one who teaches anat-
omv from the dissected parts.
DEMORALIZATION, de-mor-al-i-za'shun,
n. act of demoralizing : corruption or
subversion of morals.
DEMORALIZE, de-mor'al-Iz, v.t. to bring
down or corrupt in inorals : to lower the
morale — that is, to deprive of spirit and
confidence. [Fr. demoraliser — L. de,
down, and Fr. morale, morals. See
Moral.]
DEMOTIC, de-mot'ik, adj. pertaining to
the people: popular. [Gr. demos, the
people.]
DEMULCENT, de-mul'sent, adj., soothing.
[L. demulcens — de, and mulceo, to stroke,
to soothe.]
DEMUR, de-mur', v.i. to hesitate from un-
certainty or before difficulty: to object :
—pr.p. demurr'ing ; pa.p. demurred'. —
n. a stop : pause, hesitation. [Fr. de-
meurer — L. demoror, to loiter, linger —
de, intensive, andmoror, to delay — mora,
delayj
DEM U R E, de-mur', adj. sober : staid ■
modest : affectedly modest : making a
show of gravity. — adv. Demuee'ly. — n.
Demure'ness. [O. Fr. de {bons) murs, of
good manners, Fr. moeurs — L. mores,
manners.]
DEMURRAGE, de-mur'aj, ii. an allowance
made to the owner of a trading vessel
for undue delay or detention in port.
DEMURRER, de-mur'er, n. one who de-
murs : {law) an exception by one party
in a suit to the sufficiency in point of law
of the case of the opposite party.
DEMY, de-mi', n. a size of paper 321 by
17i inches. [Fr. d£mi — L. demidium,
half — dis, through, and medius, the mid-
dle.]
DEMY, de-mi', n. a scholar of Magdalen
College, Oxford. [Etj'. same as above.]
DEN, den, n. the hollow lair of a wild
beast : a cave : provin., a narrow valley.
[A.S. denn, a cave, and denv, a valley.]
DENARY, den'ar-i, adj. containing ten. —
n. the number ten. [L. denarius — deni,
ten at a time — decem, ten.]
DENATIONALIZE, de-nash'un-al-Iz, v.t. to
deprive of national rights. [L. de, priv.,
and Nationalize.]
DENATURALIZE, de-nat'u-ral-Iz, v.t. to
make unnatural : to deprive of acquired
citizenship in a foreign country. [L. de,
priv.. and Naturalize.]
DENDROID, den'droid, adj. having the
form of a tree. [Gr. dendron, a tree, and
eidos, form.]
DENDROLOGY, den-drol'o-ji, n: a treatise
on trees : the natural history of trees.
[Gr. dendron, and logos, a discourse.]
DENIABLE, de-m'a-bl, adj. that may be
denied.
DENIAL, de-nl'al, n. act of denying or
saying no : contradiction : refusal : re-
jection.
DENIZEN, den'i-zn, n. an inhabitant : one
admitted to the rights of a citizen. — v.t.
to make a denizen of, or admit to resi-
dence : to enfranchise : to provide with
occupants. — n. Den'izenship. [O. Fr.
deinzein — deinz, dens, Fr. dans, within —
L. de intus, from within.]
DENOMINATE, de-nom'in-at, v.t. to give a
name to : to call : to designate. [L. de,
and Homino, nominatum, to name — no-
men, a name.]
DENOMINATION, de-nom-in-a'shun, n. the
act of naming : a name or title : a col-
lection of individuals called by the same
name : a sect.
DENOMINATIONAL, de-nom-in-a'shun-al,
adj. belonging to a denomination or sect.
DE>fOMINATIONALISM, de - nom - in - a-
shun-al-izm, n. & denominational or c\ass
spirit or policy : devotion to the interests
DENOMINATIVE, de-nom'in-at-iv, adj.
giving or having a title. — adv. Denom'-
INATIVELY.
DENOMINATOR, de-nom'in-at-or, n. he
who or that which gives a name : (arith.)
the lower number in a vulgar fraction,
which names the parts into which the
integer is divided.
DENOTE, de-not', v.t. to note or mark off:
to indicate by a sign : to signif j' or mean :
{log.) to indicate the objects compre-
hended in a class. — n. Denota'tion. [L.
denoto — de, intensive, and noto, to mark
— nota. a mark or sign. See Note.]
DENOUEMENT, de-noo'mong, n. the un-
ravelling of a plot or story : the issue,
event, or outcome. [Fr. denouer, to
untie — de, priv., and nouer, to tie — L.
nodus, a knot.]
DENOUNCE, de-nowns', v.t. to inform
against or accuse publiclj'. [Fr. de-
noncei — L. denuncio — de, intensive, and
nuncio, to announce.]
DENOUNCEMENT de-nowns'ment. Same
as Denunciation.
DENSE, dens, adj., thick: close: compact.
— adv. Dense'ly.— ?i. Dense'ness. [L.
de7isus, thick.]
DENSITY, derVi-ti, n. the quality of being
dense : the proportion of mass to bulk or
volume.
DENT, dent, n. a small hollow made by
the pressure or blow of a hardetbody on
a softer. — v.t. to make a mark By means
of a blow. [A variety of DiNT.]
DENTAL, den'tal, adj. belonging to the
teeth : produced by the aid of the teeth.
— n. an articulation or letter pronounced
chiefly with the teeth. [L. dens, dentis,
a tooth. See ToOTH.]
DENTATE, den'tat, DENTATED, den'tat-
ed, adj., toothed : notched : set as with
teeth.
DENTICLE, den'ti-kl, n. a small tooth.—
adj. Denticulate, den-tik'u-lat. — 7i. Den-
ticula'tion. [L. denticulus, dun. of deris,
a tooth.]
DENTIFRICE, den'ti-fris, n. a substance
used in rubbing, or cleaning the teeth.
[L. dentifricium, from de?is, and frico, to
rub.]
DENTIST, den'tist, n. one who cures dis-
eases of the teeth, or inserts artificial
teeth.
DENTISTRY, den'tist-ri, n. the business of
Q f] P'i'i f 1 <if
DENTITION, den-tish'un, n. the cutting or
growing of teeth : the conformation or
arrangement of the teeth. [L., from
dentio, to cut teeth — dens.'\
DENUDATION, den-u-da'shun, n. a making
nude or bare : {geol.) the wearing away of
rocks by water and atmospheric action,
whereby the underlying rocks are laid
bare.
DENUDE, de-nud', v.t. to make nude or
naked: to lay bare. [L. denudo — de, in .
tensive, and nudo, to make nukeA—nudns,
naked. See Nude, Naked.]
DENUNCIANT, de-nun'shi-ant, adj. ready
or prone to denounce: denunciative. "Of
all which things a poor Legislative As»
sembly and Patriot France is informed by
denunciant Friend, by triumphant Foe."
— Carlyle.
DENUNCIATE, de-nun'shi-at. Same as
Denounce.
DENUNCIATION, de - nun - shi - a'shun or
-si-a'-, n. the act of denouncing ; a threat.
DENUNCIATOR, de-nun'shi-a-tor, 1 . one
who denouncen.
DENUNCIATORY, de-nun'shi-a-tor-i, adj.
containing a denunciation: threatening.
DENY, de-ni', v.t. to gainsay or decUin- 1' I
to be true: to reject : to disown •■—]"■■/>.
DEODORIZE
98
DERIVE
denying ; pa.p. denied'. [Ft. denier — L.
de-nego — <le, intensive, and nego, to say
no. See Negation.]
DEODORIZE, de-o'dor-Iz, v.t. to take the
odor or smell from. [L. de, from, and
root of Odor.]
DEOXIDATE, de-oks'i-dat, DEOXIDIZE,
de-oks'i-diz, v.t. to take oxygen from, or
reduce from the state of an oxide. — n.
Deoxida'tion. [L. de, frotu, and Oxidate,
0xiDi2aE.]
DEPART, de-part', v.L to part from : to
go away : to quit or leave : to die. [Fr.
departir — L. de, from, and partior, to
part, to divide. See Part.]
DEPARTMENT, de - part'ment, n. that
which is parted or separated : a part or
portion : a separate part of business or
duty : a section of the administration : a
division of a country, esp. of France. —
adj. Depaetment'al.
DEPARTURE, de-part'ur, n. act of depart-
ing : a going away from a place : devia-
tion : death.
DEPEND, de-pend', v.t. to hang down or
from : to be sustained bv or connected
with anything : to rest. [Fr. dependre —
L. dependeo^le, from, and pendeo, to
hang.]
DEPENDENCE, de-pend'ens, DEPEND-
ENCY, de-pend'en-si, ri. state of being
dependent: connection: reliance: trust:
that on which one depends : colony.
DEPENDENT, de-pend'ent, n. one who
depen^ on, relies on, or is sustained by
anotlK. TFr.]
DEPENDENT, de-pend'ent, adj.. depend-
ing : relying or resting on : subject to :
subordinate. — adv. Depend'ently. [L.]
DEPHOSPHORIZATION, de-fos'for-iz-a'-
shun. n. the act or process of depriving
of or freeing from phosphorus.
DEPICT, de-pikt', v.t. to picture or paint
carefully : to make a likeness of : to de-
scribe minutely. [L. depingo, depictus —
de, intensive, SLnH pingo, to paint.]
DEPILATORY, de-pil'a-tor-i, adj., taking
hair off. — n. an application for taking off
hair. [Fr. — L. depilo — de, off, and pilus,
hair. See Pile.]
DEPLETION, de-ple'shun, n. the lessening
of the quantitj- of blood in the vessels.
[L. depleo, depictus — de, negative, and
pleo, to fill. [See Fux, Full.]
DEPLORABLE, de-plor'a-bl, adj. lament-
able : sad. — n. Deplor'ableness. — adv.
Deplor'ably.
DEPLORE, de-plor', v.t. to feel or express
deep grief for : to lament. — adv. Deflor'-
DJGLY. [Fr. — L. deploro — de, intensive,
ixnA ploro. to weep.]
DEPLOY, de-ploy', v.t. to imfold: to open
out or extend. — v.i. to open: to extend
from column into line, as a body of
troops. [Fr. deployer — des (=L. dis),
apart, and ployer (=L. plico), to fold.
Doublet of Display. See Ply.]
DEPLUME, de-plo6m', v.t. to take the
plumes or feathers from. — n. Depluma'-
TlON. [L. de, from, andpluma, a feather.]
DEPOLARIZr le-po'lar-iz, v.t. to deprive
of polarity. — n. Depolaeiza'tioji. [L.
de, from, and Polarize.]
DEPONE, de-pon', v.i. to testify upon
oath. [L. depono, to lay down — de,
down, und 2)Ono, to place.]
DEPONENT, de-p6'nent, adj. (gram.) ap-
plied to verbs with a passive form that
l$iy doicn or lose the passive signification.
— n. one who gives evidence in a court of
justice. [L., pr.p. of d^ono.]
DEPOPULATE, de-pop'u-lat, v.t. to de-
prive of population, to dispeople. — v.i.
to become dispeopled. — n. Depop'lxa-
TOK. [L. depopidor, depopulatus — de,
inteu., and popidor, to spread over a
country, said of a hostile people (L. jpop^
uhis). hence to ravage, to destroy.]
DEPOPULATION, de-pop-u-la'shun, 7i. act
of depopulating : havoc: destruction.
DEPORT, de-port', v.t. to carry off: to
transport ; to exile : to behave. [L. de-
piorto — de, away, and jsor^o, portatiis, to
carry.]
DEPORTATION, de-p6rt-a'shun, n. act of
deporting : state of being deported or
exiled : banishment.
DEPORTMENT, de-port'ment, n. carriage :
behavior.
DEPOSABLE, de-poz'a-bl, adj. that may
be deposed.
DEPOSAL, de-poz'al, n. act of deposing.
DEPOSE, de-poz', v.t. to put doum from a
throne or high station : to degrade. [Fr.
deposer — de, and poser, to place — L.
j)ausare, to pause ; Low L., to place. See
Pause, Pose.]
DEPOSIT, de-poz'it, v.t. to put or set down:
to place : to lay up or past : to intrust. —
n. that which is deposited or put down :
(geol.) rocks produced by denudation or
laying down of other formations : some-
thing intrusted to another's care, esp.
money put in a bank : a pledge. — n. De-
POS'ITOR. [L. deposit us, placed — depono,
from de. and pono, to put or set down.]
DEPOSITARY, de-poz'i-tar-i, n. a person
with whom anything is deposited, or left
for safe keeping : a guardian.
DEPOSITION, dep-o-zish'un, n. act of de-
posing: act of deponing : evidence given
in a court of justice : removal : act of
depositing : what is deposited, sediment.
DEPOSITORY, de-poz'i-tor-i, n. a place
where anything is deposited.
DEPOT, de-po' or de'po, n. a place of de-
p>osit : a storehouse : a military station
where stores are kept and recruits
trained : the headquarters of a regiment.
[Fi\ dipot — L. depositum — depono. The
n. Deposit is a doublet.]
DEPRAVATION, dep-ra-va'shun, n. act of
depraving : state of being depraved : de-
pravity.
DEPRAVE, de-prav', v.t. to make had or
worse : to corrupt. [Fi\ — L. depravo —
de, intensive, and pravus, crooked, bad.]
DEPRAVED, de - pravd', adj. corrupt :
abandoned. — adv. Deprav'edly. — n. De-
prav'edness.
DEPRAVITY, de-prav'i-ti, n. a vitiated or
corrupt state of moral character ; ex-
treme wickedness : corruption.
DEPRECATE, dep're-kat, v.t. to try to
ward off' by prayer : to desire earnestly
the removal of : to regret deeply. — adv.
Dep'recatingly. [L. deprecor, depre-
catns — de. away, and 2^'''^0'''' to pray.
See Pray.]
DEPRECATION, dej>-re-ka'shun, n. spray-
ing against evil : entreaty.
DEPRECATIVE, dep're-ka-tiv, DEPRE-
CATORY, dep're-ka^tor-i, adj. tending to
avert evil hy prayer ; having the form of
praver.
DEPRECIATE, de-pre'slii-at, v.t. to lower
the worth of : to undervalue : to dispar-
age.— v.i. to fall in value. [L. depretio,
depretiatus — de, down, and pretium,
price. See PRICE.]
DEPRECIATION, de-pre-shi-a'shun, n. the
falling of value : disparagement.
DEPRECIATFVE, de-pre^hi-a-tiv, DE-
PRECL4T0RY, de-pre'shi-artor-i, adj.
tending to depreciate or lower.
DEPREDATE, dep're-dat, v.t. to plunder or
prey upon : to rob : to lay waste : to de-
vour. [L. deprcedor, deprcedatus — de,
intensive, and praedoi — prceda, plunder.
See Prey.]
DEPREDATION, dep-re-da'shun, n. act of
depredating or plundering : state of being
depredated.
DEPREDATOR, dep're-dartor, ?i. a piu».
derer, a robber. — adj. Dep'redatoly.
DEPRESS, de-pres', v.t. to press down : to
let down : to lower : to humble : co dis-
pirit or cast a gloom over. — adv. De-
press'ingly. [L. deprimo, depressus —
de, down, and premo, to press.]
DEPRESSANT, de-pres'ant, n. in vied, a
remedial agent which represses the cir-
culation of the blood and the contractil-
ity of the heart.
DEPRESSION, de-presh'un, n. a falling in
or sinlving : a hollow : abasement : dejec-
tion.
DEPRESSIVE, de-pres'iv, adj. able or tend-
ing to depress. — n. Depress'OR.
DEPRESSrVENESS, de-pres'iv-nes, n. the
state or quality of being depressive : de-
pression. " 111 health and its concomi-
tant depressiveness.'' — Carlyle.
DEPRIVATION, dep-ri-va'shun, n. act of
depriving : state of being deprived : loss :
bereavement.
DEPRIVE, de-prlv', v.t. to take au-ayfrom
one ?iis ouii : to talke fi-om : to dispossess :
to bereave. [L. de, from, and privo, to
deprive — privus, one's own.]
DEPTH, depth, n., deepness: the measure
of deepness down or inwards : a deep
place : the sea : the middle, as depth of
winter : abstruseness : extent of sagacity
and penetration. — adj. Depth'less, hav-
ing no depth. [See Deep.]
DEPUTABLE, dep'Q-ta-bl, adj. capable of
being or fit to be deputed. "A man
deputable to the London Parliament." —
Carlyle.
DEPUTATION, dep-u-ta'shun, ?i. act of
deputing : the person or persons de-
puted or appointed to transact business
for another.
DEPUTE, de-put', v.t. to appoint or send,
as a substitute or agent : to send with a
special commission. [Fr. — L. deputo, to
cut off, Late L. to select.]
DEPUTY, dep'u-ti, n. one deputed or ap
pointed to act for another : a delegate or
representative : in U.S. an assistant to a
public officer, as Deputv U.S. Marshal.
DERANGE, de-ranj', v.t. to put out of
place or order : to disorder. [Fr. diranger
—de(L. dis), asunder, and rajigrer, to rank.
See Ra2»ge, Raxk.]
DERANGEMENT, de-ranj'nient, n. disor-
der : insanitj'.
DERELICT, der'e-likt, adj., entirely relin-
cndshed or forsaken: abandoned. — n. anj'-
thing forsaken or abandoned. [L. dere-
linquo, derelictus — de, intensive, and
linquo, to leave. See Leave.]
DERELICTION, der-e-lik'shun, n. act of
{orsaking : an entire forsaking : state of
eing abandoned.
DERIDE, de-rid', v.t. to laugh at : to
mock. — n. Derid'er. — adv. Dkrid'ingly.
[L. deri(/eo—de, intensive, and video, to
laugh.]
DERlSION, de-rizh'un, n. act of deriding:
mockery : a laugliing-stock.
DERISIVE, de-ri'siv, adj. mocking. — adv.
Deri'sively.
DERIVABLE, de-rlv'arbl, adj. capable of
being derived. — adv. Deriv'ably.
DERIVATE, der'iv-at, adj. derived. " Put
ting trust in Him from wliom the right5
of kings are derivate." — Sir H. Taylor.
DERIVATION, der-i-va'shun, n. act of de
riving : a drawing off or from i the trac-
ing of a word to its original x-oot : that
wliich is derived.
DERIVATIVE, de-riv'a-tiv, adj., derived,
or taken from something else : not radi-
cal or original. — n. that which is derived:
a word taken or formed from another
word. — adv. Deriv'ativkly.
DERIVE, de-rlv', v.t. to draw from, aa
water from a river : to take or receive
DERM
99
DESPOT
nrom a source or origin : to infer : (etym.)
to trace a word to its root. [L. derivo —
de, down from, and rivus, a nver.]
DERM, derm, n. the sMn. [Gr. derma,
'kritiatos. the skin — dero, to flay.]
DERMAL, derm'al, adj. pertaining to the
ikin : consisting of skin.
UERMALGIA. der-mal'ji-a, n. a painful
condition of the skin arising from nerv-
ous disease : neuralgia of the skin. [Gr.
derma, skin, and algos, pain.]
DERMATOLOGY, der-ma-tol'o-ji, n. the
brancli of physiology which treats of the
shin. [Gr. derma, and logos, a discourse.]
DERMOPATHIC, der-mo-path'ik. adj. re-
lating to surgical treatment of the skin.
— DERMOPATHIC INSTRUMENT, a needle
ised to conduct a current to the tissues.
i;',ROGATE, der'o-gat, v.i. to lessen by
taking away : to detract. [L. derogo, to
repeal part of a law — de, down from, and
rogo. to propose a law. See Abrooate.]
DEROGATION, der-o-ga'shun, n. a taking
from : detraction : depreciation.
IiEROGATORY, de-rog'a-tor-i, adj. de-
tracting: injurious. — adv. Deeog'ator-
ILT. — n. Deeog'atoriness.
I'ERRINGER, der'in-jer, n. a short-bar-
relled pistol of large calibre, very effect-
ive at a short range. A recent form of
tlie weapon is made with a single bar-
rel, breach-loading action, weighing in all
about 8 ounces, and carrjing a +-ounce
ball. [After the inventor, an American
trunsmith.]
DERVIS. der\ns, DERVISH, der'vish, n.
among Mohammedans, a class of monks
•vho profess extreme poverty, and lead
an austere life. [Pers. derwesch, poor.]
DESCANT, des'kant, v. (lit.) apart song:
a discourse or disquisition in several
parts, or under several heads : a dis-
' course. [O. Fr. descant — L. dis, apart,
and cantiis, a song — canto, to sing.]
DESCANT, des-kant'. v.i. to discourse at
length : to comment.
DESCEND, de-send', v.i. to climb down : to
pass from a higher to a lower place or
condition ; to fall upon or invade : to be
derived. — v.t. to go down upon. [Fr.
descendre — L. descendo—de, down, and
scando, to climb.]
DESCENDANT, de-send'ant, n. one who
descends, as offspring from an ancestor.
DESCENDENT. de-send'ent, adj., descend-
ing or going down : proceeding from an
ancestor. [L.]
DESCENDIBLE, de-send'i-bl, adj. that
may descend or bo descended.
t)ESCENSION, de-sen'shun, n. act of de-
scending : a falling or sinking. — adj. De-
scen'sional.
DESCENT, de-sent', n. act of descending :
motion or progress downward : slope : a
falling upon or invasion : derivation
from an ancestor.
DESCRIBABLE, de-skrib'a-bl, adj. capable
of being described.
DESCRIBE, de-skrib', v.t. to trace out or
delineate : to give an account of. [L.
deseribo — de, down, and scribo, scriptiis,
to writej
DESCRIPTION, de-skrip'shun, n. act of
describing : an account of anything in
words : definition : sort, class, or kind.
DESCRIPTIVE, de-skrip'tiv, adj. contain-
ing description. — adv. Descrip'ti v elt. —
n. Descrip'tiveness.
DESCRY, de-skri', v.t. to discover by the
eye : to espy : — pr.p. descry'ing ; pa.p.
descried'. [O. Fr. descrire for descrivre
— L. deseribo. It is a doublet of De-
scribe.]
DESECRATE, des'e-krat, v.t. to divert
from a sacred purpose : to profane. [L.
deseero—de, away from, and sacra, to
make sacred — sacer, sacred.]
DESECRATION, des-e-kra'shun, n. act of
desecrating : profanation.
DESERT, de-zei-t', n. the reward or pun-
ishment deserved : claim to reward :
merit.
DESERT, de-zert', v.t. to leave : to forsake.
— v.i. to run away: to quit a service, as
the army, witliout permission. [L. de-
sero, desertus—de, negative, and sero, to
bind.]
DESERT, dez'ert, adj., deserted : forsaken :
desolate : uncultivated. — n. a desolate or
barren place : a wilderness ; a solitude.
DESERTER, de-zert 'er, n. one who deserts
or quits a service without permission.
DESERTION, de-zer'shun, «. act of desei-t-
iiig : state of being deserted.
DESERVE, de-zerv', v.t. to earn by service:
to merit. — v. i. to be worthy of reward.
[L. deservio — de, intensive, and servio,
to serve.]
DESERVEDLY, de-zerv'ed-li, adv. accord-
ing to desert : justly.
DESERVING, de-zerv'ing, adj., worthy, —
n. desert. — adv. Deseev'INGLY.
DESHABILLE, des-a-bil', n. an undress:
a careless toilet. [Fr. deshabilU, un-
dressed— des, L. dis=^un, not, and habil-
ler, to dress.]
DESICCANT, de-sik-ant, DESICCATIVE,
de-sik'at-iv, adj., drying: having the
power of drying. — n. an application
that tends to drv up sores.
DESSICATE, de-sik'at, v.t. to dry up.— v.i.
to grow dry. [L. desicco, to dry up — de,
and siccus, dry/]
DESICCATION, des-ik-a'shun, 7i. the act
of desiccating: state of being desiccated.
DESIDERATE, de-sid'er-at. v.t. to long for
or earnestly desire a thing : to want or
miss. [L. desidero, desideratum — from
root of Consider. A doublet of Desire.]
DESIDERATUM, de-sid-er-a'tum, n. some-
thing desired or much wanted:— j>?. De-
siderata, de-sid-er-a'ta. [L., pa.p. of de-
sidero-l
DESIGN, de-sin' or de-zin', V.t. to mark out :
to draw : to form a plan of : to contrive :
to intend. — n. a drawing or sketch: a plan
in outline : a plan or scheme formed in
the mind: plot: intention. — adj. Design'-
ABLE. [Fr. — L. designo—de, and signum,
DESIGNATE, des'ig-nat, v.t. to mark out
so as to make known : to show : to name.
— n. Des'ignator.
DESIGNATION, des-ig-na'shun, n. a show-
ing or pointing out : name : title.
DESIGNEDLY, de-sln'ed-li, adv. by de-
sign : intentionally.
DESIGNER, de-sm'er, n. one who furnishes
designs or patterns : a plotter.
DESIGNING, de-sln'ing, adj. artful : schem-
ing : deceitful. — n. the art of making de-
signs or patterns.
DESIRABLE, de-zir'a-bl, ar?/. worthy of
desire : pleasing : agreeable. — adv. De-
sir' ably. — n. Desir'ableness.
DESIRE, de-zir', v.t. to long for the pos-
session of : to wish for : to request, ask :
(B.) to regret. — n. an earnest longing
for : eagerness to obtain : a prayer or
request : the object desired : lust. [Fr.
di-sirer—L. desiderare. See Desiderate.]
DESIROUS, de-zlr'us, adj. full of desire :
anxious to obtain : eager.
DESIST, de-sist', v.i. to stop : to forbear.
[L. desisto—de, away, and sisto, to cause
to stand.]
DESK, desk, n. a sloping table for the use
of writers or readers : a pulpit. [A.S.
disc, a table, plate — L. discus. It is a
variant of Dish and Disc]
DESMOGNATH^, des-mog'na-the, n.pl.
in Huxley's classification of birds, in
which the main characters are drawn
from the osseous structure, a sub-order
of CarinatcB, having the vomer abortive
or small ; the maxillo-palatines united
across the middle Une, either directly or
by means of ossifications in the nasal
septum. It includes a great number ot
grallatorial and natatorial birds, tlie ao'
cipitrine or raptorial, the scansorial,
most of the fissirostral groups, and all
the Sj ndactyli. [Gr. desmos, a band, and
gnathos, a jaw.]
DESOLATE, des'o-lat, v.t. to make solitary:
to deprive of inhabitants : to lay wiiste.
— adj. solitarj' : destitute of inhabitants ;
laid waste. — adv. Des'olately. — n. Des'-
olateness. [L. desolo, desolat^is — de,
intensive, and solo, to make alone — solus,
alone.]
DESOLATION, des-o-la'shun, n. waste:
destruction : a place desolated.
DESPAIR, de-spar*, v.i. to be mthout hope:
to despond. — n. want of hope : utter hope-
lessness : that which causes despair. —
adv. Despair'ingly. [O. Fr. desperer
and dcspoirer — L. despero — de, privative,
and spero, to hope.]
DESPATCH, de-spach', v.t. to send away
hastily : to send out of the world : to put
to death : to dispose of : to perform
speedily. — n. a sending away in haste: dis-
missal : rapid performance : haste : that
which is despatched, as a message. [O.
Fr. despeecher, ace. to Littre, from Low
L. dispedicare, to remove obstacles (pe-
dica, a fetter), the opp. of impedicare.
See Impeach.]
DESPATCH-BOX, de-spach'boks, n. a box
or case for carrying despatches : a box for
containing despatches or other papers
and other conveniences while travelling.
DESPERADO, des-per-a'do, m. a de.tperate
fellow : one reckless of danger : a mad-
man : — pi. Despera'does. [Sp. dese»-
perado — Li. desperatiis.']
DESPERATE, des'per-St, adj. in a state of
despair : hopeless : be\'ond hope : fear-
less of danger : rash ; furious. — adv. Des'-
PERATELY.— »l. DES'PERATENESS.
DESPERATION, des-per-a'shun, «. state of
despair : disregard of danger : fury.
DESPICABLE, des'pi-ka-bl, adj. deserving
to be despised : contemptible : worthless.
— u.Des'picableness. — artf. Des'picably.
DESPIGHT, de-spit', an old form of De-
spite.
DESPISE, de-spTz', v.t. to look doum upon
with contempt : to scorn. [L. despicio
— de, down, specio, to look.]
DESPITE, de-spIt', n. a looking down upon
with contempt : violent malice or ha^
tred.— prep, in spite of: notwithstanding.
[Fr. deJpiY, O. Fr. desjnt—L. despecttis —
despicio.]
DESPITEFUL, de-splt'fool, adj. full of de-
spite or spite. — adv. Despite'fully. — n.
Despite'fulness.
DESPOIL, de-spoil', v.t. to spoil completely:
to strip : to bereave : to rob. — ns. De-
spoil'er, Despolia'tion. [O. Fr. rfe-
spoiller — L. despoliare — de, inten., and
root of Spoil.]
DESPOND, de-spond', v.i. to lose liope or
courage : to despair. — adv. Despond'ino-
LY. [L. despo7ideo — de, away, and
spondeo, to promise.]
DESPONDENCE, de-spond'ens,DESPOND.
ENCY, de-spond'en-si, n. state of being
without hope : dejection.
DESPONDENT, de-spond'ent, adj., despond
iiig: without courage or hope: sad. —
adr. Despond'ENTly.
DESPOT, des'pot, n. one invested with ab-
solute power : a tjTant. [Gr. des-potea
— des, origin unknown, and root pat,
found in L. potis, able, Gr. posts, a nu»-
band, Sans, pati, lord.]
DESPOTIC
100
DEUCE
DESPOTIC, des-pot'ik, DESPOTICAL, des-
pot'ik-al, adj. pertaining' to or like a des-
pot : having absolute power : tjTannical.
— adv. Despot'icat.t.y.
DESPOTISM, des'pot-izm, «. absolute
power.
DESPOTIST, des'pot-ist, n. one who sup-
ports or who is in favor of despotism.
" I must become as thorough a despotist
and imperiaUst as Strafford himself." —
Kingsley.
DESPOTOCRACY, des-po-tok'ra-si, n. des-
potic rule or government : despotism.
" Despotocracy, the worst institution of
the middle ages, the leprosy of society,
came over the water ; the slave sur^aved
the priest, the noble the king." — Tlieo-
dore Parker. [Gr. despotes, a master,
and kratos, strength, power.]
DESPUMATE, des'pu-mat or de-spu'-, v.i.
to throw off in foam or scum. [L. des-
pumo, despumatus — de, off, and sjmma,
foam.]
DESQUAMATION, des-kwa-nia'shun, n. a
scaling off: the separation of the cuticle
or skin in scales. [L. desquamo, des-
quaniatus — de, off, and squama, a scale.]
DESSEET, dez-ert', n. fruits, confections,
etc. served at the close of an entertain-
ment after the rest has been taken away.
[Fr. — desservir, to clear the table — pfx.
des, away, and servir, to serve — L. ser-
irio.]
DESSERT-SPOON, de - zert'- spoon, n. a
spoon intermediate in size between a
table-spoon and a tea-spoon, and used in
eating dessert.
DESTEMPER, des-tem'per, DISTEMPER,
dis-tem'per, n. a coarse mode of paint-
ing, in which the colors ai'e tempered or
mixed in a watery glue, chiefly used in
scene-painting and in staining paper for
walls. [Fr. detrempe — de, L. dis, and
tremper for temprer — L. temperare, to
temper.]
"DESTINATION, des-ti-na'shun, 7t. the pur-
pose or end to which anything is des-
tined or appointed : end : purpose : de-
sign : fate : place to which one is going.
DESTINE, des'tin, v.t. to ordain or appoint
to a certain use or state : to fix : to
doom. [Pr. — L. destino — de, intensive,
and root sta, in sto, stare, to stand, and
allied to Gr. histano, histemi, to make to
stand, E. Stand.]
DESTINY, des'ti-ni, n. the purpose or end
to which any person or thing is destined
or appointed : unavoidable fate : neces-
sity.
DESTITUTE, des'ti-tut, adj., left alone:
forsaken : in want, needy. [L. destituo,
destitutus — de, away, and statuo, to
place.]
DESTITUTION, des-ti-tu'shun, n. state of
being destitute : poverty.
DESTROY, de-.stro}-', v.t. to unbuild or
ptdl down : to overturn : to ruin : to
put an end to : — pr.p. destroy'ing ; pa.p).
destroyed'. [O. Fr. destruire (Fr. de-
truire) — L. destruo, destructum — de,
down, and struo, to buUd.]
DESTROYER, de-stroy'er, n. one who de-
stroys.
DESTRUCTIBLE, de-struk'ti-bl, adj. liable
to be destroyed. — n. Destructibii,'ity.
DESTRUCTION, de-struk'shun, n. act of
destroying : overthrow : ruin : death.
DESTRUCTIVE, de-struk'tiv, adj. caus-
ing destruction : mischievous : ruinous :
deadly. — adv. Destruc'tively. — n. De-
STEUC'TrVENESS.
DESUDATION, des-u-da'shun, n. a violent
sweating: an eruption of small pimples
on children. [L. de, intensive, and sudo,
to sweat.]
DESUETUDE, des'we-tud, n., disuse : dis-
continuance of custom, habit, or practice.
[L. desuetudo — de, negative, and sueseo,
to become used.]
DESULTORY, dea'ul-tor-i, adj.. Jumping
from one thing to another: without
rational or logical connection: rambling:
hasty: loose. — adv. Des'ultoeily. — n.
Des'ultoriness. [L. demdtorius — de,
from, and salio. to jump.]
DETACH, de-tach', v.t. to untack or un-
fasten : to take from or separate : to
withdraw. [Fr. detacher — de, from, and
root of Attach.]
DETACHMENT, de-tach'ment, n. state of
being separated : that which is detached,
as a body of troops.
DETAIL, de-tar, v.t. to relate minutely :
to enumerate : to set apart for a par-
ticular service. — n. (de'tal or de-tal') a
small part : a minute and particular ac-
count. [Fr. detainer — de, intensive, and
tailler, to cut. See Tailoe, Tally.]
DETAIN, de-tan', f.f. to /io/d/ra?«orback:
to stop : to keep. [Fr. detenir — L. de-
tineo—de, from, and teneo, to hold.]
DETAINER, de-tan'er, n. one who detains:
(law) the holding of what belongs to an-
other.
DETAINMENT, de-tan'ment, n. same as
Detention.
DETECT, de-tekt', v.t. (lit.) to uncover-
hence to discover: to find out. [L. de,
neg., and tego, tectus, to cover.]
DETECTABLE, de-tekt'a-bl,ody. that may
1)6 d&tcctcd.
DETECTER,' DETECTOR, de-tekt'er, -or,
n. one who detects.
DETECTION, de-tek'shun, n. discovery of
something hidden.
DETECTIVE, de-tekt'iv, adj. employed in
detecting. — n. a poUceman employed sec-
retly to detect crime.
DETENTION, de-ten'shun, n. act of detain-
ing : state of being detained : confine-
ment : delay.
DETER, de-ter', v.t. to frighten from : to
hinder or pvevent-.^pr.j}. 6ieteTr'ing;pa.p.
deterred'. [L. deterreo — de, from, and
terreo, to frighten.]
DETERGE, de-terj', v.t. to unpe off: to
cleanse (as a wound). [L. detergeo, de-
tersus — de, off, and tergeo, to wipe.]
DETERGENCE, de-ter'jens, DETERGEN-
CY, de-ter'jen-si, n. the state or quality
of being detergent : cleansing or purging
power. ' ' Bath water . . . possesses
that milkiness, deiergency, and middUng
heat, so friendly adapted to weakened
animal constitutions." — Defoe.
DETERGENT, de-terj'ent, adj., cleansing:
purging. — n. that which cleanses.
DETERIORATE, de-te'ri-o-rat, v.t. to bring
down or make worse. — v.i. to grow worse.
[L. deterior, worse — obs. deter, lower —
de, down ; cf. in-ter-ior.]
DETERIORATION, de-te-ri-o-ra'shun, n,
the state of growing worse.
DETERMINABLE, de-ter'min-a-bl, adj.
capable of being determined, decided on,
or finished.
DETERMINATE, de-ter'min-at, a^j-, de-
termined or limited: fixed: decisive. —
adv. Deter'minately.
DETERMINATION, de-ter-min-a'shun, n.
that which is determined or resolved on :
end : direction to a certain end : resolu-
tion : purpose : decision.
DETERMINATIVE, de-ter'min-a-tiv, adj.
that detenuines, limits, or defines.
DETERMINE, de-ter'min, v.t. to put terms
or bounds to : to limit : to fix or settle
the form or character of : to influence :
to put an end to : to resolve on : to de-
fine. [L. determino, determinatus — de.
priv.. and terminus, a boundary.]
DETERMINED, de-ter'mind, adj. firm in
purpose : fixed : resolute. — adv. Detee'-
sonedly.
DETERMINISM, de-ter'min-izm, Ji. a sys-
tem of philosophy which denies liberty
of action to man, holding that the will is
not free, but is in\ancibly determined by
motives ; specifically, in the scliolastfc
philosophy, the doctrine that our will is
invincibly determined by a providential
motive, that is to say by a motive with
which divine Providence alwa3's furnishes
us, so as in our mental deliberations to
make the balance incline in accordanc*
with His law. " Determinism. — This
name is applied by Sir W. Hamilton to
the doctrine of Hobbes, as contradistin-
guished from the ancient doctrine of
fatalism." — Fleming.
DETERMINIST, de-ter'min-ist, n. one who
supports or favors determinism.
DETERRENT, de-ter'ent, adj. serving to
deter. — n. anything that deters or pre-
vents.
DETERSION. de-ter'shun, n. act of cleans-
ing. [See Deteege.]
DETERSIVE, de-ter'siv, n. same as De-
tergent.
DETEST, de-test', v.t. to hate intensely.
[L. detestor — de, intensive, and testor, to
call to witness, execrate — testis, a wit-
ness.!
DETESTABLE, de-test'a-bl, adj. worthy of
being detested: extremely hateful: abom-
inable. — adv. Detest' ably. — ?is. De-
test'ableness, Detestabil'ity. Carlyle.
DETESTATION, de-test-a'shun, ?i. extreme
hatred.
DETHRONE, de-thron', v.t. to remove
from a throne : to divest of royal au-
thority. [L. de, from, and Throne.]
DETHRONEMENT, de-thron'ment, /(. re-
moval from a throne: deposition.
DETONATE, det'o-nat, v.i. to explode.-
v.t. to cause to explode. [L. detono — de
down, and tono. to thunder.]
DETONATION, det-o-na'shun, n. a sudden
explosion.
DETOUR, de-toor', )i. a winding: a circui-
tous way. [Fr. de, for L. dis. asunder,
and tour, a turning. See TuRN.j
DETRACT, de-trakt', v.t. to take away
from the credit or reputation of : to
defame : to abuse. — ns. Deteact'er, De-
tract'or. — adv. Detract'ingly. [L.—
de, from, and traho, to draw.]
DETRACTION, de-trak'shun, n. deprecia-
tion : slander.
DETRACTORY, de-trakt'or-i, adj. tending
to detract : derogatory.
DETRAIN, de-tran', v.t. to take out of a
railway train, as troops. — Used also v.i.
to leave a railway train. [A recent coin-
age in military parlance.]
DETRIMENT, det'ri-ment, n. a rubbing off
or wearing away: damage: loss. [L.
detrimentum — de, off, and tero, tritus, to
rub.]
DETRIilENTAL, det-ri-ment'al, adj. in-
jurious.
DETRITION, de-trish'un, n. a icearing
auxii/.
DETRITUS, de-trrtus, n. a mass of sub-
stance gradually rubbed or irorn off soUd
bodies — smaller than debris. [L. — de,
off, and tero, tritus, to rub.]
DETRUDE, de-trood', v.i. to tliru.-<t doicn.
[L. de, down, and trudo, to tlirust.]
DETRUNCATE, de-trung'kat, v.t. to cut
off from the trunk : to lop off : to shorten
[L. de, off, and trunco. to lop — tnmeut
a trunk.]
DETRUNCATION, de-trung-ka'shun, n
act of lopping off.
DETRUSION, de-troo'zhun, n. a thrusting
down.
DEUCE, dus, n. a card or die with two
spots. [Fr. deux; two — L. duo, two.]
DEUCE, DEUSE, dus, n. the evil one : the
devil. [O Fr. deus, O God — L. deus.
DEUTEROGAMY
101
DIALOGISTIO
Grod. " It is merely a Korman oath vul-
gfarized." — Skeat.}
DEUTEROGAIVIY, du-ter-og'a-mi, n., sec-
ond marriage, esp. of the clergy, after
the death of the first wife. [Gr. aeuteros,
second, and gamos, marriage.]
DEUTEROGENIC, du'ter-o-jen ilv, adj. of
secondary origin ; specifically, in geul. a
term applied to those roclis wliich have
been derived from the protogenic roclis
by mechanical action. [Gr. deuteros,
second, and genos, birth, race.]
DEUTERONOMY, dii-ter-on'o-mi or du'ter-
on-o-mi, n. the fifth book of tlie Pen-
tateuch, which contains the second giv-
ing of the law by Moses. [Gr. deuteros,
second, and nomas, law.]
DEUTOPLASM, du'to-plazm, n. in biol. a
term applied by the younger Van Bene-
den to that portion of the yolk of ova
which furnishes materials for the nour-
ishment of the embryo and its accesso-
ries (the protoplaxin).
DEUTOPLASTIC, du-to-plas'tik, adj. per-
taining to or composed of deutoplasm.
DEVASTATE, dev'as-tat, v.i. to layicaste:
to plunder. [L. de, intensive, and vasto,
to lay waste.]
DEVASTATION, dev-as-ta'shun, n. act of
devastating : state of being devastated :
waste : desolation.
DE\"ELOP, de-vel'op, v.t. to unroll : to un-
fold : to lay open by degrees. — v.i. to
grow into : to open out :—pr.p. devel'-
oping ; pa.p. devel'oped. [Fr. develop-
per, opp. of envelopper ; both perh. from
a Teut. root found iq E. Imp, to wrap.
See Lap, Envelope.]
DEVELOPMENT, de-vel'op-ment, 7i. a
gradual unfolding: a gradual gi'owth.
DEVIATE, de'vi-at, v.i. to go from the
u-ay : to turn aside from a certain
course : to err. [L. de, from, via, a way.]
DEVIATION, de-vi-a'shun, n. a going out
of the way : a turning aside : error.
DEVICE, de-vTs', n. that wliich is devised
or designed : contrivance : power of de-
vising ; genius : (her.) the emblem borne
upon a shield. [Fr. devise. See Devise.]
DEVIL, dev'l, n. (lit.) the slanderer or ac-
cuser ; Satan : any evil spirit : a very
wicked person. — v.t. (cookery) to pepper
excessively. [A.S. deofol. dioful — L.
diabolus—Gr. diabolos, from diaballo, to
throw across, to slander, from dia, across,
and ballo, to throw.]
DEVILISH, dev'il-ish, adj. of or like the
devil: excessively bad. — adv. Dev'ilish-
LY. — n. Dev'ilishness.
DEVILRY, dev'il-ri, n. conduct worthy of
the deinl : extreme wickedness.
DEVIOUS, de'vi-us, adj. from or out of the
way: erring. — adv. De'viously. — n. De'-
viousNESs. [See Deviate.]
DEVISE, de-vTz', v.t. to imagine: to
scheme : to contrive : to give by will : to
bequeath. — n. act of bequeathing : a
■will : property bequeathed by will. [Fr.
devisei — Low L. divisa, a division of
goods, a bound or mark of division, a
mark, a devise — L. divido, divisus, to
divide.]
DEVISER, de-\'Tz'er, n. one who devises or
contrives.
DEVISOR, de-viz'or, n. one who devises or
bequeaths by will.
Devoid, de-vold', adj., quite void: desti-
tute : free from. [L. de, intensive, and
Void.]
Devoir, dev-wawr*, n. what is due, duty:
service : an act of civility. [Fr. — L.
debeo, to owe.]
DEVOLUTION, dev-o-lu'shun, n. a passing
from one person to another. [See De-
volve.]
DEVOLVE, de-volV, v.t. to 'roll itoicn : to
hand down : to deliver over. — ixi, to roll
down : to fall or pass over. [L. de,
down, volvo, volutus, to roll.]
DEVONIAN, de-vo'ni-an, adj. noting a
system of geological strata which abound
in Devonshire, originally called Old Red
Sandstone.
DEVOTE, de-v6t', v.t. to i-ow: to set apart
or dedicate by solemn act : to doom : to
give up wholly. [L. devoveo, devotus —
de, away, and voveo, to vow.]
DEVOTED, de-vot'ed, adj. given up to, aa
by a vow: strongly attached : zealous. —
adv. Devot'edly. — n. Devot'edness.
DEVOTEE, dev-o-te', n. one wholly or
superstitiously devoted, esp. to religion:
a bigot.
DEVOTION, de-vo'shun, n. consecration :
giving up of the mind to the worship of
God : piety: prayer: strong affection or
attachment : arior.
DEVOTIONAL, de-v5'shun-al, adj. per-
taining or suitable to dexiotion. — adv.
Devo'tionally.
DEVOUR, de-vowr', v.t. to swallow greed-
ily : to eat up : to consmue or waste with
\'iolence or wantonness : to destroj'. —
n. Devour'er. [Fr. devorer — L. devoro
— de, intensive, and voro, to swallow.
See Voracious.]
DEVOUT, de-vowt', adj. given up to relig-
ious thoughts and exercises : pious :
solemn. — adi: Devotjt'ly. — n. Devout'-
ness. [Fr. devot — L. devotus. See De-
vote.]
DEW, du, 11., moisture deposited from the
air in minute specks upon the surface of
objects. — v.t. to wet witli dew: to moisten.
— n. Dew'drop. [A.S. deaw, akin to Ice.
dogg, Ger. than, dew.]
DEWLAP, dii'lap, n. the loose flesh about
the throat of oxen, which laps or licks
the deu- in grazing.
DEWPOINT, du'point, n. the point or
temperature at which dew begins to form.
DEWif , AuX adj. like dew : moist with dew.
DEXTER, deks'ter, adj. on the right-hand
side : right. [L. dexter ; Gr. dexios.
Sans, dakshina, on the right, on the
south.]
DEXTERITY, deks'ter'i-ti, n., right-hand-
edness : cleverness : readiness and skill :
adroitness.
DEXTEROUS, deks'ter-us, adj., right-
haiuled: adroit: subtle.— adv. Dex'teb-
OCSLY. — n. Dex'terousness.
DEXTRAL,deks'tral, adj., right, as opposed
to left.
DEY, da, 51. a governor of Algiers before
the French conquest. [Turk, ddi, orig. a
maternal uncle, a familiar title of the
chief of the Janizaries, often promoted
to the above post. ]
DIABETES, dl-a-be'tez, n. a disease marked
by a morbid and excessive discharge of
urine. [Gr., from dia, through, and
baino, to go.]
DIABETIC, dl-a-bet'ik, adj. pertaining to
diabetes.
DIABOLIC, di-a-bol'ik, DIABOLICAL, dl-
a-bol'ik-al, adj.. devilish. — adv. Diabol'-
ically. [L. — Gr. diabolikos, from dia-
bolos, the devil. See Devil.]
DIAGONAL, di-ak'o-nal, adj. pertaining to
a deacon.
DIACONATE, dl-ak'o-nat, n. the office of a
deacon .
DIACRITIC, dl-a-krit'ik, DIACRITICAL,
dl-a^krit'ik-al. adj., distinguishing be-
tween. [Gr. — dia, between, and krino, to
distinguish. See Critic]
DIACTINIC, di-ak-tin'ik, adj. capable of
transmitting the actinic or chemical rays
of the sun. [Gr. — dia, through, and aktis,
aktinos, a ray.]
DIADEM, dl'a-dem, n. a band or fillet worn
round the head as a badge of royalty : a
crown : royalty. [Gr. diadema — dia,
round, and (/t'<5, to bind.]
DLi-DEMED, di'a-demd, adj. wearing a
diadem.
DIURESIS, DIERESIS, dl-er'e-sis, n. a
mark (••) placed over one of two vowels
to show that each is to be pronounced
separatelj-, as in aerial: — pi. Di^r'eses.
Dier'ese.s. [Gr. — dia, apart, and haireo
to take.]
DIAGLYPH, dl'a-glif, n. a sculptured oii
engraved production in which the figures
are sunk below the general surface : aE
intaglio.
DIAGNOSIS, dl-ag-no'sis, n. the distin-
guishing a disease by means of its symp-
toms : a brief description : — pi. Diagno'-
ses. [Gr. — dia, between, and ginosko,
to know.]
DIAGNOSTIC, di-ag-nos'tik, adj., distin-
guishing : characteristic. — n. that by
which anything is known : a symptom,
DIAGONAL, dl-ag'o-nal, adj., through the
corners, or from angle to an opposite
angle of a four or many sided figure. — n,
a straight line so drawn. — adv. Diaq'o-
NALLY. [L. diagonalis. from Gr. diag-
onios—dia, through, and gonia, a cor-
ner.]
DIAGRAM, di'a-gram, n. a figure or plan
drawn to illustrate any statement. — adj.
Diagrammat'ic. [Gr. diagramma — dia,
round, and grapho, to write, delineate.]
DIAGRAM, dJ'a-gram, v.t. to draw or put
into the form of a diagram : to make a
diagram of. " They are matters which
refuse to be theoremed and diagramed,
which Logic ought to know she cannot
speak of." — Carlyle.
DIAGRAPH, di'a-graf, n. an instrument
used in perspective drawing.
DIAHELIOTROPIC, di-a-he'li-o-trop'ik, ?».
in bot. turning transversely to the light,
as the stem or other organs of a plant :
pertaining to diaheliotropism. Darwin.
[Gr. dia, through, helios, the sun, and
rro_pe, a turning.]
DIAHELIOTROPISM, dl-a-he'li-ot'rop-izm,
n. in bot. the disposition or tendency of
a plant or of the organs of a plant to as-
sume a more or less transverse position
to the light. Darwin.
DIAL, di'al, n. an instrument for showing
the time of day by the sud"s shadow:
the face of a watch or clock. [Low L,
dialis. daily — L. dies, a day.]
DIALECT, di'a-lekt, n. a variety or form
of a language peculiar to a district. [Gr.
dialektos, speech, manner of speech, pe-
culiarity of speech — dia. between, and
lego, to choose, to spcakj
DIALECTIC, di-a-lek'tik, DIALECTICAL,
di-a-lek'tik-al, adj. pertaining to dialect
or to discourse : pertaining to dialectics :
logical. — n. same as Dialect^";. — adv.
Dialec'ticaLLY. [Gr. dinlektikos. \
DIALECTICIAK. di-a-kJ<-li.sh'an, ;(. one
skilled in dialectics, a htiiician.
DIALECTICS, dT-a-lek'til;s. n.^il. art of
discussing: that branch of losiic which
teaches the rules and modes of reason-
ing. [Gr. dialektike {techne, art. being
understood), art of discussing by ques-
tioning, logic]
DIALIST, di'al-ist, n. a maker of dials;
one skilled in dialling.— Dialling. dl'aJ
ing, n. the .art of constructing dials.
DIALLELOUS, di-al'lel-us. adj. in logic, a
term applied to the fallacy of reasoning
or defining in a circle, that is, the prov-
ing of one position by assuming one
identical with it, or defining two things
each by the other. [Gi-. dia, through,
(dlelon. one another.]
DIALOGIST. dl-al'o-jist, n. a speaker in. or
writer of. a dialogue.
DIALOGISTIC, dl-al-o-jist'ik, DIALOGIST
DIALOGUE
102
DIET
ICAL, di-al-o-jist'ik-al, adj. in the form
of a dialogue.
DIALOGUE, di'a-log, n., conversation be-
tween two or more persons, esp. of a
formal or imaginary nature. [Fr. — L.
dialogus — Gr. dialogos, a conversation —
dialegomai, to discourse. See Dialect.]
DIALYSIS, dl-al'i-sis, n. (chem.) tlie separa-
tion of substances by diffusion through
a membranous septum or partition : di-
aeresis :—pZ. DiALYSES, dl-al'i-sez. — adj.
Dialtt'ic. [Gr. dialysis — dia, asunder,
and lyo, to loose.]
DIAMAGNETIC, dl-a-mag-net'ik, adj.,
crosS'magnetic : applied to any substance,
sucli as a rod of bismuth or glass, which,
when suspended between tlie poles of a
magnet, arranges itself aeross the line
joining the poles (a rod of iron or of seal-
ing-wax so held arranges itself parallel
to the line joining the poles, and is said
to be paramagnetic). [Gr. dia, through,
across, and magnetis. a magnet.]
DIAMANTIFEROUS, dl'a - man - tif'er - us,
adj. yielding or bearing diamonds : dia-
mond producing. "Men with thick
straw shoes go on walking about in the
diamantiferoiis sands of the vallej'." —
Academy. [Fr. diamant, a diamond,
and L. fero, to bear or produce.]
DI A5IES0GAM0US, dl'a - me - sog'a - mus,
adj. in bot. a term applied to those lower
orders of plants which require an inter-
mediate agent to produce fertilization.
[Gr. dia, through, mesos, middle, and
gamos, mai-riage.]
DIAMETER, di-am e-ter, n. the measure
through or across : a straight line pass-
ing through the centre of a circle or
other figure, terminated at both ends by
the circumference. [Gr. diametros — dia,
through, and metrein, to measure.]
DIAMETRICAL, dl-a-met'rik-al, adj. in
the direction of a diameter: direct.— ody.
Diamet'rically.
DIAMOND, di'a-mond, n. the most valu-
able of all gems and the hardest of all
substances : a four-sided figure with two
obtuse and two acute angles : one of the
smallest kinds of English printing tj'pe.
[Ft. diamant, a corr. of Gr. adamas,
adamantos, adamant. See Adamant ;
also Daunt and Tame.]
DIAMONDED, di'a-mond-ed, p. and adj.
furnished or adorned with diamonds.
Emerson.
DIAMONDIFEROUS, dl'a - mon - dif 'er - us,
adj. same as Diamantiferous. " One of
the latest creations of pretentious sciol-
ism which I have noticed is diamondif-
erous, a term applied to certain tracts of
country in South Africa. Adamantifer-
ous, etymologically correct, would never
answer ; but all except pedants or affec-
tationists would be satisfied witli dia-
mond-producing."— Fitzedu'ard Hall.
DIAPASON, dl-arpa'zon, n. a wliole
octave : the concord of the first and last
notes of the scale. [Gr. dia, through,
and pasoii, genitive pi. of jjas, all — part
of the Gr. phrase, dia pason chordon
symphonia, concord through all the
notesj
DIAPER, di'a-per, n. linen cloth woven in
figures, used for towels, etc. — v.t. to
; variegate with figures, as diaper. [Fr.
diapre, O. Fr. aiaspre; from root of
DIAPHANEITY, di-a-fa-ne'i-ti, n. quality
of being diaphanous : power of trans-
mitting light.
DTAPHANIE, di-af'an-i, ?;. the art or proc-
ess of fixing transparent pictures on
glass, bj' means of gum or the like, for
tiie purpose of giving it the appearance
of stained glass. [Fr., from Gr. dia,
through, iind jyhaino, to show.]
DIAPHANOUS, dl-af'a-nus, adj., shining
or appearing through, transparent: clear.
— adv. Diaph'anouslt. [Gr. diaphanes
— dia, through, and phaino, to show,
shine. See Phantom.]
DIAPHORETIC, dl-a-fo-ret'ik, adj. pro-
moting perspiration. — n. a medicine that
increases perspiration. [Gr. diaphoreo,
to carry off — dia, through, and phero, to
bear.]
DIAPHRAGM, dl'a-fram, n. a thinpctr^i-
tion or dividing membrane : the muscle
which separates the chest from the ab-
domen ; called also the midriff. [Gr.
diaphragma — dia, across, phragnymi,
to fence.]
DIAPHRAGMATIC, dt-a-frag-mat'ik, adj.
pertaining to the diaphragm.
DIAPNOIC, di-ap-no'ik, adj. in wed. pro-
ducing a very slight, insensible perspi-
ration : gently diaphoretic. [Gr. dia,
through, and pneo, to blow or breathe.]
DL4PN0IC, di-ap-no'ik, n. a remedial
agent which produces a very slight, in-
sensible perspiration: a mild diaphoretic.
DIAPYETIC, di'a-pT-et'ik, adj. producing
suppuration : suppurative. [Gr. dia,
through, unApyon, pus, matter.]
DIAPYETIC, dl'a-pi-et'ik, n. a medicine
which produces suppuration : a suppurar
tive.
DIARIST, dl'a-rist, n. one who keeps a
diary.
DIARRHCEA, di-a-re'a, n. a persistent
purging or looseness of the bowels. [Gr.
diarrhoia — dia, through, and rhed, to
flow.]
DIARRHCETIC, dl-a-ret'ik, adj. producing
diarrhoea.
DIARY, dl'a-ri, n. a daily record : a jour-
nal. [L. diarium, from dies, a day. See
Dial.]
DIASTOLE, dl-as'to-le, n., dilation of the
heart, aiu-icles, and arteries ; opposed to
Systole or contraction of the same : the
making a short syllable long. [Gr. dias-
tolic— dia. asunder, and stello, to place.]
DIATHERSL4.L, dl-a-ther'mal, adj. letting
heat through, permeable by "adiating-
heat. [Gr. dia, through, and therme,
heat.]
DIATONIC, dl-a-ton'ik, adj. proceeding by
tones, as the natural scale in music. —
adv. Diaton'ically. [Gr., from dia,
through, and tonos, tone.]
DIATRIBE, dl'a-trib, n. a continued dis-
course or disputation :• an invective ha-
rangue. [Gr. diatribe, a wearing away
of time : a discussion — dia, through, and
tribo, to rub.]
DIBBER, dib'er, DIBBLE, dib'l, n. a
pointed tool used for dabbing or pricking
holes to put seed or plants in.
DIBBLE, dibl, v.t. to plant with a dibble.
— v.i. to make holes : to dip as in angling.
[Freq. of dib, a form of Dip.]
DICE. pi. of Die, for gaming.
DICEPHALOUS, dl-sefa-lus, adj., two-
headed. [Gr. dikephalos — dis, two, and
kepliale. a head.]
DICHOTOMY, dl-kot'o-mi, n. a division
into two parts. — adj. Dichot'OMODS. [Gr.,
from dicha. in two, and temno, to cut.]
DICKEY, DICKY, dik'i, n. a seat behind a
carriage. [Etv. dub.]
DICOTYLEDOff, di-kot-i-le'don, n. a plant
having two seed-lobes. [Gr. dis, two, and
Cotyledon.]
DICOTYLEDONOUS, di-kot - i - le'don - us,
adf. having ttco cotyledons or seed-lobes.
DICTATE, dik'tat, v.t. to tell another wliat
to say or write : to communicate with
authority : to point out : to command. —
n. an order, rule, or direction : impulse.
[L. dicto. dictatus, freq. of dico, to say,
to speak.]
DICTATION, dik-ta'shun, n. act, art, or
practice of dictating.
DICTATOR, dik-ta'tor, n. one invested for
a time with absolute authority.
DICTATORIAL, dik-ta-to'ri-al, adj. like a
dictator : absolute : authoritative. — adv.
Dictato'eially.
DICTATORSHIP, dik-ta'tor-ship, n. the
office of a dictator: term of a dictator's
office.
DICTION, dik'shun, n. a saying or speak-
ing : manner of speaking or expression :
choice of words : style. [L. dictio, from
dico, dictus, to say ; akin to Gr. deik-
nymi, to show.]
DICTIONARY, dik'shun-a-ri, n. a book con-
taining the u'ords of a language alpha-
betically arranged, with their meanings,
etc. : a work containing information on .
any department of knowledge, alphabeti-
cally arranged. [Fr. dictionnaire.]
DICTUM, dik'tum, n., something said ; a
saving : an authoritative saying : — -^j/.
Dic'ta. [L.]
DID, di(\—}Mst tense of Do.
DIDACTIC, di-dak'tik, DIDACTICAL, di-
dak'tik-al, adj. fitted or intended to
teach : instructive : preceptive. — adv.
Didac'tically'. [Gr. didaktikos — di-
dasko, for di-dak-sko, to teach ; akin to
L. doc-eo. to teach, disc-o, to learn.]
DIDAPPER, did'ap-er,>!. a water-bird that
is constantly dipping or di\ing under
water, also "called the dabchick (orig.
dapchick). [A compound of dive and
dapper (which is a variant of dipper).
See Dip and DiVE.]
DIDUNCULUS, dWung-'ku-lus, «. a genus
of rasorial birds of the pigeon section
(Columbacei), and comprising- only the
one species, D. strigirosfris of the Navi-
gator Islands. This bird is of special in-
terest as being the nearest living ally of
the extinct dodo. It has a total length
of about 14 inches, with a glossy plumage ,
verging from a velvety black on the
back to greenish black on the head,
breast, and abdomen. The large beak,
which is nearly as long as the head, is
greatly arched on the upper mandible,
the lower mandible being cleft into three
distinct teeth near its tip. Called also
Gnathodon and Tooth-billed Pigeon.
[Dim. of Didus, the generic name for the
dodo.]
DIE, di, v.i. to lose life : to perish : to
wither : to languish : to become insen-
sible -.^pr.p. dying ; iM.t. and p)a.p. died
(did). [From a Scand. root seen in Ice.
deyja, Dan. do, Scot, dee, akin to O. Ger.
towan, whence Ger. todt. The A.S. word
is steorfan, whence our starve.]
DIE, dl, n. a small cube used in gaming by
being fhrou-n from a box : any small cubi-
cal body : hazard -.^il. Dice, dis. [Fr.
di, det, FvoY. daf, It. dado, from LowL.
dadus = L. datus, given or cast {talus, a
piece of bone used in play, being under-
stood). Doublets, Dado, "Date.]
DIE, dl, n. a stamp for impressing coin,
etc. : the cubical part of a pedestal :—
pi. Dies, diz.
DIE-AWAY, di'a-wa, adj. seeming as if
about to die or expire : languishing :
drooping. "A soft, sweet, die-away
voice." — Miss Edgeicorth. " Those die-
away Itahan airs." — Kingsley.
DIET, dl'et, Jt. mode of /('rnig with especiaf
reference to food : food prescribed by a
physician : allowance of pro\'ision. — v.t.
to furnish with food. — v.i. to eat: to
take food according to iiile. [Fr. diete.
Low L. diceta — Gr. diaita, mode of living,
diet.]
DIET, diet, n. an assembly of princes and
delegates, the cliief national council in
several countries in Europe. [Low L.
DIETARIAN
103
DIME
diceta — Gr. diaita ; or ace. to Littre,
from L. dies, a (set) day, with which
usage of. Ger. tag, a day, reichstag.'\
DIETARIAN, di-e-ta'ri-an, n. one who ad-
heres to a certain or prescribed diet :
one who considers the regulation of the
course of food as of tlie extremest im-
portance for the preservation of health.
DIETAKY, dl'et-ar-i, adj. pertaining to
diet or the rules of diet. — n. course of
diet : allowance of food, esp. in large
institutions.
i)IETETIC, di-et-et'ik, DIETETICAi, dl-
et-et'ik-al, adj. pertaining to diet. — n.
Dietet'ics, rules for regulating diet. —
adv. Dietet'ICat.T.y. [Fr. dUtetique,
from Gr. diaitetikos.]
DIFFER, dif'er. v.i. to disagree : to strive :
to be unlike, distinct, or various : — pr.i).
differing ; 2}a.p. differed. [L. differo —
dif (=■ dis), apart, fero, to bear. See
Bear, to carry.]
DIFFERENCE, difer-ens, v. the quality
distinguishing one thing from another :
a contention or quarrel : the point in dis-
pute : the excess of one quantity or num-
ber over another.
DIFFERENT, dif er-ent, adj. distinct :
separate : unlike : not the same. — adi\
Dibt'erently. [Fr. — L. differens, differ-
eiiti.'i, pr.p. of differo.]
DIFFERENTIAL, dif-er-eii'ishal, ad/, creat-
ing a difference : (math.) pertaining to a
quantity or difference infinitely small.
DIFFICU'LT, difi-kult, adj. not easy.- hard
to be done : requiring labor and pains :
hard to please : not easily persuaded.
— adi'. Diff'iculty. [L. difficilis — dif
(^dii), negative, and/aci?is, easy.]
DIFFICULTY, difi-kul-ti, n. laborious-
ness : obstacle : objection : thtlt which
cannot be easilj' understood or believed :
embarrassment of alTairs. [Fr. difficulle
— L. difficultas = difficilitas. See DuTl-
chlt.]
1)IFFIDEN(JE, difi-dens, n. want of confi-
dence : want of self-reliance : modesty ;
ba.shfulness. [L.]
DIFFIDENT, dif i-dent, adj., tranting faith
in: distrustful of one's self: modest:
bashful.— adi\ Diff'idently. [L., pr.p.
of dijjidn, to distrust — dif (= dis), nega-
tive, fido, to trust — fides, faith.]
DIFFUSE, dif-uz', v'.t. to iwur out all
around : to .send out in aU directions : to
scatter : to circulate : to ])ublish. — n.
Diffus'er. [L. diffundo, diffusus—dif
{=dis), asunder, /?«ndo, to pour out.]
DIFFUSE, dif-us', adj., diffused: widely
spread : wordv : not concise. — adv. DlF-
Fl^SE'LY. — n. lilFFUSE'NESS.
DIFFUSED, dif-uzd', pa.p. and adj.,
spread widely : loose. — adv. Diffcs'EDLY.
— 7(. Diffcs'edness.
DIFFUSIBLE, dif-uz'i-bl, adj. that may be
diffused. — n. DlFFUSrBlL'lTv.
DIFFUSION, dif-ii'zhun, n. a .spreading or
scattering abroad : extension.
DIFFUSIVE, dif - us'iv. adj. extending :
spreading widely. — adv. Diffcs'ively. —
— n. DiFFUs'miNESS.
DIG, dig, v.t. to turn up the earth : to cul-
tivate with a spade '.—pr.j^. digg'ing ;
jKi.t. and pa.p. dug, {B.) diggecT'. — n.
Digg'er. [A.S. dician — die, a ditch. See
Dike, Ditch.]
•DIGASTRIC, di-gas'trik, adj., double-
bellied, or fleshy at each end, applied to
one of the muscles of the lower jaw.
[Gr. di, double, gaater, the belly.]
JDIGEST, di-jest', v.t. to dissolve food in the
stomach : to soften by heat and moist-
ure : to distribute and arrange : to jjrepare
or classify in the mind : to think over. —
v.i. to be dissolved in the stomach : to be
softened bv heat and moisture, n. — Dl-
Gest'er. XL. digero, digestus, to carry
asunder, or dissolve — di (=(Jw), asunder,
and gero. to bear.]
DIGEST, dl'jest, n. a body of laws collected
and arranged, esp. the Justinian code of
civil laws. [L. digesta, neut.pl. of di-
gestus, pa.p. of digero, to cai-ry apart, to
arrange.]
DIGESTIBLE, di-jest'i-bl, adj. that maybe
digested. — 1>. Digestibil'ITY.
DIGESTION, di-jest'yun, ri. the dissolving
of the food in tlie stomach : orderly ar-
rangement : exposing to slow heat, etc.
[L. digestio.]
DIGESTIVE, di-jest'iv, adj. promoting di-
gestion.
DIGHT, dit, adj. disposed, adorned. [A.S.
dihtan, to arrange, prescribe, from L.
dictare, to dictate, whence Ger. dichten,
to write poetry.]
DIGIT, dij'it, 11. (lit.) a finger : a finger's
breadth or f inch t from the habit of
counting on the fingers, any one of the
nine figures: the twelfth part of the
diameter of the sun or moon. This word
is often used scientifically to signify toe,
as well as finger, when speaking of ani-
mals, and in this sense it is coextensive
with the Latin digitus. [L. digitus, a
finger or toe, akin to Gr. dakfylos ; ace.
to Curtius, from the root dek, seen in
Gr. dechomai, to receive.]
DIGITAL, dij'it-al, adj. pertaining to the
fingers. [L. digitalis— digitus.]
DIGITAL, dij'it-al, n. a finger : a digit.
" Beauish brigands who wear . . . paste
rings upon unwashed digitals." — Ld. Lyt-
ton. Also, one of t he keys of instruments
of the organ or piano class.
DIGITATE, dij'i-tat, DIGITATED, dij'i-
tat-ed, adj. consisting of sever^ finger-
like sections. — ?i. Digita'tion. [L. digi-
tatns. ha\ing fingers — digitus.]
DIGITIGRADE, dij'i-ti-grad, adj., u'alking
on the toes. — n. an animal that walks on
its toes, as the lion. [L. digitus, and
r/radior, to step, to walk.]
DIGNIFIED, dig'ni-fid, adj. marked with
dignitii: exalted: noble: grave.
DIGNIFY, dig'ni-fi, v.t. to invest with
honor : to exalt : — pr.p. dig'nifying ;
pa.p. dig'nifled. [Low L. dignifico — di'gr-
nus, worthy, fado, to make.]
DIGNITARY, dig'ni-tar-i, n. one in a dig-
nified position : one who holds an eccle-
siastical rank above a priest or canon.
[Fr. digiiitaire — L. dignitus.]
DIGNITY, dig'ni-ti, n. the state of being
worthy or dignified: elevation of mind
or character : grandeur of mien : eleva-
tion in rank, place, etc. : degree of excel-
lence : preferment : high oflRce. [Fr.
dignite — L. dignitas — dignus, worthy ;
akin to Decent. Decorous.]
DIGRAPH, dl'graf, n. two letters express-
ing but one sound, as p/i in digra2}h.
[Gr. di, t\vica,gra2)he, a mark, a character
— graplio, to write.]
DIGRESS, di-gres', v.i. to stej) aside or go
from the main subject : to introduce
irrelevant matter. [L. digredior, digrcs-
sns — di. aside, gradior, to step. See
Grade.]
DIGRESSION, di-gresh'un, n. a going from
the main point : a part of a discourse
not upon the main subject.
DIGRESSIONAL, di-gresh'un-al, DIGRES-
SIVE, di-gres'iv, adj. departing from the
m.ain subject. — adv. Digress'ively.
DIKE, dik. «. a trench or the earth dugout
and thrown up : a ditcli : a mound raised
to prevent inundation: (geol.) a wall-
like ma-ss of igneous rock in the fissures
of. stratified rocks. — v.t. to surround with
a dike or bank. [A.S. die; Dut. dijk,
Ger. teich, a pond : Gr. teichos. a wall or
rampart ; akm to DouOH. See DiG ; also
Ditch.]
DIKER, dik'er, n. one who digs a dike or
trench : one who builds a dike, wall, or
stone fence.
DILACERATE, di-las'er-at, v.t. to rend or
tear asunder. — n. Dilac'eration. [L. —
di, asunder, and Lacerate.]
DILAPIDATE, di-lap'i-dat, v.t. to pull ston*
from stone : to lay waste : to suffer to go
to ruin. — n. Dilap'idator. [L. dilapido
— di, asunder, lapiis, lapidis, a stone.]
DILAPIDATION, di-lap-i-da'shun, n. the
state of ruin : impairing of church prop-
erty bv an incumbent.
DILATABLE, di-lafa-bl, adj. that may be
dilated or expanded. — n. Dilatabil'itt.
DILATATION, dil-a-ta'shun, DILATION,
di-la'shun, n. expansion.
DILATE, di-lat', v.t. to sptread ont in all
directions : to enlarge : the opp. of Con-
tract.— v.i. to widen : to swell out : to
speak at length. — n. Dilat'er. [L. dila-
tus (used as pa.p. of differo), from di
(=dis, apart), analatus^tlatus {Gr. tletos,
borne, suffered), from root of folio. See
Tolerate.]
DILATORY, dil'a-tor-i, adj. slow : griven to
procrastination : loitering : tending to
delay. — adv. Dil'atorlly. — n. Dil'atori-
NESS. [L. dilatoriiis, extending or put-
ting off (time). See Dilate.]
DILEMMA, di-lem'a, n. an argument in
which the opponent is caught between
two difficulties : a state of matters in
which it is difficult to determine what
course to pursue. [L. — Gr. dilemma —
di, twice, double, lemma, anything re-
ceived— laniband, to take, to seize.]
DILETTANTE, dil-et-an'te, n. one who
loves tlie fine arts, but in a superficial
way and without serious purpose :^ji.
Dilettan'ti (-te). — n. Dilettan'teism.
[It., pr.p. of dilettare, to take delight in
— L. delectare, to delight.]
DILIGENCE, dil'i-jens, n. steady applica-
tion : industry : a French stage-coach.
DILIGENT, dil'i-jent, adj. steady and ear-
nest in application : industrious. — adv.
Dil'ioently. [Fr. — pr.p. of L. diligo,
to cl»oose, to love.]
DILL, dil, n. a plant, the seeds of wliich
are used in medicine. [A.S. dile ; Ger.
and Sw. dill.]
DILUENT, dilTi-ent, adj., diluting. —n.
that which dilutes.
DILUTE, di-lut', v.t. to make thinner or
more liquid : to diminisix the strength,
flavor, etc., of, by mixing-, esp. with
water. — adj. diminished in strength by
mixing with water. — n. Dilu'tion. [C
diluo, dilutus — di, away from, h(0, to
wash.]
DILUVIAL, di-lu'vi-al, DILm'IAN, di-lu'-
vi-an, adj. pertainiugto a. flood, esp. that
in the time of Noah : caused bj* a deluge.
DILUVIALIST, di-lu'vi-al-ist, »)'. one wlio
explains geological phenomena by The
Flood.
DILLWIUM, di-lu'vi-um, 71. an inundation
or flood : (geol.) a deposit of sand, gravel,
etc., made by the former action of the
sea. [h.dililvinm — diluo. See Deluge.]
DIM, dim, adj. not bright or distinct : ob
scure : mysterious : not seeing clearly.—
adj. Dni'jl'lSH, somewhat dim. — adv.
Dim'ly. — n. DiM'XESS. [A.S. dim ; akin
to Ice. dimmr, dark, and Ger. dammer-
itng, twilight.]
DIM, dim. v.t. to make dark : to obscure:
— pr.p. dinmi'ing ; 2M.P- dimmed'.
DI5IARIS, dim'a-ris, )i. in logic, a mnemonic
word denoting a syllogism of the fourth
figure, comprising a particular affirma-
tive major premise, a universal affirma-
tive mmor premise, and a particular
affirmative conclusion.
DIME, dim, n. the tenth part of a dollar.
DIMENSION
104
DIRGE
[Fr., orig. disnie, from L. deeima {pars,
a part, being understood), a tenth part.]
DIMENSION, di-men'shun. 7i. usually in pi.,
measure in length, breadth, and thick-
ness : extent : size. [Fr. — L. dimensio —
dimet'or, dmiensus — di (= dis), apart,
mefior, to measure.]
DIMETER, dim'e-ter, adj. containing tivo
metres or measures. — n. a verse of two
measures. [L. — Gr. dimetros — di, twice,
metron. a measure.]
DIMINISH, di-min'ish, v.t. to makeless: to
take a part from : to degrade. — v.t. to
grow or appear less : to subside. — adj. Dl-
min'ishable. [Coined from L. di {=dis),
apart, and E. MiNISH.]
DIMnsrUENDO, di-min-u-en'do, adv. (Ht.)
to be diminished : (mus.) a direction to
let the sound die awaj', marked tlius >.
[It. — L. diminuendus, fut.p. pass, of di-
minuo, diminutus. to lessen.]
DIMINUTION, dim-i-nu'shun, n. a lessen-
ing: degradation.
DIMINUTIVE, di-min'u-tiv, adj. of a di-
minished size : small : contracted. — n.
(gram.) a word formed from another to
express a little one of the kind. — af7r. Dl-
MIN'CTIVELY. — H. DiMIN'UTIVENESS.
DIMISSORY, dim'is-or-i or di-mis'-, adj.,
sending airay or gi\'ing leave to depart
to another jurisdiction. [L. dimissorius
— dimitto, dimissiis.']
DIMITY, dim'i-ti, n. a kind of stout white
cotton cloth, striped or figured in the
loom by wea\'ing with two threads.
[Tiirough the L., from Gr. dimitos — di,
twice, mitos. a thread.]
DIMORPHISM, di-mor'fizm, n. (hot.) a
state in wliich two forms of flower are
produced by the same species : the prop-
erty of crystallizing in two forms. [Gr.
di, twice, morphe, form.]
DIMORPHOUS, dl-mor'fus, adj. having the
property of dimorphism.
DIMPLE,'dim'pl, n. a small holloic: a small
natural depression on tlie face. — r.i. to
form dimples. — v.t. to mark with dim-
ples. [Dim. of dip, with inserted m.
Another dim. is Dapple.] '
DIMPLY, dim'pli, adj. full of dimples.
DIMPSI, dimp'si, n. a preserve made with
apples and pears cut into small pieces.
DIN, din, n. a loud continued noise. — v.t.
to strike witli a continued or confused
noise : to annoy with clamor : — pr.p.
dinn'ing ; pa.p. dinned'. [A.S. dyne ;
akin to Ice. dynr. noise.]
DINE, din, v.i. to take dinner. — v.t. to give
a dinner to. [O. Fr. disner (Fr. diner) —
Low L. disnare : perh. from decoenare —
L. de. intensive, and eceno, to dine.]
DING, ding, v.t. to throwor dash violently :
to urge or enforce : to keep constantly
repeating : to impress on one by persist-
ent reiteration — with reference to the
monotonous jingle of a bell. " If I'm to
have any good, let it come of itself ; not
keep dinging it, dinging it into one so."
— Goldsmith. — v. i. to ring or sound. [E. ;
cf. Scot, ding, Ice. dengja, to hammer,
[Svv. diinga, to bang.]
OKsGDONG, ding'dong, Ji. the sound of
bells ringing : monotony: sameness.
DINGLE, ding'gl, n. a little holloic : a nar-
row hollow between hills (=dimble or
dimple, a little dip or depression). [See
Dimple and Dip.]
DINGLE-DAIS^GLE, ding'gl-dang'gl, adv.
hanging loose : swinging backwards and
forwareYs. [See under Dangle.]
DINGO, ding go, n. the native dog of Aus-
tralia.
DINGY, din'ji, adj. of a dim or dark color:
dull : soiled. — n. Din'giness. [Acc. to
Skent^^ungy, i.e. dirty.]
DINNER, din'er, n. the chief meal of
the day : a feast. [O. Fr. disner. See
Dine.]
DINORNIS, dl-nor'nis, n. a genus of large
extinct birds, the bones of which are found
in New Zealand. [Gr. deinos, terrible,
and ornis, a bird.]
DINOTHERIUM, dl-no-the'ri-um, n. an ex-
tinct animal of huge size, with elephant-
Uke tusks. [Gr. deinos, terrible, and
therion, a beast.J
DINT, dint, n. (ong.) a hloiv or stroke : the
mark left by a blow: force, power. [A.S.
dynt, a blow ; Scot, dunt, a blow with a
dull sound, Ice. dyntr.]
DIOCESAN, di-os'es-an or dl'6-se-san, adj.
pertaining to a diocese. — n. a bishop as
regards his diocese.
DIOCESE, dr'6-ses, n. the circuit or extent
of a bishop's jurisdiction. [Gr. dioikesis
— dioikeo, to keep house — di, for dia, sig.
completeness, oikeo, to manage a house-
hold— oikos, a house.]
DICECIOUS, dl-esh'i-us, adj. (hot.) having
male flowers on one plant, and female
on another. [Gr. di, twice, and oikos, a
house.]
DIOPTRIC, dl-op'trik, DIOPTRICAL, dl-
op'trik-al, adj. pertaining to dioptrics.
[Gr. — di, through, and root op-, which
appears in opsomai, fut. of horao, to
see.]
DIOPTRICS, dl-op'triks, n.pl. the science
of the properties of Ught in passing
through different mediums.
DIORAMA, di-o-ra'ma, »i. an exhibition of
pictui'es, illuminated, and viewed through
an opening in tlie wall of a darkened
chamber. — adj. Dioraji'ic. [Gr. di,
through, horao, to see.]
DIP, dip, v.t. to dive or plunge into any
liquid for a moment. — v.i. to sink : to
enter slightly : to look cursorily : to in-
cline downwards -.^pr.p. dipp'ing ; i>a.p.
dipped'. — n. inclination downwards : a
sloping. [A.S. dyppan ; Dan. dyppe ;
Ger. taufen. to immerse ; related to
Deep and Dm:.]
DIPCHICK, dip'chik, n. same as Dab-
chick.
DIPETALOUS, dl-pet'a-lus, adj. having
two petals. [Gr. di, twice, and Petal.]
DIPHTHERIA, dif-the'ri-a, n. a throat
disease in which the air -passages be-
come covered witli a leather-like mem-
brane.— adj. Diphthekit'ic. [Gr. diph-
thera, leather.
DIPHTHERITIS, dif-ther-I'tis, n. a name
given to a class of diseases which are
characterized by a tendency to the for-
mation of false membranes, and affect
the dermoid tissue, as the mucous mem-
branes and even the skin. Dunglison.
[Gr. diphthera, a skin.]
DIPHTHONG, dif 'thong or dip' thong, n.,
two yowe\- sounds pronounced as one
syllable. [Fr. diphthongue — Gr. diph-
thongos, with two sounds — Gr. di, twice,
phthongos. a sound.]
DIPHTHONGAL, dif-thong'gal or dip-
thong'gal, adj. relating to a diphthong.
— adv. Diphthong' ALLY.
DIPHTHONGIZATION.dif'thong-iza'shun
or dip-thong-iz-a'shun, ?i. the act of diph-
thongizing. Sweet.
DIPH'fHONGIZE. dif'thong-Iz or dip'-
thong-iz, v.t. to form, as a vowel, into
a diphthong: thus the m of many Old
English or Anglo-Saxon words has been
diphthongized into o«' in modern English,
as in the word nou'.
DIPLOMA, di-plo'ma, n. a writing con-
ferring some honor or pri\Tlege. [L. di-
ploma, from Gr. diploma, a letter folded
double — diploos, double.]
DIPLOMACY, di-plo'ma-si, n. the art of
negotiation, esp. of treaties between
states : political skill.
DIPLOMAT, di-plo'mat, n. a diplomatist.
DIPLOMATIC, dip-16-mat'ik, DIPLO-
MATICAL, dip-l6-mat'ik-al. adj. per-
taining to diplomacy : skillful in nego-
tiation.— adv. Diplomat'ically.
DIPLOMATIC, dip-16-mat'ik, n. a minister
at a foreign court. — 2)1. the science of de-
ciphering ancient writings, as diplomas^
etc. [Fr. diplomatique. "l
DIPLOMATIST, di-plo'ma-tist, n. one
skilled in diplomacy.
DIPLOMATIZE, di-plo'ma-tiz, v.t. to con-
fer a diploma upon. Thackeray.
DIPPER, dip'er, n. a bird that finds its
food by dipping or diving into streams
or lakes.
DIPSAS, dip'sas, n. an Asiatic and Ameri-
can tree-snake whose bite is said to cause
Intense thirst. [Gr. dipsas — dipsos,
thirst.]
DIPSOJLANIA, dip-so-ma'ni-a, n. an insane
or irresistible craving for alcoholic stimu-
lants. [Gr. dipsa, thirst, and mania,
madness.]
DIPTERAL, dip'ter-al, DIPTEROUS, dip'-
ter-us, adj. having tu-o wings. [Gr. di,
twice, pteron, a wing.]
DIPTERAN, dip'ter-an, n. an insect hav-
ing only two u-ings. as the house-fly ■.—pi.
Dip'terans or Dip'tera.
DIPTYCH, dip'tik. n. a double-folding
writing tablet : a register of bishops,
saints, etc.: also a design or representa-
tion, as a painting or carved work, on
two folding compartments or tablets,
[Gr. diptychos — di-, and ptysso, to fold.]
DIRE, dir, adj. dreadful : calamitous in a
high degree. [L. dims, perhaps akin to
Gr. deido, to fear.]
DIRECT, di-rekt', adj. quite straight:
straightforward : in the line of descent :
outspoken : sincere. — v.t. to keep or lay
quite straight : to point or aim straightly
or correctly : to point out the proper
course to : to guide : to order : to mark
with the name and residence of a per-
son.— adv. Direct'ly.— Ji. Directn-ess.
[L. dirigo, directus — di, completely, and
rego, to rule, to make straisrht.]
DIRECT- ACTION, di-rekt'-ak-shun. adj. a
term applied to a steam-engine in which
the piston-rod or cross-head is connected
directly bj' a rod with the crank, dispens-
ing with walking-beams and side-levers.
DIRECTION, di-rek'shun, )i. aim at a cer-
tain point : the line or course in which
anything moves : guidance : command :
the body of persons who guide or man-
age a matter : the written name and
residence of a person.
DIRECTIVE, di-rekt'iv, adj. having power
or tendencj' to direct ; also capable of
being directed, managed, or handled.
"Swords and bows directive bv the
limbs."— Sftafc.
DIRECTOR, di-rekt'or, n. one who directs:
a manager or governor : a counsellor :
part of a machine or instrument which
guides its motion.— -/eiii. Dieect'ress or
DiRECT'RIX.
DIRECTORATE, di-rekt'or-iit. DIRECTOR-
SHIP, di-rekt'or-ship, Ji. the ofllce of, or
a bodv of directors.
DIRECTORIAL, di-rek-to'ri-al, adj. per-
taining to directors : giving direction.
DIRECTORY, di-rekt'or-i, adj. containing
directions: guiding. — n. a body of direc-
tions : a guide : a book with the names
and residences of the inhabitants of a
place : a body of directors.
DIREFUL, dir'fool, adj. old and poetic
form. Same as DiRE. — adv. DlRE'rULLY.
—n. Dire'fulness.
DIRGE, derj, ?;. a funeral song or hymn
[Contracted from dirige. the first word
of a Latin funeral hymn, from dirigo, to
direct.]
DIRGEFUL
105
DISCONCERT
DIRGEFUL, derj'fool, adj. lamenting :
wailing: moaning. " Soothed sadly by
the dirgeful wind." — Coleridge.
DIRK, derk, >i. a dagger or poniard. [Scot.
durk : from tlie Celtic, as in Ir. dairc]
DIRT, dert, n., dung, excrement: any filthy
substance. [A.S. gedritan ; Ice. drit, ex-
crement.]
DIRTY, dert'i, adj. defiled with dirt : foul :
filthy: mean. — v.t. to soil with dirt: to
sully : — pr.p. dirt'ying : pa.p. dirt'ied. —
adv. Dirt'ily. — n. Dirt'ixess.
DISABILITY, dis-a-bil'i-ti. n. want of
power : want of legal qualification.
DISABLE, dis-a'bl, v.t. to make unable :
to deprive of power : to weaken : to dis-
qualifj'. [L. dis, privative, and Able.]
DIS, dis, n. a name sometimes given to the
god Pluto, the god of the lower world.
O Proserpina,
For the flowers now that frighted thou let'st fall
From Dis's waj^on. — Shak.
DIS, dis, ?i. Festuca pattda, a kind of grass
which grows in Tripoli and Tunis, and is
largelv imported for paper making.
DISABUSE, dis-ab-iiz', v.t. to free from
ahtise or mistake : to undeceive : to set
right. [L. dis. privative, and Abuse.]
DISADVANTAGE, dis-ad-vant'aj, n. want
of advantage : what is unfavorable to
one"s interest : loss : injury. [L. dis,
and Advantage.]
DISADVANTAGEOUS, dis-ad-vant-a' j us,
adj. attended with disadvantage : unfav-
orable.— adv. Disadvanta'geously.
DISAFFECT, dis-af-fekt', v.t. to take away
the affection of : to make discontented or
unfriendly: — pa.p and adj. Disaffect'ed,
ill-disposed, disloyal. — adv. Disaffect'-
EDLY. — n. Disaffect'edness. [L. dis,
privative, and Affect.]
DISAFFECTION, dis-af-fek'shun. n. state
of being disaffected : want of affection or
friendliness : disloyalty : hostilitj- : ill-
will.
DISAFFIRM, dis - af - ferm', v.t. to deny
(what has been affirmed) : to contradict.
[L. dis, negative, and Affirm.]
DISAFFOREST, dis-af-for'est, v.t. to de-
prive of the privilege of /oresi laws. [L.
dis, privative, and Low L. afforestare, to
make into a forest. See Forest.]
DISAGREE, dis-a-gre', v.i. to difTer or be
at variance : to dissent. [L. dis, negative,
unrl Ar'RP'F' "1
DISAGREEABLE, dis-a-gre'a-bl, adj not
agreeable : unpleasant : offensive. — adv.
Disagree' ABLY. — n. Disagree' ableness.
DISAGREEMENT, dis-a-gre'ment, u. want
of agreement : difference : unsuitable-
ness : dispute.
DISALLOW, dis-al-low', v.t. not to allow :
to refuse permission to : to deny tlie au-
thority of : to reject. [L. dis, negative,
and Allow.]
DISALLOWABLE, dis-al-low'a-bl, adj. not
allowable.
DISALLOWANCE, dis-al-low'ans, n. re-
fusal to permit.
DLSAJIIS, dis'a-mis. n. in logic, a mnemonic
word denoting a syllogism of the third
figure, comprising a particular affirmative
major premise, a universal affirmative
minor premise, and a particular affirma-
tive conclusion.
DISANNUL, dis-an-nul', i:t. to annul com-
pletely. — ns. Disannul'mest, Disan-
mjll'ing. [L. dis, intensive, and Annul.]
DISAPPEAR, dis-ap-per'. v.i. to vanish
from sight. [L. dis. negative, and Ap-
pear.]
DISAPPEARANCE, dis-ap-per'ans, n. a
ceasing to appear : removal from sight.
DISAPPOINT, dis-ap-point', r.^ to deprive
one of what he expected : to frustrate.
[L. dis. negative, and Appoint.]
DISAPPOINTMENT, dis-ap-point'ment, n.
the defeat of one's hopes : miscarriage :
frustration.
DISAPPROBATION, dis-ap-prob-a'shun,
DISAPPROVAL, dis-ap-proov'al, n. cen-
sure : dislike.
DISAPPROVE, dis-ap-proov', v.t. to give
an imfavorable opinion of : to reject. —
adv. Disapprov'ingly. [L. dis, negative,
and Approve.]
DISARM, diz-arm', v.t. to deprive of arms :
to render defenceless : to quell : to ren-
der harmless. — n. DisaKm'aMENT. [L.
dis. privative, and ARM.]
DISARRANGE, dis-a-ranj', v.t. to undo the
arrangement of : to disorder. — n. Dis-
areange'ment. [L. dis, privative, and
Arrange.]
DISARRAY, dis-a-ra', v.t. to break the
array of : to throw into disorder : to
strip of array or dress. — n. want of ar-
ray or order : undress. [L. dis, privative,
and Array.]
DISASSOCIATE. dis-as-s6'shi-at, t\t. to
disconnect things associated. [L. dis,
pi-ivative, and ASSOCIATE.]
DISASTER, diz-as'ter, )!. an adverse or un-
fortunate event : a misfortune: calamity.
[Fr. desastre — des (=L. dis), negative,
and astre, a star, (good) fortune — L.
CI ^T 7*1 J 717 1 ^T il T* I
DISASTROUS, diz-as'trus, adj., ill-starred:
unpropitious : unfortunate. — adv. Disas'-
trously.
DISATTUNE, dis-at-tun', v.t. to put out
of tune or harmonj'. Ld. Lytton.
DISAVOW, dis-a-vow', v.t. to disclaim : to
disown : to deny. [L. dis, negative, and
Avow.]
DISAVOWAL, dis-a-vow'al, n. act of dis-
avowing : rejection : denial.
DISBAND, dis-band', v.t. to break up a
band : to disperse. — v.i. to break up. [L.
dis. privative, and Band.]
DISBANDMENT, dis-band'^ment, n. act of
disbanding.
DISBAR, dis-bar', v.t. to expel a barrister
from the bar. [L. dis, privative, and
Bar.]
DISBELIEF, dis-be-lef, n. want of belief.
DISBELIEVE, dis-be-lev', v.t. to refuse be-
lief or credit to. [L. dis, negative, and
Believe.]
DISBELIEVER, disbe-lev'er, n. one who
disbelieves.
DISBURDEN, dis-bur'dn, DISBURTHEN,
dis-bur'f/(n, v.t. to unburden or rid of a
burden : to free. [L. dis, privative, and
Burden.]
DISBURSE, dis-burs', v.t. to take from the
purse : to paj' out. [O. Fr. desbourser —
des (^L. dis), a part, and bourse, a purse.]
DISBURSEMENT, dis-burs'ment, n. a pay-
ing out : that which is paid out.
DISC, DISK, disk, n. the face of a round
plate : the face of a celestial body. [A.S.
disc — L. discus — Gr.diskos, a round plate,
a quoit, from dikein, to cast. [See Desk,
DiSH.]
DISCAGE, dis-kaj', v.t. to take or put out
of a cage.
Until she let me fly discaged to sweep
In ever-higherin^ eagle-ciroles up. — Tennyson.
DISCARD, dis-kard, v.t. to throw away,
as useless, said of cards : to cast off : to
discharge : to reject. [L. dis, away, and
Card.]
DISCERN, diz-ern', v.t. to distinguish clear-
ly by the eye or understanding : to judge.
[L. dis, thoroughly, and certio, to sift,
perceivej
DISCERNER, diz-ern'er, n. a person or
thing that discerns.
DISCERNIBLE, diz-ern'i-bl, adj. that may
he perceived : distinguishable. Also Dis-
cern'able. Jer. Taylor. — adv. Discern'-
ibly.
DISCERNMENT, diz-ern'ment, n. power or
faculty of discriminating : judgment.
DISCHARGE, dis-chilrj', v.t. to free from
a charge : to unload or remove the car-
go : to set free : to acquit : to dismiss :
to fire, as a gun : to let out or emit. — n.
act of discharging: unloading: acquit-
tance : dismissal : that which is dis-
charged. — 11. Dischaeg'er. [L. dis,
priv., and Charge.]
DISCIPLE, dis-I'pl, ?/. a learner : one who
professes to receive instruction from
another : one who follows or believes in
the doctrine of another : a follower. — n.
Disci'pleship. [Fr.— L. diseipulus, from
disco, to learn ; akin to doceo, to teach.]
DISCIPLINABLE. dis'i-pUn-a-bl, adj capa-
ble of training or in.struction.
DISCIPLINARIAN, dis-i-plin-a'ri-an, n.
one who enforces rigid rule.
DISCIPLINARY, dis'i-plin-ar-i, adj per-
taining to or intended for disci2)line.
DISCIPLINE, dis'i-plin, n., instruction:
training, or mode of life in accordance
with rules : subjection to control : or-
der : severe training : mortification :
punishment. — v.t. to subject to disci-
pline : to train : to educate : to bring
under control : to chastise. [L. disci-
plina. from diseipulus.]
DISCLAIM, dis-klam', v.t. to renounce
claim to : to refuse to acknowledge : to
reject. [L. dis, privative, and Claim.]
DISCLAIMER, dis-klam'er, h. a denial, dis-
avowal, or renunciation.
DISCLOSE, dis-kloz', v.t. to nnclose ; to
open : to lay open : to bring to light : to
reveal. [L. dis, negative, and Close.]
DISCLOSURE, dis-klo'zhur, n. act of dis-
closing : a bringing to light or revealing :
that which is disclosed or revealed -.^pl.
scandalous discoveries in official life.
DISCOID, dis'koid. DISCOIDAL, dis-koid'-
al, adj. having the form of a disc. [Gr.
di^kos, and eidos. form.]
DISCOLOR, dis-kul'er, v.i. to take away
color from : to change the natural color
of : to alter the appearance of. [L. dis,
priv., and Color.]
DISCOLORATION, dis-kul-er-a'shun, n. act
of discoloring : state of being discolored :
stain.
DISCOMFIT, dis-kum'fit, v.t. to disconcert,
to balk : to defeat or rout : — pr.j). dis-
com'fiting ; pa.p. discom'Cted. [O. Fr.
desconfit, pa.p. of desconfire—L,. dis. sig.
the opposite, and conjicio, to prepare —
con, thoroughly, /aci'o, to make.]
DISCOMFITURE, dis-kum'fit-ur, ?;. frus-
tration, defeat.
DISCOMFORT, dis-kura'furt, n. want of
comfort : uneasiness : pain. — i\t. to de-
prive of comfort : to make uneasy : to
pain : to grieve. [L. dis, privative, and
Comfort.]
DISCOMMEND, dis-kom-end',i\<. to blame.
[L. dis. privative, and Commend.]
DISCOMMON, dis-kom'un, r.^ to deprive
of the riglit of common. [L. dis, privative,
and Common.]
DISCOMMUNITY, dis-kom-mu'ni-ti, n. the
state of not having possessions, relation-
ships, characteristics, or properties in
common : want of common properties,
qualities, or characteristics. "Commu-
nity of embryonic structure reveals com-
munity of descent ; but dissimilarity of
embryonic development does not prove
discnmmunify of descent."— Daricm.
DISCOMPOSE, dis-kom-poz, v.i. to de-
prive of composure : to disarrange, to
disorder : to disturb. [L. dis, privative,
and Compose.]
DISCOMPOSURE, dis-kom-po'zhur, n. dis-
order : agitation.
DISCONCERT, dis-kon-sert'. v.i. to deprive
of harmony or agreement : to distnvi. :
DISCONNECT
106
DISFAVOR
to frustrate : to defeat. [L. dis, priva-
tive, and Concert.]
DISCONNECT, dis-kou-ekt', v.t. to sepa-
rate or disjoin. — n. DlSCOXNEC'TION. [L.
dis. privative, and Connect.]
DISCONSOLATE, dis-kon'so-lat, adj. with-
out consolation or comfort : liopeless :
sad. — adv. Discon'solately. — n. Discon'-
SOLATENESS. [L. dis, privative, and con-
.■iolof. consolatus, to console.]
DISCONTENT, dis-kon-tent', adj. not con-
tent : dissatisfied : uneasj'. — n. want of
content : dissatisfaction : uneasiness. —
v.t. to deprive of content : to make un-
easy. [L. di.s, neg., and Content.]
DISCONTENTED, dis-kon-tent'ed. adj. dis-
content. — adv. DiSCONTENT'EDLT. — n.
Discostent'edness.
DISCONTENTMENT, dis-kon-tent'ment, n.
the opi). of contentment : uneasiness.
DISCONTINUANCE, dis - kon - tin u - ans,
DISCONTINUATION, dis - kon - tin - u-a'-
shun. >i. a breaking; off or ceasing.
DISCONTINTJE. dis-kon-tinu. v.t. to cease
to continue : to put an end to : to leave
•off : to stop. — I'. J. to cease : to be sepa-
rated from. [L. dis, negative, and CON-
TINITE.]
DISCORD, dis'kord, n. opp. of concord :
disagreement, strife : difference or con-
trariety of qualities : a union of inharmo-
nious sounds. [L. dis, apart, and cor,
fordis. the heai-t.]
DISCORDANCE, dis-kord'ans, DISCORD-
ANCY, dis-kord'au-si. n. disagreement.
DISCORDANT, dis-kord'aut, adj. without
concord or agreement : inconsistent : jar-
rins'. — adv. Discord'antly.
DISCOUNT, dis'kownt, n. a sum taken
from the count or reckoning : a sum re-
turned to the payer of an account : a de-
duction made for interest in advancing
money on a bill. [L. dis, privative, and
Count.]
DISCOUNT, dis-kownt', v.t. to allow dis-
count : to advance money on, deducting
discount. — v.i. to practice discounting.
DISCOUNTABLE, dis-kownt'a-bl, adj. that
mav be discounted.
DISCOUNTENANCE, dis-kowu'ten-ans, y. t.
to put out of countenance : to abash : to
refuse countenance or support to : to
discourage. — n. cold treatment : disap-
probation. [L. dis, privative, and Coun-
tenance.]
DISCOURAGE, dis-kur'aj, v.t. to take
away the courage of : to dishearten : to
seek to check by showing disfavor to.
[L. dis. privative, and CoukaGE.]
DISCOURAGEMENT, dis-kuiTij-ment, n.
act of discom-aging : that which discour-
ages : dejection.
DISCOURSE, dis-kors', n. speech or lan-
guage generally : conversation ; a treat-
ise : a sermon. — v.i. to talk or converse :
to reason: to treat formally. — v.t. to
utter or give forth. [Fr. discours — L.
discursus — dis, to and fro. ciirro, to run.]
DISCOURTEOUS, dis-kurt'yus. adj. want-
ing in good manners : unci^-il : rude.^
adv. Discockt'eously. — n. Discourt'-
EOCSNESS. [L. dis, negative, and COCRT-
EOUSj
DISCOURTESY, dis-kurt'e-si, ?i. want of
courtesj' : incivility.
DISCOUS, disk'us, adj., disc-like : broad :
flat.
DISCOVER, dis-kui-'er, v.t. to uncover : to
lay open or expose : to make known : to
find out : to espy. — n. Discov'erek. [L.
dis. negative, and Cover.]
DISCOVERABLE, dis-kuv'er-a-bl, adj.
that mav be found out.
DISCO"\"ERY, dis-kuv'er-i, Ji. act of finding
out : the thing discovered : revelation.
DISCREDIT, dis-kred'it, n. want of credit :
bad credit : ill repute : disgi-ace. — v.t. to
refuse credit to, or belief in : to deprive
of credibility : to deprive of credit : to
disgrace. [L. dis. privative, and Credit.]
DISCREDITABLE, dis-kred'it-a-bl, adj. not
creditable : disgraceful. — adv. Discred'-
itably.
DISCREET, dis-kret', adj. having djsceoi-
menf : wary : circumspect : prudent. —
adv. Discreet'ly. — n. Discreet'ness.
[L. disci-etus — discenio, to separate, to
perceive. See Discern.]
DISCREPANCE, dis'krep-ans or dis-ki-ep'-
ans, DISCREPANCY, dis'krep-an-si or
dis-krep'an-si. n. disagreement.
DISCREPANT, dis'krep-ant or dis-krep'ant,
adj. disagreeing : different. [L. dis, dif-
ferent, and crepans, pr.p. of crepo, to
sound.]
DISCRETE, dis-kret' or dis'kret, adj., sepa-
rate : distinct : disjunctive : — opp. of
concrete. [A doublet of Discreet.]
DISCRETION, dis-kresh'un, ?;. quality of
being discreet : prudence : liberty to act
at pleasui-e.
DISCRETIONAL, dis-kresh'un-al, DIS-
CRETIONARY, dis-kresh'un-ar-i, adj.
left to discretion : unrestrained. — advs.
Discre'tionally, Discee'tionarily.
DISCRETH^E, dis-kret'iv, adj. separating:
disjuncti%'e. — adv. DlsCRET'm;LY.
DISCRIMINATE, dis-krim'i-nat, v.t. to
note the difference : to distinguish : to
select from others. — v.i. to make a dif-
ference or distinction : to distinguish. —
adv. DISCRDI'INATELY. [L. discrimino —
discrimen, discriminis. tbat which sepa-
rates, from root of Discern.]
DISCRIMINATION, dis-krim-i-na'shun, ?i.
act or quality of distinguishing : acute-
ness, discernment, judgment •, also, un-
just partiality (-4.mer.).
DiSCRIMINATH'E. dis-krim'i-na-tiv. adj.
that marks a difference : characteristic :
observing distinctions. — adv. Discrdi'i-
NATTVELY.
DISCROWN, dis-krown', v.t. to deprive of
a crown. [L. dis, privative, and Crown.]
DISCURSION, dis-kur'shim, n. desultory
talk : act of discoursing or reasoning.
DISCURSIVE, dis-kur'siv, adj., running
from one thing to another : roving, des-
ultory: proceeding regularly from pre-
mises to conclusion. — adv. Discub'sive-
LY. [See DiSCOXJKSE.]
DISCUSS, dis-kus', v.t. to break up or dis-
perse : to examine in detail, or by dispu-
tation : to debate : to sift. [L. di.^cutio,
diseussus — dis, asunder, and quatio, to
shake.]
DISCUSSION, dis-kush'un. n. debate :
(surg.) dispersion of a tumor.
DISCUSSrVE.dis-kus'iv.DISCUTIENT, dis-
ku'shi-ent, adj. able or tending to discuss
or disperse tumors.
DISDAIN, dis-dan', v.t. to thiuk unworthy :
to reject as unworthy or unsuitable : to
scorn. — Ji. a feeling of scorn or aversion :
haughtiness. [O. Fr. desdaigner — L.
dedignor — de, privative, and dignus,
worthv.]
DISDAINFUL, dis-dan'fool, adj full of dis-
dain : haughty : scornful. — adv. DlS-
DAIN'FIXLY. — H. DISDAIN'FL'LN'ESS.
DISEASE, diz-ez', n. (lit.) leant of ease,
hence pain : disorder or want of health
in mind or body : ailment : cause of pain.
[L. dis, privative, and Ease.]
DISEASED, diz-ezd'. adj. affected with dis-
ease.— H. Diseas'edness.
DISEDGE, dis-ej', v.t. {Shak.) to deprive of
the edge : to blunt : to dull. [L. dis,
privative, and EDGE.]
DISEMBARK, dis-em-bark', v.t. to land
what has been embarked : to take out of
a ship : to land. — v.i. to quit a ship : to
land. [L. dis. privative, and Embark.]
DISEMBARKATION, dis-em-bar-ka'shun .
DISEMBARKMENT, dis-em-bark'ment,
n. a landing from a ship.
DISEMBARRASS, dis-em-bar'as, v.t. to
free from embarrassment or perplexity.
[L. dis. privative, and Embarrass.]
DISEMBODY, dis-em-bodi, v.t. to take
away from or out of the body : to dis-
charge from military ser\-ice or array,
[L. dis, priv.. and Embody.]
DISEMBOGUE, dis-em-bog', v.t. to dis-
charge at the mouth as a stream. — n.
Disejibogue'ment. [Sp. desembocar — L.
dis, asunder, and bucca, a cheek, the
mouth.]
DISEMBOWEL, dis-em-bow'el, v.t. to take
out the bowels. [L. dis, intensive, and
Embovtel.]
DISEilBROIL, dis-em-broil', v.t. to free
from broil or confusion. [L. dis, priv.,
and Embroil.]
DISENCHANT, dis-en-chant', v.t. to free
from enchantment. — n. Disenchant'-
ment. [L. dis, privative, and Enchant.]
DISENCUMBER, dis-en-kum'ber, v.t. to
free from encumbrance : to disburden. —
n. Disencum'brance. [L. dis, privative,
and Encujcber.]
DISENDOW, dis-en-dow', v.t. to take away
the endowment of. — n. Disendow'mekt.
[L. dis, privative, and Entx)w.]
DISENGAGE, dis-en-g-ij', v.t. to separate
or free from being engaged : to separate :
to set free : to release. [L. dis, i)rivative.
and Engage.]
DISENGAGEMENT, dis-en-gaj'ment. ?i.
act of disengaging : state of being dis-
engaged : release : leisure.
DISENNOBLE. dis-en-no'bl, v.t. to deprive
of what ennobles : to degrade. [L. dis,
priv., and Ennoble.]
DISENSHROUD, dis-en-shrowd', v.t. to
take from or divest of a shroud or like
covering : to unveil. ■' The disen-
shrouded statue." — Browning.
DISENTAIL, dis-en-tal', v.t. to free from
being entailed : to break the entail of :
as, to disentail an estate.
DISENTAIL, dis-en-tal', n. the act or op-
eration of disentailing or breaking the
entail of an estate.
DISENTANGLE, dis-en-tang'gl, v.t. to free
from entanglement or disorder : to un-
ravel : to disengage or set free. — Ji. DlS-
entano'lement. [L. dis, privative, and
Entangle.]
DISENTHRAL. Same as Disinthral.
DISENTHRONT:, dls-en-thi-on', v.t. to de-
throne. [L. dis, privative, and En-
throne.]
DISENTITLE, dis-en-tl'tl, v.t. to deprive
of title. [L. dis, privative, and En-
title.]
DISENTOMB, dis-en-to6m', v.t. to take out
from a tomb. [L. dis, privative, and
Entomb.]
DISENTRANCE, dis - en - trans', v.t. to
awaken from a trance or deep sleep :
to arouse from a reverie. [L. dis,
privative, and ENTRANCE.]
DISESTABLISH, dis-es-tab'lish, v.t. to
take away what has been established
or settled, esp. applied to the English
church as established by law. — n. Dis-
estab'lishment. [L. dis, privative, and
Establish.]
DISESTEEM, dis-es-tem', n. want of es-
teem : disregard. — v.t. to disapprove : to
dislilve. — n. Disestima'tion. [L. dis,
privative, and Esteem.]
DISFAME, dis-fam', n. evil fame : bad
reputation : infamy.
And what is fame in lil'e but half disfame.
And counterchauged witli darl£ness ? — Tennyson.
DISFAVOR, dis-fa'vur, n. want of favoj- :
displeasure : dislike. — v.t. to withhold
favor from : to disapprove. [L. dis,
privative, and Favor.]
DISFIGURATION
107
DISMISS
DISFIGURATION, dis-fig-ur-a'shun, DIS-
FIGUREMENT, dis-fig'ur-ment, n. de-
facement of beauty.
DISFIGURE, dis-fig'ur, v.t. to spoil the
figure of: to change to a worse form : to
spoil the beauty of : to deform. [L. dts,
privative, and FiGUKE.]
DISFRANCHISE, dis-fran'chiz, v.t. to de-
prive of a franchise, or of rights and
privileges : sijecifically, to deprive of the
right of suffrage. — n. Disfranchise-
ment, dis-fran'chiz-meut. [L. di.<s, priv.,
and Franchise.]
DISGORGE, dis-gorj', v.t. to discharge
from the gorge or throat : to vomit : to
tlirow out with violence : to give up
what has been seized.— «. Disgorge'-
MENT. [L. dis, negative, and Gorge.]
DISGRACE, dis-gras', n. state of being out
of grace or favor, or of being dishonored :
cause of shame : dishonor. — v.t. to put
out of favor : to bring disgrace or shame
upon. [L. cli.9, privative, and Grace.]
DISGRACEFUL, dis-gras'fool, aclj. bring-
in": disgrace : caxising shame : dishonor-
able.—adi-. Disgeace'fully. — n. Dis-
grace'fulness.
DISGUISE, dis-giz', v.t. to change tlie
guiae or appearance of: to conceal by a
dress intended to deceive, or by a coun-
terfeit manner and appearance. — n. a
dress intended to conceal the wearer : a
false appearance. — ns. Disguis'er, Dis-
Guise'ment. [L. dis, privative, and
GciSE.]
DISGUST, diz-gust' or dis-, n. loathing:
strong dislike. — v.t. to excite disgust in:
to offend the taste of : to displease. [O.
Fr. desgouster — des {=L. dis), and goust
=L. (fu-stus. ta.ste.]
DISGUSTING, diz-gust'ing or dis-, DIS-
GUSTFUL, diz-gust'fool, adj. causing
disgust : loathsome : hateful. — adv. Dis-
oust'ingly.
DISH, dish, n. a plate : a vessel in which
food is served : the food in a dish : a par-
ticular kind of food. — v.t. to put in a
dish, fcr table. [A.S. di.'sc, a plate, a
dish, a table — L. discus. Doublets, Disc
and DeskJ
DISHABILLE, dis-a-bil'. Same as Des-
habille.
DISHALLOW, dis-hal'lo, v.t. to make un-
holy : to desecrate : to profane.
Ye that so dishaltoiv the holy sleep,
Your sleep is death. — Tennyson.
DISHEARTEN, dis-hart'n, v.t. to deprive
of heart, courage, or spirits : to discour-
age : to depress. [L. dis, privative, and
Heart.]
DISHERO, dis-he'ro, v.t. to deprive of the
character of a hero : to degrade from
tlie reputation of a hero : to make un-
heroic or commonplace. C'arlyle.
DISHEVEL, di-sliev'el, v.t. to disorder the
hair : to cause tlie hair to hang loose. —
f.i. to spread in disorder -.—pr.p. dishev'-
elling ; pa.p. disliev'elled. [O. Fr. deschev-
eler — des, and chevel, hair — L. dis, in dif-
ferent directions, capilhis, tlie hair.]
DISHONEST, diz-on'est, adj. not honest :
wanting integ^rity : disposed to clieat :
insincere.— adf. DishON'estly. [L. dis,
neg.ativi?, and HoXEST.]
DISHONESTY, diz-on'es-ti, n. want of hon-
esty or integrity : faithlessness : a dis-
position to cheat.
DISHONOR, diz-on'ur, n. want of honor :
disgrace: shame : reproach. — v.t. to de-
prive of honor : to disgrace : to cause
shame to : to seduce : to degrade : to re-
fuse tlie jiayment of, as a bill. — n. Dis-
hon'orer. [L. rft'.s, privative, and Honor.]
DISHONORABLE, diz-on'ur-abl, adj. hav-
ing no .sense of honor : disgraceful. — adv.
Dishon'orably.
DISILLUSION, dis-il-lu'zhun, n. the act or
process of disillusionizing or disenchant-
ing ; the state of being disillusionized or
disenclianted : disenchantment. "'The
sorrow of disillusion." — J. R. Lowell.
DISIMPRISON, dis-im-prizon, v.t. to dis-
cliarge from prison : to set at Uberty : to
free from conKnement. " French Revo-
lution means here the open, violent re-
bellion and victory of disimprisoned
anarcliy against corrupt, worn-out au-
thority."'-— Cnrlyle.
DISINCLINATION, dis-in-kli-nashun, n.
want of inclination : unwillingness.
DISINCLINE, dis-in-klln', v.t. to turn away
inclination from : to excite the dislike
or aversion of. [L. dis, priv., and IN-
CLINE 1
DISINCLINED, dis-m-klind', adj. not in-
chned : averse.
DISINCORPORATE, dis-in-kor'por-at, v.t.
to deprive of corporate rights. [L. dis,
privative, and Incorporate.]
DISINDI VIDU ALIZE, dis-in'di- vid'u-a) -iz,
r.f. to destroy or change tlie individual-
ity or peculiar character of : to deprive
of special characteristics. " A manner
not indeed wholly disindividualized ; a
tone, a glance, a gesture . . . still re-
called little Polly." — Charlotte Bronte.
DISINFECT, dis-in-fekt', v.t. to free from
infection. — n. Disinfec'tion. [L. dis,
privative, and Infect.]
DISINFECTANT, dis-in-fekt'ant, n. any-
thing that destroys the causes of infec-
tion.
DISINGENUOUS, dis-in-jen'u-us, adj. not
ingenuous : not frank or open : crafty. —
adv. Disingen'uously. — n. Dlsingen'-
uousNESs. [L. dis, negative, and In-
genuous.]
DISINHERIT, dis-in-her'it, v.t. to cut off
from hereditary rights : to deprive of an
inheritance. — ?(. Disinher'itance. [L.
dis. privative, and Inherit.]
DISINTEGRATE, dis-in'te-grat or diz-, v.t.
to separate into integrant parts. — adj.
Dlsin'teqrable. — »i. Disintegra'tion.
[L. dis, negative, and Integrate.]
DISINTEGRATOR, dis-in'te-grat-er, n. one
who or that which disintegrates : specifl-
cally,amacliine for pulverizing, crushing,
or breaking up various sorts of materials.
A common form used for breaking up
ores, rock, artificial manures, oil cake,
and for mixing mortar, etc., as well as
for grinding cereals, is a mill consisting
essentially of a number of beaters pro-
jecting from the faces of two parallel
discs revolving in opposite directions at
a high speed.
DISINTER, dis-in-ter', v.t. to take out of a
grave : to bring from obscurity into view.
— n. Disinter'MENT. [L. dis, negative,
and Inter.]
DISINTERESTED, dis-in'ter-est-ed, adj.
not interested or influenced by private
feelings or considerations: impartial. —
adv. Disin'terestedly.— Ji. Disdi'terest-
edness. [L. dis. neg., and Interested.]
DISINTHRAL, dis-in-tlirawl', v.t. to set free
from thraldom or oppression. [L. dis,
negative, and Inthral.]
DISINVIGORATE, dis-iu-vi'gor-at, v.t. to
deprive of vigor : to weaken : to relax.
'• This soft, and warm, and disinvigorat-
ing climate." — Sydney Smith.
DISJOIN, dis-join' or diz-, v.t. to separate
what has been joined. [L. dis, negative,
and Join.]
DISJOINT. di.s-joint', v.t. to put out of
joint : to separate united parts : to break
the natural order or relations of things :
to make incoherent. — n. Disjoint'edness.
DISJUNCT, dis-jungkt'. adj.. disjoined. [L.
di.yunctus, pa.p. of di.'ijungo — dis, nega-
tive, a,ndju7igo. to join.]
DISJUNCTION, dis-junk'shun, n. the act of
disjoining : disunion : separation.
DISJUNCTIVE, dis-jungkt'iv, adj., disjoin-
ing : tending to separate : {gram.) uniting
sentences but disjoining the sense, or
rather, marking an adverse sense. — n. a
word which disjoins. — adv. Disjunct'-
ively. [L. disjunctivus.]
DISK. Same as Disc
DISLIKE, dis-lik', v.t. to be displeased with;
to disapprove of : to have an aversion to.
— 71. disinclination : aversion : distaste :
disapproval. [L. dis, negative, and Like ;
the genuine Eng. word is MiSLIKE.]
DISLOCATE, dis'16-kat, v.t. to displace:
to i)ut out of joint. [L. dis, negative,
and Locate.]
DISLOCATION, dis-l6-ka'shun, n. a dis-
located joint : displacement : (geol.) a
" fault," or displacement of stratified
rocks.
DISLODGE, dis-loj', v.t. to drive from a
lodgment or place of rest : to drive from
a place of hiding or of defence — v.i. to
go awaj'. — )(. Dislodg'ment. [L. dis,
privative, and Lodge.]
DISLOYAL, dis-loy'al, adj. not loyal : false
to one"s sovereign : faithless : treacher-
ous. — adv. DisLO y' ALLY. — n . Disloy'alty.
[L. dis, negative, and Loyal.]
DISMAL, diz'mal, adj. gloomy : dreary :
sorrowful : full of horror. — adv. Dis'.mal-
LY. [Ety. unknown.]
DISMAL, diz'mal, n. a gloomy, melancholy
person. Su-ift.^iJl. mourning- garments.
"As my lady is decked out in her dis-
mals, perhaps she may take a fancy to
faint." — Foote. Also pil. a fit of melan-
cholj-. "He conies, and seems entirely
wrapt up in the dismals : what can be
the matter now ? " — Foote.
DISIVIAN, di.s-man', v.t. to deprive of men :
to destroy the full-grown male popula-
tion of. " No nation in the world ... is
so abounding in the men who will dare
something for honor or liberty a.s to be
able to. bear to lose in one month be-
tween twenty and thirty thousand men,
seized from out of her most stirring and
courageous citizens. It could not be but
that what remained of France when she
had been thvis stricken should for years
seem to laug-uish and be of a poor spirit.
This is why I have chosen to say that
France was dismanned." — Kinglake.
DISMANTLE, dis-man'tl, v.t. to strip: to
deprive of furniture, etc., so as to render
useless : of a fortified town, to raze the
fortifications. [L. dis, privative, and
Mantle.]
DI8MASK, dis-mask', v.t. to strip a mask
from : to remove a disguise from : to un-
cover. [L. dis, privative, and Mask.] ^
DISMAST, dis-niast', v.t. to deprive of a
mast or masts. [L, dis, privative, and
Mast.]
DISMAY, dis-ma', v.t. to terrify: to dis-
courage.— n. loss of strength and cour-
age tlirough fear. [A hybrid word, from
O. Fr. desmayer — des (^L. dis), and O.
Ger. magan = A.S. magan, to have
might or iiower. See May.]
DISME:MBER, dis-mem'ber. v.t. to di\'ide
meiiiljer from member : to separate a
limb from the body : to disjoint : to tear
to pieces : to dividi; and parcel out the
territory of a country, as Poland was
dismenil)erod in the eighteenth century ;
also, to deprive of the qualifications,
privileges, functions, or oflice of a mem-
ber of a society or body : to put an end
to the membership of. " Since I have
dismembered myself, it is incredible how
cool I am to all politics." — \Valpoie.—n.
Dis.mem'berment. [L. dis, asunder, and
Mkmber.]
DISMISS, dis-mis', r.^ to send atmy : to
DISMISSAL
108
DISQUISITION
flespatcii : to discard : to remove from
office or emplo3'ment. [L. dimitto, di-
missus — di, away from, and mitto, to
send.]
DISMISSAL, dis-mis'al, DISMISSION, dis-
mish'un, n. act of sending' awaj' : dis-
charge from office or employment.
DISMOUTTT, dis-mownt', v'i. to come
down : to come off a horse. — v.t. to
tlu'ow or bring down from any elevated
place : to throw off their carriages, as
cannon: to unhorse. [L. dis, negative,
and Mount.]
DISOBEDIENCE, dis-o-be'di-ens, w. neg-
lect or refusal J to obey. [See Obedi-
ence.]
DISOBEDIENT, dis-o-be'di-ent, adj. neg-
lecting or refusing to obey. [See Obedi-
ent.]
DISOBEY, dis-o-ba', v.t. to neglect or re-
fuse to obey or do what is commanded.
[O. Fr. desoheir — des (=-L. dis), and obeir,
to obey.]
DISOBLlGfE, dis-o-blij', v.t. to offend by
an act of unkindness or incivility: to do
something against the wishes of another :
to injure shghtly. [L. dis, negative, and
Obuge.J
DISOBLIGING, dis-o-bllj'ing, adj. not
obliging : not careful to attend to the
wishes of others : unaccommodating :
unkind. — adr. Disoblig'ingly.
DISORDER, dis-or'der, n. want of order:
confusion : disturbance : breach of the
peace: disease. — t:t. to throw out of or-
der : to disarrange : to disturb : to pro-
duce disease. [Fr. des (=L. dis), priva-
tive, and Order.]
DISORDERLY, dis-or'der-li, adj. out of
order : in confusion : irregular : lawless :
applied to offences of a minor grade. —
a(k'. without order : confusedly : in a
lawless manner.
DISORGANIZE, dis-or'gan-Iz, v.t. to de-
stroy the organic structure of : to break
up a union of parts : to throw into dis-
order.— n. Disorganiza'tion. . [L. dis,
negative, and Organize.]
DISOWN, diz-6n', v.t. to refuse to own or
acknowledge as belonging to one's self :
to deny: to renounce. [L. dis, negative,
and Own.]
DISPARAGE, dis-par'aj, v.t. to dishonor
by comparison with what is inferior : to
lower in rank or estimation. — n. DlSPAR'-
AGER. [O. Fr. desparager — des (=L. dis),
negative, and Low L. paragiutn, equality
of birth — L. par, equal.]
DISPARAGEMENT, dis-par'aj-ment. n. in-
jurious comparison with what is inferior :
indignity.
DISPARAGINGLY, dis-par'aj-ing-li. adv.
in a manner to disparage or dishonor.
DISPARITY, dis-par'i-ti. «.. inequality.
[L. dis, negative, and Parity.]
DISPARK, dis-park'. i:t. to throw open
inclosed ground. [A hybrid word, from
L. dis. negative, and Park.]
DISPART, dis-part'. v.t. to part asunder :
to divide, to separate. — v.i. to separate.
— n. the difference between the thickness
of metal at the breech and the mouth of
a gun. [L. dis, asunder, and Part.]
DISP ASSIGN, dis-pash'un, n. freedom from
passion : a calm state of mind. [L. dis,
negative, and PASSION.]
DISPASSIONATE, dis-pash'un-at. adj. free
from pas.non : unmoved by feelings :
cool : impartial. — adr. Dispass'ionately.
DISPATCH. Same as Despatch.
DISPEL, dis-pel', v.t. to drive away : to
cause to disappear : to banish : — pr.p.
disp»?iring ; pa.p. dispelled'. [L. dispello
— (lis. away from, pello. to drive.]
DISPENSABLE, dis-pens'a-bl, adj. that
may be dispensed, or dispensed with. — n.
Dibpens'ableness.
DISPENSARY, dis-pens'ar-i, n. a place
where medicines are dispensed, especially
to the poor, gratis.
DISPENSATION, dis-pen-sa'shun, n. the
act of dis2}eHsing or dealing out : the
dealing of God with His creatures : the
distribution of good and evil in the di-
vine government : license or permission
to neglect a rule.
DISPENSATIVE, dis-pens'a-tiv, DISPENS-
ATORY, dis-pens'a-tor-i, adj. granting
dispensation. — advs. Dispens'atively,
Dispens'atorlly. [L. dispensativus, dis-
pensatorius.]
DISPENSE, dis-pens', v.t. to weigh or deal
out in portions : to distribute : to ad-
minister.— Dispense with, to permit the
want of : to do without. — n. Dispens'er.
[Fr. dispenser — L. dis, asunder, and
penso. intensive of pendo, to weigh.]
DISPEOPLE, dis-pe'pl, v.t. to empty of
people or inhabitants. [L. dis, privative,
*iri(i Pkopi f "1
DISPERMOUS. di-sperm'us, adj. having
only two seeds. [Gr. di, twofold, sperma,
a seed.]
DISPERSE, dis-pers', v.t. to scatter in all
directions : to spread : to diffuse : to
drive asunder : to cause to vanish. — v.i.
to separate : to vanish. — n. Dispers'er.
[L. dispergo, dispersals — di, asunder,
apart, spargo, to scatter.]
DISPERSION, dis-per'shun, n. & scattering:
(med.) the removal of inflammation :
(optics) the separation of light into its
different rays.
DISPERSIVE, dis-pers'iv, adj. tending to
DISPIRIT, dis-pir'it, v.t. to dishearten:
to discourage. [L. dis, privative, and
Spirit.]
DISPLACE, dis-plas', v.t. to put out of
place : to disarrange : to remove from a
state, office, or dignity. — n. Displace'-
JIENT, the quantity of water displaced by
a ship afloat, and wiiose weight equals
that ot the displacing body. [O. Fr.
desplacer — L. dis, privative, and Place.]
DISPLANT, dis-plant', v.t. to remove any-
thing from where it has been planted or
placed : to drive from an abode. [L. dis,
privative, and Plant.]
DISPL A Y, dis-pla'. v.t. to unfold or
spread out : to exhibit : to set out osten-
tatiously.— n. a displaj'ing or unfolding :
exhibition : ostentatious show.— ?i. Dis-
play'er. [O. Fr. desployer — des (^L.
dis), negative, and player, same as plier
— L. plico, to fold. Doublet, Deploy.
See Ply.]
DISPLEASE, dis-plez', v.t. to offend: to
make angry in a slight degree : to be
disagreeable to. — v.i. to raise aversion.
[L. dis. negative, and Please.]
DISPLEASURE, dis-plezh'ur, n. the feeling
of one who is offended : anger : cause of
irritation.
DISPLENISH-SALE, dis - plen'ish - sal, n.
in Scotland, a sale by auction of the stock,
implements, etc., of a farm.
DISPLUME, dis-pl66m', v.t. to deprive of
plumes or feathers. [L. dis, privative,
and Plume.]
DISPONE, dis-pon'. v.t. (law) to make over
to another : to convey legally. [L. dis-
pono, to arrange.]
DISPOPE, dis-pop', v.t. to deprive of the
papal dignity or office. Tennyson.
DISPORT, dis-port', v.i. to divert, amuse,
enjoy one's self : to move in gaiety. — v.t.
to amuse. [O. Fr. defsporter {with, se), to
carry one's self .away from one's work,
to amuse one's self, from des (==h. dis),
and porter — L. portare. to carry, as it
were from serious matters. See SPORT.]
DISPOSABLE, dis-pozVbl, adj. free to be
used : not already engaged. [See Dis-
pose.]
DISPOSAL, dis-poz'al, n. the act of dis-
jMsing : order : arrangement : manage-
ment : right of bestowing.
DISPOSE, dis-poz', v.t. to arrange : to dis-
tribute : to apply to a particular pur-
pose : to bestow : to incline. — To DISPOSE
OF, to apply to any purpose : to part
with; to place in any condition. — n.
Dispos'er. [Fr. disposer — L. dis, asunder,
and Fr. poser, to place. See PoSE, n.]
DISPOSITION, dis-po-zish'un, n. arrange-
ment : natural tendency : temper : (Xeio
Test.) ministry, ministration : {Scots law)
a giving over to another = (English) con-
veyance or assignment. [Fr. — L.. from
dis, apart, pono, to place.]
DISPOSSESS, dis-poz-zes', v.t. to put out
of possession. [L. dis, privative, and
Possess.]
DISPRAISE, dis-pra/, n. blame: reproach:
dishonor. — v.t. to blame : to censure. [L.
dis. negative, and Praise.]
DISPREAD, dis-pred', v.t. to spread in dif-
ferent ways. — i\i. to spread out : to ex-
pand. [L". dis. asunder, and Spread.]
DISPRINCE, dis-prins', v.t. to deprive of
the dignity, office, or appearance of a
prince. "All in one rag, disprinced
from head to heel." — Tennyson,
DISPROOF, dis-proof, n. a disproving :
refutation.
DISPROPORTION, dis-pro-por'shun, n.
want of projyortion, symmetry, or suit-
ableness of parts : hiequality. — v.t. to
make unsuitable in form or size, etc. [L.
dis, privative, and Proportion.]
DISPROPORTIONABLE. dis-pro-por'shun-
a-bl, DISPROPORTIONAL, dis-pro-por'-
shun-al, adj. not having proportion or
symmetry of parts : unsuitable : unequal.
— advs. " Dispropor'tionably, Dispro-
por'tionally.
DISPROPORTIONATE, dis-pro-por'shun-
at, adj. not proportioned : unsj'mmetri-
cal : unsuitable to something else in some
respect. — adv. Dispropor'tionately. — n.
Dispropor'tionateness.
DISPROVE, dis-pro6v', v.t. to prove to be
false : to refute. [L. dis, negative, and
Prove.]
DISPUTABLE, dis'pu-ta-bl, adj. that may
be disp7(ted : of doubtful certaintj'. — adv.
Dis'putably.— ?i. Dis'putableness.
DISPUTANT, dis'pu-tant, DISPUTER, dis-
put'er, n. one who disputes or argues :
one given to dispute.
DISPUTATION, dis-pu-ta'shun, n. a con-
test in argument : an exercise in debate.
DISPUTATIOUS, dis-pu-ta'shus, DISPUT-
ATIVE, dis-put'a-tiv, adj. inclined to dis-
j)ute. cavil, or controvert. — adv. DlSPU-
ta'tiously. — n . Disputa'tiousness.
DISPUTE, di.s-put'. v.t. to make a subject
of argument : to contend for : to oppose
by argument : to call in question. — v.i.
to argue : to debate. — n. a contest with
words : an argument : a debate. [Fr.
dispnter — L. disputare — dis, apart, and
pnto. to think.]
DISQUALIFY, dis-kwol'i-fl, v.t. to deprive
of the qualities necessary for any pur-
pose : to make unfit : to disable. — n. DlS-
qualifica'tion. [L. dis, privative, and
Qualify.]
DISQUIET, dis-k-wl'et, n. want of quiet:
uneasiness: restlessness: anxiety. — v.t.
to render unquiet : to make uneasy : to
distiu'b. [L. dis, privative, and Qoet.]
DISQUIETUDE, dis-kwi'et-ud, n. state of
disquiet.
DISQUISITION, dis-kwi-zish'un, n. a care-
ful and formal inquiry into any matter
by arguments, etc. : an elaborate essay. —
adj. DlSQUISl'TlONAL. [L. disquisitio^^
DISREGARD
109
DISTASTE
disquiro, disquisitus — din, intensive,
qucero, to seek.]
DISREGAED, dis-re-gard', v.t. to pay no
attention to. — n. want of attention : neg-
lect : slight. [L. dig, negative, and Re-
gard.]
DKREGARDFUL, dis-re-gard'fool, adj.
neglectful : careless : heedless. — adv.
DiSREQ.4JJD'FULLY.
DISRELISH, dis-rel'ish, r.^ not to relish :
to dislike the taste of: to dislike. — n.
distaste : dislike : some degree of dis-
gust. [L. d/s, negative, and Relish.]
DKREPAIR, dis-re-par', n. state of being
out of repair. [L. dis, negative, and
RepairJ
DISREPUTABLE, dis-rep'u-ta-bl, adj. in
bad repute : discreditable : disg-raceful. —
adv. DlSREP'UTABLY.
DISREPUTE, dis-re-put',^ DISREPUTA-
TION, dis-rep-u-ta'shun, n. Ul-character :
discredit. [L. dis, negative, and RE-
PUTE.]
DISRESPECT, dis-re-spekt', n. want of re-
spect or reverence : incivility. [L. dis,
negative, and Respect.]
DISRESPECTABILITY, dis - re - spekt'a-
bil'i-ti, n. the state or quality of being
disrespectable : that which is disreput-
able : blackguardism. " Her taste for
disrespectability grew more and more re-
markable."— Thackeray.
DISRESPECTABLE, dis-re-spekt'a-bl, adj.
unworthy of respect : not respectable :
also, unworthy of much consideration or
esteem. "It requires a man to be some
disre-<ipectable, ridiculous Boswell before
he can write a tolerable life." — Carlyle.
DISRESPECTFUL, dis-re-spekt'fool, adj.
showing disrespect: irreverent : uncivil.
— adv. Disrespect'fully.
DISROBE, dis-rob', v.t. to deprive of a
robe : to undress : to uncover. [L. dis,
priv., and Robe. J
DISROOT, dis-ro6t\ v.t. to tear up by the
roots.
DISRUPTION, dis-rup'shun, n. the act of
breaking asunder: the act of bursting and
rending : breach. [L. disruptio — dirum-
po, diruptus — dis, asunder, and rumpo, to
Dreak.]
DISSATISFACTION, dis-sat-is-fak'shun, n.
state of being dissatisfied : discontent :
uneasiness.
DISSATISFACTORY, dis-sat-is-fak'tor-i,
adj. causing dissatisfaction : unable to
give content.
DISSATISFIED, dis-sat'is-fid, adj. not sat-
isfied : discontented : not pleased.
DISSATISFY, dis-.sat'is-n, v.t. not to satis-
fy : to make discontented : to displease.
[L. dis. negative, and Satisfy.]
DISSECT, dis-sekt', v.t. to cut asunder: to
cut into parts for the purpose of minute
examination : to divide and examine. —
adj. Dissect'ible. [L. disseco, dissectus
— rfi.s, asunder, in pieces, seco, to cut.]
DISSECTION, dis-sek'shun, n. the act or
the art of cutting in pieces a plant or
animal in order to a-scertain the structure
of its parts : anatomy.
DISSECTOR, dis-sekt'or, n. one who dis-
sects.
DISSEMBLE, dis-sem'bl, r.^ to represent
a thing as unlike what it actually Is : to
put an untrue semblance or appearance
upon : to disguise. — v.i. to assume a false
appearance : to play the hypocrite. — n.
Dissem'bler. [O. Fr. dissembler, from
L. dissimulo — dissimilis, unlike — dis,
negative, and similis, like.]
DISSEMINATE, dis-sem'i-nat, v.t. to sow
or scatter abroad : to propagate : to dif-
fuse.—Jis. Dissemina'tion, Dissem'inator.
[L. disseniino, disseminatus — dis, asun-
der, and semino, to sow — semen, seminis,
seed.]
DISSENSION, dis-sen'shun, n. disagree-
ment in opinion : discord : strife.
DISSENT, dis-sent', v.i. to think differ-
ently : to disagree in opinion : to differ. —
n. the act of dissenting : difference of
opinion : a differing or separation from
an established church. [L. dissent io,
dissensus — dis, apart from, sentio, to
think. See Sense.]
DISSENTER, dis-sent'er, n. one who sepa-
rates from the service and worship of an
established church.
DISSENTIENT, dis-sen'shent, adj., dissent-
ing : declaring dissent : disagreeing. — h.
one who disagrees : one who declares his
dissent. [L. dissentiens, dissentientis,
pr.p. of dissentio.']
DISSERTATION, dis-er-ta'shun, n. a for-
mal discourse : a treatise. — adj. Disser-
ta'tional. [L. dissertatio — disserto, in-
tensive of dissero, to debate, to discuss —
dis, and sera, to put in a row, to join.]
DISSERTATOR, dis'er-ta-tor, n. one who
writes dissertations : a debater.
DISSERVE, dis-serv', v.t. to do the oppo-
site of serving : to injure. [L. dis, nega-
tive, and Serve.]
DISSERVICE, dis-serVis, n. injury: mis-
chief.
DISSERVICEABLE, dis-serVis-a-bl, adj.
not serviceable or useful : injurious :
mischievous.
DISSEVER, dis-sev'er, v.t. to sever: to
part in two : to separate : to disunite. —
71. DisSEV'erance, a dissevering or part-
ing ; also, the act of dissevering : dis-
severment. " The disseverment of bone
and vein." — Charlotte Bronte. [L. dis,
intensive, and Sever.]
DISSIDENT, dis'i-dent, adj. dissenting:
not agreeing. — n. a dissenter. [L. dissi-
dens, dissidentis, pr.p. of dissideo — dis,
apart, and sedeo, to sit.]
DISSILIENT, dis-sil'yent, adj., leaping
asunder or bursting open with elastic
force. — n. Dissil'ience. [L. dissiliens,
-entis — dis. asunder, salio, to leap.]
DISSIMILAR, dis-sim'i-lar, adj. not similar:
unlike in any respect : of different sorts.
— adv. Dissim'tt.arly. [L. dis, negative,
and SiraLAR.]
DISSIMILARITY, dis-sim-i-lar'i-ti, DISSI-
MILITUDE, dis-si-mil'i-tud, ?(., unlike-
ness : want of resemblance.
DISSIMILATION, dis-sim-i-la'shun, n. the
act or process of rendering dissimilar or
different : specifically, in philol. the
change of a sound to another and a differ-
ent sound when otherwise two similar
sounds would come together or very close
to each other, as in L. alienus for aliinus.
It. pelegrino, from L. peregrinus.
DISSIMULATION, dis-sim-u-la'shun, n. the
act of dissembli>'ig : a hiding under a false
aj^pearance : false pretension : hypocrisy.
DISSIMULATOR, dis-sim-u-la'ter, n. one
who dissimulates or dissembles : a dis-
sembler. " Dissimulator as I was to
others, I was like a guilty child before
the woman I loved." — Ld. Li/tton.
DISSIPATE, dis'i-pat, v.t. to 'throw apart
or .spread abroad : to scatter: to squander:
to waste. — v.i. to separate and disappear :
to waste away. [L. dissipo. -afiis — dis,
asunder, and obs. supo, which appears in
insipo, to throw into.]
DISSIPATION, dis-i-piVshun, Jt. dispersion:
state of being dispersed : scattered atten-
tion : .a dissolute course of lite.
DISSOCIATE, dis-s6'shi-at, v.t. to separate
from a society or company : to disunite.
— n. Disso'ciATION. Also in chem. the de-
composition of a compound substance
into its primary elements by heat or by
mechanical pressure. " Wherever heat-
rays are intercepted they are tran.sformed
into some other form of vibratory energy,
and the dissociation of compound vapors
into their pi-imarj' elements is one of the
results of this change of form." — Edin.
Rev. [L. dis, asundei', and .wcio, to unite.
See Social.]
DISSOCIATIVE, dis-s6'shi-at-iv, adj. tend-
ing to dissociate : specLflcally, in chem.
resolving or reducing a compound to its
primary elements. " The resolution of
carbonic acid into its elements . . . is one
of the most familiar instances of this
transformation of solar radiation into
dissociative action." — Edin. Rev.
DISSOLUBLE, dis'ol-u-bl, adj., dissolvable.
— n. Dissolltbil'ity', capacity of being
dissolved.
DISSOLUTE, dis'ol-ut, adj., loose, esp. in
morals : lewd : licentious. — adv. Diss'o-
lutely. — n. Diss'OLUTENESS. [See Dis-
solve.]
DISSOLUTION, dis-ol-u'shun, n. the break-
ing u]5 of an assembly : change from a
solid to a liquid state : a melting : separa-
tion of a body into its original elements :
decomposition : destruction : death.
DISSOLVABLE, diz-zolv'a-bl, adj. capable
of being dissolved or melted.
DISSOLVE, diz-zolv', v.t. to loose asunder :
to separate or break up : to melt : to de-
stroy.— v.i. to break up : to waste away :
to crumble : to melt. [L. dis, asunder,
and solvo, solutus, to loose.]
DISSOLVENT, diz-zolv'ent, adj. having
power to dissolve or melt. — n. that which
can dissolve or melt. [L., pr.p. of dis-
solvo. See Dissolve.]
DISSONANCE, dis'o-nans, n., disagreement
of sound : want of harmony : discord :
disagreement.
DISSONANT, dis'o-nant, adj., not agreeing
in. sound: without concord or harmony :
disagreeing. [L. dis, apart, sonans,
-antis, pr.p. of sono, to sound.]
DISSUADE, dis-swad', v.t. to advise against:
to try to divert from anything by advice
or persuasion. [L. dis, against, and stia-
deo, suasus. to advise.]
DISSUASION, dis-swa'zhun, n. act ot dis-
suading : advice against anything. [See
Dissuade.]
DISSUASIVE, dis-swa'ziv, adj. tending to
dis.*nade. — n. that which tends to dis-
suade.— adv. Dissua'sively.
DISSYLLABIC, dis-sil-lab'ik, adj. of tivo
syllables.
DISSYLLABLE, dis-sil'a-bl, n. a word of
only two syllables. [Gr. dis, twice, and
Syllable.]
DISTAFF, dis'taf, n. the staff or stick
which holds the bunch of flax, tow, or
wool in spinning. [A.S. distcef, com-
pounded of d(.s' = Low Ger. diesse, the
bunch of flax on the staff ; and st(ef='E.
Staff. See Dizen.]
DISTAIN, dis-tan', v.t. to stain : to sully.
[O. Fr. desteindre. to take away the color
of — L. dis, privative, and tingo, to stain.
See Stain.]
DISTANCE, dis'tans, n. space or interval
between : remoteness : opposition : re-
serve of manner. — v.t. to place at a dis-
tance : to leave at a distance behind. [See
Distant.]
DISTANCELESS, dis'tans-les, adj. pre-
venting from having a distant or exten-
sive view: dull: gloomy. "A silent, dim,
disfanrelcss, rotting day." — Kingsley.
DISTANT, dis'tant, adj. remote, in time,
place, or connection : not obvious : in-
distinct : reserved in manner. — adv. DlS'-
TANTLY. [L. distans — dis, apart, and
stans, stantis, pr.p. of sto, to stand.]
DISTASTE, dis-tast', n., opjMsiteness or
aversion of taste : dislike of food : dislike:
disgust. — v.t. to disrelish : to dislike : to
loathe. [L. dis, negative, and Taste.]
DISTASTE, dis-tast', v.i. to be distasteful.
DISTASTEFUL
110
DIVERT
nauseous, or displeasing. •' Poisons,
which at the first are scarce found to
distaste. " — Sli ak.
DISTASTEFUL, dis-tasffool, adj. produc-
ing: distaste: unpleasant to the taste :
offcnsive. — adv. Distaste'fully. — n. Dis-
taste'fclness.
DISTEMPER, n. a kind of painting. [See
Destemper.]
DISTEMPER, dis-tem'per, n. a morbid or
disorderly state of body or mind : dis-
ease, esp. »f animals : ill-humor. — r.^ to
derange the temper : to disorder or dis-
ease. FL. dis, negative, and Temper.]
DISTEND, dis-tend', v.t. to .sfrefc/i asunder
or in all directions : to swell. — v.i. to
swell. [L. dis, asunder, and tendo, ten-
stis or tentus, to stretch.]
DISTENSIBLE, dis-ten'si-bl, adj. that may
be stretched.
DISTENSIVE, dis-ten'siv, adj., distending:
or capable of being stretched.
DISTENTION. DISTENSION, dis-ten'shun,
II. act of distending or stretching : state
of being stretched : breadth.
DISTICH, dis'tik, n. a couple of lines or
t^erses, making complete sense : a coup-
let. [Gr. di-iitichos — dis. twice, and
stichos, a line, verse.]
DISTIL, dis-tir. !•.(". to fall in drops: to
flow gently: to use a still. — v.t. to let or
cause to fall in drops : to convert a
liquid into vapor by heat, and then to
condense it again : to extract the spirit
or essential oil from anj'thing by evapo-
ration and condensation : — pr.p. distill'-
ing ; pa.}}, distilled'. [Fr. di'itillet — • L.
de. down, and stillo, to drop — stilla, a
drop.]
DISTILLATION, dis-til-a'shun, n. act or
process of distilling : that which is dis-
tilled. — Fractional distillation, in
eJiem. the separating of one volatile sub-
stance from another by keeping the nii.xt-
ure at that temperature at which the
most volatile will pass over into the con-
denser.
DISTILLATORY, dis-til'a-tor-i, adj. of or
for distillation.
DISTILLER, dis-til'er, n. one who distils.
DISTILLERY, dis-til'er-i, n. a place for
distilling.
DISTINCT, dis-tingkt'. adj. separate : dif-
ferent : well-defined : clear. — adv. Dis-
TiNCT'LY. — n. Distinct'ness. [See Dis-
TINGOSH.] *
DISTINCTION, dis-tingk'shun. n. separa-
tion or division : that which distinguishes:
difference : eminence.
DISTINCTIVE, dis-tingkt'iv, adj. marking
or expressing difference. — adv. DISTINCT-
IVELY.— II. blSTINOT'lVENESS.
DISTINGUISH, dis-ting'gwish. v.t. to mark
off, set apart : to recognize by charac-
teristic qualities : to discern critically :
to separate by a mark of honor : to malce
eminent or known. — v.i. to make or show
distinctions or differences. [L. distingno,
distinctus — dis, asunder, and stinguo, to
prick, conn, with Gr. stizo, to mark, to
prick. See Stixg.]
DISTINGUISHABLE, dis-ting-gwish-a-bl,
adj. that may be capable of being dis-
tinguished.—adv. DiSTING'OSHABLY.
DISTORT, dis-tort', v.t. to twist or turn a
different way: to force out of the natural
or regular shape or direction : to turn
aside from the true meaning: to pervert.
[L. di.i, asunder, and torqueo, tortus, to
twist.]
DISTORTION, dis-tor'shun, n. a twisting
out of reg^ilar shape : crookedness : per-
version.
DISTRACT, dis-trakt'. v.t. to draw in dif-
ferent directions— a.i>plieA to the mind or
attention : to confuse : to harass : to ren-
der crazy. — adj. Distract'ed. — adv. Dis-
TiiACT'EDLY. [L. di.i, asunder, and traho,
tractiis. to draw.]
DISTRACTION, dis-trak'shun, n. state of
being distracted : perplexity : agitation :
madness.
DISTRAIN, dis-tran', v.t. to seize, esp.
goods, for debt. — v.i. to seize the goods
of a debtor. [O. Fr. destraindre, from
L. dis, asunder, and stringo, to draw
tight.]
DISTRAINER, dis-tran'er. DISTRAINOR,
dis-tran'or, n. one who distrains or seizes
goods for debt.
DISTRAINT, dis-trant', n., seizure ot goods
for debt.
DISTRAUGHT, dis-trawt'. adj. distracted :
perplexed. [See Distract.]
DISTRESS, dis-tres', n. extreme pain : that
which causes suffering : calamity : rais-
fortime : a state of danger : act of dis-
training goods. — i".^ to afflict with pain
or suffering : to harass : to grieve : to
distrain. [O. Fr. desfresse ; from L. dis-
tringo, disf rictus, to pull asunder, in late
L. to punish.]
DISTRESSFUL, dis-tres'fool, adj. full of
distress: calamitous. — adv. Distress'-
FTJLLY.
DISTRIBUTABLE, dis-trib'u-ta-bl, adj.
tliat may be divided.
DISTRIBUTE, dis-trib'ut, v.t to divide
amongst several : to deal out or allot :
to classifv. [L. distribiw — dis, asunder,
tribiio. tribiitus, to allot.]
DISTRIBUTER, dis-trib'u-ter, «."one who
distributes or deals out.
DISTRIBUTION, dis-tri-bu'shun, n. allot-
ment : classification.
DISTRIBUTIVE, dis-trib'u-tiv, adj. that
distributes, separates, or di\ndes. — adv.
DiSTRiB'crrvELY.
DISTRICT, dis'trikt, n. (orig.) the territory
within which a superior had a right to
distra in or otherwise exercise authority :
a portion of territory defined or unde-
fined : a region. [L. districtus — dis-
tringo, to draw tight.]
DISTRUST, dis-trust', n. want of trust:
want of faith or confidence : doubt. — v.t.
to have no trust in : to disbelieve : to
doubt. [L. dis, privative, and TRUST.]
DISTRUSTFUL, dis-trust'fool. adj. full of
distrust : apt to distrust : suspicious. —
adv. Distrcst'fully. — n. Disteust'fcl-
NESS.
DISTURB, dis-turb'. v.t. to throw into con-
fusion : to agitate : to disquiet : to inter-
rupt.— n. DiSTtJRB'ER. [L. dis. asunder,
and turbo, to agitate — turba, a crowd.]
DISTLTIBANCE, dis-turb'ans, »., agita-
tion : tumult : interruption : perplexity.
DISTURNPIKE, dis-tern'pJk, v.t. to free
from turnpikes : to reniove turnpikes or
toll-bars from so as to give free traffic or
passage on : as. disturnpiked roads.
DISUNION, dis-un'yun, «., teant of union:
breaking up of union or concord : sepa-
I'ation.
DISUNITE, dis-u-nit', v.t. to separate what
is united : to sever or sunder. — v.i. to fall
asunder : to part. [L. dis, privative,
and Unite.]
DISUSAGE, dis-uz'aj, n. gradual cessation
of nse or custom. [L. dis, privative,
and Usage.]
DISUSE, dis-us', n. cessation or giving up
of ?we or custom. [L. dis, privative, and
Use.]
DISUSE, dis-uz'. v.t. to cease to use or
practice.
DISUTILIZE. dis-u'til-Tz, v.t. to turn from
a useful purpose : to render useless.
"Annulled the gift, disutilized the
grace." — Browning.
DITCH, dich. n. a trench dug in the
ground : any long narrow receptacle for
water. — v.i. to make a ditch or ditches.
— j'.^ to dig a ditch iii or around : to
drain bv ditches. [A corr. of Dike.]
DITCHER, dich'er, n. a rffVe/i-maker.
DITHEISM, di'the-izm, n. the doctrine of
the existence of tivo gods. [Gr. di, two,
and tlieos. a god.]
DITHYRAMB, dith'i-ram, DITHYRAM-
BL'S, dith - i - ram'bus. n. an ancient
Greek liymn sung in honor of Bacchus :
a short poem of a light character. [Gr.
Ditht/ranibos, whose origin is unknown.]
DITHYRAMBIC, dith-i-ram'bik, adj. of or
like a dithifrainb : wild and boisterous.
DITTANY, dit'a-ni, n. a genus of aromatic
perennial plants, formerly much used
medicinally as a tonic. ["L. dictamnns,
Gr. diktamnos — Dikte. a mountain in
Crete, where the plant grows abun-
dantly.]
DITTO" dit'o, contracted Do., n. that which
has been said : the same thing. — adv. as
before, or aforesaid : in like manner. [It.
detto — L. dictum, said, pa. p. of dico, to
savj
DITTY, dit'i, n. a song : a little poem to
be sung. [O. Fr. dite—'L. dictatum, neu-
ter of dictatvs, perf.p. of ditto, to dic-
tatej
DITTY-BAG, dit'ti-bag, n. a small bag
used by sailors for holding needles,
thread, and other small necessaries or
odds and ends.
DIURETIC, di-ii-ret'ik, adj. tending to ex-
cite the passing through or (lischarge of
vrine. — n. a medicine causing this dis-
charge. [Fr. — Gr. d lottretikos — dia,
through, and ovron, urine.]
DIURNAL, dl-ur'nal, adj., daily : relating
to or performed in a day. — n. in the R.
C. Church, a breviary with daily ser\ices.
— adv. Ditr'nally. [L. dinmus — dies, a
day. See Journal.]
DIVAN, di-van', n. the Turkish council of
state : a court of justice : used poetically
of anj' council or assembly : a council-
chamber with cushioned seats : a sofa :.
a smoking room : a collection of poems.
[Arnl). and Pers. diivdn. a tribunal.]
DIVARICATE, dl-var'i - kat. v.i. to part
into two branches, to fork : to diverge. —
v.f. to divide into two branches. — n. Dl-
varica'tion. [L. divarieo, dii-aricatus
— dis, asunder, and i-arieo, to spread the
legs — varus, bent apart.]
DIVE, div, v.i. to dip or plunge into water :
to plunge or go deeply into any matter.
[A.S. dufan : Ice. dyfa. See Dip.]
Dr\'^ER. div'er, n. one who dives : a bird
very expert at diving.
DIVERGE, di-verj'. v.i. to incline or turn
asunder: to tend from a common point
in different directions. — adi'. Diyero'ing-
LY-. [L. dis. asunder, vergo. to incline.]
DIVERGENCE, di-verj'ens. DIVERG-
ENCY, di-verj'en-si, n. a going apart :
tendency to recede from one point.
DrV^ERGENT. di-verj'ent. adj. tending to
diverge : receding from one point.
DIVERS, dl'verz, ac?/.sundry: several: more
than one : (B.) same as'DrvERSE. [See
Dm:RT.]
DIVERSE, di'versordiv-ers', adj. different:
unlike : iiudtiform : various. — adv. Dl'-
VERSELY or DryEESE'LY. [See Divert. J
DIVERSIFY, di-ver'si-fi, v.t. to make di-
verse or different : to give variety to :-~
pr.p. diver'sifying ; pa.p. diver's'ified. —
n. DrvERSiFlCA'TlON. [L. diversus, and
facio. to make.]
DIVERSION, di-vei'shun. n. act of divert-
ing or turning aside : that which diverts :
amusement, recreation : something done
to turn the attention of an enemy from
the principal point of attack.
DIVERSITY, di-ver'si-ti. ». state of being
diverse: difference: unlikeness : variety.
DIVERT, di-vert', v.t. to turn aside: tc
DIVEST
111
DOGMA
change the direction of : to turn the
mind from business or study : to amuse.
— adj. DivERT'iNG. — adv. Divert'ingly.
[L. diverto. diversus — dis, aside, and
verto. to turn.]
DIVEST, di-vest', v.t. to strip or deprive of
anything. [L. dis, priv., and vestio, to
clotlie — vestui. a garment.]
DIVIDE, di-vid', i'./. to ^art asunder: to
part among, to allot, etc. : to set at
variance : to separate into two parts (as
in voting). — v.i. to part or open : to break
friendship : to vote by separating into
two bodies. — adv. Divid'edly. [L. divide,
divisus — dis, asunder, and root vid, to
separate.]
DIVIDEND, div'i-dend, n. that which is to
be divided : the share of a sum divided
that falls to each individual. [L. dividen-
diim — divido.]
OmDER, di-vld'er, n. he or that which
divides.
DIVINATION, div'i-na-shun, 71. the act or
practice of divining : prediction : con-
jecture.
i iIA'INE. di-vin', adj. belonging to or pro-
ceeding from God : devoted to God's
service : holy : sacred : excellent in the
liighest degree. — n. one skilled in divine
things : a minister of the gospel : a theo-
logian.— v.t. to foresee or foretell as if
divinely inspired : to guess or make out.
— v.i. to profess or practice divination :
to have forebodings. — adv. Divine'ly.
[L. divinus, from divus, dens, a god.]
DIVINER, di-vin'er, n. one who divines or
professes divination : a conjecturer.
DIVING-BELL, div'ing-bel, n. a hollow
vessel orig. bell-shaped, air-tight except
at the bottom, in which one may descend
into and work under water. [See Dive.]
DIVINING-ROD, di-vin'ing-rod, n. a rod
usually of hazel used by those profess-
ing to discover water or metals under
ground.
DIVINITY, di-vin'i-ti, n. godhead : the
nature or essence of God : God : a celes-
tial being : any god : the science of di-
vine things : theology. [See Divike.]
DIVISIBILITY, di-viz-i-bin-ti, n. quality
of being divisible or separable.
DIVISIBLE, di-viz'i-bl, adj. capable of
being divided or separated. — adv. Dms'-
IBLY.
DIVISION, di-vizh'un, n. act of dividing :
state of being divided : that wliich di-
vides : a partition : a barrier : the por-
tion divided or separated : separation :
difference in opinion, etc. : di.sunion :
(ttrith.) the rule or process of finding how
many times one number is contained in
another.
DIVISIONAL, di-\izh'un-al, adj. pertain-
ing to or marking a division or separa-
tion.
DIVISIVE, di-vi'ziv, adj. forming division
or separation : creating discord.
DIVISIVENESS, di-vlz'iv-nes, n. the state
or quality of being divisive : tending to
split up or .separate into units. " So in-
vincible is man's tendency to unite, with
all the invincible divisiveness he has.'' —
Carlyle.
DI'VISOR. di-vT'zor, n. (arith.) the number
which divide-t the dividend.
DIVORCE, di-vors', n. the legal separation
of husDand and wife : the sentence by
which a marriage is dissolved. — v.t. to
separate : to sunder : to dissolve the
marriage-contr.ict of : to put away. — n.
Divorc'er. [Fr. — L. divortium — divort-
ere. another torm of divertere. See Di-
vert.]
DIVORCEMENT, di-v6rs'ment, n. {B.) di-
vorce.
DIVULGE, di-vulj', v.t. to spread abroad
among the vulgar ta the people : to make
public : to reveal. [L. dis, among, and
vidgus, the common people. See FOLK.]
DIVULSION, di-vul'shun, n. act of pulling
or rending asunder or away. [L. dis,
asunder, and vello, vulsiis, to pull.]
DIVULSIVE, di-vul'siv, adj. tending to
l}ull asunder.
DIZEN. di'zn or diz'n, v.t. {obs.) to dress :
to deck : to dress gaudily. [Orig. to put
a bunch of flax on the distaff, from an
E. form found also in Low Ger. diesse,
the bunch of flax on the distaff. See
Distaff.]
DIZZINESS, diz'i-nes, n. giddiness.
DIZZY, diz'i, adj., dazed: giddy: con-
fused : causing giddiness : unthinking :
heedless. — v.t. to make dizzy : to con-
fuse. [A.S. dysig, foolish, silly ; O. Dut.
duyzigh : Dan. dosig, drowsy ; conn,
with E. Daze, Doze.]
DO, doo, v.t. to perform any action: to
bring about or effect : to accomplish or
finish : to prepare : to put or bring into
any form or state. — To DO ON, to don or
put on ; To DO OFF, to doff or put off ;
To DO AWAY, to remove or destroy ; To
BE DONE FOR, to be defeated or ruined. —
v.i. to act or behave : — pr.p. do'ing ;
pa.t. AiA;pa.p. done (dun). [A.S. rfow;
Dut. docn, Ger. thun ; conn, with Gr.
tithemi, to put, place.]
DO, doo, v.i. to fare or get on, as to health:
to succeed : to suit or avail. [Prov. E.
dotv, to avail, to be worth ; from A.S.
dvgan. to be worth ; Ger. taugen, to be
strong, to be worth. See DOUGHTY.]
DO-ALL, doo'-awl, n. a servant, official or
dependent who does all sorts of work : a
factotum. Fuller.
DOATING-PIECE, dot'ing-pes, n. a person
or tiling doatingly loved : a darling.
Richardson.
DOBBIE, dob'i, n. a kind of spirit or hob-
goblin akin to the Scotch Brownie. Sir
IF. Scott. [Northern English.]
D O C H T E R , dokh'ter, n. daughter.
[Scotch.]
DOCILE, do'sil or dos'il, adj., teachable:
ready to learn : easilj' managed. [L.
docilis — doceo, to teach.]
DOCILITY, do-sil'i-ti, n., teachableness:
aptness.
DOCK, dok, n. a troublesome weed with
large leaves and a long root, difficult to
eradicate. [A.S. docce : jjrob. from G;iel.
dogha, a burdock ; perhaps allied to Gr.
daukos, a kind of carrot.]
DOCK, dok, v.t. to cut short: to curtail :
to cut off : to clip. — n. the part of a tail
left after clipping. [W. tociuw, to cut
short ; cf. Ice. dockr, a stumpy tail.]
DOCK, dok, n. an inclosm-e or artificial
basin near a harbor or river, for the re-
ception of vessels : the box in court
where the accused stands. — v.t. to place
in a dock. [O. Dut. dokke ; perh. from
Low L. doga, a canal — Gr. doche, a re-
ceptacle— dechomai, to receive.]
DOCKAGE, dok'aj, n. a charge for the use
of a dock.
DOCKET, dok'et, n. a summary of a
larger writing : a bill or ticket affixed
to anything : a label : a list or register
of cases in court. — v.t. to make a sum-
mary of the heads of a writing : to en-
ter in a book : to mark the contents of
papers on the back -.^p^r.p. dock'eting ;
pa.p. dock'cted. [Dim. of Dock, to cur-
tail J
DOCKYARD, dok'yard, n. a yard or store
near a dock, where ships are built and
naval stores kept.
DOCTOR, dok'tur, n. one who h;us received
from a university the highest degree in
a faculty : a physician. — adj. Doc'toral.
[L. (lit.) a teacher — doceo, to teach.]
DOCTORATE, dok'tur-at, n. a doctor's de-
gree.
DOCTRINAL, dok'trin-al, adj. relating to
or containing doctrine : relating to the
act of teaching. — adv. Doc'trinally.
DOCTRINE, dok'trin, n. a thing taught: a
principle of belief : what the Scriptures
teach on any subject : (B.) actor manner
of teaching. [See Doctor.]
DOCUMENT, dok'u-raeut, n. a paper con-
taining information or the proof of any-
thing. [L. documenium — doceo, to teach. ^
DOCUMENTAL, dok - u - ment'al, DOCU-
MENTARY, dok-u-ment'ar-i, adj. relat-
ing to or found in documents.
DODDY-POLE, DODDY-POLL, dod'di-pol,
n. a stupid, silly fellow : a numskull.
" Daddy-poles and dunderheads."-<SYerne.
DODECAGON, d5-dek'a-gon, n. a plan&
figure having tivelve equal angles and
sides. [Gr. dodeka. twelve, and gonia,
an angle.]
DODECAHEDRON, do-dek-a-he'dron. n. a
solid figure, having twelve equal pentag-
onal bases or faces. [Gr. dodeka, twelve,,
and hedra, a base, a side.]
DODGE, doj, v.i. to start aside or shift
about : to evade or use mean tricks : to
shuflfle or quibble. — r.^ to evade by a
sudden shift of place. — n. an evasion : a
trick : aquibble.— H. Dodg'er. [Ety. dub.]
DODO, do'do, M. a large clumsy bird, now
extinct, once found in Mauritius and
Madagascar. [Port, doudo, silly.]
DOE, do, n. the female of the fallow-deer
or buck. [A.S. da ; Dan. daa. a deerj
DOES, (hiz, third pers. sing. pres. ind.of Do>
DOESKIN, do'skin, n. the skin of a doe : a
twilled cloth, named from its likeness to-
the skin of a doe.
DOFF, dof, v.t. to do or take ojf : to rid
one's self of. [A contr. of do off.^
DOG, dog, «. a domestic quadruped ; a
term of contempt : one of two constella-
tions of stars: an andiron : an iron hook
for holding logs of wood. — v.t. to follow
as a dog : to follow and watch con-
stantly: to worry with importunitj- : —
pr.p. dogg'ing ; pa.pi. dogged'. — n. DOGG'-
ER. [Not in A.S. ; Dut. dog, a mastiff ;
Ger. dogqc, docke.']
DOG-BRIER, dog'-brl'er, n. the trricr dog-
rose.
DOGCART, dog'kart, }(. a one-horse car-
riage for sportsmen, so called ftom dogs
being carried inside.
DOGCHEAP, dog'chep, adj., cheap as dog's-
meat : very cheap.
DOGDAY, dog'dil, n. one of the dayswhen
the Dogstar rises and sets with the sun,
between the end of July and the begin-
ning of September.
DOGE, doj, n. formerly the chief-magis-
trate in Venice and Genoa. [It. prov.
for dMce=E. duke — L. dux, a leader —
duco. to lead.]
DOGFISH, dog'fish, n. a species of British
shark, so named from their habit of fol-
lowing their prey like dogs hunting in
packs.
DOGGED, dog'ed, adj. surly like an angry
dug : sullen : obstinate. — adv. Dogo'edly.
— n. Dogg'ednes.s.
DOGGEREL, dog'er-el, ?i. irregular meas-
ures in burlesque poetry, so named in
contempt : worthless verses. — adj. irregu-
lar : mean. [From DoG.]
DOGGISH, dog'ish. ac^. like a dogr;
churlish : brutal. — adv. DoGO'lSHLY.— ».
Doog'ishness.
DOG-LOOKED, dog'-lookt, adj. having a
han,^-dog look. " A wretched kind of a
dog-looked fellow." — Sir B. L'Estrange.
DOGMA, dog'ma, n. a settled opinion : a
principle or tenet : a doctrine laid down
with authority. [Or., an opinion, from
DOG-MAN
112
DOMINEER
dokeo, to think, allied to L. decet. See
Decent.]
DOG-MAN, dog'-man, n. one who deals in
dog's meat.
And filch the dog-man^s meat
To feed the offspring of God.
— Mrs. Browninq.
DOGMATIC, dog--mat'ik, DOGMATICAL,
do,a--mat'ik-al, adj. pertaining- to a dogma:
assei'ting a thing as if it were a dogma :
asserting positivelj' : overbearing. — adv.
Dogmatically.
DOGMATISM, dog'ma-tizm, n., dogmatic
or positive assertion of opinion.
DOGMATIST, dog'ma-tist, n. one who
makes positive assertions.
DOGMATIZE, dog'ma-tiz, v.i. to state
one's opinion dogviatically or arrogantlj'.
— 11. Dog'matizzr.
DOGROSE, dog'roz, n. the rose of the dog-
brier.
DOG'S-EAE, dogz'-er, n. the corner of the
leaf of a book turned down, like a dog's
ear. — v.t. to turn down the corners of
leaves : — pa.p. dog's'-eared.
DOGSTAR, dog'star, n. Sirius, a star of
the first magnitude, whose rising and
setting with the sun gave name to the
dogdays.
DOILY, doi'li, n. a small napkin used at
dessert. [Prob. from Dut. dwaal^=E.
towel.]
DOINGS, doo'ingz, n.pl., things done,
events : behavior.
DOIT, doit, n. a small Dutch coin worth
about a quarter of a cent : a thing of
little or no value. [Dut. duit. Origin
dub.]
DOLE, dol, i\t. to deal out in small por-
tions.— n. a share distributed : something
given in charity : a small portion. [From
root of Deal, to divide.]
DOLE, dol, n. (obs.) pain : grief: heaviness
at iieart. [O. Fr. doel, Ft. deuil, grief —
L. doleo, to feel pain.]
DOLEFUL, dol'fool, adj. full of dole or
grief : melancholy. — adv. Dole'fully. —
n. DOLE'FL-LNESS.
DOLESOME, dol'sum, adj. dismal. — adv.
Dole'somelt.
DOLL. dol. n. a puppet or toy-baby for a
child. [Dut. dollen, to sport, O. Dut. dol,
a whipping-top ; cf . dol, mad ; or perh.
familiar for Dorothy.]
DOLLAR, dol'ar, n. a money denomination
of the United States, worth 100 cents.
[Ger., short for Joachimsthaler, because
first coined at the silver mines in Joach-
imsthal (Joachim's dale) in Bohemia.]
DOLLOP, dol'lop, n. a lump : a mass. R.
D. Blackmore. (Colloq.)
DOLLY, doi'li, ?i. a primitive form of ap-
paratus for clothes-washing, consisting
of a wooden disc furnished with from
three to five rounded legs with rounded
ends, and a handle with a cioss-piece
rising from the centre. The dolly is
jerked rapidly round in different direc-
tions in a tub or box containing water
and the clothes to be washed.
DOLLY, doi'li, n. a sweetheart : a mistress :
a paramour : a doxy. [Dim. of doll. Old
slang.]
Drink, and dauce, and pipe, and play,
Kisse our doUies night and day. — Herrick.
DOLMEN, dol'men, n. a stone table: an
ancient structure of two or more unhewn
stones placed erect in the earth and sup-
porting a large stone. [Celtic daul, table,
maen, a stone.]
DOLOMITE, dol'o-mlt, n. a magnesian
limestone, so called from the French
geologist Dolomieu.
DOLOR, do'lor, 71., pain: grief: anguish.
J?^'l
DOLORIFIC, dol-or-ifik, adj., caxtsing or
expressing dolor, pain, or grief. [L. do-
lor, faeio, to make.]
DOLOROUS, doIor-us, adj. full of dolor,
pain, or grief : doleful. — adv. DoL'OR-
OUSLY. [L. dolorosus.]
DOLPHIN, dol'fin, w. an animal of tlie
wliale kind, found in all seas, about 8 or
10 feet long- : the coryphene, a fish about
5 feet in length, noted for the brilliancy
of its colors when dying.— In Oreek
antiq. a ponderous mass of lead or iron
suspended from the j'ard-arm of a vessel
and suddenly let down upon an enemy's
shi|5S.— In naut. a spar or buoy made fast
to an anchor, and usuallj' supplied with
a ring to enable vessels to ride by it.
Aiso a mooring-post placed at the en-
trance of a dock. It is generally com-
posed of a series of piles driven near to
each other, in a circle, and brought to-
gether and capped over at the top. The
name is also sometimes applied to the
mooring-post placed along a quay or
wharf. — In inilif. a handle of a gun or
mortar made in the form of a dolphin.
— In astron. a constellation, so called
from its fancied resemblance to a dol-
phin.— In arch, a technical term applied
to the pipe and cover at a source for the
supply of water. Also an emblem of
love and social feeling frequently intro-
duced as an ornament to coronas sus-
pended in churches. — Dolphin of the
MAST (naut.), a kind of wreath, formed
of plaited cordage, to be fastened occa-
sionally round the masts of a vessel as a
support to the puddening. [O. Fr. daul-
phin — L. delphinus.]
DOLPHINET, dol'fin-et, n. a female dol-
phin.
DOLPHIN-FLY, dol'fin-fli, n. an insect of
the aphis tribe {Aphis fabce), which de-
stroys the leaves of bean-crops, thus
rendering the plants incapable of bring-
ing the ordinary amount of seeds to
perfection. Called also, from its black
color, the Collier Aphis.
DOLPHIN-STRIKER, dol'fin-strlk-er, n.
naut. same as Martingale, a spar.
DOLT, dolt, n. a dull or stupid fellow.
iDouT^dulled or blunted. See Dull.]
LTISH, dolt'ish, adj. dull: stupid.—
adv. Dolt'ishly. — n. Dolt'ishness.
DOLVEN, pp. from delve, buried.
All quicke I would be dolven deepe. — Chaucer.
DOM, dom, n. a title in the middle ages
g^ven to the pope, and afterwards to
Roman Catholic dignitaries and some
monastic orders. In Portugal and BrazU
this title is imiversally given to the
higher classes. [L. dominus, a master,
a lord.]
DOM, dom, a termination used to denote
jurisdiction, or property and jurisdiction:
primarily, doom, judgment : as in king-
dom, earldom. Hence it is used to de-
note state, condition, or quality, as in
wisdojfi, freedont. [A.S. dom, judgment,
authority=E. doom ; Ice. domr; O. Ger.
tuom : Ger. -thn7n.]
DOMAIN, do-man', n. what one is master
of or has dominion over: an estate:
territory. [Fr. domaine — L. dominium,
dominus, a master.] — Right of eminent
domain, the superiority or dominion of
the sovereig-u power over all the prop-
erty within the state, by which it is en-
titled to appropriate, by constitutional
agency, any part necessary to the public
good, compensation being given for what
is taken.
All these must first be trampled down
Beneath our feet, if we would gain
In the bright fields of fair renown
The right of em/iient domain.
— LmigfeUow.
DOMANIAL, do-ma'ni-al, adj. relating to
domains or landed estates. " In all do-
manial and fiscal causes, and wherever
the private interests of the Crown stood
in competition with those of a subject,
the former enjoj'ed enormous and supe-
rior advantages." — Hallam.
DOM-BOC, dom'-bok, n. (lit.) doom-book :
tlie book of laws, now lost, compiled
under the direction of King Alfred, and
containing the local customs of the sev-
eral provinces of the kingdom. [A.S.]
DOME, dom, n. a structure raised abov«
the roof of large buildings, usually hemi-
spherical : a large cupola : a cathedral :
(poet.)& building-. — adj. Domed', having a
dome. [Fr. dome. It. duomo, first meant
a town-hall or public building ; then the
cupola on such a building ; It. duomo
and Grer. dom are applied to the principal
church of a place with or without a cu-
pola.— Gr. and L. domus, a house, a tem-
ple— Gr. demo, to build.]
DOMESDAY- or DOOMSDAY-BOOK,
doomz'da-book, n. a book compiled by
order of William the Conqueror, contain-
ing a survey of all the lands in Eno-land.
their value, owners, etc. ; so called from
its authority in doom or judgment on the
matters contained in it.
DOMESTIC, do-mes'tik, adj. belonging to
the house : remaining much at home,
private : tame : not foreign.—/!, a ser-
vant in the house. — adv. Domes'tically.
— n. Domestic'ity". [L. domesticus —
doimts, a house.]
DOMESTICATE, do-mes'tik-at, v.t. to make
domestic or familiar : to tame. — Also,
v.i. to live at home : to lead a quiet
home-life : to become a member of a
family circle. " I would rather . . . see
her married to some honest and tender-
hearted man. whose love might induce
him to domesticate with her, and to live
peaceably and pleasingly within his fam-
ily circle, than to see her mated with a
prince of the blood." — Henry Brooke. —
n. Domestica'tion.
DOMICILE, dom'i-sil, n. a hou.'ie: an abode :
in law, the ])lace where a person has his
home, or where he has his family resi-
dence and principal place of business.
The constitution of domicile depends on
the concurrence of two elements — 1st.
residence in a place ; and 2d, the intention
of the party to make that place his home.
Domicile is of three kinds — 1st, domicile
of origin, or nativity, depending on that
of the parents at the time of birth ; 2d,
domicile of choice, which is voluntarily
acquired by the party; and 3d, domicile
by operation of laic, as that of a wife,
arising from marriage. The term domicile
is sometimes used to signify the length
of residence required by the law of some
countries for the purpose of founding
jurisdiction in civil actions ; in Scotland,
residence for at least fortj- days within
the country constitutes a domicile as to
jurisdiction. — v.t. to establish a fixed
residence. — adj. DojnciL'lARY. [L. domi-
ciliiim — domtis, a house.] 1
DOMICILIATE, dom-i-sil'yat, u.f. to estab-
lisli in a permanent residence. — ?i. DOM-
icilia'tion.
DOMINANT, dom'in-ant, adj. prevailing : ■
predominant. — n. {music) the fifth note'
of the scale in its relation to the first and l
third. [L. dominans, -antis, pr.p. of
dominor, to be master.] ;
DOMINATE, dom'in-at, v.t. to be lord over i
to govern: to prevail over. [L. dominor,
to be master — dominus, master — domara
=E. Tame.]
DOMINATION, dom-in-a'shun, n., govern'^
ment : absolute authority : tyranny. [L,
dominatio,]
DOMINATIVE, dom'in-a-tiv, adj., govern.^
inq : arbitrary.
DOMINEER, d"om-in-er', v.i. to nde arbi*
trarily : to command haughtily.
DOMINICAL
113
DOSE
DOMINICAL, do-miu'ik-al, acJJ. belonging-
to Our Lord, as the Lord's Prayer, the
Lord's Day. — Dominical letter, one of
the seven letters. A, B, C, D, E, F, G,
used in almanacs, etc., to mark the Sun-
days throughout the year. The first
seven days of the year being marked in
their order by the above letters in their
order, the following seven and all con-
secutive sets of seven days to the end of
the year are similarly marked, so that
on whatever day the first Sunday of the
year falls the letter which marks it will
mark all the other Sundays of the j'ear.
After twenty-eight years the same letters
return in their order. [L. dominicus —
dominus, lord, master.]
IjOMINICAN, do-min'i-kan, adj. belonging
to St. Dominic or to the Dominicans. —
n. a friar or monk of the order of St.
Dominic, founded early in the thirteenth
century.
DOMINIE, dom'i-ni, n. a schoolmaster : a
pedagogue. [Scotch.] In the sense of
schoolmaster this word is also met with
in old English authors. " The dainty
dominie, the schoolmaster." — Beau, and
Fl. [From L. domine, vocative case of
dominns, a lord or master.]
DOMINIUM, do-min'i-um, n. a term in the
Roman law used to signify ownership of
a thing, as opposed to a mere life-inter-
est, to an equitable right, to a merely
possessory right, or to a right against a
person, such as a covenantee has against
a covenanter. — DOMINIUM directum, in
feudal law, the superiority or interest
vested in the superior.— DoiaiNiUM utile,
the property or the vassal's interest, as
distinguished from the superiority. [See
Domain.]
DOMINION, do-min'yun, n., lordship:
highest power and authority : control :
the country or persons governed: — pi.
( B.) angelic and powerful spirits.
DOMNO, dom'i-no, /(. a cape witli a hood
worn by a master or by a priest : a long
cloak of black silk, with a hood, used for
disguise:— J}?. Dom'inoes (-noz), the name
of a game, so called because the pieces
are (partly) colored black. [Sp. domine,
a master or teacher.]
DON, don, n. a Spanish title, correspond-
ing to English Sir, formerly applied only
to noblemen, now to all classes. — fem.
Donn'a. [Sp., from L. dominus.]
DON, don, v.t. to do or put on: to assume :
— pr.p. donn'ing; pa.p. donned'. [A contr.
of do on.]
DONATION, do-na'shun, n. act of giving:
that which is given, a gift of money or
goods : (lair) the act by which a person
freely transfers his title to anything to
another. [L. donatio— dono, donatum
— dan II in. a gift — do, to give.]
DONATIST, don'at-ist, n. one of a body of
African schismatics of the fourth cen-
tury, so named from their founder Dona-
tus, bishop of Casa Nigra in Numidia,
who taught tliat though Christ was of
the same substance with the Father yet
that He was less than tlie Father, that
the Catholic Cliurch was not infallible,
but had erred in his time and become
practically extinct, and that he was to
be the restorer of it. All joining the
sect required to be rebaptized, baptism
by the impure church being invalid.
DONATIVE, don'a-tiv, n. a gift : a gratu-
ity: a benefice presented by the founder
or patron without reference to the
bishop. — adj. vested or vesting by dona-
tion. [L. donatimim.]
DONE, dun, pa.p. of Do : also completely
exhausted : txtremely fatigued : tired
out : done up — in this sense sometimes
followed by for. " She is rather done
H
for this morning, and must not go so
far -vvithout help." — Miss Austen.
Not so the Holland tleet, who, tired and done.
Stretched on their decks like weary oxen lie.
— Dryden.
DONEE, do-ne', n. one who receives a gift.
DONI, do'ni, )i. a clumsy kind of boat used
on the coast of Coromandel and Ceylon ;
sometimes decked, and occasionally fur-
nished with an outrigger. The donis are
about 70 ft. long, 20 ft. broad, and 12 ft.
deep ; have one mast and a lug-sail, and
are navigated in fine weather only.
DONJON, dun'iun, n. a strong central
tower in ancient castles, to which the
garrison retreated when hard pressed.
[Fr., from Low L. domjio=domnio. for
Low L. dominio (=L. dominium, do-
minion), because the tower dominated
over the rest. See Dungeon.]
DONKEY,dong'ke,)i.the ass. \^=Dim-ik-ie,
a double dim. of Dun, from its color.]
DONKEY-ENGINE, dong'ke-en-jin, n. in
mach. a small steam-engine used where
no great power is required, and often to
perform some subsidiary operation. Don-
key-engines in steam-vessels, etc., are
supplied with steam from the main en-
gine, and are used for pumping water
into the boilers, raising large weights,
and other similar purposes.
DONKEY- PUMP, dong'ke - pump, n. a
steam-pump for feeding boilers.
DONNISH, don'ish, adj. pertaining to or
characteristic of a don of a university.
"Donnish books." — George Eliot. (Uni-
versity slang.)
DONOR, do'nor, n. a giver : a benefactor.
DO-NOTHING, doo'-nu-thing, adj. doing no
work: idle: indolent. "Any do-nothing
canon there at the abbey." — Kingsley.
DO-NOTHINGNESS, doo-nu'thing-nes, n.
idleness: indolence. "A situation of
similar affluence and do-nothingness." —
Mtis Austen.
DONZEL, don'zel, n. a young attendant :
a page : a youth of good quality not yet
knighted. " Esquire to a knight-errant,
donzel to the damsels." — Butler. [It.
donzello, Sp. doncel, from Low L. doncel-
lus, domnicellus, dominicellus, dim. of L.
dominus, a lord.]
DOOM, doom, n., judgment: condemnation:
destiny : ruin : final judgment. — v.t. to
pronounce judgment on : to sentence :
to condemn : — pr.p. doom'ing ; pa.p.
doomed'. [A.S. dom, judgment ; allied
to Gr. themis, justice.]
DOOMSDAY, doomz'da, n. the da y of doom,
the day when the world will be judged.
DOON, doon, n. a Cingalese name for Doona
zeylanica, nat. order Dipterocarpaceie, a
large tree inhabiting Ceylon, i'he tim-
ber is much used for building. It also
yields a i-esin wliich is made into varnish.
DOONGA, doon'ga, n. a canoe made out of
a single piece of wood, employed for
navigating the marshes and the branches
of the mouth of the Ganges. The doon-
gas are used by a miserable population,
chiefly for obtaining salt, in marshy un-
healthy tracts, infested with tigers.
DOOR, clor, n. the usual entrance into a
house or into a room : the wooden frame
on hinges closing up the entrance : a
means of approach or access. [A.S. duru:
Gr. thura, L. fores (pi.), a door, allied to
Sans, dvnr, an opening, from a root mean-
ing to blow.]
DOQUET. dok^et, a form of Docket.
DOR, DORR, dor, n. a species of beetle, so
called from its droning sound. [A.S.
dora, a drone, locust.]
DORE-BULLION, do'ra-bul-yon, n. bullion
containing a certain quantity of gold al-
loyed with ba.se metal. [Fr. dore, gilt,
dorer, to gild or plate, from L. deaurare,
to gild — de, from, and auntni, gold.]
DOREE. do-re' or dor'a, n. a fish of a golden-
yellow color, called also DoRY and John
DoREE. [DoREE is the Fr. doree, from
verb dorer, to gild — L. deaurare, to gild
— de, of, with, and auruin. gold. John
is simply the ordinary name.]
DORIC, dor'ik, adj. belonging to Doris in
Greece : denoting one of the Grecian;
orders of architecture : a dialect of the
Greek language distinguished bj- the use •
of broad vowel sounds: anj' dialect having
this character, as Scotch. — Dorian or
Doric mode or mood, in music, the old-
est of the authentic modes or keys of the
Greeks. Its character is severe, tempered
with gravity and joy, and is adapted both
to religious services and to war. Many of
the most characteristic Gaelic airs are
written in the Dorian mode.
In perfect phalanx, to the Dorian mood
Of flutes and soft recorders. — Atilion.
Strictly speaking, music in the Dorian
mode is written on a scale having its
semi-tones between the second and third
and the sixth and seventh notes of tlie
scale, instead of between the third and
fourth and seventh and eighth as in what
is now called the natural or normal scale.
In other words, the second note of the
normal scale acquires something of the
dignity, force, or position of a tonic, and
upon it the melodies of the Dorian mode
close. [Fr. dorique, from L. Doriciis —
Gr. Doris.]
DORKING, dork'ing, n. a species of barn-
door fowl, distinguished by having five
claws on each foot, so named because
bred largely at Dorking in Surrey. Eng-
land.
DORMANCY, dor'man-si, n. quiescence.
DORMANT, dor'mant, culj., sleeping: at
rest : not used : in a sleeping posture :
(arch.) leaning. — n. a crossbeam : a joist.
[Fr., pr.p. of dormir, from L. dormio. to
sleep.]
DORMAR, dor'mer, n. a beam : a sleeper.
DORMER-WINDOW, dor'mer- win'do. n. a
vertical window, esp. of a sleeping-room
(formerly called dormer), on the sloping
roof of a house. [Fr. dormir, to sleep.]
DORMITORY, dor'mi-tor-i, ?!. a large sleep-
ing-chsimher with many beds. [L. dor-
mitorium — dormio, to sleep.]
DORMOUSE, dor'mows, n. (pi. Dormice,
dor'rais), tlie popular name of the several
species of Myoxus, a genus of mammalia
of th'e order Rodentia. The common
dormouse is the M. (Muscardinvs) avel-
lanarius, which attains the size of the
common mouse ; the fat dormouse is the
M. glis, a native of France and the south
of Europe ; the garden dormouse is the
M. (Ehomys) nitela, a native of the tem-
Serate parts of Europe and Asia. The
orniice pass the winter in a lethargic or
torpid state, only occasionally waking,
and apjilying to their stock of provisions
hoarded up for that season. [Prob. from
Fr. dormeuse, a sleeper (fem.), as it is
called in Languedoc radourmeire, dour-
meire being ^sleeper, and in Suffolk,
"sleeper" ; or it may be from the pro-
vincial dorm, to sleep, and mouse, mean-
ing lit. the sleeping-mouse. The origin
in both cases would be the Fr. dormir
to .sleep, L. dormirc, to sleep.]
DORSAL, dor'sal, adj. pertaining or belong
ing to the back. [L. dorsum, the back.]
DORY. See Doree.
DOSE, dos. n. the quantity of medicine
given to be taken at one time : a por-
tion : anytliing disagreeable that must
be taken. — i:.t. to order or give in doses :
to give anything nau.seous to. [Fr., from
Gr. dosis, a giving — didomi, to give.]
DOST
ll'J
DRAB
DOST, dust, second pers. sing. pres. ind.
of Do.]
DOT, dot, n. anj' small mark made wth a
pen or sharp point. — v.t. to mark witli
dots : to diversify with objects. — v.i. to
form dots -.—pr.p. dott'ing ; pa. p. dott'ed.
[Ety. dub.]
DOTAGE, dot'aj, n. a doting : childishness
of old age : excessive fondness.
DOTAL, Qo'tal, adj. pertainino; to dowt-y
or to dower. [L. dotalis — dos, dotis, a
dowrj'.]
DOTARD, dot'ard, n. one who dotes : one
showing the weakness of old age, or ex-
cessive fondness.
DOTATION, do-ta'shun, n. the act of
bestowing a doivry on a woman : an
endowment. [Low L. dotatio.'\
DOTE, dot, v.i. to be weakly affectionate :
to show excessive love. — adv. Dot'ingly.
[E. ; Dut. doten, to be silly, Scot, doitet,
stupid ; Fr. radoter, to rave, is from the
same root.]
DOTH, duth, tliird pers. sing. pres. ind.
of Do.
DOTTLE, dot'l, n. a small rounded lump
or mass : especially, the tobacco remain-
ing in the bottom of a pipe after smok-
ing, and which is often put on the top of
fresh tobacco when refilling. [Scotcli.]
"A snuffer-tray containing scraps of
half-smoked tobacco, ' pipe dottles,' as he
called them, wliich were carefully re-
smoked over and over again till nothing
but ash was left." — Kingsley. [A dim.
corresponding to dot, the meaning con-
necting it more closely with Dut. dot,
a small bundle of wool, etc. ; Sw. dott, a
little heap.]
DOUBLE, dub'l, adj., twofold: twice as
much : two of a sort together : in pairs :
acting two parts, insincere. — adv. Doub'-
LY. [Fr. — L. duphis — duo, two, andp?(is,
akin to plenus, full.]
DOUBLE, dub'l, v.t. to multiply by two :
to fold. — v.i. to increase to twice the
quantity : to wind in running. — n. twice
as much : a duplicate : one's wraith or
apparition : a trick.
DOUBLE-BASS, dub'1-bas, n. the lowest-
toned musical instrument of the violin
form.
DOUBLE-CONE, dub'l-kon, n. in areh. a
Norman ornament consisting of two
cones joined base to base (or apex to
apex), a series of these forming the en-
richment of a moulding.
DOUBLE-DEALING, dub'l-del'ing, n. in-
sincere dealing- : duplicity.
DOUBLE-ENTRY, dub'l-en'tri, n. book-
keeping in which two entries are naade of
every transaction.
DOUBLENESS, dub'1-nes, n. duplicity.
DOUBLE-SHOT, dub'1-shot, v.t. to load, as
a cannon, with double the usual weight
of shot for the purpose of increasing the
destructive power. Tliis practice is not
adopted with the heavier and more per-
fect guns of the present day.
DOUBLET, dub'let, ?». a pair : an inner
garment : name given to words that are
really the same, but vary somewhat in
spelling and signification, as desk, disc
and dish, describe and descry. [O. Fr.,
dim. of double.]
DOUBLOON, dub-loon', n. a Sp. gold coin,
so called because it is double the value of
a pistole.
DOUBT, dowt, v.i. to waver in opinion : to
be uncertain : to hesitate : to suspect. —
v.t. to hold in doubt : to distrust. [O.
Fr. doubter — L. dubito, from root did) in
dubius, doubtful.]
DOUBT, dowt. ?i. uncertainty of mind :
suspicion : fear : a thing doubted or
questioned. — n. Docbt'er. — adv. Doubt'-
DJGLY.l
DOUBTFUL, dowt'fool, adj. full pf doubt :
undetermined : not clear : not secure :
suspicious : not confident. — adv. Doubt'-
FULLY.— (i. DOUBT'FULNESS.
DOUBTLESS, dowt'les, adv. without doubt:
ceitainly. — adv. Doubt'lessly.
DOUCEUR, doo-ser', n. sweetness of man-
ner : something intended to please, a
present or a bribe. [Fr., from doux,
douce — L. dulcis, sweet.]
DOUCHE, doosh, n. a jet of water directed
upon the body from a pipe. [Fr. — It.
doccia, a water-pipe, from L. duco, to
lead.]
DOUGH, do, n. a mass of flour or meal
moistened and kneaded, but not baked.
[A.S. dah ; Ger. teig. Ice. deig, dough,
from a root found in Goth, deigan, to
knead ; conn, with Dike, and with L.
fi{n)go. to mould.]
DOUGHTY, dow'ti, adj., able, strong:
brave. [A.S. dylitig, valiant — dugan, to
be strong ; Gev. tiichtig, solid, able —
taugen, to be strong. See Do, to fare or
get on.]
DOUGHY, do'i, adj. like dough : soft.
DOUSE, dows, v.t. to plunge into water :
to slacken suddenlj-, as a sail. — v.i. to
fall suddenly into water. [Ety. un-
known.]
DOVE, duv, n. a pigeon : a word of en-
dearment. [A.S. Suva — dUfan, to dive ;
perh. from its habit of ducking the head.]
DOVECOT, duv'kot, DO'V'ECOTE, duv'kot,
«. a small cot or box in which pigeons
breed.
DOVELET, duv'let, n. a young or small
dove.
DOVE-PLANT, duv'-plant, n. an orchi-
daceous plant (Peristeria elata) of Cen-
tral America, so called from the resem-
blance of the column of the flower 'to
a dove liovering with expanded wings,
somewhat like the conventional dove
seen in artistic representations of the
Holy Ghost. The plant has large. striated,
green, pseudo-bulbs, bearing three to five
lanceolate, stronglj'-ribbed, and plicate
leaves. The upper part of the flower-
stem is occupied by a spike of almost
globose, very sweet-scented flowers of a
creamy-white, dotted with lilac on the
base of the lip.
DOVETAIL, duv'tal, n. a mode of fasten-
ing boards together by fitting pieces
shaped like a dove's tail spread out into
corresponding cavities. — v.t. to fit one
thing into another.
DOW ABLE, dow'a-bl, adj. that may be
endowed : entitled to dower.
DOWAGER, dow'a-jer, n. a widow with a
dower or jointure : a title given to a
widow to distinguish her from the wife
of her husband's heir. [O. Fr. douagiere
— Low L. dfitarium — L. dotare, to eq-
dow. See -Dower.]
DOWER, dow'er, n. a jointure, that part of
the husband's property wliicb his widow
enjoys during her life — sometimes used
for Dowry. — adjs. Dow'ered, furnished
with dower, Dow'erless, without dower.
[Fr. douaire — LowL. doarium, dotarium
— L. doto, to endow — dos, dotis, a dowry
— do, Gr. di-do-mi, to give.]
DOWLAS, dow'las, n. a coarse linen cloth.
[Fr. douilieux — douille, soft — L. ductilis,
pliant — duco, to draw.]
DOWN, down, n. the soft hair under the
feathers of fowls : the hair^' covering of
the seeds of certain plants : anj-thing
which soothes or invites to repose.
[From root of Ice. dunn, G«r. dunst,
vapor, dust. See DcsT.]
DOWN, down, M. a bank of sand thrown
up by the sea: — ^j/. a tract of hilly land,
used for pasturing sheep. [A.S. dun, a
hill (cog. with tun, a fort), found in all
theTeut. and Romance languages ; prob.
from Celt, dun, which is found in many
names of places, as Dunkeld.]
DOWN, down, adv. from a higher to a
lower position : on the ground : from
earUer to later tinaes. — prej). along a
descent : from a higher to a lower posi-
tion or state. [A. corr. of M.E. a-down,
adun — A.S. of dune, "from the hill" —
A.S. dun, a hUl. See DOWN, a bank of
sand.]
DOWNBEAED, down'berd, n. the downy
or winged seed of the thistle. "It is
frightful to think how evorj' idle volume
flies abroad like an idle globular down-
beard, embryo of new millions." — Car-
lyle.
DOWNCAST, down'kast, adj., cast or bent
downward : dejected : sad.
DOWNFALL, down'fal, 7t. sudden loss of
rank or reputation : ruin.
DOWNHEARTED, down'hart-ed, adj. de-
jected in spirits.
DOWNHILL, down'hil, adj. descending :
sloping' : easv.
DOW^NRIGHT, down'rit, adj. plain : open :
artless : unceremonious. — ctdv. Dowx'-
RIGHT.
DOWNPOUR, down'por, n. a pouring
down : esjjecially, a heavy or continuous
shower. JR. A. Proctor.
DOWNTHROW, down'thro, n. a throwing
down : specifically, in geol. a fall or sink-
ing of strata below the level of the sur-
rounding beds, such as is caused by a
great subterranean movement : also, the
distance measured vertically between the
portions of dislocated strata where a
fault occurs : opposed to upheaval
(which see) or iipthroiv.
DOWNWARD, down'ward, DOWN-
WARDS, down'wardz. adv. in a direction
down : towards a lower place or condi-
tion : from the source : from a time
more ancient. [A.S. adunweard — adun,
weard, direction. See Down, adv.]
DOWNWARD, down'ward, adj. mo^^ng
or tending down (in anv sense).
DOWNWEIGH, down-wa', v.t. to weigh
or press down : to depress : to cause to
sink or prevent from rising.
A different sin dotcnwetghs tham to the bottom.
— Longfellorv.
DOWNWEIGHT, down'wat, n. full weight.
" Attributing due and downweight to
every man's gifts." — Bp. Racket.
DOWNY, down'i, axij. covered with or
made of down : like down : soft : sooth-
ing.
DOWRY, dow'ri, n. the property which a
woman brings to her husband at mar-
riage — sometimes used for Dower.
Orig. doiver-y. See Dower.]
DOXOLOGY, doks-ol'o-ji, n. a hymn ex-
pressing praise and honor to God. [Gr.
doxologia — do.vologos, giving glory —
doxa, praise — dokeo, to think, and lego
to speak.]
DOZE, doz, v.i. to sleep lightly or to be
half asleep : to be in a dull or stupefied
state. — v.t. (with away) to spend ia
drowsiness. — n. a short light sleep. — n.
Doz'er. [From a Scand. root, seen in
Ice. dusa. Dan. dose, to dose ; A.S,
dwaes, dull ; akin to Dizzy.]
DOZEN, duz'u, adj., two and ten or twelve,
— n. a collection of twelve articles . long
dozen, devil's dozen, baker's dozen (thir-
teen). [Fr. douzaine — L. duodecim—duo
two, and decern, ten.]
DRAB, drab, n. a low, sluttish woman : a
prostitute.— ;■.?'. to associate with bad
women. [Gael, and Ir. "slut," orig. a
stain, closely akin to Gael, and Ir. drabh,
grains of malt, which answers to E.
Draff.]
DRAB
115
DREAD
DRAB, drab, n. thick, strong graj" elofh :
a gray or dull brown color, perh. from
the luuddy color of undyed wool. [Fr.
ijrap. clotn. See Drape."]
DRABBLE, drab'l, v.t. to besmear with
mud and water. [Freq. form, from root
of Drab, a low woman.]
DRACHM, dram, n. see Dram. [Gr.
drachme. from drassomai, to grasp with
the hand.]
DRACONIC, dra-kon'ik, adj. 1, relating to
Draco, the Athenian lawgiver : hence
(applied to laws), extremely severe : san-
guinary. 2, relating to the constellation
Draco." Also Dracon'ian.
DRAFF, draf, n. (lit.) dregs, waste matter :
the refuse of malt that has been brewed
from. — adjs. Draff'ish, Draff'y, worth-
less. [Prob. E., cog. with Scand. draf,
and with Gael, and Ir. drabh.]
DRAFT, draft, n. anything draiim : a se-
lection of men from an ariuy, etc. : an
order for the payment of money : lines
drawn for a plan : a rough sketch : the
depth to wliich a ve.s.sel sinks in water.
[A corr. of DRAUGHT.]
DRAFT, draft, v.t. to draw an outline of :
to compose and write : to draw off : to
detarh.
DRAFTS, drafts, n. a game. See Draughts.
DRAFTSMAN, drafts'man, n. one who
dratcs plans or designs.
DRAG, drag, v.t. to draw by force : to
draw slowly: to pull roughly and vio-
lently: to explore with a dragnet. — v.i.
to hang so as to trail on the ground : to
be forcibly drawn along : to move slowly
and heavily: — iJr.p. dragg'ing ; pa.p.
dragged'. [A.S. dragan : Ger. tragen,
represented in all the Teut. tongues.
Ace. to Curtius, nowise connected with
L. tralto.]
DRAG, drag, n. a net or hook for dragging
along to catch things under water : a
heavy harrow: a low car or cart : a con-
trivance for retarding carriage wheels
in going down slopes : any obstacle to
progress. [See Drag, v.']
DRAGGLE, di-ag'l, v.t. or v.i. to make or
become wet and dirty by dragging along
the ground. [Freq. of Dravt. Doublet,
Drawl.]
DRAGNET, drag'net, n. a net to be
dragged or drawn along the bottom of
water to catch fish.
DRAGOMAN, drag'o-man, ?(. an inter-
preter, in Eastern countries : — pi. Drag'-
OMANS. [Sp., from Ar. tarjumdn — tard-
jania, to interpret. See Tarocm.]
DRAGON, drag'un, n. a fabulous winged
serpent : the constellation Draco : a
fierce person : the fljnng lizard of the
E. Indies. — adjs. Drag'onish, Drag'on-
LIKE. [Fr. — L. draco, draeonis — Gr.
drakon, {lit.} "the sharp-sighted," from
e-drak-on. aorist of derk-omai. to look.]
DRAGONET, di-ag'un-et, ?(. a little dragon:
a genus of fishes of the goby fatiiil3', two
species of which are found on the coast of
Enjrland.
DRAGON-FLY, drag'un-fli, n. an insect
with a long body and brilliant colors.
DRAGONNADE, drag-on-ad', n. the per-
secution of French Protestants under
Louis XIV. and his successor by an
armed force, usually of dragoon/^ : aban-
donment of a place to the violence of
soldiers. [Fr., from dragon, dragoon.]
DRAGON'S-BLOOD, drag'uuz-blud, n. the
red juice of several trees in S. America
and the E. Indies, u.sed for coloring.
DRAGOON, dra-goon', n. formerly a soldier
trained to fight either on horseback or on
foot. now applied only to a kind of cavalry.
— v.t. to give up to the rage of soldiers :
to compel liy violent measures. [Sp.,
prob. so called from having orig. a dra-
gon (L. draco) on their standard. See
Dragon.]
DRAGOONADE, drag-o6n-ad'. Same as
Dragonxade.
DRAGSMAN, dragz'man, n. a thief who
follows carriages to cut away baggage
from behind (London slang) : also tlie
driver of a drag. " He had a word for
the hostler . . . and a bow for the drags-
ma n." — Tliackeray.
DRAIN, dran, i\f. to draw oj' by degrees :
to lilter : to clear of water bv drains : to
make dry : to exhaust. — v.i. to flow off
gradually. — n. a water-course : a ditch :
a sewer.— ad/. Drain'able. [A.S. dreh-
nigean, of which dreli =^ drag, or else
through dreg, from the same root.]
DRAINAGE, dran'aj, n. the draiving off
of water by rivers or other channels : the
system of draius in a town.
DRAINER, dran'er, n. a utensil on which
articles are placed to drain.
DRAKE, drak, n. the male of the duck.
[Lit. " duckling," being a contr. of A.S.
end-rake or ened-rake, of which ened is
cog. with Ice. iind. Dan. and, Ger. ente,
L. anas, anatis ; and rake is the same as
Goth, reiks. ruling, reiki, rule, and ric{k),
in bi.sho}>ric, Frede-rick.]
DRAil, dram, n. a contraction of Drachm ;
l-16th of an oz. avoirdupois : formerlj',
with apothecaries, ith of an oz. : as much
raw spirits as is drunk at once. [Through
Fr. and L., from Gr. drachme, (1) a small
weight=*66 gr. ; (2) a coin.=30 cents. —
drassomai. to grasp ; a handful, a pinch.]
DRAMA, dram'a or dra'ma, n. a repre-
sentation of actions in human life : a
series of deeply interesting events : a com-
position intended to be represented on
the stage : dramatic literature. [L. —
Gr. drama, dramatos — drao, to do.]
DRAMATIC, dra-mat'ik. DRAMATICAL,
dra-mat'ik-al, adj. belonging to the
drama : appropriate to or in the form of
a drama. — adv. Dramat'ically.
DRAMATIST, dram'a-tist. ». a writer of
plays.
DRAMATIZE, drain'a-tiz, v.t. to compose
in or turn into the form of a drama or
jplay. [Gr. dramatizo. See Drama.]
DRAitATURGIC. dram-a-ter'jik, adj. per-
taining to dramaturgy : histrionic : the-
atrical : hence, unreal. '■ Some form (of
worship), it is to be hoped, not grown
dramaturgic to us, but still awfully sym-
bolic for us." — Carlyle.
DRAMATURGIST, dram-a-ter'jist, n. one
who is skilled in dramaturgy : one who
composes a drama and superintends its
representation. "How silent now; all
departed, all clean gone I The World-
Dramaturgist has written, 'Exeunt.'" —
Carlyle.
DRAMATURGY, dram'a -ter-ji, n. the
science, or the art, of dramatic poetry
and representation.
DRANK, drangk— pas< tenge of Drink.
DRAPE, drap. v.t. to cover with cloth.
[Fr. drap, cloth. From a Teut. root.]
DRAPER, drap'er, n. one who deals in
drapery or cloth. [Fr. drapier — drapi.]
DRAPERY, drap'er-i, »i.,c/o//i goods : hang-
ings of any kind : (art) the representa-
tion of the dress of human figures. [Fr.
draper ie — drap. ]
DRASTIC, dras'tik, adj., active, powerful.
— II. a medicine that purges quickly or
thoroughly. [Gr. drastikos — drao, to act,
to do.]
DRAUGHT, draft, n. act of drawing:
force needed to draw : the act of drink-
ing : the quantity dnmk at a time : out-
line of a picture : that which is taken in
a net by drawing : a chosen detachment
of men : a current of air : the depth to
which a ship sinks in the water. — v.t.
more commonly Draft, to draw out.
[From A.S. dragan. to draw. See Drag,
V. and Draw\]
DRAUGHT, draft. DRAUGHT'HOUSE, n.
(B.) a ]3rivy.
DRAUGHTS', drafts, n. a game in which
two persons make alternate moves (inO.
E. draughts), on a checkered board, called
the Draught'board, with pieces called
Draughts'mzn.
DRAUGHTSMAN, drafts'man, n. see
Drafts JiAX.
DRAVE, drav, old pa.t. of DRn'E.
DRAW, draw, v.t. to pull along: to brmg
forcibly towards one: to entice: to inhale:
to take out : to deduce : to leugtlien : to
make a picture of, bj- lines drawn : to
describe : to require a depth of water
for floating-. — v.i. to pull : to practice
drawing: to move: to approach : — pa.t.
drew (droo) ; jia.j). drawn. — ?(. the act of
drawing: anything drawn: among sport.s-
men, the act of forcing a fox from his
cover, a badger from his hole: etc.: the
place where a fox is drawn. Also some-
thing designed to draw a person out to
make him reveal his intentions or what
he desires to conceal or keep back, or the
like : a feeler. (Slang.) "This was what
in modern daj-s is called a draw. It was
a guess put boldly forth as fact to
elict by the young man's answer wheth-
er he had been there lately or not." —
C. Reade.—adj. Draw'able". — To draw
ON, to lead on: to ask or obtain payment
by a written bill or draft.— To "draw
UP, to form in regular order. [A later
form of Drag.]
DRAWBACK, draw'bak, n. a,»draifing or
receiving back some part of the duty on
goods on their exportation : any loss of
advantage.
DRAWBRIDGE, draw'brij, n. abridge tha.i'
can be drawn up or let down at pleasure.
DRAWEE, draw-e', n. the person on whom
a bill of exchange is drawn.
DRAWER, draw'er, n. he oi- that which
draws : a thing drawn out like the sliding
box in a case:— ^7. a close under-garment
for the lower limbs.
DRAWING, draw'ing-, n. the art of repre-
senting objects by lines drawn, shading,
etc. : the distribution of prizes, as at a
lottery : a picture or representation made
with a pencil, pen, cravon, etc. Draw-
ings are classifiable uncier the names of
pencil, pen. chalk, sepia, or water-color
drawings from the materials used for
their execution, and also into geometrical
or linear and mechanical drawings, in
which instruments, such as compa.sses,
rulers, scales, are used, and free-hand
dratcings. in which no instrument is used
to guide the hand.
DRAWING-ROOM, draw'ing-i-oom, n.
(orig.\ a withdrawing room: a room to
which the company withdraws after
dinner : a reception of company in it.
DRAWL, drawl, v.i. to sjieak in a slow,
lengthened tone. — v.t. to utter words in
a slow and sleepy manner. — n. a slow,
lengthened utterance of the voice. —
adv. Drawl'inolt.— n. Drawl'inon'ess.
[Freq, of Draw. Doublet. Draggle.]
DRAW-WELL, draw'-wel, ». a well from
which water is drawn up by a bucket and
apparatus.
DRAY, dra, n. a low strong cart for
heavy goods, which is draggecl or drawn.
[A.S." draegc. a drag, from dragan.
See Drag, v.]
DREAD, dred. n.,fear: awe: the objects
that excite fear. — adj. exciting great fear
or awe. — v.t. {Pr. Bk.) to fear with rev-
erence : to regard with terror. [A.S.
on-drcedan. to fear : Ice. ondreda, O.
Ger. tratan, to be afraid.]
DREADFUL
116
DROVER
DREADFUL, dred'fool, adj. (orig.) full of
dread : producing great fear or awe :
terrible. — rtdr.DREAD'FCXLY. — n. Dread'-
FUIxN-ESS.
DREADLESS, dred'les, adj. free from
dread: intrepid. — adv. Dread'LESSLY.
— n. Dread'lessness.
DREAM, drem, n. a train of tlioughts and
fancies during sleep, a vision : something
only imaginary. [A.S. dream means re-
joicing, music ; in M.E. the two mean-
ings of music, mirth, and of dreaming
occur ; Dut. droom, Ger. traum, a
dream.]
DREAM, drem, v.i. to fancy things during
sleep : to think idly. — v.t. to see in, or as
in a dream : — pa.t. andpa.p. dreamed' or
dreamt (dremt). — n. Dream'er. ■ — adv.
Dream'ingly.
DREAMY, drem'i, adj. full of dreams :
appropriate to dreams : dreamlike. — n.
Dream'iness.
DREAR, drer, DREARY, drer'i, adj.
gloomy : cheerless. — adv. Drear'ILY. —
ji. Drear'iness. [A.S. dreorig, bloody —
dreoran. to fall, become weak ; Gfer.
tratn-ig — trauern, to mourn.]
DREDGE, drej, 7i. an instrument for drag-
ging : a dragnet for catching oysters,
etc. : a machine for taking up mud from
a harbor or other water. — v.t. to gather
with a dredge : to deepen with a dredge.
to. Fr. drege : from a Teut. root found in
)ut. dragen, E. drag.]
DREDGE, drej, v.t. to sprinkle flour on
meat while roasting. — n. Dredg'er, a
utensil for dredging. [Fr. dragee, mixed
grain for horses, through Prov. and It.,
from Gr. 'tragemata, dried fruits, things
nice to eat — e-trag-on, aorist of trogo,
to eat.]
DREDGER, drej'er, n. one who fishes with
a. dredge: a dredging-machine.
DREGGY, dreg'i, adj. containing dregs:
muddy : foul. — ns. Dregg'iness, Dregg'-
ISHUESS.
DREGS, dregz, n.pl. impurities in liquor
that fall to the bottom, the grounds :
dross : the vilest part of anj-thing. [Ice.
dregg — draga, to draw.]
DRENCH, drensh, v.t. to fill with drink or
liquid : to wet thoroughly : to phj'sic by
force.^Ji. a draught : a dose of physic
forced down the throat. [A.S. drencan,
to give to drink, from dr/jK'coi, to drink.
See Drink.]
DRESS, dres, v.t. to put straight or in
order : to put clothes upon : to prepare :
to cook : to trim : to deck : to cleanse a
sore. — v.i. to arrange in a line : to put on
clothes: — pa.t. undpa.p. dressed' or drest.
— n. the covering or ornament of tlie body:
a lady's gown : style of dress. [Fr. dres-
ser, to make straight, to prepare, from
L. dirigo. directum, to direct.]
DRESS-CIRCLE, dres'-ser-kl, n. a portion
of a theatre, concert-room, or other place
of entertainment set apart for spectators
or an audience in evening dress, though
quite frequently occupied by people who
are not in evening dress.
DRESSER, dres'er, n. one who dresses : a
table on which meat is dressed or pre-
pared for use.
DRESSING, dres'ing, n., dress or clothes :
manure given to land : matter used to
give stiffness and gloss to cloth : the
bandage, etc., applied to a sore : an orna-
mental moulding.
DRESSING-CASE, dres'ing-kas, n. a case
of articles used in dressing one's self.
DRESSY, dres'i, adj. showy in or fond of
dress.
DREW, droo — did draw — pa.t. of Draw.
DRIBBLE, drib'l, v.i. to faU in small drops:
to drop quickly : to slaver, as a child or
an idiot. — v.t. to let fall in drops. — n.
Dribb'ler. [Dim. of Drip.]
DRIBBLET, DRIBLET, drib'let, n. a very
small drop : a small quantity.
DRIFT, drift, n. a heap of matter driven
together, as snow : the direction in which
a thing is driven : the object aimed at :
the meaning of words used : in South
Africa, a ford ; as, Rorke"s Drift. — v.t.
to drive into heaps, as snow. — v.i. to be
floated along- : to be driven into heaps.
[See Drive.]
DRIFTLESS, drift'les, adj. without drift
or aim.
DRIFTWOOD, drift' wood, n., wood drifted
by water.
DRILL, dril. v.t. to pierce through with a
revolving' borer (this implies tremor, and
connects Drill with Thrill). — n. an in-
strument that bores.
DRILL, dril, r.^ to exercise, e.g. soldiers
or pupils. — n. th? exercising of soldiers.
[Perh. Fr. drille. a foot-soldier, from
O. Ger. drigil, a servant. See Thrall.]
DRILL, dril, n. a row or furrow to put
seed into in sowing. — v.t. to sow in rows.
[W. rhill, a row.]
DRILLING, dril'ing, )/. a coarse linen or
cotton cloth, used for trousers. [Ger.
drillich — L. trili.r. made of tliree threads,
L. tres. and lid in, a, thread of the warp.]
DRILLPRESS. ciri; pres, n. a prei^s or ma-
chine for drilling holes in metals.
DRILL-SERGEANT, dril'-sar'jent, n. a ser-
geant or non-commissioned officer who
drills soldiers.
DRILY. See Dry, adj.
DRINK, dringk, v.t. to swallow, as a
liquid : to take in through the senses. —
i:i. to swallow a liquid : to take intoxi-
cating liquors to excess: — pr p. drink'ing;
pa.t. drank : p)a.p. drunk. — ;i. something-
to be drunk : intoxicating liquor. — adj.
Drinkable, dringk'a-bl. — n. Drink'able-
ness. — n. Drinker, dringk'er, a tippler.
[A.S. drinean : Ger. irinken.]
DRINK-OFFERING, dringk'-of'er-ing, n. a
Jewish offering of wine, etc., in their
religious services.
DRIP, drip, v.i. to fall in drops: to let fall
drops.— (•.?. to let fall in drops : — pr.p.
dripp'ing ; pa.p. dripped'. — n. a falling in
drops: that which falls in drops: the
edge of a roof. [A.S.drypan. Drop and
Drip are from the same root.]
DRIPPING, drip'ing, n. that which falls in
drops, as ifat from meat in roasting.
DRrV'E, driv, v.t. to force along : to hurry
one on : to guide, as horses drawing a
carriage. — v.i. to press forward with
violence : to be forced along : to go in a
carriage : to tend towards a point : — Jir.p.
driv'ing ; jm.t. drove ; pa.p. driv'en. — n.
an excursion in a carriage : a road for
driving on : a strong- or sweeping blow or
impulsion : a matrix formed by a steel
punch or die. — n. Driv'er. [A.S. drifan,
to drive ; Ger. treiben, to push.]
DRIVEL, driv'l, v.i. to slaver or let spittle
dribble, like a child : to be foolish : to
speak like an idiot : — pr.p. driv'elling ;
pa.p. driv'elled. — n. slaver : nonsense. —
n. Driv'eller, a fool. [A form of Drib-
ble.]
DRIZZLE, driz'l, v.i. to rain in small drops.
— n. a small, light rain. — adj. Drizz'ly.
[Freq. of M.E. dreosen, A.S. dreosan, to
fall.]
DROLL, drol, adj. odd: amusing: laugh-
able.— n. one who excites mirth : a jester.
— v.i. to practice drollery : to jest. — adj.
Droll'ISH, somewhat droll. — n. Droll'-
ERY. [Fr. drole : from the Tent., a-s in
Dut. and Ger. drollig. funnv.]
DROM^OGNATH.E. dro - nie - og'na - the,
n.pl. in Prof. Huxlej-'s classification of
birds, a sub-order of the Carinatas (or
birds having the sternum w^ith a keel), in-
cluding but one family, the Tinamidse or
tinamous. [See Tinamoc.] In this sub-
order the bones of the upper jaw or skull
are like what they are in the strutliious
or swift-footed birds, as the ostrich. [Gr.
dromaios. swift, and gnathos, jaw.]
DROMEDARY, drum'e-dar-i,)!. the Arabian
camel, which has one hump on its back ;
so named from its speed. [Low L. drome-
darius, from Gr. dramas, dromados. run-
ning— root drem, to run.]
DRONE, dron, n. the male of the honey-
bee : one who lives on the labor of
others, like the drone-bee : a lazy, idle
fellow. [A.S. dran, the bee ; Dut. and
Ger. drone. Sans, driina, Gr. anthrene,
Dan. drone, din, a rumbling noise.]
DRONE, dron, v.i. to make a low humming
sound.
DRONE, dron. n. the largest tube of the
bagpipe. [Fi-om the sound.]
DRONISH, dron'ish, adj. like a drone :
laz;s', idle. — adv. Dron'ishly. — ji. Drox-
ishness.
DROOP, droop, v.i. to sink or hang down :
to grow weak or faint : to decline. — n.
the act of drooping or of falling or hang-
ing down : a drooping position or state :
as, the droop of the eye, of a veil, or the
like. [A form of DROP.]
DROP, drop, n. a small particle of liquid
which falls at one time : a very small
quantity of liquid : anything hanging
like a drop : anything arranged to drop.
— n. Drop'let, a little drop. [A.S.
dropa, a drop ; Dut. drop.]
DROP, drop, v.i. to fall in small particles :
to let drops fall : to fall suddenly : to
come to an end : to fall or sink lower. —
v.t. to let fall in drops : to let fall : to
let go, or dismiss : to utter casually : l > >
lower : — pr.2}. dropp'ing ; pa.p. dropped
[A.S. dropian — dropa; Ger. tropfen
akin to triefen, to drop, to trickle.]
DROP-LIGHT, drop'-lit, »i. a contrivan. -
for bringing down an artificial light into
such a position as may be most conven-
ient for reading, working, etc., as, for ex-
ample, a stand for a gas-burner to be
placed on a table, and connected by an
elastic tube with the gas-pipe. E. H.
Knight.
DROP-RIPE, drop'-rip, adj. so ripe as to
be ready to drop from the tree. - - The
fruit was now drop-ripe we may say, and
fell by a shake." — Carlyle.
DROPSICAL, drop'sik-al, adj. pertaining
to, resembling, or affected with dropsy.
— n. Drop'sicalness.
DROPSY, drop'si. n. an unnatural collec-
tion of irater in any part of the body.
[Corr. from hydropsy — Fi-. hydropisie—
L. hydropisis — Gr. hydrops — hydor.
water.]
DROSKY, dros'ki, n. a low four-wheeled
open carriage, much used in Russia.
[Russ. drojki.]
DROSS, dros, n. the scum which metals
throw off when melting : waste matter :
refuse : rust. [A.S. dros, from dreosan,
to fall : Ger. dnise, ore decayed by the
weather.]
DROSSY, dros'i, adj. like dross : impure :
worthless.— )i. Dross'iness.
DROUGHT, drowt, ?;., dryness: want of
rain or of water : thirst. [A.S. drugoth.
drvness — dryge. ]
DROUGHTY, drowt'i, adj. full of drought :
very dry : wanting rain, thirsty. — n
Drought'iness.
DROUTH, drowth, n. same as DROUGHT.
DROVE, drov, pa.t. of Drive.
DROVE, drov. n. a number of cattle, or
other animals, driven.
DROVER, drov'er, n. one who drive.<i cat-
tle : in U.S. a cattle dealer.
DROWN
IIT
DUB
DROWN, drown, v.t. to drench or sink in
water : to kill by placing- under water :
to overpower : to extinguisli. — v.i. to be
suffocated in water. [A.S. druncnian,
to drown — druncen, pa.p. of drincen. to
drink. See Drench.]
DROAVSE, drowz. v.i. to nod the head, as
wlien heavy with sleep : to loolv lieavy
and dull. — v.t. to make heavy with sleep:
to stupefy. [A.S. drusian, to be slug-
jrish : Dut. droosen, to fall asleep.]
DROWSY, drowz'i, adj., sleepy: heavy:
dull. — adv. Drows'ily. — n. Drovts'iness.
DRUB, drub, v.t. to strike: to beat or
thrash: — pr.p. drubb'ing; pa.j). drubbed'.
— n. a blow. [Prov. E. drab, from A.S.
drepan ; Ice. drep.']
DRUDGE, druj, v.i. to work hard: to do
very mean work. — n. one who works
hard : a slave : a menial servant. — adv.
Drudg'ingly. [Perh. Celt, as in Ir.
drugaire. a druda^e.]
DRUDGERY, druj"'er-i, ?i. the work of a
drudge : hard or humble labor.
DRUG, drug-, /;. any substance used in
medicine, or in dyeing : an article that
sells slowly, like medicines. — v.t. to mb:
or season witli drugs : to dose to excess.
— v.i. to prescribe drugs or medicines : —
pr.p. drugg'in"- ; pa.p. drugged'. [Fr.
drogue, from iJut. droog, dry ; as if ap-
plied orig. to dried herbs. See Dry.]
DRUGiGET, drug'et, n. a coarse woollen
cloth, used as a protection for carpets.
[Fr. droguet, dim. of drogue, drug,
trasli.]
DRUGGIST, drug'ist, ti. one who deals in
drugs.
DRUID, droo'id, n. a priest among the an-
cient Celts of Britain, Gaul, and Ger-
many, who worsliipped unAev oak-trees.—
fern. Dru'idess. — adj. Druid'ical. [Gael.
druidh, W. denvydd : Littre accepts the
ety. from Celt. deru\ an oak, which is
from the same root as Gr. drys, an oak.]
DRUIDISM, droo'id-izm, n. the doctrines
which the Druids taught : the ceremonies
they practiced.
DRUM, drum, n. a Celtic word signifying a
round knoll, a ridge, a small hill. It en-
ters into the composition of many place-
names, especially in Ireland and Scot-
land, as Z>r!t»tcondra, i)r(o/«glass, Drum-
sheugh, Dru mla.nr\g, Drumoak. and is
frequentl}' found alone as tlie name of a
farm, estate. Tillage, unit the like.
DRUM, drum. n. a cylindrical musical in-
strument : anything shaped like a drum:
the tympanum or middle portion of the
ear : (arch.) the upriglit part of a cupola:
imech.) a revolving cylinder: the name
formerly given to a fasliionable and
crowded evening party in England, at
which card-playing appears to have been
the chief attraction : a rout. Tlie more
riotous of such assemblies were styled
drum-majors. " Not unaptly styled a
drum, from the noise and emptiness of
the entertainment." — Smollett. " Thev
were all three to go together to tlie
opera, and thence to Lady Tlionias
Hatchet's drum." — Fielding. "[Perh. E.;
from a Teut. root found in Dut. from,
Ger. trommel, a drum : an imitative
word.]
DRUM, drum, v.i. to beat a drum : to beat
with the fingers. — v.t. to drum out, to ex-
pel : — i)r.2i- drumm'ing ; pa.p. drummed'.
—n. Drumm'er.
DRUM-FISH, drum'-fisli, n. the popular
name of a genus of fishes (Pogonias), some
of the species of which occur off the
coast of Georgia and Florida. They grow
to a great size, some of them weighing
above 100 lbs., aud have their name from
the extraordinarv noise tliev are said to
make under water. Called for the same
reason GRUNTS.
DRUMHEAD, drum'hed, n. the head of a
drum : the top part of a capstan : a va-
riety of cabbage having a large, rounded,
or flattened head. — Drumhead coutct-
MARTiAl-, a court-martial called suddenly,
or on the field.
DRUM-MAJOR, drum'-ma'jer, n. the major
or chief drummer of a regiment.
DRUMMER, drura'er, u. one whose office is
to beat the drum in military exercises
and marching : one who drums : one who
solicits custom : a name given in the
West Indies to the Blatfa gigantea, an
insect which, in old frame and deal
houses, has the power of making a noise
at night, by knocking its head against
the wood. The sound vei-y raucli i-e-
sembles a prettj- smart knocking with
the knuckle upon the wainscoting.
DRUMMOND LIGHT, drum'moud lit, n.
a very intense light produced by turning
two streams of gas, one of oxygen and
the other of hydrogen, in a'state of
ignition, upon a ball of lime. This light
was proposed by Capt. Drummoud to be
employed in lighthouses. Another light,
previously obtained by the same gen-
tleman, was employed in geodetical sur-
veys when it was required to observe the
angles subtended between distant sta-
tions at night. The light was produced
by placing a ball or dish of lime in the
focus of a parabohc mirror at the station
to be rendered visible, and directing upon
it. throug-h a flame arising- from alcohol,
a stream of oxygen gas. Called also
OxYCALCiuM Light. Lime-ball Light,
Lime Light. [From Capt. Drummond.]
DRUM-ROOM, drum'-rom, n. the room
where a drum or crowded evening party
was held. Fielding. [See Drum.]
DRUMSTICK, drum'stik. v. the stick with
which the drum is beat.
DRUNK, drungk, pa.jj. of Drink. [In
compound tenses drank is frequently
used for drunk, the past participle of
to drink. "Make known how he hath
drank." " You all have drank of Circe's
cup."Shak. "Thrice have I drank of
it."— Byron. The older forms of drank,
drunk, and drunken are dronk and
dronken.']
DRUNK, drungl-, adj. intoxicated : satu-
rated.
DRUNKARD, drungk'ard, n. one who fre-
quently drinks to excess.
DRUNKEN, drungk'n, adj. given to ex-
ces.sive drinking : resulting from intoxi-
cation.
DRUNKENNESS, drunglc'n-nes, n. excess-
ive drinking, intoxication : habitual in-
temperance.
DRUPACEOUS, droo-pa'shus, adj. produc-
ing or pertaining to drupes or stone-
fruits.
DRUPE, droop, n. a fleshy fruit containing
a stone, as the plum, etc. [Fr. — L. drupa
— Gr. druppa, an over-ripe olive, from
drys, a tree, andpe;}^), to cook, to ripen.]
DRUSES, droo'zez, n.jil. a curious peojile
of mixed Syrian and Arabian origin, in-
habiting the mountains of Lebanon and
Antilebanon, in whose faith are combined
the doctrines of the Pentateuch, part of
the tenets of Christianity, the teachings
of the Koran, and the Sufi allegories ;
they describe themselves as Unitarians
and followers of Khalif Hakim-Biamr
Allah, whom they regard as an incar-
nation of deity, the last prophet and the
founder of the true religion. They are
nearly all taught to read and write'; but
are exceedins-lv tnrliulent. their conflicts
with their neighbors the Maronites hav-
ing often caused much trouble to the
Turkish government.
DRY. dri, adj. free from moisture : deficient
in moisture : without sap : not green :
not giving milk : thirsty : uninteresting :
frig-id, precise. — Dry wines, those in
which the saccharine matter and the fer-
ment are so exactly balanced that they
have mutually decomposed each other
and no sweetness is perceptible. Bur-
gundy and port are of this nature, and
dry wines generally are considered the
most perfect class, and are opposed to the
su-eet wines. — adv. Dry'ly or Dri'ly.—
n. Dry'ness. [A.S. dryge ; Dut. droog, cf.
Ger. trocken.l
DRY, dri, v.t. to free from water or moist-
ure : to exhaust.— r.i. to become dry : to
become free from juice : to evaporate
entirely :— pep. dry'ing ; pa.p. dried'.
— n. Dri'er.
DRYAD, dri'ad. n. (Greek myth.) a nymph
of the woods. [Gr. dryades, pi., from drys,
a tree.]
DRY-GOODS, dri'-goodz. n.pl. drapery,
etc., as distinguished from groceries.
DRY-NURSE, dri'-nurs, n. a nurse who
feeds a child without milk from the breast.
DRY-ROT, drl'-rot. n. a decay of timber,
caused by fungi which reduce it to a dry,
brittle mass.
DRYSALTER, dri-sawlt'er. n. a dealer in
salted or dry meats, pickles, etc. : or in
gums, dves, drugs, etc.
DRYSALTERY, dri-sawlt'er-i, n. the arti-
cles kept by a drysalter : the business of
a drysalter.
DUAL, du'al, ad/, consisting of tico. [L.,
from duo, two.]
DUALISM, du'al-izm, n. the doctrine of
tiro gods, one good, the other evil : the
dividing into two : a twofold division : a
sj'stem founded on a double principle.
"An inevitable dualism bisects nature,
so that each thing is a half, and suggests
another to make it whole : as spirit, mat-
ter ; man, woman ; subjective, objective;
in, out ; upper, under ; motion, rest ;
yea, nay. . . . The same dualism under-
lies the nature and condition of man." —
Emerson. Hence— («) the philosophical
exposition of the nature of things by the
adoption of two dissimilar primitive
principles not derived from each other.
Dualism is chiefly confined to the adop-
tion of two fundamental beings, a good
and an evil one. as is done in the oriental
religions, and to the adoption of two dif-
ferent principles in man, viz. a spiritual
and a corporeal principle, {b) In tlieol.
the doctrine of those who maintain that
only certain elected jjersons are capable
of admission to eternal happine.ss, and
that all the rest will be subjected to
eternal condemnation, (e) Met. the doc-
trine of tho.se who maintain the exist-
enc-e of spirit and mutter as distinct
substances, in opposition to idealism,
which maintains we have no knowledge
or assiu-ant-e of the existence of any-
thing but our own ideas or sensations.
Dualism may correspond \\ ith realism in
maintaining that our ideas of things
are true tr;in.scripts of the originals or
rather of the qualities inherent in them,
the spirit acting as a mirror and reflect-
ing their trvie images, or it may hold
that, although produced by outward ob-
jects, we have no ;ussurance that in real-
ity these at all correspond to oui- ideas of
them, or even that they produce the
same idea in two different minds.
DUALIST, du'al-ist, n. a believer in dual-
ism.
DUALITY, du-ul'it-i, v., doubleness : state
of being double.
DUB. dub. v.t. to confer knighthood by
DUBIETY
lis
DUMP
striking the shoulder with a sword : to
confer any dignity- : — j»:p. dubb'ing ;
pa.p. dubbed'. [From a Teut. root, seen
in A.S. dtibban. Ice. dubba, to strike ;
akin to Dab.]
DUBIETY, du-bi'e-ti, n. doubtfulness.
DUBIOUS, du'bi-us, adj., doubtful: unde-
termined : causing doubt : of uncertain
event or issue. — adv. Dc'BIorsLT. — n.
Du'biocskess. [L. dubius, from dtto,
two. See DotJBT.l
l»UCAL. duk'al, adj. pertaining to a duke
or dukedom.
DUCAT, duk'al, re. (orig.) a coin struck by
a duke : a coin worth, when silver. $1.10,
gold standard ; when gold, twice as
much. [Fr. ducat — It. ducato—liow L.
ducatus, a duchy— du.T, a leader. See
DUKE.l
DUCHESS, duch'es, n. the consort or widow
of a duke : a lady who possesses a duchy
in her own right. [Fr. duchesse — due —
DUCHN,' buKH>r, doo'khn, n. a Idnd of
millet {Pennisetum typhoideum or Rolens
gpicatiis), many varieties of which are
cultivated in Egypt, and to some extent
in Spain, as a grain plant. It is also used
in the preparation of a Icind of beer.
DUCHY, duch'i, n. the territory of a duke,
a dukedom. [Fr. duche — due.]
DUCK, duk,. )>. a kind of coarse cloth for
small sails, sacking, etc. [Dut. dock,
linen cloth ; Ger. tuch.]
DUCK, duk, v.t. to dip for a moment in
water. — v.i. to dip or dive : to lower the
head suddenly. — n. the name common to
all the fowls constituting the Linnasan
genus Anas, now raised into a sub-family
Anatinje, and bj* some naturalists divided
into two sub-families Anatinas and Fuli-
gulLnje, or land-ducks and sea-ducks.
Tlie common mallard or wild-duck (Anas
Boschas) is the original of our domestic
duck. In its wild state the male is
characterized by the deep gi'een of the
plumage of the head and neck, by a white
collar separating the green from the dark
chestnut of the lower part of the neck,
and by having the four middle feathers
of the tail recurved. The wild-duck is
taken in large quantities by decoys and
other means, in Lincolnshire, England,
and Picardy, France. Some tame ducks
have nearly the same plumage as the
wild ones ;' ethers vary greatly, being
generally duUer, but all the males have
the four recurved tail - feathers. The
most obvious distinction between the
tame and wild ducks lies in the color of
their feet, tliose of the tame being black,
and of the \vild yellow : a dipping or
stooping of the head : a pet, darling.
[E. ; from a root found also in Low Ger.
(lucken, Dut. duiken, to stoop ; Ger.
tauchen, to dip, tauch-entc, tlie duck.
Dip. Dive, Dove, are parallel forms.]
DUCKING -STOOL, duk'ing- stool, n. a
stool or chair in which scolds were for-
merly tied and ducked in the water as a
punishment.
DL'CKLIXG, dukling. ?i. a young duck.
DUCT. dukt. )i. a tube conveying fluids in
animal bodies or plants. [L. ductus —
duco. to lead.]
OUCTILE, duVtil, adj. easily led : yielding:
capable of being drawn out into \\-ires or
threads. [L. ductilis — dtico, ductus, to
lead.]
DUCTILITY, duk-til'i-ti, li. capacity of
being drduii out without breaking.
DUDGEOX, duj'un, n. resentment: grudge.
[AV. dygen. anger.]
DUD ■■
TDGEOX, duj'un, n. the haft of a dagger:
a small dagger. [Ety. unknown.]
DLT:, dii, adj., owed: that ought to he paid
or done to another : proper : appointed.
— adv. exactly : directlj'. — n. that which
is owed : wliat one has a right to : per-
quisite : fee or tribute. [Fr. du, pa.p. of
devoir, L. debeo, to owe.]
DUEL, du'el, n. a combat between two
persons : single combat to decide a quar-
rel.— v.i. to fight in single combat: — pr.p.
du'elling ; pa.p. du'elled. — n. Du'elleb
or Du'ELLlST. [It. duello, from L. du-
ellum, the orig. form of bellum—duo,
two.]
DUELLING, dQ'el-ing, n. fighting in a
duel: the practice of fighting in single
combat.
DUELSOME, du'el-sum, adj. inclined or
given to duelling : eag'er or ready to
fight duels. (Rare.) "Incorrig:ibly (Z»eZ-
some on his own account, he is for
others the most acute and peaceable
counsellor in the world." — Tliaekeray.
DUENNA, du-en'na, n. the chief lady in
waiting on the Queen of Spain : an
elderly female, holding a middle station
between a governess and companion,
appointed to take charge of the younger
female members of Spanish and Portu-
guese faniihes : an old woman who is
kept to guard a yoimger : a governess.
" I bribed her duenna.'' — Arbuthnot. [Sp.
duenna, dueila, a form of dona, fem. of
don, and a contr. from L. domina, a
mistress.]
DUET, du-et'. DUETTO, du-et'o, n. a piece
of mvisic for two. [It. duetto — L. duo,
two.]
DUETTINO, du-et-te'no, n. in music, a
short duet or composition for two voices
or instruments. [It.]
DUFFEL, duf'l, n. a thick, coarse woollen
cloth, with a nap. [Pi'ob. from Duffel,
a town in Belgium.]
DUG, dug, n. the nipple of the pap, esp.
applied to that of a cow or other beast.
[Cf. Sw. diigga, Dan. diigge, to suckle a
child. See Dairy.]
DUG, dug, jja.f. and pa.p. of Dig.
DUGONG, du-gong', n. a kind of herb-
eating whale, from 8 to 20 feet long,
found in Indian seas. The fable of the
mermaid is said to be founded on this
animal. [JIalavan diiyong.]
DUKE, duk, n. {tit.) a leader, (B.) a chief-
tain : the highest order of English nobil-
ity next below the Prince of Wales : (on
the continent) a sovereign prince. [Fr.
due — L. dux, duds, a leader — duco. to
lead ; akin to A.S. teohan (see Tow), Ger.
Ziehen, to draw or lead ; A.S. heretoga,
army-leader. Ger. herzog, now=E. duke.}
DUKEDOM, duk'dum, n. the title, rank or
territories of a duke. [Duke, and A.S.
dom, dominion.]
DUKHOBORTSI, diik-h5-bort'si, n.pl. a
sect of Russian fanatics, remarkable for
their fine form and vigorous constitution,
which are said to be due to the fact that
they destroy every delicate chQd. In
ISi'Z and following years most of the
sect were transported to the Cauc-asus.
DULCET, duls'et, adj., sweet to the taste,
or to the ear : melodious, harmonious.
[Old Fr. dolecf, dim. of dols=^lou.c — L.
dulcis. sweet.]
DULCIFLUOUS, dul-sif'loo-us. adj., Row-
ing sweetly. [L. dalcis, and Jluo, to flow.]
DULCIMER, dul'si-mer, n. one of tlie most
ancient musical instrmnents used in al-
most all parts of the world. The modern
instrument consists of a shallow trape-
zium-shaped box without a top, across
which mns a series of wires, tunetl by
pegs at the sides, and played on by being
struck by two cork-headed hammers. It
is in much less common use in Europe
now than it was a century or two ago,
and is interesting chiefly as being the
prototype of the piano. It is still, how-
ever, occasionally to be met with on the
Continent at rustic rejoicings, and in
England in the hands of street musicians.
In Asia it is especially used by the Arabs
and Persians, as well as by the Chinese
and Japanese, with, however. gre:it
modifications in structure and arrange-
ments. The ancient ea.stern dulcimer,
as represented in Assyrian bas-reliefs,
seems to have differed from the modern
instrument in being carried before the
player by a belt over the shoulder, in the
strings running from top to bottom, as
in the violin, and in being played by one
plectrum, the left hand being apparently
employed either to twang the strings or
to check vibration. The Hebrew psaltery
is supposed to have been a variety of the
dulcimer. [It. doleimello, from aolce, L.
dulcis, sweet.]
DULL, dul, adj. slow of hearing, of learn-
ing, or of understanding : insensible :
without life or spirit : slow of motion :
drowsy : sleepy : sad : downcast : cheer-
less : not bright or clear : cloudy : dim,
obscure : obtuse : blunt : — (comm.) little
in demand.— ndr. Dul'ly. — n. Dtnx'SESS
or Dcl'n'ess. [A.S. diral. dol — dwelan,
to lea<l astray ; IXit. dol, mad — dolen, to
wander, to rave ; Ger. toll, mad.]
DULL, dul, v.t. to make dull : to make
stupid : to bhmt : to damp : to cloud. —
t\i. to become dull.
DULLARD, diil'ard, n. a dull and stupid
person : a dunce.
DULL-vSIGHTED. dul'-sit'ed, at^j. having
dull or weak sight.
DULL-WITTED, dul'-wit'ed, adj. not
smart : heavj'.
DULLY, dul'i, adj. somewhat duU.
Far off she seemed to hear the dtiUy sound
Of human footsteps fall.— Te>mi/»on.
DULSE, duls, n. a kind of sea-weed belong
ing to the sub-order Ceramiaeeje, the Rim
domenia palmata. used in some parts ot
Scotland as an edible. It has a reddish-
brown, or purple, leathery, veinless
frond, several inches long, and is found
at low water adhering to the rocks. It
is an important plant to the Icelanders,
and is stored by them in casks to be
eaten with fish. " In Kamtchatka. a fer-
mented liquor is made from it. [Gael.
duilliasg. Ir. duileasg, dulse.]
DULY. du'U, adv. properly : fitly : at the
proper time.
DUMB. dum. adj. without the power of
speech: silent: soundless. — n. DUMB'NESS.
[A.S. dumb ; Ger. dumm, stupid, Dut.
dom.]
DUMB-BELLS, dum'-belz, n.pl. weights
swung m tlie hands for exercise.
DUMB-XSHOW. dum'-sho, n. gesture with-
out words : pantomime.
DUMFOUND, dum'fownd. v.t. to strike
dumb : to confuse greatly.
DUMMY, dimi'i, n. one who is dumb: a
sham package in a shop : the fourth <ii
exposed hand wlien three persons play
at whist : a locomotive, furnished with
condensing engines, and hence without
the noise of escaping steam : the name
given by firemen to the jets from the
mains, or chief water-pipes : a hatter's
pressing iron : a person on the stage who
appears before the lights, but has noth •
ing to say.
DUSiP, dump, ?i. a dull gloomy state of
the mind : sadness : melancholy : sorrow :
heaviness of heart.
March slowly on in solemn dump. — Hvdibras.
In this sense generally use<l in the plural,
and now only wlien a ludicrous sense is
intended. "Why, how now, daug-hter
Katherine? In your dumps." — Shak.
"A ludicrous, coarse, or vulgar use of a
DUMPISH
119
DUTCH
word brings it into disuse in elegant dis-
course. In tlie great ballad of Chevy-
Chase a noble warrior, whose legs are
hewn off, is described as being ' in doleful
dum^s.' Holland's translation of Livy
represents the Romans as being ' in the
dtimpx' after the battle of Cannre. It
was in elegant use then." — Trench.
[From the root of dttmb (which see). It is
allied to damp, Ger. damp/, steam, vapor.
Cf. dumps, melancholy, with vapors in
the sense of nervousness or depression.]
DUMPISH, dump'ish, adj. given to dnmps :
depressed in spirits. — adv. Dump'ishly.
— n. Dnip'iSHN'ESS.
DUMPLING, dumpling, n. a kind of thick
pudding or mass of paste. [Dim. of dump,
in DuMPT.]
DUMPS, dumps, n.p}., dullnrss or gloomi-
ness of mind : ill-humor. [From a Teut.
root, seen in Sw. diimpin, Gler. dumpf,
gloomy, E. Damp.]
DUMPY, dump'i, adj. short and thick.
[From a prov. form dump, a clumsy
piece.]
DTjN, dun, adj. of a dark color, partly
browii and black. [A.S. dun — ^W. dwn,
duskv, Gael. don. brown.]
DUN, clun, v.t. to demand a debt with din
or noise : to urge for payment : — pr.p.
dunn'ing ; pa.p>. dunned'. — )). one who
duns ; a demand for payment. [A.S.
dynnan. Ice. dynia, to make a noise, to
clamor.]
DUNCE, duns. n. one slow at learning : a
stupid person. — adjs. Dunc'ish, Ddnce'-
LIKE. [Duns (Seotus), the leader of the
schoolmen, from him called Dunses, who
opposed classical studies on the revival
of learning : hence any opposer of learn-
ing. Duns Seotus was a native of Duns
in Berwickshire, or of Dunston in North-
umberland, whence his name.]
OUNE. dun, n. a low hill of sand on the
sea-shore. [An earlier form of Down, a
hill.]
DUNG, dung, n. the excrement of animals:
refuse litter mixed with excrement. — v.t.
to manure with dung. — v.i. to void ex-
crement.— adj. DuNO'Y. [A.S. dung ;
Ger. dung, diinger.]
DUNGEON, uun'jun, n. (orig.) the princi-
pal tower of a castle : a -lose, dark
f)rison : a cell under ground. [A doub-
et of DoNiON.]
DUNGHILL, dung'hil, n. a hill or heap of
dung : any mean situation.
DUNGr/All, doon-ge'ya. n. a coasting
vessel met with in the Persian Gulf, on
the coasts of Arabia, and especially in
the Gulf of Cutoh. The dungiyahs sail
by the monsoon, and arrive often in
large companies at Muscat, celebrating
their safe arrival with salvos of artillery,
music, and flags. They have generally
one mast, frequently longer than the ves-
sel ; and are difficult to navigate. They
are alleged to be the oldest kind of ves-
sels in the Indian seas, dating as far
back as the expedition of Alexander.
DUNRVASSAL, doon-i-was'sal. n. a gen-
tleman : especiall}% a gentleman of sec-
ondary rank among the Highlanders : a
cadet of a family of rank. Sir W. Scott.
[Gael, dnine nasal, from duine, a man,
and nasal, gentle.]
DUNKER, dung'ker, n. a member of a sect
of Baptists originating in Philadelphia.
"Written also TuNKER (which see).
DUNLIN, dun'lin, n. a bird (Tringa varia-
bilis), a species of sandpiper, occurring
in vast flocks along s.andy sea-shores.
It is about 8 inches in length from the
point of the bill to the extremity of the
tail, and its plumage undergoes marked
variations in summer an(i winter, the
back passing from black with reddi.sh
edges to each feather, to an ashen gray,
and the breast from mottled black to
pure white. Called also STINT, Ptere,
Ox-bird, etc. [Perhaps from dune with
dim. termination -/jwff.- orfromdun, adj.]
DUNNI.SH, dun'ish, adj. somewhat dun.
DUO. du'o, n. a song in two parts. [L. duo,
two.]
DUODECENNIAL, du-o-de-sen'i-al, adj.
occurring every tu-elve years. [L. duo-
decim. twelve, and annus, a year.]
DUODECIMAL, du-o-des'i-mal, adj. com-
puted by twelves: twelfth: — pi. a rule of
arithmetic in which the denominations
rise by twelve. [L. duodeeim, twelve —
duo. two, and decern, ten.]
DUODECIMO, dfl-o-des'i-mo, adj. formed
of sheets folded so as to make twelve
leaves. — ». a book of such sheets — usually
written 13mo.
DUODECUPLE, du-o-dek'u-pl, adj.,
twelvefold: consisting of twelve. [L.
duodeeim, plico, to fofd.]
DUODENUSr, du-o-de'num, n. the first por-
tion of the small intestines, so called be-
cause about tweh'e fingers' breadth in
length. — adj. Duode'nal. [L. duodeni,
twelve each.]
DUP, dup, v.t. (ohs.) to undo a door. [From
Do and Up. Cf. Don and Doff.]
DUPE, dup, n. one easily cheated : one who
is deceived or misled. — v.t. to deceive : to
trick. — adj. Dup'able. [Fr. dupe; of
uncertain origin.]
DUPLE, du'pl, adj., double: twofold. [L.
duple,v, duplicis, twofold, from duo, two,
and p/ico. to fold. Cf. Complex.]
DUPLICATE, du'pilk-at, adj.. double:
twofold. — n. another thing of the same
kind: a copy or transcript. "Duplicates
of despatches and of important letters are
frequently sent by another conveyance,
as a precaution against the risk of their
miscarriage. The copy which first reaches
its destination is treated as an original."
— Wharton. " In theca.se of mutual con-
tracts, such as leases, contracts of mar-
riage, copaitnership, and the like, dupli-
cates of the deed are frequentlv prepared,
each of which is signed by all the con-
tracting parties ; and, where this is done,
the parties are bound if one of the dujjli-
eates are regularly executed, although
the others should be defective in the
necessary solemnities." — Bell. — i:t. to
double : to fold. — n. Dupuca'tion. [L.
duplico, dnplicatus — duple.r.]
DUPLICITY, du-plis'it-i, n., doubleness :
insincerity of heart or speech : deceit.
[L. duplicitas — duplex.]
DURABILITY, dur-a-birit-i, n. quality of
hcin^ durable : power of resisting decay.
DURABLE, dur'a-bl, adj. able to last or
endure : hardy : permanent. — adv. Dur'-
ABLY. — n. Ditr'ableness. [L. durobiUs
— duro. to last.]
DURA MATER, du'ra ma'ter, n. the outer
membrane of the brain : so named from
its hardness compared with the mem-
brane which lies under it, called pin
mater (pious mother), and which also
surrounds the brain. [Both these mem-
branes receive the name of mater (mo-
ther), from an old notion that they were
the mothers of all other membranes, or
because they protected the brain.]
DURAMEN, tiu-ra'men, n. the name given
by bot.'inists to the central wood or
heart-wood in the tr\mk of an exogenous
tree. It is moi-e solid than the newer
wood that surrounds it, from the forma-
tion of secondare' layers of cellulose in
the wood cells. 'Called by ship-carpen-
ters the Spine.
DURANCE, dur'ans, n.. continuance: im-
prisonment : dures.«. [L. durans, pr.p. of
duro.]
DURATION, du-rashun, n., continuance in
time: time indefinitely: power of con-
tinuance. [L. duratus, pa.p. of duro.]
DURBAR, dur'bar, n. an audience-cham-
ber : a reception or levee, esp. a recep-
tion of native princes held by the Vice-
roy of India. [Pers. dar-bar, a prince's
court, (lit.) a door of admittance.]
DURE, dur, v.i. (obs.) to endure, last, or
continue. [Fr. durer — L. duro — durus
hard.]
DURESS, dur'es, n. hardship: constraint:
Eressure : imprisonment : restraint of
berty. In law, duress is of two kinds :
duress of imprisonment, which is im-
prisonment or restraint of personal lib-
erty ; and duress by menaces or threats
(pel' minas), when a person is threatened
with loss of life or limb. Fear of battery
is no duress. Duress then is imprison-
ment or threats intended to compel a
person to do a legal act, as to execute a
deed or to commit an offence, in which
cases the act is voidable or excusable.
[O. Fr. duresse, hardship, distress, con-
straint, from L. duritia, harshness, hard-
ness, strictness, from durus, hard.]
DURING, dur'ing, prep, for the time a
thing lasts. [Orig. pr.p. of obs. Dure, to
last.]
DURMAST, der'mast, n. a species of oak
(Quercits scssiliflora, or according to some
Q. pubescens) so closely allied to the
common oak (Q. Robur) as to be reckoned
by some botanists only a varietj- of it.
Its wood is, however, darker, heavier,
and more elastic, less easy to split, not
so easy to break, yet the least difficult to
bend. It is highly valued, therefore, by
*.he builder and the cabinet-maker.
DURST, durst, pa.t. of Dare, to venture j
'A.S. dorste, pa.t. of dear, to dare.] f
DtTSK, dusk, a<ij. darkish : of a dark color i
— n. twilight: partial darkness: dark-
ness of color. — adi: Dusk'ly. — ?i. Dusk'-
NESS. [From an older form of A.S. deorc,
whence E. Dark ; cf. Sw. dusk, dull
weather.]
DUSKISn. dusk'isn, adj. rather dusky :
slightly dark or black.— orfr. Dusk'ishly:
— n. DrsK'iSHNESs.
DUSKY, dusk'i, adj. partially dark or
obscure : dark-coloi'ed : sad : gloom j'. —
adv. Dusk'ily. — n. Dcsk'iness.
DUST, dust, n. fine particles of anything
like sinoke or rxqior : powder : earth :
the grave, where the body becomes
dust : a mean condition. — v.t. f o free from
dust: to sprinkle with dust. [A.S.di'st;
Ger. dunst. vapor.]
DUST-BALL, dust'-bawl, ;j. a disease in
horses in which a ball sometimes as hard
as iron is formed in the intestinal canal
owing to overfeeding with corn and bar-
ley dust. Its presence is indicated by a
haggard countenance, a distressed eye, a
distended bellv. and hurried respiration.
DUSTER, dust'er, n. a cloth or brush for
removing dust.
DUSTY, diist'i. adj. covered or sprinkled
with dust : like dust. — n. Dust'iness.
DUTCH, duch, n. originally the Germanic
race : the Gferman peoples generally :
now only applied to the people of Hol-
land. "'The word comes from theod
people or nation ; each nation, of course
thinking itself the people or nation above
all others. And the opposite to Dutch i&
Welsh — that is, stninge. IVom irealh, a
stranger. In our forefathers' way of
speaking, whatever they could unaer-
.stand was Dutch, the tongue of the peo-
ple, whatever they could not luiderstand
they called Welsli. the tongue of the
stranger. ' All lands. Dutch and Welsh,'
is a common phrase to express the whole
world. This is the reason why, when
DUTEOUS
120
EARL
Dur forefathei-s came into Britain, they
called the people whom they found on
the land the Welsh. For the same rea-
son, the Teutons on the Continent have
always called the Latin-speaking- nations
with whom thej' have had to do — Italian,
Pi-ovengal, and French — ^^'elsh. People
who know only the modern use of the
words might be puzzled if they turned
to some of the old Swiss chronicles, and
found the war between the Swiss and
Duke Charles of Burgundy always spoken
of as a war between the Dutch and the
Welsh. Any one who knows German will
be at once ready with instances of this
use of the word, sometimes meaning'
strange, or foreign in the general sense,
sometimes meaning- particularly French
or Itahan. The last case which I know
of the word being used in England in the
wide sense is in Sir Thomas Smith's book
on the Government of England, written
in the time of Queen Elizabeth, where he
speaks of ' such as be walsh and foreign,'
not meaning Britons m particular, but
any people whose tongue cannot be un-
derstood."— E.A.Freeman. [Ger. deutsch,
German ; O. Ger. diutisc, from diot, A.S.
theod, Goth, thiiid, people.]
DUTEOUS, dQ'te-us, adj. devoted to duty:
obedient. — adv. Dtj'teously. — n. Di/te-
OUSXESS.
DUTIFUL, du'ti-fool, adj. attentive to
duty: respectful : expressive of a sense
of dutj-.— adi'. Du'TlFXJLLY. — n. Dtj'tifcl-
NESS.
DUTY, du'ti, n. that which is due : what
one is bound by any obhgation to do :
obedience : mUitary service : respect or
regard : one's proper business : tax on
goods : in the U. S. applied to tax on im-
ports only. [Formed from O. Fr. deu
or due (mod. Fr. dU), and suffix -ty. See
DCE.]
DUUJIVIRATE, du-um'vi-rat, n. the union
of two men in the same office : a form of
government in ancient Rome. [L. duo,
two, and vir, a man.]
DWALE, dwal, n. {6of.) deadly nightshade,
which poisons, dulls, or stupefies : (her.)
a black color. [A.S. dwala, error, hence
stupefaction, from dwal or dol. See
DcLL and Dwell.]
DWARF, dwawrf, n. a general name for
an animal or plant which is much below
the ordinary size of the species or kind.
"When used alone it usually refers to the
human species, but sometimes to other
animals. When it is applied to plants,
it is more generally used in composition;
as. a dtcarf tree ; du-ar/-elder, dwarf-
palm. Among gardeners, dwarf is a
term employed to distinguish fruit-
trees whose branches proceed from close
to the ground, from riders, or standards,
whose original stocks are several feet in
height. [A.S. dwerg, dweorg, Dut. dwerg,
Sw. dwerg, dwerf. Low Ger. dwarf, a
dwarf.]
DWARFISH, dwawrf ish, ac(;'. like a dwarf:
very small : despicable. — adv. Dwakf'-
ISHLY. — n. DwaEF'ISHNESS.
DWELL, dwel, v.i. to abide in a place : to
inhabit : to rest the attention : to con-
tinue long :— pr.j3. dwell'ing ; pa.f. and
pa. p. dwelled' or dwelt.— ». Dwell'er.
[A.S. dwelan, to cause to wander, to de-
lay, from dwal or dol, the original form
of E. DcM..]
DWELLING, dwel'ing, n. the place where
one dwells : habitation : continuance.
DWINDLE, dwin'dl. v.i. to grow less : to
grow feeble : to become degenerate. —
v.t. to lessen. [Dim. of dwine, from A.S.
dwinan, to fade = Ice. dvina, Dan. tvine,
to pine away; akin to A.S. swindan. Ger.
schwinden. ' See Swoon.]
DWINDLEMEXT, dwin'dl-ment, n. the
act or state of dwindling, shrinking, or
diminishing. Mrs. Oliphant.
DYAS, dl'as, n. in geol. a term sometimes
applied to the Permian system from its
being divided into two principal g-roups.
[Gr., the number two, something com-
posed of two parts.]
DYAUS, dyows. n. in Hind. myth, one of
the elemental divinities of the Vedas, the
God of the bright sky, his name being
connected with that of the Greek Zeus
through the root dyu, to shine, and the
Latin Jupiter, which is merely I>yaus
piter or Zeus pater, father Dj^aus or Zeus.
He was especially the rain-god, or rather
primarily the sky from which rain falls.
He finally gave place to his son Indra.
DYE, dr. v.t. to stain : to give a new color
to:— pr.p. dye'ing; pa. p. dyed'. — n. color:
tinge : stain : a coloring liquid. [A.S.
deagan, to dye, from deag or deah, color.]
DYEING, dl'ing, n. the art or trade of col-
oring cloth, etc.
DYER, di'er, n. one whose trade is to dye
cloth, etc.
DYESTUFFS, dl'stufs, n.pl. material used
in dyeing.
DYING, dl'ing, pr.p. of Die. — adj. destined
for death, mortal: occurring immediately
before death, as dying words : support-
ing a dying person, as a dying bed : per-
taining to death. — n. death. [See Die, v.]
DYINGNESS. dl'ing-nes, n. a languishing
look : a die-away appearance.
Tenderness becomes me best, a sort of difingness.
— Coiigreve.
DYKE. Same as Dike.
DYNAinC, di-nam'ik, DYNAIHCAL. di-
nam'ik-al, adj. relating to force : relating
to the effects of forces in nature. — adv.
Dyuam'icallt. [Gr. dynamikos — dy-
namis, power — dynamai, to be able.]
DYNAIMICS, di-nam'iks, n.sing. the science
which investigates the action of force.
DYNAJIITE, din'a-mit, n. apowerful explo-
sive agent, consisting of absorbent mat-
ter, as porous silica, saturated with nitro-
glycerine. The object of the mixture is
to diminish the susceptibility of nitro-
glycerine to slight shock, and so to facili-
tate its carriage without destroying its
explosive force. The disruptive force of
dynamite is estimated at about eight
times that of gunpowder. Sometimes
charcoal, sand and saw-dust have been
employed as substitutes for the siliceous
earth. [Gr. dynamis.'\
DYNA3I0-ELECTRIC, din-am'o-e-lek'trik,
adj. producing force by means of elec-
tricity ; as, a dynamo-electric machine :
also produced by electric foi-ce.
DYNA3I03IETER, din-am-om'e-ter, n. an
instrument for measuring effort exerted,
esp. the work done bj' a machine. [Gr.
dynamis, power, and metron, a measure.]
DYNASTY, din'as-ti or dl'nas-ti, ?j. a suc-
cession of kings of the same family. — adj.
Dtnas'tic, belonging to a dynasty. [Gr.
dynasteia — dynastes, a lord — dynamai, to
be able.]
DYSENTERY, dis'en-ter-i, n. a disease of
the entrails or bowels, attended with pain
and a discharge of mucus and blood. — adj.
Dysenter'ic. [Gr. dysenteria, from dys,
Ul. entera, the entrails.]
DYSPEPSY, dis-pep'si. DISPEPSIA. dis-
pep'si-a, n., difficult digestion: indiges-
tion. [Gr. dyspepsia — dys, hard, difficult,
and pesso, j>epsd. to digest.]
DYSPEPTIC, dis-pep'tik. adj. afllicted
with, pertaining to, or arising from indi-
gestion.— n. a person afflicted with dys-
pepsv.
DYSEPL'LOTIC, dis-ep-u-lot'ik, adj. in
smrg. not readily or easily healing or
cicatrizing, as a wound. [Gr. prefix dys,
and E. Epclotic]
DYSLOGY, dis'lo-ji, n. dispraise : opposite
of eulogy. '• In the way of eulogy and
dyslogy and summing-up of character
there may doubtless be a great many
things set forth concerning this Mira-
beau." — Carlyle.
DYSIMENORRHCEA, dis-men-or-re'a, n. ir,
med. difficult or laborious menstruation :
catamenial discharges accompanied with
great local pain, especially in the loins.
DZEREN, dze'ren, DZERON, dze'ron, n.
the Chinese antelope, a remarkably swift
species of antelope {Procapra gutturosa),
inhabiting the dry arid deserts of Central
Asia, Thibet, China, and Southern Si-
beria. It is nearly 4i feet in length, and
2i high at the shoulder. When alarmed
it clears 20 to 35 feet at one bound.
DZIGGETAI, dzig'ge-ta, n. the wild ass of
Asia {Eqn us hemionus), whose habits are
so graphically recorded in the book of
Job, and believed to be the hemionos of
Herodotus and Pliny. It is intermediate
in appearance and character between the
horse and ass (hence the specific name
liemionus, half-ass), the males especially
being fine animals, standing as much ais
14 hands high. It lives in small herds,
and is an inhabitant of the sandy steppea
of Central Asia, 16,000 feet above sea-
level. Called also Kiang, Koulan, and
Khur or GrOOR.
E
EACH, ech, adj., every one in any number
separately considered. [A.S. oelc=~d-ge-
lic, from & (^=aye), prefix ge, and lie, like
i.e. aye-hke.]
EAGER, e'ger, adj. excited by desire : ar-
dent to do or obtain : earnest. — adv.
Eag'erly. — n. Eag'erness. [M.E. egre
— Fr. aigre, fi-om L. acer, acris, sharp —
root ak, sharp. See AcKrD.l
EAGLE, e'gl, n. a large bird of prey : a
military standard, carrying the figure of
an eagle : a gold coin of the United
States, worth ten dollars. [Fr. aigle,
from L. aquila, from root ac, sharp,
SNvift.]
EAGLE-EYED, egl-Id, adj. having a pierc-
ing eye ; discerning.
EAGLET, e'glet, 7i. a young or small eagle.
EAGRE, e'ger, n. rise of the tide in a
river ; same as Bore. [A.S. egor, water,
sea.]
EAR, er, n. a spike, as of corn. — v.i. to put
forth ears, as corn. [A.S. ear; Ger.
iihre.]
EAR, er, v.t. (obs.) to plough or till. [A.S.
erian: L. aro, Gr. aroo — root ar, to
plough.]
EAR, er, n. the organ of hearing or the
external part merely : the sense or power
of hearing : the faculty of distinguish-
ing sounds : attention : anj-thing like an
ear. — adjs. Eared', having ears ; Eak'-
LESS, wanting ears. [A.S. eare ; L. auris,
Ger. ohr.]
EARACHE, er'ak, n. an ache or pain in the
ear.
EARDROP, er'drop, EARRING, er'ring, n.
a ring or ornament drooping or hanging
from the ear.
EARDRUM, er'drum, n. the drum or mid
die ca\'ity of the ear. [See Tympanum.]
EARING, er'ing, n. (obs.) ploughing.
EARL, erl, h. a British title of nobility,
or a nobleman, the third in rank, being
next below a marquis, and next above
a \ascount. The earl formerly had the
government of a shire, and was called
shireman. After the Conquest earls were
EARLDOM
121
EBELIANS
called counts, aud from them shires have
taken the name of counties. Earl is now
a mere title, unconnected with territorial
iurisdiotion, so mucli so that several earls
Lave taken as their titles their own
names with the prefix Earl, as Earl Grey.
Earl Spencer. Earl Russel. [A.S. eorl.
O.X. Dan. and Sw. jai-l, earl — regarded
ty Max Miiller as a modified form of
■faklor, a chief, from eald, old, but this
seems doubtful.]
6ARLD0M, ei'l'duni, n. the dominion or
dignity oi T,n earl. [Earl, and A.S. dom,
power.]
EARLY, er'U. adj. in good season : at or
near the beginning of the day. — adv.
soon. — w. Ear'usess. [A.S. airlice — oer,
beforej
EAEMAEK, or'mark, n. a mark on a
sheep's ear : in law, any mark for identi-
fication, as a pri\'y m.vrk made by any
one on a coin : any distinguishing mark,
natural or other, by which the owner-
ship or i-elation of any thing is known.
'• What distinguishing marks can a man
fix upon a set of intellectual ideas, so as
to call himself proprietor of them ? They
have no earmarks upon them, no tokens
of a particular proprietor." — Burrows.
EARN, ern, v.t. to gain by labor : to ac-
quire : to deserve. [A.S. earnian, to
earn ; cog-, witli O. Ger. arin, to reap ;
Ger. ernte ; Goth, asans, harvest.]
EARNEST, er'nest, adj. showing strong
desire : determined : eager to obtain :
intent : sincere. — n. seriousness : reality.
— adv. Ear'nestly. — n. Ear'nestness.
[A.S. earnest, seriousness ; Dut. ernst,
Ger. ernst, ardor, zeal.]
EARNEST, er'nest, n. monay given in token
of a bargain made : a pledge : first-fruits :
(_fig.) anything which gives assurance,
pledge, promise, or indication of what
is to follow. [W. ernes, an earnest,
pledge - money, akin to Gael, earlas,
whence Scot, arles. Peril, like Gr. ar-
rnbon and L. arrha, from Heb. 'ernbon.]
EARNINGS, er'ningz. 7i.pl. wliat one has
earned: money saved.
EARSHOT, er'shot, n. hearing-distance.
EARTH, erth, n. the matter on the sur-
face of the globe : soil : dry land, as op-
posed to sea : the world : the people of
this world. — Earth Currents, in elect.
sirong irregular currents, whicli disturb
telegraphic Hnes of considerable lengtli,
flowing from one part of the line to
another, affecting the instruments and
frequently interrupting telegraphic com-
munication. Apparently they depend
upon alterations in the state of the
earth's electrification, which produce
currents in the wires by induction. They
occur simultaneously with magnetic
storms and aurorte. [A.S. eortlie ; Ger.
erde : allied to Gr. era.]
EARTH, erth, r.t. to hide or cause to hide
in the earth : to bury. — v.i. to burrow.
EARTHBORN, erth'bawrn.adj., 6or7ifrom
tlje earth.
EARTHED UND, erth'bownd, adj., bound
or held by tlie earth, as a tree.
EARTHEIsf, erth'n, adj. made of earth or
clay : earthlj' . frail. — n. Earth'enware,
crockery.
EARTHFLAX, erth'flaks, n. asbestos.
EARTHLING, erth'ling, n. a dweller on
the earth.
EARTHLY, erth'li, adj. belonging to the
earth : vile : worldly. — n. Earth'liness.
EARTHLY-MINDED, erth'li-mind'ed, adj.
having the mind intent on earthly things.
EARTHNUT, erth'nut, n. the popular
name of certain tuberous roots growing
underground.
EARTH-PLATE, erth'-plat, n. in teleg. a
buried plate of metal connected with the
battery or line-wire by means of which
the earth itself is made to complete the
circuit, thus rendering the emploj'ment
of a second or return wire unnecessarj-.
EARTHQUAKE, erth'kwak, ?;. a shaking,
trembling, or concussion of the earth :
sometimes a slight tremor : at other
times a violent shaking or convulsion :
at otlier times a rocking or heaving of
the eartli. The earthquake shock gener-
ally comes on with a deep rumbling
noise, or with a tremendous explosion
resembling the discharge of artillerj-, or
the bursting of a thunder-cloud ; the
ground is raised vertically at the centre
of the disturbed tract, but the movement
is more oblique the farther we proceed
from that centre ; and the rate of in-
crease of obliquity furnishes material for
calculating tlie depth of the shock below
the surface.
EARTH-SHINE, erth'-shlu, n. in astron. a
name given to the faint light visible on
the part of the moon not illuminated by
the sun, due to the illumination of that
portion by the light which the earth re-
flects on her. It is most conspicuous
when the illuminated part of the disc
is at its smallest, as soon after new
moon. Tliis phenomenon is popularly
described as "the old moon in the new
moon's arms."
EARTHWARD, eith'ward, adv., toward
the earth.
EARTHWORK, erth'wurk, n. the remov-
ing of earth in making railways, etc. : a
fortification of earth.
E^VRTHWORM, erth'wurm, n. the common
worm : a mean niggardly person.
EARTHY, erth'i, adj. consisting of, relat-
ing to, or resembling' earth : inhabiting
the earth : gross : unrefined. — n. Earth -
iness.
EAR-TRUMPET, er'-trump'et, n. a tube to
aid in hearing.
EARWAX, er'waks, n. a waocy substance
secreted by the glands of the ear into the
outer passage.
EAJRWIG, er'w-ig, n. a common insect with
forceps at its tail, incorrectly supposed
to creep into the brain through the ear :
one who gains the ear of another by
stealth for a bad end. [A.S. eorincga ;
eor being E. Ear, and imcga, from wegan,
to carry, akin to L. veho.]
EAR-WITNESS, er'-wit'nes, n. a witness
that can testify from his own hearing :
one who hears a thing.
EASE, ez, n. freedom from pain or disturb-
ance : rest from work : quiet : freedom
from difliculty : naturalness. [Fr. oi.se ;
same as It. agio.]
EASE, ez, v.t. to free from pain, trouble,
or anxiety : to relieve : to calm.
EASEL, ez'l, n. the frame on which paint-
ers support then' pictures while painting.
[Dut. ezel, or Ger. e.sel, an ass, dim. of
stem as. See Ass.]
EASEMENT, ez'ment, n. relief: assistance:
support.
EAST, est, n. that part of the heavens
where the sun first shines or rises : one
of the four cardinal points of the com-
pass: the countries to the east of Europe.
— Empire of the East, the empire
founded in SO.'] a. d., when the emperor,
Theodosius the Great, divided the Roman
Empire between his two sons, Arcadius
and Ilonorius, giving the former the
eastern division, the latter the western.
The metropolis of this empire was Con-
stantinople. The western division,
whose capital was Rome, was called the
Empire of the West. — adj. toward the
rising of the sun. [A.S. east: Ger. o.it ;
akin to Gr. eos. the dawn ; Sans, tishas,
the dawn — ush, to biu'n.]
EASTER, est'er, n. a Christian festival
commemorating the resurrection of
Christ, held on the Sundaj' after Good-
Frida3-. Easter is the first Sunday after
the full moon which happens upon or
next after the 31st of March ; and if the
full moon happens upoH a Sunday, Easter
day is the Sunday after ; but properly
speaking, for the " full moon " in the
above the " fourteenth day of the moon'
should be substituted. [A.S. Easter,
from Eastre, a g-oddess wliose festival
was held in AprilJ
EASTERLING, est'er-ling, n. a native of
a countrj' lying in the far east, esp. a
trader from the shores of the Baltic.
[See Sterling.]
EASTERLY, est'er-li, adj. coming from
the eastward : looking toward the east.
— adv. on the east : toward the east.
EASTERN, est'ern, adj. toward the east :
connected with the East : dwelling in
the East.
EASrV^'^ARD, est'ward, adv. toward the
east.
EASY, ez'i, adj. at ease: free from pain :
tranquil : unconstrained : giving ease :
not difficult : yielding : not straitened. —
adv. Eas'ily. — n. Eas'iness.
EAT, et, v.t. to chew and swallow: to con-
sume : to corrode. — v.i. to take food : —
l)r.p. eat'ing ; pa.t. ate (at or et) ; i)a.p.
eaten (et'n) or {obs.) eat (et). — n. Eat'er.
[A.S. etan; Ger. essen, L. edo, esse, Gr.
edd. Sans, ad, to eat.]
EATABLE, et'a-bl, adj. fit to be eaten.—
n. anj'thing used as food.
EAU, o, n. a word used with some other
words to designate several spirituous
waters, particularly perfumes : as, eau
de Cologne : eau de Luce : eau de Por-
tugal, etc. [Fr., from L. aqua, water.]
EAU CREOLE, 6 kra-61, n. a highly-
esteemed liqueur made in Martinique by
distilling the flowers of the maiamee ap-
ple {Mammea americana) with spirit of
wine. [Fr. eau and Creole.]
EAU DE COLOGNE, o de ko-l6n, n. a
perfumed spix-it, originally invented at
Cologne by a person of the name of
Farina, and still sold chiefly by mem-
bers of his family or at least of his
name. It consists of spirits of wine
flavored by a few drops of different es-
sential oils blended so as to yield a fine
fragrant scent. [Fr. eau, water, de, of,
and Oo/ogriif.]
EAU DE LUCE, o de loos, n. a strong solu-
tion of ammonia, scented and rendered
milky by mastic and oil of amber : used
in India as an antidote to the bites of
venomous serpents. [Fr. eau, water, de,
of, and Litce, the name of its inventor.]
EAVES, evz, n.pl. the edge of the roof pro-
jecting over the wall. [A.S. efese, the
dipt edge of thatch.]
EAVESDROP, evz'drop, n. the water which
falls in drops from the eaves of a house.
— v.i. to .stand under the eaves or near
the windows of a house to listen. — n.
Eaves'dropper, one who thus listens ;
one who tries to overhear private con-
versation.
EBB, eb, n. the going back or retiring of
the tide : a decline or decay. — v.i. to low
back : to sink : to decay. [A.S. ebba ;
Ger. ebbe. from the same root as even.]
EBB-TIDE, eb'-tid, n. the ebbing or retir-
ing tide.
EBELIANS, e-be'li-anz, n.pl. a German sect
which had its origin at Konigsberg in
1830, under the leadership of Archdeacon
Ebel and Dr. Diestel, professing and put-
ting in practice a doctrine called spiritual
marriage. The leaders were in 1839 tried
and condemned for unsound doctrine and
EBIOXITE
122
ECTASIS
Impure lives. The sect is in Germany
popularly named Mucker, or hvpocrites.
EBIONITE, e'bi-on-it. n. one of "a sect of
Jewish Chi'istians. who united the cere-
monies of the law with the precepts of
the gospel, observing' both the Jewish
and Christian Sabbaths. They denied
the di\-inity of Christ and rejected many
parts of the New Testament. They were
opposed and pronounced heretics by Jus-
tin, Irenseus, and Origen. It is thought
that St. John wrote his gospel, in the
year 97, against them. [Heb. ebjonim,
the poor, the name given by the Jews to
the Christians in general.]
fiBON, eb'on, adj. made of ebony : black as
ebony.
EBONir. eb'on-i, n. a kind of wood almost
as heavy and hard as i>tone, usually
black, admitting- of a fine polish. [Fr.
ebene — L. ebenus — Gr. ebenos, from Heb.
hobnim. pi. oihobni, obni — eben, a stone.]
EBRIETY. e-brl'e-ti, n.. drunkennesn. [Fr.
ebriete — L. ebrietas. from ebrins. drunk.]
EBULLIENT, e-bul'yent, adj., boiling up
or over. [L. ebulliens, -entis — e, out, and
bnlHo. to Doil.]
EBULLIOSCOPE, e-bul'yo-skop, n. an in-
strument by which the strength of spirit
of wine is determined by the careful de-
termination of its boiling point. [L.
ebidlio, to boil up, and Gr. skopeo, to
see.l
EBULLITION, e-bal-li'shun. n. the opera-
tion of boiling : the agitation of a liquor
by heat, which throws it up in bubbles :
or more properly, the agitation produced
in a fluid by the escape of a portion of
it. converted into an aeriform state by
heat. In different liquids ebullition takes
place at different temperatures ; also, the
temperature at which liquids boil in the
open air varies with the degree of at-
mospheric pressure, being higher as that
is increased and lower as it is dimin-
ished.— Also the effervescence, which is
occasioned by fermentation or by any
other process which causes the extrica-
tion of an aeriform fluid, as in the mix-
ture of an acid with a carbonated alkali.
In this sense formerly written BnxiTlox.
Fig. an outward display of feeling : a
sudden burst : a pouring forth : an over-
flowing : as, an ebidlition of passion.
"The greatest ebtdlition.'i of the imagi-
nation."— Johnson. [L. ebullitio. trom
ebullio — e, ex, out. up, and bidlio, ito boil,
from bnllii, a bubble.]
ECARTfi. a-kar'tii, n. a game at cards
played by two, in which the cards may
be discarded or exchan^'ed for others.
[Fr. — e, out, carte, a card. See Card.]
ECCENTRIC, ek-sen'trik, ECCENTRICAL,
ek-sen'trik-al, adj. departing from the
centre: not having the same centre as
another, said of circles : out of the usual
course : not conforming to common
rules : odd. — adv. Eccex'tricat.t.y. [Gr.
ek, out of. and kentron, the centi-e. See
Centre.]
ECCENTRIC, ek-sen'trik, n. a circle not
ha\'ing the same centre as another :
(mech.) a wheel having its axis out of the
centre.
ECCENTRICITY, ek-sen-tris'it-i, n. the
distance of the centre of a planet's orbit
from the centre of the sun : singularity
of conduct : oddness.
ECCLESIASTES, ek-kle-zi-as'tez, n. one of
the books of the Old Testament. [Gr.,
tit. a preacher.]
ECCLESIASTIC, ek-kle-zi-as'tik, ECCLE-
SL4.STICAL. ek-kle-zi-as'tik-al. adj. be-
longing to the church. — n. Ecclesias'tic,
one consecrated to the church, a priest,
a clergyman. [Low L. — Gr. ekklesiasti-
kos, from ekklesia, an assembly called
out. the church — ek, out, and kaleo, to
call.]
ECCLESIASTICUS, ek-kle-zi-as'tik-us, n.
a book of the Apocrypha. [L. — Gr.,
lit. a preacher.]
ECCLESIOLOGY, ek-kle-zi-ol'o-ji, n. the
science of building and decorating
churches. [Gr. ekklesia, a church, logos,
a discourse.]
ECCOPE. ek'ko-pe, n. in surg. the act of
cutting out : specifically, a perpendicular
division of the cranium by a cutting in-
strmuent. [Gr. eA% out, and kopto, to
cut.]
ECHELON, e'she-lon, n. ( mil.) the position
of an army in the form of steps, or with
one division more advanced than another.
The word echelon is used also in reference
to nautical manoeuvres. When a fleet is
in echelon it presents a wedge-form to the
enemy, so that the bow-guns and broad-
sides of the several ships can mutually
defend each other. [Fr. , from echelle ;
Pr. escala : L. scala, a ladder.]
ECHELON-LENS, e'she-lon-lenz, n. a com-
pound lens, used for lighthouses, ha\'ing
a series of concentric annular lenses ar-
ranged round a central lens so that all
have a common focus. [Fr. echelon, the
round of a ladder, and E. Lens.]
ECHO, ek'o, n. (pi. Echoes, ek'oz), the
repetition of a sound from some ob-
ject.— v.-i. to reflect soimd : to be sounded
back: to resound. — v.t. to send back the
sound of : to repeat a tiling said : — pr.p.
ech'oing; pa.p. ech'oed. [L. echo— Gr.
echo, a sound.]
ECLAIRCISSEIMENT, ek-lar'sis-mong, n.
the act of clearing up anything: ex-
planation. [Ft. — eclaircir, pr.p. eclaireis-
sant, from e=L. ex, out, and clair — L.
clarus. clear.]
ECLA5IPSY, ek-lamp'si, n. a flashing of
light befoi'e the ej-es : rapid convulsive
motions, esp. of the mouth, eyelids, and
fingers — symptomatic of epilepsy: hence,
epilepsy itself. [Gr. eklampsis, a" shining,
from eklampo, to shine — ek, out, and
lampo, to shine.]
ECLAT, e-kla', n. a strik-ing effect: ai>
plause : splendor. [Fr. eclat, from O. Fr.
e.iclater. to break, to shine ; from the
Teut. root of GJer. schleissen, to break ;
COST, with E. slit.]
ECLECTIC, ek-lek'tik, adj., electing or
choosing out : picking out. — n. one who
selects opinions from different systems.
— adv. Eci^ec'ticaixy. [Gr. eklektikos—
ek, out. lego, to choose.]
ECLECTICISM, ek-lek'ti-sizm, n. the prac-
tice of an eclectic : the doctrine of the
Eclectics, certain philosophers who pro-
fess to choose from all S3"stems tlie parts
they think true.
ECLIPSE, e-klips', n. in astron. ati inter-
ception or obscuration of the light of the
sun, moon, or other luminous body, by
the intervention of some other body
either between it and the eye or between
the luminous body .and that illuminated
by it ; thus, an eclipse of the sun is
caused by the intervention of the moon,
which totally or partially hides the sun's
disc; an eclijise of the moon is occasioned
by the shadow of the earth, which falls
on it and obscures it in whole or in part,
but does not entirely conceal it. The
number of eclipses of the sun and moon
cannot be fewer than two nor more than
seven in one year. The most usual num-
ber is four, and it is rare to have more
than six. [L. eclipsis : Gr. ekleipsis, de-
fect, from ekleipo, to fail — ek, out, and
leipo. to leave.]
ECLIPSE, e-klips', v.t. to cause the obscu-
ration of : to darken or hide, as a heaven-
ly body ; as, the moon eclipses the sun :
to cloud : to darken : to obscure : to
throw into the shade : to degrade : to
disgrace. "I, therefore, for the moment,
omit all inquirj' how far the Mariolatry
of the early Church did indeed eclipse
Christ." — Ruskin.
.Another now hath to himself eng^ross'd
,\11 pow'r, and us eclipsed.— Jlilton.
ECLIPTIC, e-khp'tik, v. the Une in which
eclipses take place, the appai-ent path of
the sun round the earth : a great circle
on the globe corresponding to the celes-
tial ecliptic. — adj. pertaining to the eclip-
tic. [Gr. ekleiptikos.}
ECLOGUE, ek'log, n. a pastoral poem. [L.
ecloga — Gr. ekloge, a selection, esp. of
poems — ek, and lego, to choose. See Ec-
lectic]
ECONOMIC, ek-o-nom'ik, ECONOBHCAL,
ek-o-nom'ik-al, adj. pertaining to econ-
omy : fj-ugal : careful. — adi\ Econom'-
TCAiLT.
ECONOMICS, ek-o-nom'iks, n. sing, the sci-
ence of household management : political
economy.
ECONOMIST, ek-on'o-mist, n. one who is
economical : one who studies poUtical
economy.
ECONOMIZE, ek-on'o-miz, v.i. to manage
with economy : to spend money care-
fuUj' : to save. — v.t. to use pjudently : to
spend with fi-ugality.
ECONOMY, ek-on'o-mi, n. the manage-
ment, regulation, and government of a
household : especially, tlie management
of the pecuniary concerns of a household ;
hence, a frugal and judicious use of
money : that management which ex-
pends money to advantage and incurs
no waste : frugality in the necessary ex-
penditure of monej\ It differs from
parsimony, which implies an improper
saving of expense. Economy includes
also a prudent management of all the
means by which property is saved or
accumulated, a judicious application of
time, of labor, and of the instruments of
labor. " I have no other notion of ecoti-
omy than that it is the parent of Uberty
and ease," says Swift. Also the disposi-
tion or arrangement of any work : the
system of rules and regulations which
control any work, whetlier divine or
human; as, "This economy must be ob-
served in the minutest parts of an epic
poem." — Dryden. Specifically, (a) the
operations of nature in the generation,
nutrition, and preservation of animals
and plants ; the regular, harmonious
system in accordance with which the
functions of living animals and plants
are performed ; as. the animal economy,
the vegetable economy, (b) The regula-
tion and disposition of the internal affairs
of a state or nation, or of any depart-
ment of government. " Tlie Jews already
had a Sabbath, which as citizens and sub-
jects of that economy they were obliged
to keep, and did keep." — Paley. [L.
ceconomia, Gr. oikonomia — oikos, house,
and nomas, law, rule.]
ECSTASY, ek'sta-si, n. an extraordinary
state of feeling, in wliich the mind
.stands 0>it of or is detached from sen-
sible things : excessive joy : enthusiasm.
[Gr. ekstasis — ek, aside, histemi, to make
to stand.]
ECSTATIC, ek-stat'ik, ECSTATICAL, ek-
stat'i-cal, adj. causing ecstasy: amount-
ing to ecstasy: rapturous.— «rfr. Ecstat*-
IC.U.LY.
ECTASIS. ek'ta-sis, n. in rhet. the length-
ening of a syllable from short to long :
extension or expansion : specifically, in
med. a dilated condition of a blood-ves-
sel. [Gr. ektasis, extension, from ek-
ECTROPICAL
123
EFFECl
teino. to stretch out — ek, out, and teino,
to stretch.]
pECTROPICAL, ek-trop'i-kal, atJj. belong-
I ing to parts outside the tropics : being
outside the tropics.
I ECU, eku, n. a name given to various
French coins ha\'ing different values at
different times, but notably to an old
piece of money worth three francs, or
about 60 cts. [Fr., a coin, a crown piece,
a shield; O. Fr., esoi, escut, from L.
j scutum, a shield. J
[ecumenic, ek-u-men'ik, ECOTIENICAL,
ek-u-men'ik-al, adj. belonging to the
'.vhole inhabited woi-Id : general. [L.
(ccumenicus. from Gr. oiltoumene (ge).
the inhabited (world) — oikeo, to inliabit.]
ECZEMA, ek'ze-ma, n. an eruptive disease
of the skin. [Gr. from ekzeo, I boil out,
-ek. out, zed, I boil.]
EDACIOUS, e-da'shiis, adj. given to eat-
ing : gluttonous. — adv. Eda'ciously. — ».
Edacity, e-das'it-i. [L. eda,v, edacis —
edo. to eat.]
EDDA. ed'da, n. a book containing a sys-
tem of old Scandina\'ian mythology, vnfh
narratives of exploits of the gods and
heroes and some account of the religious
doctrines of the ancient Scandinavians.
'• Saeraund, one of the early Christian
priests there (in Iceland), who perhaps
had a lingering fondness for Paganism,
collected certain of their old pagan songs,
just about becoming obsolete there —
poems or chants of a mythic, prophetic,
mostly all of a religious character ; this
is what Norse critics call the Elder or
Poetic Edda. Edda, a word of uncertain
etymology, is tlioug'ht to signify Ances-
tress. Snorro Sturleson, an Iceland gen-
tleman, an extremely notable personage,
educated by this Saemund's grandson,
took in hand next, near a century after-
wards, to put together, among several
other books he wrote, a kind of prose
synopsis of the whole mythology ; eluci-
dated by new fragments of traditionary
verse. . . . This is the Younger or Prose
Edda." — Carlyle. Saemund was born in
Iceland about the middle of the eleventh
century, and died in 1133. Sturleson was
born in Iceland in 1178, and was assassi-
natedthere in 1241, on his return from Nor-
way, where he had been Scald or court
poet. — adj. Edda'ic, Ed'DIC, of or relating
to the Scandinavian Eddas : having the
character or stj'le of the Eddas : a.s, the
Eddie prophecy of the Volva. "Tlie
Eddaic version, however, of the history
of the gods is not so circumstantial as
that in the Ynglingasaga." — E. W. Gosse.
[Ice. great-grandmother. A name given
to the book by Bishop Brynjulf S\'eins-
9on. to indicate that it is the mother of
all Scandinavian poetry.]
EDDY, ed'i, n. a current of water or air
running back, contrary to the main
stream, thus causing a circular motion :
a whirlpool : a whirlwind. — r.i. to move
round and round : — pr.p. edd'ying ; pa.p.
edd'ied. [Eitlier from an A.S. ed, back,
present as t- in twit, or from Ice. ida, a
whirlpool — id, back ; but the two roots
are identical.]
EDEMATOSE, e-dem'a-tos, EDEMATOUS,
I e-dem'a-tus, adj., sicelling with watery
humor : dropsical. [Gr. oidema, a swell-
ing— iiideo, to swell.]
EDEN, e'den, n. the garden where Adam
and Eve lived : a paradise. [Heb. eden,
delight, pleasure.]
EDENTATE, e-den'tat, EDENTATED,
e-<len'tat-ed, adj., u~ithout teeth : want-
ing front teeth. [L. edentatus — c, neg.,
and dens, dentis. a tooth.]
EDGE, ej. n. the borr/er of anytlMng: the
brink : the cutting side of an instrument:
something that wounds or cuts : sharp-
ness of mind or appetite : keenness. — v.t.
to put an edge on : to place a border on :
to exasperate : to urge on : to move by
little and little. — v.i. to move sideways.
[M.E. egge — A.S. ecg; Ger. ecke, L. acies
— root ak. sharp.]
EDfiETOOL, ej'tool, ?(. a tool with a sharp
edge: (fig.) a matter dangerous to deal or
sport with. "You jest : ill-jesting with
edge-tools.'' — Tennyson.
EDGEWISE, ej'wTz, adv. in the direction
of the edge : sideways. [Edge, and Wise
— A.S. u-isa, manner.]
EDGING, ej'ing, n. that which forms the
edge : a border : fringe.
EDIBILATORY, ed-i-bil'a-tor-i, adj.. of or
pertaining to edibles or eating-. " Edi-
bilatory Epicurism holds tlie key to all
morality." — Lord Lytton.
EDICT, e'dikt, n. that which is uttered or
proclaimed by authority as a lule of ac-
tion : an order issued by a prince to his
subjects, as a rule or law requiring obedi-
ence : a proclamation of command or
prohibition ; as, the edicts of the Roman
emperors, the edicts at the French mon-
archs. "Edicts, properly speaking, can-
not exist in Great Britain, because the
enacting of laws is lodged in the parlia-
ment, and not in the sovereign," says
Ogilvie. There is no such tiling as an
edict in U.S. This is also a Scotch ec-
clesiastical term for various proclama-
tions or notices made of certain things
which a church court has resolved upon
doing. [L. edictum, from edico, to utter
or proclaim — e, out, and dieo, to speak.]
EDIFICATION, ed-i-fl-ka'shun, n. instruc-
tion : progress in knowledge or in good-
ness.
EDIFICE, ed'i-fis, n. a large building or
house.
EDIFY, ed'i-fl, v.t. to build t(/> in knowl-
edge and goodness : to improve the
mind : — pr.p. ed'ifying ; pa.p. ed'ified. —
)i. Ed'ifyer. [Fr. edijier — L. cedifico —
cedes, a liouse, and facio, to make.]
EDIFYING, ed'i-fi-ing, adj. instructive :
improving. — adv. Ed'ifyin'glt.
EDILE, e'dil, n. a Roman magistrate who
had the charge of public buildings and
works. — n. E'dileship. [L. cedUis — cedes,
a building.]
EDIT, ed'it, v.t. to give out, as a book : to
superintend the publication of : to pre-
pare for publication. [L. edo, editum — e,
out, and do, to give.]
EDITION, e-dish'un, n. the piiblication of
a book : the number of copies of a book
printed at a time.
EDITOR, ed'i-tur, n. one who edits a book
or journal. — fern. Ed'itress. — culj. Edi-
torial, ed-i-to'ri-al. — adv. Edito'eially.
— n. Ed'itorship.
EDITORIAL, ed-i-to'ri-al, n. an article, as
in a newspaper, written by the editor or
by one of liis staff of assistants : a leading
article : .is, an editorial on the war.
EDUCATE, ed'u-kat, v.t. to educe or draw
out the mental powers of, as a child : to
train : to teach : to cultivate any power.
— n. Ed'cc.\tor. [L. edtico. educatus.]
EDUCATION.ed-u-ka'shun. li. the bringing
up, as of a child : insti-uction : fomiation
of manners. Education comprehends all
that course of instruction and disciphne
wliich is intended to enlig'hten the under-
standing, correct the temper, cultivate
the taste, and form the manners and
habits of youth, and fit them for useful-
ness in their future stations. In its most
extended signification it may be defined,
in reference to man. to be the art of
developing and cultivating the various
physical, intellectual. a?sthetic. and moral
faculties ; and may thence be divided into
four branches — physical, intellectual,
ajsthetic, and moral education. This
definition is by no means complete : but
it is used merely as indicative of the man-
ner in which this subject has generally
been discussed. Under physicixl educa-
tion is included all that relates to the
organs of sensation and the muscular
and nervous system. Intellectual edu-i
cation comprehends the means by wMch
the powers of the understanding are to
be developed and improved, and a view
of the various bi-anches of knowledge
which form the objects of instruction
of the four departments above stated.
" Education is not that which smothers
a woman with accomplishments, but that
which tends to consolidate a firm and
regular character — to form a friend, a
companion, and a wife.'" — Hannah More.
" Though her (Lady Elizabeth Hastings')
mien carries much more invitation than
command, to behold her is an immediate
check to loose behavior : to love her was
a liberal education.'' — Steele,
EDUCATIONIST, ed-u-ka'shun-ist, n. one
skilled in methods of educating or teach-
ing : one who promotes education.
EDUCE, e-dus', v.t. to lead or draw out:
to extract : to cause to appear. [L. ediico,
eductum — e, .nnd dxico, to lead.]
EDUCIBLE, e-diis'i-bl, adj. that may be
educed or brought out and shown.
EDUCTION, e-duk'shun, n. the act of
educing.
EDUCTOR, e-duk'tor, n. he or that which
educes.
EEL, el, 11. a well-known fish, with a slimy
body, living chiefly in mud. [A.S. ret;
Ger. ctcd; akin to L. angitilla, dim. of
anguU, a snake.]
E'EN, en, a contraction of Even.
E'ER, ar, a contraction of Ever.
EERILY, er'i-li, adv. in an eery, strange, or
unearthly manner. "It spoke in pain
and woe; wildly, eerily, urgently." —
Charlotte Bronte.
EFFACE, ef-fas'. v.t. to destroy the /ace or
surface of a thing : to blot 'or rub out :
to wear away. — n. Epface'ment. [Fr.
effaces — L. e/=&r, from, and fades, the
face.]
EFFACEABLE, ef-fas'a-bl, adj. that can
be rubbed out.
EFFECT, ef-fekt', n. that which is pro-
duced by an operating agent or cause :
the result or consequence of the applica-
tion of a cause or of the action of an
agent on some subject : consequence :
result : as, the effect of luxury, of in-
temperance, of cold, etc. : he spoke with
great effect : the effect of this war was
the breaking up of the kingdom. "Ef-
fect is the substanc:e produced, oi- simple
idea introduced into any subject by the
exerting of power." — Locke. Power to
produce consequences or results : force :
validity : importance : account : as. the
obligation is void and of no effect.
" Christ is become of no effect to you." —
Gal. V. 4. Purport : tenor : imjiort or
general intent : as. he made tlio piu'chase
For his friend, and inmiediatelj- wrote
him to that effect : his speech was to the
effect that, etc. : completion : perfection.
" Not so worthily to be brought to hero-
ical effect by fortune or necessity." — Sir
P. Sidney. Reality : not mere appear-
ance : fact: substance. "No other in
effect than wli.it it seems.'' — Denham.
"To say of a celebrated piece that there
are faults in it, is, in effect, to say the
aiithor is a man." — Addison. The im-
pression produced on the mind, as by
natural scenery, a picture, musical com-
position, or other work of art, Ijy the
object as a whole, before its details are
EFFECTIBLE
124
EGLANTINE
examined : the ensemble or general re-
sult of all the qualities of a work of art.
"The effect was heightened by the wild
and lonely nature of the place." — W.
Irving, {pi.) Goods : movables : personal
estate : as, the people escaped from the
town with their effects. — Useful effect,
in mech. the measure of the real power of
any machine, after deducting that por-
tion which is lost or expended in over-
coming the inertia and friction of the
moving parts and every other source of
loss, and in giving the parts the required
velocitj'. — For effect, with the design of
■creating an impression : ostentatiously.
— To GIVE EFFECT TO, to make valid : to
<?arry out in practice : to push to its legit-
imate or natural result. — v.t. to produce :
to accomplish. [L. efficio, effectum, to
accomplish — ef, out, and/acio, to do or
make.]
EFFECTIBLE, ef-fekt'i-bl, adj. that may
be eflfected.
EFFECTION, ef-fek'shun, n. a doing:
creation : (geom.) the construction of a
proposition.
EFFECTIVE, ef-fek'tiv, adj. having power
to effect : causing sometliing : powerful :
serviceable. • — adi-. Effec'tivelt. — n.
Effec'tiveness.
EFFECTUAL, ef-fek'tu-al, adj. producing
an effect : successful in producing the
desired result. — adv. Effec'tually.
EFFECTUATE, ef-fek'tu-at, v.t. to accom-
plish.
EFFEMINACY, ef-fem'in-a-si, n. the pos-
session of a ivomanish softness or weak-
ness : indulgence in unmanly pleasures.
EFFEMINATE, ef-fem'in-at, adj., woman-
ifih : unmanly : weak : cowardly : volup-
tuous. — v.t. to make womanish : to
unman : to weaken. — v.i. to become ef-
feminate.— adv. Effem'inately. — n. Ef-
fem'inateness. [L. effemmatus, pa.p. of
effemino, to malce womanish — e, sig.
change, and feniina, a woman.]
.■EFFENUI, ef-fen'di, n. a title of respect
frequently attached to the official title
of certain Turkish officers, especially to
those of learned men and ecclesiastics ;
thus, the Sultan's first phj'sician is Haki m
effendi, the priest in the seraglio Imam
effendi, the chancellor of the empire
Reis effendi. The term is also often
used in the same way as master or sir ;
^hus, Greek children are in the habit of
calling their fathers effendi. [Turk., a
corruption of Gr. authentes, a doer with
his own hand, perpetrator, lord or mas-
ter ; in Mod. Gr. pron. apthendis or
aijhendis.]
EFFERENT, ef'fer-ent, n. in physiol. a
vessel or nerve which discharges or con-
veys outward : also, a river flowing from
and bearing away the waters of a lake.
SIFFERENT, ef'fer-ent, adj. in physiol.
conveying outwards or discharging ; as,
the efferent lymphatics, which convoy
lymph from the lymphatic glands to the
thoracic duct. [L. e/for ex, out of, and
fero. to carry.]
EFFEROUS. ef'fer-us, adj. fierce : wild :
savage. " From the teeth of that efferous
beast, from the tusk of the wild boar." —
Bp. King. [L. effenis, excessively wild —
ef for ex. intens., and ferus, wild.]
EFFERVESCE, ef-fer-ves', v.i. to boil up :
to bubble and hiss : to froth up.— adj.
Effervesc'ible. [L. effervesco — ef, in-
tens., and /ecreo, to boil. See Fervent.]
EFFERVESCENT, ef-fer-ves'ent, adj., boil-
ing or bubbling from the disengagement
of gas. — n. Effervesc'ence.
EFFETE, ef-fet', adj. exhausted : worn out
with age. [L. effetus, weakened by hav-
ing brought forth young — ef, out, fetus,
a bringing forth young.]
EFFICACIOUS, ef-fi-ka'shus, a^j. able to
produce the result intended. — adv. Effi-
ca'ciously. — ?(. Effica'ciousness. [L.
efficax — efficio. ]
EFFICACY, ef'fi-ka-si, n. virtue : energy.
EFFICIENCB, ef-flsh'ens, EFFICIENCY,
ef-fish'n-si, n. power to i^roduce the re-
sult intended.
EFFICIENT, ef-fish'ent, adj. capable of
producing the desired result : effective.
^n. the person or tiling that effects. —
adv. Effic'iently. [L. efficiens, -entis,
pr.p. of efficio.]
EFFIGY, ef'fi-ji, n. a likeness or figure of
a person : the head or impression on a
coin : resemblance. [L. effigies — effingo
— ef, inten., jingo, to form.]
EFFLORESCE, ef-flo-res', v.i. to burst into
bloom, as a flower : to break out into
florid or excessive ornamentation ; as,
"The Italian (Gothic architecture) efflo-
resced . . . into the meaningless orna-
mentation of the Certosa of Pavia and
the cathedral of Como.'" — Ruskin. In
chem. to change over the surface or
throughout to a whitish, mealy, or
crystalline powder, from a gradual de-
composition, on simple exposure to the
air : to become covered with a whitish
crust or light crystallization, from a
slow chemical change between some of
the ingredients of tho matter covered
and an acid proceeding commonly from
an external source; as, "Those salts
whose crystals effloresce belong to the
class which is most soluble, and crj'stal-
lizes by cooling." — Fonrcro/j. '• The walls
of limestone caverns sometimes effloresce
with nitrate of lime in consequence of
the action of nitric acid formed in the
atmosphere." — Dana. [L. effloresco, from
Jloresco, floreo, to blossom, from Jlos, a
flower. See Flower.]
EFFLORESCENCE, ef-flo-res'ens, n. pro-
duction of Jtou-ers : the time of flower-
ing : a redness of the skin : the forma-
tion of a white powder on the surface of
bodies, or of minute crystals.
EFFLORESCENT, ef-flo-res'ent, adj. form-
ing a white dust on the surface : shoot-
ing into while threads. [L. efflorescens,
-entis. pr.p. of effloresco.]
EFFLOWER, ef-flow'er, v.t. in leather
manufacture, see the following extract.
" The skins (chamois leather) are first
washed, limed, fleeced, and branned. . . .
They are next effloivered, that is, de-
prived of their epidermis by a concave
knife, blunt in its middle part, upon the
convexhorse beam." — Ure. [Fr. effleurer,
to graze, to rub lightlv.J
EFFLUENCE, ef'floo-ens, n. a flowing out:
that which flows from any bodv : issue.
EFFLUENT, ef'floo-ent, adj., jloiving out.
— n. a stream that ftous out of another
stream or lake. [L. effluens, -entis, pr.p.
of effluo—ef (= e.v), out, /wo, to flow.]
EFFLUVIUM, ef-floo'vi-um. ??. minute
particles that Jfoii" out from bodies : dis-
agreeable vapors rising from decaying
niettter: — pi. Effluvia, ef-floo'vi-a. — adj.
Epflu'vl^l. [L.— e^!(o.]
EFFLUX, ef fiuks. 7!. act of floiHng out :
that which flows out. [L. effluo, effluxum.]
EFFORT, effort, Ji. a putting forth of
strength: attempt: struggle. [L. ef {=
e,r), out, forth, and fortis, strong.]
EFFRONTERY, ef-frunt'er-i, n. shameless-
ness : imi)udence. [O. Fr. — L. effrons,
effrontis — ef {= e.v), forth, and frons,
frontis. the forehead. See Front.]
EFFULGENCE, ef-ful'jens, n. great lustre
or brightness : a flood of light.
EFFULGENT, ef-ful'jent, adj., shining
forth: extremely bright: splendid. — adv.
Efful'gently. " [L.^effulgens, -entis — ef
{= ex), out. nadfulgeo, to shine.]
EFFUSE, ef-fuz', v.t. to pour out : to pour
forth, as words : to shed. [L. effundo, i
eff'usus — ef (= ex), out, and fundo, to
pour.]
EFFUSION, ef-fu'zhun, ?i. act of pouring
out: that which is poured out or forth.
EFFUSIVE, ef-fu'ziv, adj., pouring forth
abundantly : gushing. — adv. Effu SIVB-
ly.— n. Effu'siveness.
EFT, eft. n. a kind of lizard : a newt. [A.
S. efete, perh. akin to Gr. ophis. a ser-
pent, Sans, apada, a reptile — a, neg., and
2)ad, a foot. See Newt.]
EFT, eft, adj. convenient : handy : com-
modious.
Y'ea. marry, that's the effest way. — Shak.
EGENCE, e'jens, n. the state or condition
of suffering from the need of something :
a desire for something wanted. Orate.
JTL. egens, pr.p. of egeo. to suffer want.]
EGG, eg, n. the body formed in the fe-
males of all animals (with the exception
of a few of the lowest type, which are re-
produced by g-emmation or division), in
which, by impregnation, the develop-
ment of the foetus takes place. Regarded
physiologically there are three essential
parts in an egg, viz. the germinal spot,
or Wagnerian vesicle ; the germinal, or
Purkingean vesicle ; and the vitellus or
yolk — the first being contained in tho
germinal vesicle, which again is con-
tained within the bodv of the yolk. The
eggs of most animals lower than the bird
have no more than these three parts.
The eggs of birds, however, have, besides
these, the white, or albumen, and the
shell, which consists of a membrane
coated with carbonate of lime. The
yolk consists of a strong solution of al-
bumen, in which multitudes of minute
globules of oil are suspended. A hen's
egg of good size weighs about 1000
grains, of which the white constitutes
600, the yolk 300, and the shell 100. Eggs-
of domestic fowls, and of certain wild
fowls, as the plover, gulls, etc., are an
important article of commerce, and fur-
nish a wholesome, nutritious, and very
pleasant article of diet. The eggs of
turtles are also held in high esteem.
Animals whose young do not leave the
egg till after it is laid are called oinpa-
rous ; those in which the eggs are re-
tained within the parent bodj' until they
are hatched are called ovoviviparous.
[A.S. ceg : like Ice. egg, Dan. ceg. The
sound of g was sometimes softened, giv-
ing O.E. eye or ey, as "gos ej/e," goose
egg, in Piers the Plowman's Crede ; " an
ey ortweye." Chancer : ct. Ger. and Dut.
ei. Probably allied in origin to L. ovum,
Gr. oon, Ir. ugh, Gael, uhh, an egg.]
EGG, eg, v.t. to instigate. [Ice. eggja — egg,
an edge ; cog. with A.S. ceg. See Edge.]
EGILOPS, e'ji-lops, n. a genus of grasses
allied to Triticum, or wheat-grass. It
occurs wild in the south of Europe and
parts of Asia. It is believed by many
botanists to be in reality tJie plant from
which has originated our cultivated
wheats : goat's eye, an abscess in the in-
ner canthus of the eye. [Gr. aigilops —
ai.r. aigos, a goat, and dps, the eye.]
EGINA MARBLES, e-gl'na mar-blz, n.pl.
a collection of ancient statues discovered
on the island of Egina, supposed to have
originally decorated the temple in that
island sacred to Pallas Athene. They
are before the age of Phidias, so, al-
though true to nature generally, their
faces are characterized by that forced
smile which gives an unpleasant expres-
sion to the earlier Greek sculptures.
They are the most remarkable orna-
ments of the Glyptothek of Munich.
EGLANTINE, eg'lan-tin, n. a name given
EGO-ALTRUISTIC
to the sweetbrier, and some otlier species
of rose, whose branches are covered with
sharj) prickles. [Fr. eglantine, formerly
aiglantier, fi'om an O. Fr. form aiglent-,
as if from a L. aculentus, prickly — acu-
leiis, dim. of aeus, a needle — root ak,
sharp.]
EGO- ALTRUISTIC, e'go-al-troo-is'tik, adj.
of or relating- to one's self and to others.
See extract. "From the egoistic senti-
ments we pass now to the ego-altruistic
sentiments. By this name I mean senti-
ments which, while implyng self-gratifi-
cation, also imply gratification in others;
the representation of this gratification
in others being a source of pleasure not
: utrinsicallj'.but because of ulterior bene-
;,ts to self which experience associates
with it." — H. Silencer.
EGOISM, e'go-izm or eg'-, n. an excessive
love of one's self: the doctrine of the
Egoists. [L. ego, I.]
EGOIST, e'go-ist or eg'-, n. one who thinks
too much of himself : one of a class of
philosophers w'ho doubt everything but
Mieirown existence.
rOTISM, e'got-izm or eg'-, n. a frequent
use of the pronoun I: speaking much of
ime's self : self-exaltation.
I EGOTIST, e'got-ist or eg' n. one full of
egotism.
\ EGOTISTIC, e-got-ist'ik or eg-. EGOTIST-
ICAL, e-got-ist'ik-al or eg'-, adj. showing
egotism: self-important: conceited. —
'di: Egotist'icaixy.
■ OTIZE, e'got-Iz or eg'-, v.i. to talk much
■f one's self.
REGIOUS, e-gre'ji-us, adj. prominent :
listinguished in a bad sense. — adv. Egre'-
mousLY. — ji. Egre'giousness. [L. egre-
gius, chosen out of the flock — e, out of,
grea:, gregis, a flock. Cf. Gregarious.]
EGRESS, e'gres, n. act of going out : de-
parture : the power or right to depart.
[L. egredior, egressus — e, out, forth, and
gradior, to go. Cf. Grade.]
EGYPTIAN, e-jip'shi-an, adj. belonging
to Egypt. — n. a native of Egypt : a gyp-
sy. [L. jSgyptius — .i^gyptus, Egypt, Gr.
Aigt/ptos.}
EGYPTOLOGY, e-jip-tol'o-ji. n. the science
of Egyptian antiquities. — n. Egyptol'O-
GIST. [Egypt, and Gr. logos, discourse.]
EH, a, int. expressing inquiry or slight
surprise.
EIDER, i'der, EIDER-DUCK, i'der-duk, n.
a kind of seaduck, found chiefly in north-
ern regions, and sought after for its fine
down. [Ice. (edr, an eider-duck]
EIDER-DOWN. I'der-down, n. the down of
the eider-duck.
EIDOGRAPH, I'do-graf, n. an instrument
lor copi/ing drauings. [Gr. eidos, form,
and grapho, to write.]
EIGH'T, at, adj. twice four. — n. the figure
(8) denoting eight. [A.S. eahta ; Scot.
audit. Ger. achi, Gael, ochd, L. octo, Gr.
okto. Sans, ashtan.]
EIGHTEEN, at'en, adj. and ?!., eight and
ten : twice nine. [Orig. eight-teen.']
EIGHTEENMO, at'en-mo, adj. and n. see
Octodecimo.
EIGHTEENTH, at'enth, adj. and n. next
in order after the seventeenth.
EIGHTFOLD, at'fold, adj. eight times any
quantity.
EIGHTH, at'th, adj. next in order after
the seventh. — n. an eighth part. [Orig.
eight -th.]
EIGHTHLY, at'th-li, adv. in the eighth
place.
EIGHTIETH, at'i-eth, adj. and n. the
eighth tenth : next after the seventy-
ninth.
EIGHTY, at'i, adj. and n., eight times ten:
four-score. [A.S. eahta, and tig, ten.]
EITHER, e'ther or I'ther, adj. or proyi. the
125
one or the other : one of two : (B.) each
of two. — conj. correlative to Or : (B.) or.
[A.S. cegther. a contr. of ceghirether=
Ci. aye, the prefix ge. and hiccether, E.
Whether. See also Each.]
EJACULATE, e-jak'u-lat. v.t. to utter with
suddenness. — v.i. to utter ejaculations.
[L. e, out, and jaculor, jaculatus—jacio,
to throw.]
EJACULATION, e-jak-u-la'shun. n. an ut-
tering suddenly : what is so uttered.
EJACULATORY, e-jak'u-la-tor-i, adj. ut-
tered in short, earnest sentences.
EJECT, e-jekt', v.t. to cast out: to dismiss:
to dispossess of : to expel. [L. ejicio,
ejectus — e, out, jacio, to throw.]
EJECTION, e-jek'shuu, n. discharge : ex-
pulsion : state of being ejected : vomit-
ing : that which is ejected.
EJECTMENT, e-jekt'ment, n. expulsion:
dispossession : (law) an action for the
recovery of the possession of land.
EJECTOR, e-jekt'or, n. one who ejects or
dispossesses another of his land.
EKE, ek, v.t. to add to or increase : to
lengthen. [A.S. ecan, akin to L. augeo,
to increase ; also to vigeo, to be vigorous,
and E. Wax.]
EKE, ek, adv. in addition to : likewise.
[A.S. eac ; Ger. auch ; from root of Eke,
v.t.]
ELABORATE, e-lab'or-at, r.'. to labor on :
to produce with labor : to take pains
with : to improve by successive opera-
tions. [L. e, intensive, and lahoro, lahor-
atus, to labor — labor, labor.]
ELABORATE, e-lab'or-at, adj., ivrought
with labor : done with fullness and exact-
ness : highly finished. — adv. Elab'ORATE-
LY. — 71. ELAB'ORATENESS.
ELABORATION, e-lab-or-a'shun, n. act of
elaborating : refinement : the process by
which substances are formed in the
organs of animals or plants.
fiLAN, a-lawng, n. ardor inspired by enthu-
siasm, passion, or the like : unhesitating
dash resulting from an impulsive imagi-
nation. [Fr., from elancer, to rush or
spring forward, from L. lancea, a spear.]
ELAND, e'land, m. the South African ante-
lope, resembling the elk in having a
protuberance on the larynx. [Dut. ; Ger.
elend, the elk.]
ELAPSE, e-laps , v. i. to slip or glide away :
to pass silently, as time. [L. e, out,
away, and labor, lapstis, to slide. See
Lapse.]
ELASTIC, e-las'tik, adj. having a tendency
to recover the original form : springy :
able to recover quickly a former state or
condition after a shock. — adv. Elas'tic-
ATJ.Y. [Coined from Gr. elao, elauno,
fut. elaso, to drive ; akin to L. alacer,
alacris, brisk.]
ELASTICITY, e-las-tis'it-i, ?i. springiness :
power to recover from depression.
ELATE, e-lat', adj., lifted up: puffed up
with success. — v.t. to raise or exalt : to
elevate : to make proud. — adv. Elat'-
EDLY. — n. ELj^t'edness. [L. elatus — e,
up. out, and latus. from root of tollo. Cf.
Dilate and Tolerate.]
ELATION, e-la'shun, n. pride resulting
from success : a puffing up of the mind.
ELBOW, el'bo, n. the joint where the arm
bows or bends : any sharp turn or bend. —
i\t. to push with the elbow : to encroach
on. [A.S. elboga — e?H=L. idna, the arm,
boga. a bow or bend — bugaii, to bend.
See Ell ; also Bow, ?i. and v.t.]
ELBOW-ROOM, el'bo-room, »., room to
extend the elbows : space enough for
moving or acting.
ELD, eld, JI. old age, antiquity. [A.S.
celd, from eald. old. See Old.]
ELDER, eld'er, n. a small tree with a
spongy pith, bearing useful purple ber-
ELECTRIC
ries. [A.S. cllern ; it is perh. the same
as Alder.]
ELDER, eld er, adj. older : having lived a
longer time : prior in origin. — H. one
who is older : an ancestor : one ad-
vanced to office on account of age : one
of the office-bearers in the Presbyterian
Church. [A.S. yldra, comp. of eald, old.
Cf. Alderman and Old.]
ELDERLY, eld'er-li, adj. somewhat old -
bordering on old age.
ELDERSHIP, eld'er-ship, ji. state of being
older : the office of an elder.
ELDEST, eld'est, adj. oldest. [A.S. yldesta,
superl. of eald.]
ELECT, e-lekt', v.t. to choose out: to se-
lect for any office or purpose : to select
by vote. [L- eligo, electus — e, out, lego,
to choose.]
ELECT, e-lekt', adj., chosen: taken by
preference from among others : chosen
for an office but not yet in it. — n. one
chosen or set apart.— I'he Elect (Wico/.),
those chosen bv God for salvation.
ELECTION, e-lek'shim, n. the act of elect-
ing or choosing : the public choice of a
person for office : fi'eewill : (theol.) the
predetermination of certain persons a.s^
objects of divine merc^- : (B.) those who-
ai'e elected.
ELECTIONEERING, e-lek-shun-er'ing, n.
(also used as adj.) the soliciting of votes-
and other business of an election.
ELECTIVE, e-lekt'iv, adj. pertaining to,
dependent on, or exerting the power of
choice.— adv. Elect'itely.
ELECTOR, e-lekt'or, n. one who elects:
one who has a vote at an election : the
title formerly belonging to those princes,
and archbishops of the German Emjiire-
who had the right to elect the Emperor.
—fern. Elect'ress.
ELECTORAL, e-lekt'or-al, adj. pertaining;
to elections or to electors : consisting o5
electors.
ELECTORATE, e-lekt'or-at, n. the dignity
or the territory of an elector.
ELECTRIC, e-lek'trik, ELECTRICAL,
e-lek'trik-al, adj. having the property off
attracting and repelling light bodies-
when rubbed : pertaining to or produced
by electricity. — n. any electric substance:
a non-conductor of electricity, as amber,
glass, etc. — adv. Elec'trically. — Elec-
tric LAMP, the contrivance in which the
electric light is produced. See Electric
UGHT below. — Electric light, a bril-
liant light, the result of heat produced
by the force of electricity either evoked
by the chemical reaction of a metal and
an acid, or generated by a magneto-
electric or other machine. The arc light
is produced when two carbon pencils are
attached to the electrodes of a powerful
magneto-electric machine or galvanic
battery, and their points are Drought
together long enough to establish the
electric current. If they are tlien sepa-
rated to a small distance, varying ac-
cording to the strength of the current,
the current will continue to flow, leaping
across from carbon to carbon, emitting"
a light of great intensity at the space
between the points. The name Voltaic-
or electHc arc is given to that portion
where the current leaps across from
point to point, the term arc being sug-
gested by the curved form which the
current liere takes. The incandescence
light is obtained by the incandescence,
by means of electricity, of various sub-
stances, including carton, in a vacuum.
Many forms of apparatus are in use for
producing the electric light, di.stinguished
either by the form of the generating
machine, the distribution of the current,
or the kind of burner. In the Jabloclil-ofI'
ELECTRICIAN
126
ELEVEN
Ught, the burner consists of a pair of
carbon spindles placed parallel to one
another, with an insulating earthy sub-
stance between them. Its combustion
may be roughly compared to that of an
ordinary candle, where the earthy sub-
stance takes the place of the wick.
■Other forms of the •' candle " bui-ners
are in use, such as the Lontin, the Jamin,
■etc. The Maxim, Edison, and Swan
lights proceed from an incandescent fila-
ment of carbon in a more or less perfect
vacuum.— Electric machine. Besides
machines in which electricity is excited
by friction, electric machines are now
•common in which an electric ciu'rent is
generated by the revolution uear the
poles of a magnet or magnets of one or
more soft-iron cores surrounded by coils
■of wire, these machines being known dis-
tinctively as magneto-electric machines.
A dynamo-electric machine is a machine
of tills kind, in whicli the induced cur-
rents are made to circulate round the
soft-iron magnet which produced them,
thus increasing its magnetization. This
again prodvices a proportionate increase
in the induced cm-rents, and thus by a
■successive alternation of mutual actions
verj"- intense magnetization and very
powerful currents are speedily obtained.
There are many forms of these machines,
such as Gramme's, Siemens', Wilde's,
Brush's, etc.. used extensively in electric
lighting, and as a motor for machiner_y,
•electric railways, etc. — Eiectric pen-
DCXUlI, a form of electroscope consisting
of a pith ball suspended by a non-con-
■ducting thread. — Electeic railway, a
railway on which electricity is the mo-
tive power. Many cities in U.S. now
have electric street railways. On one of
these the wheels of the carriages are set in
motion by a dynamo - electric macliine
placed between "them and below the floor.
This macliine is actuated by an electinc
current produced by another dj-nanio-
electric machine, wtuch is stationai'v and
■driven at a high rate of speed by a steani-
•engine. The current is conveyed by uu-
■derground wires to the rails, and these
being insulated, it reaches the carriage
thi'ough them. [L. eleetrum — Gr. elektran,
amber, in which the above property was
first observed.]
ELECTRICIAN, e-lek-trish'yan, n. one who
studies, or is versed in, the science of
eleeti-icity.
ELECTRICITY, e-lek-tris'i-ti, n. the prop-
erty of attracting and repelhng light
bodies : the science which investigates
the phenomena and laws of tliis property.
[See Electeic]
ELECTRIFY, e-lek'tri-fi, v.t. to commimi-
cate electricity to : to excite suddenly :
to astonish: — pa.j). elee'trilied. — adj.
Elec'teifiable. — n. Electrifica'tion.
[L. eleetrum. facio. to make.]
ELECTRO-DYNA3IICS, e-lek'tro-di-nam'-
iks. n. the branch of physics which treats
of the action of electricity.
ELECTRO-DYNA3IOMETER, e-lek-tro-di-
na-mom'et-er, n. an instrument for meas-
ui'ing the strength of electro-dynamic
action. It consists essentially of a fixed
■coil and a movable coil, usually suspended
in a bifilar manner, and furnished with a
mirror, so that its motions about a verti-
cal axis can be read off bj- means of a
scale and telescope.
ELECTRO-KINETICS, e-lek'tro-kin-et'iks,
n. that branch of science which treats of
electricitv in motion. [See Kinetics.]
ELECTROLYSIS, e-lek-troli-sis, n. the
process of chemical decomposition by
electricity. [Gr. elektron, lysis, dissolv-
ing— lyo, to loose, dissolve.]
ELECTRO -MAGNETISM, e-lek'tro-mag'-
net-izm, n. a branch of science which
treats of tlie relation of electricity to
magnetism.
ELECTRO-METALLLTRGY. e-lek'tro-met'-
al-ui'-ji, ?i. a name given to certain proc-
esses by wliich electricity is applied to
the working of metals, as in electroplat-
ing and electro typing.
ELECTROMETER, e-lek-troni'e-ter, n. an
instrument for measuring the quantity
of electricity. [Gr. elektron, and metron,
a measure.]
ELECTROPLATE, e-lek'tro-plat, v.t. to
plate or cover with a coating of metal
by electricity.
ELECTROSCOPE, e-lek'tro-skop, n. an in-
strument for detecting the presence of
electricity in a body and the nature of it.
iGr. elektron, and skoped, to examine]
ECTRO-STATICS, e-lek'tro-stat'iks, n.
that branch of science which treats of
electricity at rest. [Gr. elektron, and
Statics.]
ELECTROTONIC, e-lek-tr5-ton'ik, adj. of,
pertaining to, or produced by electro-
toni itv.
ELECTROTONICITY, e-lek-tro-to-nis'it-i,
n. a peculiar alteration of the normal
electric current of a nerve, produced by
the application, outside the circuit of a
galvanometer appUed to that nerve to
mark its normal cm-rent, of a continuous,
artificial, exciting, electric current, in a
distant separate part of the nerve, where-
by tlie normal current of the g'alvanom-
etiic circuit is either increased or di-
minished, according as the exciting or
artificial curi-ent travels in the same di-
rection on the nerve or not ; the excita-
bUity of the nerve within the circuit of
the exciting, artificial current being di-
minished (anelectrotonic) near the posi-
tive, and exalted {cathelectrotonic) near
the negative pole.
ELECTROTONIZE, e-lek'tro-ton-Iz, v.t. to
alter the normal electric current of, as a
nerve. [See Electrotoxicitt.]
ELECTROTYPE, e-lek'tro-tip, n. the ai-t of
copying- an engraving or ty2)e on a metal
deposited by electricity.
ELECTUARY, e-lek'tti-ar-i, n. a composi-
tion of medicinal powders with honej' or
sugar. [Low L. electuarium, a medicine
that dissolves in the mouth — Gr. ekleik-
ton — ekleicho, to Uck u]).]
ELEEMOSYNARY, el-e-nios'i-nar-i, adj.
relating to charity or almsgiving : given
in charity. [Gr. eleemosyne, compassion-
ateness, alms — eleos, pitv. See Alms.]
ELEGANCE, el'e-gans, ELEGANCY, el'e-
gans-i, n. the state or quality of being
elegant : the beauty of projjrietj- : neat-
ness: i-efinement: ttiat which is elegant.
JTr., from L. elegant ia — elegans.]
ELEGANT, el'e-gant, adj. pleasing to good
taste : gTaceful : neat : refined : nice :
richly ornamental. — adv. El'egantly.
[Fr. — L. elegans. -antis — eligo, tochoose.]
ELEGIAC, el-e-ji'ak or el-e'ii-ak, adj. be-
longing to elegy: mournful : used in ele-
gies.— n. elegiac verse. — adj. Eleoiacal,
el-e-jl'ak-al. [L. — Gr. elegeiakos—elegos,
a lament.]
ELEGIZE, el'e-jlz, v.t. and i. to write or
compose elegies : to celebrate or lament
after the style of an elegj- : to bewail. " I
. . . p,frhaps should have elegized on for
a page or two farther, when Harry, who
has no idea of the dignity of grief, blund-
ered in." — H. Walpole.
ELEGIST, el'e-jist, n. a writer of elegies.
ELEGY, el'e-ji, ». a song of mourning, a
lament : a funeral song-. [Fr. — L. — Gr.
elegns, a lament.]
ELESiENT, el'e-ment, n. a first principle:
one of the essential parts of anytliing :
an ingredient : the proper state or sphere
of any thing or being : — pi. the rudi-
ments of anything : (chem.) the simple
bodies that have not been decomposed :
among the ancients, fire, air, earth, and
water, supposed to be the constituents
of all things : the bread and wine used
at the Communion. [L. elementum, pi,
elenienta, first principles.]
ELEMENTAL, el-e-ment'al, adj. pertaining
to elements or first principles : belonging
to or produced by elements or the ele-
ments.— adv. Elejient'ally.
ELEMENTALISM, el-e-ment'al-izm. n. the
theory which identifies the divinities of
the ancients with the elemental powers.
Gladstone.
ELEjMENTARY, el-e-ment'ar-i, adj. of a
single element : primary : uucompounded:
pertaining- to the elements : treating of
first principles.
ELEMENTOID, el-e-ment'oid, adj. like an
element : having the appeai-ance of a
simple substance : as, compounds which
have an elementoid nature, and perform
elemental functions. [L. elementum, an
element, and Gr. eidos, form.]
ELEPHANT, el'e-fant, n. the largest quad-
ruped, having a verj- tliick skin, a trunk,
and two ivory tusks. [Fr. — L. elephas,
elephantis — Gr. elephas — Heb. eleph,
aleph. an ox. See Alpela.]
ELEPHANTIASIS, el-e-fant-IVsis, n. a
disease in which the legs become thick
like the elephant's. [Gr. — elephas.]
ELEPHANTINE, el-e-fan'tin, adj. pertain-
ing to the elephant : like an elejihaut :
very large.
ELEUTHEROMANIA, e-lu-the-ro-mani-a,
n. a mania for freedom : excessive zeal
for freedom. "Nothing but insubordi-
nation, eleidheromania, confused, uu
limited oiyjosition in their heads." —
Carlyle. [Gr. eleutlieros, free, and mania,
madness.]
ELEUTHEROJLi.NIAC. e-lu-the-ro-mani-
ak, n. one having an excessive zeal for
freedom : a fanatic on the subject of
freedom. — adj. having a mania for free-
dom. Carlyle.
ELEVATE, el'e-vat, v.t. to raise to a higher
position : to raise in mind and feelings :
to improve : to cheer. [L. elevo, elevatus
— e, out, up, levo, to raise — levis, light.
See Light, adj.]
ELEVATION, el-e-va'shun, n. the act of
elevating or raising, or the state of
being raised : exaltation : an elevated
place or station : a rising ground : height:
(ardi.) a geometrical view of the side
of a building : (gun.) the angle made by
the line of dii-ection of a gun witli the
plane of the horizon : {astron.) altitude:
the distance of a heavenly body above
the horizon, or the ai-c of a vertical circle
intercepted between it and the horizon :
(dialling) the angle which the style
makes with the substj-lar line : (trigono-
metrical surv.) heig-lit : altitude: height
above the surface of the earth : angiilar
height, or angle of elevation. Tlie angle
of elevation of any object is the angle
formed by two straight lines drawn from
the observer's eye, the one to the top of
the object and the other jmrallel to the
horizon, both lines being in the same
vertical plane.— Elevation of the host,
in tlie R. Cath. Ch. that part of the mass
in which the priest raises the liost above
his head for the people to adore.
ELEVATOR, el'e-va-tor, ?i. the person or
thing- that lifts up : a machine for rais-
ing grain, etc., to a higher floor : a mus-
cle raising- a part of the body.
ELEVATORY, el'e-va-tor-i, 'adj. able or
tending- to raise.
ELEVEN, e-lev'n, adj. ten and one. — n. the
ele\tenth:
It:
ELX-50KY
flumber 11. [A.S. eii(d)liif-on, of which
(d being- excrescent, and -on, a dative pi.
suffix) en = A.S. an, E. One, and -luf{ov
-lif) is prob. tlie root t(il\ ten, successive-
ly weakened to dak, lik, lip, and lif ; cf.
the Goth, ain-lif.]
ELEVENTH, e-lev'nth, adj. and n. the
next after the tenth. [A.S. endlyfta.]
ELF, elf. n. a little spirit formerly believed
to haunt woods and wild places ; a dwarf:
—pL Elves, elvz. [A.S. aelf : Gar. elf.]
ELFIN, elfin, adj. of or relating to elves,
—n. a little elf: a child. [Dim. of Elf.]
ELFISH, elfish, ELVAN, elv'aa, adj. elf-
Uke : disguised.
ELICIT, e-lis'it, v.t. to entice or draw out :
to bring to light : to deduce. [L. elicio,
elicitiis — e, out, lacio, to entice. Cf. Lace.]
ELIDE, e-lTd', v.t. to strike out or cut off,
as a syllable. [L. elido, elisus — e, out,
Icedo. to strike. Cf. Lesiox.]
ELIGIBILITY, el-i-ji-bil'i-ti, n. fitness to be
elected or chosen : the state of being pref-
erable to something else : desirableness.
ELIGIBLE, el'i-ji-bl, adj. fit or worthy to
be chosen : legally qualified : desirable. —
)i. El'toiblen-ess, same as Eligibil'ity. —
adr. El'igiblt. [Fr. — L. eligo. See
Elect, i\t.]
ELIMINATE, e-lim'in-at. v.t. to thrust out
of doors. Lovelace. To expel : to dis-
charge or throw off : to set at liberty ; as,
•This detains secretions which nature
finds it necessarj' to eliminate.'' — Med.
Rejws. To leave out of an argument or
train ol thought : to set aside as unim-
portant c not to be considered : to leave
out of consideration ; as, "To know the
truth of things, to have cognizance of
what is real, we must penetrate below
the surface, eliminate the accidental and
irrelevant, and grasp the principle or
essence which underlies and interprets
appearances." — Dr. Caird. {Alg.) to
cause a quantity or quantities to disap-
pear from an equation: to remove from
both sides of an equation : to obtain by
' eliminating or separating, as from for-
eign matters : to deduce : to elicit ; as,
" Conclusions which all are glad to ac-
cept after they have been painfully elim-
inated by others." — O. W. Holmes. [L.
elimino, eliminatum — e, out, and limen,
thresholdj
EiLBnNATION, e-lim-in-a'shun, n. (late)
the act of banishing or tiu-ning out of
doors : ejection : the act of expelling or
throwing off : the act of discharging or
excreting by the pores : the act of set-
ting aside as unimportant or unworthy
of consideration, or as being superfluous
or irrelevant : " {Elimination) is frequent-
ly used in the sense of eliciting, but
incorrectly," says Fleming. "The pre-
paratory step of the discussion was,
therefore, an elimination of those less
precise and appropriate significations,
which, as they would at best only afford
a i-emote genus and difference, were
wholly incompetent fo^ the pui-pose of a
definition." — Sir W. Hamilton. (Alg.)
the process of reducing a number of
equations containing certain quantities
to a smaller number, in which one or
more of the quantities shall not be found.
ELISION, e-lizh'un, n. the cutting off or
suppression of a vowel or sj'Uable. [See
Elide.]
ELITE, a-let', n. a chosen or select part :
the best of anything. [Fr. — L. electa
{pars, a part, understood). See Elect,
v.tj
ELIXIR, e-liks'er, n. a liquor once supposed
to have the power of prolonging life or
of transmuting metals : the quintessence
of anything : a substance wliich invig^or-
ates : {med.) a compound tincture. [Ar.
el-ik-iir, the philosopher's stone, from al-,
the, and dksir, quintessence.]
ELIZABETHAN, e-liz-a-beth'an or e-liz'-,
adj. pertaining to Queen Elizabeth or her
time.
ELK, elk, n., Alces Malchis or Cervus Al-
ces, the largest existing species of the
Cervidse or deer family. It attains the
height of 7 feet at the slioulders, and its
antlers, when fuUy formed, weigh 50 to
60 lbs. It is found in Europe and Asia,
but chieflj- in North America, where it
is called the Moose or Moose-Deer. [A.
S. elch. Cog. Ice. elgr, O. G«r. elaho, N.
and Sw. elg ; L. alces — elk.]
ELL, el, n. a measure of length orig. taken
from the arm : a clotli measure equal to
li yds. [A.S. ehi, Dut. and Ger. elle, L.
ulna, Gr. olene, the eZ-bow, the arm. See
Elbow.]
ELLIPSE, el-lips', n. an oval : {geom.) a
figure produced by the section of a cone
by a plane passing obliquely through the
opposite sides. [L. ellipisis — Gr. elleipsis
{lit.) a defect, so called because its plane
forms with the base of the cone a less
angle than that of the parabola.]
ELLIPSIS, el-lip'sis, n. {gram.) a figure of
syntax by wliich a word or words are
left o«f and implied:—/??. Ellipses, el-lij)'-
sez. [L. — Gr. elleij)sis — en, in, and leipo,
to leave. Cf. Eclipse.]
ELLIPSOID, el-lip'soid, n. {math.) a sur-
face, every plane section of which is au
eUipse. [Gr. ellei2)sis, and eidos, form.]
ELLIPTIC, el-Up'tik, ELLIPTICAL, el-lip'-
tik-al, adj. pertaining to an ellipse: oval:
pertaining to ellijis^is : having a part un-
derstood.— adv. Ellip'ticallt. [Gr. el-
leiptikos — elleijjsi^.l
ELM, elm, ii. the EngUsh name of a genus
of trees, Ulmus, nat. order Ulmaceas.
The species, of which there are thirteen,
are natives of the northern temperate
zone. They have bisexual flowers, with
a campanulate calyx, as many stamens
as there are divisions in the limb of the
calyx, and two styles. Two species are
common in Great Britain and this coun-
try, one indigenous, U. montana (the
wjxh elm), and the other introduced, U.
campestris (the common elm), but culti-
vated everywhere. Both trees are very
variable, and the varieties have received
specific names. The elm is one of our
principal timber trees, for usefulness
ranking next to the oak. It is valued
for the rapidity of its growth, its hardi-
ness, and its capability of thriving in
poor soil unfit for tillage. [A.S. elm, ellm.
Cf. Dut. olm, Dan. oelm, cum; L. tdmus;
Bohem. gilm (pron. yilm)— elm.]
ELMY, elm'i. adj. abounding with elms.
ELOCUTION, el-o-ku'shun, ?(. style or
manner of speaking : utterance. — adj.
Elocu'tionakt. [Fr. — L. elocuiio—elo-
quor, elocutus — e, out, and loquor, to
speak.]
ELOCUTIONIST, el-o-ku'shun-ist, Ji. one
versed in elocution : a teacher of elocu-
tion.
ELOGE, a-lozh'. ELOGIUM, e-l6'ji-um, n.
a funeral oration : a panegyric. [Fr.
eloge — L. elogiiim, a short statement, an
inscription on a tomb — ^L. e, inten., and
Gr. logos, discourse.]
ELOHIM, e'lo-him, n. one of the names of
God, of frequent occurrence in the Bible
It is used both of the true God and of false
gods, while .Jehovah is used only of the
true God. The use of the plural form
Elohim has caused much controversy
among critics, some regarding it as con-
taining an allusion to the doctrine of the
Trinity, while others regard it as the
plural of excellence, and others hold it
as establishing the fact of a primitive
polytheism. [Heb. pi. of Eloah.]
ELOHIST, e'16-hist, n. the epithet applied
to the supposed writer of the Elohistic
passages of the Pentateuch, in contra-
distinction to Jelioinst. "The descrip-
tions of the Elohist are regular, orderly^
clear, simple, inartificial, calm, free from
the rhetorical and poetical." — S. David-
son.
ELOHISTIC, e-16-hist'ik. adj. a term ap-
plied to certain passages in Scriptui-e,
especially in the Pentateuch, in which
the Almighty is always spoken of as
Elohim, supposed by some to have been
wi-itten at an earlier period than those
in which he is spoken of as Jehovah.
The Elohistic paragraphs are simpler,
more pastoral, and more primitive in
their character, while the Jehovistic in-
dicate some knowledge of geography
and history, exalt the priestly character,
and are generalh' more elaborate. Gen.
i. 37 is Elohistic ;' Gen. ii. 21-34 is Jeho-
vi.'itic.
ELONGATE, e-long'gat,r.f. to make longer:
to extend. [Low L. elongo, elongatus — e,
out, and longus, long.]
ELONGATION, e-long-ga'shun, n. act of
lengthening out: state of being length-
ened : distance.
ELOPE, e-lop', v.i. to escape privately,
said esp. of a woman, either married or
unmarried, who runs away with a lover.
[Prob. a corr. of Dut. ont-)oopen, to run
away, from out- (Ger. ent-), awaj% and
loop'en = E. leap. See Leap.]
ELOPEMENT, e-lop'ment. m. a secret de-
parture, esp. of a woman with a man.
ELOQUENCE, el'o-kweus, n. the utterance
of strong emotion in correct, appropriate,
expressive, and fluent language : the art
whicii produces fine speaking: persuasive
speech.
ELOQUENT, el'o-tivent, adj. ha-i-ing the
power of speaking with fluency, elegance,
and power : containing eloquence : per-
suasive. — adv. El'oquently. [L. elo-
quens, -entis, pr.p. of eloquor. See Elo-
cution.]
ELSE, els, pron. other. — adv. otherwise :
besides : except that mentioned. [A.S.
elles, otherwise — orig. gen. of el. other ;
cf. O. Ger. alles or ettes. See Alias.]
ELSEWHERE, elshwar, adv. in another
place : in other places.
ELTCHI, elt'she, n. an ambassador or
envoy : a Persian and Turkish name.
" Things which they had told to Colonel
Rose they did not yet dare to tell to the
g^-eat Eltchi (Lord Stratford de Red-
cliffe). ■' — Kin glake.
ELUCIDATE, e-lu'si-dat, v.t. to make lu-
cid or clear : to throw light upon : to
explain : to illustrate. — ns. Elucida'tion',
Elu'cidatoe. [Low L. elucido. elucida-
tus — e. intensive, and lucidus, clear. See
Lucid.]
ELUCIDATR'E, e ''Tsi-da-tiv, ELUCIDA-
TORY, e-lu'si-da-tor-i. adj. making lucid
or clear : explanatory.
ELUCTATE. e-luk'tat,\-.i. to struggle out:
to burst forth: to escape. "They did
eluctate out of their iniuries with credit
to themselves." — Bj>. Hacket. [L. eluc-
tor, eluctatus — e, out of, and luctor, te
wrestle.]
ELLTDE, e-lud', v.t. to avoid or escape by
Stratagem : to baffle. [L. eludo, elu.fu.i
— e, out. ludo, to play.]
ELUSION, e-lu'zhun, *n. act of eluding:
e.si'ape by artifice : evasion.
ELUSnT;." e-lfl'siv, adj. practicing elusion:
deceptive. — adv. Elu'sively.
ELUSORY, e-lu'sor-i, adj. tending to elude
or cheat : evasive : deceitful.
ELUTRIATE
12S
EMBROCATE
ELUTRIATE, e-lu'tri-at, v.t. to purify by
washing and straining off or decanting
the liquid from the substance washed :
to cleanse : as, to elutriate ores. •' Elu-
triating the blood as it passes through
the lungs." — Arbiitknot. — n. Elutria'-
TION, the operation of pulverizing a solid
substance, mixing it with water, and
pouring off the liquid, while the foul or
extraneous substances are floating, or
after the coarser particles have subsided,
and while the finer parts are suspended
in the liquor : as, the elutriation of tin-
ore. [L. elutrio, elutriatum, from eluo,
elutum, to wash off — e, off, and luo, to
wash.]
ELVAN, ELVES. See under Elfish, Elf.
ELYSIAN, e-lizh'i-an, adj. pertaining to
Elysium : exceedingly delightful.
ELYSIUM, e-lizh'i-uni,"(!. (myth.) the abode
of the blessed after death : any delightful
place. [L. — Gr. elysion (pedion), the
Elysian (plain).]
ElLiCIATE, e-ma'shi-at, v.t. to make
meagre or lean : to deprive of flesh : to
waste. — v.i. to become lean : to waste
away. [L. emacio, emaciatiis- -e, inten-
sive, macio. to make lean — maci-es, lean-
ness. See Meagre.]
EMACIATION, e-ma-shi-a'shun, n. the con-
dition of becoming emaciated or lean :
leanness.
EMANATE, em'a-nat, v.i. to flo7v out or
from ." to proceed from some source : to
arise. [L. emano, emanafus — e, out from,
mano, to flow.]
EMANATION, em-a-na'shun, n. a floimng
out from a source : that which issues or
proceeds from some source. — adj. Em'a-
NATIVE.
EMANCIPATE, e-man'si-pat, v.t. to set
free from servitude : to free from restraint
or bondage of any kind. — n. Emax'cif.^-
TOR. [L. e, away from, and mancipare,
to transfer property — manceps, mancipis,
one who gets or acquires property, (lit.)
who takes by the hand, from •manus, the
hand, capio, to take.]
EMANCIPATION, e-man-si-pa'shun, n. the
act of setting free from bondage or dis-
ability of any kind : the state of being
EMANCIPATIONIST,e-man-si-pa'shun-ist,
n. an advocate of the emancipation of
slaves.
EMARGINATE, e-mar'jin-at, v.t. to take
away the margin of. [L. emargino, emar-
ginatum, to deprive of the edge — e, priv.,
and margo, marginis, an edge, border,
margin.]
EMARGINATE, e-mar'jin-at, EMARGIN-
ATED, e-mar'jin-at-ed, adj. having the
margin or extremitj' taken away : spe-
cifically, (a) in bot. notched at the blunt
apex : applied to the leaf, petal, stigma,
or to the giUs of fungi : (mineral.) having
all the edges of the primitive form trun-
cated, each by one face: (zool.) having
the margin broken bj' an obtuse notch
or the segment of - -ircle. — adv. Emar'-
GINATELY, in the form of notches.
EMARGINATION, e-mar-jin-a'shun. ?!. act
of taking away the margin : state or
condition of ha\'ing the margin taken
away : (bot.) the condition of having a
notch at the summit or blunt end : a
notch at the summit or blunt end : as,
the emargination of a leaf.
EMASCULATE,e-mas'ku-lat, v.t. to dejrriv?
of the properties of a male : to castrate :
to deprive of masculine vigor : to render
effeminate. — n. Emascula'tion. [Low
L. emasndo, emasc^datus — e, priv., and
maseidiis, dim. of mas, a male.]
EMBALM, em-bam'. i:t. to preserve from
decay by aromatic drugs, as a dead body:
to perfume : to preserve with care and
affection. — ns. Embalm'er, Embalji'isg.
[Fr. embanrner, from em, in, and battme.
See Balm.]
EMBANK, em-bangk', v.t. to inclose or
defend with a bank or dike. [Coined
from em. in. and Bank.]
EMBANKMENT, em-bangk'ment, n. the
act of embankintr : a bank or mound.
EMBARCATION. "Same as EMBARKATION.
EMBARGO, em-bar'go, n. a prohibition of
ships to leave port : a stoppage of trade
for a short time by authority -.—pi. Em-
BAR'GOES. — v.t. to lay an embargo on : —
pr.p. embar'going ; pa.p. embar'goed.
[Sp. — embargar. to impede, to restrain —
Sp. em, in, and barra. a bar. See Barri-
cade, and Embarrass.]
EMBARK, em-bark', v.t. to put on board a
bark or ship: to engage in any affair. —
(•.?'. to go on board ship: to engage in
a business : to enlist. [Fr. embarquer,
from em, in, and barque. See Bare, a
barge.]
EMBARKATION, em - bar - ka'shun, n. a
putting or going on board : that which
is embarked.
EMBARRASS, em-bar'as, v.t. to encumber :
to involve in difficultj-, esp. in money-
matters : to perplex : (lit.) to put a bar
or difficulty in the tvay of. [Fr. embar-
rasser — Fr. em. in, and (through Prov.
barras) Fr. barre, a bar. See Bar.]
EMBARRASSMENT, em-bar'as-ment, n.
perplexity or confusion : difficulties in
money-matters.
EMBASSY, em'bas-i, n. the charge or
function of an embassador : the person
or persons sent on an embassy. [Low L.
ambascia. See Ambassador.']
EMBATERION, em-ba-te'ri-on. n. a war-
song of the Spartans which they sang
when rushing on the enemy. It was ac-
companied by flutes. [Gr. em for en, in,
and baino. to go.]
EMBATHE, em-hath', v.t. to bathe. [Pre-
fix etn for en, and Bathe.]
Gave her to his daughters to embathe
In nectar'd lavers, strew'd with asphodel.
—Miltoti.
EMBATTLE, em-bat'l, v.t. to furnish with
battlements. [Em and O. Fr. bastiller,
from the same root as Battlement, Bas-
tille, and Baste, to sew. The form of
this word is due to a confusion with E.
Battle.]
EMBATTLE, em-bat'l, v.t. to range in or-
der of battle. [Coined from em, in, and
Battle.]
EMBAY, em-ba', v.t. to inclose in a bay:
to landlock. [Ein, in, into, and Bay.]
EMBED. Same as Imbed.
EMBELLISH, em-bel'ish, v.t. to make
beautiful with ornaments : to decorate :
to make graceful : to illustrate pictorial-
ly, as a book. — n. E.mbell'isher. [Fr.
embellir. embellissant — em, in, bel, bemi,
beautiful. See Beau.]
EMBELLISHMENT, em-bel'ish-ment, n.
act of embellishing or adorning : decora-
tion : ornament.
EMBER-DAYS, em'ber-daz, ji.jj?. in R. C.
and English Church, three Fast-days in
each quarter. [A.S. ymbrine. orig. sig.
a, r uniting round or circuit — ymbe, round
(Ger. um, L. ambi-), and ryne, a running,
from rinnan. to run.]
EMBERS, em'berz, n.pl. red-hot ashes : the
smouldering remains of a fire. [A.S.
emyrian : Ice. eimyrja. The b is excres-
cent.]
EMBEZZLE, em-bez'l. v.t. to waste or dis-
sipate : to appropriate fraudulently what
has been intrusted. — /(. Embezz'LER.
[Perh. from root of Imbecile, the prima-
ry sense being to weaken, waste ; (obs.)
bezzle. to .squander, is the same word,
the first syllable being dropped.]
EMBEZZLEMENT, em-bez'1-ment. n.
fraudulent appropriation of another's
property by the person to whom it was
intrusted.
EMBITTER. See Imbitter.
EMBLAZON, em-bla'zn, v.t. to deck in
blazing colors : (her.) to blazon or adorn
with figures. — Ji. Embla'zonment, an
emblazoning. [Em and Blazon.]
EMBLAZONRY, em-bla'zn-ri. n. the art of
emblazoning or adorning : devices on
shields.
EMBLEM, em'blem, ?i. a picture represent-
ing to the mind something different from
itself : a type or symbol. [Lit. some-
thing inserted in a surface as ornament ;
Fr. embleme — L. emblema. inlaid work —
Gr. — em (^en), in, ballo. to lav. to ■ ri>t.l
EMBLEMATIC, em-blem-at'ik, 'EMBLEM-
ATICAL, em-blem-at'ik-al, adj. pertain-
ing to or containing emblems : represent-
ing.— adv. Emblemat'ically.
EJIBLOOM, em-bloom', v.t. to cover or
enrich with bloom. [Em, in. and Bloom.]
EMBODIMENT, em-bod'i-ment, n. act of
embodying : state of being embodied.
EMBODY, em-bod'i, v.t. to form into a
body : to make corporeal : to make tan-
gible.— v.i. to unite in a body or mass.
[Em., in, and Body.]
EMBOGUING, em-bog'ing, j;. the mouth
of a river. [See Disembogue.]
EMBOLDEN, em-bold'n, v.t. to make bold
or courageous. [Em, to make, and
Bold.]
EMBOLISM, em'bo-lizm, n. the insertion of
days, months, or years in an account
of time to produce regularity : (med.'i the
presence of obstructing clots in the blood-
vessels.— adjs. Embolism' AL, Embolism'-
IC. [Fr. — Gr. embolismos — emballo. to
cast in. See Emblem.]
EMBORDER, em-bord'er, v.t. to border.
EMBOSOM, em-booz'um, v.t. to take into
the bosom : to receive into the affections:
to inclose or surround. [Em, in, into,
and Bosom.]
EMBOSS, em-bos', v.t. to form bosses or
protuberances upon : to ornament with
raised-work. — n. Emboss'ER. [Em. in,
into, and Boss.]
EMBOSSMENT, em-bos'ment, n. a promi-
nence like a boss : raised-work.
EMBOUCHURE, em-boo-sho6r', 71. the
mouth of a river, of a cannon, etc.: the
mouth-hole of a wind musical instru-
ment. [Fr. — eni-boiicher, to put to the
mouth. See DEBOUCH. DEBOUCHURE.]
EMBOW, em-bo', v.t., v.i. to bow or arch.
[Em and Bow.]
EMBOWEL, em-bow'el, v.t. properly, to
inclose in something else ; but also used
for disembotcel, to remove the entrails
from : — pr.p. embow'elling ; pa.p. em-
bow'elled.— )!. EnbOw'elment. [Em. in,
into, and Bowel.]
EMBOWER, em-bow'er, v.t. to place in a
bower : to shelter, as with trees. [Em,
in. and Bower.]
EMBRACE, em-bras', v.t. to take in the
arms : to press to the bosom with affec-
tion : to take eagerly or willingly : to
comprise : to admit or receive. — v.i. to
join in an embrace. — »i. an embracing :
fond pressure in the arms. [O. Fr. em-
bracer (mod. Fr. embrasser) — em, L. in,
in, into, and bras — L. brachium, an arm.
See Brace.]
EMBRASURE, em-bra'zhiir, n. a door or
window with the sides slanted on the in-
side : an opening in a wall for cannon.
[Fr.. properly, an opening through which
a gun may be fired — embraser, to set on
fire, from the O. Ger, bras, fire. See
Rr aster and Brass.]
EMBROCATE, em'bro-kat, v.t. to moisten
and rub, as a sore with a lotion. [Low
EMBROCATION
129
EMULATE
L. embroco, etnbrocatus, from Gr. embro-
che, a lotion — emhrecho, to soak in — em
(= en), in. into, brecho, to wet.]
EMBROCATION, em-bro-ka'shun, n. act of
embrocating : the lotion used.
EMBROIDER, em-broid'er, v.t. to ornament
with designs in needle-work, orig. on the
border. — n. Embroid'erek. [Em, on. and
Fr. broder, another form of border — bord,
edge. See Border.]
EMBROIDERY, em-broid'er-i, n. the act or
art of embroidering : ornamental needle-
work : variegation or diversity : artificial
ornaments.
EMBROIL, em-broil', v.t. to involve in a
broil, or in perplexity : to entangle : to
distract : to throw into confusion. [Fr.
I mbrouiller — em, in, and broulller, to
break out. See Broil, n.]
EMBROILMENT, em-broil'ment, w. a state
of perplexitv or confusion : disturbance.
lMBRYO, em'bri-6. EMBRYON, em'bri-on,
/(. the young of an animal in its earliest
stages of development : the part of a seed
wliich forms the future plant : the begin-
ning of anything : — pi. Em'bryos, Em'-
BRYONs. — adj., also EjrBRYON'lc, of or
relating to anything in an imperfect
state : rudimentary. [Fr. ; Gr. ; em {=en),
in. and bryon, neuter of pr.p. of bryo, to
swell.]
EMBRYOLOGICALLY, em-bri-o-loj'ik-al-
li. adv. according to the rules of embryol-
ngv. Kiitg.'tley.
EMB"RYOLOGIST, em-bri-ol'o-jist, n. one
versed in the doctrines of embryology.
EMBRYOLOGY, em-bri-ol'oj-i. n. science
of the embrvo or fetus of animals.
EMENDATIOiSr. em-en-da'shun, n. a mend-
ing or removal of an error or fault : cor-
rection. [L. emendatio — emendo, emen-
datus — e, out, away, and mendum, a
fault. See AMEND.] "
EMEND ATOR. em'en-da-tor, n. a corrector
of errors in writings : one who corrects
or improves.
EMENDATORY.e- men'da - tor - i. adj.
mending or contributing to correction.
EMENDER, e-mend'er, »i. one who emends:
one who removes faults, blemishes, or
the like : an emendator. E. B. Broum-
ing.
EMERALD, em'er-ald, n. a precious stone
of a green color : a small printing-type.
[Fr. emeraude (O. Fr. esmeralae) — L.
smaragdiis — Gr. smaragdos.]
ElMERGE, e-merj', v.i. to rise out of: to
issue or come forth : to reappear after
being concealed : to come into view. [L.
eraergo, emersus — e, out of, mergo, to
plunge.]
EMERGENCE, e-mer'jens. EMERGENCY,
e-mer'jen-si, n. act of emerging : sudden
appearance : an unexpected occurrence :
pressing necessity : something not cal-
culated upon : an unexpected gain : a
casual profit. "The rents, profits, and
emergencieji belonging to a Bishop of
Bath and Wells."'— ife^hn.
EMERGENT, e-mer'jent, adj. emerging :
suddenly appearing : arising unexpect-
edly : urgent. — adv. Emer'gently. [L.
emergens, -entis, pr.p. of emergo.\
EMERODS, em'e-rodz, n.pl. (B.) now Hem-
orrhoids.
EMERSION, e-mer'shun, n. act of emerg-
ing: {astr.) the reappearance of .1 heav-
enly body after being' eclipsed by another
or by the sun's brightness.
EMERY, em'er-i, n. a very hard mineral,
used as powder for polUihing, etc. [Fr.
emeri. emeril — It. smeriglio — Gr. smeris
— smao. to smear.]
EMETIC, e-met'ik, adj. causing vomiting.
— n. a medicine that causes vomiting.
r rough L., from Gr. emetikos — emeo,
omft. See Vomit.]
1
EMEU. Same as Emu.
EMIGRANT, em'i-grant, adj. emigrating
or liaving emigrated. — n. one who emi-
grates. [L. emigrans, -antis, pr.p. of
emigro.']
EMIGRATE, em'i-grat, v.i. to migrate Or
remove from one's native country to an-
other.— n. EinoRA'TiON. [L. emigro, em-
igratvs — e, from, migro, to remove.]
EMINENCE, em'i-nens, n. a part eminent
or rising above the rest : a rising-ground :
height : distinction : a title of honor.
EMINENT, em'i-nent, adj., rising above
others : conspicuous : distinguished : ex-
alted in rank or office. — adv. Em'inently.
[L. eminens, -entis, pr.p. of emineo — e,
out, mineo, to project.]
EMIR, e'mir, n. a Turkish title given esp.
to descendants of Mohammed. [Aj.
amir: cog. with Heb. amar, to com-
mand. Doublet, Ameer.]
EMISSARY, em'is-ar-i, n. one sent out on a
secret mission : a spy : an underground
channel by which the water of a lake
escapes. — adj. same as Emissory. [L.
emissarius — emitto.]
EMISSION, e-mish'un, n. the act of emit-
ting : that which is issued at one time.
[Emissus — emitto.]
EMISSORY. e-mis'or-i, adj. (anat.) convey-
ing excretions from the body. [Emissus
— emitto.]
EMIT, e-mit', v.t. to send out: to throw or
give out: to issue: — pr.p. emitt'ing;
2}a.p. emitt'ed. [L. emitto, emissus — e,
out of, mitto, to send.]
EMMANUEL, em-man'u-el, n. God with
us : an appellation of our Saviour. Same
as Immanuel. [Heb. — im, with, anu, us,
and El, God.]
EMMET, em'et, K. the ant. [A.B.cemete;
cog. with Ger. ameise : pern, also with
Ger. emsig, diligent. Ice. amr, work.
Ant is a contr.]
EMOLLIATE, e-mol'i-at, v.t. to soften: to
render effeminate. [L. emollio, emollitus
— e, intensive, and moUio, to soften —
mollis, soft.]
EMOLLIENT, e-mol'yent, adj., softening:
making supple. — n. (med.) a substance
used to soften the tissues. [L. em,olliens,
-entis, pr.p. ol emollio.]
EMOLUMENT, e-mol'u-ment, n. advan-
tage : profit arising from employment,
as salary or fees. [Fr. — L. emolumentum,
for einolimentum — emolior, to work out —
e, sig. completeness, and molior, to exert
one's self, to toil ; or from L. emolere — e,
and molere, to grind, thus sig. first, the
produce of a mill, then, any profit.]
EMOTION, e-mo'shun, n. a moving of the
feelings : agitation of mind. [L. emotio
— emoveo, emotus, to stir up, agitate — e,
forth, and moveo, to move.]
EMOTIONAL, e-mo'shun-al, adj. pertain-
ing to emotion.
EMPALE, em-pal', v.t. to fence in with
pales or stakes : to shut in : to put to
death by spitting on a stake. — n. Empau;'-
MENT. [Em. in, on, and PaIjE, a stake.]
EMPANEL. Same as Impanel.
EMPARK. Same as Impark.
EMPEROR, em'per-or, n. one ruling an
empire.— /er». Em'press. [Fr. empereur
— L. imperator (fem. imperatrix), a com-
mander— impero, to command.]
EMPHASIS, n. em'fa-sis, n. stress of the
voice on particular words or syllables to
make the meaning clear : improssiveness
of expression or weight of thought : — pi.
Em'phases, -sez. [Gr. — em (=en), in, in-
to, and phasis — phao. phainO, to show, to
make clear. See Phase.]
EMPHASIZE, em'fa-slz, v.t. to make em-
phatic.
EMPHATIC, em-fat'ik, EMPHATICAL,
em-fat'ik-al, adj. uttered with or requir-
ing emphasis : forcible : impressive.^
adv. E.mphat'ically. [Gr. empha{n)tikos
— emphasis.]
EMPIRE, em pir, n. supreme control or
dominion : the territory under the do-
minion of an emperor. [Fr. — L. imperium
— impero, to command.]
EMPIRIC, em-pir'ik. EMPIRICAL, em
pir'ik-al, adj. resting on trial or experi ,
ment : known only by experience. [Fr I
— L. empiricus, from Gr. empeirikos — ='
empeiros — em, in, and peira, a trial.]
EMPIRIC, em-pir'ik, n. one who makes
trials or experiments : one whose knowl-
edge is got from experience only : a
quack. — adv. Empir'ically.]
EMPIRICISM, em-pir'i-sizm, n. (phil.) the
system which, rejecting all d priori
knowledge, rests solel.y on experience and
induction : dependence of a physician on
his experience alone without a regular
medical education : the practice of
medicine without a regular education :
quackery.
EMPLOY, em-ploy', v.t. to occupy the time
or attention of : to use as a means or
agent. — n. a poetical form of Employ-
ment.— n. Employ'er. [Fr. employer —
L. implicare, to infold — in, in, and plico,
to fold. Imply and Implicate are par-
allel forms.]
EMPLOY^, em-ploy'a, n. one who is em-
ployed. [Fr. employe, pa. p. of emjjloyer.
See Employ.]
EMPLOYMENT, em-ploy'ment, n. act of
employing : that which engages or occu-
pies : occupation.
EMPLUMED. em-plumd', adj. adorned
with, or as with, plumes or feathers.
Angelhoods, em^umed
In such rin^rlets of pure glory. — E. B. Brouming.
EMPOLDERED, em-pol'derd, adj. re-
claimed and brought into the condition
of a polder : brought under cultivation.
[See Polder.]
EMPORIUM, em-p6'ri-um, n. a place to
which goods are extensively collected
from various parts for sale : a great
mart. [L. — Gr. emporion — emporos, a
trader — em (= en), in, and poros, a way.
See Fare.]
EMPOWER, em-pow'er, v.t. to give power
to. [Em and PovTER.]
EMPRESS. See Emperor.
EMPTINESS, em'ti-nes, n. state of being
empty : want of substance : unsatisfac-
toriness.
EMPTY, em'ti, adj. having nothing in it :
unfurnished : without effect : unsatis-
factory : wanting substance. — v.t. to
make empty : to deprive of contents. —
v.i. to become empty: to discharge its
contents -.—pa.p. em'ptied. [A.S. (emtig,
empty — aemta, leisure, rest. Thep is ex-
crescent.]
EMPURPLE, em-pur'pl, v.t. to dye or
tinge purple. [£?» and PuRPLE.]
EMPYEMA, em-pi-e'ma, n. a collection of
pus in the chest. [Gr. — em (■=en), in. and
pyon. pus.]
EMPYREAL, em-pir'e-al, adj. formed of
pure ./ire or light : pertaining to the high-
est and purest region of heaven. [Coined
from Gr. empyros, in fire — em (=e«). in
and pyr, fire. See Fire.]
EMPYREAN, em-pi-re'an, adj., empyreal
— n. the highest heaven, where the pur«
element of fire was supposed by the an;-
cients to subsist.
EMU, e'mu. n. the Australian ostrich,
[Port, "ostrich."]
EMULATE, em'u-lat, v.t. to strive to equal
or excel : to imitate, with a view to equall
or excel : to rival. — n. Em'ulator. [L.
cemulor, cemulatus — cemidus, striving
with.]
EMULATION
130
ENDOGEN
EMULATION, em-u-la'shun, n. act of em-
ulating or attempting to equal or excel :
rivalry : competition : contest : (B.) sin-
ful rivabT.
EMULATIVE, em'u-la^tiv, adj. inclined to
emulation, rivalrj', or competition.
EMULOUS, em'u-lus, adj. eager to emu-
late : desirous of like excellence with an-
other : engaged in competition or rivalry.
— adi\ Em'xilously.
EMULSION, e-mul'shun, n. a white liquid
prepared by mixing oil and water by
means of another substance that com-
bines with both. [Fr. — L. emulgeo, emul-
sus, to milk out — e, out, and mulgeo, to
milk. See ATtt.tt.]
EMULSIVE, e-mursiv, adj. milk-like : soft-
ening : yielding a milk-like substance.
[See EMXTLSlONn
ENABLE, en-aT)!, v.t. to make able : to
give power, strength, or authority to.
[En to make, and Abu:.]
ENAC1 3n-akt', v.t. to perform : to act
the part of : to establish by law. [En, to
make, and Act.]
ENACTIVE, en-akt'iv, adj. having power
to enact.
ENACTMENT, en-akt'ment, n. the passing
of a bUl into law : that which is enacted :
a law.
ENALLAGE, en-al'a-je, n. (ffram.) the e.v-
change of one case, mood, or tense for
another. [Gr. — en, and allagso, to make
other — alios, another.]
ENAJIEL, en-am'el, n. a substance like
glass, which is melted and used for in-
lajing jewellery, etc.: any smooth hard
coating, esp. that of the teeth : anything
enamelled. — v.t. to coat with or paint in
enamel : to form a glossy surface upon,
like enamel : — pr.p. enam'elling ; pa. p.
enam'eUed. — n. Enaji'eixee. [Fr. eii
'-= L. in), in, and M. E. amel — O. Fr.
esviail (now email), from a Teut. root,
which appears in Ger. schmelz, schmelzen,
E. Smelt, Melt.]
ENA3IOR, ea-am'ur, v.t. to inflame with
love: to charm. [Fr. en, to make, and
amoui — L, amor, love.]
ENARTHROSIS, en-ar-thro'sis, re. (aiiat.) a
joint of " ball-and-socket " form, allow-
ing motion in all directions. [Gr. — en,
in, and arthroo, arthroso, to fasten by a
joint — arthron, a joint.]
ENCAGE, en-kaj', v.t. to shut up in a
cage. [En, in, and Cage.]
ENCAMP, en-kamp', v.t. to form into a
camp. — v.i. to pitch tents : to halt on a
march. [i7n, in, and Camp.]
ENCAJVIPMENT, en-kamp'nient, n. the act
of encamping : the place where an army
or company is encamped : a camp : in
U. S. a meeting of veterans and of cer-
tain fraternal organizations.
ENCASE. Same as Incase.
ENCAUSTIC, en-kaws'tik, adj.. hurned in
or done bj' beat. — n. an ancient method
of painting in melted wax. [Fr. — Gr. —
engkaio, engkauso — en, in, and kaio, to
burn. Of. Ink and Calm.]
ENCAVE, en-kav*, v.t. to liide in a cave.
[En. in, and Cave.]
ENCEINTE, ang-sengt', n. (fort.) an in-
elosiire, the wall or rampart which sur-
rounds a place. [Fr. — enceindre, to
, surround — L. in, in, and cingo, cinctus,
', to girdj
JBNCEINTE, ang-sengt', adj. pregnant,
> with child. [It. — L. ineincta, girt about
— incingo, cinctu.<!, to gird in, gird about
— in, and eingo. Cf. Cincture.]
ENCHAIN, en-chan', v.t. to put in chains :
to hold fast : to link together. — n. En-
CHAin'ment. [Fr. encha'inei en, and
cha'ine. a chain — L. catena.'\
ENCHANT, en-chant', v.t. to act on by
songs or rhymed formulas of sorcery : to
charm : to delight in a high degree. [Fr.
enchanter — L. incantare, to sing a magic
formula over — in, on, canto, to sing. See
Chant.]
ENCHANTER, en-chant'er, n. one who en-
chants : a sorcerer or magician : one who
charms or delights.— /em. EncHANT'RESS.
ENCHANTMENT, en-chant'ment, n. act
of enchanting : use of magic arts: that
which enchants.
ENCHASE, en-chas', v.t. to Us in a border:
to adorn with raised or embossed work.
— re. Enchas'ee. [Fr. enehdsser — ere, in,
chdssis, caisse, a case. See Chase, »., also
Case, a covering. Chase;, v.i. is a contr.]
ENCIRCLE, en-serkl, v.t. to inclose in a
circle : to embrace : to pass around. [En,
in, and Circle.]
ENCLAVE, ang'Mav, n. a territory entirely
inclosed witmn the territories of another
power. [Fi\ — L. ire, and clavus, a key.]
ENCLAVE, ang-klav', v.t. to cause to be
an enclave : to inclose or surround, as a
region or state by the territories of an-
other power.
ENCLAVEMENT, ang-klav'ment, n. the
state or conditioa of being an enclave, or
surrounded by an alien territory.
ENCLITIC, en-klit'ik, adj. that inclines or
leans tipon. — n. (gram.) a word or particle
which always follows another word, and
is so united with it as to seem a part of
it. [Gr. engklitikos — en, in, kltno, to
bend. cog. with E. Lean.]
ENCLOSE, en-klo/. Same as INCLOSE.
ENCOLURE, en-kol'ur, n. the neck and
shoulders, as of a horse. [Fr., from en,
in, and col, the neck.]
Caxved like the heart of the coal-black tree,
Crisped like a war -steed's encdure. — Broummg.
ENCOMIAST, en-ko'mi-ast, n. one who
praises, or one who utters or writes en-
comiums. [Gr. engkoTaiastes — engkHmi-
ENCOMIASTIC, en-ko-mi-a.s'tik, ENCOMI-
ASTICAIi, en-ko-mi-as'tik-al, adj. con-
taining encomiums or praise : bestowing
praise. — adv. Encomias'tically. [Gr.
engkoiniastikos — engkomion.]
ENCOMIUM, •n-ko'mi-ura, n. high com-
mendation :^pl. Enco'mujms. [L. — Gr.
engkomion, a song of praise — en, in, ko-
mos, festiWty.]
ENCOMPASS, en-kum'pas, v.t. to compass
or go round : to surround or inclose. — n.
Encom'passment. [En, in, and Compass.]
ENCORE, ang-kor', adv. again: once more.
— v.t. to call for a repetition of. [Fr. (It.
ancora) — L. (in) hanc lioram, till this
hour, hence^=still.]
ENCOUNTER, en-kownt'er, v.t. to run
counter to or against : to meet face to
face, esp. unexpectedly : to meet in con-
test : to oppose. — n. a meeting unex-
pectedly : an interview : a fight. [O.
Fr. encontrer — L. in, in, and contra,
against.]
ENCOURAGE, en-kur'aj, v.t. to put cour-
age in : to inspire with spirit or hope :
to incite. — n. Encour'ager. — adv. En-
COUR'agingly. [Fr. enconrriger — en, to
make, and cmvrnge. See COURAGE.]
ENCOURAGEMENT, en-kur'iij-ment, n.
act of encouraging : that which encoiu*-
ages or incites.
ENCRINAL, en-krrnal. ENCRINIC, en-
ki-in'ik, Encrinit'ic. Encrinit'ical, adj.
relatin°- to or containing encrinites.
ENCRINITE, eu'kri-nit, n. the stona-lily:
a fossilized animal on a long stem or
stalk, with a /i7(/-shaped head. [Gr. ere,
in, and krinon, a lilv-J
ENCROACH, en-kroch', v.i. to seize on the
rights of others : to intrude : to tres-
pass.— h.Encroach'er. — adr.ENCROACH'-
INOLY. [Formed from Fr. e», and croc,
a hook ; cf. occrocher (ad and crocher).
to hook uj). See Crochet, Crotchet,
and Crook. 1
ENCROACHMENT, en-kroch'ment, n. act
of encroaching : that which is taken by
eucroacliing.
ENCRUST, en-krust'. Same as Incrust.
ENCUMBER, en-kumTjer, v.t. to impede
the motion of, with something cumbrous.
to embarrass : to load with debts. [Fr
encombrer, from en- and combrer. See
ENCUMBRANCE, en-kum'brans, n that
which encumbers or hinders : a legal
claim on an estate.
ENCYCLICAL, en-siklik-al, adj.sent round
to many persons or places, as an encyclic-
al letter of the Pope. [Gr. engkyklioa —
en, in. and kr/klos. a circle.]
ENCYCLOP^DL\, ENCYCLOPEDIA, en-
si-klo-pe'di-a, ». same as Cyclopaedia.
ENCYCLOPEDIAN, en-si-klo-pe'di-an, adj.
embracing the wliole circle ot learning.
ENCYCLOPEDIC. en-sT-klo-ped'ik, ENCY-
CLOPEDICAL, en-si-klo-ped'ik-al, adj.
pertaining to an encvclopedia.
EN(3YCL0PEDIST, en-il-klo-p&dist, n. the
compiler or one who assists in the com-
pUatioQ of an encyclopedia.
ENCYSTED, en-sist'ed, adj. inclosed in a
cyst or bag. [En, in, and Cyst.]
END, end, n. the last point or portion ;
termination or close : death : conse-
quence : object aimed at : a fragment.
— v.t. to bring to an end : to destroy.—
v.i. to come to an end : to cease. [A.S.
ende ; Ger. and Dan. ende, Goth, andeis ;
Sans, ant a ; also akin to L. prefix ante-
and Gr. anti-.'\
ENDAMAGE, en-dam'aj, v.t. (B.) same as
Damage.
ENDANGER, en-dan'jer v.t. to place in
danger : to expose to loss or injury,
[En. in, and Danger.]
ENDEAR, eu-der*, v.t. to make dear oi
more dear. [En, to make, and Dear.]
ENDEARMENT, en-der'ment, re. act of en
dearing : state of being endeared : that
which excites or increases affection.
ENDEAVOR, en-dev'ur, v.i. to strive to
accomplish an object : to attempt or try.
— v.t. (Pr. Bk.) to exert. — re. an exertion
of power towards some object : attempt
or trial. [Fr. en devoir — en, in (with
force of " to do " or " make," as in eu-
amoivr. en-courage), and devoir, duty.
See Devoir.]
ENDECAGON, en-dek'a-gon, n. same aa
Hendecagon.
ENDEillC, en-dem'ik, ENDEMICAL, en-
dem'ik-al, ENDEMIAL, en-de'mi-al adj.
peculiar to a people, locality, or district,
as a disease or a plant. " It (the New Zea-
land flora) consists of 935 species, our
own islands possessing about 1500 ; but a
very large proportion of these are pecul-
iar, there being no less than 677 endemic
species, and 32 endemic genera." — A. R.
Wallace. — ?i. a disease of an endemic
character. — adv. Endem'ically. [Gr.
endemios — ere, in, and demos, a people, a
district.]
ENDING, end'ing, n. termination : (gram.)
the terminating syllable or letter of i
word.
ENDIVE, en'div, n. a plant of the sam6
genus as chicory, used as a salad. [Fr
— L. intubus.]
ENDLESS, end les, adj. without end : con
tinual : everlasting: objectless. — adv
End'lkssly. — n. End'lessness.
ENDOCARDIUM, en-do-kar'di-um, n. th«
lining membrane of the heart. — n. Endo-
carditis, en-do-kar-dl'tis, disease thereof.
[Or. endon. within, and kardia, the
heart. See Heart.]
ENDOGEN. en'do-jen, re. a plant fhaX groit*
from irithin. oi by additions to the in*
ENDOGENOUS
131
ENHANCEMENT
side of the stem, as the palm, grasses,
etc. [Gr. eiulo>i, within, and gen, root of
giynomai, to be produced.]
ENDOGENOUS, eii-doj'e-nus, adj. increas-
ing like endogeiis, or by internal growth.
ENDOME. en-dom', v.t. to cover with a
dome, or as with a dome.
The blue Tuscau sky ejld^ines
Our English woriis of prayer. — E. B. Brooming.
ENDORSE, en-dors'. Same as Ixdorse.
ENDOW, eu-dow', i\t. to give a dowry or
marriage-portion to : to settle a jjerma-
neiit provision on : to enrich with any
irilt or faculty. — n. EndoWer. [Fr. en
(^ L. in), and doner, to endow — L. doto.
See Dower.]
ENDOWilENT, en-dow'ment, ». act of en-
dowing : that which is settled on any
person or institution : a quality or faculty
bestowed on any one.
ENDUE, en-du', an older form of Endow.
ENDURABLE, en-dur'a-bl, adj. that can
be eiulured or borne. — adv. Exddr'ably.
— /). Endcr'ablexess.
ENDURANCE, en-dur'ans, n. state of en-
during or bearing: continuance : a suffer-
ing patieutlv without sinking : patience.
ENDURANT.'en-dar'ant, adj. able to bear
fatigue, pain, or the like. "The difficulty
of the chase is fiu'ther increased by the
fact, that the Ibex is a remarkably e)i-
durant animal, and is capable of abstain-
ing from food or water for a considerable
tiiiie." — J. G. Wood.
ENDURE, en-diii'', v.t. to rem;uu firm under:
to bear without sinking. — v.i. to remain
tirm : to last. [Fr. etidurer — en (=L. in),
and durer, to last. See Dure.]
ENDWISE, end'wiz, adv. , end ways : on the
end : with the end forward. [EsD and
Wise.]
ENEMA, e-ne'ma or en'e-ma, ?i. a liquid
medicine thrown into the rectum : an in-
jection. [Gr. — etviSmd, to send in — en, in,
and hiemi, to send.]
ENEMY, en'o-mi, n. one who hates or dis-
likes : a foe : a hostile army. [O. Fr.
enemi (mod. Fr. ennemi) — L. inimicus —
in, negative, and amicus, a friend. See
Amicable, Amity.]
ENERGETIC, en-er-jet'ik,EN1ERGETICAI,,
en-er-jet'ik-al, adj. having or showing
energy : active : forcible : effective. — adv.
Exekget'ically. [Gr. energetikos.]
ENERGETICS, en-er-jet'iks, n.pl. the sci-
ence of physical as distinct from vital
dvnamics.
ENERGIC. en-er'jik. ENERGICAL, en-er'-
je-kal, adj. active in producing an effect :
exerting great energy : in active opera-
tion.
ENERGICO, en-er'je-ko, adv. with energy
and force. [Mus.]
ENERGIZE. en'er-]ize, v.i. to act with
force or operate with vigor : to act in
producing an effect. — v.t. to give energy
to.
ENERGIZER, en'er-ji-zer, n. he who or
that which gives energy, or acts in pro-
ducing an effect.
ENERGUMEN, en-er-gil'men, n. one under
some powerful demoniac influence.
ENERGY, en'er-je, n. internal or inherent
power : the power of operating, whether
exerted or not : power exerted : vigorous
/ operation : efficacy : strength or force of
e.xpression : power to effect work (niech.).
—Conservation op energy, the doctrine
that, however it may change in form and
character, no smallest quantity of force
in the universe Is ever lost {2)liysics). [Gr.
en. and ergon, work.]
ENERVATE, en-er'vat, v.t. to deprive of
nen-e. strength, or courage : to weaken.
— n. Enervation, en-er-va'shun. [L. en-
erro, enervatua — e, out of, and nervus, a
nerve. See Nekve.]
ENFEEBLE, en-feTil, v.t. to make feeble :
to deprive of strength, to weaken. [Fr.
en (=L. in), causative, and E. Feeble.]
ENFEEBLEMENT, en-fe'bl-meut, n. act of
enfeebling or weakening : w-eakness.
ENTEOFF, en-fef, v.t. to give a. Jief or feud
to : to invest with a possession in fee.
[Fr. en (=L. in), and Feoff.]
ENFEOFFMENT, eu-fef'ment, n. act of
enfeoffing : the deed which invests with
the fee of an estate.
ENFILADE, en-fi-lad', n. a line, or straight
passage : a situation or a body open from
end to end. — v.t. to rake' with shot
through the whole length of a line. [Fr.
enfller — en (=L. in), and Jil, a thread.
See File, a line or wire.]
ENFORCE, en-fors', v.t. to gain by force :
to give force to : to put in force :" to give
effect to : to urge. [O. Fr. enforcer — en
{=L. in), and force. See Force.]
ENFORCEMENT, en-fors'ment, n. act of
enforcing- : compulsion : a giving effect
to : that which enforces.
ENFORCER, en-fors'er, n. one who com-
pels, constrains, or urges : one who ef-
fects by violence : one who carries into
effect.
ENFORCIBLE, eu-fors'i-bl, adj. capable of
being enforced. " Grounded upon plain
testimonies of Scripture, and enforcible
by good reason." — Barrow.
ENFORCrVE, en-fors'iv, adj. serving or
tending to enforce or constrain : com-
pulsive. "A sucking hind-calf, wliich
she trussed with her enforcive seres." —
Chapiiian.
ENF0RCI\'T;LY, en-fors'lv-ll, adv. of or
by compulsion : under constraint. Mar-
ston.
ENFOREST, en-fo'rest, ?i. to turn into or
lay under forest : as, the Ameers of
Sciiide enforested large portions of the
country for the purpose of converting
them into hunting grounds. [\'erb-
forming prefix en. and Forest.]
ENFRANCHISE, en-fran'chiz, v.t. to give
a franchise or ])olitical privileges to.
[Fr. en (=L. in), and E. Franchise.]
ENFRANCHISEMENT, en-fran'chiz-ment,
n. act of enfranchising : admission to
civil or political privileges.
ENGAGE, en-gaj', v.t. to bind by a gage
or pledge : to render liable : to gain for
service : to enlist : to gain over : to win :
to occupy: to enter into contest with. —
v.i. to pledge one's word : to become
bound : to take a part : to enter into
conflict. [Fr. engager — en gage, in
pledge. See Gage.]
ENGAGEMENT, en-gaj'ment, n. act of en-
gaging : state of being engaged : that
which engages : promise : employment :
a fight or battle.
ENGAGING, en-gaj'ing, adj. winning : at-
tractive.— adv. Engao'ingly.
ENGENDER, en-jen'der, v.t. to gender or
beget : to breed : to sow the seeds of : to
produce. — v.i. to be caused or produced.
[Fr. engendrer — L. ingenerare — in, and
genero, to generate. See Genus and
Gender.]
ENGINE, en'jin, Ji. a complex and power-
ful machine, e-sp. a prime mover, a mili-
tary machine : anything used to effect a
purpose. In mech. any mechanical in-
strument of complicated parts, which
concur in producing an intended effect :
a machine for applying any of the me-
chanical or physical powers to effect a
particular purpose : esp. a machine for
applying steam to propel vessels, railwaj'
trains, etc.: a steam-engine. [Fr. engin
— L. ingenium, skill. See Ingenious.]
ENGINEER, en-jin-er', n. an engine-maker
or manager : one who directs military
works and engines : a civil esoixeer.
one who superintends the construction
of 2)ublic works : a MECHANacAL engineer
practices the avocation of the machinist,
in executing the presses, mills, looms,
and other great machines employed in
the arts and manufactures, particularly
in constructing- steam-engines, and the
apparatus by which they are rendered
available for giving motion to ships, car-
riages, or machinery : one who manage*
mOitary engines or artillerj- [this is the
spelling of enginer in the later folios
and some manuscript editions of Shake-
speare]: an engine-driver ; one who man-
ages a railway engine ; a person who
attends to the machinery on board a
steam-vessel : one who carries through
any scheme or enterprise by skiU or art-
ful contrivance ; a manager. [Orig. en-
giner.]
ENGINEER, eu-jin-er', v.t. to direct as an
engineer the execution or formation of ;
to perform the office of an engineer in
respect of; as, to engineer a canal, to
engineer a tunnel through the Alps : to
\vork upon ; to ply ; to try some scheme
or plan upon. '• Unless we engineered
him with question after question we
could get notliing out of him." — Cowper.
Also to guide or manage by ingenuity
and tact ; to conduct through or over ob-
stacles by contrivance and effort : as, to
engineer a bill through a legislative body.
ENGIN'EERING, en-jin-er'ing, n. the art
or profession of an engineer : the act of
successfully managing a comphcated
and difficult scheme.
ENGIRD, en-gerd', v.t. to gird round. [®»
and Gird.]
ENGLLSH. ing'glish, adj. belonging to En-
gland or its inhabitants. — n. the lan-
o-uage or the people of England. [A.S.
Englisc. from Engle. Angle, from the An-
gles who settled ia Britain.]
ENGRAFT. See Ingraft.
ENGRAIN, en-gran'. Same as Ingrain.
ENGRAVE, en-grav', v.t. to cut out with a
graver a representation of anything on
wood, steel, etc.: to imprint : to impress
deeply. — ". Engrav'er. [Fr. en (=L. in),
andfi. Gra\'e.]
ENGRAULIS, en-graw'lis, n. a genus of
fishes of the herring family, of which the
common anchovy {E. encrasicholus) is the
best known species. [See Anchovy.]
ENGRAVING, en-grav'ing, n. act or art of
cutting designs on metal, wood, or stone:
an impression taken from an engraved
plate : a print.
ENGROSS, en-gros', v.t. to occupy wholly,
monopolize : to copy a writing in a large
hand or in distinct characters. — n. En-
gross'er. [From Fr. en gros, in large.
See Gross.]
ENGROSSMENT, en-gros'ment, n. the ap-
propriation of things in the gross or in
exorbitant quantities ; exorbitant ac-
qviisition ; as, " Engrossments of power
and favor." — Sicift ■ the act of copj-ing
out in large fair characters ; as, the en-
gro.ssment of a deed : the copy of an in-
strument or writing made in large fair
characters. Lord Clarendon : the state
of being engi'ossed or occupied, or hav-
ing one's attention wholly taken up ; ap-
propriation ; ab.sorption. "In the en-
grossment of her own ardent and devoted
love." — Lard Lytton.
ENGULF. See Ingulf.
ENHANCE, en-hans', v.t. to raise or
heighten : to add to : to increase. [Prob.
enansar — enans, forward, formed from L.
in ante, before. See Advance.]
ENHANCEMENT, en-hans'ment. n. act of
enhancing: state of being- enhanced : in-
ENHARMONIC
132
ENSKY
ENHARMONIC, en-har-mou'ik, ENHAE-
MONICAL, en-har-mon'ik-al, adj. in
music, (a) of or pertaining to that one of
the tliree musical scales recognized by
the ancient Greeks, which consisted of
quarter tones and major thirds, and was
regarded as the most accurate ; (b) per-
taining to a change of notes to the eye,
while, as the same keys are used, the
instrument can mark no difference to the
ear, as the substitution of A flat for G-
sharp : (c) pertaining to a scale of perfect
intonation which recognizes all the notes
and intervals that result from the exact
tuning of diatonic scales, and their trans-
position into other kej's. [Fr. enhar-
monique ; Gr. enarmonikos, in harmony
— en, in, and harmonia, harmony. See
Harmony.]
ENHARMONICALLY, en-har-mon'ik-al-li,
adv. in the enharmonic style or system :
with perfect intonation.
ENHARMOMON, en-har-mo'ni-on, n. in
music, a song of many parts, or a concert
of sundry tunes. Holland.
ENIGMA, en-ig'ma, n. a statement with a
hidden meaning to be guessed : anything
very obscure : a riddle. [L. (enigma —
Gr. ainigma, ainigmafos — ainissomai, to
speak darkly — ainos, a tale.]
ENIGMATIC, en-ig-mat'ik, ENIGMAT-
ICAL, en-ig-mat'ik-al, adj. relating to,
containing, or resembling an enigma : ob-
scure : puzzling. — adv. Enigmat'ically.
ENIGMATIST, en-ig'ma-tist, n. one who
enigmatizes.
ENIGMATIZE, en-ig'martiz, v.i. to utter
or deal in riddles.
ENJOIN, en-join', v.t. to lay upon, as an
order : to order or direct with authority
or urgency. [Fr. enjoindre — L. injimgere
— )«. andjungro. See Join.]
ENJOY, en-joy*, v.t. to joy or delight in :
to feel or perceive with pleasure : to pos-
sess or use with satisfaction or deliglit.
[Fr. en {= L. in), and joie. See JoY.J
ENJOYMENT, en-joy'ment, n. state or
condition of enjoying : satisfactory pos-
session or use of anything : pleasure :
happiness.
ENKINDLE, en-kin'dl, v.t. to kindle or set
on Are ; to rouse. [Fr. en (= L. in), and
E. Kindle.]
ENLARGE, en-larj', v.t. to make larger:
to increase in size or quantity: to ex-
pand : to amplify or spread out discourse:
{B.) to set at large or free. — v.i. to grow
large or larger : to be diffuse in speaking
or writing : to expatiate. [Fr. cii (= L.
in), and E. Large.]
ENLARGEMENT, en-larj'ment, )i. act of
enlarging : state of being enlarged : in-
crease : extension : diffuseness of speech
or writing : a setting at large : release.
ENLIGHTEN, en-lit'n, v.t. to lighten or
shed light on : to make clear to the
mind : to impart knowledge to : to ele-
vate by knowledge or religion. [Fr. e?i
(= L. in), and E. Lighten.]
ENLIGHTENER, en-llt'n-er, n. one who il-
luminates : one who or that which com-
municates light to the eye or clear views
to the mind. " He is the prophet shorn
of his more.awf ul splendors, burning with
mild equable radiance, as the enlightener
of dailv life." — Carlyle.
ENLIGHTENMENT, en-Ut'n-ment, n. act
of enlightening : state of being enlight-
ened.
ENLIMN, en-lim', v.t. to illuminate or
adorn with ornamented letters or with
pictures, as a book. Palsgrave. [Fr.
enluminer, to color. See Limn.]
ENLINK, ec-link', v.t. to link: to chain
to : to connect. " Enlinked to waste
and desolation." — Shak. [Prefix en, and
Link.]
ENLIST, en-list', v.t. to enrol: to engage
in publio service : to employ in advanc-
ing an object. — v.i. to engage in public
service : to enter heartily into a cause.
[Fr. en (^L. in), and Kste, E. List.]
ENLISTMENT, en-list'ment, n. act of en-
listing : state of being enlisted.
ENLIVEN, en-llv'n, v.t. to put life into :
to excite or make active : to make
sprightly or cheerful: to animate. — n.
Enliv'ener. [Fr. en (=L. in), and E.
Life. See also Live.]
ENMITY, en'mi-ti, n. the quality of being
an enemy : unfriendliness : ill-will : hos-
tility. [Fr. inimitie, from en- (='L. in-,
negative), and amitie, amity. See Amity.]
ENNEAGYNOUS, en-ne-aj'in-us, adj. in
hot. having nine pistils or styles : said of
a flower or plant. [Gr. ennea, nine, and
gyne, female.]
ENNEANDER, en-ne-an'der, n. in hot. a
plant having nine stamens. [Gr. ennea,
nine, and aner, andros, a male.]
ENNEANDRIA, en-ne-an'dri-a, n. the ninth
class of the Linna^an system of plants,
comprehending such plants as have her-
maphrodite flowers with nine stamens.
ENNEANDRIAN, en-ne-an'dri-an, ENNE-
ANDROUS, en-ne-an'drus, adj. having
nine stamens.
ENNEAPETALOUS, en-ne-a-pet'al-us, adj.
having nine petals or flower-leaves. [Gr.
ennea. nine, and petalon, a leaf.]
ENNEASPERMOUS, en-ne-a-sperm'us, adj.
in bot. having nine seeds, as enneasperm-
oits fruits. [Gr. ennea, nine, and sperma,
seed.]
ENNEATIC, en-ne-at'ik, ENNEATICAL,
en-ne-at'ik-al, adj. occurring once in nine
times, days, or years : ninth. — Enneat-
ical days, every ninth day of a disease.
— Enneatical years, everj' ninth year
of a man's life. [Gr. ennea, nine.]
ENNOBLE, en-no'bl, v.t. to make noble:
to elevate : to raise to nobility. [Fr.
ennoblii — Fr. en (=L. in), and noble, E.
Noble.]
ENNUI, ang-nwe', n. a feeling of weari-
ness or disgust from satiety, etc. [Fr.
ennui — O. Fr. anoi — L. in odio, as in
odio habui, {lit.) "I hold in hatred," i.e.
I am tired of. See ANNOY.]
ENORMITY, e-nor'mi-ti, n. state or quality
of being enormous : that which is enor-
mous : a great crime : great wickedness.
ENORMOUS, e-nor'mus, adj. excessive :
atrocious. — adv. Enor'mously. [L. enor'
mis—£, out of, and norma, rule. See
Normal.]
ENOUGH, e-nuf, adj. suSicient : giving
content : satisfying want. — adi\ suflS-
ciently. — n. sufficiency: as much as satis-
fies desire or want. [A.S. ge-noh, ge-nog ;
Goth, ga-nohs ; Ger. ge-nug; Ice. g-7iog-r.]
ENOW, e-now', adj. same as Enough, but
often used as its plural.
EN PASSANT, iin pas-san, adv. in passing :
by the way : in che^s, when on moving a
pawn two squares, an adversary's pawn
is at the time in such a position as to take
the pawn moved if it were moved but one
square, the moving pawn may be taken,
as it is called, en passant. [Fr.]
ENPATRON, en-pa'tron, v.t. to have under
one's patronage or guardianship : to be
the patron saint of.
These, of force, must your oblations be.
Since I their altar, you enpatron me. — Shak,
ENQUIRE. See Inquire.
ENRAGE, en-raj', v.t. to make angry or
furious. [Fr. enrager — en (= L. «'«), and
7-age, E. Rage.]
ENRAPTURE, en-rap'tur, v.t. to put in
rapture : to transport with pleasure or
delight. [Fr. en (= L. in), and E. Rap-
ture.]
ENRICH, en-rich', v.t. to make rich : to
fertilize: to adorn. [Fr. enriehir — en
(= L, in), and riche, E. Rich.]
ENRICHMENT, en-rich'ment, u. act of
enriching : that which enriches.
ENROL, en-rol', v.t. to insert in a roll or
register : to record : to leave in writing :
—pr.p. en-roiring;jja.». enrolled'. [Fr.—
en. and rolle, E. Roll.]
ENROLMENT, en-rol'ment. n. act of en-
roUing : that in which anything is en-
rolled : a register.
ENSAMPLE, en-sam'pl, n. au example: a
pattern or model for imitation. " Being
ensamples to the flock." — 1 Pet. v. 3;
" Drawing foul ensample from foul
names." — Tennyaon. [O. E. and O. Fr.,
from L. exemplum, example. See Ex-
ample.]
ENSAMPLE, en-sam'pl, v.t. to exemplify;
to show by example. "Homer in Age-
memnon ensampled a good governor." —
Spenser.
ENSCONCE, en-skons', v.t. to cover or pro-
tect, as with a sconce or fort: to hide
safely. [Fr. en (=L. in), and E. Sconce.}
ENSE'TE, en-se'te, n. an Abyssinian name
for Musa Ensete, a noble plant of the
banana genus. It produces leaves about
20 feet long and 3 or 4 broad, the largest
entire leaf as yet known. The flower-
stalk, which is as thick as a man's arm,
is used for food, but the fruit is worthless.
ENSHRINE, en-shrin', v.t. to inclose in or
as in a shrine : to preserve with aff'ection.
[Fr. en {= L. in), and E. Shrine.]
ENSHROUD, en-shrowd', v.t. to cover with
a shroud : to cover up. [Fr. en (= L. in),
and E. Shroud.]
ENSIFORM, en'si-form, adj. having the
shape of a sword : quite straight with
the point acute, like the blade of a broad-
sword : as, an ensiform leaf. — Ensifor.m
CARTILAGE, in anat. a sword-shaped ap-
pendage to the lower part of the sternum
or breast-bone. [L. ensifonnig — eiiv/.v.
sword, and form,a, form.]
ENSIGN, en'sin, n. the sign or flag dis-
tinguishing a nation or a regiment :
formerly the junior subaltern rank of
commissioned officers of the British in-
fantry, so called from bearing the colors.
[Fr. enseigne — L. insignia, pi. of insigne,
a distinctive mark — iti, on, signum, a
TnurK 1
ENSIGNCY, en'sln-si, ENSIGNSHIP, en'-
sln-ship, n. the rank or commission of an
ensign in the army.
ENSILAGE, en'sil-aj, n. in agri. a mode of
storing green fodder, vegetables, etc., by
burying in pits or silos dug in the ground.
This has been practiced in some coun-
tries from very early times, and has been
recommended by modern agriculturists.
Brick-lined chambers are often used,
having a movable wooden covering upon
which is placed a heavy weight, say half
a ton to the square j-ard. One of the
earliest of Latin writers refers to subter-
ranean vaults (silos), wherein the ancient
Rom.ans preserved green forage, grain
and fruit, and the Mexicans have prac-
ticed the system for centuries. This, at
any rate, is vouched for by Mr. John M.
Bailey, one of the pioneers of the system
in this countrj'. [Fr. ensilage, from Sp.
ensilar, to store grain in an underground
receptacle, from en, in, and silo, from L.
»iriis, the pit in which such grain is kept.]
ENSISTERNAL, en'si-ster-nal, adj. in anat.
relating to the ensiform process of the
sternum. Beclard gave this name to the
last osseous portion of the sternum. [L.
ensis, a sword, and sternum, the chest.]
ENSKY, en-ski', v.t. to place in heaven or
among the gods : to make immortal. "I
hold you as a thing enskied and sainted."
— Shak. [Prefix en, and Sky.]
ENSLAVE
133
ENTIRE
BNSLAVE, en-slav', r.^ to make a store
of : to subject to the influence of. [Fr.
en (= Li. in), to make, and E. Slave.]
ENSLAVEMENT, en-slav'ment, n. act of
ensla^'ing : state of being- enslaved :
slavery : bondage.
ENSNARE. Same as Insnaee.
ENSTAMP, en-stamp', i:t. to mark as with
a stamp. [Fr. en (=Ij. in), and Stamp.]
ENSUE, en-su', v.i. to follow: to succeed
or come after : to result from : (B.) v.t.
to follow after : — j)r.p. ensu'ing ; pa.p.
ensued'. [O. Fr. ensuir (Fr. ensuii-re) — L.
in. after, and sequor, to follow. See Sue.]
ENSURE. en-sho6r', v.t. to make sure or se-
cure. '• To en.iure peace for any term of
years is difficult." — Sicift. To betroth.
Sir T. More. — Ensure, Insutie, Assure.
Ensure and insure, in simple sense of
making sure, were formerly spelled in-
differently, either waj' ; thej' now pre-
sent an example of differentiation of form
when a new idea is developed rendering
such distinction desirable. To ensure con-
tinues to signify simplj' to make sure ;
as, "a farmer ensures a good crop by
careful husbandry," whereas insure refers
to the paj'ment of money in consideration
of a certain sum being paid to one"s repre-
sentatives at death, or to secure an indem-
nity against losses by fire or otherwise ;
thus a man insures his life or his house.
Assure is generally applied to a person,
and means to make sure of the truth of a
statement ; to make certain of some-
thing ; as, I assure you, i.e. I make you
sure. I tell you for certain : it is also used
of life insurance in Great Britain, but not
in the United States. [Prefix en, and
Sure.]
ENTABLATURE, en-tab'la-tur, n. in arch.
that part of an order which lies upon the
abacus of the column. It consists of
three principal divisions, the architrave,
the frieze, and the cornice. In large
buildings projections similar to, and
known also as entablatures, are often
carried round the whole edifice, or along
the front only ; and the term is applied
by engineers to similar parts of the
framing of machinery, wherein archi-
tectural design is introduced. [O. Fr.
entablature: Fr. entablement — en, and
table ; L. tabula, a board, plank. See
Table.]
ENTAIL, en-tal', v.t. to cut off an estate
from the heirs-general, and settle it on
a particular heir or series of heirs : to
bring on as an ine^^table consequence: —
pr.p. entaU'ing ; pa.^j. entailed'. — n. an
estate entailed : the rule of descent of an
estate. [Fr. entailler, to cut into — en, in,
into, and tailler, to cut — L. talea, a twig
or cutting. See Tally.]
ENTAILMENT, en-tal'ment, n. act of en-
tailing : state of being entailed.
ENTANGLE, en-tang'gl, v.t. to twist into
a tangle, or so as not to be easily sepa-
rated : to involve in complications : to
perplex ■ to insnare. [Fr. en {= L. in),
and E. Tangle.]
ENT-ANGLEMENT, en-tang'gl-ment, n.
state of being entangled : a confused
state : perplexity.
ENTASIS, en'ta-sis, n. in arch, the delicate
and almost imperceptible swelling of the
lower part of the shaft of a column, to
be found in almost all the Grecian ex-
amples, adopted to prevent the shafts
beinsr strictly frusta of cones : in pathol.
constrictive or tonic spasm, as ci-amp,
lock-jaw. etc. [Gr. , a stretching — en, and
teino. to stretch.]
ENTELLUS, en-tel'lus. n. an East Indian
species of monkey, of the genus Semno-
pithecus (S. entellus). It has yellowish
fur, with a face of a violet tinge, and a
long and powerful tail, which, however,
is not prehensile. A brush of projecting
hair completely surrounds the face, that
on the cheeks and under the chin much
resembling a whisker and beard. It is
one of the " slow monkej's"(so called
from their gravity of habit and absence
of restlessness), and receives divine
honors from the natives of India, by
whom it is termed Hoonmnan. Splendid
and costly temples are dedicated to
these animals ; hospitals are buUt for
their reception when sick or wounded ;
large fortunes are bequeathed for their
support ; and the laws of the land,
which compound for the murder of a
man by a trifling fine, affix the punish-
ment of death to the slaughter of a
monkey. Thus cherished and protected,
the entellus abounds over almost every
part of India, enters the houses and
gardens of the natives, and plunders
them of fruit and eatables at will. The
visit is even considered an honor ; and
the Indian peasant would consider it an
act of the greatest sacrilege to disturb
or drive them away. [Fr. entelle, from
Gr. entello, to command.]
ENTER, en'ter, v.i. to go or come in: to
penetrate : to engage in : to form a part
of. — v.t. to come or go into : to join or
engage in : to begin : to put into : to en
roll or record. [Fr. entrei — L. intrare,
to go into — 1)1, in, and a root tar, to cross,
which appears in L. trans, across.]
ENTERIC, en-ter'ik, adj. belonging to the
intestines. [Gr. enterikos — enteron, in-
te.stine.]
ENTERITIS, en-te-rl'tis, n. inflammation
of the intestines.
ENTERPRISE, en'ter-prlz, n. that which
is taken hold of, entered on, or at-
tempted : a bold or dangerous under-
taking : an adventure : daring. [Fr. en-
trepris. pa.p. of entreprendre — entre, in,
into, and prendre, to seize — L. prehen-
do.]
ENTERPRISING, en'ter-priz-ing, adj. for-
ward in undertaking: adventurous. —
adv. En'terprisingly.
ENSWATHED, en-swattd', p. and adj. en-
wrapped : enveloped : inswathed.
With sleided silk feat and affectedly
EiisJcathed, and seal'd to curious secrecy.
— Shak.
ENTEMPEST, en-tem'pest, v.t. to disturb,
as by a temi^est : to visit with storm.
For aye entempesiing anew
The unfathomable hell within. — Coleridge.
ENTERTAIN, en-ter-tan', v.t. to receive
and treat hospitably : to hold the atten-
tion of and amuse by conversation : to
receive and take into consideration : to
keep or hold in the mind : to meet as an
enemy ; to encounter ; to confront ; to
join battle with. (Rare.)
O noble English, that could entertain
With half their forces the full pnde of France.
—Shak.
n. Entertain'er. [Fr. entretenir — entre,
among', and tenir — -L. teneo, to hold.]
ENTERTAINING, en-ter-tan'ing, adj. af-
fording entertainment : pleasing : amus-
ing: diverting-: as, a,n entertaining story,
an entertaining friend.
ENTERTAININGLY, en-ter-tan'ing-li, adv.
in an amusing manner.
ENTERTAINIVIENT, en-ter-tan'ment, n.
act of entertaining : hospitality at table :
that which entertains : the provisions of
the table : a banquet : amusement : a
perfoi-mance which delisrhts.
ENTHRAL. Same as Inthr^vi,.
ENTHRONE, en-thron'. v.t. to place on a
throne: to exalt to the seat of royalty:
to instal as a bishop. [O. Fr. enthronei-,
from Fr. en, and trone — Gr. thronos, a
throne.)
ENTHRONEMENT, en-thron'ment, n. the
act of enthroning or of being enthroned.
ENTHRONIZATION, en-thron-i-za'shun,
n. the enthronement of a bishop.
ENTHUSIASM, en-thfi'zi-azm, ?;. an ecs-
tasy of mind, as if from inspiration or pos-
session by a spiritual influence : hence, a
belief or conceit of being divinelj' in-
spired, or of being possessed of a private
revelation ; the confidence or opinion of
a person that he has special divine com-
munications from the Supreme Being or
familiar intercourse with him : as. •' En-
thusiasm is founded neither on reason
nor divine revelation, but rises from the
conceits of a warmed or overweening
imagination." — Locke : complete posses-
sion of the mind by any subject ; vio-
lent passion or excitement in pursuit of
some object, inspiring extravagant hope
and confidence of success ; ardent zeal
in pursuit of an object ; predominance of
the emotional over the intellectual pow-
ers. Enthusiasm, guided by reason or
experience, becomes a noble passion,
that prompts to the ardent pursuit of
laudable objects. Such is the enthusiasm
of the poet, the orator, the painter, and
the sculptor ; of the patriot, the hero,
and the Christian. " Faction and enthu-
siasm are the instruments by wliich
popular governments are destroyed." —
Ames : liveliness of imagination ; eleva-
tion of fancy; exaltation of ideas ; as,
" Cowlej' was the first who imparted to
English numbers the enthusiasin of the
greater ode, and the gaietj- of the less."
— Joktison. [Gr. enthousiasmos, from
enthousiazo, to infuse a divine spirit,
from enthous, entheos, inspired, divine —
en, and theos, god.]
ENTHUSIAST, en-thii'zi-ast, n. one who
imagines he has special or supernatural _
converse with God, or special communi-
cations from him; as, "Let an enthusi^
ast be principled that he or his teacher
is inspired, and acted on by an immedi-
ate communication of the t)ivine Spirit,
and you in vain bring the evidence of
clear reasons against his doctrine." —
Locke: one whose mind is completely
possessed by any subject ; one whose
mind is highly excited with the love or
in the pursuit of an object : one who is
swayed to a great or undue extent by
his feeUngs in any pursuit : a person of
ardent zeal ; as, " An enthusiast in his
country's cause."— iog'a«; one of elevated
fancy ; an imaginative person. [Gr. en-
thousiastes, an enthusiast.]
'Tis like the wondrous strain
That round a lonely ruin swells,
Which wanderiuf^ on the echoing shore
The entliusiast hears at eveninj;. — Shelieu.
ENTHUSIASTIC, en-thii-zi-as'tik, EN-
THUSIASTICAL, en-thu-zi-as'tik-al, adj.
filled with enthusia.fm : zealous : ardent.
— adv. Enthusias'tically.
ENTICE, en-tis', v.t. to induce by exciting
hope or desire : to tempt: to lead astray.
—adr. Entic'ingly.— ». Extic'er. [0.
Fr. cnticer. enticher, to taint, the root of
which is uncertain.]
ENTICEABLE, en-tls'a-bl, adj. capable of
beins;- enticed.
ENTICEMENT, en-tis'ment, n. act of en-
ticing : that which entices or tempts :
allurement.
ENTIRE, en-tir', adj. whole : complete ;
unmingled. — adv. E.ntire'ly. — n. En-
xreE'NESS. [Fi' enfier — L. integer, whole,
from )■)(, not, and tago, tango, to touch.]
ENTIRE, en-tir'. n. tlie name in England
for that kind of malt liquor known also as
porter or stout. [Previous to the intro-
duction of porter in the lirst quarter of
the last century, tlie chief malt liquors
were ale, beer, and twopenny, and a
ENTIRETY
134
EOZOIC
good deal of trouble was caused by cus-
tomers asking- for mixtures of these. At
last an Enelish brewer hit upon a bev-
erage which was considered to combine
the flavors of the other three, and to this
was given the name of entire, as being
drawn from the cask at once and not
necessitating any mixing-. As it was
much drunk by porters and other work-
ing people, it by-and-by received the
name of porter. In London porter is
now called beer, and the term entire
seems only to be used in connection
with the names of brewing firms.]
The total : the entire thing. (Rare.)
"lam narrating, as it were, the War-
rington manuscript, which is too long to
print in entire." — T)tackeray.
EXTIRETY, en-tlr'ti, n. completeness : the
whole.
ENTITLE, en-tl'tl, v.t. to give a title to :
to style : to give a claim to. [Fr. en {=
L. in), and Title. See Title.]
ENTITY, en'ti-ti, n., being: existence: a
real substance. [Formed by adding suffix
-ty to L. ens, entis, being — esse, to be.]
ENTOMB, en-toom', v.t. to place in utomb,
to burv. [En and ToMB.]
ENTOMBMENT, en-toom'ment, n. burial.
ENTOMOLOGIST, en-to-mol'o-jist, n. one
learned in entomolog-v.
ENTOMOLOGIZE, en-to-mol'o-jlz, v.i. to
study entomolog-j' : to gather entomo-
logical specimens. "It is too rough for
trawling- to-day, and too wet for ento-
mologizing." — Kingsley.
ENTOMOLOGY, en-to-mol'o-ji, n. the
science which treats of insects. — adjs.
ESTOMOLOG'IC, Entomolog'ical. — adv.
Entomolog'ically. [Gr. entoma, insects,
(tit.) animals cut into — tomos, cutting —
temno, to cut, and logos, a discourse.]
ENTOZOA, en-to-z6'a (sing. Entozo'on),
n.pl. animals that live inside of other
animals. [Gr. entos, within, and zdo7i,
an animal.]
ENTRAILS, en'tralz, n.pl. the internal
Eiarts of an animal's body, the bowels.
Fr. entrailles—Lov,' L. iiitralia, corr. of
interanea, neut. pi. of interaneus, inward
— inter, within.]
ENTRAIN, en-tran', v.t. to draw or
bring on. " With its destiny entrained
their fate." — Vanbriigh : to put on
board a railway train ; as, the regiment
was entrained at Edinburgh and pro-
ceeded to Portsmouth : opposite to De-
train. [Of recent introduction.]
ENTRAIN, en-tran', v.i. to take places in a
railway train ; as, when the troops en-
trained thev were loudlv cheered.
ENTRANCE.^en'trans, u.' act of entering:
power or right to enter : the place for
entering, the door : the beginning. [L.
infrans. pr.p. of intrare.}
ENTRANCE, en-trans', v.t. to put into a
trance: to fill with rapturous dehght.
[En. in, and Traxce.]
ENTRANCEMENT, en-trans'ment, n. state
of trance or of excessive joy.
ENTRAP, en-trap', v.t. to catch as in a
traj) : to insnare : to entangle. [En and
TR.4.P.]
ENTREAT, en-tret', v.t. {orig.) to treat, to
deal with— so in B. : to ask earnestly :
to pray for.— v.i. to prav. [En and
Treat.]
ENTREATMENT, en-tret'ment, ?«. a word
occurring only once in Shakespeare which
has been variously rendered. Nares in-
terprets it by entertainment, conver-
sation ; Hazlitt, by favor entreated ;
Schmidt, in his Shakespeare-Lexicon, Ijy
in\-itation, glossing the phrase "your
entreatments " by "the invitations' you
receive ; " Clark' and Wright, in their
Globe edition of Shakespeare, by inter-
\iew. The sense that seems to suit the
context best is conversation, interview,
favor. The passage in which the word
occurs is as follows, the speaker being
Polonius. and the person addressed his
daughter Ophelia : —
From this time.
Be somewhat Bcantier of your maiden presence ;
Set your entreatments at a hisrher rate.
Than a conimaud to parley.— Ham. i. 3.
ENTREATY, en-tret'i, n. act of entreating :
earnest prayer.
ENTRENCH.' Same as Intrench.
ENTRUST. Same as Intrust.
ENTRY, en'tri, n. act of entering : a pas-
sage into : act of committing to writing :
the thing entered or written : (law) the
taking possession of.
ENTWINE, en-twIn', v.t. to tivine. [En
and Twine.]
ENTWIST, en-twist', v.t. to tu-ist round.
[En and Twist.]
ENUBILATE, e-nu'bil-at, v.t. to clear from
mist, clouds, or obscurity. Bailey. [L.
e. out, without, and nubila, mist, clouds.]
ENUBILOUS, e-nu'bil-us, adj. clear from
fog. mist, or clouds.
ENUCLEATE, e-nu'kle-at, v.t. to bring
out, as a kernel from its enveloping
husk : to uncover : to make manifest or
plain: to disentangle: to solve. "Elu-
cidating what was obscure, enucleating
what was liard." — Dr. Sclater. [L. en-
ucleo, enucleatum — e, priv., and nucleus,
a kernel.]
ENUCLEATION, e-nu-kle-a'shun. n. the
act of enucleating, clearing, or making
manifest : explanation : exposition.
" Neither air, nor water, nor food seem
directly to contribute anj-thing to the
enucleation of this disease (the plica
polonica)." — Tooke.
ENUMERATE, e-nu'mer-at, v.t. to count
the number of : to name over. [L. e,
out, and numero, numeratus, to number.
See Number.]
ENUMERATION, e-nu-mer-a'shun. n. act
of numbering : a detailed account : a
summing up.
ENUNCIATE, e-nun'si (or -shi) -at. v.t. to
state formally : to pronounce distinctly.
— n. ENtJN'ciATOR, one who enimciates.
[L. enuncio, enunciatum — e, and nuncio,
to tell — nuncius, a messenger.]
ENUNCIATION, e-nun-si (or -shi) -a'shun,
n. act of enimciating : manner of utter-
ing or pronouncing: a distinct state-
ment or declaration : the words in which
a proposition is expressed.
ENUNOIATIVE. e-nun'si (or shi) -a-tiv,
ENUNCI ATORY, e-nun'si (or shi) -at-or-i,
adj. containing enunciation, or utterance:
declarative.
ENVELOP, en-vel'up. v.t. to roll or fold
in : to cover by wrapping : to surround
entireh- : to hide. [Fr. envelopper ; the
origin of the word is obscure, but may
perh. be found in the Teut. root of M.E.
wlappen. E. lap.]
ENVELOPE, en'vel-op or ang'vel-op, n.
that which envelops, wraps, or covers,
esp. the cover of a letter.
EN'VELOPMENT. en-vel'op-ment, n. a
u-rnpping or covering on all sides.
ENVENOM, en-ven'um. v.t. to put venom
into : to poison : to taint with bitterness
or malice. [En. in. and Venom.]
Em^IABLE, en'vi-a-bl. adj. that excites
envy : capable of awakening desire to
possess. — adv. En'tiablt.
ENVIOUS, en'vi-us, adj. feeling e7n>y : di-
rected by en^-j-. — adv. En'viouslt. — n.
EyviousNESs. "
ENVIRON, en-vi'run. v.t. to sui-i-ound : to
encircle : to invest : — pr.p. enWroning ;
pa.p. envl'roned. — n. Enti'ronment, a
surrounding. [Fr. environner — environ.
around — virer. to turn round, from root
of Veer.]
ENVIRONS, en'vi-runz or en-vl'-, n.pl. the
places that environ : the outskirts of a
city : neighborhood.
ENVOY, en'voj', n. a messenger, esp. one
sent to ti'ansact business with a foreign
government : a diplomatic minister of
the second order. — n. En'voyship. [Fr.
envoye—envoyer, to send — en, on, and voie
— L. via, a way.]
ENVY, en'vi, v.t. to look upon with a grudg-
ing ej'e : to liate on account of prosper-
ity -.—pr.p. en'vying ; pa.p. en'vied. — n.
pain at the sight of another's success : a
wicked desire to supplant one : (B.) ill-
will. [Fr. emne — L. invidia — in, on. and
video, to look.]
ENVYING, en'vi-ing, n. (B.) envy, ill-will.
ENWRAP. See Inavrap.
ENWT?ITE, en-rit', v.t. to inscribe : to write
upon : to imprint.
What wild heart histories seemed to lie eninHtten
Upon those crystalline, celestial spheres! — Poe.
EOAN, e-6'an, adj. of or pertaining to the
dawn : eastern. [L. eons, pertaining to
the dawn or the east, from Gr. eos, the
dawn.]
The Mithra of the Middle World,
That sheds Eoan radiance on the West.
—Sir H. Taylor.
EOCENE, e'6-sen, adj. in geoh a term ap-
plied by Lyell to one of the three periods
of the tertiary strata, each of wliich is
characterized by containing a very differ-
ent proportion of fossil shells of recent
species. The earliest period, or eocene, is
so called because the very small propor-
tion of living species foimd fossil in the
strata of this period indicates what may
be considered the first commencement or
dawn of life. The eocene beds are ar-
i-anged in three g-roups, termed the lowerj
middle, and upper eocene. The lower
eocene beds are well developed in the
London basin ; the middle and upper in
Hampshire and the Isle of Wight. [Gr.
eos, the dawn, and kainos, recent.]
EOLIAN, e-o'li-an, FOLIC, e-ol'ik, adj. be-
longing to ^Eolia, in Asia Minor, or to the
Greek dialect of ^olia : pertaining to
JEolus, god of the winds.
EOZOON, EOZOON CANADENSE, e-o-
zo'on kan-a-den'se. n. the name given by
Dr. Dawson of Montreal to a snjiposed
gigantic fossil foraminifer. found in the
Laureutian rocks of Canada and in the
quartz rocks of Germany. It is the old-
est form of life traceable in the past his-
tory of the globe. See extract. "The
writer (Mr. T. Mallard Reade) asserts
that structures called eozoonal have not
yet been discovered in any unaltered
rocks, while they are abundant in meta-
morpliosed rocks ; and argues, from this
and other reasons, tliat Professors King
and Rowney are right in holding tlie
eozoon to be a mere mineral structure
occasioned by the metamorphism of the
rock. . . . t)r. Carpenter replies . . .
that the eozoonal .structure is most
cliaracteristically displayed in those
portions of the serpentine limestone of
the Laurentian formation which have
undergone the least nietamorphic change,
reiterating the arguments derived from
the structure itself, which have led him
and most other geologists to consider
the eozoon as of indubitable organic
origin." — J7»e Academy. [Gr. i'os, day-
break, dawn, and zoon. animal.]
EOZOIC, e-6-z6'ik. adj. of or pertaining to
the oldest fossiliferous rocks, such as tlie
Laurentian and Huronian of Canada,
from their being suppo.sed to contain the
first or earliest traces of life in the strati-
fied systems. Page. [Gr. eos, dawn, and
zbe, life.]
EPACT
135
EPOPEE
EPACT, e'pakt, n. the moon's age at the
end of the year : the excess of the sohir
month or year above the lunar. [Gr.
epaktos, broug-ht on — epi, on, ago, to
bring.]
EPAXJLET, ep-awl-et', n. a shoulder-piece :
a badge of a miUtar_v or naval officer,
now disused in the British army. [Fr.
epaulette — epaule. the shoulder— spoiw/a,
a blade, in Late L. the shoulder, dim. of
spattia — Gr. spathe, a blade.]
EPERGNE, e-pern', n. an ornamental stand
for a large dish for the centre of a table.
[Fr. epargne, saving — epargner, to save ;
of uncertain origin.]
EPHA, EPHAH. 6'fa, n. a Hebrew meas-
ure for grain, etc. =3 E. pecks and 3
pints. [Heb.— Coptic]
EPHEMERA, ef-em'er-a. n. a fly that hves
one clay only: the Mayfly, a genus of
short-lived insects : a fever of one day's
continuance onlj'. [Gr. ephemeroi, liv-
ing a day — epi, for, and hemera, a day.]
EPHEMERAL, ef-em'er-al, adj. existing
oulv for a day : daily : short-lived.
EPHSMERLS. ef-em'er-is, n. an account of
daily transactions : a joiu-nal : an astro-
nomical almanac : — pi. Ephemerides,
ef-e-mer'i-dez.
EPHEMERIST. ef-em'er-ist, n. one who
stu<iies the daily motions of the planets.
EPHOD. ef'od, n. a kind ot linen surplice
worn by the Jewish priests. [Heb. —
aphad, to put on.]
EPIC, ep'ik, adj. applied to a poem which
recounts a great event in an elevated
style. — n. an epic or heroic poem. [L.
epieti.<i — Gr. epikos — epos, a word.]
E3*ICEXE, epi'-sen, adj. or »., common to
both sexes : (gram.) of either gender.
[Gr. epikoinos — epi, and koinos, common.
See Cenobite.I
EPICURE, ep'i-kur, n. a follower of Ejii-
curus, a Greek pliilosopher, who taught
that pleasure was tlie chief good : one
given to sensual enjoj-ment : one devoted
to the luxuries of the table. [L. Epicu-
rus— Gr. Epikouros.]
EPICUREAN, ep-i-ku-re'an, adj. pertain-
ing to ^pirar-^.s; given to luxury. — n. a
follower of Epicurus : one given to the
luxuries of the table.
EPICUREANISM, ep-i-ku-re'an-izm, n. the
doctrine of Epicurus: attachment to
these doctrines.
EPICURISM, ep'i-kur-izm, n. the doctrines
o{ Ejjicurus .-luxury : sensual enjoyment.
EPICYCLE, ep'i-si-kl", n. a circle having its
centre on the circumference of a greater
circle, on which it moves. [Gr. epi, upon,
kyklos. a circle.]
EPIDEMIC, ep-i-dem'ik. EPIDEMICAL, ep-
i-dem'ik-al, adj. affecting a ichole people:
general. — n. a disease falling on great
numbers. — adv. Epidem'ically. [Gr. epi-
demos, general — ejii, among, and f?e?»os,
the people.]
EPIDERMIS, ep-i-der'mis, n. that which
lies on the true skin : the cuticle or outer
skin of animals. — adjs. Epider'jiic, Epi-
riEu'siAL. [Gr. epidermis — epi, upon, and
derma, the skin.]
EPIGASTRIC, ep-i-gas'trik, adj. relating to
the epigastrium, or upper part of the ab-
domen. [Gr. ejii, upon, and gaster, tlie
stomach.]
EPIGLOTTIS, ep-i-glot'is. n. the cartilage
at tlie root of the tongue that falls npon
the glottis, or opening of tlie larynx. [Gr.
— epi, upon, and GLOTTIS.]
EPIGRAM, ep'i-gram. v. {in anc. times)
first a poetic inscription, then a short or
pointed poem : a short poem on one sub-
ject ending with a w-itty or sarcastic
thought : any concise and' pointed or sar-
castic saying. [Through Fr. .and L.,
from Gr. epigramma, epigrammatos —
epi, upon, and gramma, a writing, from
grapho. to write.]
EPIGRAMMATIC, ep-i-gram-mat'ik, EPI-
GRAMMATICAL, e'p-i-gram-mafik-al,
adj. relating to or dealing in epigrams:
like an epigram : concise and pointed. —
adi\ Epigrammat'ically.
EPIGRAMMATIZE. ep-i-gram'at-iz. v.t. to
make an epigram on. — EPIGRAMMATIST,
ep-i-gram'at-ist, n. one who writes epi-
grams.
EPIGRAPH, ep'i-graf, n. a irriting, esp. on
a building : a citation or motto at the
commencement of a book or its parts.
[Gr. epi-graphe — epi, upon, and grapho,
to writej
EPILEPSY, ep'i-lep-si, n. a disease of the
brain attended by convulsions, which
seizes on one suddenly, causing him to
fall. — adj. Epilep'tic. [Gr. epilepsia —
epi, upon, and lambano, lepsoviai, to
seize, Sans, labh, to get.]
EPILOGUE, ep'i-log, n. a speech or short
poem at the end of a play. — adj. Epilog'-
ICAL, -loj'. [Through ^f'r. and L., from
Gr. epilogos, conclusion — epi, upon, and
lego, to speak.]
EPIPHANY, e-pif'an-i, ?!. a church festi-
val celebrated on Jan. 6 in commemora-
tion of the appearance of Christ to the
wise men of the East. [Gr. epiphaneia,
appearance — epi, and phaind, to show,
from phao. to shine.]
EPISCOPACY, e-pis'ko-pas-i, n. the gov-
ernment of the church by bishops. [L.
episcopatus — Gr. episkopos, an overseer,
a bishop. See Bishop.]
EPISCOPAL, e-pis'ko-pal, adj. governed
by bishops: helong-ing to or vested in
bishops. — adv. Epis'copallt.
EPISCOPALIAN, e-pis-ko-pa'Ii-an, adj. be-
longing to bishops, or government by
bishops. — n. one who belongs to the Epis-
copal Church.
EPISCOPALIANISM.e-pis-ko-pini-an-izm,
?(., episcopalian government and doc-
trine.
EPISCOPATE, e-pis'ko-pat, n. a bishopric :
the office of a bishop : the order of bish-
ops.
EPISCOPIZE, e-pis'ko-plz, v.t. to conse-
crate to the episcopal ofiice : to make a
bishop of . "There seems reason to be-
lieve that Wesley was willing to have
been episcopized upon this occasion." —
Southey.
EPISCOPIZE, e-pis'ko-piz. v.i. to exercise
the oSice of a bishop : to episcopate. W.
Broome.
EPISODE, ep'i-sod, n. a story coming in or
introduced into a narrative or poem to
give variety : an interesting incident.
[Gr. epeisodion — epi, upon, eiaodos, a com-
ing in — eis, into, hodos. a wav.J
EPISODIAL. e-pi-s6'di-al, EPISODIC, e-pi-
sod ik, EPISODICAL, e-pi-sod'ik-al. adj.
pertaining to or contained in an epi.^ode :
brought in as a digression.
EPISODICALLY, e-pi-sod'ik-al-i, adv. by
wav of episode : incidentallv.
EPISTEIMOLOGY, e-pis-te-mol'o-ji, n. that
department of metaphysics which inves-
tigates and explains tlie doctrine or the-
ory of knowing: distinguislied from ontol-
ogy, wliicli investigates real existence or
the theory of being. Ferrier. [Gr. epis-
teme, knowledge, and logos, discourse.]
EPISTLE, e-pis'l, n. a w-riting sent to one,
a letter. [O. Fr. epistle — L. epistola — Gr.
epistole — epi, and stellO. to send.]
EPISTOLARY, e-pis'to-lar-i. adj. pertain-
ing to or consisting of epistles or letters :
suitable to an epistle: contained in letters.
EPISTOLEAN. e-pis-to-le'an. n. a writer of
epistles or letters : a correspondent. Mrs.
Con-den Clarke.
EPISTOLIC, ep-is-tol'ik, EPISTOLICAL,
ep-is-tol'ik-al. adj. pertaining to epistles
or letters : designating the method of
representing ideas bv letters and words.
EPISTOMA. e-pis to-ma. EPISTOME, e'pi-
stom, n. in nat. hist, (a) tlie space between
the antenuee and the cavity of the mouth
in crustaceous animals ; (?)) a valve-like
organ which arches over the mouth in I
the order Phylactolasmata of the Polyzoa.l
[Gr. epi. upon, and stoma, mouth.]
EPISTROPHE. e-pis'tro-fl, n. in rhet. a
figure in which several successive clauses
or sentences end with the same word or
affirmation ; as, " Are they Hebrews? So
am I. Are they Israelites : So am /."— 3
Cor. xi. 23. [Gr. epistroplie — ejii, upon,
and strophe, a return.]
EPISTYLAR, e'pi-stn-er, adj. of or belong-
ing to the epistyle. — EptSTTLAR arcua-
TION, the system in which columns sup-
port arches instead of horizontal archi-
traves and entablatures.
EPISTYLE, e'pi-stil. n. in ancient arch, a
term used by the Greeks for w-hat is now
called the architrave, a massive piece of
stone or wood laid immediately on the
abacus of the capital of a column or pillar.
[Gr. epi. upon, and stylos, a column.]
EPITAPH, ep'i-taf, n. an in.scription vpon
a tomb. — adjs. Epitaph'ian, Epitaph'ic.
[Gr. epitaphion — epi, upon, and taphos,
a tomb.]
EPITHALAMIUM. ep-i-tha-la'mi-um. n. a
song in celebration of a marriage, [Gr.
epithalamion — epi, upon, thalamos, a
bedchamber, marriage.]
EPITHELIUM, e-pi-the'U-um, n. in anat.
a thin and dehcate kind of cuticle, like
that which covers the nijiple ; more
specifically, the cellular laj-er which lines
the internal ca\'ities and canals of the/
body, both closed and open, as the mouth, [
nose, respiratory organs, blood-vessels,
etc., and which is analogous to the cu-
ticle of the outer surface. There are
several varieties of epithelium. Tlie epi-
thelium lining the blood-vessels is called
sometimes endothelium: in bot. an epi-
dermis consisting of young thin-sided
cells, filled with homogeneous transpar-
ent colorless sap. [Gr. epi, upon, and
thele. the nipple.]
EPITHET, ep'i-thet, w. an adjective ex-
pressing some real quality of the thing
to which it is applied, or an attribute
expressing some qualitj' ascribed to it.
[Gr. epithetos, added — epi, on, and tilhe-
mi, to place.]
EPITHETIC. ep-i-thet'ik, adj. pertaining
to an epithet : abounding- with epithets.
EPITOME, e-pit'o-me, w. an abridgment or
short summarj- of anything, as of a
book. [Gr. — epi, and temno, to cut.]
EPITOMIZE, e-pit'o-miz, v.t. to make an.
epitome of : to shorten : to condense.
EPITOMIZER, e-pit'o-miz-er, EPITOMIST,
e-pit'o-mist, n. one who epitomizes or
abridges.
EPOCH, ep'ok or e'-, n. a point of time/,i-ed
or made remarkable by some great event
from which dates are I'eckoned : a jieriod
remarkable for important events. [Gr.
epoch? — ejyecho, to stop — ejji, upon, and
echo, to hold.]
EPODE, ep'od, n. a kind of lyric poem in
which a longer verse is followed by a
shorter one. — adj. Epod'IC. [Gr. e2)odos —
epi. on. and OdO. an ode or song. See Ode.J
EPONYM, EPONYME, ep'o-nim, n. a
name, as of a countrj" or people, derived
from that of an individual. — adj. Epon'-
TMOCS. [Gr. ejri, upon, to, and onoma,
name.]
EPOPEE, ep'o-pe, n. the writing of epic
poetry : an epic poem : the subject of an
epic. [Fr. — Gr. epopoiia — epos, a word,
an epic poem, poieo, to make.]
EPSOM-SALT
136
EQUITY
EPSOM-SALT, ep'sum-sawlt, «. the sul-
phate of magnesia, a cathartic producing'
watery discharges. This medicine was
so named from its being formerly pro-
cured by boiling down the mineral water
of Epsom, but it is now prepared from
sea- water.
EPTJLAEY, e'pQ-la-ri, adj. pertaining to a
feast or banquet. (Rare.) [L. epularis,
from epulum, a feast.J
EPULATION, e-pu-lashun, n. a feasting
or feast. " He (Epicurus) was contented
with bread and water, and when he
would dine with Jove, and pretend unto
epulation. ae desired no other addition
than a piece of Cytheridian cheese." — Sir
T. Browne. [L. epulatio, from epulor, to
feast.]
EPULIS, e-puTis, n. a tubercle on the
gums, sometimes ending in cancer. [Gr.
epi, upon, and oida, the gums.]
EPULOSE, e'pu-los, adj. feasting to excess.
[L. epulum, a feast.]
EPULOSITY, e-pu-los''i-ti, n. a feasting to
excess.
EPULOTIC, e-pu-lot'ik, adj. healing : cica-
trizing. [Gr. epoulotikos, from epouloo,
to heal, to cicatrize — ejii, upon, and oule,
a cicatrix, oulo, to be sound, oulos,
whole.]
EPULOTIC, e-pu-lot'ik, n. a medicament
or apphcation which tends to dry, cica-
trize, and heal wounds or ulcers, to re-
press fungous flesh, and dispose the parts
to recover soundness. " Ointment of tut-
tv and such like epuloticks." — Wiseman.
EPURATION, e-pur-a'shun, n. the act of
purifying. [L. e, intens., tinA puro, jnirw-
tum, to purify, from jyurus, pure.]
EPURE, a-piir, ». in arch, the plan of a
building, or part of a building, traced on
a wall or on a horizontal surface, on the
same scale as that of the work to be con-
structed. [Fr., said to be trovapure, ex-
act.]
EQUABILITY, e-k\va-ba'i-ti, n. state or
condition of being equable or not vari-
able.
EQUABLE, eTcwa-bl, a^j., equal and uni-
form : smooth : not variable. — adv.
E'QUABLT. [L. oequabilis.]
EQUAL, e'kwal, adj., one or the same in
regard to any quality : adequate : in just
proportion : fit : equable : uniform : equi-
table : evenly balanced : just. — n. one of
the same age, rank, etc. — v.i. to be or
to make equal to :—pr.p. e'qualling ;
pa.p. e'qualled. — adi\ E'QcrAlJL.T. [L.
cequalis — oequus, equal ; Sans, eka, one.]
EQUALITY, e-kwol'i-ti, n. the condition of
being equal : sameness : evenness. [L.
cequalitas.']
EQUALIZATION, e-kwal-i-za'shun, n. the
act of making equal : state of being
equalized.
EQUALIZE, e'kwal-iz, v.t. to make equal.
EQUANIMITY, e-kwa-nim'i-ti, n., equality
or evenness of mind or temper. [L.
cequanimitas — cequus, equal, and animus,
the mind.]
EQUATION, e-kwa'shun, n. (alg.) a state-
ment of the equality of two quantities :
reduction to a mean proportion.
EQUATOR, e-kwa'tor, w. (geog.) a great
circle passing round the middle of the
globe, and dividing it into two equal
parts : {astr.) the equinoctial. — adj.
Equato'rial.
EQUERY, EQUERRY, ek'we-ri or ek-wer'i,
11. one who has the charge of horses: in
England, an officer under the sovereign's
Master of the Horse. [Fr. ecurie — Low L.
scuria, a stable — O. Ger. skiura (G«r.
schaiier), shelter, a shed.]
EQUESTRIAN, e-kwes'tri-an, adj. pertain-
ing to horses or horsemanship : on horse-
back.— n. one who rides on horseback.
[L. equester, equestris — eqttes, a horse-
man— eguus.]
EQUIANGULAR, e-kwi-ang'gu-Iar, adj.
consisting of or having equal angles.
[L. cequiis, equal, and Angular.]
EQUIDISTANT, e-kwi-dis'tant, adj.,
equally distant from. — adv. Equidis'-
TANTLY. [L. cequus, equal, and D1ST.4.NT.]
EQUILATERAL, e-kwi-lat'er-al, adj. hav-
ing all the sides equal. [L. cequus, equal,
and Lateral.]
EQUILIBRATE, e-kwi-ll'brat, v.t. to bal-
ance two scales equally. — n. Equilibra'-
TION. [L. cequus, equal, and LrBRATE.]
EQUILIBRIUM, e-kwi-U'bri-ura, n. in mech.
equipoise ; equality of weight or force ;
a state of rest produced by the mutual
counteraction of two or more forces, as
the state of the two ends of a lever or bal-
ance, when both are charged with equal
weight, and they maintain an even or
level position, parallel to the horizon ;
when two or more forces acting upon a
body are so opposed to each other that
the body remains at rest, although one
of them would move it if acting- alone,
those forces are said to be in equilibrium,
that is, equally balanced : a state of just
poise ; a position of due balance ; as, to
preserve the equilibrium of the body ;
take care j'ou do not lose your equilibri-
um: in the/ijie arts, (a) the just poise or
balance of a figui-e or other object so that
it may appear to stand firmly, (b) the due
equipoise of objects, lights, shadows, etc. :
equal diffusion or distribution, as of tem-
perature, which all bodies on the earth
tend to produce, of the electric fluid in its
natural undisturbed state, etc.: equal
balancing of the mind between motives
or reasons ; a state of indifference or of
doubt, when the mind is suspended in in-
decision, between different motives or the
different forces of evidence : equality of
influence or effect ; due or just relation-
ship. [L. cequus, and libra, a balance.]
EQUIMULTIPLE, e-kw-i-nuil'ti-pl, adj.,
multiplied by the same or an equal num-
ber.— n. a number multiplied by the same
number as another. [L. cequus, equal,
and Multiple.]
EQUINE, e'kwin, EQUINAL, e-kwin'al,
adj. pertaining to a horse or horses. [L.
equinus — equus.'[
EQUINOCTIAL, e-kwi-nok'shal, adj. per-
taining to the equinoxes, the time of the
equinoxes, or to the regions about the
equator. — n. a great circle in the heavens
corresponding to the equator of the earth,
so called because when the sun crosses it
the days and nights are equal.
EQUINOCTIALLY, e-kwi-nok'shal-i, adv.
in the direction of the equinox.
EQUINOX, e'kwi-noks, n. the precise time
when the sun enters one of the equinoc-
tial points, or the first point of Aries,
about the 21st of March, and the first
point of Libra, about the 23d of Septem-
ber, making the day and the night of
equal length ; these are called respect-
ively the i^ernal and autumnal equi-
noxes : equinoctial gale.
The passaije yet was jrood ; the wind, 'tis true,
Was somewhat high, but that was nothing- new.
No more than usual equinoxes blew. — Dryden:
anything equal; an equal measure (rare).
Do but see his vice ;
'Tis to his virtue a just equinox.
The one as long^ as th' other. — Shak.
iL. cequus, equal, and nox, night.]
UIP, e-kwip', v.t. to fit out: to furnish
with everything needed for any service or
work: — pr.p. equipp'ing; pa.p. equipped'.
[Fr. equiper tor esquipper, to attire; from
a Teut. root, found in O. Ger. skif, Ger.
schiff, E. ship and shape ; also Ice. shipa,
to set in order.]
EQUIPAGE, ek'wi-paj, n. that with which
one is equipped : furniture required for
any service, as armor of a soldier, etc. :
a carriage and attendants, retinue. — adj.
Eq'uipaged, furnished with an equipage.
EQUIPMENT, e-kwip ment, n. the act of
equipping : the state of being equipped :
things used in equipping or furnishing.
EQUIPOLSE, e'kwi-poiz, n., equality of
weight or force: the state of a balance
when the two weights are equal. [L.
oequus, equal, and Poise.]
EQUIPOLLENT, e-kwi-poFent, adj. having
equal power or force: equivalent. — n.
Equipol'lence. [L. cequus, equal, and
pollens, x>ollentis, pr.p. of piolleo, to be
able.]
EQUIPONDERANT,S-kwi-pon'der-ant,ad/.
equal in iceight. — yi. Equipon'derance.
[L. cequus, equal, and poTidus, ponderia,
weight.]
EQUIPONDERATE, e-kwi-pon'der-at, v.i.
to be equal in u-eight : to balance.
EQUISON, e'kwi-sou, n. a horse jockey:
one who manages race-horses. [Landor
puts the word in Person's mouth.] " Who
announces to the world the works and
days of Newmarket, the competitors at
its games, their horses, their equisons,
their colors." — Landor. [L. equiso, a
groom, from equus, a horsej
EQUITABLE, ek'wi-ta-bl, adj. possessing
or exhibiting equity : held or exercised in
equity. — adv. Eq'uitablt. — ?i. Eq'ctta-
BLENESS.
EQUITATION, ek-wi-ta'shun, n. the art of
riding on horsehacli. [L. equito, to ride
— equus, a horse.]
EQUITY, ek'wi-ti, n. justice ; impartiahty ;
the giving or desiring to give to each
man his due. "With righteousness shall
he judge the world, and the people with
equity." — Ps. xcviii. 9 : in law, an equita-
ble claim. "I consider the wife's equity
to be too well settled to be shaken."—
Kent : a term about which, when ap-
plied to a scheme of jurisprudence, there
is some confusion. Its three leading
senses are distinguished thus ; (a) taken
broadly, equity means the doing unto all
men as we would that they should do
unto us ; (5) in a narrower sense, equity
is used in contradistinction to strict law ;
it expounds and limits the language of
the positive laws, and construes them,
not according to their strict letter, but
rather in their reasonable and benignant
spirit ; (c) in the sense in which it is to be
understood as the substantial justice ex-
pounded by all courts of equity, it is the
system of supplemental law administered
in these, founded ujjon defined rules, re-
corded precedents, and established prin-
ciples, the judges, however, Hberally
expounding and developing them to meet
new exigencies. Wliile it aims to assist
the defects of the common law, by ex-
tending relief to those rights of propertj'
which the strict law does not recognize,
and by giving- more ample and distribu-
tive redress than the ordinary tribunals
afford, equity by no means either con-
trols,mitigates,or supersedes the common
law, but rather guides itself by its anal-
ogies, and does not assume anv power
to subvert its doctrines. The Court of
Chancery was formerly in England the
especial court of equity, but large powers
were by the Judicature Act of 1873 given
to all the divisions of the Supreme Court
to administer equity, although many
matters of equitable jurisdiction are still
left to the chancery division in the first
instance. In the U.S. the circuit and
county courts have original jurisdiction
in most chancery or equity cases, wherein
remedies and reliefs are sought which the
rigid enforcement of the statutes, in civil
EQUIVALENT
137
ERROR
cases, would preclude. "Equity is a rogu-
ish thing' ; for law, we have a measure,
know what to trust to : equity is ac-
cording to the conscience of him that is
chancellor, and, as that is larger or nar-
rower, so is equity." — Selden. — Equity
< iF A STATUTE, the construction of a stat-
ute in accordance with its reason and
Aipirit, and not according to the mere
letter. — Equity of redemption, in law,
the advantage allowed to a mortgager of
u reasonable time to redjem lands mort-
t'aged. when the estate is of greater value
t lian the sum for which it was mortgaged.
[Fr. equite ; L. aequitas, from mquus,
equal, even.]
EQUIVALENT, e-kwiv'a-lent, adj., eqiml
in value, poirer, effect, meaning, etc. — n.
a thing equal in value, etc. — adv. Equtv'-
alently.— n. Equiv'ai-ence. [Fi-. — L.
(Pqiais, equal, and valens, valentis, pr.p.
of raleo. to be strong.]
EQUIVALENT, e-kwiv'a-lent, v.t. to pro-
duce or constitute an equivalent to : to
answer in full proportion : to equal. J.
y. Lockyer.
EQUIVALUE, e-kwi-val'u, v.t. to value
at the same rate : to put on a par. " To
equivalue the noble and the rabble of
authorities.'' — W. Taylor.
EQUIVOCAL, e-kwiv'o-kal, adj., meaning
i^qiially two or more things : of doubtful
meaning- : capable of a double explana-
tion.— adv. Equiv'ocally. — n. Equiy'-
ijcaln'ESS. [L. aequHs, equal, and vox,
rods, the voice, a word.]
EQUIVOCATE, e-kwiv'o-kat, r.i. to use
tquivocal or doubtful words in order to
mislead.
EQUn'OCATION, e-kwiv-o-ka'shun, n. act
i>f equivocating or using ambiguous
■A ords to mislead. — n. Equtv'ocator.
ER. affix : a termination of many English
nouns, converting the word to which it
is added into a noun of agency. It is
the Teutonic form equivalent to the
Latin -or, and native words may be
roughly distinguished from words of
Latin origin by this distinction ; as, hear-
se, learne?*, doer, teacher, from auditor,
instructor, factor, doctor. It was for-
merly a sign of the masculine gender —
-.«^re. -uter indicating the feminine ; thus
weaver, baker, malter, singer, brewer
were masculine ; webs^er, bakesfer (ba.v-
ter), malt.sfer, soug.ster, hrewster, femi-
nine. In spinner and spinsfer the dis-
tinction is still to some extent observed.
Generally, however, the termination does
not indicate gender in any waj', some
nouns in -er signifying a per.son or thing
indifferently, as ruler, heater, grater,
poker. Added to names of places it
sometimes signifies an inhabitant of, or
one that belongs to a place, as Londoner,
Berliner, New Yorker ; though the ter-
minations ite, an, and some others are
fast supplanting er, in the United States,
especially : the sign of the comparative
degree of adjectives, and akin to Latin
comparative termination -or, Gr. -er in
-eras: an affix to verbs giving them a
frequentative, and probably a diminutive
sense ; as, swag, swagger ; spit, sputter;
fret, fritter; pat, patter; wend, wander.
ERA. e'ra, n. a series of i/ear.s reckoned
from a particular point. [Late L. oera,
a number, hence a sp.ace of time, orig.
•• covmters," pieces of copper used in
counting, being the neuter pi. of ces,
cerii; copper.]
ERADIATE, e-ra'di-at, v.i. to .shoot as rays
of light : to radiate : to beam. " A kind
of life eradiating and resulting both from
intellect and psyche." — Dr. H. More. [L.
e. for ex. out, and radio, radiatum, to
beam.]
ERADIATION, e-ra-di-a'shun, n. emission
of raj's or beams of light : emission of
light or splendor. '• Eradiation and
emanation of spirit." — Hale.
ERADICATE, e-rad'i-kat, v.t. to pull up by
the roots: to destroy. [L. eradico, to
root out — e, and radij;, radicis, a root.]
ERADICATION, e-rad-i-ka'shun, n. the act
of eradicating : state of being eradicated.
ERASE, e-ras', v.t. to rub or scrajie out ; to
efface : to destroy. — adj. Eras' ABLE. — n.
Eras'er. [L. erado — e, out, and rado,
rasus. to scrape.]
ERASION, e-ra'zlum, ERASEMENT, e-raz'-
ment, ERASURE, e-ra'zhoor, n. the act of
erasing : a rubbing out : the place where
something written has been rubbed out.
ERASTIAN, e-rast'yan, n. a follower of
Thomas Erastus, a Swiss physician, who
maintained that the church is wholly de-
pendent on the state for its existence and
authority. — adj. relating to the Erastians
or their doctrines.
ERASTIANISM, e-rast'yan-izm, n. prin-
ciples of the Erastians: control of the
church by the state.
ERE, ar, adv., before: sooner than. — prep.
before. [A.S. oer ; Goth, air, soon.]
EREBUS, e're-bus, n. in myth, (a) the son
of Chaos and Darkness, who married liis
sister Night and was the father of the
Light and Day ; he was transformed into
a river and plunged into Tartarus, because
he aided the Titans : hence — (b) the lower
world, particularly that part of it which
is the abode of virtuous shades ; hades ;
hell.
Harsh thunder, that the lowest bottom shook
Of Erebus. — Milton.
The motions of his spirit are dull as night.
And liis affections dark as Erebus.- Shak.
[L. erebus, Gr. erebos.]
ERECT, e-rekt', v.t. to set upright: to
raise : to build : to exalt : to establish.
[L. erectus, from erigo, to set upright — e,
out, and rego, to make straight.]
ERECT, e-rekt', adj., upright : directed up-
ward : unsnaken : bold. — adv. Eeeot'ly.
—n. Erect'ness.
ERECTION, e-rek'shun, n. act of erecting
or raising : state of being erected : exal-
tation : anything erected : a building of
any kind.
EREMACAUSIS, e-re-ma-kaw'sis, n. a term
introduced into chemistry bj' Liebig, to
express a slow combustion or oxidation :
the act of gradual combination of the
combustible elements of a body with the
oxygen of the air, as in the slow decay of
wood in the formation of acetic acid from
alcohol, of nitre bj' the decomposition of
animal matter, and in numerous other
processes. [Gr. erema, slowly, gently,
and kausis, burning.]
EREMITE, er'e-mit, n. now Hermit.
ERISTIC, e-ris'tik, n. one given to disputa-
tion : a controversialist. Bp. Gauden.
ERMINE, er'min, n. a northern animal of
the weasel tribe, valued for its fur ; its
white fur. an emblem of the purity of
judges and magistrates, whose robes are
lined with it. — adj. Er'juned, adorned
with ermine. [O. Fr. erHW?ie(Fr. hermine);
from L. {mii.s) Armenius, lit. mouse of
Armenia, whence it was brought to
Rome ; but ace. to Skeat from O. Ger.
harmin (Ger. hermelin), ermine-fur.]
ERODE, e-rod', v.t. to cutaway. [L. e, and
rodo. ro.ius, to gnaw.]
EROSION, e-ro'zhun, n. the act or opera-
tion of eating or wearing away : specif-
ically, in med. the gradual destruction
of the substance of a part by ulceration,
or by increa,sed action of the absorbents,
whether spontaneous or excited by the
action of some irritating substance : the
state of being eaten or worn away;
corrosion ; canker. — EROSION THEORY, in
geol. the theory that valleys are due to
the wearing influences of water and ice,
chiefly in the form of glaciers, as opposed
to the theory which regards them as the
result of fissures in the earth's crust pro-
duced by strains during its upheaval. [L.
erosio, an eating away, from erodo, ero-
sum. See Erode.]
EROSIVE, e-ro'siv, adj. having the prop-
ei'tv of eroding or eating away.
EROTIC, e-rot'ik, EROTICAL, e-rot'ik-al,
adj. pertaining to Zore. [Gr. erotikos—
ero.s, erotos, love.]
ERPETON, er'pet-on, n. same as Hee-
peton.
ERR, er, v.i. to tcander from the right
way : to go astray ; to mistake : to sin.
[Fr. erre) — L. erro, to stray ; cog. with
Ger. irren, and irre, astray.]
ERRABUND, er'ra-bund, adj. erratic : wan-
dering- : rambling. " Your errabund
guesses, veering to all points of the
hterary compass.'' — Southey. [L. eiva-
bundus, from erro, to wander.]
ERRAND, er'and, n. a message: a com-
mission to' say or do something. [A.S.
cerende ; Ice. eyrendi ; ace. to Max Miil-
ler, from root ar, to plough, to work,
ende being the pr.p. suffix.]
ERRANT, er'ant, adj., erring or wander-
ing : roving : wild. [L. eiTans, errantis,
pr.p. of erro.]
ERRANTRY, er'ant-ri, n. an errant or
wandering state : a rambling about like
a knight-errant.
ERRATIC, er-at'ik, ERRATICAL, er-at'ik-
al, adj., wandering: having no certain
course : not stationary. — adv. Errat'-
ICALLY.
ERRATUM, er-a'tum, n. an error in writ-
ing or printing : — pZ. Errata, er-a'ta,
[L. — erro, to stray.]
ERRONEOUS, er-6'ne-us, adj., wandering:
erring : full of error : wrong : mistaken.
—adv. Erro'neously. — n. Erro'neous-
NESS.
ERROR, er'rer, n. a wandering or devia-
tion from the truth ; a mistake in judg-
ment by which men assent to or believe
what is not true ; a mistake as to mat-
ter of fact ; a misapprehension ; as, " In
my mind he was guiltj' of no error, he
was chargeable with no exaggeration,
he was betrayed by his fancy into no
metaphor, who once said, that all we see
about us. King. Lords, and Commons,
the whole machinery of the state, all the
apparatus of the sjstem, and its varied
workings, end in simply bringing twelve
good men into a box." — Brougham: a
mistake made in writing, printing, or
other performance ; an inaccuracy ; an
oversight ; falsitj' ; as, a clerical error,
an error in a declaration : a wandering ;
excursion ; irregular course ; as.
He (jEneas) throu^'h i'atall errour long was led
Full many yeares. — Spenser ;
Driven by the winds and errors of the sea.—Dryden:
a transgression of law or duty ; a mis-
take in conduct; a fault; a sin; iniquity ;
transgression ; as, "Who can under-
stand his errors f cleanse thou me from
secret faults."— Ps. xix. 13 ;
If it were tlnne error vr thy crime,
I care no Itm^er.^Teitnyson ;
in law, a mistake in the proceedings of a
court of record either in fact or in law,
entitling- the unsuccessful party to have
the case reviewed ; proceedings in error
were abolished in civil cases by the Judi-
cature Act of 1875, appeal being substi-
tuted ; but they may still be taken in
criminal cases, for which the court of
review is the Queen's Bench — an appeal
in error is made by means of an original
writ, called a tcrit of error : in astron.
the difference between the places of any
of the heavenly bodies as determined by
ERSE
138
ESKlilO-DOG
calculation and by observation : in math.
the difference between the result of any
operation and the true result. — Error
OF A CLOCK, the difference between the
time indicated by a clock and the time
which the clock is intended to indicate,
whether sidereal or mean time. [L. er-
ror, from erro, to wander.]
GRSE, ers, n. corr. of Irish, the name
given by the Lowland Scots to the lan-
guag-e of the people of the W. Higlilands,
as being of Irish origin.
ERST, erst, adv., first : at first : formerly.
[A.S. cBresf. superl. of cer. See Ere.]
ERUBESCENT, er-oo-bes'ent, adj.. grow-
ing red : red or reddish : blushing. — n.
Erubesc'ence. [L. eruhescens. -entis,
pr.p. of ertibesco, to grow red — e, out,
very much, and rubesco — nibere, to be
red' See Rubt.]
ERUCTATION, er-uk-ta'shun, n. the act
of belching or rejecting wind from the
stomach : a \iolent ejection of wind or
other matter from the earth. [L. erncto,
eructatus — e. and rneto. to belch forth ;
cog. with Gr. ereugomai, to vomit, aorist
f-rvg-on.]
ERUDITE, er'ij-dit, adj. learned. — arfr.
Eruditely. [L. erudio.eruditiis, to free
from rudeness — e. from, and rudis, rude.]
ERUDITION, er-u-di'shun, n. state of being
erudite or learned : knowledge gained by
study : learning, esp. in literature.
ERUGINOUS, e-roo'jin-us, adj. resembling
the rust of copper or brass : rusty. [L.
(eniginosHS — cerugo, rust of copper — ces,
ceris, metal, copper.]
ERUPTED, e-rupt'ed, adj. suddenly and
forcibly thrown out, as lava from a vol-
cano.
ERUPTION, e-rup'shun, n. a breaking or
bursting forth : that which bursts forth :
a breaking out of spots on the skin. [L.
eruptio — erumpo, eruptus — e, out, and
rumpo. to break.] ■
ERUPTIONAL, e-rup'shun-al, adj. of or
pertaining to eruptions : eruptive : as,
eruptional phenomena. R. A. Proctor.
ERUPTIVE, e-rupt'iv, adj., breaking forth:
attended by or producing eruption : pro-
duced bv eruption.
ERYSIPELAS, er-i-sip'e-las, n. an inflam-
matory disease, generally in the face,
marked by a bright redness of the skin.
[Gr. — e-rjfth-ros, red, andpella, skin. See
Red and Pell.] "
ERYTHROPHLCEUM, e-rithYo-Se-um, n.
a genus of tropical trees, nat. order
Leguminosae. containing three species,
two found in Africa, and the third in
Australia. The E. guineense of Guinea is
100 feet high, and is noted for its abun-
dant red juice, which is used by the nar
tives as a test of innocence and guilt. An
accused person is forced to take a large
draught ; if it do him no injury he is
declared innocent, whereas if he be af-
fected by it he is held guilty. The bark
also is poisonous and is used as an ordeal.
[Gr. erythros, red, and pMoios, bark.]
ESCALAJDE, es-ka-lad' or es'-, n. the seat-
ing of the walls of a fortress by means
of ladders. — v.t. to scale : to mount and
enter by means of ladders. [Fr. — Sp. es-
calado-^scala. a ladder — L. scala.]
ESCALLONIA, es-kal-lo'ni-a, v. a genus of
trees or shrubs, nat. order Saxifrageaj,
containing about forty species, natives
of South America. They have simple
leaves with resinous dots, and white or
red flowers. Some species are cultivated.
[After Escallon, a Spanish traveller in
South America, who first found the spe-
cies in New Grenada.]
ESCALOP, es-kol'up. Same as Scaixop.
ESCAPADE, es-ka-pad', n. a mischievous
freak.
ESCAPE, es-kap', i\t. to flee from : to pass
unobserved: to evade. — v.i. to flee and
become safe from danger : to be passed
without harm. — n. act of escaping :
flight from danger or from prison. [O.
Fr. eseaper (Fr. echapper) — L. ex cappa,
lit. "out of one's cape or cloak." See
Cape.]
ESCAPEJIENT, es-kap'merrt, n. part of a
time-piece connecting the wheehvork
with the pendulum or balance, and al-
lowing a tooth to escape at each vibra-
tion : the leading requisite of a g-ood
escapement is that the impulse com-
municated to the pendulum shall be in-
variable, notwithstanding any irregvilar-
ity or foulness in the train of wheels ;
various kinds of escapements have been
contrived, such as the crown or r^erge es-
capement, used in common watches ; tlie
anchor or crutch escapement, used in
common clocks — both these are also
termed recoiling escapements ; the dead-
beat escapement and the gravity or re-
inontoir escapement, used in the finer
kind of clocljs ; the horizontal or cylin-
der escapement, still used in most foreign
watches ; the detached escapement, the
leoer escapement, the dvplex escapement,
and the jnn-ii-heel escapement, all used in
the finer classes of watches.
ESCAPER, es-kap'er, n. one who or that
which escapes.
ESCAPE-WARRANT, es-kap'-wor-rant, n.
in English laic, a process addressed to all
sheriffs, etc., to retake an escaped pris-
oner, even on a Sunday, and commit
him to proper custody.
ESCARP, es-karp', v.t. in fort, to slope:
to form a slope to. [Tr. esearper, to cut
steep, as rocks or slopes, to render them
inaccessible. See Scaep.]
ESCARP, ESCARPE. es-karp', n. in fort.
that side of the ditch surrounding or in
front of a work, and forming the ex-
terior of the rampart : a scarp.
ESCARPilENT. es-karp'ment, n. in fort.
ground cut away nearly vertically about
a position in order to prevent an enemy
from arriving at the latter ; part of the
rock of Gibraltar has been rendered in-
accessible in this manner : hence, the
precipitous side of any hill or rock ; the
abrupt face of a high ridge of land ; a
cliff.
ESCHALOT, esh-a-lot', n. a kind of small
onion, formerly found at Ascalon in Pal-
estine. [O. Fr. e.ichalofe — ^L. Ascalonius,
of Ascalon.]
ESCHATOLOGY', es-ka-tol'o-ji, n. (theol.)
the doctrine of the last or final things,
as death, judgment, the state after
death. [Gr. eschatos, last, and logos, a
discourse.]
ESCHEAT, es-chet'. n. in England, the re-
sulting back of any land or tenements to
the lord of the fee or to the state through
failure of heirs : formerly also through
the corruption of the blood of tlie tenant
by his ha^•ing been attainted ; this latter
kind of escheat was aboUshed bv the
Felony Act of 1870 (33 and 34 Viet, xxiii.) ;
lands, if freeliold, escheat to the king or
other lord of the manor ; if copyhold, to
the lord of the manor : by modern En-
glish legislation there can be no escheat
on failure of the whole blood wherever
there are persons of the half-blood capa-
ble of inheriting : in the United States,
the reverting of real property to the
state, as original and ultimate proprie-
tor, in consequence of a failure of persons
legally entitled to hold the same : the
p&ce or circuit within which the king or
lord is entitled to escheats : a writ to re-
cover escheats from the person in posses-
sion : the lands which fall to the lord or
state by escheat ; as, '• Of such treason
the forfeiture of the e.'ichrats pertaineth
to our lord the king." — Hallam : in Scots
lav, the forfeiture incurred by a man's
being denounced a rebel : that which
falls to one ; a reversion or return ; as.
To make me great by other^s loss is bad escheat.
— Spenser.
[O.Fr. eschet, fi-om O.Fr. escheir, escheoir,
from ejcoadere — L. e.v, and eadere, to fall ;
Fr. echoir.]
ESCHEW, es-choo', v.t. to shun: to flee
from. [O. Fr. eschever, cog. with Ger.
scheuen, to shv at.]
ESCLANDRE, es-klawn-dr, n. a disturb-
ance : a scene : a row. " Scoutbush, to
avoid esclandre and misery, thought it
well to waive the proviso." — Kingsley.
[Fr.]
ESCORT, es'kort, n. a guide : an attend-
ant : a guard : a body of armed men as
a guard. [Fi\ escorte — It. scorfa, a guide
— scorgere, to guide — L. ex, and corrigere,
to set right.]
ESCORT, es'kort', v.t. to attend as a guard.
ESCRITOIRE, es-kri-twor', n. a n-riting-
desk. [O. Fr. escriptoire, Fr. ecritoire —
Low L. scriptorium — scribo, script um, to
write.]
ESCULAPIAN, es-kii-la'pi-an, adj. pertain-
ing to Esculapius, and hence — to the art
of healing, [^■^scndapius, the god of the
healing art.]
ESCULENT, es'ku-lent, adj., eatable: fit
to be used for food by man. — n. some-
thing that is eatable. [L. escnlentus, eat-
able— esca, food — edo, to eat.]
ESCUTCHEON, es-kuch'un, n. a shield on
which a coat of arms is represented : a
family shield : the part of a vessel's stern
bearing her name. — adj. Escutch'eoned
('und), having an escutcheon. [O. Fr.
eseusson — L. scutum, a shield. Cf.
Esquire.]
ESDRAS, ez'dras, n. the name now given
to two books of the Apocrypha, of the
authorship of which nothing is known
with certainty ; in the Vulgate and earli-
er editions of the English Bibles the title
is given to the book of Ezra as well as to
that of Nehemiah, which are respectively
caUed the 1st and 2d book of Esdras,
those now standing in the Apocrypha as
1st and 2d being numbered 8d and 4th
respectivelv. [Gr. form of Ezra.]
ESKAR, ESiCER, es'ker. n. a term for a
late geological formation in the super-
ficial drift, generally consisting of a long
linear ridge of sand and gravel, including
pieces of considerable size ; the matei'ials
aj-e derived from the waste of till or
boulder-clay, and their arrangement took
place probably under water over which
icebergs floated, for in Sweden particu-
larly rough erratic blocks are often de-
posited on the eskar. Called in Scotland
a Kaum ; called also ^sar. Os. and Osar.
ESKIMO, ESQUIMAU, es'ki-mo. n. (pi.
Eskimos. Esquimaux, es'ki-moz), one
of a tribe inhabiting the northern parts
of North America and Greenland : the
Eskimos are the most considerable rem-
nant in northern regions of that numer-
ous prehistoric race of fishers and hunters
who once clung to the coasts and shores
of Europe till they were jiushed into the
holes and corners, and to the very verge
of the great continents — by the succes-
sive bands of the Aryan migrations : they
once existed in England, France. Ger-
many, Denmark, Sweden, and Spain, in
all of w-hich they have left their traces
in interments, implements, and kitchen
middens.
ESKIMO-DOG, es'ki-mo-dog. n. one of a
breed of dogs extensively spread over the
northern regions of America and of
ESOPHAGUS
139
ESTRAPADE
Eastern Asia ; it is rather larger than
our English pointer, but appears less on
account of the shortness of its legs ; it
has oblique eyes, an elongated muzzle,
and a bushy tail, which give it a wolfish
appearance ; the color is generallj- a deep
dun, obscurelj' hatred and patched with
darker color. It is the only beast of bur-
<len in these latitudes, and with a team
of such dogs attached to his sledge the
Eskimo will cover 60 miles a day for
several successive days.
ESOPHAGUS or (ESOPHAGUS, e-sof'a-
gus, n. the passage through which food
ts carried to the stomach, the gullet.
[L. — Gr. oiso2}hagos — oiso, fut. of phero,
to cariv. and i)hago, to eat.]
ESOTERlC, es-o-ter'ik, f/d/.,mMer; secret:
mysterious! (phil.) taught to a select
few :— opposed to EXOTERIC. — adv. Eso-
TER'ICAULT. [Gr. esoteHkos — esoteros,
inner, a conip. form from eso, within —
es (=eis\, into.]
ESPALIER, es-pal'yer, n. a lattice-work of
wood on which to train fruit-trees : a row
of trees so trained. [F^'. — It. spalliera, a
support for the shouldei-s — spalla, a
shoulder — spatula, ablade. Cf. Epaulet.]
ESPARTO, es-par'to, n. a strong kind of
grass found in the south of Europe, esp.
in Spain, used for making baskets, cord-
age, paper, etc. [Sp.]
ESPECIAL, es-pesh al, adj., special: par-
ticular : principal : distinguished. — adv.
EsPEC'iALLY. [O. Fr. — L. specialis. See
Special. Species.]
ESPIONAGE, es'pi-on-aj, n. the practice
or employment of spies : the practice of
watching the words and conduct of others
and attempting to make discoveries, as
spies or secret emissaries : the practice
of watching others without being sus-
pected, and giving intelligence of dis-
coveries made. [Fr. espionage. See
Espy.]
ESPLANADE, es-plnn-ad', «. in fori, the
glacis of the coimterscarp, or the sloping
of the parapet of the covered way toward
the country : the open space between the
glacis of a citadel and the first houses of
the town : any open level space near a
town, especially a kind of terrace along
the sea-side, for public walks or drives :
in hori. a grass-plat. [Fr., from the old
verb esplaner, to make level, from L. ex-
planare — ex, and planus, plain, level.]
ESPOUSAL, es-pouz'al, ??. the act of es-
pousing or betrothing ; formal contract
or celebration of marriage : frequently
used in the plural; as, "I remember
thee, the kindness of thj' youth, the love
of thine espou.^als.'^ — Jer. ii. 3 : adop-
tion : protection ; as, " The open esjwiisal
of his cause.'" — Orford. [O. Fr. espou-
sailles. L. sponaalia, espousals, pl.n. of
gponsah's, relating to betrothal.]
ESPOUSE, es-pouz , v.t. to give as spouse
or in marriage ; to betroth : to promise,
engage, or bestow in marriage, by con-
tract in writing or liy some pledge ; to
unite intimately or indissolubly ; as, the
king espoused his daughter to a foreign
princei "When as his mother Mary
■was espoused to Joseph." — Matt. i. 18 ;
" I have espoused you to one husband,
that I may present you as a chaste vir-
gin to Christ." — 8 Cor. xi. 2 ;
If ber sire approves
Let him espoiise her to the peer she loves. — Pope ;
to take in marriage or as a spouse ; to
marry ; to wed ; as,
Laviiiia will I make my empress.
Anil m the sacred Pantheon her espouse. — Shak. :
to make one's self a participator in ; to
become a partisan in ; to take to one's
self, or make one's own ; to embrace ; to
adopt ; as, to espouse the quarrel of an-
other, to e.ipotise a cause; as, "Men
espouse the well -endowed opinions in
fashion, and then seek arguments either
to make good their beauty, or varnish
over their deformity." — Locke. [O. Fr.
espouser (Fr. ej)ouser), from L. sponsare,
to betroth, to espouse, freq. of spoiideo,
spo7i^um, to promise solemnly, to engage
or pledge one's self.]
ESPY, es-pi', v.t. to see at a distance : to
spy or catch sight of : to observe : to dis-
cover unexpectedly. [O. Fi". espier, from
root of Spy.]
ESQUIRE, es-Kwir' or es'kwir, n. (orig.) a
squire or shield-bearer : an attendant on
a knight : a title of dignity next below a
knight : a title given to younger sons of
noblemen, etc. : a general title of respect
in addressing letters. [O. Fr. escuyer
(Fi'. ecuyer), from esni, now ecu — L. scu-
tum, a shield.]
ESSAY, es'a, n. a, trial : an experiment: a
written composition less elaborate than
a treatise. — v.t. es-sa', to try : to attempt :
to make experiment of i—pr.j). essay'ing ;
pa.p. essayed'. [Fr. essai — L. exagium —
Gr. exagion, a weighing — exago, to lead
out, export merchandise — ex, out, and
ago. to lead.]
ESSAYER, es-sa'er, ESSAYIST, es'a-ist, n.
a writer of essays.
ESSENCE, es'ens, v. the inner distinctive
nature of anything : the qualities which
make any object what it is : abeing : the
extracted virtues of any drug : the solu-
tion in spirits of wine of a volatile or
essential oil : a perfume. [Fr. — L. essen-
tia— essens, essentis, old pr.p. of esse, from
root as. to be ; Sans, as, to be. See Are.]
ESSENTIAL, es-sen'shal, ad), relating to or
containing the essence ; necessary to the
existence of a thing : indispensable or im-
portant in the highest degree : highly
rectified : pure. — n. something essential
or necessary : a leading principle. — adv.
Essen'tially.
ESSENTIALITY, es-sen-shi-al'i-ti, n. the
quality of being essential : an essential
part.
ESTABLISH, es-tab'lish, v.t. to settle or
fix : to ordain : to found : to set up (in
business). — n. Estab'usher. [O. Fr. es-
tablir, pr.p. estahli.'isunt — L. stabilire —
stahilis, firm — sto, to stand.]
ESTABLISHMENT, es-tab'lish-ment, n. act
of establishing : fixed state : that which
is established : a permanent civil or mili-
tai'y force : one's residence and style of
living: a church established by law. The
establishment of any religion in the U. S.
is forbidden by tlie Federal Constitution.
ESTATE, es-tat', n. fixed or established con-
dition ; special form of existence ; as,
I ^in to be awean' of the sun.
And wish the estate o' the world were now un-
done.— Shak.:
condition or circumstances of any person
or thing ; state ; situation — now most
commonly state of a person as regards
external circumstances; as, "Ransom
nature fi-om her inaidable estate." —
Shak.; "Whose life in low estate be-
gan."— Tenny.ion :
She cast us headlong from our higb estate.
— Drjidnt :
rank; quality; "And was. according to
his estate, royally entertained." — Sliak.:
Who hath not heard of the greatness of your
estate r— Sir. P. Sidney:
in law. the interest or quantity of in-
terest a man has in lands, tenements, or
other effects ; estates are real or per-
sonal ; real estate comprises lands, tene-
ments, and hereditaments, held or en-
joyed for an estate of freehold, personal
estate comprises interests for terms of
years in lands, tenements, and heredita-
ments, and property of everj' other de-
scription ; real estate descends to heirs,
personal to executors or administrators ;
all real estates not being of copyhold
tenure, or what are called customary
freeholds, are either of freehold or less
than freehold ; of the latter kind are
estates for j'ears, at will, and by suf-
ferance— estates are also divided into
legal, equitable, and customary : fortune;
possessions ; property in general ; as, he
is a man of a great estate : often projierty
left at a man's death ; as, at his death
his estate was of the value of half a
million, the trustees proceeded to real-
ize the estate : a piece of landed property;
a definite portion of land in the owner-
ship of some one ; as, there is more
wood on his estate than on mine ;
But that old man, now lord of the broad estate
and the Hall,
Dropt off gorg:ed from a scheme that had left us
flaccid and draiu'd. — Temiyson:
state in the sense of body politic ; com-
monwealth ; public ; public intere.st : as,
" The true greatness of kingdoms and
estates and the means thereof. . . .
I call matters of estate not only the
parts of sovereignty, but whatever in-
troduceth any great alteration, or dan-
gerous precedent, or concernetli mani-
festly anj' great portion of people." —
Bacon : an order or class of men consti-
tuting a state (Mark v. 31); in Great
Britain the estates of the realm are the
lords spiritual, the lords temporal, and
the commons ; as, " When the crowned
Northman consulted on the welfare of
his kingdom he assembled the estates of
his realm. Now, an estate is a class of
the nation invested with political rig-hts.
There appeared the estate of the clergy,
of the barons, of other classes. In the
Scandinavian kingdom to this day the
estate of the peasants sends its represen-
tatives to the diet," savs Disraeli : per-
son of high rank ; as, "^he is a dutche.ss,
a great estate." — Latimer. — The foi"RTH
ESTATE, the newspaper press ; joiuual-
ists. [O. Fr. estat, Fr. etat, from L.
status, a standing, circumstances, state,
from .9to, statum, to stand.]
ESTATE, es-tat', v.t. to settle an estate
upon : to endow with an estate or other
property.
Then would I,
More especially were he, she wedded, poor.
Estate them with large land and territory.
In mine own realm beyond the narrow sea.
— Tenni/son.
ESTEEM, es-tem', v.t. to set a high esti-
mufe or value on : to regard with respect
or friendship : to consider or think. — n.
high estimation or value : favorable re-
gard. [Fr. estimer — L. cestimo. Cf. Es-
timate.]
ESTHETIC, ESTHETICS. Same as Es-
thetic, Esthetics,
ESTIMABLE, es'lim-a-bl, adg. that can be
estimated or valued : worthy of esteem :
deserving our good opinion. — adv. Es'-
tijiably"
ESTIJLVTE, es'tim-at, v.t. to judge of the
worth of a thing : to calculate. [L.
mstimo, oistimatus. to value. Esteem
anil Aim are parallel forms.]
ESTIMATE, es'tim-at, n. a valuing in the
mind : judgment or opinion of the worth
or size of anything- : a rough calculation.!
ESTIM.A.TION", es-tim-a'shun, n. act of es-
timating : a reckoning of value : e.steem,
honor.
ESTRANGE, e.s-tranj', v.t. to make strange:
to alienate : to divert from its original
use or possessor. — n. Estrange'ment.
[O. Fr. estranger, from root of Strange.]
ESTRAPADE. es-tra-pad', n. the struggles
of a horse that tries to get rid of his
rider by rearing, kicking, and violent
movements, [Fr. : It. strappaia. from
strappare, to pull, to snatch ; prov, Ger.
ESTUARY
140
EUPEPSY
strapfen, to pull ; Ger. straff, pulled
tight. Akin Strap.]
ESTUARY, es'tu-ar-i, n. a narrow passage,
as the mouth of a river, where the tide
meets the current, so called from the
boiling or foaming caused by their meet-
ing. [L. cestuarium, from cestuo, cestu-
are, to boil up — oestus, a burning.]
BTACISM, a'ta-sizm, n. the mode of pro-
nouncing the Greek r/ (eta) like ey in they,
distinguished from Itacism, the mode of
pronouncing it like e in be.
ETACIST, a'ta-sist. n. one who practices
or upholds etacism.
ET AGERE, a-ta-zhar, ?;. a piece of domes-
tic furniture supplied with several
shelves one above another, as a side-
board, a what-not, etc. [Fr., from etager,
to elevate by stories or stages, from
etage. a story.]
ETANIN, et'a-nin, n. the star ^ot the con-
stellation Draco, interesting as being the
star by the observation of which Bradley
was led to the discovery of the aberra-
tion of the fixed stars. [Ar.J
ETCH, ech. v.t. or v.i. to make designs on
metal, glass, etc., by eating out the lines
with an acid. [Ger. atzen, to corrode by
acid : from same root as Ger. essen. See
Eat.]
ETCHING, eoh'ing, n. the act or art of
etching or engraving : the impression
fi-om an etched plate.
ETERNAL, e-ter'nal, adj. without begin-
ning or end of existence : everlasting :
ceaseless : unchangeable. — n. The Eter-
nal, an appellation of God. — adv. Eter'-
NAT.T.Y. [Fr. eternel — L. oeternus, aevi-
ternus — cemun — Gr. aimi, a period of
time, an age. See Age.]
ETERNITY, e-ter'ni-ti, n. eternal duration:
the state or time after death. [Fr. eter-
nite—Jj. CBternitas.]
ETERNIZE, e-ter'niz, v.t. to make eternal:
to immortalize. [Fr. eterniser.]
ETESIAN, e-te'zhan, adj. periodical: blow-
ing at stated seasons, as certain winds.
[Fr. etesien — L. etesius — Gr. etesios,
annual — etos. a vear.]
ETHELING, eth'el-ing, n. an Anglo-Saxon
nobleman. "There were four orders of
men among the ancient Saxons : the
Etheling or Noble, the Freeman, the
Freedman, and the Servile." — Bosworth^
ETHER, e'ther, n. the clear, upper air : the
subtile medium supposed to fill all space:
a light, volatile, inflammable fluid. [L.
— Gr. aither, from aitho, to light up.]
ETHEREAL, e-the're-al, adj. consisting of
ether: heavenly: spirit-like. — adv. Ethe'-
REALLY.
ETHEREALIZATION,e-the-re-al-T-za'shun,
n. an ethereal or subtle spirit-like state
or condition. " He (Aristotle) conceives
the moral element as flower, as ethereali-
zation, spiritualization of the physical,
rather than as something purely intel-
lectual."— ./. Hutchison Stirling.
ETHEREALIZE, e-the're-al-iz. v.t. to con-
vert into ether, or the fluid ether : to
render spirit-like.
ETHERIZE, e'ther-Tz, v.t. to convert into
etiier : to stupefy with ether.
ETHIC, eth'ik, ETHICAL, eth'ik-al, adj.
relating to morals : treating of morality
or Anty.— adv. Eth'icat.t.y. [Gr. ethikos
— ethos, custom.]
ETHICS, eth'iks, n. sing, the science of
duty : a system of principles and rules
of dutv.
ETHIDE'NE, eth'i-den, n. an anesthetic
substance nearly allied in composition to
chloroform. It is said to be equally ef-
ficacious and considerably safer than
chloroform ; is pleasant to take, acts
rapidly, and never produces cessation of
action of the heart and respiratory sys-
tem.
ETHIOPIAN e-thi-o'pi-an, ETHIOPIC,
e-thi-op'ik, adj. pertaining to Ethiopia,
a name given to the countries south of
Egypt inhabited by the negro races. [Gr.
Aithiops, sunburnt, Ethiopian — aitho, to
burn, and ojis, the face.]
ETHIOPS MARTIAL, e'thi-ops mar'shal,
ji. black oxide of iron : iron in the form
of a very fine powder.
ETHIOPS MINERAL, e'thi-ops mi'ne-ral,
n. a combination of mercm-y and sul-
phur, of a black color : black sulphuret
of mercurv.
ETHMOID, eth'moid, ETHMOIDAL, eth-
moid'al, adj. resembling a sieve. — Eth-
moid BONE, one of the bones of the head,
situated between the orbital processes
at the root of the nose; it is exceedingly
light and spongy, and the olfactory
nerves shoot down through its numerous
perforations to the nose, and are chiefly
expanded on its surface. [Gr. ethmos, a
sieve, and eidos, form.]
ETHMOID, eth'moid, n. the ethmoid bone.
ETHMOSE, eth'mos, Ji. in physiol. a name
given to cellular tissue. [Gr. ethmos, a
sieve.]
ETHNARCH, eth'nark, ?!. in Greek antiq. a
viceroy : a governor of a province. [Gr.
ethnos. nation, and archos, a leader.]
ETHNARCHY, eth'niir-ki, n. the govern-
ment or jurisdiction of an ethnarcli.
ETHNIC, eth'nik, ETHNICAL, eth'nik-al,
adj. concerning ?io<io/is or races : pertain-
ing to the heathen. [L. — Gr. — ethnos, a
nation.]
ETHNOGENY, eth-noj'en-i, n. that branch
of ethnology which treats of the origin
of races and nations of man. [Gr. ethnos,
a nation, and root gen, to beget.]
ETHNOGRAPHER, eth-nog'ra-fer, n. one
who cultivates ethnography : one who
treats of the different races and families
of men.
ETHNOGRAPHIC, eth-no-grafik, ETH-
NOGRAPHICAL, eth-no-graf'ik-al, adj.
pertaining to ethnographv.
ETHNOGRAPHY, eth-uo^ra-fi, n. that
branch of science which has for its subject
the description of the difl'erent races of
men, or the manners, customs, religion,
etc., peculiar to different nations. [Gr.
ethnos, nation, and grapho, to describe.]
ETHNOLOGIC, eth-no-loj'ik. ETHNOLOG-
ICAL, eth-no-loj'ik-al, adj. relating to
ethnology.
ETHNOLOGIST, eth-nol'o-ji.st, n. one
skilled in ethnologj' : a student of etn-
nologv.
ETHNOLOGY, eth-noi'o-ji, n. the science
of races. " Ethnography and Ethnology
bear the same relation almost to one an-
other as geology and geography. While
ethnography contents herself with the
mere description and classification of the
races of man, ethnology, or the science of
races, ' investigates the mental and phys-
ical differences of mankind, and the or-
ganic laws upon which they depend; seeks
to deduce from these investigations prin-
ciples of human guidance in all the iin-
portant relations of social and national
existence.' " — Fleming. [Gr. ethnos, and
logos, an account — lego, to speak.]
ETIOLATE, e-ti-o-lat'. v.t. (med. and hot.)
to cause to grow pale, from want of liglit
and fresh air. — v.i. to become pale from
disease or absence of light. — n. Etiola'-
TION. [Fr. etioler, from eteule. stubble —
L. stipula, a stalk, stubble, and therefore
to blanch like stubble.]
ETIOLOGY, e-ti-ol'o-ji, n. the science of
causes, esp. of disease. [Gr. aitia, a cause,
and logos, an account — lego, to speak.]
ETIQUETTE, et-i-ket', n. forms of cere-
mony or decorum : ceremony. [Fr. S«6
Ticket.]
ETYMIC, et-im'ik, adj. of or pertaining to
the etymon or primitive form of a word,
ETYMOLOGIST, et-i-mol'o-jist, n. one
skilled in or who writes on etymology.
ETYMOLOGY, et-i-mol'o-ji, n. an account
of the etymons or true origin of words :
the science that treats of the origin and
history of words : the part of grammar
relating to inflection. — adj. Etymoloo'-
ICAL. — adv. Etymolog'icat.t.y. [Fr.— L.
— Gr. — etymon, and logos, an account.]
ETYMON, et'i-mon, n. the true origin of a
word : an original root : the genuine or
literal sense of a word. [Gr. — etymos,
eteos, true.]
ETYPICAL, e-tip'i-kal, adj. in biol. diverg.
ing from or not conforming to a tvpe.
EUCALYPTUS, u-kal-ip'tus, n. the"" gum-
tree," a large evergreen, native of Aus-
tralia, which is very beneficial in destroy-
ing the miasma of malarious districts.
[Coined from Gr. eu, well, and kalyptoa,
folded round — kalypto, to cover.]
EUCHARIST, u'ka-rist, n. the sacrament
of the Lord's Supper, or of the Real Pres-
ence.— adjs. Euchaeist'ic, Ecchaeist'-
ICAL. [Gr. eueharistia, thanksgiving —
eu, well, and char-izomai, to show favor
— charis, grace, thanks. Cog. with E,
Yearn.]
EUCHITE, u'klt, n. one who prays : specifi-
cally, one belonging to a sect of ancient
heretics who resolved all religion into,
prayer. [Gr. euchP. a praver.]
EUD^MON, EUDEMON, Q-de'mon. n. a
good angel or spirit. Sonthey. [Gr. eu,
well, and daimon, a spirit.]
EUD^MONISM, EUDEMONISM. u-de'-
mon-izm, n. the doctrine of happiness, or
the system of pliilosophy which makes
human happiness its highest object, de-
claring that the production of happiness
is tlie foundation of virtue. [Gr. eudai'
mon, happy — eu, well, and daimon, a
demon, spirit.]
EUD^MONISTIC, EUDEMONISTIC, u-
de-mon-ist'ik, adj. of or pertaining to
EuD-EMOXlSM (which see).
EUGENESIC, u-je-nes'ik, adj. same as
EUGENETIC.
EUGENESIS, u-jen'e-sis, n. the quaUty of
breeding freely : fertility : specifically,
the production of joung by the union of
individuals of different species or stocks.
[Gr. eu, well, and genesis, production.]
EUGENETIC, u-je-net'ik, adj. of, belonging
to, or characterized by eugenesis.
EULOGIC, u-loj'ik, EULOGICAL, u-loj'ik-
al, adj. containing eulogy or praise. — adv.
Eulog'ically.
EULOGIST, u'lo-jist, u. one who praise*
or extols another. — adj. EuLOGIST'lC, full
of praise. — adv. Eulogist'ically.
EULOGIUM, u-16'ji-um, EULOGY, u'lo-ji,
n. a speaking irell oj : a speech or wnt-
ing in praise of. [Late L. — Gr. etdogion
(classical, eulogia) — eu, well, and logos,
a speaking.]
EULOGIZE, u'lo-jiz, r.f. to speak well of :
to praise.
EUNUCH, u'nuk, ji. a castrated man :
eunuchs were employed as chamberlain*
in the East, and often had great influ-
ence as chief ministers of the kings. [Gr.
eunouchos — eu7>e, a couch, and £chd, to
have charge of.]
EUNUCH. iVnuk, adj. unproductive : bar-
ren. " He had a mind wholh^ evnueh
and ungenerative in matters of litera-
ture and taste." — Godwin.
EUNUCHISM, u'nuk-izm, n. the state of
being a eunuch.
EUPEPSY, u-pep'si, n., good digestion :—
opposed to Dyspepsy. — adj. Eupep'tio,
ha\'ing good digestion. [Gr. exipepsia—
EUPHEMISM
141
EVEN
ev. well, am] pepsis, digestion, from pes-
w, pepto. to digest.]
1 EUPHEMISM, u'fera-izm. n. in rhet. a
I figure in which a delicate word or ex-
' pression is substituted tor one which is
offensive to good manners or to delicate
ears : when it is said of the martyr St.
Stephen, that "he fell asleep," instead
of he died, the euphemism partakes of
the natiu-e of a metaphor, intimating a
resemblance between sleep and Ihe death
of such a person : this instinct of polite-
ness in speech — euphemism, as it is
called — which seeks to hint at an un-
pleasant or an indelicate thing-, rather
th.in name it directlj% has had much to
do in making words acquire new mean-
ings and lose old ones; thus '-plain"
has usurped the sense of ' ' ugly ; "
"fast," of "dissipated;" "gallantry,"
of "licentiousness." [Gr. euphemismos
— ei(. well. -AnA phemi, to speak.]
EUPHEMISTIC, u-fem-lst'ik, EUPHEM-
ISTICAL, u-fem-ist'ik-al, adj. pertaining
to or containing euphemism : rendering
more decent or delicate in expression.
EUPHONIC, u-fon'ik, EUPHONICAL, 'ik-
al, EUPHONIOUS, u-fo'ni-us, adj. per-
taining to euphony : agreeable in sound.
—adv. Eupho'niously.
EUPHONIZE, u'fon-Iz, v.t. to make eupho-
nious.
EUPHONY, u'fo-ni, n. an agreeable sound ;
a pleasing, easy pronunciation. [Gr.
eujihonia — eu, well, and phone, sound.]
EUPHRASY, u'fra-zi, n. {bot.) the plant
eyebright, formerly regarded as beneficial
in disorders of the eye. [Gr. euphrasia,
dehglit. from euphraino, to cheer — eu,
«'h11. jilircu, the heart.]
EUPHUISM, u'fu-izm, n. an affectation of
excessive refinement of language: a high-
flown expression. — n. Eu'phuist. — adj.
Euphuist'ic. [From Euphues, a book by
John Lyly in tlie time of Queen Elizabeth,
which brought the style into vogue — Gr.
euphyes, graceful — eu, weU, phye, growth
— phyomai, to grow.]
EUPRACTIC, u-praklik, adj. doing or
acting well : or it may mean prosperous.
"Good-humored, eupeptic, and euprac-
tic." — Carlyle. [Gr. eu prassein, to do
well, to be prosperous.]
EURAJSIAN, u-ra zi-an, n. a descendant of
a European on the one side, and an Asian
on the other. [A contr. of European and
Asian.l
EUREKA, u-re'ka, the exclamation of
Archimedes when, after long study, he
discovered a method of detecting the
amount of alloy in King Hiero's ciown :
hence, a discovery ; esp. one made after
long research : an expression of triumph
at a discovery or supposed discoverj- ; the
motto of the State of California. [Gr.
heureka, I have found, perf. ind. act. of
heurisko. to find.]
EUROCLYDON, u-rokTi-don, n. a tempest-
uous wind that frequently blows in the
Levant, and which was the occasion of
the disastrous shipwreck of the vessel in
which St. Paul sailed, as narrated in Acts
xxvii. 14-44 ; it is a north-east or north-
north-east wind, and is now known by
the name of Qregalia. [Gr. euros. tWe
south-east wind, and klydon, a wave.]
EUROPEAN, u-ro-pe'an, adj. belonging to
Europe.- — n. a native or inliabitant of
Europe.
EURYCEPHALIC, Q-ri-se-faVik, adj. in
ethn. applied to a subdivision of the
brachycephalic or short, broad-skulled
races of mankind.
EURYTHMY, u'rith-mi, n. just proportion
or symmetry in anything. [Gr. euryth-
mia — eu, well, and rhythmos, measured
motion.]
EUSCARA. us-ka'ra, n. the native name of
the language spoken in the Basque pro-
vinces : Basque. [See BASQUE.]
EUSEBIAN, u-se'bi-an, n. a follower or
one holding the opinions of Eu.'iehius, the
father of ecclesiastical history, who was
at the head of the senii-Arian or moder-
ate party at the Council of Nice.
EUSEBIAN, u-se'bi-an, adj. of or pertain-
ing- to Eusebius.
EUSTACHIAN, u-sta'ki-an, adj. of or per-
taining to Ettstachius or Eustachi. a
famous Italian physician, who died at
Rome, 1574. — Eustachian tube, the tube
which forms a communication between
the internal ear and the back part of the
mouth : so named after its discovei'er the
Eustaehius above mentioned. — EUSTA-
CHIAN VALVE, a semilunar membranous
valve which separates the right auricle
of the heart from the interior vena cava,
first described by Eustaehius.
EUSTATHIAN, il-sta'thi-an, n. one of a
sect of heretics of the fourth century,
so named from their founder Eustathius,
who denied the lawfulness of marriage,
and who was excommunicated by the
Council of Gangra.
EUSTATHIAN, u-sta'thi-an, adj. of or
pertaining to Eustathius.
EUTHANASIA, ti-than-a'zi-a, EUTHAN-
ASY, a-than'a-si, n. an easj/, pleasant
mode of death. [Gr. euthanasia — eu,
well, and thanatos, death.]
EVACUATE, e-vak'u-at, v.t. to throiv out
the contents of : to discharge : to with-
draw from. [L. e, out, vacuo, vacuatris,
to eniptv — vaco, to be emptv,]
EVACUATION, e-vak-u-a'shun, n. act of
emptying out : a withdrawing from :
that which is discharged.
EVACUATOR, e-vak'u-at-or, w. one who
evacuates : (law) one who nullifies or
makes void.
EVADE, e-vad', v.t. to escape artfully: to
avoid cunningly. [L. evado — e, out,
vado, to g-o.J
EVANESCENT, ev-an-es'ent, adj. fleeting :
imperceptible. — adv. Evanesc'ently. —
n. EvANESC'ENCE. [L. evanescens, -entis
— e, and vanesco, to vanish — vanus,
empty.]
EVANGEL, e-van'jel, n. (poet.) good news,
esp. the gospel.
EVANGELICAL, e-van-jel'ik-al. EVAN-
GELIC, e-van-jel'ik, adj. contained in
the gospels, or four first books of the
New Testament ; as, the evangelic his-
tory : according to the gospel, or relig-
ious truth taught in the New Testa-
ment ; consonant to the doctrines and
precepts of the gospel published by Christ
and His apostles ; as, evangelical right-
eousness, obedience, or piety : earnest
for the truth taught in the gospel : sound
in the doctrines of the gospel ; adhering
closely to the letter of the gospel ; fer-
vent and devout ; as, an evangelical
preacher : eccles. (a) a term applied to a
section in t)ie Protestant churches who
profess to base their principles on Script-
ure alone, and who give special promi-
nence to the doctrines of the corruption of
man's nature bj' the fall, of his regenera-
tion and redemption through our Saviour,
and of free and unmerited gi-ace ; (b) a
term applied in Germany to Protestants
as distinguished from Roman Catholics,
inasmuch as the former recognize no
standard of faith except the writings of
the evangelists and other books of the
Bible, and more especially to the national
Protestant church formed in Prussia in
1817 by a union of the Lutheran and Cal-
vlnistic churches. — Evangeucal Alli-
ance, an association of evangelical
Christians belonging to various churches
and countries, formed in 184.5, to concen-
trate the strength of an enlightened
Protestantism against the encroach-
ments of Catholicism and Puseyism, and
to promote the interests of a scriptural
Christianity. — Evangelical Union, the
name assumed by a religious body con-
stituted in Scotland in 1843, its originator
being the Rev. James Morison of Kilmar-
nock, a minister of the United Secession
Church, after wlioni the members of the
body are often spoken of as Morisonians ;
they maintain the universality of the
atonement, combining with this the doc-
trine of eternal, personal, and uncon-
ditional election, and denying that any
one will be condemned for Adam's fall.
[Low L. evangelicus, from L. evangelium,
the gospel ; Gr. euangelikos, from euan-
gelion, good tidings ; in a Christian
sense, glad tidings, the gospel — eu, well,
good, and angello, to announce.]
EVANGELICAL, e-van-jel'ik-al, n. one
who maintains evangelical principles.
EVANGELICISM, e-van-jel'i-sizm. EVAN-
GELICALISM, e-van-jel'ik-al-izm, n.,
evangelical principles.
EVANGELIZATION, e-van-jel-i-za'shun,
n. act of evangelizing or proclaiming the
gospel.
EVANGELIZE, e-van'jel-iz, v.t. to make
known the good iiews : to make ac-
quainted with the gospel. — v.i. to preach
the gospel from place to place.
EVANGELIST, e-van'jel-ist, n. one who
evangelizes : one of the four writers of
the gospels : an assistant of the apostles :
one authorized to preach.
EVANITION, ev-an-i'shun, n. the act of
vanishing or state of ha-ving vanished :
evanishment. Carlyle.
EVAPORABLE, e-vap'or-a-bl, adj. able to
be evaporated or converted into vapor.
EVAPORATE, e-vap'or-at. v.i. to fly off i>j
vapor : to pass into an invisible state --
v. <. to convert into steam or gas. [L. e,
off, vaporo, -atum — vapor, vapor.]
EVAPORATION, e-vap-or-a'shun, n. act of
evaporating or passing off in steam or
gas.
EVASION, e-va'zhun, n. act of evading or
eluding : an attempt to escape the force
of an argument or accusation : an ex-
cuse.
EVASIVE, e-va'siv, adj. that evades or
seeks to evade : not straightforward :
shuflBing. — adv. Eva'sively. — n. Eva'-
siveness.
EVE, ev, EVEN, ev'n, n. (poet.) evening :
the night before a day of note : the time
just preceding a great event. [A.S.
cefen ; Dut. avond : Ger. abend, the
sinking of tlie day, from ab, down.]
E^^EN, ev'n. adj., equal: level: uniform :
parallel : equal on both sides : not odd,
able to be divided by 3 without a re-
mainder : full ; complete ; as.
Let us from point to point tliis story know.
To make the even truth in pleasure 'rtow.
—Shak.
—To MAKE EVEN -WITH, to Square ac-
counts with ; to leave nothing owing
to ; as.
Since if my soul make even teith the week
Each seventh note by ri^'Lt is due to tliee.
—O. Herbert.
— To BEAR ONE'S SELF E^V^N, to beluive
with equanimity; to guard one's com-
posure ; as.
How smootli anti even tliey do bear tbemseUve.
— .s-;.fii-.
— Even lines, make wtes, terms used
by printers, esp, those employed on
newspaper work, meaning to space out
the words of a line when the pieces of
" copy "' (manuscript) do not form wliole
fiaragraphs, — On even ground, on equal-
y favorable terms ; having equal ad-
vantages ; as, the advocates meet on
EVEN
142
EX
even ground in ar^ment. — adv. Ev'en.
LY. — re. Ev'eitoess. [A.S. efen; Dut.
even : Grer. eben — eoenen, to make
smooth : perh. allied to L. osquus,
equal.]
EVEN, ev'n, v.t. to make even or smooth.
— adv. exactly so : indeed : so much as :
still.
EVEN-HANDED, ev'n-hand'ed, adj. with
au equal, fair, or impartial hand: just.
EVENING, e-Zning, n. the close of the
daj'time : the decline or end of Ufe.
[A.S. cefenung, from oefen.]
EVEN-MDTOED, eVn-mind'ed, adj. hav-
ing an even or calm mind : equable.
EVENSONG, eVn-song-, n. the evening ser-
vice in church, so called because formerly
chanted or sung.
EVENT, e-vent', n. that which comes otit or
happens : the result : any incident or oc-
currence. — Event, Occuerence, Inci-
dent, Circumstance. Event, that which
comes out, that which springs from a
previous state of affairs. Hence we speak
of watching the event; of tracing- the
progress of events. An event is of more
importance than an occurrence, and is
generally applied to great transactions in
history. Occur ren ce is literally that which
meets us in our progress through life, and
does not connect itself with the past as
an event does. An incident is that which
falls into a state of things to which it
does not primarily belong ; as, the inci-
dents of a journey : it is applied to mat-
ters of minor importance. Circumstance,
{lit.)ihaX which stands round or attends;
does not necessarily mean anj'thing that
happens or takes place, but may simply
mean one of the surrounding or accom-
panying conditions of an occun-ence, in-
cident, or event. It is also applied to
incidents of minor moment wluch take
place along with something of more im-
portance. A person giving an account
of a campaign, might dwell on the lead-
ing euenfe which it produced ; might men-
tion some of its striking occurrences ;
niiglit allude to some remarkable inci-
dents which attended it ; and might g^ive
details of the favorable or adverse cir-
eiimstances by which it was accompa-
nied. [L. eventus — evenio — e, out, and
venio, to come.]
EVENTFUL, e-vent'fool, adj., full or fruit-
ful of events.
EVENTIDE, ev'n-tid, n. the tide or time of
evciung.
EVENTUAL, e-vent'u-al, ndj. liiippening as
a consequence, ultimate or final. — adv.
Event'ually, finally : at length.
EVENTUALITY, e-vent-u-al'i-ti, n. in
I'lhren. one of the perceptive faculties,
whose organ is situated at the lower part
of the foreliead, below Comparison, and
above Individuality : that which eventu-
ates or happens ; a contingent result.
EVER, eVer, adv. always : eternally : at
any time : in any degree. [A.S. cp/re,
always ; from A.S. awa, ever, which is
cog. with Goth, aiws, L. cevuni, Gr. aion.
See also Age, Aye, Never.]
E"\"ERGREEN, ev'er-gren, adj., ever or al-
ways green. — n. a plant that remains
green all the vear.
EVERLAST1N6, ev-er-last'ing, adj. end-
less : eternal. — n. eternity. — adv. EvER-
last'ingly. — n. Everlast'ingness.
E\T}RMORE, ev-er-mor', adv. unceasingly :
eternally.
EVERY, ev'er-i, adj., each one of a num-
ber: all taken separately: formerly some-
times used alone in sense of ever.y one.
" Every of this happy number." — Shak.;
If every of your wishes had a womb.
And fertile every wish.— Shak.
(A.S oefre, ever, and celc, each.]
EVERYWHERE, ev'er-i-hwar, adv. in
every place.
EVICT, e-vikt', v.t. to dispossess by law : to
expel from. [L. evictus, pa.p. of evinco,
to overcome. See Evince.]
EVICTION, e-vik'shun, n. the act of evict-
ing from house or lands : the lawful
recovery of lands.
EVIDENCE, ev'i-dens, n. that which makes
evident : proof or testimony : a witness :
in lau\ that which is legally submitted
to a competent tribunal, as a means of
a.scertaining the truth of any alleged
matter of fact under investigation before
it : evidence may be either written or
parole, direct or circumstantial ; written
evidence consists of records, deeds, affi-
davits, and other writings ; jiarole or oral
evidence is that rendered by witnesses
personally appearing in court and sworn
to the truth of what they depose ; direct
evidence is that of a person ^"ho has been
an eye-witness to a fact ; circumstantial
evidence consists of many concurrent cir-
cumstances leading to an inference or
conviction : one who or that which sup-
plies evidence ; a witness ; an evident ;
as," Infamous and perjured evidences.^' —
Sir W. Scott. (Rare.) — King's or State's
evidence, in criminal law, evidence given
by an accomplice, when the ordinai-j'
evidence is defective, on the understand-
ing that he himself shall go free for his
share of the crune : testimony is the
evidence given by one witness, evidence is
the testimony of one or many ; we say
the united testimonies, but "the ivhole
evidence. — v.t. to render evident: to
prove.
EVIDENT, ev'i-dent, adj. that is visible or
can be seen : clear to the mind : obvious.
— adv. Ev'idently {New Test.) visibly.
[L. evidens, -entis — e, and video, to see.]
EVIDENTIAL, ev-i-den'shal, adj. furnish-
ing evidence : tending to prove. — adv.
Eviden'tiaixy.
EVIL, e'vl, adj. wicked : mischievoas : un-
fortvmate. — adv. in an evU manner :
badly. — n. that which produces unhappi-
ness or calamity : harm : wickedness :
depravity. [A.S. yfel ; Dut. euvel, Ger.
fibel. Ill is a doublet.]
EVIL-DOER, e'vl-doo'er, ?i. one who does
evil.
EVIL-EYE, e'vl-I, n. a siipposed power to
cause evil or harm bv tlie look of the eye.
EVIL-EAVOREDNESS, e'vl-fa'vurd-nes, n.
(B.) ugliness : deformity.
EVIL-MINDED, e'vl-mlnd'ed, adj. inclined
to evil : malicious : wicked.
EVIL-SPEAKING, e'vl-spek'ing, ?i. the
speaking of evil : slander.
EVIL-WORKER, e'vl-wurk'er, n. one who
works or does evil.
EVINCE, e-vins', v.t. to prove beyond
doubt : to show clearly : to make evi-
dent. [L. evinco — e, inten., and vinco,
to overcome.]
EVINCIBLE, e-vins'i-bl, adj. tliat may be
evinced or made evident. — adv. EviiJC'l-
BLY.
EVINCIVE, e-vins'iv, adj. tending to
evince, prove, or demonstrate.
EVISCERATE, e-vis'er-at, v.t. to tear out
the viscera or bowels. — n. Eviscera'tion.
[Ij. e. out, and viscera, the liowels.]
EVOKE, e-vok', v.t. to call out: to draw
out or bring forth. [L. evoco — e, out, and
voeo. to call.]
EVOLUTION, ev-o-lu'shun, n. the act of
unfolding or unrolling ; develojiment ;
as, tlie evolution of a flower from a bud,
or a bird from the egg ; as "The evolution
of the plot (of a dramatic poem)." — Dr.
Caird : a series of tilings unrolled or un-
folded ; as. •• The evolution of ages." — Sir
T. More : in geom. the unfolding or open-
ing of a curve and making it describe an
evolvent ; the equable evolution of the
periphery of a circle or other curv« is
such a gradual approach of the circum-
ference to rectitude as that its parts do
not concur and equally evolve or unbend,
so that the same line becomes success-
ively a less arc of a reciprocally greater
circle, till at last they change into a
straight line : in math, the extraction o(
roots from powers ; the reverse of involu-
tion : (mint.) the doubling- of ranks or
flies, wheeling, countermai'ching-, or
other motion by which the disposition of
troops is changed, in order to attack or
defend with more advantage or to occupy
a different post : {naut.) the change of
form and disposition of a fleet or the
movements of a single vessel during
manoeuvres : in biology, sti-ictly the
theory of generation, in wliich the' germ
is held to pre-exist in the parent, and its
parts to be unfolded and expanded, but
not actually formed by the j)rocreative
acts : that theory which sees in the his-
toiy of all things, organic and inorganic,
a passage from simplicity to complexity,
from an undiffereuti.ated to a differen-
tiated condition of the elements. Thus
the nebular hypothesis, which regard.^
the planetarj- bodies as evolved from
nebular or gaseous matter, and the his-
tory of the development of an individual
plant or animal, or of society, are exam-
ples of evolution. The evolution theory
of the origin of species is, that later
species have been developed by continu-
ous differentiation of organs aiad modifi-
cations of parts from species simpler and
less differentiated, and that thus all
organic existences, even man himself,
may be traced ba«k to a simple celL
[Fr. evolution, from L. evohitio, from
evolvo, evolutum. to unroll, to unfold.
See Evol-veJ
EVOLUTIONIST, ev-o-lu'shun-ist, n. one
skilled in evolutions or military move-
ments : one who believes in evolution as
a principle in science or philosophy.
EVOLUTIVE, e\-'o-lu-tiv, adj. of, pertain-
ing to, or causing evolution or develop-
ment.
EVOL^^, e-volv', v.t. to roll out or unroll:
to disclose : to develop : to unravel. — v.i.
to disclose itself. [L. evolvo — c, out, volvo,
to roll.]
E\TJLSION, e-^'u^shun, n. a plucking out
bv force. [L. e, out, and vello, vulsus, to
pluck.]
EWE, u, n. a female sheep. [A.S. eo?«( ;
L. oris, Gr. o'is. Sans, avi, a sheep.]
EWER, u'er, n. a large jug placed on a
washstand to hold water. [O. Fr. euwier,
Fr. evier — L. aquarium — aqua, water,
whence also Fr. eau.'\
EWRY, Q'ri, n. in medifeval times, the
scullery of a religious house: in England,
an office in the royal household, where
they take care of the linen for the sov-
ereign's table, lay the cloth, and serve up
water in ewers after dinner. [Fi'oni eM-er. ]
EX, eks, a Latin preposition or prefix, Gr.
e.r or ek, signifying out of, out, proceed-
ing from. Hence, in composition, it
signifies sometimes out of, as in e.rhale,
e.rclude ; sometimes off, from, or out, as
in L. exscindo, to cut off or out ; some-
times beyond, as in eaeess, e.rceed, creel.
In some'words it is merelj- emphatical ;
in others it has little effect on the signif-
ication. Ex prefixed to names of office
denotes that a person has held, but no
longer holds, that office ; as, f,f-minister.
Ex is frequently used as a preposition be-
fore English words, as in the phrase, 30
chests tea ex " Sea King," where it signi-
fies taken out of, delivered from. Stock
EXACERBATE
143
EXCEPTION
of any kind sold ex div. means that the
next dividend upon such stock has been
declared, and is reserved by the seller.
EXACERBATE, egz-as'er-bat, v.t. to im-
bittei- : to provoke : to render more vio-
lent or severe, as a disease. [L. exacerho,
exaeerbatiis — ex, and acerbo, from acer-
b>(S. bitter. See ACERBITY.]
EXACERBATION, egz-as-er-ba'shun, EX-
ACERBESCENCE, egz-as-er-bes'ens, n.
increase of irritation or violence, esp. the
increase of a fever or disease.
EXACT, egz-akt', adj. precise : careful :
punctual : true: certain or demonstrable.
—adv. Exact'ly.— Ji. Exact'ness. [L.
exactus, pa.p. of exigo, to drive out, to
measure — ex, and ago, to drive, to do.]
EXACT, egz-akt', v.t. to force from : to
compel full paj'ment of : to make great
demands or to demand urgently: to ex-
tort.— v.i. to practice extortion. [See
Exact, arfj.]
EXACTIXG, egz-akt'ing, p. and adj. de-
manding or compelling to paj' or yield
under color of authority: requiring au-
thoritatively: demanding or disposed to
demand without pity or justice : extort-
ing : compelling by necessity: uureason-
ablj- severe or oppressive. " With a tem-
per so exacting, he was more likely to
claim what he thought due, than to
consider what others might award." —
Arnold.
EXACTION, egz-ak'shun, n. the act of ex-
acting or demanding strictly: an oppres-
sive demand : that which is exacted, as
excessive work or tribute.
EXACTOR, egz-akt'er, n. one who exacts ;
an officer who collects tribute, taxes, or
customs ; as, "I will make thine officers
peace, and thine exactors righteous-
ness."— Is. ix. 17: an extortioner ; one
' who compels another to pay more than
is legal or reasonable ; one who demands
something mthout pity or regard to jus-
tice ; one who is unreasonably severe in
his injunctions or demands ; as, " The
service of sin is perfect slavery ... an
unreasonable taskmaster and an un-
measurable exactor." — South; "Men
that are in health are severe exactors of
patience at the hands of tliem tliat are
sick." — Jer. Taylor: he that demands
by authority; as, an exactor of oaths.
"As they reposed great religion in an
oath, in respect of the actor : so did they
likewise, in respect of the exactor." —
Fotherbij.
EXACTRESS, egz-akt'res, n. a female who
exacts or is severe in her injunctions.
•■ Expectation, so severe an exactress
of duties." — B. Jonson.
EXAGGERATE, egz-aj'er-at, v.t. to mag-
nify unduly: to represent too strongly.
[L." cvaggero, exaggeratus — ex, aggero,
to heap up — agger, a heap.]
EXAGGERATION, egz-aj-er-a'shun, n. ex-
travagant representation : a statement
in excess of tlie truth.
EXAGGERATm:, egz-aj'er-at-iv, EX-
AGGERATORY, egz-aj'er-a-tor-i, adj.
containing exaggeration or tending to
exaggerate.
EXALT, egz-awlt', v.t. to raise very high:
to elevate to a higher position : to elate
or fill with the joy of success : to praise
or extol : (chem.) to refine or subtilize. —
11. Exalt'edness. [L. exalto — e.v, and al-
ius, grown great by nourishing, high,
from alo, to nourish ; Gr. altho, to cause
to grow.]
EXALTATION, egz-awlt-a'shun, n. eleva-
tion in rank or dignity : high estate :
mental elevation ; a state of mind in
which a pereon possesses poetical or
noble thoughts and noble aspirations.
"You are only aware of the impetuosity
of the senses, the upweUing of the blood,
the effusion of tenderness, Ijut not of the
nervous exaltation, the poetic rapture."
— Tran.9. of Taine.
EXAMINATION, egz-am-i-na'shun, n. the
act of examining or state of being ex-
amined ; a cai-eful search or inquiry,
with a view to discover truth or the real
state of things ; careful and accurate
inspection of a thing and its parts ; a
view of qualities and relations, and an
estimate of their nature and importance;
scrutiny by study or experiment ; as, an
examination of a house or a ship ; as,
" Different men leaving out or putting
in several simple ideas, according to their
various examination, skill, or observa-
tion of the subject, have different es-
sences."— Locke; "Nothing- that is self-
evident can be the proper subject of
examination." — South : in judicial pro-
ceedings, a careful inquiry into facts bj'
testimony; an attempt to ascertain truth
by inqiuries and interrogatories ; as, the
examination at a witness or the merits
of a cause : a process prescribed or as-
signed for testing qualification, capabili-
ties, knowledge, progress, and the like ;
as, the examination of a student, of a
candidate for admission to the ministry
or bar; the periodical e.ramination of a
school : trial or assay by the appropriate
methods or tests, as of minerals or chem-
ical compounds.
EXAMINE, egz-am'in, v.t. to test : to in-
quire into : to question. [L. examen
(= exagmen), the tongue of a balance.
From the root of Exact.]
EXAMINER, egz-am'in-er, n. one who
examines.
EXAMPLE, egz-am'pl, n. that which is
taken out as a specimen of the rest, or
as an illustration of a rule, etc.: the
person or thing to be imitated or avoid-
ed : a pattern : a warning : a former in-
stance : a precedent. [Fr. — L. exemplwn
— eximo, to take out — ex, out of, and
emo, empt^is, to take.]
EXASPERATE, egz-as'per-at, v.t. to make
very rough or angry : to irritate in a high
degree. [L. ex, intensive, and aspero, to
make rough — a.vper, rough.]
EXASPERATION, egz-as-per-a'shun, n.
act of in-itating : state of being exasper-
ated : provocation : rage : aggravation.
EXAUGURATE, egz-aw'gu-rat, v.t. in
Rom. antiq. to change from sacred to
profane : hence, to desecrate : to secular-
ize : to profane. " He determined to
exaugiirate and to unhallow certain
churches and chapels." — Holland. [L.
exauguro, exaugvratnm — ex, priv., and
auguro, to consecrate by auguries, from
angnr.'i
EXAUGtlRATION, egz-aw-gu-ra'shun, n.
in Rom. antiq. the act of changing a
sacred thing or person into a profane
one : secularization : a ceremony neces-
sary before consecrated buildings could
be used for secular purposes, or priests
resign their sacred functions or enter
into matrimony : hence, desecration :
profanation. "The exauguration and
unhallowlng ail other cells and chapels
besides." — Holland.
EXC^CATION. eks-se-ka'shun, n. the act*
of putting out the eyes : blinding. [L.
ex, out, and caco, to IJlind.]
Not excoecation, if the thouj^ht of that
Calls up those looks of terror.— .Sir II. Taylor.
EXCALIBUR, EXCALIBAR, eks-kal'i-ber,
n. the mythological sword of King
Arthur given him by the Lady of the
Lake, to whom Merlin directed him to
apply for it. "No sword on earth, were
it the E.rcaUbar of King Arthur, can cut
that which opposes no steady resistance
to the blow."— Si)- ir. Scott.
EXCAVATE, eks'ka-%-at, v.t. to hollow or
scoop out. [L. excavo — ex, out, cavus,
hollow.]
EXCAVATION, eks-ka-va'shun, n. act of
excavating : a hollow or cavity made by
excavating.
EXCAVATOR, eks'ka-va-tor, n. one who
excavates.
EXCEED, ek-sed', v.t. to go beyond th«
limit or measure of : to surpass or excel.
— v.i. to go beyond a given or proper
limit. [L. ex, bej-ond, and cedo, cessum,
to go.]
EXCEEDING (aba.), ek-sed'ing, EXCEED-
INGLY, ek-sed'ing-li, adv. very much :
greatly.
EXCEL, ek-sel', v.t. to rise beyond : to ex-
ceed : to surpass. — v.i. to have good
qualities in a high degree : to perform
very meritorious actions : to be superior :
— pr.p. excelling ; jja.j). excelled'. [L.
excello — ex, out, up, and a root cello,
same as Gr. kello, to drive, to urge.]
EXCELLENCE, ek'.sel-ens, EXCELLENCY,
ek'sel-en-si, n. great merit : any excel-
lent quality : worth : greatness" : a title
of honor given to persons high in rank or
office. [Fr. — L. excellentia — exeellens,
rising above, distinguishing one"s self.]
EXCELLENT, ek'sel-ent, adj. surpassing
others in some good quality : of great
virtue, worth, etc. : superior : valuable.
— adv. Ex'CEiXENTLY. [Fr. — L. exeellens,
-eniis — excello.l
EXCEPT, ek-sept', v.t. to take or leave out:
to exclude. — v.i. to object. [L. excipio,
cxceptns — ex, out, and capio. to take.]
EXCEPT, ek-sept', EXCEPTING, ek-sept -
ing.prep.. leaving out : excluding: but.
EXCEPTION, ek-sep'shun, n. the act of
excepting or excluding from a number
designated, or from a description ; ex-
clusion ; as, all voted for the bUl, with
the eaception of five ; " He doth deny his
prisoners but with proviso and excep-
tion."— Shak. : exclusion from what is
comprehended in a general rule or propo-
sition— sometimes, though rarely, with
to ; "Let the money be raised on land,
with an excep>tion to some of the more
barren parts, that might be tax free." —
Addison : that which is excepted, ex-
cluded, or separated from others in a
general description ; the person or thing
specified as distinct or not included : as,
almost every general rule has its excep-
tions ;
Such rare exceptions, shinin? in the dark.
Prove, rather than impeach, the just remark.
— Cov'per ;
an objection ; that which is or may be
offered in opposition to a rule, proposi-
tion, statement, or allegation — witli to ;
sometimes with against ; " I will answer
what exceptions he can have against onr
account.' — Bentley : objection with di.s-
like : offence ; slight ang-er or resent-
ment— with at or against, but Tiore com-
monly with to, and generally jsed with
take : as. to take exception at . severe re-
mark ; to tal ; exception tj what wa.?
said ; " Roder go, thou hast taken against
me an except. in." — Shak. : in lair {a) the
denial of what is alleged and considered
as valid by the other party, either in
point of law or in pleading ; a denial of a
matter alleged in bar to an action : an
allegation against the sufficiency of an
answer ; it is a .stop or stay to an action,
and it is either dilatory or peremptory ;
(b) a clause by which the grantor of a
deed excepts .something before granted,
as when having disjiosed of a house a
particular room is e.\cepted from the
same.— Bill of exceptions, in law, a
EXCEPTIONABLE
144
EXCRETE
statement of exceptions taken to the de-
cision, or instructions, on points of law,
of the judge presiding at a trial, for the
purpose of having these points recorded
in order to be reviewed by a superior
court or the full bench.
EXCEPTIONABLE, ek-sep'shun-a-bl, adj.
objectionable.
EIXCEPTIONAL, ek-sep'shun-al, adj. pe-
culiar.
EXCEPTIVE, ek-sept'iv, adj. including;
making, or being- an exception.
EXCEPTOR, ek-sept'or, n. one who excepts
or objects.
EXCEREBRATE, eks-se're-brat, v.t. to re-
move or beat out the brains of : to cast
out from the brain. "Virtue in it to
excerebrate all cares." — Bp. Ward. [L.
excerebro, excerebratum — ex, out, and
cerebrum, brain.]
EXCERPT, ek-serpt', n. a passage picked
out or selected from a book, an extract.
[L. excerptum, pa.p. of excerpo — ex, out,
and carpo, to pick.]
EXCESS, ek-ses', n. a going beyond what
is usual or proper : intemperance : that
which exceeds : the degree by which one
thing exceeds another. [L. excessus — ex-
cedo, excessus, to go beyond.]
EXCESSIVE, ek-ses'iv, adj. beyond what
is right and proper : immoderate : vio-
lent.— adv. EXCESS'IVELY. — n. Excess'-
rVENESS.
EXCHANGE, eks-chanj', i\t. in comm. to
part with, in return for some equivalent ;
to transfer, for a recompense ; to barter ;
as, he exchanges his goods in foreign
countries for gold, the workman ex-
changes his labor for money ; " He has
something to exchange with those abroad."
— Locke : to lay aside, quit, or resign one
tiling, state, or condition, and take anoth-
er in the place of it ; to part with for a
substitute ; as, to exchange a crown for a
cowl ; to exchange a throne for a cell or
a hermitage ; to exchange a life of ease
for a hfe of toil; "And death for life
eaxhanged foolishly." — Skak. : to give
and receive reciprocally ; to give and
take ; communicate mutually ; to inter-
change ; as, to exchange horses, clothes,
thoughts, civilities ;
Exchange foregiveness with me, noble Hamlet.
—Shak.
[O. Fr. exchanger, esehanger; Ff. ichanger
— ex, and changer, to change.]
EXCHANGE, eks-chanj', v.i. to make an
exchange : to pass or to be taken as an
equivalent : as, a dollar should exchange
for ten dimes.
EXCHANGE, eks-chanj', n. the act of
givmg one thing or commodity for anoth-
er ; barter ; the act of parting with some-
thing in return for an equivalent ; traffic
by interchange of commodities ; " Joseph
gave them bread in exchange for horses."
— Gen. xlvii. 17 ;
O spare her hfe and in exchange take mine.
— Dryden:
the act of giwiag up or resigning one thing
or state for another, without contract ;
as the exhange of a crown for a cloister :
the act -f giving and receiving recipro-
cally ; as, an exchangt of thoughts, an
exchange of civilities : he contract by
which one commodity i transferred to
another for an equivalent commodity :
the thing given in return for somctliing
received ; or the thing received m return
for what is given ; change ; " There's my
exchange." — Shak. : among journali.sts, a
newspaper sent to one office in exchange
for one received : the process of exchang-
ing one debt or credit for another; or the
receiving or pajing of money in one place,
for an equal sum in another, by order,
draft, or bUl of exchange: in mercantile
lang. a bill drawn for money ; a bill of ex-
change : in laic, a mutual grant of equal
interests, the one in consideration of the
other : the place where the merchants,
brokers, and bankers of a city meet to
transact business, at certain hours, often
contracted into 'Change: " As he does in
the market and exchange, who sells sev-
eral things." — Locke: in arith. a rule the
object of which is to find how much of
the money of one country is equivalent to
a given sum of the money of another ; aU
the calculations in exchange may be per-
formed by the rule of proportion ; and the
work may often be abbreviated by the
method of aliquot parts. — COURSE OF EX-
CHANGE, the cm-rent price between two
places, which is above or below par, or at
par. Exchange is at par when a bill in
New York for the pajTuent of one hun-
dred pounds sterling in London can be
purchased for one hundred pounds ; if it
can be purchased for less, exchange is
under par ; if the purchaser is obliged to
give more, exchange is above par. — Theo-
ry OF EXCHANGES, a theory introduced by
Prevost, for explaining the equilibrium
of temperature of any body, is founded
on the supposition that the quantity of
heat which a body diffuses by radiation
is equal to the quantity which it receives
by radiation from surrounding bodies, and
which it either absorbs whollv or in part.
EXCHANGEABLE, eks-chanj'a-bl, adj.
that may be exchanged. — n. Exchange-
abil'itt.
EXCHANGER, eks-chanj'er. n. one who
exchanges or practices ex<?hange : (B.) a
monev-changer, a banker.
EXCHEQUER, eks-chek'er, n. a superior
Enghsh court which had formerly to do
only with the revenue, but now also
with common law, so named from the
checkered cloth which formerly covered
the table, and on which the accounts
were reckoned. — v.t. to proceed against
a person in the Court of Exchequer.
[From root of CHECK, Checker.]
EXCISE, ek-slz', 7i. a tax on certain home
commodities and on licenses for certain
trades : specifically, liquor tax. — v.t. to
subject to excise duty. [O. Dut. aksiis —
Fr. assis. assessments — assise, an assize,
at which the tajc was fixed. See ASSESS
and Assize.]
EXCISE, ek-siz', v.t. to cut out : to cut
off : as, to excise a tumor. [L. excido,
exciswn, to cut out or off, from ex, out,
and ccedo, to cut.]
EXCISEMAN, ek-slz'man, n. an officer
charged with collecting the excise.
EXCISION, ek-sizh'un, n. a cutting out or
off of any kind: extirpation. [Fr. — L.,
from excido, to cut out — ex, out, and
ccedo, to cut. See Concise.]
EXCITABLE, ek-slt'a-bl, adj. capable of
being, or easily excited. — n. Excita-
BIL'ITT.
EXCITANT, ek-slt'ant or ek'sit-ant, n. that
which excites or rouses the vital acti\nty
of the bodv : a stimulant.
EXCITATIO'N, ek-sit-a'shun, n. the act of
exciting or putting in motion ; the act
of rousing or awakening; "It may be
safely said that the order of excitation is
from muscles that are small and frequent-
ly acted on to those which are larger, and
• less frequently acted on." — H. Spencer;
" Here are words of fervent excitation to
the frozen hearts of others."— Up. Hall:
in med. the act of producing excitement ;
also, the excitement produced. — EXCITA-
TION OF ELECTRICITT, the disturbance of
the electric equilibrium by friction, ele-
vation of temperature, contact, etc.
EXCITATIVE, ek-sit'a-tiv. EXCITATORY,
ek-slt'a-tor-i, adj. tending to excite.
EXCITATOR, ek-sit-at'er, n. in deet. an in-
strument employed to discharge a Leyden
jar or other electrical apparatus in such
a manner as to secure the operator from
the force or effect of the shock. [L.,
from excito.]
EXCITE, ek-sit', v.t. to call into activity :
to stir up : to rouse : to irritate. — n. Ex<-
cit'er. [L. ex, out, and root of Cite.]
EXCITEMENT, ek-slt'ment, n. agitation;
that which excites.
EXCLAIM, eks-klam', v.i. to cry out : to
utter or speak vehemently. [Fr. ex-
clamer—Ij. exclamo — ex, out, clamo. to
shout.]
EXCLAMATION, eks-kla-ma'shun, n. ve-
hement utterance : outcry : an uttered
expression of surprise, and the like : the
mark expressing this (!) : an interjection.
EXCLAMATORY, eks-klam'a-tor-i. adj.
containing or expressing exclamation.
EXCLAVE, eks'klav, w. a part of a country,
province, or the like, which is disjoined
from the main part. [See Enclave.]
EXCLUDE, eks-klood', v.t. to close or shut
out : to thrust out : to hinder from en-
trance : to hinder from participation : to
except. [L. excludo — ex, out, and claudo,
to shut.]
EXCLUSION, eks-kloo'zhun. n. a shutting
or putting out : ejection : exception.
EXCLUSIONIST, eks-kl66'zhun-ist. n. one
who would preclude another from some
privilege : specifically, in English hist.,
one of a party of politicians in the time
of Charles II. favorable to a bill to ex-
clude his popish heirs from the tlirone.
" The exclusive in fashionable life does
not see that he excludes himself from en-
joyment, in the attempt to appropriate
it. The exclusionist in religion does not
see that he shuts tlie door of heaven on
himself, in striving to shut out others."
, — Emerson. "The gentlemen of every
county, the traders of every town, the
boys of every public school were divided
into exclusionists and abhorrers." — Ma-
caulay.
EXCLUSIVE, eks-kloo'siv, adj. able or
tending to exclude : debarring from par-
ticipation: sole: not taking into account.
— n. one of a number who exclude others
from their society.^ — adv. Exclu'sively.
— n. Excld'siveness.
EXCOGITATE, eks-koj'i-tiit, v.t. to dis-
cover by thinking : to think earnestly or
laboriously. [L. excogito, -atus — ex, but,
and cogito. to think.]
EXCOGITATION, eks-koj-i-ta'shun, n. la-
borious tiiinking: invention: contrivance.
EXCOMMUNICATE, eks-kom-un'i-kat. i-.f.
to put Old of or expel from the commun-
ion of the church : to deprive of cliurch
pri\Tleges. [L. ex, out of, and Communi-
cate.]
EXCOMMUNICATION, eks-kom-un-i-ka'-
shun, n. act of expelling from the com-
munion of a church.
EXCORL^TE, eks-ko'ri-at, v.t. to strip the
skin from. [L. e.rcorio, -atus — ex, from,
corium, the skin.]
EXCREMENT, ek.s'kre-ment, n. useless
matter discharged from the animal sys-
tem : dung.— adj. EXCREMENT' AL. [L.
exerementum — excerno, exeretus, to sep
EXCREMENTITIOUS.eks-kre-men-tish'us
adj. pertaining to, consisting of, or con-
taining excrement.
EXCRESCENCE, eks-kres'ens, n. that
which grows otd unnaturally from any-
thing else : an outbreak : a wart or
tumor : a superfluous part. [Fr. — L. —
evcre.fco — ex, out, and cresco, to grow.]
EXCRESCENT, eks-kres'ent, adj.. growing
out: superfluous.
EXCRETE, eks-kret', v.t. to separate from.
EXCRETION
145
EXHAUST-PIPE
or discharg-e : to eject. [L. ear, Trom,
and ccrno. cretus, to separate.]
EXCRETION, eks-kre'shun, n. act of ex-
creting matter from the animal system :
that which is excreted. — adj. Excee'tive,
able to excrete.
EXCRETORY, eks-kre'tor-i, adj. having-
the quality of excreting. — n. a duct or
vessel that helps to receive and excrete
matter.
EXCRUCIATE, eks-kroo'shi-at. v.t. to tor-
ture as if on a cross: to rack. [L. ex,
out, and crucio, eruciatiis, to crucify —
crux, erucis, a cross.]
EXCRTJCIATION, eks-kroo-shi-a'shun, n.
torture : vexation.
EXCULPATE, eks-kul'pat, v.t. to clear
from the charge of a fault or crime : to
absolve : to vindicate. — n. Exculpa'TION.
[L. exculpo, exciilpatus — ex, from, culpa,
a fault.]
EXCULPATORY, eks-kul'pa-tor-i, adj. ex-
culpating or freeing from the charge of
fault or crime.
EIXCURSION, eks-kur'shun, n. a going-
forth : an expedition : a trip for pleasure
or health : a wandering from the main
subject : a digression. [L. excursio — ex,
out. and curro, cursum. to run.]
EXCURSIONIST, eks-kur'shun-ist, n. one
who goes on an excursion or pleasure-
trip.
EXCURSIVE, eks-kur'siv, adj. rambling :
debating.— adv. Excur'SIVELY. — n. Ex-
cte'siveness.
EXCURSUS, eks-kur'sus, n. a dissertation
on some particular point appended to a
book or chapter.
EXCUSABLE, eks-kiiz'a-bl, adj. admitting-
of justification.
EXCUSATORY, eks-kuz'a-tor-i, adj. mak-
ing or containing excuse.
EXCUSE, eks-kilz , v.t. to free from blame
or guilt : to forgive : to free from an ob-
ligation : to release : to make an apology
or ask pardon for. [L. excuso — ex, from,
caiisor, to plead — causa, a cause, an ac-
cusation.]
EXCLTSE, eks-kus', 7i. a plea oflfered in ex-
tenuation of a fault.
EXECRABLE, eks'e-kra^bl, adj. deserving
execration : detestable : accursed. — adv.
Ex'ecrably.
EXECRATE, eks'e-krat, v.t. to curse : to
denounce evil against : to detest utterly.
[L. exsecror. -atiis, to curse — ex, from, and
sacer. sacred.]
EXECRATION, eks-e-kra'shun, n. act of
execrating : a curse pronounced : that
which is execrated.
EXECRATIOUS, eks-e-kra'shus, adj. im-
precatory : cursing : execrative. " A
whole volley of such like execrations
■B'ishes. " — Richardson.
EXECRATIVE, eks'e-kra-tiv, adj. denounc-
ing evil against : imprecating evil on :
cursing : vilifying. Carlyle.
EXECRATIVELY, eks'e-kra-tiv-li, adv. in
an execrative manner. Carlyle.
EXECRATORY, eks'e-kra-to-ri, adj. denun-
ciatory : abusive. " Without e.rec)"afori/
comment." — Kingsley.
EXECUTE, eks'e-kut, v.t. to perform : to
^ive effect to : to carry into effect the
sentence of the law : to" put to death by
law. — n. Ex'ECUTER. [Fr. executer — L.
exsequor, exsecutus — ex, out, and sequor,
to follow.]
EXECUTION, eks-e-ku'shun, n. act of ex-
ecuting or performing : accomplishment :
completion : carrying into effect the
sentence of a court of law : the warrant
for so doing-.
EXECUTIONER, eks-e-ku'shun-er, n. one
who executes, esp. one who inflicts capi-
tal punishment.
EXECUTIVE, egz-ek'ut-iv, adj. having the
J
quality of executing or performing ; de-
signed or fitted for execution or carrying
into effect ; as, executive power or author-
ity, an executive officer : hence, in gov-
ernment, executive is used in distinction
from legislative and judicial — the body
that deliberates and enacts laws is legis-
lative : the body that judges or applies
the laws to particular cases is judicial :
the body or person who carries the laws
into effect, or superintends the enforce-
ment of them, is executive.
EXECUTIVE, egz-ek'ut-iv, n. the officer,
whether king, president, or other chief
magistrate, who superintends the execu-
tion of the laws : the person or persons
who administer the government : exec-
utive power or authority in government :
in the U. S. the President, the governors
of States, the mayors of cities, etc.
EXECUTOR, egz-ek'ut-er, n. one who exe-
cutes or performs; a doer; " Such base-
ness had never like executor." — Shak. :
an executioner ;
The sad-eyed justice with his surly hum.
Delivering o'er to executors pale
The lazy, yawning drone. — Shak. :
the person appointed by a testator to ex-
ecute his will or to see it carried into
effect. — Executor de son tort, one
who, without authority, intermeddles
with the goods of a deceased person, by
which he subjects himself to the trouble
of executorship without the profits or
advantages. — Executor nominate, an
executor appointed by the will of the
testator. In most of the States of the
Union the executor is named in the will :
administrator being the official title of
an executor appointed by legal authority.
EXECUTORY, egz-ek'u-tor-i, adj. execut-
ing official duties : designed to be carried
into effect.
EXECUTRIX, egz-ek'u-triks, EXECU-
TRESS, egz-ek'u-tres, n. a female execu-
tor : a woman appointed by a testator to
execute his will.
EXEGESIS, eks-e-je'sis, n. the science of
interpretation, esp. of the Scriptures.
[Gr. exegesis — exegeomai, to explain — ex,
out, and hegeomai, to guide — agro,tolead.]
EXEGETIC, eks-e-jet'ik, EXEGETICAL,
eks'e-jet'ik-al, adj. pertaining to exege-
sis : explanatory. — adv. Exeget'ically.
— n.sing. Exeget'ics, the science of exe-
gesis. [Gr. See Exegesis.]
EXEMPLAR, egz-em'pler, n. a model, orig-
inal, or pattern to be copied or imitated :
the idea or image of a thing formed in
the mind, as of an artist : the ideal model
which he attempts to imitate.
He who has learned the duty which he owes
To friends and country, and to pardon foes . . .
Such is the man the poet should rehearse,
As joint exemjAar of his life and verse.— -H//rcm.
EXEMPLARY, egz'em-plar-i, adj. worthy
of imitation or notice : commendable. —
adv. Ex'emplaeily. [See Exemplar.]
EXEMPLIFICATION, egz - em - pli - fi-ka'-
shun, n. act of exemplifying : that which
exemplifies : a copy or transcript.
EXEMPLIFY, egz-em'pli-fl, v.t. to illus-
trate by example : to make an attested
copy of : to prove by an attested copy: —
pr.p. exem'plifying"; pa.p. exem'plified.
Tl. e^vemplum, and/ac!o, to do or make.]
EXEMPT, egz-emt', v.t. to free, or grant
immunity from. — adj. taken out : not
liable to : released. [Fr.— L. eximo, ex-
emptus — ex. out, and emo, to take, to
buy. Cf. Example.]
EXEMPTION, egz-em'shun, n. the act of
exempting : the state of being exempt :
freedom from any service, charge, bur-
den, tax, evil, or" requisition, to which
others are subject : immunity: privilege :
as, exemption from feudal servitude ; ex-
emption from pain, sorrow, or death ;
" The Roman laws gave particular ex-
emptions to such as built ships or traded
in corn." — Arhuthnot : in the R. C.
Church, a dispensation occasionally
granted by the pope to clergymen, and
more rarely to laymen, to exempt them
from the authority of their ordinaries.
EXEQUIES, eks'e-kwiz, n.pl. a funeral
()rocession : the ceremonies of burial.
L. exseqiiioB — ex, out, sequor, to fol-
ow.]
EXERCISE, eks'er-slz, n. a putting in
Eractice : exertion of the body for
ealth or amusement : discipline : a
lesson or task. [Fr. exerciee — L. exer-
citium — L. exereeo, -dtiis — ex, out, and
arceo, to drive.]
EXERCISE, eks'er-slz, v.*. to train by use :
to improve b}- practice : to afflict : to
put in practice : to use.
EXERT, egz-ert', V.?. to bring into active
operation : to do or perform. [L. exsero,
exsertus — ex, out, and sero, to put to-
gether. See Series.]
EXERTION, egz-er'shun, n. a bringing into
active operation : effort : attempt.
EXESTUATE, egz-es'tu-at, v.i. to boil : to
be agitated. [L. excestuo, excestuatum,
to boil up — ex, out, up, and cestuo, to
boil, from cesttts, heat, fire, boiling of
water.]
EXESTUATION, egz-ps-tu-a'shun, n. a
boiling : ebullition : agitation caused by
heat: effervescence. "Saltpetre is in
operation a cold body ; physicians and
chymists give it in fevers, to allay the
Inward exestuations of the blood and
humors. " — Boyle.
EXEUNT, eks'e-unt, a word used in dra-
matic literature to denote the period at
which several actors quit the stage. —
Exeunt omnes (all go out) is sometimes
used when all the actors leave the stage
at the same time. [L., they go out.]
EX FACIE, eks fa'shi-e, from the face of :
said of what appears from the face of a
writing or other document. [L.]
EXFOLIATE, eks-fo'li-at, v.i. to come off
in scales.—?!. Exfolia'tion. [L. exfolio,
exfoliatus — ex, off, and folium, a leaf.
See FoUAGE.J
EXHALATION, egz-hal-a'shun, n. act or
process of exhaling : evaporation : that
which is exhaled : vapor : steam. [L.
exhalntio — exhalo, -atus.]
EXHALE, egz-hal', v.t. to emit or send
out as vapor : to evaporate. — v.i. to rise
or be given off as vapor. [Fr. exhaler —
L. exhalare — ex. out, halo, halatus, to
breathe.]
EXHAUST, egz-hawst', v.t. to draiv out
the whole of : to use the whole strength
of : to wear or tire out : to treat of or
develop completely. [L. exhaurio. ex-
haustus — ex, out, and haurio, to draw.]
EXHAUSTED, egz-hawst'ed, adj. drawn
out : emptied : consumed : tired out.
EXHAUSTER, egz-hawst'er, n. he who or
that which exhausts.
EXHAUSTIBILITY, egz-hawst-i-bil'i-ti, n.
the capability of being exhausted : the
quality of being exhaustible. J. S. Mill.
EXHAUSTIBLE, egz-hawst'i-bl, adj. that
mav he exhausted.
EXHAUSTION, ogz-hawst'yun, n. act of
exhausting or consuming : state of being
exhausted : extreme fatigue.
EXHAUSTIVE, egz-hawst'iv, adj. tending
to exhaust.
EXHAUSTLESS, egz-hawst'les, adj. that
cannot be exhausted.
EXHAUST - NOZZLE, egz - hawst' - noz - 1,
EXHAUST-ORIFICE, egz-hawst'-o-ri-fis,
n. in a steam-engine, the blast orifice or
nozzle.
EXHAUST-PIPE, egz-hawst'-pip, «. in a
steam-engine, the pipe that convei's waste
EXHAUST-PORT
146
EXOSKELETON
eteam from the cylinder to the condens-
er, or through which it escapes to the
atmosphere.
EXHAUST-PORT, egz-hawst'-port, n. in a
steam-engine, the exit passage for the
steam from a cylinder.
EXHAUST-STEAM, egz-hawst'-stem, n. in
a steam-engine, the steam allowed to es-
cape from the cylinder after it has pro-
duced motion of the piston.
EXHAUSTURE, egz-hawst'ur, n. exhaus-
tion.
EXHAUST- VALVE, egra-hawst'-valv, n. in
a steam-engine, the valve which regulates
the passage of waste steam from the
cylinder : a valve in the eduction pas-
sage of the steam cylinder of an engine,
placed between the cylinder and air-
pump, and wrought by the tappet-mo-
tion, so as to open snortly after the
equilibrium valve, and admit the steam
to the condenser.
EXHIBIT, egz-hib'it, v.t. to hold forth or
present to \iew : to present formally or
publicly. — ns. Exhte'itee, Exhib'itoe.
[L. exhibeo, exhibitus — ex, out, habeo,
habitus, to have or hold.]
EXHIBITION, eks-hi-bish'un, n. presenta-
tion to view : display : a public show,
esp. of works of art, manufactures, etc.:
that which is exhibited : an allowance or
bounty to scholars in a university. [Fr.
— L. elrhibitio.']
EXHIBITIONER, eks-hi-bish'un-er, n. one
who enjoys an exhibition or allowance
at a university.
EXHIBITORY, egz-hib'it-or-i, adj. exhib-
itinsr.
EXHILARANT, egz-hil'a-rant, adj. exhil-
arating: exciting joy, mirth, or pleasure.
EXHILARATE, egz-hil'a-rat, v.t. to make
hilarious or merry: to enliven: to cheer.
[L. e.vhilaro, exhilaratus—ex, intensive,
hilaris, cheerful.]
EXHILARATING, egz-hil'a-rat-ing, adj.
cheering : gladdening. — adv. Exhil'a-
RATINGLT.
EXHILARATION, egz-hil-a-rS'shun, «.
state of being exhilarated : joyousness.
EIXHORT, egz-hort', v.t. to urge strongly to
good deeds, esp. by words or advice : to
animate : to swivise or warn. [Fr. ex-
hort er — L. exhortor, -atus — ex, inten.,
hortor, to urge.]
EXHORTATION, eks-hor-ta'shun, n. act
or practice of exhorting to laudable
deeds : language intended to exhort ;
counsel. [L. exhortatio.]
EXHORTATIVE, egz-hort'artiv, EXHORT-
ATORY, egz-horPartor-l, adj. tending to
exhort or advise.
EXHUMATION, eks-hQ-ma'shun, 7i. act of
exhuming : disinterment.
EXHUME, eks-hOm', v.t. to take out of
the ground, or place of burial : to disin-
ter. [L. ex, out of, humus, the ground.
See HxiMBLE.]
EXIGENCE, eks'i-jens, EXIGENCY, eks*!-
jen-si, n. pressing necessity : emergency :
distress.
EIXIGENT, eks'i-jent, adj., pressing: de-
manding immediate attention or action.
[L. exigens, -ntis — exigo — ex, out, ago, to
drive.]
EXILE, egz'il (formerly, frequently egz-Il*),
n. banishment ; the state of being ex-
pelled from one's native country or place
of residence by authority, and forbidden
to return, either for a limited time or for
perpetuity ;
For who can yet believe, though after loss.
That all these puissant lemons whose exile
Bath emptied heaven, shall fall to reascend.
— J/i/fon :
an abandonment of one's country or re-
moval to a foreign country for residence,
through fear, disgust, or "resentment, or
for any cause distinct from business ; a
separation from one's country and friends
by distress or necessity : the person ban-
ished or expelled from his country by
authority ; also, one who abandons his
country and resides in another ; or one
who is separated from his country and
friends by necessity ; as
The pensive exile, bending: with his woe.
To stop too fearful, and too faint to so.
— G<Sdsmith.
[Fr. exn, banishment, exUi, an exiled
person, from L. exsilium, banishment, e.v-
sul, a banished person — usually regarded
as compounded of ex, out of, from, and
solum, sou, but more probably of ex, and
root of L. salio, to leap, to spring (whence
salient, sally) ; Sans, sar, to go ; so L.
consilium, a council, would mean a com-
ing together of people. Comp. CONSUl.]
EXILE, egz'il (formerly egz-il'), v.t. to ban-
ish from a country or from a particular
jurisdiction by authority, with a pro-
hibition of return ; to drive away, expel,
or transport ;
For that offence
Immediately we do exile him hence. — Skak.;
" They, fettered with the bonds of a long
night, lay there exiled from the eternd
Providence." — ^Wisdom xviL 2. — To ex-
ile one's self, to quit one's country with
a view not to retm-n.
EXILITY, eks-il'i-ti, n. slendemess, small-
ness. [L. exilis, slender, contr. for exi-
gilis. See ExiGElfT.]
EXIST, egz-ist', v.i. to have an actual
being : to live : to continue to be. [L,
existo, exsisto — ex, out, and sisto, to
make to stand.]
EXISTENCE, egz-ist'ens, n. state of exist-
ing or being: continued being- : life : any-
thing that exists : a being. [L. exist-
ens, -entis, pr.p. of existo.'}
EXISTENT, egz-lst'ent, adj. having^ being.
EXIT, eks'it, n. (orig.) a direction in play-
books to an actor to go off the stage :
the departure of a player from the
stage : any departure : a way of depart-
ure : a passage out : a quitting of the
world's stage, or life : death. [L. exit,
he goes out, exeo, to go out — ex, out, and
eo. itvm, to so.]
EXOCETUS, fiXOCCETUS, eks-5-sg'tus, n.
the fljnng fish, a genus of teleostean
fishes belonging to tne family Scombere-
socidcB, of the sub-order Abdominales.
Tlie body is whitish, and the bellj' an-
gular. The pectoral fins, which are very
Targe, are the principal instruments in
its flight, but whether they act as wings
in propelling it, or merely as parachutes
or Kites in enabling it to sustain itself in
the air, has been a matter of question
among naturalists. It is probable that
the fins serve to sustain the fish tem-
porarily in the air after it has acquired
an initial velocity in its rush through
the water. It can raise itself from the
water and pass through the air to a con-
siderable distance, sometimes as much as
200 yards, which it does to escape from
the attacks of other fishes, especially the
dolphin. It is most common between
the tropics. The best known species are
E. volitan^, abundant in the warmer
part of the Atlantic, and E. exiliens of
the Mediterranean. By some naturalists
the genus has been siibdivided into sev-
eral, characterized bv the presence or
absence of barbels. [Crr. exokoitos, a fish
which comes upon the beacli to sleep —
exd, without, and koite, a bed.]
EXOCULATION, eks-ok-Q-la'shun, n. the
act of putting out the eyes ; excaecation.
Sotithey. [L. ex, out, and oculua, an
EXXDDE, eks'Od, n. an exodus or departure.
Bolingbroke : in the Greek drama, tlie
concluding part of a play, or the part
which comprehends all that is said after
the last choral ode: in the Roman drama,
a farce or satire, the last of the three
Eieces generally played ; " The Romans
ad three plays acted one after another
on the same subject ; the first, a real
tragedy ; the second, the atellan ; the
third, a satire or exode, a kind of farce of
one act." — Roscommon. [Gr. exodos. an
exit or departure, also the finale of a
tragedy. See ExoDUS.]
EXODUS, eks'o-dus, n. a going out or de-
garture, esp. that of the Israelites from
igj-pt : the second book of the Old Tes-
tament narrating this event. [L. — Gr.
exodus — ar, out, hodos, a way.]
EXOGAMY, eks-og'am-i, n. the practice of
marrying only outside of one's own tribe.
[Gr. e.ro, out, and gamos, marriage.]
EXOGEN, eks'o-jen, n. a plant belonging
to the great class that increases by
layers grotmng on the outside of the
wood. [Gr. exo, outside, and gen, root
of gignomai, to be produced.!
EXOGENOUS, eks-oj'e-nus, adj. growing
by successive additions to the outside.
EXOMPHALOS, egz-om'far-los, EXOM-
PHATiUS, egz-om'fa-lus, n. a navel rup-
ture. [Gr. ac, and omphalos, the navel.]
EXON, eks'on, 7t. in EngJand, the name
fiven to four officers of the yeomen of
he royal body-guard : an exempt. [O.
Ft. e.voine. excused.]
EXONERATE, egz-on'er-at, v.t. to unload;
to disburden ; " Vessels which all econer-
ate themselves into a common duct." —
Ray: to relieve of , as a charge or as blame
resting on one ; to clear of something
that lies upon the character as an impu-
tation ; as, to exonerate one's self from
blame or from the charge of avarice : to
relieve of, as an obhgation, debt, or duty ;
to discharge of responsibility or Uability ;
a.'i, a surety ftrojierate* himself by produc-
ing a man in court. [L. exo^iero, exoner
atum — ex, priv., and onero, to load, onus..
a load J
EXONERATION, egz-on-er-a'shun, n. the
act of disburdening, discharging, or free-
ing, or state of being disburdened, dis-
charged, or freed, from a charge, imputa-
tion, obligation, debt, or duty.
EXONERATIVE, egz-on'er-a-tiv, adj. free-
ing from a burden or obligation.
EXORBITAJSICE, egz-orlji-tans, EXORBI-
T^USTCY, egz-orTii-tan-si. w. state or qual-
ity of being exorbitant: extravagance:
enormity.
EXORBITANT, egz-orT)i-tant, adj. going
beyond the usual Umits : excessive. — adv.
Exor'bitautly. [Fr. — L. exorbitans,
-ntis, pr.p. of exorbito — ex, out of, and
orbita, a track — orbis, a circle.]
EXORCISE, eks'or-slz, v.t. to adjure by
some holy name : to call forth or drive
away, as a spirit : to deliver from the in-
fluence of an evil spirit. [Through Late
L., from Gr. exorkizo — ex, out, horkizo,
to bind bv an oath — horkos, an oath.]
EXORCISfiR, eks'or-siz-er, EXORCIST
eks'or-sist, n. one who exorcises or pre-
tends to expel e\il spirits by adjurations.
[Fr. exorciste — Gr. exorlHstes.'\
EXORCISM, eks'or-sizm, n. act of exorcis-
ing or expelling evil spirits by certaiB
ceremonies. [Fr. exorcisme — Gr. exor
kismos.]
EXORDIAL, egz-or'di-al, adj. pertaining
to the exordium.
EIXORDIUM, egz-or'di-um, n. the introduc-
tory part of a discourse or composition.
[L. — e.rordior, to begin a web-A'j;, out.
and ordior, to begin, to weave.]
EXOSKELETON, eks'o-ske-le-ton, n. in
anat. a term apphed to all those struct-
ures which are produced by the harden-
ing of the integ-ument, as the shells of
EXOSMIC
the Crustacea, the scales and plates of
^shes and reptiles : dermo-skeleton. [Gr.
■ rd, without, and skeleton, a dry body, a
ivummy.]
1 EXbSMIC, eks-os'mik, adj. same as Exos-
1 MOTIC.
EXOSMOSE, eks'os-mos, EXOSMOSIS, eks-
os-mo'sis, n. the passage of gases, vapors,
or liquids, through membranes or porous
media, from within outward, in the phe-
nomena of osmose, the reverse process
being called endosmose. [Gr. cro, out-
side, and a fictive form osmosis, for osmos,
a thrusting, impulsion, from otheo, to
thrust, to push. See Osmose.]
EXOSMOTIC. eks-os-mot'ik, acfj. pertain-
ing or relating to exosmose ; as, an exos-
motic current.
EXOSTOSIS, eks-os-to'sis, n. (anat.) mor-
bid enlargement of a bone. [Gr. ex, out
of, and osteon, a bone.]
EXOTERIC, eks-o-ter'ik, EXOTERICAL,
eks-o-ter'ik-al, adj. external : fit to be
communicated to the public or multitude:
— opposed to Esoteric. — n. Exoter'icism.
[Gr. e.voterikos — comp. formed from e.xo,
without.]
EXOTIC, egz-ot'iU,EXOTICAL,egz-ot'ik-aI,
adj. introduced from a foreign country :
— the opposite of Indigenous. — n. any-
thing of foreign origin : something not
native to a country, as a plant. [L. —
Gr. cxotikos — exo, outward.]
EXPAND, ek.s-pand', v.t. to spread out: to
open or lay open : to enlarge in bulk or
surface. — v.i. to become opened : to en-
large. [L. expnndo — ecc, out, and pando,
pans^is. to spread.]
EXPANSE, eks-pans', n. a wide extent of
space or body : the firmament.
EXPANSIBLE, eks-pans'i-bl, adj. capable
of being expanded or extended. — n. Ex-
, PANSIBIL'ITY. — adv. EXPANS'IBLT.
IEXPANSION. eks-pan'shun, n. act of ex-
' panding : state of being expanded : en-
largement : that which is expanded :
imniensitv.
EXPANSION-CURB, ek-span'shun-kerb,n.
a contrivance to counteract expansion and
contraction by heat, as in chronometers.
EXPANSION-ENGINE, ek-span'shun-en-
jin, n. a steam-engine in which the supply
of steam is cut off previous to the stroke
being complete, the expansive power of
the steam admitted being sufficient to
complete the stroke.
EXPANSION-GEAR, ek-span'shun-ger, n.
in a steam-engine, the apparatus by which
the access of steam to the cylinder is cut
off at a given part of the stroke. It is of
various forms.
EXPANSION-JOINT, ek-span'shun-joint,
n. in mech. (a) a joint for connecting
steam-pipes, made with a stuffing-box, so
as to allow one of them to slide within
the enlarged end of the other when the
length increases by expansion ; {b) an
attiichment of a boiler in its framing to
allow the foifner to expand without af-
fectinfiT the latter
EXPAlIftlON- VALVE, ek-span'shun-valv,
/(. in a steam-engine, a valve which sluits
off the steam in its passage to the slide-
valves, when the piston has travelled a
certain distance in the cylinder, leaving
' the remaining part of tlie stroke to be
performed by the expansion of tlie steam.
EXPANSIVE, eks-pans'iv, adj. widely ex-
tended : diffusive. — adv. Expans'ively.
— n. EXPANS'rVENESS.
EXPANSIVITY, eks-pan-siv'i-ti, n. the
state or quality of being expan.sive : ex-
pansiveness. Carlyle.
Ex PARTE, eks par'te, proceeding only
from one part or side of a matter in ques-
tion ; one-sided ; partial ; as. an ex parte
statement : apecincally, in laiv, applied
147
to any step taken by or on behalf of one
of the parties to a suit or in any judicial
proceeding, in the absence of the other ;
as, an ex parte application ; an ex parte
hearing ; ex parte evidence : hearings
before grand juries are ex parte. [L.]
EXPATIATE, eks-pa'shi-at, v.i. to range
at large : to enlarge in discourse, argu-
ment, or writing. [L. exspatior, -atus —
ex, out of, and spatior, to roam — spa-
tium, space.]
EXPATIATION, eks-pa-shi-a'shun, n. act
of expatiating or enlarging in discourse.
EXPATRIATE, eks-pa'tri-at, v.t. to send
out of one's fatherland or native coun-
try : to banish or exile. [Low L. expa-
trio, -atus — ex, out of, patria, fatherland
—pater, patris, a father.]
EXPATRIATION, eks-pa-tri-a'shun, n. act
of expatriating : exile, voluntai-y or com-
pulsory.
EXPECT, eks-pekt', v.t. to wait for: to
look forward to as something about to
happen : to anticipate : to hope. [L. ex-
specto, -atus — ex, out, and specto, inten.
of speeio, to look.]
EXPECTANCE, eks-pekt'ans, EXPECT-
ANCY, eks-pekt'an-si, n. act or state of
expecting : that which is expected : hope.
EXPECTANT, eks-pekt'ant. adj. looking or
waiting for. — n. one who expects : one
who is looking or waiting for some bene-
fit : a candidate for the ministry who has
not vet received a license to preach.
EXPECTATION, cks-pek-ta'shun, n. the
act of expecting or looking forward to an
event as about to happen ; as, " The same
weakness of mind which indulges absurd
expectations, produces petulance in dis-
appointment."— Irving ;
She spoke and tum'd her sumptuous head with
eyes
Of shiiiin<^ expectation flxt on mine. — Tennyson :
the state of being expected or looked for;
the state of being awaited ; " Our prep-
aration stands in e.vpectntion." — Shak. :
that which is expected ; the object of ex-
pectation ; the expected Messiah ;
Now clear I understand
Why our great expectation should be called
The seed of woman. — Milton ;
prospect of future good, as of pos-
sessions, wealth, and the like — usually
in the plural; "My soul, wait thou
only upon God, for my expectation is
from him." — Ps. Ixii. 5 ; " His magnifi-
cent expectations made him . . . the best
matcli in Europe." — Prescott : a state or
qualities in a person which excite expec-
tations in others of some future excel-
lence ; promise ; " By all men"s eyes a
youth of expectation.'" — Oticay : in med.
the method of leaving a disease to the
efforts of nature ; or of waitiagfor farther
development before treating it actively :
the value of any prospect of prize or
property depending upon the happening
of some uncertain event, a sum of money
in expectation upon a certain event having
a determinate value before that event
happens ; if the chances of receiving or
not receiving a himdrcd pounds when an
event arrives are equal, then befoi-e the
arrival of the event the expectation is
worth half the money. — Expectation of
LIFE, a term applied to the mean or av-
erage duration of the life of individuals
of any given age. [L. expectatio. See
Expect.]
EXPECTATION-WEEK, eks-pek-ta'shun-
wek, ra. the whole of the interval between
Ascension-day and Whitsunday, so called
because at this time the apostles con-
tinued in earnest prayer and expectation
of the Comforter.
EXPECTEDLY, eks-pekt'ed-li, adv. in an
expected manner : at atime or in a man-
ner expected or looked for. H. Walpole.
EXPERIENCE
EXPECTINGLY, eks-pekt'ing-li, adv. in a
state of expectation.
EXPECTLESS, eks - pekt'les, adj. unex-
pected : not looked for : unforeseen.
Cliapman.
EXPECTORANT, eks - pek'to - rant, adj.
tending to promote expectoration. — re. a,
medicine which promotes expectoration.
[See Expectorate.] i
EXPECTORATE, eks-pek'to-rat, v.t. to ex-'
pel from the breast or lungs, by cough-
ing, etc. : to spit forth. — i:i. to discharge
or eject phlegm from the throat. [L. ex-
pectoro, exp>ectoratus — ex, out of, from,
and pectus, pectoris, the breast.]
EXPECTORATION, eks-pek-to-ra'shun, n.
act of expectorating : that which is ex-
pectorated : spittle.
EXPECTORATIVE, eks-pek'to-ra-tiv, adj.
having the quality of promoting expec-
toration.
EXPEDIENCE, eks-pe'di-ens, EXPEDI-
ENCY, ex-pe'di-en-si, n. fitness : desira-
bleness : self-interest.
EXPEDIENT, eks-pe'di-ent, adj. suitable :
advisable. — n. that which serves to pro-
mote : means suitable to an end : con-
trivance.— adv. Expe'diently. [L. expe-
diens—e.vpedio, to set free.]
EXPEDIENTIALLY, eks-pe-di-en'shi-al-li,
adv. in an expediential manner : for the
sake of expediency.
We should never deviate save expedientiaUy.
— FHtzedu-ard Halt.
EXPEDITE, eks'pe-dit, v.f. to free from im-
pediments: to hasten: to send forth. — adj.
free from impediment: quick: prompt. —
adv. Ex'PEDiTELY. [L. expedio, -itus —
ex, out. And pes. pedis, a foot.]
EXPEDITION, eks-pe-dish'un, re. .speed :
any undertaking by a number of persons :
a hostile march or voj'age : those who
form an expedition. [L. expeditio.] i
EXPEDITIOUS, eks-pe-dish'us, adj. char- 1
acterized by expedition or rapidity :
speedy : prompt. — adv. Expedi'tiously.
EXPEL, eks-pel , v.t. to dritv out from or
cut off connection with a society : to ban-
ish : — pr.p. expell'ing ; pa.p. expelled'.
[L. expello, expulsus — ex, out, and pello,
to drive.]
EXPEND, eks-pend', v.t. to lay out : to
employ or consume in any way : to
spend. [L. expendo — ex, out, and pen-
do. pensum, to weigh.]
EXPENDITURE, eks-pend'i-tur, n. act of
expending or laying out : that which is
expended : money spent.
EXPENSE, eks-pe'ns', n. outlay: cost : —
pi. (Scots law) the costs of a lawsuit.
EXPENSIVE, eks-pens'iv, adj. causing or
requiring much expense : extravagant.
— advi. Expens'itely. — n. Expens'ive-
NESS.
EXPERIENCE, eks - pe'ri - ens. n. tri.al,
practice, proof, or test ; esp. frequent
trial or a series of trials ; observation of
a fact, or of the same fact or events hap-
pening under like circumstances ; con-
tinued and varied observation ; " Hav-
ing broadly laid down the principle that
all the materials of our knowledge come
from experience, Locke goes on to ex-
plain his theory more particularly." —
J. D. Morell : the knowledge gained by
trial, or repeated trials, or observation ;
practical acquaintance ^vith any matter
by personal observation or ti-ial of it, by
feeling the effects of it, by living through
it, and the like : practical wisdom taught
by the changes and trials of life; "To
niost men e.rperience is like the stern-
lights of a ship, which illumine only the
track it has p.assed." — Coleridge :
For jnst experience tells in every soil.
That those that think must govern tlioso that toil.
— (Ifildsmith :
individual or particular instance of trial
EXPERIENCE
148
EXPLICIT
or observation ; " This is wliat distance
does for us, the harsh and bitter feat-
ures of this or that experience are slow-
ly obhterated and memoir begins to look
on the past."— TF. Black; "The like
holds good with respect to the relations
between sounds and vibrating objects
which we learn only by a generalization
of expeinenees." — H.Spencer: experi-
ment ;
She caused him to make experience
Upon wild beasts. — Shak.
[Fr. expirience, L. experientia, from
experior, to try, to prove — ex, and a
root per, to try, to pass tlirougli,
whence jperiiits, skilled, periculnm, dan-
ger. The same root is seen in ferry,
(%vay)farer.]
EXPERIENCE, eks-pe'ri-ens, v.t. to make
practical acquaintance with ; to try, or
prove, by use, by suffering, or by enjoy-
ment ; to have happen to or befall one ;
as, we all eaeperience pain, sorrow, and
pleasure ; we experience good and evil ;
we often experience a change of senti-
ments and views : to train by practice ;
to exercise ;
The youthful sailors thus with early care
Their arms experience and for sea prepare.
— Harte.
EXPEEIENCED,eks-pe'ri-enst, adj. taught
by experience : skillful : wise.
EXPERIENTIAL, eks-pe-ri-en'shal, adj.
relating to or having experience : de-
rived from experience : empirical.
" Again, what are called physical laws —
laws of nature — are all generalizations
from observation, are only empirical or
experiential miorma,tions."-Sir W. Ham-
ilto^i. "It is evident tliat this di.stinc-
tion of necessary and experiential trutlis
involves the same antithesis which we
have already considered ; the antithesis
of thoughts and tilings. Necessary
truths are derived from our own
thoughts ; experiential truths are de-
rived from our observation of things
about us. The opposition of necessary
and experiential truths is another as-
pect of the fundamental antithesis of
philosophy." — Wlieivell.
EXPERIENTIALISM, eks-pe-ri-en'shal-
izm, n. the doctrine that all our knowl-
edge or ideas are derived from the ex-
perience of ourselves or others, and tliat
none of them are intuitive.
EXPERIENTIALIST, eks-pe-ri-en'shal-ist,
71. one who holds the doctrines of expe-
rientialism.
EXPERIENTIALIST, eks-pe-ri-en'sbal-ist,
adj. pertaining or relating to experien-
tialism. " The experientialist doctrine
thus appears wholly at fault if it means
(as it has often been taken by supporters
and opponents alike to mean) that all in-
tellection was first sensation in the indi-
vidual, or even (in a more refined form)
that general knowledge is elaborated
afresh by each of us from our own expe-
rience. ... It is common to say that
inherited aptitudes are, after all, only a
slower result of experience, developed in
the race instead of the individual ; and
the like may be said still more evidently
of the social tradition deposited in tlie
growing language of mankind. The real
bond, however, between experientialists
«t the present day and those of an earlii;r
time, is that both declare experience to
be the test or criterion of general knowl-
edge, let its origin for the individual be
what it may. Experientialism i.=;, in
short, a philosophical or logical theory,
not a psychological one." — Prof. O. C.
Robertson.
EXPERIMENT, eks-per'i-oient, n. a trial :
something done to^roi-e some theory, or
to discover soiuetiung unknown. — v.i. to
make an experiment or trial : to search
by trial. [L. experimentum, from e.rpe-
nor, to try thoroughly.]
BXPEREVIENTAL, eks-per-i-ment'al, adj.
founded on or known by experiment :
taught by experiment or experience. —
adr. Experiment' ALLY.
EXPERBIENTALIST,eks-per-i-ment'al-ist,
EXPERIMENTIST, eks-per'i-ment-ist, n.
one who makes experiments.
EXPERT, eks-pert', adj. experienced:
taught by use, practice, or experience :
lience, sldllful : well instructed : having
famihar knowledge of: dexterous: adroit:
ready: prompt: having a facOity of oper-
ation or performance from practice : as,
an expert philosopher ; an expert sur-
geon ; expert in surgery.
Expert in triUes, aad a cuunin^j fool
Able t' express the parts, but aot dispose the
whole. — Dryden.
adv. Expeet'ly.— ?i. Expert'ness. [Ft.—
L. expertus — ex])erior,to try thoroughly.]
EXPERT, eks'pert, n. an expert, sldllful, or
practiced person : one eminently skilled
in any particular branch or profession :
specifically, a scientific or professional
witness who gives evidence on matters
connected with his profession, as an
analytical chemist, as to the contents
of a stomach in a trial for poisoning, or
a person skilled in handwriting, as to
whether a document is forged.
EXPIABLB. eks'pi-a-bl, adj. that may be
expiated : that may be atoned for and
done away ; as, an expiable offence, expi-
able guilt. " Expiable by penitence. —
Feltham. [L. expiabilis. See Expiate.]
EXPIATE, eks'pi-at, v.t. to atone for ; to
make satisfaction or reparation for ; to
extinguish the guilt of, as a crime, by
sufferance of penalty, or some equivalent;
" The treasurer obliged himself to expiate
the injury." — Clarendon ; " For the cure
of this disease an humble, serious, hearty
repentance is the only physic ; not to
expiate the guilt of it, but to qualifj- us
to partake of the benefit of Chrls*^5
atonement." — Bay: to avert bj' certain
observances (rare); " Frequent showers
of stones . . . could ... be expiated
only by bringing to Rome Cybele." — T.
H. Dyer. [L. expio, eoepiatum, to make
satisfaction, to purify from crime — ex,
out, and pio, to appease by sacrifice, to
propitiate, from pius, dutiful, pious, de-
vout.]
EXPIATION, eks-pi-a'shun, n. the act of
atoning for a crime ; the act of making
satisfaction or reparation for an offence,
by which the guilt is done away, and the
obligation of the offended person to pun-
ish the crime is cancelled ; atonement ;
satisfaction; "His liberalitv seemed to
have something in it of self-abasement
and expiation." — TF. Irving : the means
by which atonement, satisfaction, or rep-
aration for crimes is made ; atonement ;
Those shado^vy expiations wealc.
The blood of bulls and ;?oats. — Milton:
formerly an act by which threatened
prodigies were averted ; " Upon tholiirth
of such monsters the Grecians and Ro-
mans did use divers sorts of rixpiations."
— Hayward. [L. expiatio. See Ex-
piate.]
EXPIATOR, eks'pi-a-tor, n. one wiio ex-
piates.
EXPIATORY, eks'pi-a-tor-i, adj. having
the power to make expiation or atone-
ment.
EXPIRABLE, eks-pir'a-bl, adj. that may
expire or come to an end.
EXPIRATION, eks-pir-a'shun, n. a breath-
ing out : death : end : that which is ex-
pired. [L. exs2iiratio.]
EXPIRATORY, eks-pi'ra-tor-i, adj per-
taining to expiration, or the emission ot
the breath.
EXPIRE, eks-pir', v.t. to breathe out: to
emit or throw out from the lungs: to
emit in minute particles. — v.i. to breathe
out the breath of life : to die : to come
to an end. [L. ex, out, and spiro, to
breathe.]
EXPIRY, eks'plr-i, n. the end or terming
tion : expiration.
EXPISCATE, eks-pis'kat, v.t. to Jish out
or ascertain by artful means. [L. ex-
piscor, expiscatus — ex, out, and piscor,
to fish — piscis. a fish.]
EXPISCATORY, eks-pis'ka-tor-i. adj. cal-
culated to expiscate or get at the truth
of any matter by inquiry and examina-
tion. " Expiscatory questions." — Carlyle.
EXPLAIN, eks-plan', v.t. to make plain or
intelligible : to unfold and illustrate the
meaning of: to expound. [O. Fr. ex-
planer — L. explano — ex, out, piano—
jilaniis, plain. ]
EXPLAINABLE, eks-plan'a-bl, adj. that
may be explained or cleared up.
EXPLANATION, eks-plan-a'shun, n. act
of explaining or clearing from obscurity :
tliat which explains or clears up : the
meaning or sense given to anything : a
mutual clearing up of matters.
EXPLANATORY, eks-plan'a-tor-i, adj.
serving to explain or clear up : contain-
ing explanations.
EXPLETIVE, eks'ple-tiv, adj. filling up:
added to fill a vacancy : superfluous.
"There is little temptation to load with
expletive epithets." — Johnson. [Fr. ea>
pletif ; Low L. expletivus, from expleo,
expletum, to fill full — ex, intens., and
pleo, to fill.]
EXPLETIVE, eks'ple-tiv, n. a word ot
syllable inserted to fill a vacancy.
" What are called expletives in rhetorical
treatises are grammaticallv allied to the
interjections, though widely differenced
from them by the want of meaning,
which the interjection is never without.
I can hardly agree with Webster in hia
definition of the expletive, and still less
in the statement with which he con-
cludes it. ' The expletive,' says Webster,
'is a word or syllable not necessary to
the sense, but inserted to fill a vacancy
or for ornament ; the Greek language
abounds with expletives.'' So far as the
word answers no other purpose than ' to
fill a vacancy,' it is properly expletive :
but if it be appropriate and graceful
enough to deserve the name of an ' orna-
ment,' it is not superfluous, and there-
fore is not an expletive." — G. P. 3Iarsh.
Expletives their feeble aid do join.
And ten low words oft creep in one dull line.-
•Pope.
EXPLETORY, eks'ple-tor-i, adj. serving
to Jill tip: expletive.
EXPLICABLE, eks'pli-ka-bl, ac^. capable
of being explicated or explained. [L.
explicabilis.]
EXPLICATE, eks'pli-kat, v.t. to fold out
or unfold : to lay open or explain the
meaning of. [L. e.jplico, explieatus or
explieitus — ex, out, plico, to fold.]
EXPLICATION, eks-iili-ka'shun, n. act of
explicating or explaining : explanation
[L. explicafio.]
EXPLICATIVE, eks'pli-ka-tiv, EXPLICA
TORY, eks'pli-ka-tor-i, adj. serving tc
explicate or explain.
EXPLICIT, eks-plis'it, adj. (lit.) unfolded .
hence, not implied ; not merely by impli-
cation ; distinctly stated ; plain in Ian
guage ; open to the understanding ;
clear ; not obscure or ambiguous ; ex-
press ; "The language of the proposition
was too explicit to admit of doubt." —
Bancroft : plain ; open ; clear ; unre-
served ; having no disguised meaning or
EXPLICIT
149
EXQUISITE
reservation ; minute in detail ; out-
spoken ; applied to persons ; as he was
explicit in his terms; " Favor us bj' be-
ing more explicit." — Farrar. — Explicit
FUNCTION, in alg. a variable is said to
be an explicit function of several others
when its value, expressed in terms of
those of the independent variables, is
given. Thus, if z^ax''-\-%bxy-\-cy'' , z is
said to be an explicit function of x. If,
on the other hand, z were connected with
X and y by an equation of any other
form, it would be called an implicit func-
tion of the latter. Brande. — An ex-
plicit PROPOSITION or DECLAKATION is
that in which the words, in their com-
mon acceptation, express the true mean-
ing of the person who utters them, and
in which there is no ambiguity or dis-
gmse. [L. explicitus, disentangled, from
explico, explicitum, to unfold, to disen-
tangle— ex, priv., und plico, to fold. See
Ply.J
EXPLICIT, eks-plis'it. a word formerly used
at the conclusion of books, as finis is now
used. "The Liber FeativaUs oi Caxton
concludes with 'Explicit: Enprynted
at Westminster, etc., mcccclxxxiij.'" —
Johnson. [An abbrev. of Low L. ex-
plicitus {est liber), the book is unfolded
or ended, from explico, explicitum, to
unfold, to arrange.!
EXPLICITLY, eks-plis'it-li, adv. plainly:
expressly : without duplicity : without
disguise or reservation of meaning : not
by inference or implication : as, he ex-
plicitly avows his intention. ' ' The apos-
tolic teaching, then, was not onlj' the
first link in a chain ; it was that out of
which all future developments came, and
In which all were implicitly contained.
... It seems to us to follow that the
apostles must have had explicitly in their
minds all the future definitions of faith,
though not of course necessarily in the
same terms." — Dublin Rev.
EXPLICITNESS, eks-plis'it-nes, n. plain-
ness of language or expression : clear-
ness : direct expression of ideas or inten-
tion, without reserve or ambiguity.
EXPLODE, eks-plod'. v.t. to cry down, as
an actor : to bring into disrepute, and
reject. — v.i. to burst with a loud report.
'L. explodo — ex, out, a.nA plaudo, to clap
the hands.]
EXPLOIT, eks-ploit', n. a deed or act, more
especially a heroic act : a deed of re-
nown : a great or noble achievement : as,
the exploits of Alexander, of Ccesar, of
Wellington. " Looking back with sad
admiration on exploits of youthful lusti-
hood which could be enacted no more."
— Prof. Blackie. [Fr. exploit, O. Fr. e.v-
ploict, from L. explico, explicatum, expli-
citum, to unfold, adjust, finish. See
EXPUCATE.]
EXPLOIT, eks-ploit'. v.t. to achieve ; to
accomplish ; '■ He made haste to exploit
some warlike service." — Holland : to
make use of ; to cultivate ; to work up ;
to utilize; "Against a wild, unreason-
ing, mischievous combination to exploit
English public opinion in favor of Prussia,
and to force England into hostility with
France, we have steadily and strongly
protested." — London Standard. [O. Fr.
exj)loicter.]
KXPLOITATION, eks-ploit-a'shun, 7i. the
act or process of exploiting or cultivat-
ing or employing successfully : utiUza-
tion ; the act or process of successfully
applying the industry proper to it on
any object, as the improving or cultivar
tion of land, the felling of wood, the
working of mines, etc. (Recent.) "There
is no longer a public opinion, but only a
middle class and a working class opinion
— the first founded on the exploitation by
the minority of the popular masses, the
other based on truth, justice, and moral-
it\."— Scotsman. [Fr.]
EXPLORATION, eks-plo-ra'shim, n. act of
exploring, or searching thoroughly.
rSee Explore 1
EXPLORATORY, eks - plor'a-tor-i, adj.
serving to explore : searching out.
EXPLORE, eks-plor', v.t. to search through
for the purpose of discovery : to examine
thoroughly. [Fr. — L. exploro, exploratus,
to search out — ex, out, and ploro, to
make to flow, to weep.]
EXPLORER, eks-plor'er, n. one who ex-
plores.
EXPLOSION, eks-plo'zhun, n. act of ex-
ploding : a sudden violent burst with a
loud report.
EXPLOSIVE, eks-plo'siv, adj. liable to or
causing explosion : bursting out with
violence and noise. — adv. Explo'sively.
EXPONENT, eks-po'nent, n. he or that
which points out, or represents : {alg.) a
figure which shows how often a quantity
is to be multiplied by itself, as a' : an
index. [L. e.rponens — ex, out, and j)ono,
to place.J
EXPONENTIAL, eks - po - nen'shal, adj.
{alg.) pertaining to or involving expo-
nents.
EXPORT, eks-port', v.t. to carry or send
out of a country, as goods in commerce.
— n. Export'er. [L. exporto — ex, out of,
and porto, to carry. See Port.]
EXPORT, eks'port, n. act of exporting :
that which is exported : a commodity
which is or may be sent from one country
to another, in traffic.
EXPORTABLE, eks-port'a-bl, adj. that
may be exported.
EXPORTATION, eks-por-ta'shun, n. act of
exporting, or of convej'ing goods from
one country to another. [See Export,
v.t.]
EXPOSE, eks-poz', v.t. to place or lay
forth to view : to deprive of cover, pro-
tection, or shelter : to make bare : to ex-
plain : to make liable to : to disclose. —
n. Expos'er. [Fr. exposer — L. ex, out,
and Fr. poser, to place. See Pose, ?;.]
EXPOSITION, eks-po-zish'un, n. act of ex-
posing, or laj'ing open : a setting out to
public view : a pubUc exhibition : act of
expounding, or laying open of the mean-
ing of an author : explanation.
EXPOSITOR, eks-poz'i-tor, ii. one who or
that which expounds or explains : an in-
terpret er.
EXPOSITORY, eks-poz'i-tor-i, adj. serving
to expound or explain : explanatorv.
EX POST FACTO, eks post fak'to, [L.] in
law, done after another thing : thus, an
estate granted may be made good by
matter ex post facto, which was not good
at first : a lease granted by a tenant-for-
life to endure beyond his life may be con-
firmed er post facto by the reversioner :
an ex post facto law is a law made to visit
with penal consequences an act done be-
fore its passing. In the U.S. all ex post
facto laws are prohibited by the Federal
Constitution.
EXPOSTULATE, eks-post'u-lat, v.i. to
reason earnestly with a person on some
impropriety of his conduct : to remon-
strate.—/(."Expost'ctlator. [L. cvpostido,
expostulatus — ex, intensive, and postido,
to demand.]
EXPOSTULATION, eks-post-u-la'shun. n.
act of expostulating, or reasoning ear-
nestly with a person against his conduct :
remonstrance.
EXPOSTULATORY, eks - post'u - la - tor - i,
adj. containing expostulation.
EXPOSURE, eks-po'zhur. n. act of exposing
or laying open or bare : state of being
laid open or bare ; openness to danger ,
position with regard to the sun, influence
of climate, etc.
EXPOUND, eks-pownd', v.t. to expose, o-
lay open the meaning of : to explain.
[O. Fr. espondre — L. expono — e.v, ana
X>ono, to place.]
EXPOUNDER, eks-pownd'er, n. one who
expounds : an interpreter.
EXPRESS, eks-pres', v.t. to press or force
out : to represent or make known by a
likeness or by words : to declare : to des
ignate. [L. ex. out, and Press.]
EXPRESS, eks-pres', adj. pressed or clear-
ly brought out : exactly representing .
directly stated : explicit: clear; intended
or sent for a particular purpose. — n. a
messenger or conveyance sent on a special
errand ; a regular and quick conveyance ;
an express train on a railroad is' called
Tlie Express; it usually carries passengers
as well as express packages ; there are
also express freight trains for carrying
perishable goods, and also time-contract
imperishable goods ; freight cars on such
trains are now on many American rail-
roads equipped with automatic air-brakes
and other appliances necessary for safety
and speed. — adj. Express'ible.— cc:?!-. Ex-
PRESSLY.
EXPRESSION, eks-presh'un, n. act of ex-
pressing or forcing out by pressure : act
of representing or giving utterance to :
faithful and vivid representation by lan-
guage, art, the features, etc. ; that which
is expressed : look : feature : the manner
in which anything is expressed : tone of
voice or sound in music. — adj. Express-
ionless.
EXPRESSIVE, eks-pres'iv, adj. serving to
express, utter, or represent : followed by
of ; as, he sent a letter couched in terms
expressive of his gratitude ; " Each verse
so swells expressive of her woes." — Tick-
ell : full of expression ; vividly represent-
ing the meaning or feeling intended to
be conveyed; emphatical ; "While this
hidden reality is unveiled to us in one
way by science and philosophy, it is the
function of art to reveal it to us in an-
other, and, for many minds, a more ex-
pressive and intelligible way." — Dr.
Caird.
EXPRESSIVELY, eks-pres'iv-li, adv. in an
expressive manner : clearly: fully: with
a clear representation.
EXPRESSIVENESS, eks-pres'iv-nes. n. the
quality of being expressive ; the power of
expression or representation by words :
power or force of representation : the
quality of presenting a subject stiongly
to the senses or to the mind ; as, the ex-
jjressiveness of the eye, or of the features,
or of sounds.
EXPRESSLY, eks-pres'li. adv. in an ex-
press, direct, or pointed manner : of set
purpose: in direct terms : plainly "Ex-
pressly against the laws of arms. — Shak.
EXPULSION, eks-pul'shun. )(. banishment.
[L. e.rpulsio. See Expel.]
EXPULSr\\E, eks-pulsiv, adj. able or serv-
ing to e.ipel.
EXPUNGE, eks-punj', v.t. to wipe out : to
efface. [L. ex, out, and pimgo, to prick.]
EXPURGATE, eks-pur'gat or eks'pur-, v.t.
to purge out or render pui-e : to purify
from anything noxious or erroneous.
[L. expurgo, cxpnrgatus — ex, out, and
purgo. to purge or purify, from jjiiruS;
pure.]
EXPURGATION, eks-pur-g;Vshun, u. act
of expurgating or purifying.
EXPURGATOR, eks'pur-ga-tor or oks-pur'-
ga-tor, n. one who expurgates or purities.
EXPURGATORY, eks-pur'ga-tor-i. adj.
ser^^ng to expurgate or purify.
EXQUISITE, eks'kwi-zit, adj. sought out
EXSANGUIOUS
150
EXTORT
or searched for with care' ; hence, choice ;
select ; nice ; exact ; very excellent ;
complete ; as, a vase of exquisite work-
manship : nice ; accurate ; of keen or
delicate perception ; great discrimina-
tion ; as, exquisite sensibihty, taste, etc.;
" A poet of the most unbounded inven-
tion and the most exquisite judgment."
— Addiso7i : being pleasurable or pain-
ful in the highest degree ; exceeding ;
extreme ; keen ; poig'nant ; as, a painful
and exquisite impression on tlie nerves ;
"The pleasures of sense are probably
relished by beasts in a more exquisite
degree than they are by men." — Bp.
Atterbury ; "The most exquisite of hu-
man satisfactions flows from an approv-
ing conscience." — J. M. Mason : given to
searching out ; curiovis ;
Be not over exquisite
To cast the fashion of uncertain evils. — Milton.
[L. exquisitus, carefully sought out, ex-
quisite, from exquiro, exquisitum.}
EXSANGUIOUS, eks - sang'gwi - us, EX-
SANGUINOUS, eks-sang'gwin-us, adj.
without blood or red blood. [L. ex, priv.,
and sanguis, sanguinis, blood.]
EXSCIND, ek-sind', v.t. to out off. [L. ex,
oil, and scindo, to cut.]
EX-SCRIPTURAL, eks-skrip'tur-al, adj.,
not found in Scripture : not in accord-
ance with scriptural doctrines.
EXSUFFLATE, ek-suf'flat, v.t. (eedes.) to
renounce or drive out, by blowing and
spitting upon. [See ExsUFFLICATE, Ex-
StJFFLATION.]
EXSUFFLATION, ek-suf-fla'shun, n. a
blowing or blast from beneath : a kind
of exorcism, performed by blowing and
spitting at the evU spu'it. "That won-
drous number of ceremonies in exorcism,
exsufflation, use of salt, etc., in the Church
of Rome required." — Puller. [L. exsufflo,
to blow or spit out, reject — ex, out, and
sufflo, to blow.]
EXSUFFLICATE, ek-suf'fli-kat, adj. prob-
ably a misprint for exsufflated, that is
blown up or inflated. Exsufflate was an
old ecclesiastical term for the form of
renouncing the devU in the baptism of
catechumens, when the candidate was
commanded to turn to the west and
thrice exsufflate Satan. This form is
found only in one passage of Shakespeare.
[See EXSUFFLATION.]
When I shall turn the business of my soul
To such exsuffiicate and blown surmises.
—Othello, iii. 3.
EXSUPERANCE, ek-su'per-ans, n. a pass-
ing over or beyond : excess. Sir K.
Digby.
EXSUSCITATE, ek-sus'i-tat, v.t. to rouse:
to excite. [L. exsuscito, exsuscitatum,
to rouse from sleep, to awaken — ex, out,
and suscito, to arouse.]
EXSUSCITATION, ek-sus-i-ta'shuu, n. a
stirring up : a rousing. " Virtue is not a
thing that is merely acquired and trans-
fused into us from without, but rather an
exxusdtation of those intellectual princi-
ples . . . which were essentially engraven
and sealed upon the soul at her first
creation." — Halhjivell.
EXTANT, eks'tant, adj. standing out, or
above the rest : still standing or existing,
\ [L. exstans, -antis — ex, out, and sto to
' stand.]
EXTASY. Same as Ecstasy.
EXTATIC. Same as Ecstatic.
EXTEMPORANEOUS,eks-tem-po-ra'ne-us,
EXTEMPOR.\JtY, eks-tem'po-rar-i, adj.
done on the spur of the moment : done
without preparation : oR'-hand. — adv.
Extesipora'neouslt. [L. extemporaneus
— ex. and tempus, temporis. time.]
EXTEMPORE, eks-tem'po-re, adv. on the
spur of the moment: without preparation:
suddenly. [L. ex tempore — ex, out of,
and tempus, temporis, time.]
EXTEMPORIZE, eks-tem'po-riz, v.i. to
speak extempore or without previous
prejjaratiou : to discourse without notes :
to speak off-hand.
EXTEND, eks-tend', v.t. to stretch out : to
prolong in any direction : to enlarge : to
widen : to hold out : to bestow or im-
part.— v.i. to stretch : to be continued in
length or breadth. [L. extendo, extentus
— ex, out, tendo, tensnm. to stretch.]
EXTENSIBLE, eks-tens'i-bl, EXTENSILE,
eks-tens'Il, adj. that may be extended. —
n. EXTENS'lBrUTY.
EXTENSION, eks-ten'shun, n. the act of
extending or stretching : the state of
being extended ; enlargement ; expan-
sion : in physics and metapili. that prop-
erty of a body by which it occupies a por-
tion of space ; extension is an essential as
well as a general property of matter, for
it is impossible to form a conception of
matter, however minute may be the par-
ticle, without connecting witli it the idea
of its having a certain bulk and occupy-
ing a certain quantity of space ; everj'
bodj', however small, must have length,
breadth, and tliickness — that is, it must
possess the property of extension ; figure
or form is the result of extension, for we
cannot conceive that a body has length,
breadth, and thickness, without its hav-
ing some kind of figure, however irregu-
lar : in surg. the act of puUingthe broken
part of a limb in a direction from the
trunk, in order to bring the ends of the
bone into their natural situation : in
comm. a written engagement on the part
of a creditor, allowing a debtor ftu-ther
time to pay a debt: in logic, the extent of
the application of a general term, that is,
the objects collectively whicli are includ-
ed under it; sphere; compass ; thus, the
word figure is more extensive than tri-
angle, circle, paraUelogram, etc.; Euro-
pean more extensive than French, French-
man, Grerman, etc. Matter and mind are
the most extensive terms of which any
definite conception can be formed. [L.
extensio, from extendo, extensum. See
EXTEJfDj
EXTENSIVE, eks-tens'iv, adj. large : com-
prehensive.— adv. ExTENS'iTELY. — n. Ex-
TENS'lVENESS.
EXTENT, eks-tent'. n. the spa^e or degree
to which a thing is extended: bulk : com-
pass.
EXTENUATE, eks-ten'u-at, v.t. to lessen
or diminish : to weaken the force of : to
palliate. — n. Exten'uator. [L. ext&iuo,
extenuatus — e.r, intensive, and tenuo,
from tenuis, thin.]
EXTENUATING, eks-ten'u-at-ing, adj.
lessening : palliating. — adv. Exten'uat-
INGLT.
EXTENUATION, eks-ten-u-a'shun, n. act
of representing anything as less wrong
or criminal than it is : palliation : miti-
gation .
EXTENUATIVE, eks-ten'u-at-iv, n. an ex-
tenuating' plea or circumstance. " An-
other extenuative of the intended re-
bellion."— Roger North.
EXTENUATORY, eks-ten'u-a-tor-i, adj.
tending to extenuate : palliative.
EXTERIOR, eks-te'ri-or, adj.. outer: out-
ward ; on or from the outside : foreign.
— n. outward part or surface : outward
form or deportment : appearance. [L.
exterior, coiup. of exio', outward, from
ex, out.]
EXTERMINATE, eks-ter'min-at, v.t. to
drive from within the limits or borders
of ; to destroy utterly ; to drive away ;
to extirpate ; as, to exterminate a colony,
a tribe, or a nation ; to exterminate in-
habitants or a race of men ; " The Spaa<
iards . . . resolved to exterminate the
inhabitants." — Principal Robertson : to
root out ; to eradicate ; to extirpate ; to
destroy the influence or prevalence of ;
as, to exterminate weeds ; to exterminate
error, heresy, or infidelity ; to extermin-
ate vice; "To explode and exterminate
rank atheism out of this world." — Bent-
ley: in alg. to takeaway; to eliminate;
as, to exterminate sui-ds or unknown
quantities. [L. extermiuo, exterminatum,
to remove — ex, and termino, to limit, to
terminate, from terminus, a limit, a
bound. See Term.]
EXTERMINATION, eks-ter-min-a'shun, n.
the act of exterminating; total expulsion
or destruction; eradication; extirpation;
excision ; destruction of the prevalence
or influence of anj'tliing ; as, the exter-
mination of inhabitants or tribes, of
error, or vice, or of weeds from a field :
in alg. the process of causing to disap-
pear, as unknown quantities from an
equation ; elimination.
EXTERMINATOR, eks-ter'min-at-er, n. he
who or that which exterminates.
EXTERMINATORY, eks - ter'mm - a - tor-i,
adj. serving or tending to exterminate.
EXTERMINE, eks-ter'min, v.t. to exter-
minate.
Your sorrow and my ^rlef were both extermined.
—Shak.
EXTERNAL, eks-ter'nal, adj., e.vtei-ior :
outward : that may be seen : apparent :
not innate or intrinsic : derived from
without : accidental : foreign. — ndv. Ex-
ter'nally. [L. externvs — exter.'\
EXTERNALISM. eks-ter'nal-izm, «. aname
sometimes given to PHENOMENALISM
(which see).
EXTERNALIZATION. eks - ter-nal - 1 - za'-
shun, n. the act or condition of being eX'
ternalized or being embodied in an out-
ward form. A. H. Sayce.
EXTERNALS , eks-ter'nalz, n.pl. the out-
ward parts : outward forms or cere-
monies.
EXTINCT, eks-tinkt', adj. put out : no
longer existing: dead. [See Extinguish.]
EXTINCTION, eks-tingk'shun, n. a quench-
ing or destroying : destruction : sup-
pression.
EXTINGUISH, eks-ting'gwish, v.t. to
quench : to destroy : to obscure by su-
perior splendor. — adj. Extino'UISHable.
[L. exstinguo, extinctns — ex, out, and
stinguo, to quench, to prick, from root
stig. to prick.]
EXTINGUISHER, eks-ting'gwish-er, Ji. a
small hollow conical instrument for put-
ting out a candle.
EXTIRPATE, eks-ter'pat, v.t. to root out:
to destroy totallj' : to exterminate. — )l.
Extir'pator. [L. e.rstirpo. exstirpatus —
ex, out. and stirpis. a root.]
EXTIRPATION, eks-ter-iia'shun, n. ex.
termination : total destruction.
EXTOL, eks-tol', v.t. to magnify: to
praise: — pr.jj. extoU'ing ; pa.j). ex-
tolled'. [L. e-vtollo — e.v, up, tolto, to lift
or raise.]
EXTORSIVE, eks-tors'iv, adj. ser\-iug or
tending to extort. — adv. Extoes'fv'ELY.
EXTORT, eks-tort', v.t. to obtain from by
force or compulsion ; to wrest or wring
from by physical force, by menace, du-
ress, violence, torture, authority, or by
any illegal means : as. conquei'ors ex-
tort contributions from the vanquished ;
confessions of guilt are extorted by the
rack ; a promise extorted by duress is
not binding ;
Till thelnjurious Romans did extort
This tribute from us, we were free.— SAafc:
in laii; to take illegaUj' under color of
office, as any money or valuable not due,
or more than is diie : said of public offi-
EXTORT
151
EX VOTO
cers. [L. extorqueo, extortum — ex, and
torqueo, to turn, to twist. See ToRTtJEE.]
EXTOET, eks-tort', v.i. to practice extor-
tion. ' ' To whom they never gave any
penny of entertainment, but let them
feed upon the countries, and extort upon
all men where they came." — Spenser.
EXTORTER, eks-tort'er, ?(. one who ex-
torts or practices extortion.
EXTORTION, eks-tor'shun, n. the act of
extorting: ; the act or practice of wrest-
ing anything from a person by force,
duress, menaces, authority, or by any
undue exercise of power ; oppressive or
illegal exaction ; illegal compulsion to
pav money or to do some other act ;
"Oppression and extortion did extin-
fiiish the greatness of that house." —
i> J. Dalies : that wliich is extorted ;
a gross overcharge ; as ten dollars for
that is an extortion.
EXTORTIONATE, eks - tor'shun - at, arfj.
oppressive.
EXTORTIONER, eks-tor'slmn-er, n. one
wlio practices extortion.
EXTRA, eks'tra, adj., beyond or more than
is necessary: extraordinary: additional.
[L. extra, beyond, outside of, contracted
from extera — e.vter — ax, out, and root
tnr. to cross.!
EXTRACT, eks-trakt', v.t. to draw out by
force or otherwise : to choose out or se-
lect: to find out: to distil. — adj. Ex-
TRACT'iBL^. [L. cxtraho, extractus — ex,
out. and iraho, to draw.]
EXTRACT, eks'trakt, v. anything drawn
from a substance by heat, distillation,
etc., as an essence : a passage taken from
a book or writing.
EXTRAjOTION, eks-trak'shun, n. act of ex-
tracting or drawing out : derivation from
a stock or family : birth : lineage : that
wl)i( h is extracted.
EXTRACTIVE, eks-trakt'iv, adj. tending or
serving to extract. — u. an extract.
EXTRACTOR, eks-trakt'er, >i. he who or
that which extracts : in siirg. a forceps
or instrument used in lithotomy and
midwifery, and in extracting teeth : a
hydro-extractor : in the English Court of
Session, the official person by \\ hom the
extract of a decree or other judicial pro-
ceeding is prepared and authenticated.
EXTRADITE, eks'tra-dit, r.^. to deliver or
give up, as by one nation to another : as,
to extradite a criminal. [See Extradi-
tion.]
EXTRADITION, eks- tra-di'shun, n. de-
livery by one nation to another, particu-
larly of fugitives from justice, in pursu-
ance of a treaty between the nations
called an cvtradition treaty, by which
either nation becomes bound to give up
the criminal refugees. [Fi'. — L. ex, and
traditio, a giving up, surrender, from
trado, traditum, to give or deliver up.]
EXTRA-JUDICIAL, eks'tra - j oo - dish al ,
adj., out of the jiroper court, or beyond
tlie usual course of legal proceeding.
[Extra and Judicial.]
EXTRALIMITARY, eks-tra-lim'i-ta-ri, adj.
being beyond the limit or bounds : as
e.vtrnlimitary land. [L. extra and E.
Limit.]
eXTRALOGICAL, eks-tra-loj'ik-al, acfj.
lying out of or beyond the province of
logic. "This distinction proceeds on a
material, consequentlv on an p.rtra-logv-
ccd difference."— Sir iV'. Hamilton. [Pfx.
, extra, and Logical (which see).]
EXTRALOGICALLY, eks-tra-loj'ik-al-li,
adv. in an extralogical manner : without
the application of logic. " Though a uni-
versal quantification of the predicate in
affirmatives has been frequently recog-
nized, this was by logicians recognized
contingently and therefore extralogical-
ly." — Sir W. Hamilton.
EXTRA-MUNDANE, eks'tra-mun'dan, adj.
beyond the material world. [Extra and
Mundane. ]
EXTRA-MURAL, eks'tra - mu'ral, adj.
without or beyond the walls. [Extra
and Mural.]
EXTRANEOUS, eks-tran'yus, adj. exter-
nal : foreign : not belonging to or de-
pendent on a thing : not essential. — adv.
Extran'eously. [L. extraneus, from
e.rtra. See Extra.]
EXTEAORDINARIES, eks-tror'di-nar-iz, n.
pl. things that exceed the usual order,
kind, or method.
EXTRAOEDINAEY, eks-tror'di-nar-i, adj.,
beyond ordinary: not usual or regtilar:
wonderful : special. — adv. Extraor'di-
NARILY. [Extra and Ordinaey.]
EXTEAVAGANCE, eks-trav'a-gans, n. ir-
regularity : excess : lavish expenditure.
EXTEAVAGANT, eks-traVa-gant, adj.,
wandering beyond bounds : irregular :
unrestrained : excessive : profuse in ex-
penses : wasteful. — adv. Extrav'agant-
LY. [L. extra, beyond, and vagans,
-antis, pr.p. of vagor, to wander.]
EXTRAVAGANZA, eks-trav-a-gan'za, n.
an extravagant or wild and u-regular
piece of music. [It.]
EXTRA VASATE, eks-trav'a-sat, v.t. to
let out of the proper r'esse?s, as blood. [L.
e.vfra, out of, and vas, a vessel.]
EXTREIVIE, eks-trem', adj. outermost ; ut-
most ; furthest ; at the utmost point,
edge, or border ; as, the extreme verge
or point of a thing'; "The extremest
shore." — Southey : worst or best that can
exist or be supposed ; greatest ; most
violent or lu-gent ; utmost ; as, extreme
pain, grief or suffering ; extreme joy or
pleasure : an extreme case : last ; beyond
which there is none ; as, the extreme
hour of life : carrjnng principles to the
uttermost ; holding the strongest possi-
ble views; ultra; "The Puritans or cx-
treme Protestants." — Gladstone: in mii-
sic, superfluous or augmented ; thus, the
extreme sharp sixth is the augmented
sixth. — Extreme unction, in the Roman
ritual, the anointing of a sick person
witli oil when decrepit with age or af-
fected with some mortal disea.se, and
usually just before death. It is applied
to the eyes, ears, nostrOs, mouth, hands,
and feet of penitents, and is supposed to
represent the grace of God poured into
the soul. — Extreme and me.\n ratio, in
geom. the ratio where a line is so di-
vided that the wliole line is to the
greater segment as that seginent is to
the less, or where a line is so divided that
the rectangle under the whole line and
the lesser segment is equal to the square
of the greater segment. [Fr. extreme;
L. extremns, s\xx»^r\. of exter or extents,
on the outside of. outward, from e.v, out.]
EXTREME, eks-trem', )i. the utmost point
or verge of a thing ; that part which
terminates a body; extremity; "Be-
tween the extremes of both jiromonto-
ries." — Daminer: utmost point; utmost
limit or degree that can be supposed or
tolerated ; either of two states or feel-
ings as different from each other as
pos.sible ; furthest degree ; as. the e.x-
tremes of heat and cold ; the extremes of
virtue and vice ; avoid e.vtremes ;
His llawM lie.irt, . . .
'Twixt two extremes of passion, joy and grief,
Burst smilint-ly.— .S'/ioA-. ,•
Thus each extreme to equal dansrer tends.
Plenty as well as want can separate friends.
— Cmiiey ;
extreme suffering, misery, or distress i
extremity ; " Tending to some relief of
our extremes." — Milton : in logic, either
of the extreme terms of a syllogism^
that is, the predicate and subject — thus,
"Man is an animal; Peter is a man,
therefore Peter is an animal ; " the word
animal is the greater extreme, Peter the
less extreme, and man the medium : in
math, either of the first and last terms
of a proportion ; as, when three magni-
tudes are proportional the rectangle con-,
tained by the extremes is equal to the'i
square of tlie mean. — The extremes of
AN interval, in music, the two sounds
most distant from each other. — In the
EXTREME, in the highest degree.
EXTRETiIITY, eks-trem'i-ti, n. the utmost
limit, point, or portion : the highest de-
gree : greatest necessity, emergency, or
distress. [Fr. extremite — L. extremitas.]
EXTRICATE, eks'tri-kat, v.t. to free from
hinderances or perplexities : to disen-
tangle : to emit. — adj. Ex'tricable. [L.
extrieo, extricatus — ex, out, tricie, trifles,
hinderances.]
EXTRICATION, eks-tri-ka'shun. n. disen-
tanglement : act of sending out or evolv-
ing.
EXTEINSIC, eks-trin'sik, EXTEINSICAL,
eks-trin'sik-al, adj. on the outside or out-
tvard : external : not contained in or be-
longing to a body : foreign : not essential:
— opposed to Intrinsic. — adv. Extrin'sic-
AT.T.Y. [Fr. — L. extrinsecus — exter. out-
ward, and secvs, from the same root aa
seqnor, to follow.]
EXTRUDE, eks-trood', v.t. to force or urge
out : to expel : to drive ofl'. [L. extrudo,
extrusus — ex, out, and trvdo, to thrust.]
EXTEUSION, eks-troo'zhun, n. act of ex-
truding, thrusting or throwing out : ex-
pulsion.
EXUBEEANCE, eks-G'ber-ans, EXUBEE^
ANCY, eks-u'ber-an-si, ji. an overflowing'
quantity : richness : superfluousness.
EXUBEEANT, eks-ii'ber-ant, adj. plente-
ous : overflowing : superfluous. — adv.
Exu'berantly. [L. e.vitbcrans, pr.p. of
exubero — ex, intensive, and uber, rich,
abundant.]
EXUDATION, eks-ij-da'shun, n. act of ex-
uding or discharging through pores : the
sweat, etc., exuded.
EXUDE, eks-ud', v.t. to discharge bj-
si"eating : to discharge through pores or
incisions, as sweat, moisture, etc. — v.i,
to flow out of a body through the pores.
[L. e.r, out, sudo, to sweat.]
EXULT, egz-ult', v.i. to rejoice exceedin"--
ly : to triumph. — adv. Exult'ingly. [L.
exsidto, from exsilio — ex, out or up, and
salio, to leap.]
EXULTANT, egz-ult'ant. adj., exidting:
triumphant. [L. exsuUans.]
EXULTATION,egz-ul-la'shun, n. lively joy
at any advantage gained : rapturous de-
light : tran.sport. [L. exstdtatio.]
EXUVLiBLE, egz-u'vi-a-bl, adj. that may
be cast or thrown off, as the skeletons of
articulated animals. [See Exuvi.E.]
EXUVI.,^, egz-u'vi-e, M.p/.cast skins, shells,
or coverings of animals : any parts of
animals which are slied or cast otf, as the
skins of serpents and caterpillars, the
shells of lobsters, etc. [L., from exuo, to
put or draw off, to strip.]
EXUVIAL, egz-fi'vi-al, adj. relating to or
containing exuvia;.
EXUVIATION. <>gz-u-vi-a'shun, ?i. in zogl.
the rejection or ca.sting off of .some part,
as the deciduous teeth, the skin of ser-
pents, the shells of crustaceans, and the
like. [See Exuvi.E.]
EX VOTO, eks vo'to, in consequence of, or
according to, a vow : applied to votive
offerings, as of a picture for a chapel, etc.,
common in Roman Catholic countries.
[L.]
EYALET
152
FACTION
EYALET, i'a-let, n. a division of the Turk-
ish empire. [From an Arab, word sig.
government. Vilayet is a doublet.]
EYE, i, n. the organ of sight or \'ision,more
correctly the globe or movable part of it :
the power of seeing : sight: regard: aim:
keenness of perception : anything resem-
bling an eye, as the hole of a needle, loop
or ring for a hook, etc. — v.t. to look on :
to observe narrowly:^5r.j3. ey'ing or eye'-
ing ; pa.p. eyed' (id). — n. Eye'-shot, the
reach or range of sight of the eye. [A.S.
cage; Goth, aiigo; 6er. atige; Slav, oko;
alhed to Gr. okos, osse, the two eyes, con-
nected with ossomai, to see ; L. oculiis,
Sans, aksha.]
EYEBALL, I'bawl, n. the ball, globe, or ap-
ple of the eye.
EYEBRIGHT, i'brit, n. a beautiful little
plant of the genus Euphrasia, formerly
used as a remedy for diseases of the eye.
EYEBROW, I'brow, ?i. the brow or hairy
arch above the eye.
EYELASH, n. I'lash, the line of hairs that
edges the eyelid. [Eye and Lash.]
EYELESS, i'les, adj. -svithout eyes or sight.
EYELET, riet, EYELET-HOLE, I'let-hol,
n. a sjiiall eye or hole to receive a lace or
cord, as in garments, sails, etc. [Fr.
ceillet, dim. ceil, an eye.]
EYELID, I'lid, n. the cover of the eye: that
portion of movable skin with which an
animal covers the eyeball or uncovers it
at pleasure ; it serves the purpose of
protecting, wiping and cleansing the ball
of the eye, as well as moistening it by
spreading the lachrymal fluid over its
surface.
EYE-SERVICE, i'-ser'vis, »., service per-
formed onlj' under the eye or inspection
of an employer.
EYESIGHT, I'sit, n. power of seeing: -sdew:
observation.
EYESORE, I'sor, n. anjrthing that is sore or
oft'ensive to the eye.
EYESTONE, I'ston, n. a small calcareous
body, the operculum of small Turbinidas,
used for removing substances from be-
tween the lid and ball of the eye. Being
put into the inner corner of the eye, it
works its way out at the outer corner,
bringing with it anj' foreign substance.
EYESTRING, rstring, n. the tendon by
which the eye is moved.
I would have broke my eyesirings; cracked them,but
To look upon him. — Shak.
EYETOOTH, I'tooth, n. a tooth in the upper
jaw next the grinders, with a long fang
pointing towards the eye.
EYE-WITNESS, T'-wit'nes, n. one who sees
a thing done.
EYRE, ar, n. a journey or circuit : a court
of itinerant justices : justices in ej-re
formerlj' corresponded to the present
English justices of assize. [O. Fr. eire,
journey, from L. iter, a way, a journey —
eo. it urn, to go.]
EYRY, EYRIE, AERIE, e're or a're, »i. a
place where birds of prey construct their
nests and hatch their eggs : a brood of
eagles or hawks. [Fr. aire, from Ger.
aar, an eagle ; cog. with Ice. ari, an
eagle.]
F
,#ABACE^, fa-ba'se-e, n.pl. a name pro-
Eosed by Lindley for the nat. order
eguminosce.
FABACEOUS, fa-ba'shus, adj. having the
nature of a bean : like a bean. [Low.
L. fabaceus, from L. faba, a bean.]
FABIAN, fa'bi-an, adj. delaying : dilatory:
avoiding battle, in imitation of Q. Fa-
bius Maximus, a Roman general, who
conducted military operations against
Hannibal, by declining to risk a battle
in the open field, but harassing the en-
emy by marches, countermarches and
ambuscades. "Met by the Fabian tac-
tics, which proved fatal to its predeces-
sors."— London Times.
FABLE, fa'bl, n. a feigned story or tale in-
tended to instruct or amuse : the plot or
series of events in an epic or dramatic
poem: fiction: a falsehood. — v.t. to
feign : to invent. ["Fr. fable — L. fabula,
fvotnfari, to speak.]
FABRIC, fab'rik or fa'brik, n., workman-
shij} : texture : anj-thing framed by art
and labor : building: manufactured cloth:
any system of connected parts. [Fr. —
L. fabiHca—faber, a worker in hard ma-
terials— facto to make.]
FABRICATE, fab'ri-kat, v.t. to put to-
gether by art and labor : to manufact-
ure : to produce : to devise falsely. — n.
Fab'ricator. [L. fabrico, fabrtcatus,
from fabrica. See Fabric]
FABRICATION, fab-ri-ka'shun, n. con-
struction : manufacture : that which is
fabricated or invented : a story: a false-
hood.
FABULIZE, fab'u-liz, v.t. to ■write fables,
or to speak in fables.
FABULIST, fab'u-list, n. one who invents
fables.
FABULOUS, fa'bu-lus, adj. feigned as a
story ; devised ; fictitious ; invented ; not
real ; exceeding the bounds of proba-
bUity or reason ; as, a fabidous story ; a
fab%dmis description ; a fabidmis hero ;
the fabulous exploits of Hercules : that
can hardly be received as truth ; incredi-
ble ; as, the picture was sold at a fabu-
lous price ; " He found that the waste of
the servants' hall was almost fabulous."
— Macaulay. — The fabidous age of a coun-
try is that period in its earlj' history of
which the accounts are mostly mythical
or legendary, recording chiefly the fabu-
lous achievements of heroes ; as, the
fabidous age of Greece and Rome.
FAQADE, fa-sad', n. the /ace or froyit of a
building. [Fr., from It. facciata, the
front of a building, faccia, the face — L.
fades. See Face.]
FACE, fas, n. the visible forepart of the
head : the outside make or appearance :
front : cast of features : look : boldness :
presence : (B.) anger or favor : a term
appUed in various technical meanings ;
as, the dial of a clock, watch, compass-
card, or other indicator, the sole of a
plane, the flat portion of a hammer head
which comes in contact with the object
struck, the edge of a cutting instrument,
the surface of a printing type that im-
presses tlie characters. [Fr. face — L.
fades, form, face — facio, to make, akin
to Gr. phaino, to cause to appear.]
FACE, fas, v.t. to meet in the face or in
front : to stand opposite to : to resist : to
put an additional face or surface on : to
cover in front. — v.i. 1o turn the face.
FACECLOTH, fas'kloth, n. a cloth laid
over the face of a corpse.
FACE-HAMMER, fas'-ham-mer. n. a ham-
mer having a flat face as distinguished
from one having pointed or edged peens.
FACE-PLAN, fils'-plan, n. a plan or draw-
ing of the principal or front elevation of
a building.
FACET, fas'et, FACETTE, fa-set', n. a lit-
tle face ; a small surface ; as. the facets
of a diamond ; " A gem of fifty facets."
— Tennyson : in areh. a flat projection
between the flutings of columns : in
anat. a small, circumscribed portion of
the surface of a bone ; as, articular fa-
cettes, that is, contiguous surfaces by
means of which bones are articulated
[Fr. facette, dim. of /ace.]
FACETI^, fa-se'shi-e, n.pl, nitty or hu-
morous sayings or writings. [L. — facetus,
merrv, wittv.]
FACE'flOUS,"fa-se'shus, adj. witty, humor,
ous, jocose. — adv. Face'tiously. — n. Fa.-
ce'tiousness. [Fr., from L.faceti<s.]
FACIAL, fa'shi-al, adj. pertaining to the
face; as, the/aciaZarterj'.vein, or nerve—
Facial Angle, in anat. the angle formed
by the plane of the face with a certain
other plane. The facial angle of Cam-
per is contained by a line drawn horizon-
tally from the middle of the external
entrance of the ear to the edge of the
nostrils, and another from this latter
point to the superciliary ridge of the
frontal bone. Owen and others measure
the facial angle by the face, or the most
prominent parts of the forehead and
upper jaw, and a line drawn from the oc-
cipital condyle along the floor of tlie nos-
trils. It has been sometimes stated that
the more acute this angle the less will
the intellectual faculties of the individ-
ual be developed, but as a test for this
purpose it is fallacious, though it is of
some value as a character in comparing
the different races of mankind. — Facial
NERVE, the portio dura of the seventh
pair of nerves, arising from the upper
part of the respiratory tract, supplying
the facial muscles, and known as the
nerve of expression. — Facial vein, a vein
which receives tlie vessels of the liead
and forehead, and crosses the face from
the root of the nose outward. [L. fades,
face.]^
FACILE, fas'il, adj., easily persuaded :
yielding : easy of access : courteous ;
easy. [Fr., from L. facilis, that may be
done, eas3-, from /acjo, to do.]
FACILITATE, fa-sil'i-tat, v.t. to make
easy : to lessen difficulty.
FACILITY, fa-sil'i-ti, 7i. "quality of being
facile or easily done : dexterity : easiness
to be persuaded : pliancy : easiness of
access : affabilit.y : — pi. ■ Facil'ities,
means that render anything easy to be
done. [Fi\ — L,. fadlitas.]
FACING, fas'ing, n. a covering in front for
ornament or protection.
FAC-SmiLE, fak-sim'i-le. n. an exact
copy. [L. fac, contr. of factum, made —
facio, to make, and similis, like.]
FACT, fakt, n. a deed or anj'thing done:
anjrthing that comes to pass : reality :
truth : the assertion of a thing done.
[L. factum, from facio, to make.]
FACTION, fak'shun,?(. a party, in 2}olitics,
combined or acting in union, in opposi-
tion to the state, government, or prince:
usually applied to a minoritj', but it may
be applied to a majority ; a party pro-
moting discord or unscrupulously pro-
moting their private ends at the expense
of the public good; "Not swaying to
this faction or to that." — Tennyson;
"When a party abandons public and
general ends, and devotes itself only to
the personal interests of its members and
leaders, it is called a faction, and its
policy is said to be factious." — Sir G. O.
Leu-is ;" A feeble government produces
more factions than an oppressive one."
— Ames : tumult ; discord ; dissension ;
" They remained at Newbury in gieat
faction among themselves." — Lord (' tar-
en don : in Rom. antiq. one of the four
classes, distinguished by special colors,
into which the combatants in the circus
were diNaded ; there were the green,
blue, red, and white factions, and other
two, the purple and yellow, are said to
have been added by Domitian. [L. f actio.
FACTIOUS
153
FALCON
a company of persons acting together,
from facio. factum, to do.]
FACTIOUS, fak'shiis, adj. turbiJent : dis-
loyal.—adc. Fac'tiously. — n. Fac'tious-
XESS. [L. factiosus — f actio.]
FACTITIOUS, fak-tish'us, a'lj., made by
art, in opposition to what is natural. —
adv. Facti'tiously. [L. factitms, from
facia, to make.]
FACTOR, fak'tor, n. a doer or transactor
of business for another : one who buys
and sells goods for others, on commis-
sion : one of two or more quantities,
which, multiplied together, form a prod-
uct.— n. Fac TORSHIP. [L., trom/aci'o.]
FACTORAGE, fak'tor-aj, n. the fees or
commission of a factor.
FACTOR! AT., fak-to'ri-al, adj. pertaining
to or consisting in a factory.
FACTORY, fak'tor-i, n. a manufactory : a
trading settlement in a distant country,
as the factorj- of the East India Company
at Calcutta.
j^ACTOTUM, fak-to'tum, n. a person em-
ploj'ed to do all kinds of work. [L. facio,
and totus, all.]
FACUL.iE, fa'ku-le, n.pl. in astron. cer-
tain spots sometimes seen on the sun's
disc, which appear brighter than the rest
of his surface. " Different parts of his
(the sun's) surface give different spectra.
The spots have not the same spectrum as
the bright parts of the disc; the ordinarily
bright parts have not the same spectrum
as the exceptionally bright parts called
the/aei(?OE." — R. A. Proctor. [L.facula,
a little torch, dim. oifax, a torch.]
FACULAE, fak'u-ler, adj. pertaining or
relating to faculce. R. A. Proctor.
FACULTY, fak'ul-ti, n., facility or power to
act : an original power of the mind : per-
sonal quality or endowment : right, au-
thority, or privilege to act : license : a
body of men to whom any privilege is
granted : the professors constituting a
department in a university : the members
of a profession. [Fr. — L. facultas—facilis,
easy.]
FAD, fad, n. a weak hobby. [Fr. fade, in-
sipid. See under Fade.]
FADE, fad, i\i. to lose strength, freshness,
or color gradually. — adj. Fade'less. [Fi-.
fade, insipid, from L. fatuus, silly, in-
sipid.]
F^CES or FECES, i&sez, n.pl., grounds:
sediment after infusion or distillation :
excrement. [L., pi. of foex, feeds,
grounds.]
FAG, fag, v.i. to become weary or tired
out : to work as a fag -.—pr.p'. fagg'ing;
pa.p. fagged'. — n. one who labors like a
drudge : a school-boy forced to do menial
offices for one older : a fatiguing or tii'ing
piece of work : fatigue. "It is such a
fag, I come back tired to death." — Miss
Austen. [Ety. dub. ; perh. a corr. of Flag,
to droop, which see.]
FAG-END, fa^'-end, n. the end of a web of
cloth that flags or hangs loose : the un-
twisted end of a rope : the refuse or
meaner part of a thing.
fAGGERY, fag'er-i, n. fatiguing labor or
drudgery : the system of fagging carried
on at some public schools. •' Faggery
was an abuse too venerable and sacred
to be touched by profane hands." — De
Qitincey.
f AGOT or FAGGOT, fag'ut, n. a bundle of
sticks used for fuel : a stick : anything
like a fagot : a soldier numbered on the
muster-roll, but not really exi-^ting : a
voter who has obtained his vote expressly
for party purposes : in former times
heretics who had escaped the stake by
recanting their errors were often made
publicly to carry a fagot and burn it —
hence the phrase. To buejj one's fagot ;
an imitation fagot was also worn on
the sleeve by heretics, as a symbol that
they had recanted opinions worthy of
burning. — adj. got up for a purpose, as
in Fagot vote. [Fr. fagot, a bundle of
sticks, perh. from L. fa.x; a torch.]
FAHRENHEIT, fa'ren-liit, adj. the name
distinguishing the kind of thermometer
in most common use in England and
America, in which the space between the
freezing and the boiling points of water,
under a medium pressure of the atmos-
phere, is divided into 180° ; the freezing
point being marked 32", and the boiling
212° ; as, there was a temperature of 60"
Fahrenheit, that is, by a Fahrenheit
thermometer : the Fahrenheit scale. [Af-
ter Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit, a native
of Dantzic, who first employed quick-
silver, instead of spirits of wine, in the
construction of thermometers about the
year 1720.]
FAIENCE, fa-i-ens' or fa-yangs, n. a sort of
fine pottery or earthenware glazed with
a fine varnish, and painted in various
designs, named from Faenza in Romagna,
where it is said to have been invented in
1299.
FAIL, fal , 1'. / . to fcdl short or be wanting : to
fall away : to decay : to die : to miss : to
be disappointed or baffled : to be unable
to pay one's debts. — v.t. to be wanting to :
not to be sufficient for : — pr.p. fail'ing ;
pa.p. failed'. [Fr. faillir — L. fallo ; conn,
with Gr. sphallo, to cause to fall, deceive,
A.S. feallan, to fall.]
FAILING, fal'ing, Ji. a fault, weakness : a
foible.
FAILLE, fi-ye or fal, n. a hea^'y silk fabric
of superior quality used in making and
trimming ladies' dresses. [Fr.]
FAILURE, fal'ur, n. a falling short, or ces-
sation : omission : decaj' : bankruptcy.
FAIN, fan, adj. glad or joyfid: inchned :
content or compelled to accept, for want
of better. — adv. gladly. [A.S.fcBgen, joy-
ful ; Ice. feginn, glad.]
FAINEANCE, fa'ne-ans, n. the quality of
doing nothing or of beingidle: indolence:
sloth. " The mask of sneering /af»eonce
was gone ; imploring tenderness and ear-
nestness beamed from his whole coun-
tenance."— Kingsley. [From faineant
(which see).]
FAINEANT, f a-na-ang, adj.Qit. ) do-nothing:
the sarcastic epithet applied to tlie later
Merovingian kings of France, who were
puppets in the hands of the maj-ors of
the palace — Louis V. , the last of the Car-
lovingian dynasty, received the same des-
ignation. [Fr., idle, sluggish— /aire, to
do, and neant, nothing.]
FAINT, fant, adj. wanting in strength :
fading : lacking distinctness : not bright
or forcible : weak in spirit : lacking cour-
age : depressed : done in a feeble wav. —
i\i. to become feeble or weak: to lose
strength, color, etc.: to swoon : to fade
or decay : to vanish : to lose courage or
spirit: to become depressed. — rtdr.FAINT'-
LY. [Used of anything that cannot bear
trial or proof, from Fr. feint (feindre),
feigned, unreal — L. Jingere, to feign or
dissemble. See Feign.]
FAINTISH, fant'ish, adj., somewhat or
slightlv faint.— n. Faint'ISHNess.
FAINTN'ESS, tant'nes, n. want of strength:
feebleness of color, light, etc.: dejection.
FAIR, far, adj., bright: clear: free from
blemish : pure : pleasing to the eye :
beautiful : free from a dark hue : of a
light shade : free from clouds or rain :
favorable : unobstructed : open : jjros-
l)er()us : frank : impartial : pleasing :
hopeful : moderate. — adv. Fais'ly.— Ji.
Fair'nes.s. [A.S. faeger; Ice. fagr,
bright, Dan. feir.]
FAIR, far, n. a fair icoman. — The Faib..
n.pl. the female sex.
FAIR, far, n. a stated market. [O. Fr.
feire, from L. feria, or ferice, holidavs,
conn, w'lih festus, festive. See Feast.]
FAIRY, far'i, n. an imaginary being, said
to assume a human form, and to influ-
ence the fate of man. [O. Fr. faerie, en-
chantment— Fr. fee. See Fay, which
would have been the correct form, fairy
being properly an abstract word.]
FAIRY, far'i, adj. of or belonging to/afn'es.
FAIRYISM, far'i-izm, n. a condition or
characteristic of being fairj'-like : resem-
blance to fairies or fairyland in customs,
nature, appearance, or the like. -The
air of enchantment waA fairyism which
is the tone of the place." — H. Walpole.
FAIRYLAND, far'i-land, n. the imaginary
countrj' of the fairies.
FAIRY-MONEY, far'i-mun-i, n. money
given by fairies, which, according to the
popular belief, was said to turn into
withered leaves or rubbish after some
time ; " In one day Scott's high-heaped
money-wagts became fairy-money and
nonentity." — Carlyle : also, a term some-
times applied to found money, from the
notion that it was dropped by a good
fairy where the favored mortal would
find it.
FAITH, fath, n., trust or confidence in any
person : belief in the statement of an-
other : belief in the truth of revealed re-
ligion : confidence and trust in God :
reliance on Christ as the Saviour : that
which is believed : any system of relig-
ious belief : fidelity to promises : honesty :
word or honor pledged. [M. E. feiih,
feyth.fey — O. Fr.feid — L. fides— fldo. to
trust ; connected with Gr. peitho, to per-
suade.]
FAITHFUL, fath'fool. adj. full of faith, be-
lieving : firm in adherence to promises,
duty, allegiance, etc.: loyal: conformable
to truth : worthy of belief : true. — The
Faithful, believers. — adv. Faith'fully.
— n. Faith'fulness.
FAITHLESS, filtb'les, adj. without faith
or belief : not believing, esp. in God or
Christianity : not adhering to promises,
allegiance, or duty : delusive. — adv.
Faith'lessly. — n. Faith'lessness.
FAKIR, fa'ker or fa-ker', n. a member of a
religious order of mendicants in India
and the neighboring countries. [Ar. fak'
har, poor.]
FALCATE, fal'kat, FALCATED, fal'kat-ed,
adj. (astr. and bot.) bent like a sickle, aa
the crescent moon, and certain leaves.
[Ti. falcat^is. from falx, a sickle.]
FALCHION, fawl'shun, i). a short crooked
sword, falcated or bent somewhat like a
sickle. [It./«/c/o?ie — Low L. falcio, from
L. faLr, a sickle.]
FALCON, faw'kn, n. in zool. a member of
the Falconing, a sub-family of the Fal-
conidie (which see), characterized by a
short beak, curved from the base, by
having on the margin one or two strong
indentations on each side, and very long
wings, of which the second pen-feather
is the largest. The species most com-
monly used in falconry .are the gyrfalon
or jerfalcon (Falco gyrfalco) and the pere-
grine falcon (F. peregriniis). The former
is regarded as the boldest and most beau-
tiful of its family, and next to the eagle
the mo.st formidable, active, and intrepid
of birds. It is therefore held in the high-
est esteem for falconry, and was formerly
imported from Iceland and Norway. The
peregrine falcon being much more easily
procured w.os much more commonly the
object of the falconer's care. It builds
on high rocks on the coast, and is more
numerous in Scotland than Englatui
FALCONER
154
FAMILY
The geographical distribution of the fal-
cons is verj' wide, extending fronx the
equator to the poles, and many species
have been described. The term falcon
is by sportsmen restricted to tlie female,
the male, which is smaller and less cou-
rageous, being called tersel, tiercel, or ter-
eelet. [O.Fr. falcon ; Fr. faucon ; It. fal-
eoiie : L. falco. Probably from falx, a
reaping-hook, from the curved claws and
beak. The word has also passed into the
Teut. languages. Comp. O.Gter. faldio,
Gar. falk, falkc. Ice. falki, falcon.J
t VLCONER, taw'kn-er, n. one who sports
nith, or who breeds and trains /(.Zcon*' or
hawks for taking wUd-towl. [Fr. fau-
eonnietj]
f-ALCONID.a;, fal-kon'i-de, n.pl a family
of raptorial birds or birds of prey, in
which the destructive powers are most
perfectly developed. The true falcons
are inferior in size to the eagles and vul-
tures, but thej' are of all birds the most
symmetrical in their form, and the most
daring in the capture of their prey, being
also endowed with wonderful strength
and powers of fliglit. They are distin-
guished by a projection over the eyebrows
which gives their eyes the appearance of
being deeply seated in their orbits. The
beak is hooked and generally curved from
its origin ; there are tlu-ee toes before and
one behind, the claws are pointed and
sharp, movable, retractile, and much
hooked. The family includes the differ-
ent species of eagles, the hawks and fal-
cons properly so called, comprising the
sub-famiues tolyborinae (caracaras),Bute-
oninaj (buzzards), Aquilinae (eagles), Fal-
coninai (falcons), MilWuffl (kites), Accipi-
trinas (liawks), and Circiuee (harriers).
FALCONRY, faw'kn-ri, n. the art of train-
ing or hunting with falcons. [Fr. faur
couiierie.\
i^'ALDERALL, fal'de-ral, n. a gewgaw : an
idle fancy : a conceit. " Gin ye dinua
tie him till a job that he canna get quat
o', he'll flee frae ae falderall till aoither
a' the days o' his Ufe." — Hogg. [Formed
from the unmeaning repetitions in some
old songs.]
FALDSTOOL, fawld'st5ol, n. a folding or
•camp stool: a kind of stool for the king
to kneel on at his coronation : a bishop's
seat within the altar : a small desk at
which the Utany is sung or said. [From
Low L. faldistoliiim — O. H. Ger. taldan
(Grer. falten), to fold, and stiial (Ger.
stuhl), stool, seat, or throne; Fr. fauteuil
is from the same source.]
FALL, fawl, v.i. to drop down: to descend
by the force of gravity : to become pros-
trate : {of a river) to discharge itself : to
sink as if dead : to vanish : to die away :
to lose strength : to decline in power,
wealth, value, or reputation : to sink
into sin : to depart from the faith : to
become dejected : to pass gently into
any state : to befall : to issue : to enter
upon with haste or vehemence : to rush :
— pr.p. fairing; pa.t. tell; pa.p. fallen
(faw'ln). [A.S. feallan ; Ger. fallen ;
connected with L. fallo. to deceive, Gr.
.''phallo, to cause to fall. Sans, sphal, to
tremble. See Fail.]
€ALL, fawl, n. the act of falling, in any of
lis senses : descent by grawty : a drop-
ping down : overthrow : death : descent
from a better to a worse position : slope
or declivity : descent of water : a cas-
cade— though in this sense the plural is
used, as Niagara Falls, Falls of St.
Anthony, etc. : length of a fall : outlet
of a river : decrease in value : a sinking
of the voice : the time when tlie leaves
fall, autumn : that which falls : a lapse
into sin, especially that of Adam and
Eve, called The Fall •.—pt. {Apocrypha)
death, overthrow.
FALLACIOUS, fal-la'shus, adj. calculated
to deceive or mislead : not well founded :
causing disappointment : delusive. — adv.
Falla'ciously. — n. Falla'cioosness.
[L. fallaciosus.]
FALLACY, fal'a-si, n. something falla-
cious : deceptive appearance : an ap-
parently genuine but really illogical
ai^gument. [Fr. fallace, deceit — ^L. fal-
lada, from fallax, deceptive, fallo, to
deceive.]
FALLIBILITY, fal-i-bil'i-ti, n. liability to
err.
FALLIBLE, fal'i-bl, adj. liable to error or
mistake. — adv. Fall'ebly. [Low L.
fallibilis, from /aHo.]
FALLOW, fal'lo, adj. pale red or pale yel-
low ; as, a fallow deer : left to rest aJter
tillage ; untilled ; imcultivated ; neg-
lected; "Break up your /aZtoio ground."
— Jer. iv. 3 ; " Her predecessors . . . did
but sometimes cast up the ground ; and
80 leaving it falloiv, it became quickly
overgrown with weeds." — Howell : unoc-
cupied ; neglected ; unused :
Let the cause lie fallow.— Hudibras ;
A tbousaud hearts ]ife fallow in these balls.
— Tennyson.
[A. S. fealo, fealwe, pale red or pale yel-
low ; O. E. falau, falewe, etc. — " His hue
falewe and pale. — Cliaticer. Of. Ger.
fdhl, falb ; Low Ger. and Dut. vaal, fal-
low ; also Fr. fauve. It. falbo, which are
borrowed from the Teutonic ; cog. L.
pallidus, pale. The application of the
epithet to land is probably due to the
color of ploughed laud.]
FALLOW, fal'ld, n. land that has lain a
year or more untilled or unseeded ; land
ploughed without being sowed : the
ploughing or tilling of land, without
somng it, for a season ; as, summer fal-
low, properly conducted, has ever been
found a sure method of destroying weeds;
" By a complete summer fallow, land is
rendered tender and mellow." — Sir J.
Sinclair. — A green fallow, in England,
fallow where land is rendered mellow
and clean from weeds bj' means of some
green crop, as turnips, potatoes, etc.
FALLOW, fal'lo, v.t. to plough, haiTow,
and break land without seeding it, for
the pm'pose of destroying weeds and in-
sects and rendering it mellow ; as, it is
found to be for the interest of the farmer
to falloip cold, strong, clayey land. In
U. S. to summer-fallow land is to plough
and cultivate it continually during the
summer, in preparation for sowing wheat
in the autumn. Some of the most pro-
gressive American farmers condemn
summer-fallowing. They contend that,
owing to evaporation under the summer
heat, the practice is eventually detri-
mental to the soU.
FALLOW-DEER, fal'o-der, n. a species of
deer smaller than the red-deer, with broad
flatantlers.andof a7/e/Zow«/i-browncolcr.
FALLO WTv-ESS, fal'6-nes, n. state of being
falloir, or untilled.
FALL-TRAP, fawl'-trap, n. a trap in which
a part of the apparatus, as a door, bar,
knife, or the like, descends and imprisons
or kills the victim. " We walk in a world
of plots, strings universally spread of
deadly gins and fall-traps baited by the
gold of Fitt.''—Carlyle.
FALSE, fawls, adj., deceptive or deceiinng :
untruthful : unfaithful to obligations :
untrue : not genuine or real : hypocrit-
ical : not well founded. — adv. False'ly.
— ?!. False'ness. [O.Fi: falsi faux)—!,.
falstts, pa.p. of fallo, to deceive. See
Fail, Fall, Fallacious.]
FALSEHOOD, fawls'hood, n. state or qual-
ity of 6ei»ig'/aZ«e ; want of truth: want
of honesty : deceitfulness : false appear-
ance: an untrue statement: a lie. [Fai^e,
and hood, A.S. had, state.]
FALSETTO, fawl-set'o, n. a false or arti-
Jicial voice : a range of voice beyond the
natural compass. {It. falsetto, from root
of False.]
FALSI CRIilEN, fal'si krfmen, in law, the
crime of what is false : the crime of fraud.
In the civil law the term meant a fraud-
ulent subornation or concealment, wth
design to darken or conceal the truth, or
make things appear otherwise than they
really are, as in swearing falsely, ante-
dating a contract, or selling ty false
weights. In modern common law its
prevailing signification is that of forgery.
FALSIFIABLE, fawls'1-fi-a-bl, adj. that
may be falsified, counterfeited, or cor-
rupted.
FALSIFICATION, fawls-i-fi-ka'shun, v. the
act of making false : the giving to a thing
the appearance of something which it is
not.
FALSIFIER, fawls'i-fTer, n. one who/a7«-
Jies or gives to a thing a false appearance.
FALSIFY, fawls'i-fi, i:t. to forge or coun-
terfeit : to prove untrustworthy : to
break by falsehood: — pr.p. fals'ifying;
pa.p. fals'ifled. [L. falsus, false, and
faeio, to make.]
FALSITY, fawls'i-ti, n. quality of being
false : a false assertion. [L. falsitas,
from falsus, false.]
FALTER, fawl'ter, v.i. to fail or stutter in
speech : to tremble or totter : to be feeble
or irresolute. [Lit., to be at fault ; from
root of Fault ; cf. Span, f altar. It. fah
tare, to be deficient.]
FALTER, fawl'ter, n. the act of faltering,
hesitating, trembling, stammering, or
the like : unsteadiness : hesitation : trem-
bling : quavering. ' ' The falter of an idle
shepherd's pipe." — J. R. Lowell.
FALTERINGLY, fawl'ter-ing-li, adv. in a
faltering or hesitating manner.
FAME, fam, n. public report or rumor: re-
nown or celebrity, good or bad. [Fr. — L.
fama, from fan, to speak ; Gr. pheme,
trom phemi, to say, make known. Sans.
bh6sh, to speak, A.S. bannan, to pro-
claim.]
FAMED, famd, adj. renowned.
FAMILIAR, fa-mil'yar, art/, well acquainted
or intimate : showing the manner of an
intimate: free: ha%-ing a thorough
knowledge of : well known or under-
stood.— n. one well or long acquainted :
a demon supposed to attend at call. —
adv. Famil'l^^ely. [L. familiaris, from
familia, a family.]
FAMILIARIZE, fa-mil'yar-Iz, v.t. to make
thoroughly acquainted : to accustom : to
make easy bv practice or study.
FAMILIARITY, fa-mil-ye-ar'i-ti, n. inti-
mate acquaintanceship : freedom from
constraint : — pi. actions characterized by
too much license : actions of one person
towards another unwarranted by their
relative position : liberties. [L. famil-
ia rit as.]
FAJIILIST, fa'mil-ist. n. one of the relig'
ious sect called the Family of Love which
arose in Holland in 1556. They taught
that religion consists whollj- in love, in-
dependently of any form of truth held
and believed ; that through love man
could become absolutely absorbed in and
identified with God ; tliat God regards
not the outward actions but only the
heart, and that to the pure all things are
pure, even things forbidden.
FAMILY, fam'i-li, n. the household, oj- all
those who live in one house under one
head : the descendants of one common
FAMILY-HEAD
155
FARCY
progenitor : race : honorable or noble
descent : a group of auuuals, plants,
languages, etc., moi'e comprebensive
than a genus. [Fr. — L. faniUior—famio-
Ills, a servant.]
FAinLY-HEAD, fa'mi-li-hed, n. (naut.) an
old name for the stem of a vessel when
it was surmounted by several full-length
figures.
1 A3nLY-3IAN, fa'mj-li-man, n. one who
has a family or a household : a man in-
clined to lead a domestic life. "The
Jews are generally, when married, most
•xemplarv family-men." — Maylieu:
FA3IIXE, fam'in, n. general scarcity of
food. [Ft., through an unrecorded Low
Ij.famina, from !>. fames, hunger.]
FAMISH, fam'ish, v.t. to starve. — v.i. to
die or suffer extreme hunger or thirst :
to suffer from exposure.
FAJIISHMENT, fam'ish-ment, n. starva-
tion.
FAMOUS, fa'miis, adj. renowned : noted.
— adv. Fa'mously. [L. famosus, from
fama.]
FAN, fan, n. the name of various instru-
ments for exciting a current of air by
the agitation of a broad surface ; as, (a)
an instrument made of palm-leaf, carved
wood or ivory, feathers, or of thin skin,
paper, or taffeta, mounted on sticks, etc.,
used by ladies to agitate the air and cool
the face ; (6) in mach. any contrivance of
vanes or flat discs, revolving by the aid of
machinery, as for winnowmg grain, for
cooUng fluids, urging combustion, assist-
ing ventilation, etc. ; (c) a small vane or
sail used to keep the large saUs of a smock
wind-mill always in the direction of the
wind ; (d) an apparatus for regulating or
checking, by the resistance of the air to
its rapid motion, the velocity of light ma-
chinery, as in a musical box ; a fly i (e) an
apparatus, called a^so the farii-govemor,
tor regulating the throttle-valves of
steam-engines : something resembling a
lady's fan when spread, as the wing of a
bird, the tail of a peacock, etc.; '• As a
peacock and crane were in company the
peacock spread his tail and challenged the
other to snow him such a, fan of feathers."
— Sir R. VEstrange : (Jig.) any agency
which excites to action or stimulates the
activity of a passiou or emotion, produc-
ing effects analogous to those of a fan in
exciting flame ; as, this was a/a» to re-
bellion ; a fan to a man's ardor. [A. S.
fann, fan, a collateral form of van, L.
vanmis, whence Fr. van, a fan. Probably
akin to L. ventus, wind, and E. Winnow.]
FAN, fan, v.t. to move or agitate as with
a fan;
The air . . . fanned with nnnumbered plumes.
— Milton :
to cool and refresh, by moving the air
with a fan ; to blow the air on the face
with a fail ; "She v/as fanned into slum-
bers by her slaves." — Spectator ; to venti-
late ; to blow on ; to affect by air put in
motion ;
Calm as the breath which fan* our eaatem groves.
— Dryden :
to winnow; to ventilate; to separate chaff
from, and drive it away by a current of
air ; as, to fan wheat : (fig.) to produce
effects on, analogous to those of a fan in
exciting flame ; to excite ; to increase tlie
tujtivity or action of ; to stimulate — said
of the passions and emotions, of designs,
plots, etc. ; as, this fanned the flame of
his love ; he fanned the smouldering
embers of the revolution till they burst
into flame.
PANAL, fa-n3.1. n. a lighthouse, or more
specifically, the apparatus placed in it
to give hght. [Fr.J
FANAM. fan'am, n. a money of account
used formerly in Madras, worth about
4 cents : a Ceylonese copper coin worth
about 3 cents.
FANATIC, famat'ik, FANATICAL, fa-
nat'ik-al, adj. wild and extravagant in
opinions, particularly in religious opin-
ions : excessively enthusiastic : possessed
or characterized' by a kind of frenzy : as,
a fanatic people ; fanatic zeal ; fanatic
notions or opinions. "Fanxitic Egj'pt
and her priests." — Milton.
I abhor such fanatical phantoms. — Shah.
FL. fanaticus. Inspired, enthusiastic,
trom fanum, a place dedicated to some
deity, a temple. See Fane.]
FANATIC, fa-nat'ik, n. a person affected
by excessive enthusiasm, particularly on
religious subjects : one who indulges
wild and extravagant notions of reUgion.
"They are fanaticks ... all atheists
being that blind goddess Nature's fanat-
icks. — Cudworth. " There is a new
word, coined within few raontlis, called
fanatics, which, by the close stickling
thereof, seemeth well cut out and pro-
portioned to signify what is meant
therebv, even the sectaries of our age."
—Fidler. 1660.
FANATICISM, fa-nat'i-sizm, n, wild and
excessive religious enthusiasm.
FANCIED, fan'sid.p. and adj. portrayed or
formed by the fancy ; imaginary' ; as, a
fancied grievance : attracting one's
fancy ; liked ; in esteem ; sought after ;
as, this class of goods is more fancied
than ever.
FANCIER, fan'si-er, n. one who fancies
or has a liking to ; also, one who keeps
for sale ; as, a \>M-fancier: one who is
under the influence of his fancy ; " Not
reasoners but fanciers." — Macaulay.
FANCIFUL, fan'si-fool, adj. guided or
created by fancy : imaginative : whim-
sical : wild.— ode. Fan'cifully.— n. Fan'-
CIKULNESS.
FANCY, fan'si, n. that faculty of the mind
by which it recalls, represents, or makes
to appear past images or impressions :
an image or representation thus formed
in the mind : an unreasonable or capri-
cious opinion : a whim : capricious incli-
nation or liking. — adj. pleasing to, or
guided bj' fancy or caprice. — Fancy-BAT.T.,
n. a ball at which fancy dresses in vari-
ous characters are worn. — ^The FANCY,
n^l. sporting characters generally.
[Contracted from fantasy, FV. fantasie,
through L., from Gr. phantasia — Gr.
phantazo, to make visible— phaino, to
oring to light, to show. Sans. bliA, to
shine.]
FANCY, fan'si, v.t. to portray in the mind:
to imagine : to have a fancy or liking
for : to be pleased with : — pr.p. fan'cy-
ing ; pa^. lan'cied.
FANCY-FREE, fan'si-frg, adj. free from
the power of love.
In maWen moMtation. fancy-free.— SHiak.
FANCY-GOODS, fan'si-goodz, n.pl. fabrics
of various patterns, as ribbons, silks,
satins, etc., differing from those which
are of a plain or simple color.
FANCY-LINE, fan'si-Un, n. in ncv. (a)
a line used for overhauling the lee
topping-lift of the main or spanker
boom — often called a tripping-line ; (b) a
line rove through a block at the jaws of a
gaff, used as a down-hauL
FANCY-SICK, fan'si-sik, arjlj. noting one
whose imagination is unsound, or whose
distemper is in his own mind.
All fancy-sick she Is, and pale of cheer.— STiafc.
FANCY-STOCKS, fan'si-stoks, n.pl. among
American brokers, stocks wliicn, having
no determinate value from any fixed
probable income, fluctuate in price ac-
cording to the fancy of specuhators.
FANCY^-WORK, fan'si-werk, n. ornament-
al knitting, crocheting, tatting; em-
broidery, etc., performed by ladies.
FANCY-WOVEN, fan'si- w5v-n, adj formed
by the imagination.
VeiPd in Fab\e's fancy-woven vest. — Warton.
FANDANGO, fau-dan'go, n. an old Spanish
dance. [Sp.]
FANE, fan, n. a temple. [L. fanum, front
fari, to speak, to dedicate.]
FANFARE, fan'far, n. a flourish of irum
Cets on entering the lists : a boast : a
ravado. [Fr. fanfare — Sp. fanfarria,
which is from j^j-ab. farfar, loquacious.]
FANFARON, fan'fa^ron, n. one who uses
fanfare or bravado : a bully. [Fr., from
fanfare.]
FANFARONADE, fan-far-on-ad', n. vain
boasting : bluster. [Fr. fanfaronnade,
from fanfare.]
FANG, fang, n, the tooth of a ravenous
beast : a claw or talon. [A.S. fang,
from/on, to seize ; Ger. fangen, to catch.]
FANGED, fangd, adj. having fangs,
clutches, or anytliing resembling them.
FANLIGHT, faii'llt, n. a imndow resem-
bling in form an open /an.
FANNER, fan'er, n. a machine with re-
volving fans, used for winnowing grain,
FANNING-MACHINE, fan'ing - ma - shen,
FANNING-MILL, fan'ing-mQ, n. a ma-
chine for cleaain^ grain and seeds from
chaff, husks, fom seeds and sand ; and
also for grading wheat and other cereals.
FANPALM, fan'pam, n. a species of i)abn
60 or 70 ft. high, vith/aii-sliaped leaves,
used for umbrellas, tents, etc.
FANTASIA, fan-ta'zi-a, n. a fauciftd or
fantastic musical composition, not gov-
erned by the ordinarj' musical rules. [It.,
from Gr. phantasia. See Fancy.]
FANTASMAGORIA, f an-tas-ma-gol-i- a, n
same as FhantaSMAGOEIA.
FANTASTIC, fan-tas'tik, FANTASTICAL
fan-tas'tik-al. adj., fanciful: not real :
capricious : whimsical : wild. — adv. Fan-
TAS'TICAIjLY
FANTASY, fa'n'ta-si, n. old form of Fancy.
FAN-WINDOW, fan'win-do, n. a wmdow
shaped like a fan ; that is, ha\ing a semi-
circular outline and a sash formed of ra-
dial bars.
FAR, far, adj. remote : more distant of
two : remote from or contrarj' to pur-
pose or design. — adv. to a great distance
m time, space, or proportion : remotely:
considerably or in great pai-t : very
much : to a great height : to a certain
point, degree, or distance. [A.S. feor ;
Dut. ver, verre ; Ice. Jiarri ; Ger. fern ;
allied to Gr. poiro, at a distance, pro,
before. Sans, pro, before, and also to E.
Fake.]
FARAD, far'ad, n. the unit of quantity in
electrometry: the quantity of electricity
with which an electro-motive force of
one volt would flow through the resist-
ance of one megohm (-=a million ohms)
in one second. [In honor of Prof. Fara-
day.]
FARADIC, fa-rad'ik, adj. a term applied
to induction electricity obtained from a
variety of batteries — some magneto-elec-
tric, composed of a revolving magnet
and coils of wires, others of a cell (giv
ing a galvanic current) and coils.
FARCE, fars, n. a style of comedy, stuffed
with low humor and extravagant wit ;
ridiculous or empty .show. [JFr. farce,
.the stuffing in meat, from L. farcio, to
stuff.]
FARCICAL, ffirs'i-kal, adj. of or relating
to a farce: ludicrous. — adv. Farc'ically.
FARCY. fSr'si, FARCIN, far'sin, v. a dis-
ease of horses intimately connected with
glanders, the two diseases generally
running into each other. It is «up-
FARCY-BUD
156
FASTIGIUM
posed to have its seat in the absorbents
of the skin, and its first indication is
generally the appearance of little tumors,
called farcy-buds, on the face, neck, or
inside of the thigh.
FARCY-BTJD, far'si-bud, n. a tumor which
appears early in the disease called Farcy.
[See Faect.J
f AEDEL, fSr'del, n. a pack or bundle. [O.
Fr. fardel, Fr. fardeau, dim. of farde,
a burden, of which ety. dub.]
* ABDELr-BOTJND, fardel-bound, adj. in
vet. surg. a term appUed to cattle and
sheep aifected with a disease caused by
the retention of food in the maniplus
or third stomach, between the numerous
plaits of which it is firmly impacted.
When the food is of a narcotic character,
or unusually dry, tough, or indigestible,
the stomach cannot moisten and reduce
it with sufficient rapidity ; and as fresh
quantities continue to be received, the
organ becomes over-gorged, and ulti-
mately paralyzed and affected with
chronic inflammation. Over-ripe clover,
vetches, or rye-grass are hable to pro-
duce the disease.
FARE, far, v.i. to get on or succeed : to
happen well or ill to : to feed. — n. {orig.)
a coui-se or passage : the price of pas-
sage : food or provisions for the table.
[A.S. faran ; Oer. fahren, to go.]
FAREWELL, far-wef' or far*-, int. may you
/rtre well! an affectionate prayer for
safety or success. — n. well-wishing at
parting : the act of departure. — ai^.
parting : final.
FAR-FETCHED, fay-fecht, adj., fetched or
brought from /ar, or from a remote place:
forced, unnatural.
FARINA, fa-rf na, n. in a general sense,
meal or flour : specifically, a terra given
to a soft, tasteless, and commonly white
powder, obtained by trituration of the
seads of cereal and leguminous plants,
and of some roots, as the potato, and
consisting of gluten, starch, and muci-
lage : in 60^. a name formerly given to
the poUen contained in the anthers of
flowers. — Fossn. FAEINA, a variety of car-
bonate of lime, in thin white crusts, light
as cotton, and easily reducible to powder.
[L. farina, ground corn, from/ar, a sort
of grain, spelt — the earliest food of the
Romans.]
FARINACEOUS, far-in-a'shus. adj. consist-
ing or made of meal or flour ; as a far-
inaceous diet, which consists of the meal
or flour of the various species of corn or
frain : cbntaining or yielding farina or
our ; as, farinaceous seeds : like meal ;
mealy ; pertaining to meal ; as, a far-
inaceous taste or smeU. [L. farina, meal.]
FARM, farm, n. land let or rented for cul-
tivation or pasturage, with the necessary
buildings. [A.S. feorm, goods, enter-
tainment, from Low L. Jirma, a feast,
tribute, also a contract, an oath — L.
firmus, firm, durable. Farm is therefore
a doublet of Firm.]
FARM, farm, v.t. to let out as lands to a
tenant : to take on lease : to grant cer-
tain rights in return for a portion of what
they yield, as to farm the taxes : to cul-
tivate, as land.
FARMER, farm'er, n. one who farms ; as,
one who cultivates a farm ; a cultivator
of the fields ; an agriculturist ; a hus-
bandman : one who takes taxes, cus-
toms, excise, or other duties, to collect
for a certain rate per cent. ; as, a. farmer
of the revenues : in mining, the lord of
the field, or one who farms the lot and
cope of the crown, in monarchical coun-
tries.— Farmer-general, in France, un-
der the old monarchy, a member of a
privileged association which farmed cer-
tain branches of the revenue, that is,
contracted with the government to pay
into the treasury a fixed yearly sum,
taking upon itself the collection of cer-
tain taxes as an equivalent. This sj-s-
tem was swept away at the revolution.
FARO, far'o, n. a game of chance played
with cards. [Saia to be so called because
king Pharaoh was formerly represented
on one of the cards.]
FARRAGO, far-ra'go, n. a confused mass.
HL.— -/ar, a sort of grain.]
FARRIEIR, far'i-er, n. one who shoes horses:
one who cures the diseases of horses. [O.
Fr. ferrier, through Low L. ferranus,
from L. ferrum, iron.]
FARRIERY, fayi-er-i, n. the art of curing
the diseases of cattle.
FARROW, far'o, 11. a Utter of pigs. — v. to
bring forth pigs. [A.S./earft, a pig; Dan.
fare, to farrow ; Ger. ferkel, allied to L.
porosis, pig, verres, boar.]
FARSE, fars, n. (eccles.) an explanation or
paraphrase in English of the text of the
epistle read in Latin, adopted In some
English churches before the Reforma-
tion, the sub-deacon repeating each verse
in Latin and two choristers singing the
farse or explanation in English. [L.
farcio, to stuff.]
FARTHER, far'fSer, adj. (comp. of Far),
more far or distant : tending to a greater
distance : longer : additional.— adi". at or
to a greater distance : more remotely :
beyond : moreover. [A rather recent
form, comp. of Far, the euphonic th
being inserted from the analogy of
FARTHEST, fa/rtest, adj. (superl. of Fae),
most far, distant, or remote. — adv. at or
to the greatest distance. [Superl. of Far,
coined from the analogy of Furthest.]
FARTHING, tai'thing, 11. the fourth of a
penny : {Xmo Test) = 3 fartbangs, some-
times* of Eng. farthing. [A.S. feorthling,
feorthing, a fourth part— /eo)-<A, fourth,
and dim, of ingovling—feor, four.]
FARTHINGALE, far'f/iing-gal, n. a kind
of crinoline made of whalebone for dis-
tending the dress, introduced by Queen
Elizabeth. [Fr. vertugade, O. Fr. ver-
dtigalle — Sp. verdugado, hooped — ver-
ducj 1, a rod, a young- shoot — verde, green
— L. viridis, green.]
FAR-\VEST, far'west, n. a name loosely
applied to that portion of the United
States lying beyond the Mississippi.
FAR- WEST, far'^west, adj. pertaining to
the Far- West, or the United States west
of the Mississippi.
FASCES, fas'ez, n.pl. (Roman antiquities)
a bundle of rods with an axe in the mid-
dle, borne before the Roman magistrates
as a badge of their authority. [L. /cw-
cis, a bundle.]
FASCICLE, fas'i-kl, n., a little bundle:
(pot.) a close cluster, with the flowers
much crowded together, as in the sweet-
william. [L. fascieidtis, dim. of fa.<scis.'\
FASCICULAR, fas-sik'u-lar, FASCICU-
LATE, fas-sik'u-lat, adj. united as in a
hundle.
FASCINATE, fas'i-nat, v.t. to fix or con-
trol by the glance : to charm : to en-
chant. [L. fascino, -atus , prob. alhed
to Gr. baskaino, to bewitch.]
FASCINATION, fas-i-na'shun, n. the act
of charming: supposed power to hann
by looks or spells : mysterious attrac-
tive power exerted by a man's words or
manner : irresistible power of alluring.
[L. fascinatio.]
FASCINE, fas-s§n', n. a fagot or bundle of
rods, used in fort, to raise batteries, fill
ditches, etc. [Fr. — L. fascina—fascis, a
bundle.]
FASHION, fash'un, n. the make or cut of
a thing : form or pattern : prevailing
mode or shape of dress : a prevailing
custom: manner: genteel soc iety : {New
Test.) appearance. — v.t. to .make: to
mould according to a patte: a : to suit
or adapt. — n. Fash'IONER. [/'r. fa<;on~
U. factio—facio, to make.]
FASHIONABLE, fash'un-a-bl, adj. mad€
according to prevailing fashion : pre-
vailing or in use at any period : observ
ant of the fashion in dress or living ;
genteel : moving in high society. — adv.
Fash'Ionablt. —n. Fash'ionableness.
FAST, fast, adj. firm : fixed : steadfast.—
adv. firmly : soundly or sound (asleep). —
Fast by, close to. — Fast and loosb
PULLETS, two pulleys of the same
diameter placed side oj' side on a shaft,
the one rigidly fixed \o the shaft, the
other loose. The shaft is driven from a
revolving shaft by a band passed over
the fixed pulley, and, when the shaft ia
to be stopped, the band is shifted to the
loose pulley. [A.S. fcest; Ger. fest;
aUied to fassen, to seize.]
FAST, fast, adj. quick : rash : dissipated.
— adv. swiftly : in rapid succession : ex-
travagantly. [Aspecial use of /asf, firm,
derived from the Scand., in the sense of
urgent or pressing.]
FAST, fast, v.i. to keep from food : to go
hungry : to abstain from food in whole
or part, as a religious duty. — n. absti-
nence from food : special abstinence en-
joined by the church : the day of fasting.
— ns. Fast'er. one who fasts ; Fast'inq,
religious abstinence ; Fast'-day, a day of
reUgious fasting. [A.S. fcestan, to fast •
Ger. fasten, Goth./oston, tokeep ; allied
with Fast, firm, in the sense of making
firm or strict.]
FASTEN, fas'n, v.t. to make fast or tight :
to fix securely : to attach firmly one thing
to another. — v.i. to fix itself. — n. Fas-
tening, that which fastens.
FAST-HANDED, fast'-hand-ed, adj. close-
handed : covetous : closefisted : avaii
cious. (Rare.) "The king being fast-
handed and loth to part with a second
dowry . . . prevailed with the prince . . .
to be contracted with the Princess Cath-
arine."— Bacon.
FASTI, fas'ti, n.pl. among the Romans,
registers of various kinds ; as, fasti saeri
or kalendares, calendars of the year,
giving the days for festivals, courts,'etc.,
corresponding to the modern almanac ;
fasti annates or historiei, containing the
names of the consuls and other magis-
trates, and an enumeration of the most
remarkable historical events noted down
opposite the days on which they occur.
FASTIDIOUS, fas-tid'i-us, adj. affecting
superior taste : over-nice : difficult to
please. — adv. Fastid'iocsly. — n. Fastid'-
iousness. [L. fastidiosus — fastidium,
loathing — fastus, pride, ana tceditim,
loathing.T
FASTIGIATE, fas-ti'ji-at, FASTIGIATED,
fas-t"l'ii-at-ed. adj. narrowed to the top;
roofed; "That noted hill, the top
whereof is fastigiate like a sugar-loaf."
— Ray: in bot. tapering to a narrow
point like a pyramid ; as, a plant is said
to be fastigidted when the branches be-
come gradually shorter from the base tc
the apex, as the Lombardy poplar. [L.
fastigiatus, pointed, from fastigio, to
point, fastigium, a top or peak.]
FASTIGIATELY, fas-ti^ji-at-li, adv. in a
fastigiate manner : pointedlv.
FASTIGIUM, fas-ti'ji-um, n. the summit,
apex, or ridge of a house or pediment :
the pediment of a portico ; so called be-
cause it followed the form of the roof
[L.]
FASTISH
157
FAUNA
FASTISH, fudt'ish, adj. rathti-fast : j^pecifi-
cally, somewhat dissipated, or inclined to
lead a gay life. "A fastishy oung aian."
— Tltackeray.
FASTNESS, fast'nes, n. fixedness: a
stronghold, fortress, castle.
FAT. fat, adj. plump, fleshy: fruitful :
gross. — n. an oily substance under the
skin : solid animal oil : thfe richest part
of anything. — v.t. to make fat. — v.i. to
grow "fat : — pr.p. fatt'ing ; pa.p. fatt'ed.
[A.S. fat : Ger. fett.]
FAT. fat, n. a vat. See Vat.
FATAL, fat'al, adj. belonging to or ap-
pointed by fate : causing ruin or death :
mortal : calamitous — adv. Fat'ally.
FATALISM, fat'al-izm, n. the doctrine
that all events are subject to fate, and
happen by unavoidable necessity. — n.
F.vt'alist, one who believes in fatalism.
— adj. Fat'alistic, belonging to or par-
taking of fatalism.
FATALITY, fat-al'i-ti, ». the state of being
fatal or unavoidable : the decree of fate :
fixed tendency to disaster or death :
mortality.
FATA MORGANA, fa'ta nior-ga'na, n. a
name given to a very striking optical
illusion which has beeti principally re-
marked in the Strait of Messina, between
the coasts of Sicily and Calabria — a va-
riety of mirage (which see). The images
of men, houses, towers, palaces, columns,
trees, etc., are occasionally seen from the
coast, sometimes in the water, and some-
times in the air, or at the surface of the
water. The same object has frequently
two images, one in the natural and tlie
other in an inverted position. Tlie images
of a single object are said to be sometimes
considerably multiplied. [It., because
supposed to be the work of a fata or
fairv called Morgana.']
FAT-BRAINED, fat'-brand, adj. dull of
apprehension. "What a wretched and
peeWsh fellow is this King of England,
to mope with his fat-brained followers so
far out of his knowledge." — Shah.
PATE, fat, n. inevitable destiny or neces-
sity : appointed lot : ill-fortune : doom :
final issue. [L. fatum, a prediction-^
fatus. spoken— /ar(, to speak.]
FATED, fat'ed, adj. doomed : destined.
FATES, fats, n.pl. the three goddesses of
fate. Clotho, Lachesis, and Atropos, who
were supposed to determine the birth,
life, and deatii of men.
FATHER, fsi'ther, n. a male parent : an
ancestor or forefather : a contriver or
originator : a title of respect : an ecclesi-
astical writer of the early centuries : the
first Person of the Trinity : the eldest
member of any profession, or of any
body ; as, father of the bar, the oldest
barrister; father of the church, the
clergyman who has longest held office ;
father of the House of Representative.'),
the member who has been longest in the
House. — Fathers of the Church, the
name given to the early teachers and ex-
Eounders of Christianity, whose writings
ave thrown light upon the history, doc-
trines, and observ.ances of the Christian
Church in the early ages. Those of them
who were, during any part of their lives,
contemporary with the apostles, are
called apostolic fathers. These are five:
Clement of Rome. B.arnabas, Hernias,
Ignatius, and Polycarp. Those of the
first three centuries, including the five
above named, are sometimes styled jjrim-
itive fathers, to distinguish them from
the fathers of the fourtli and fifth cen-
turies— their names, in addition to tlie
five just mentioned, are, Justin. Theoph-
ilus, bishop of Antioch, Iren;eus. bish-
op of Lyon, Clement of Alexandria,
Cyprian, bishop of Carthage, Origen of
Alexandria, Gregory Thaumaturgus,
Dionysius, bishop of Alexandria, Tertul-
lianus of Carthage. The fathers of the
fourth and fifth centuries are generally
ranged in two classes — fathers of the
Greek or Eastern chui-ch, s.aA fathers of
the Latin Church. The former are,
Eusebius of Caesarea, Athanasius, Basil
the Great, bishop of Ciesarea, Gregory
Nazianzenus, Gregory of Nj'ssa, Cyril,
bishop of Jerusalem, Chrysostom, patri-
arch of Constantinople, Epiphanius, bish-
op of Salamis in Cyprus, Cyril, bishop of
Alexandria. To the above must be added
Ephraim, the Syrian deacon of Edessa.
The fathers of the Latin Church are,
Lactantius, Hilary, bishop of Poictiers,
Ambrose, archbishop of Milan, Jerome,
the translator of the Bible, Augustin,
bishop of Hippo. — i\t. to adopt : to ascribe
to one as his offspring or production.
[A.S. faeder: Ger. vater, L. pater, Gr.
X>ater, S>w[is. pitri, from root pa, to feed.]
FATHERHOOD, fa'«7ier-hood, n. state of
being a, father : fatherly authority.
FATHER-IN-LAW, fa'i/ier-in-law, n. the
father of one's husband or wife.
FATHERLAND. fa77ier-land, n. the land
of one's fathers.
FATHERLESS, fa77ier-les, adj. destitute
of a living father: without a known
author. — n. Fa'therijissness.
FATHERLY, fa'f/ier-li. adj. like & father ia
affection and care: paternal. — n. Fa'THER-
IINESS.
FATHOM, ia,th'\xm, n. the distance between
the extremities of botli arms extended or
held out : a nautical measure = 6 feet. —
v.t. to try the depth of: to comprehend
or get to the bottom of. — adjs. Path'om-
ABLE, Fathomless. [A.S. faethm; Dut.
vadem, Ger. faden : cf. L. pateo, Gr. pet-
annymi, to stretch.]
FATIGUE, fa-teg', n., ireariness from labor
of body or of mind : toil : military work,
distinct from the use of arms. — v.t. to re-
duce to a state of weariness : to exhaust
one's strength : to harass: — pr.p fatigu'-
ing; pa. 2}. fatigued'. [Fr. , from h.fatigo,
to wea.r_y.]
FATIGXIE-DRESS. fa-teg'-dres, n. the
wrrking-dress of soldiers.
FATlGUE-DUTY,fa-teg'-du-ti, n. the work
of soldiers distinct from the use of arms.
FATIGUE-PARTY, fa-teg'-par-ti, n. a body
of soldiers engaged in labors distinct from
the use of arras.
FATIMIDE, fat'i-mid, FATIMITE,fat'i-mit,
n.- a descendant of Fatima, the daughter
and only child of Mahomet. A line of
caliphs, popularly known as the Fatimite
dynasty, was founded in 909 by Abu-
Mohammed Obeidalla, who gave liimself
out as grandson of Fatima, and con-
tinued till the death of Adhed, the four-
teenth Fatimite caliph, in 1171. The
members claimed pontifical attributes.
FATISCENCE, fa-tis'sens, n. a gaping or
opening : a state of being chinkj-. Kir-
ti'an. [L. faiisco, to open, to gape.]
FAT-KIDNEYED, fat'-kid-nid. adj. fat:
gross : a word used in contempt. " Peace,
ye fat-kidne>/ed rascal ! " — Shak. [Fat
and Kidney. "I
FATLING, fat'ling, n. a lamb, kid. or other
yoimg animal fattened for slau<jhter : a
fat animal : applied to quadrupeds whose
flesh is used for food. " He (David) sacri-
ficed oxen and fallings." — 2 Sam. vi. 13.
FATNESS, fat'nes. n. quality or state of
being fat : fullness of fiesh : richness :
fertility : that whicli makes fertile.
FATTEI^, fat'n, v.t. to make fat or fleshy :
to make fertile. — v.i. to grow fat. — ns.
FaTt'ener, he who or that which fat-
tens ; Fatt'enino, the process of making
fat : state of growing fat.
FATTY, fat'i, adj. containing fat or hav-
ing the qualities of fat. — Fatty acu)S,
a name given to such acids as have been
separated from fats. Fats and fixed oils
are composed of one or more acids and
glycerine. The glycerine may be re
moved by boiling the fat with anv
stronger base, as potash or soda, witt
which the acid combines to form a soap.
By treating: this soap with hydrochloric
or sulphuric acid the base is removed
and the fatty acid obtained free. Acetic
and formic acids have been included in
the fatty acids, because, though not en-
tering into oleaginous compounds, they
belong to the same chemical order. -^
Fatty tissue, in anat. the adipose tis-
sue, a tissue composed of minute cells
or vesicles, having no communication
with each other, but lying side by side
in the meshes of the cellular tissue,
which serves to hold them together, and
through which also the blood-vessels find
their way to them. In the cells of this
tissue the animal matter called fat is
deposited. — Fatty degeneration, in
pathol. a condition characterized by a
continually increasing accumulation of
fat replacing the minute structural ele-
ments of the tissues of hving organisms.
In man this diseased condition has been
observed in nearly all the tissues, and is
essentially a sign of weakness or death
of the part. It attacks the muscles,
especially the heart ; the brain (yellow
softening) ; the kidney, in many cases of
Briglit's disease ; etc. In the severer
forms, when the heart or the larger
vessels are affected , the disease generally
terminates in sudden death by rupture,
followed by syncope. — w. Fatt'iness.
FATUITY, fa-tu'i-ti, n. the being feeble in
intellect : imbecility.
FATUOUS, fat'u-us, adj. silly: without
reality : deceptive, like the ignis-fatuus.
[L. fatuus, foolish.]
FAUBOURG, fo'boorg, n. a suburb in
French cities : the name is also given
to districts now within the city, but
which were formerly suburbs without
it. when the walls were less extensive.
[Ft. In O. Fr. also written forsbourg,
Low L. foris burgitm — L. foris, out of
doors, and Low L,. Inirgum, a borough.
The present spelling perhaps originated
from a confusion of the first sj-llable
with fanx, false.]
FAUCES, faw'sez, n.pl. the upper part of
the throat from the root of the tongue
to the entrance of the gullet. [L.]
FAUCET, faw'set, n. a pipe inserted in a
barrel to draw liquid. [Fr. fa^tsset —
fausser, to falsify, to pierce — L. falsns.
See False.]
FAUGH, faw, int. an exclamation of con-
tempt or disgust. [Prob. from the
sound.]
FAULT, fawlt, n. a failing : error : blem-
ish : a slight offence : (geol. and min.) a
displacement of strata or veins. [Fr.
faute — L. fallo. to deceive.]
FAULTLESS, fawlt'les, adj. without
fault or defect.— adv. Fault'lessly.— n.
Fault'lessness.
FAULTY, fawlt'i, adj. imperfect : guilty of
a fault : blameable. — adv. Fault'ily. —
n. Fault'iness.
FAUN, fawn, n. a rural deity among the
Romans — \A\q protector of shepherds and
agriculture. [L. faunus, from faveo
fautum, to favor.]
FAUNA, fawn'a, n.pl. the animals native
to any region or epoch, so called because
protected by the Fauns.
FAUNAL
158
FEEL
FAUNAL, fawn'al, adj. of, pertaining to,
or connectetl with a fauna. " Faunal
publications." — Academy.
FAVOR, fa'vur, «. a regarding kindly :
countenance : good-will : a kind deed :
an act of grace or lenity : a knot of
white ribbons worn at a wedding. — v.t.
to regard with good vrill : to be on the
Bide of : to treat indulgently : to afford
advantage to. — n. Fa'yorer. [Ft. — L.
favor^aveo, to favor, befriend.]
FAVORABLE, fa'vur-a-bl, adj. friendly :
propitious: conducive to: advantageous.
— adv. Fa'vorablt.— n. Fa'vorableness.
FAVORITE, fa'vur-it, n. a person or thing
regarded with /oi-o?-; one unduly loved : —
pi. a series of short curls over the brow,
a style of hairdressing introduced in the
reign of Charles II. -'With humodest
fav'rites shade my face." — Gay. "The
favorites hang loose upon the temples,
with a languishing lock in the middle."
— Farqiihdr. — adj. esteemed, beloved,
preferred. — n. Fa'toritism, the practice
of favoring or showing partiality.
FAWN, fawn, n. a young deer. — adj. re-
sembling a fawn in color. — v.i. to bring
forth a fawn. [Fi-./oon, through an un-
recorded Low L. fostomis, an extension
ofL. fcefus, offspring.]
FAWN, fawn, v.i. to cringe : to flatter in
a servile way (followed by upon). — n. a
servile cringe or bow : mean flattery.
— n. Favtn'er, one who flatters to gain
favor.— adf. Fawn'ingly. [M.E./awnen;
from Ice. fagna, to rejoice, conn, with
A.S. fcegen, glad.]
FAWNINGNESS, fawn-ing'nes,?!. the state
or quality of being fawning, cringing or
servile : mean flattery or cajolery. "I'm
for peace, and quietness, and fawniny-
ness." — De Quincey.
FAY, fa, v.i. to fit : to suit : to unite
closely : specificaUy, in ship-bidlding, to
fit or lie close together, as any two
pieces of wood ; thus, a plank is said to
jfay to the timbers when there is no
perceptible space between them. [A.S.
fegan, to unite.]
FAY, fa, v.t. to fit two pieces of timber to-
gether so that thev lie close and fair : to
fit.
FAY, fa,«. a fairy. [Fr./e'e— Low L./afa,
a fairy — L. fatum, fate. See Fate.]
FEALTY, fe'al-ti or fel'ti, n. the oath
sworn by the vassal to be faithful to his
feudal lord : loyalty. [O. Fr. fealte—L.
fi lelita-i—Jidelis, faithf;u— -^do, to trust.]
FEAR, fer, n. a painful emotion, excited
by danger : apprehension of tlanger or
pain : alarm : the object of fear : (B.)
deep reverence : piety towards God. —
v.t. to regard with fear: to expect with
alarm : (B.) to stand in awe of : to ven-
erate : (obs.) to terrify : to make afraid.
[A.S. fcer, fear ; Ger". gefahr, Ice. far,
harm, mischief.]
FEARFUL, fer'fool, adj. timorous: exciting
intense fear: terrible. — adv. Fear'fitlly.
— n. Feah'fctlness.
FEARLESS, fer'les, adj. without fear:
daring: brave. — adv. Fear'lessly". — n.
Fear'lessness.
FEASIBLE, fez'i-bl, adj. practicable.— adn.
Feas'ibly. — 7IS. Feas'ibleness, Feasibil'-
ITY. [Fr. faisable, that can be done —
faire, faisant — L. facere, to do, to make.]
FEAST, fest. n. a day of unusual solemnity
or joy : a rich and "abundant repast : rich
enjoyment for the mind or heart. — v.i.
to hold a feast : to eat sumptuously : to
receive intense deUght. — v.t. to entertain
sumptuously. — n. FEAST'Eai. [O.Fr. feste
(Fr. fete) — L. festxim, a holiday, festus,
solemn, festal.]
FEAST-WON, fest'-wun, adj. gained or
won by feasting.
Ah : wheo the means are gone that buy this praise,
The breath is gone whereof this praise is made ;
Featt-Kon, fast-lost.— SAofc.
FEAT, fet, 11. a deed manifesting extraor-
dinary strength, skill, or courage. [Fr.
fait, O. Fr. faict — L. fact us, done — L.
facio. to do, to make.]
FEATHER, feth'ei; n. one of the growths
which form the covering of a bird : a
feather-hke ornament. — v.t. to furnish or
adorn \vith feathers. — To FEAthek an
OAK, to bring it out of the water in a flat
or horizontal position. [A.S. f ether ; Ger.
feder: conn, with L. penna {= petna),
Gr. pteron, Sans, patra^pat, to flv.]
FEATHER-BRAINED, feWi'er-brand, adj.
ha\'ing a weak, empty brain or disposi-
tion: frivolous: giddy. " To a feather-
brained school-girl nothing is sacred." —
Charlotte Bronte.
FEATHERHEAD, teth'er-hed, n. a light,
giddy, frivolous person : a trifler. " A
fool and featherheud."' — Tennyson.
FEATHER-HEADED, fe»i'er-hed-ed, adj.
sameasFEATHER-BRAlNTa). "Thisfeather-
headed puppy." — C'ibber.
FEATHER-PATED, fe»'er-pat-ed. adj.
same as Feather-brained. " Feather-
pated, giddy madmen." — Sir W. Scott.
FEATHERY," fe«i'er-i, adj. pertaining to,
resembling, or covered with feaf/iers.
FEATURE,"fet'fir, n. the marks by which
anything is recognized : the prominent
traits of anything : the ca.st of the face :
— pi. the countenance. — adjs. Feat'tired,
with features well marked ; Feat'ure-
LESS. destitute of distinct features. [O.
Fr. faifure — L. factura, facturus, fut.
part, of facio, to make.]
FEATURE, fet'iir, v.t. to have features re-
sembling : to look like : to resemble gen-
erally. "Miss Vincy . . . was much
comforted by her perception that two
at least of Fred's boys were real Vincys,
and did not feature the Garths." — George
Eliot.
FEBRIFUGE, feb'ri-fuj, n. a medicine for
removing fever. [L. febris, and fxigo, to
put to flight.]
FEBRILE, fe'bril or feb'ril, ad/, pertaining
to fever: feverish. [Fr. febrile, frota Ij.
febris, fever.]
FEBRONIANISM, fe-bro'ni-an-izm, n. in
Bom. Cath. theol. a system of doctrines
antagonistic to the admitted claims of
the pope, and asserting the independ-
ence of national churches, and the rigiits
of bishops to unrestricted action in mat-
ters of discipline and church government
within their own dioceses. [From Jus-
tinus Febroniiis. a nom de plume assumed
by John Nicholas von Hontheim, arch-
bishop of Treves, in a work on the claims
of the pope.]
FEBRUARY, feb'roo-ar-i. n. the second
mouth of the year. [L. Febmurius (men-
sis), the month of expiation, because in
this month the great Roman feast of ex-
piation was held— februa, the festival of
expiation.]
FECAL, fe'kal, adj. relating to, consisting
of faeces.
FECES. See F.ffiCES.
FECIAL, fe'shal, n. a member of a college
of ancient Roman priests, whose province
it was when any dispute arose with a
foreign state, to demand satisfaction, to
determine the circumstances under which
war might be commenced, to perform the
various religious rites attendant on the
declaration of war, and to preside at the
formal ratification of peace. [L. feeiales,
fetiales,the Roman priests who sanctioned
treaties when concluded, and demanded
satisfaction from the enemy before a
formal deckaration of war.]
FECIAL, fe'shal, adj. in ancient Rome,
pertaining to the fecials or college of
priests, who acted as the guardians of the
public faith.
FECULENT, fek'u-lent. adj. containing
fteces or sediment : muddj- : foul. — iu
Fec'CISNCe or FECfrXENCY.'
FECUND, fek'und, adj., fruitful: fertile:
prolific. [L. fecundns — obs. feo, to bring
forth. ]^
FECUNDATE, fek'und -at, v.t. to make
fruitful : to impregnate.
FECrUNDATION, fek-un-da'shun, n. the act
of impregnating : the state of being im-
pregnated.
FECUNDITY, fek-und'i-ti. n. fruitfulness :
proliflcness in female animals.
FED, fed, pa.t. and pa.p. of Feed.
FEDERAL, fed'er-al, adj. pertaining to or
consisting of a treaty or covenant : found-
ed upon mutual agreement. — A Federal
union or government is one in which sev-
eral states, while independent in home
affairs, combine for national or general
purposes, as in the United States and
Switzerland. In American civil war. Fed-
eral was the name given to the .states
of the North which defended the Union
against the Confederate separatists of the
South. [Fr. federal — L. fadns, foederis, a
treatv, akin to J'tdo, to trust.]
FEDERALIST, fed'er-al-ist, n. a supporter
of a federal constitution or union :
specifically, the name of the first Amer-
ican political partj- headed by Washing-
ton, Adams, and Hamilton, as opposed
to the Anti-Federalist, led by Jefferson
and his confreres : also the name of the
publication devoted to enforcing the
views of the former. — n. Fed'er.\lism,
the principles or cause maintained by
federalists.
FEDERATE, fed'er-at, adj. united by
league : confederated. — adj. Fed'era-
TIVE, uniting in league.
FEE, fe, n. price paid for services, as to a
lawyer or physician : recompense : a
grant of land for feudal service : an un-
conditional inheritance (often termed /e6
simple): possession: ownership. — v.t. to
pay a fee to: to hire: — pr.p. fee'ing;
pa.p. feed'. [A.S. /fo/i. cattle, property;
a special kind of property, property itt
land ; Ger. vieh, Ice. fe : alUed to L.
pecus. cattle, peetmia, money.]
FEEBLE, fe'bl, adj. weak :' wanting in
strength of body : showing weakness or
incapacity: faint: dull. — adv. Fee'bly. —
n. Fee'bleness. [O. Fr. foible, torfloible
— h. flebili.'i, lamentable, trom flco, fiere,
to weep.]
FEEBLE, fe'bl, n. tliat part of a sword or
fencing-foil extending from about the
middle of the blade to the point : so called
because it is the weakest portion of the
weapon for resisting pressure, deflecting-
a blow, etc. Called also Faible and Foi-
ble.
FEEBLE-MINDED, fe'bl - mind'ed, adj.
weak-minded : irresolute.
FEED, fed, v.t. to give /oorf to: to nourish:
to furnish with necessary material : to
foster. — v.i. to take food: to nourish one's
self by eating : — pr.p. feed'ing ; pa.t. and
pa.j). fed. — n. an allowance of provender
given to cattle. — «. Feed'ER, he who feeds
or that which .supplies. [A.S. fedan, to
feed, nourish— /o(/a, food.]
FEEL, fel. v.t. to perceive by the touch : to
handle : to be conscious of : to be keenly
sensible of : to have an inward persuasion
of. — V. i. to know bj' the touch : to have
the emotions excited : to produce a cer-
tain sensation when touched, as to feel
hard or hot -.—pr.p. feel'ing ; pa.t. and'
FEELER
159
FER^DE-LANCE
pa. p. felt. [A.S. felan, to feel ; Ger.
fiihlen ; akin to L. palpare.]
FEELER, fel'er, n. a remark cautiously
dropped to sound the opinions of others:
—pi. jointed fibres in the heads of in-
sects, etc., possessed of a delicate sense
of touch, termed antenna.
FEELING, fel'ing-, n. the sense of touch :
perception of objects by touch: conscious-
ness of pleasure or pain : tenderness :
emotion:— pZ. the affections or passions.
— adj. expressive of great sensibility or
tenderness : easily affected. — axlv, Feel'-
INGLY.
FEET, fet, plural of Foot.
FEIGN; fan, v.t. to invent : to imagine :
to make a show or pretence of. — adv.
Feion'edly. — n. Feiqn'edness. [Fr.
feindre, pr.p. feignant, to feign — L.
jingo, fictum, to form.]
FEINT, fant, ?«. a false appearance : a pre-
tence : a mock - assault : a deceptive
movement in fencing. [Fr. feint, pa.p.
of feindre. See Feign.]
FEINT, fant, v.i. to make a feint : to make
a pretended blow, thrust, or attack at
one point when another is intended to be
struck, in order to throw an antagonist
off his guard.
He practiced every pass and ward.
To thrust, to strike, to feint, to ^uard.
—Sir W. Scott.
FELDSPAR, feld'spar, FELDSPATH, feld'-
spath, n. a crystalline mineral found in
granite, etc. [Field spar — Ger. feld,
a field, spath. spar. See Spae.]
FELDSPATHIC, feld-spath'ik, adj. per-
taining to or consisting of feldi^par.
FELICITATE, fe-lis'i-tat, v.t. to express joy
or pleasure to : to congratulate. [L. fe-
licitas, from feluv, feud's, happy.]
FELICITATION, fe-lis-i-ta'shun, n. the act
of felicitating or congratulating.
FELICITOUS, fe-lis'i-tus, adj. happy:
prosperous : delightful : appropriate. —
(idr. P'ELIC'ITOUSLY.
FELICITY, fe-lis'i-ti, n. happiness ; bliss ;
bhssfulness ; "Absent thee from felicity
awhile." — Shak.; "In representing it,
art had its congenial function, a felicity
untroubled by struggles or outward in-
firmities."— Dr. Catrd: blessing; soui-ce
of happiness — in a concrete sense ; " The
felicities of her wonderful reign." — Atter-
oury : a skillful or happy faculty ; skill-
fulness ; a sldllful or happy turn ; ap-
propriateness ; as, he has a rare felicity
in applying principles to facts; ' Felicity
in taking a likeness." — H. Walpole ;
" Many felicities of expression will be
casuallj' overlooked." — Johnson. [L. fe-
licitas. froin feli.v, happy.]
FELID^. fe'li-de, n.pl. animals of the cat
kind, a family of carnivora in which the
predaceous instincts reach their highest
development. They are among the quad-
rupeds what the Falconidse are among
the birds. The teeth and claws are
the principal instruments of the de-
structive energy in these anunals. The
incisor teeth are equal ; the tliird tooth
behind the large canine in either jaw is
narrow and sharp, and these, the car-
nassial or sectorial teeth, work against
each other like scissors in cutting flesh ;
the claws are sheathed and retractile.
They all approach their prey stealthily,
seize it with a spring, and devour it
fresh. The species are numerous, and
distributed over Europe, Asia, Africa,
and America, but none are found in
Australia. No species is common to the
Old and New Worlds. They are all so
closely allied in structure tliat they are
still comprehended within the LinnMan
genus Felis. This family comprehends
the domestic cat, the wild cat, the lion.
tiger, leopard, lynx, jaguar, panther,
chetah, ounce, caracal, serval, ocelot,
etc. [L. felis, a cat, and Gr, eidos, like-
ness.]
FELINE, fe-ll'ne, n.pl. the cat family : a
sub-family ol the Felid;e, comprising the
cats, lions, tigers, and lynxes. [See Fe-
LIDjB.]
FELINE, fe'lin, adj. pertaining to the eat
or the catkind : like a cat. [L. felinus —
felcs, a cat.]
FELL, fel, n. a barren or stony hiU. [Ice.]
FELL, fel, pa.t. of Fall.
FELL, fel, v.t. to cause to faO : to bring to
the ground : to cut down. [A.S, feUan.
causal form of feallan, to fall. See Fall.]
FELL, fel, n. a skin. [A.S. fel; cf. L. pel-
li.'<. Gr. 2xlla.J
FELL, fel, adj. cruel : fierce : bloody. — n.
Fell'ness. — adv. Fel'ly. [A.S. fel;
Dut. fel, which appears also in O. Fr.
fel.]
FELLER, fel'er, n. a cutter of wood.
FELLOE. See Felly, n.
FELLOW, fel'o, n. an associate ; a com-
panion and equal: one of a pair: a mate:
a member of a university who enjoys a
fellowship : a, niemVjer of a scientific or
other society: a worthless person. [M.E.
felaioe — Ice. felagi, a partner in goods,
from/e (Ger. ineh), cattle, property, and
lag, a laying together, a law ; cf. E. fee,
and law A
FELLOW-FEELING, fel'o-fel'ing, n. feel-
ing between fellows or equals : sympa-
thy.
FELLOWSHIP, fel'o-ship, n. the state of
being afellorv or partner : friendly inter-
course : communion : an association : an
endowment in a university for the sup-
port of graduates called fellows: the
position and income of a fellow : (arith.)
the proportional division of profit and
loss among partners.
FELLY, fel'i, FELLOE, fel'o, 7i. one of the
curved pieces in the circumference of a
wheel. [A.S. felgii ; Ger. felge.]
FELO DE SE, fe'lo de se, in lata, one who
commits felony by suicide, or deliber-
ately destroys his own life. [Low L.,
lit. a felon upon himself.]
FELON, fel'on, n. in law, a person who
has committed felony : a person guilty
of heinous crimes : a whitlow ; a sort of
inflammation in animals similar to that
of whitlow in the human subject. [Fr.
felon, a traitor ; It. fellone, felonious.
The real origin is not known.]
FELON, fel'on, adj. malignant : fierce :
malicious : proceeding from a depraved
heart.
Vaiu sliows of love to vail hisfelati hate. — Pope.
FELONIOUS, fe-lo'ni-us, af^'. malignant;
malicious ; indicating or proceeding from
a depraved heart or evil purpose ; vil-
lanous ; traitorous ; perfidious ; as, a fe-
lonious deed : in laiv, done with the
deliberate purpose to commit a crime ;
as, felonious homicide.
FELONIOUSLY, fe-lO'ni-us-li, adv. in a
felonious manner : with the deliberate
intention to commit a crime. Indict-
ments for capital offences must state
the fact to be done feloniovsly.
FELONY, fel'on-i, n. (orig.) in England a
crime punished by total forfeiture of
lands, etc.: a crime punishable by im-
prisonment or death.
FELSPAR. Same as Feldspar.
FELT, felt, pa./. anApa.p. of Feel.
FELT, felt, n. cloth made of wool united
without weaving. — v.t. to make into felt:
to cover with felt. [Ger. filz, woollen
cloth, allied to Gr. pUos, wool wrought
into felt, L. piletis, a felt-hat.]
FELTING, felt'ing, n. the art or process of
making felt.
FELUCCA, fe-luk'a, n. a boat with oai-e and
broad three-cornered sails, used in the
Meditei-ranean. [It. feluca, which, like
Fr. felouque. is from Ar. fidk, a ship.]
FEMALE, fe'mal, adj. of the sex that jjvo-
diices young : pertaining to females :
(hot.) having a pistil or fruit-bearing
organ. — n. one of the female sex. [Fr.
femelle — Ij.femella, a young female ; dim,
of femina — obs. feo. to bring forth.]
FEME-COVERT, FEMME-COVERT, fern-
ku'vert, /;. a married woman who is
under covert of her husband.
FEMERELL, fem'e-rel, FOMERELL. fom'-
e-rel, n. in arch, a lantern, dome, or cover,
placed on the roof of a kitchen, hall, etc.,
for the purpose of ventilation, or the
escape of smoke. [Fr. fumerelle, from
fumer, to smoke, from L. fuimis, smoke.l
FEME-SOLE, FEMME-SOLE, fern-sol', n.
an unmarried woman. — Femme-sole mer-
chant, a woman who, bj' the custom of
London, carries on a trade on her own
account.
FEMININE, fem'i-nin, adj. pertaining to
women : tender, delicate : womanly :
(gram.) the gender denoting females. — ■
adv. Fem'ininely. [See Female.]
FEMORAL, fem'o-ral, adj. belonging to the
thigh. [L. femoralis — femur, femoris,
the thigh.]
FEN, fen, >i. a kind of low luarshy land
often or pal tially covered with water : a
morass or bog.— adjs. Fenn'y% Fenn'ish.
[A.S. /e)i ,■ Ice. fen, Goth. fani. mud.]
FENCE, fens, n. a wall or hedge for inclos-
ing animals or for protecting land : the
art of fencing: defence. — v.t. to mclose
with a fence : to fortify. — v.i. to prac-
tice fencing. [Abbrev. of Defence.]
FENCIBLE, fens^-bl, adj. capable of being
fenced or defended. — n.pl. Fenc'ibles,
volunteer regiments raised for local de-
fence in England during a special crisis :
militia enlisted for home service.
FENCING, fens'ing, adj. defending or
guarding. — n. the act of erecting a
fence : the art of attack and defence
with a sword or other weapon. — n.
Fenc'er, one who practices fencing with
a sword.
FEND, fend, v.t. to ward off : to shut out.
[Merely an abbrev. of Defend — L. obs-
fendo, root of defendo, to fend or ward
off.]
FENDER, fend'er, n. a metal guard before
a fire to confine the ashes : a protection
for a ship's .side. [From Fend.J
FENESTRAL, fe-nes'tral, adj. belonging
to windows. [L. fenestralis— fenestra, a
window, allied to Gr. phaino, to shine.]
FENIAN, fe'ne-aii, n. applied to ana.ssocia-
tion of Irishmen for the overthrow of the
English government in Ireland. — n. Fe'-
NIAOTSM. [Prob. from the Finna, an
ancient Irish militia.]
FENNEL, fen'el, n. a fragrant plant with
yellow flowers. [^A..H. final : Qer. ftnchel
— L. fceniculum, fennel, from femim,
hay.]
FEOFF, fef, n. a, fief. — v.t. to ^raat posses-
sion of a fief or jjroperty in land. — ns.
Feoff'ment, the gift of a fief or feoff ;
Feoff'ER, he who grants thu Jief. [O.Fr.
leuffer or fief cr—O. Yr.fief.]
FER-DE-LANCE,fer-de-liiiigs,((. the lance-
headed viper or Cra.tpedoci'phalvs (Both-
rops) lanceolntu.i, a serpent common in
Brazil and some of the West Indian
Islands, and one of the most terrible
members of the rattlesnake family (Cro-
talidse). It is 5 to 7 feet in length, and is
capable of e.xeiiiting considerable springs
when in pursuit of prey or of .some object
which has irritated it. Its bite is almost
certainly fatal, the only antidote of any
avail being said to be ard«ut spirits.
FERETORY
160
FESTOON
When 4, person is bit he is kept in a con-
tinual state of semi-intoxication, with the
view of counteracting the paralyzing ef-
fect of the poison upon the nerves. It
infests sugar plantations, and is dreaded
alike by man and beast. The tail ends in
a horny spine, which scrapes harshly
against rough objects, but does not rat-
tle. [Fr., iron of a lance, lance-head.]
FERETORY, fer'e-tor-i. n. a place in a
church for a bier. [L. feretrum—fero,
Gr. phero, to bear.]
FERI^.'E, fe'ri-e, ?i.p/. in Roman antiq. holi-
days, during wliich free Romans suspend-
edtheir political transactions and law-
suits, and slaves enjoyed a cessation from
labor. The feriae were thus dies nefasti.
They were divided into two classes, /erioB
publiece and privatce. The latter were
observed by single families or individuals
in commemoration of some particular
event of consequence to themselves or
their ancestors. Ferice publiece included
all daj's consecrated to any deity, and
consequently all days on which public
festivals were held. The manner in which
the public feriae were kept bears great
analogy to our observance of Sunday, the
people visiting the temples of the gods
and offering prayers and sacrifices. [L.]
FERINE, fe'rin, adj. pertaining to or like a
wild beast : savage, [h. ferinus—fera, a
wild beast— /erM.s, wild, akin to Gr. ther,
Ger. thier, a beast.]
FERINGEE, FERINGHEE, fe-ring'ge, n.
the name given to Englishmen by the
Hindus. "The first instalment of these
notorious cartridges . . . were without
doubt abundantly offensive to the Ferin-
ghees as well as to the Faithful." — Capt.
Mowbray Thomson. [Probably a corrup-
tion of Frank.']
FERilENT, fer'ment, n. what excites fer-
mentation, as yeast, leaven : internal
motion amongst the parts of a fluid :
agitation : tumult. [L. fermenttim, for
ferrimentiun — ferveo, to boil.]
FERMENT, fer-ment', v.t. to excite fer-
mentation .' to inflame. — v. i. to rise and
swell by the action of fermentation : to
work, used of wine, etc. : to be in excited
action : to be stirred with anger.
FERMENTABLE, fer-ment'a-bl, adj. capa-
ble of fermentation. — j). Fermentabil'-
ITY.
■FERMENTATION, fer-ment-a'shun, n. the
conversion of an organic substance into
new compounds in presence of a ferment.
Fermentation differs in kind according
to the nature of the substance which
promotes it. Sugar in solution is liable
to two principal kinds of fermentation
(vinous and lactic), both of which are
probablj' due to the growth in the hquid
of a mould or fungus. Fermentation may
be checked or altogether prevented by
anything which prevents the growth of
the fungus, as by keeping awaj' from the
liquid the spores or germs from which
the fungus springs, by the liquid being
either too hot or too cold for its develop-
ment, by its containing too much su^-ar,
or by the presence of a substance (called
an dntisejitic) which acts as a poison on
the fungus. Vinous fermentation is pro-
duced bj' tlie growth of the yeast-plant
(see Yeast) ; lactic fermentation is due to
the presence in the liquid of Penicillium
glaucum (common blue mould). In vi-
nous fermentation the sugar is converted
into carbonic acid and alcohol, the nitro-
genous element being assimilated bj' the
rapidly developing ova of the ferment.
Lactic fermentation takes place in milk
in the process of becoming sour, when
the sugar of the milk is converted into
lactic acid. (See under Lactic.) Acetous
fermentation occurs in liquids which have
already undergone vinous fermentation.
When exposed to the atmosphere such
liquids become sour, and vinegar is pro-
duced. This change is probably due to
the growth of a fungus, Mycoderma aceti
(the vinegar-plant). Other kinds of fer-
mentation are benzoic fermentation, in
which, amongst other matters, the es-
sential oil of bitter almonds is formed ;
and sinajiic fermentation, occurring in
mustard moistened with water, during
which oO of mustard is produced. For
an explanation of fermentation, in rela-
tion to the origin and spread of conta-
gious diseases, see Germ Theory. — Fig-
uratively, the state of being in high activ-
ity or commotion : agitation : excite-
ment, as of the intellect or feelings, a
society, etc. " The founders of the En-
glish Church wrote and acted in an age
of violent intellectual fermentation and
of constant action and reaction." — Ma-
caulay. [Low L. fermentatio, from L.
fermento, fermentatum.']
FERMENTATIVE, fer - ment'a - tiv, adj.
causing or consisting in fermentation. —
n. Ferment' ativeness.
FERN, fern, n. a plant which becomes a
tree in the tropics with feather-like
leaves. [A.S. /eant; Ger. /ar?i.]
FERNSHAW; fern'shaw, n. a shaw,
brake, or thicket of ferns. " Telling
her some story or other of hill or dale,
oakwood or fernshau:" — Browning.
FERNY, fern'i, adj. full of or overgrown
with ferns.
FEROCIOUS, fe-ro'shus, adj. savage,
fierce : cruel. — adv. Fero'ciously. — n.
Fero'ciousness. [Fi-. and It. feroee —
L. ferox, wild— /e?^ts, wild.]
FEROCITY, fe-ros'i-ti, n. savage cruelty
of disposition : untamed fierceness.
FERRANDINE, fer'ran-dln, n. a stuff
made of wool and sUk. [Fr. ferran-
dine, possibly from an O. Fr. word,
ferrand, an iron-graj- horse, and trans-
ferred to the cloth from its color.]
FERRARA, fer-ra'ra, n. a claymore or
broad sword of peculiarly excellent
quality, named after a famous sword-
smith of the name of Andrea Ferrara,
but whether he was a Spaniard or Italian
is not determined. Genuine Andrea Fer-
raras have a crown mark on the blade.
FERREOUS, fer'e-us, adj. pertaining to or
made of iron. [L. ferreus — ferrum,
iron.]
FERRET, fer'et, n. ribbon woven from
spun-silk. [Corr. from Ital. floretto — L.
flos, fioris, a flower ; the ribbon being
prob. so called from some flowering-
work upon it.]
FERRET, fer'et, n. a tame animal of the
weasel kind employed in unearthing rab-
bits. [Fr. furet, a ferret, prob. from L.
ftir, a thief.]
FERRET, fer'et, v.t. to search out carefuUy
and minutely I'ke a ferret : to drive out
by patient effort: — pr.p. ferr'eting; pa.p.
ferr'eted.
FERRIFEROUS, fer-rif'er-us, adj.. bearing
or yielding iron. [L. ferrum, iron, and
fero. to bear.]
FERROTYPE, fe'ro-tip, n. in photog. a
term applied by Mr. Robert Hunt, the
discoverer, to some photographic proc-
esses in which the salts of iron are the
principal agents : a photograph taken
on japanned sheet-iron by a collodion
process. [L. ferrum, iron, and Gr. typos,
type.]
FERROUS, fer'us, adj. pertaining to or ob-
tained from iron : specifically appUed in
chem. to a compound of which iron forms
a constituent, but not to such an extent
as it does in ferric compounds.
FERRUGINOUS, fer-roo'jin-us, adj. of tht
color of iron-rust : impregnated with
iron. [L. ferrugineus — ferrugo, iron-
rust — ferrum.]
FERRULE, fer'ool, n. a metal ring on a
staff, etc., to keep it from splitting: in
steam-boilers, a bushing for expanding
the end of a flue. [Fr. virole, L. viriola,
a bracelet — viere, to bind.]
FERRY, fer'i, v.t. to carry or convey over
a water in a boat : — pr.p. ferr'j-ing ; pa.p.
ferr'ied. — n. a place where one may be
rowed across a water : the right of con-
veying passengers : the ferryboat. [A.S.
ferian, to convey, faran, to go ; Ger.
fdhre. a ferry— /aftren, to go, to carry.]
FERTILE, fer'til, adj. able to bear or pro-
duce abundantly : rich in resources : in-
ventive.— adv. Fer'tilely. [Fr. — L.fer,
tills — fero, to bear.]
FERTILITY, fer-til'i-ti, n. fruitfulness :
richness : abundance.
FERTILIZE, fer'til-iz, v.t. to make fertile
or fruitful : to enrich.
FERTILIZER, fer'til-Iz-er, n. he who or
that which fertilizes : specifically, a
manure, whether organic or inorganic ;
as, guano is a powerful fertilizer.
FERULE, fer'ool, 7i. a rod used for striking
children in punishment. [L. fenda. a
cane — ferio, to strike.]
FERVENCY, fer'ven-si, n. state of being
fervent: heat of mind: eagerness:
warmth of devotion.
FERVENT, fer'vent, adj. ardent : zealous :
warm in feeling. — adv. Fer'vently. [L.
ferveo, to boil, akin to Gr. thero, to heat,
E. and Ger. warm. Sans, gharma, heat.]
FERVID, fer'vid, adj. very hot : having
burning desire or emotion : zealous. —
adv. Fer'vidly. — n. Fer'vidness. [L.
ferindus.]
FERVOR, fer'vur, n. heat : heat of mind :
zeal.
FESCENNINE, fes'sen-nin, adj. pertaining
to Fescennium in Italy : licentious. —
Fescennine verses, gay, licentious, or
scurrilous verses of a personal character,
extemporized by performers at merry-
meetings, to amuse the audience, origi-
nating at Fescennium.
FESCENNINE, fes'sen-nln, n. a song of a
rude or licentious character prevalent in
ancient Italy.
FESCUE, fes'kil, n. a straw, wire, pin, or
the like, used to point out letters to
children when learning to read : fescue-
grass. [O.E. festue, from O. Fr. festu
(Fr. fetv), a straw ; L. festuca, a shoot or
stalk of a tree, a rod.]
FESCUE-GRASS, fes'kfl-gras, n. the species
of Festuca, a genus of grasses. [See Fes-
tuca.]
FESELS, fes'elz, n. a kind of kidney-bean
or French bean.
Disdain not fesels or poor vetch to sow.
Or care to make Eg^yptian lentils thrive.
— May, Virgil.
[O.E. fasels, Fr. fasioles, L. phaselus, Gr.
phajielos, a sort of kidney-bean.]
FESTAL, fes'tal, adj. pertaining to a
feast or holiday : joj-ous : gay. — adv.
Fes'tallt.
FESTER, fes'ter, v.t. to corrupt or rankle :
to suppurate : to become malignant.
— v.t. to cause to fester. — ?i. a wound
dischar^ring corrupt matter. [Ety. un
known.]
FESTIVAL, fes'ti-val, n. a joyful celebra^
tion : a feast.
FESTIVE, fes'tiv, adj. festal : mirthful.-
adv. Fes'ttvely. [L. festivus—festtts.]
FESTIVITY, fes-tiv'i-ti, n. social mu-th at
a feast : joyfulness : gaiety.
FESTOON, fes-t6on',)(. a garland suspended
between two points : (arch.) an ornament
like a wreath of flowers, etc. — v.t. to
FESTUCA
161
FIDDLE-STICK
adorn with festoons. [Fr. feston, from
L. feshim.]
FESTUCA, fes-tu'ka, n. fescue-grass, a ge-
nus of grasses containing a great number
of species, found in the temperate and
colder regions of the world. Nine species
are natives of Great Britain, and among
them are found some of the best meadow
and pasture grasses. In the United States
they are cultivated chiefly as pasture
grasses, though meadow fescue has re-
cently come into favor in the New En-
gland and Middle States.
FETCH, fech, v.t. to bring : to go and get :
to obtain as its price : to accomplish in
any way : to reach or attain. — v.i. to
turn : (naiit.) to arrive at. [A.S. fetian,
to fetch, from root of Foot ; Ger. fassen,
to seize.]
FETCH, fech, n. a trick. [From Fetch,
v.t., the meaning being, something that
one goes to Snd, a thing contrived.]
FETCH, fech, FETCH -CANDLE, fech'-
kan'dl, n. the apparition of a living per-
son : a nocturnal light, as of a moving
candle, supposed to portend a death.
[Prob. from Norwegian VcBttelys, the
Vsett's or goblin's candle ^ ignis-fatuus.]
FETE, fat, n. a, festival or feast : a holiday.
— v.t. to entertain at a feast. [Fr. — L.
festitm.']
FETICH, fe'tish, n. an object, either natu-
ral or artificial, considered as possessing
divine power, and worshipped, as in W.
Africa : an_v object of exclusive and in-
ordinate devotion ; as, gold has become
his fetich. [Fr. fetiche — Port, feitifo,
magic ; a name given by the Port, to the
gods of W. Africa^Port. feitiqo, artifi-
cial— L. faetitius—facere. to make.]
FETICHISM, fe'tish-izm, FETICISM, fe'ti-
sizm, n. the practice of worshipping any
material object, living or dead, which the
fancy may happen to select, as a tree,
a stone, a post, an animal, etc., practiced
by some African tribes : excessive devo-
tion to one object or idea : abject super-
stition.
FETICHISTIC, fe-tish-ist'ik, adj. of or per-
taining to, or characterized by fetichism:
abjectly superstitious. " Our resuscitated
spirit was not a pagan philosopher nor a
philosophizing pagan poet, but a man of
the 15th century, inheriting its strange
web of belief and unbelief, of Epicurean
levity and Fetiehistie dread." — George
Eliot.
FETICIDE, FOETICIDE, fe'ti-sid, n. in
viedical jurisprudence, the destruction of
the 'etus in the womb, or the act by
which criminal abortion is produced. [L.
fetus, foetus, a fetus, and ccedo, to kill.]
FETID, fet'id or fe'tid, adj., stinking : hav-
ing a strong offensive odor. — n. Fet'id-
NESS. [L. foetidus—foeteo, to stink,]
FETLOCK, fet'lok, n. a tuft of hair that
grows behind on horses' feet : the part
where this hair grows : an instrument
fixed on the leg of a horse when put to
pasture for the purpose of preventing
him from running off. [From root of
Foot and Lock, as in Lock of hair.]
F'ETTER, fet'er, n. a chain or shackle for
the feet : anything that restrains : — used
chiefly in pi. — v.t. to put fetters on : to
restrain. [A.S. fetor — fet, feet.]
ITETTERED, fet'erd, ad/, bound by fetters :
(zool.) applied to the feet of animals
which bend backward and seem unfit for
walking.
FETUS, FCETUS, fe'tus, n. the young of
animals in the egg or in the womb, after
its parts are distinctly formed, until its
birth. [L.. from obs. feo, to bring forth.]
FETWA, FETWAH, fet'wa, n. in Turk,
law, the written decision of a Turkish
mufti on some legal point. " There is
K
besides a collection of all the fetwas or
decisions pronounced bj' the different
muftis." — Brougham. [Ai\l
FEU, fG, n. {in Srotland) a tenure where
the vassal, in place of military services,
makes a return in grain or in money : a
sale of land for a stipulated annual pay-
ment, esp. for building on. [Low L.
feuduni — root of Fee.]
FEUAR, fu'ar, n. {in Scotland) one who
holds real estate in consideration of a
paA'ment called feuduty.
FEUD, fud, n. a deadly quarrel between
tribes or families : a bloody strife. [A.S.
foehdh—fah, hostile ; Ger. fehde.]
FEUD, fud, n. a fief or land held on con-
dition of service. — adj. Feud'al, pertain-
ing to feuds or fiefs : belonging to
feudalism. — Feudal system, a form of
government formerly subsisting in Eu-
rope, and which forms the basis of many
European forms and customs. Accord-
ing to this system, persons holding in
feud or fee were bound by an oath of
fealty to serve the owner of the fee-
simple at home or abroad in all wars and
military expeditions when required.
[Low L. feudum. from root of Fee.]
FEUDALISM, fud'al-izm, n. the system,
during the middle ages, by wliich vas-
sals held lands from lords-superior on
condition of military service, as above.
FEUDATORY, fud'at-or-i, adj. holding
lands or power by a feudal tenure.
FEUILLANS, FEUILLANTS, fe-yangz,
n.pl. a religious order, an offshoot of the
Bernardines, founded by Jean de la Bar-
riere, in 1577 : so called from the convent
of Feitillant in Languedoc. where they
were first established. Written also
Feuillians.
FEUILLEA, fu-il'e-a, n. a genus of plants,
nat. order Cucurbitacese. The species
are natives of the tropical regions of
America, and are frutescent, climbing
herbs. The seeds are oilj' and of a bitter
taste, and are said to be powerful anti-
dotes against vegetable poisons, and are
used in South Anierica to prevent the
fatal effects of serpent bites. The seeds
of one Peruvian species contain so much
oil that they are used for making candles.
FEUILLEMORT, fwel'mor, n. a color like
that of a faded leaf. [Fr., dead leaf.]
FEUILLETON, f wel-tong, re. that part of
a French newspaper devoted to light
literature or criticism, and generally
marked off from the rest of the page by
a line. The feuilleton very commonly
contains a tale. [Fr., fiom feuille, a
leaf; lit. a small leaf.]
FEVER, fe'ver, re. a disease marked by
great bodily heat and quickening of
pulse : extreme excitement of the pas-
sions : a painful degree of anxiety. — i-f^.
to put into a fever. — v.i. to become fe-
vered. [Fr. fievre — L. fehris—ferveo, to
be hot ; or from root of Ger. beben, to
tremble, Gr. phobos, fear.]
FEVERISH, fe'ver-ish, adj. slightly fe-
vered : indicating fever : fidgety: fickle.
— adv. Fe'verishlt. — n. Fe'verishness.
FEVER-TREE, fe'ver-tre, n. the blue
gum-tree.
FEW, fu, adj., small in number: not
many. — n. Pew'ness. [A.S. /ea, plur.
feave ; Goth, favs ; Fr. pen ; L. jmucus,
small.]
FEZ, fez, n. a red cap or head-dress of fine
cloth, fitting closely to the head, with a
tassel of blue silk or wool at the crown,
much worn in Turkey, on the shores of
the Levant, in Egypt, and North Africa
generallj'. The core or central part of
a turban consists of a fez. [From Fez,
the principal town in Morocco, where
such caps are largely manufactured.]
FIACRE, fe-a-kr, n. a small four-wheeled
carriage common in England. [Fr., from
the Hotel St. Fiacre, where Sauvage,
the inventor of these carriages, estab-
lished in 1640 an office for the hire of
them.]
FIARS, ti'arz, n.pl. {in Scotland) the prices
of grain legally fixed for the j'ear, to
regulate the payment of stipend, rent,
and prices not expressly agreed upon.
[From the root of Fee.]
FIASCO, fi-as'ko, ?!. a failure in a musical
performance : a failure of any kind. [It.
fiasco, bottle, like Fr. flacon, Ger. flasclie,
peril, from L. vasculum, a httle vessel,
I'as, a vessel ; why it came to be used in
the sense of a failure, does not appear.]
FIAT, fi'at, re. a formal or solemn command:
a decree. [L. 3d pers. sing. pres. subj. of
fio, passive of facio, to do.]
FIB, fib, n. something said falsely : a soft
expression for a lie. — v.i. to tell a fib or
lie : to speak falsely : — pr.p. fibb'ing ;
pa.p. fibbed'. [An abbrev. of Fable.]
FIBRE, fl'ber, re. one of the small threads
composing the parts of animals or vege-
tables : any fine thread, or thread-like
substance. — adj. Fi'bred, having fibres ;
Fi'breless, having no fibres. [Fr. — L.
fibra, a thread.]
FIBRIFORM, fi'bri-form, adj. in the form
of a fibre or fibres : resembling a fibre or
fibres.
FIBRIL, fi'bril, n. a small fibre : one of the
extremely minute threads composing an
animal fibre. [Low L. fibrilla, dim. of
L. fibra.l
FIBRILLOUS. fi-bril'us, adj. formed of
small fibres.
FIBRINE, fi'brin, re. an organic compound,
composed of thready fibres, found in
animals and plants.
FIBROUS, fl'brus, adj. composed of or
containing fibres. — n. Fi'brousness.
FICKLE, fik'l, adj. inconstant: change-
able.—re. Fick'leness. [A.S. ficol ; Ger.
ficken, to move quickly to and fro ; cf.
Fidget.]
FICTILE, fik'til, adj. used or fashioned by
the potter, [h. fictilis—fingo, to form or
fashion.]
FICTION, fik'shun, re. a feigned or false
story : a falsehood : romance : the act of
making or fashioning; as, "We have
never dreamt that parliaments had any
right whatever ... to force a currency
of their own fiction in the place of that
which is real." — Burke. [Fr. — 'L.fctio —
fictu^, pa.p. of Jingo.]
FICTITIOUS, fik-tish'us, adj. imaginary:
not real : forged.— adv. Ficti'tiocsly.
FIDDLE, fid'l, n. a stringed instrument of
music, called also a violin. — i\t. or v.i. to
play on a fiddle -.—pr.p. fidd'ling ; pa.p.
fidd'led.— re. Fidd'ler. [A.S. fithele ; Ger.
ficdel. See Violin.]
FIDDLE-BOW, fid'l-bo, n. the bow strung
with hoise-hair with which the player
draws sounds from the violin.
FIDDLE-HEADED, fid'l-hed-ed. FIDDLE-
PATTERNED, fid'1-pat-ernd, adj. terms
applied to forks, spoons, and the like.
who.se handles are fashioned after a pat-
tern which has some resemblance to a
fiddle. "A kind of fork that is fiddle
headed." — Hood. " My table-spoons . .
the little fiddle-patterned ones." — R. H
Barham.
FIDDLE-STICK, fld'1-stik, n. same as Fm=
DLE-BOW. This word is frequently used
as an interjection, and is equivalent to
nonsense ! pshaw ! or other exclamation
expressive of contemptuous incredulity,
denial, or the like. " At .such an asser-
tion he would have exclaimed, A fiddle-
stick .' Wliy and how that word has be-
come an interjection of contempt I nnist
FIDDLE-STRING
162
FIGURATION
leave those to explain who can." —
Smithey.
FIDDLE-STEING, fldl-string, n. the string
of a fiddle, fastened at the ends and ele-
vated in the middle by a bridge.
FIDDLE- WOOD, fid'1-wood, n. the com-
mon name of a genus of trees or shrubs
with some twenty species, natives of
tropical America, nat. order Verbenaceas.
Some of the species are ornamental tim-
, ber trees : several yield a hard wood
■ valuable for carpenter work. [From its
durable qualities the term hois fidele,
stanch or faithful wood, was applied by
the French to one of the species, which
the English mistook to mean_/MdZe-M'Ood.]
FIDDLING, fid'Ung, adj. trifling : trivial :
fussily busy with nothing. " Good cooks
cannot abide what they call fiddling
work." — Swift.
FIDELITY, fi-del'i-ti, n. faithful perform-
ance of duty : honesty : firm adher-
ence. [L. fldelitas—fidelis, faithful— _^do,
to trust.]
FIDGET, fij'et, v.i. to be unable to rest : to
move uneasily i—pr.p. fidg^'eting ; j)a.p.
fidg'eted. — re. irregular motion : restless-
ness.— pi. general nervous restlessness,
with a desire of changing the position.
[Ice. fika, to climb up nimbly ; Ger.
jicketi, to move to and fro ; conn, with
Fickle.]
FIDGETY, fij'et-i, adj. restless : uneasy. —
n. Fidg'etiness.
FIDUCIAIj, fi-du'shi-al, adj. showing co?t-
fidenoe or reliance : of tine nature of a
trust. — adv. Fidu'cially. [L. fiducia,
confidence, tvorafido, to trust.]
FIDUCIARY, fi-du'shi-ar-i, adj., confident:
unwavering : held in trust. — n. one who
holds anything in trust : {Uieol.) one who
depends for salvation on faith without
works, an Antinomian. [L. fiduciarius
— fiducia.'\
FIE, fi, int. denoting disapprobation or dis-
gust. [Ger. pfui! Fr.fi! the sound in-
stinctively made in presence of a bad
smell.]
FIEF, fef, n. land held of a superior in fee
or on condition of military service : a
feud. [Fr. — Low L. feudum.']
FIELD, feld, n. country or open country in
general : a piece of ground inclosed for
tillage or pasture : the locality of a bat-
tle : the battle itself : room for action of
any kind : a wide expanse : (her.) the sur-
face of a shield : the background on which
figures are drawn. [A.S. and Ger. feld ;
Dut. veld, the open country ; cf . E. fell,
a hill.]
FIELD, feld. v.i. to take to the field : in
cricket and base-ball, to be one of the
field whose duty is to watch the ball as
it is driven by the batsman, and endeavor
to put him out either by catching it be-
fore it reach the ground, or by recover-
ing it rapidly and returning it to the
infield.
FIELD, feld, v.t. in cricket and base-ball,
to catch or stop and return to the infield ;
as. to field a ball.
FIELDBOOK, feld'book, n. a book used in
surveying fields.
FIELD-DAY, feld'-da, w. a day when troops
are drawn out for instruction in field ex-
6rcis6S 1
FIELDFARE, feld'far, n. a species of
, thrush, having a reddish-yellow throat
and breast spotted with black. [A.S.
feldefare — feld, a field, and faran, to
fare, travel over.]
FIELD-GEOLOGIST, feld'-je-ol-o-jist, n. a
geologist who makes out-door observa-
tions, in contradistinction to one who
studies geology from books, museums,
etc.
FIELD-GLASS, feld'-glas, n. a kind of
binocular telescope or opera -glass for
looking at objects at a considerable dis-
tance from the spectator: a small achro-
matic telescope, usually from 30 to 34
inches long, and having from three to
six joints : that one of the two lenses
forming the eye-piece of an astronomical
telescope or compound microscope, which
is the nearer to the object-glass, the
other being the eye-glass.
FIELD-HAND, feld'-hand, n. a hand or per-
son wno works in the fields : a laborer
on a farm or plantation.
FIELD-MARSHAL, feld'-mar'shal, n. an
officer of the highest rank in the English
and Continental armies. [See Maeshal.]
FIELD-NATURALIST, feld'-na-tur-al-ist,
n. a person who studies animals or plants
in their natural habitats : a person who
collects wild animals or plants.
FIELD-NOTES, feld'-nots, n.pl. notes of
bearings, distances, etc., made by a sur-
veyor in the field. Goodrich.
FIELI>-OFFICER, feld'-of'i-ser, n. a. mili-
tary officer above the rank of captain,
and below that of general.
FIELDPIECE. feld'pes, n. a cannon or piece
of artillery used in the field of battle.
FIEL]>-SKETCHING, feld'-skech-ing, n. in
mint, the act of depicting in plan, quickly
and faithfully, the natural featui-es of a
country, so as to give to an experienced
observer the best possible idea of its
character.
FIELD-TELEGRAPH, feld-tel'e-graf, n. a
telegraph adapted for use in the field in
military operations. In some instances
part of the wire is reeled off from a wagon
and supported on light posts, and another
part is insulated and allowed to rest on
the ground.
FIELDTRAIN, feld'tran, n. a department
of the Royal Artillery responsible for the
safety and supply of ammunition during
war.
FIELDWORKS, feld'wurks, n.pl. tempo-
rary works thrown up by troops in the
field, either for protection or to cover an
attack upon a stronghold.
FIEND, fend, n. the de\'il : one actuated
by the most intense wickedness or hate.
[A.S. feond, pr.p. of feon, to hate ; Ger.
feind, Dut. vijand.'\
FIENDISH, fend'ish. adj. like a. fiend: ma-
licious.— n. Fiend'ishness.
FIERCE, fers, adj., ferocious: violent:
angry. — adv. Fiekce'ly. — n. Fierce'-
NESS. [O. Fr. fers, fiers — L. ferus, wild,
savage.]
FIERI FACIAS, fT'e-rl fa'shi-as, n. in law,
a judicial writ that lies for him wlio has
recovered in debt or damages, command-
ing the sheriff to levy the same on the
goods of liim against whom the recovery
was had. [L., lit. cause it to be done.]
FIERY, fir'i or fi'er-i, adj. ardent : im-
petuous : irritable. — n. Ff ERINESS.
FIERYCROSS, fl'e-ri-kros, FIRECROSS,
fir'ki-os, n. in Scotland, a signal sent in
ancient times from place to place, ex-
pressive of a summons to repair to arms
within a limited time. It consisted of a
cross of light wood, the extremities of
which were set fire to and then extin-
guished in the blood of a recently slain
goat.
FIERY-FOOTED, fl'e-ri-foot-ed. adj. eager
or swift in motion. "Fiery-footed steeds."
—Shak.
FIERY-HOT, fi'e-ri-hot, adj. hot as a fire :
hence, (fig.) impetuously eager or enthu-
siastic.
Fiery-hot to burst
All barriers in her on^vard race
For power.— Tennyson.
FIERY-NEW, fl'e-ri-nu, adj. hot or fiery
from newness.
The vinta^, yet unkept,
Had relish, Jiery-neiv. — Tennyson.
FIERY-SHORT, fi'e-ri-short, adj. hot or
fiery and short : brief and passionate.
Fiery-short was Cyril's counter-scoff.— jTennyton.
FIFE, fif, n. a small piipe used as a wind-
instrument for military music, an octave
higher than the flute. — v.i. to play on the
fife. — n. Fif'ee, one who plays on a fife.
[Fr. fif re, Ger. pfeife, both, ace. to Littre,
from L. pipar2, to peep, to chirp. See
Pipe.]
FIFTEEN, fif'ten, adj. and n. five and ten.
[A.S. nftyne—nf, five, tyn, ten.]
FIFTEENTH, fiftenth, adj the fifth after
the tenth: beinsr one of fifteen equal parts.
—re. a fifteenth part. [A.S. fifteotha—fif,
five, teotha. tenth.]
FIFTH, fifth, adj. next after the fourth.—
n. one of five equal parts. [A.S. fif ta.]
FIFTHLY, flfth'li. adr. in the fifth place.
FIFTH-MONARCHY MAN. n. one of a
sect of EngUsh fanatics who assumed to
be '■ subjects only of King Jesus." It
sprung up in the time of Cromwell, and
considered him as commencing the fifth
great monarchy of the world (Assyria,
Persia, Greece and Rome being the first,
second, third, and fourth), during which
Christ should reign on earth 1000 years.
FIFTIETH, fif'ti-eth. adj. the ordinal of
fifty. — n. a fiftieth part. [A.S. fiftigotha.]
FIFTY, flf'ti, adj. and n. five tens or five
times ten. [A.S. fiftig—fif, five, tig, ten.]
FIG, fig, n. the fig-tree or its fruit, grow-
ing iu warm climates : a thing of little
consequence. [Fr. figue, which, like A.S.
fie, Ger. feige, is from L. fiens, a fig.]
FIG- APPLE, fig'-ap-l, n. a species of apple
without a core or kernel.
FIGARO, fe-ga-i-6. n. a witty, shrewd, and
intriguing person, so called from the
hero of two plays by Beaiuuarchais.
FIGARY, fig'a-ri, n. a frolic : a vagarj-.
Beau. & Fl. [Corrupted from vagary.^
FIGHT, fit, v.i. to strive with : to contend
in war or in single combat. — v.t. to en-
gage in conflict with : — pr.p. fight'ing ;
pa.t. and pa.p. fought (fawt). — n. a
struggle : a combat : a battle or engage-
ment. — n. FiGHT'ER. [A.S. feohtan ;
Ger. fechten : prob. conn, with L. pug-
niis, the fist, Gr. pux, with clenched fist.]
FIGHTING, fifing, adj. engaged in or fit
for war. — n. the act of fighting or con-
tending.
FTGHTING-FISH, flt'ing-fish, n. a small
fish, a native of the south-e;ist of Asia,
remarkable for its pugnacious propensi-
ties. In Siam these fishes are kept in
glass globes, as we keep gold-fish, for the
purpose of fighting, and an extravagant
amount of gambling takes place about
the result of the fights, not only money,
but children and liberty being staked.
When the fish is quiet its colors are dull,
but when it is irritated, as by the sight
of another fish, or of its own reflection iu
a mirror, it glows with metallic splendor,
the projecting gill-membrane waving Uke
a black frill about the throat.
FIGHTING-GEAR, fit'ing-ger, ji. warlike
or military accoutrements. "Every-
where the Constitutional Patriot must
clutch his fighting-gear, and take the
road for Nancv." — Carlyle.
FIGMENT, fig'ment, n. a fabrication or
invention. [L. figmentum — fingo, to
form.]
FIGULINE, flg'u-lin, n. a name given by
mineralogists to potters' clay. [L. figu-
his. a potter, from fingo, to fashion.]
FIGURATION, fig-u-ra'shun. re. act of giv-
ing figure or form : (7nusic) mixture of
chords and discords.
FIGURATIVE
163
FILTERING
FIGURATrVE, fig-'u-ra-tiv, adj. (rhet.) rep-
resenting by, containing- or abounding in
figures : metaphoricEil : flowery : typical.
—adv. Fig'uratively.
FIGURE, fig'ur, )i. the form of anything
in outline : the representation of any-
thing in drawing, etc.: a drawing : a de-
sign : a statue : appearance : a charac-
ter denoting a number : value or price :
(rhet.) a deviation from the ordinary
mode of expression, in wliich words are
changed from their literal signification
or usage : (logic) the form of a syllogism
with respect to the position of the middle
term : steps in a dance : a type or em-
blem. [Fr. — Ja. figura, from root ot jingo,
to form.]
FIGURE, fig'ur, v.t. to form or shape : to
make an image of : to mark with figures
or designs : to imagine : to symbolize :
to foreshow : to note by figures. — v.i. to
make figures : to appear as a distin-
guished person. — To FIGURE ON, to esti-
mate : to calculate : to make allowance
foi- : to expect. — adj. Fig'utiable.
FIGURED, fig'iird, adj. marked or adorned
with figures.
FIGUREHEAD, fig'ur-hed, n. the figui-e or
bust on the head or prow of a ship.
FILAMENT, fil'a-ment, n. a slender or
thread-Iikeobject: afibre. [Fr. — Ij.filum,
a thread.]
FILAMENTOUS, fll-a^ment'us, adj. , thread-
like.
FILANDER, fll-an'der, n. the came given
by Le Brun to a kangaroo found in some
of the islands of the East Indian Archi-
pelago.
FILANDERS, fil'an-derz, n.pl. a disease in
hawks consisting of filaments of blood,
also of small </iread-like worms. [Fr.
filandres — L. filum.']
FILAR, fl'ler, adj. pertaining to a thread :
specificallj-, applied to a microscope, or
other optical instrument, into whosecon-
struction one or more threads or wires
are introduced : as, a, filar microscope, a
filar micrometer. [L. filum, a thread.]
FILATORY, fil'a-tor-i, n. a machine which
forms or spins threads. " This manufac-
tory has three filatories, each of 6-10 reels,
which are moved by a water wheel, and
besides a small filatory turned by men."
—Tooke.
FILATURE. fll'a-tOr, n. a forming into
threads; the reeling of silk from cocoons:
a reel for drawing off silk from cocoons ;
a lilatorv : an estabUshmeut for reeUng
silk.
FILBERT, fil'bert, n. the fruit oi- nut of the
cultivated hazel. [Prob. so called from
St. Philibert, whose day fell in the nut-
ting season, Aug. 33 (old st^'le); so in
German it is Lambertsnuss, St. Lam-
bert's nut.]
FILCH, filch, v.t. to steal: to pilfer.
[Filch stands for filh% formed from M.E.
felen, to hide, by adding k, as talk from
tell, stalk from steal, peril, from Ice. fela,
to hide or bury ; cf. PiLCH.]
FILCHER, filch'er, n. a thief.
FILE, fil, )(. a line or wii-e on which papers
are placed in order: the papers so placed:
a roll or list : a line of soldiers ranged
behind one another. — v.t. to put upon a
file : to arrange in an orderly manner :
to put among the records of a court : to
bring before a court. — r. i. to march in a
file. [Fr. file, from L. filum, a thread.]
FILE, fil, n. a steel instrument with sharp-
edged furrows for smoothing or rasping
metals, etc.— 1\<. to cut or smooth with,
or as with a file. [A.S. feol ; Grer. feile ;
Bohem. pila, a saw, pilnijk, a file ; allied
to L. polio, to polish. ]
FILE-CUTTER, fil'-kut-er, n. a maker of
files.
FILE-FISH, fil'-fish, n. a name given to
certain fishes from their skins being
granulated like a file. The European
flle-fish is a common inhabitant of the
Mediterranean. It has the power of in-
flating the sides of the abdomen at pleas-
ure, and grows to the size of 3 feet. An-
other vaj-iety is 12 or 14 inches long, and
is a native of the Indian and American
seas, as weU as of the Red Sea.
FllJATi, fil'yal, adj. pertaining to or be-
coming a son or daughter : bearing the
relation of a child. — adv. Fil'ially. [L.
filius, a son, filia, a daughter.]
FILIATE, fil'i-at, v.t. same as Affiliate.
FILIATION, £il-i-a'shun, n. same as Affili-
ation.
FILIBUSTER, FILLIBUSTER, fll'i-bus-ter,
n. a lawless military or piratical adven-
turer, as in the W. Indies : a buccaneer,
Tlie adventurers who followed Lopez to
Cuba in 1851, and those who with Walker
occupied Nicaragua from 1855 to 1857, are
the most notorious examples of filibusters
in modern times. [Sp. filibuster, Sp. fili-
bote, flibote, a small, fast-sailing vessel,
from E. flyboat.]
FILIFORM, fil'i-form, adj. ha\-ing the form
of a filament: long and slender. [L.
filum and FoR3I.]
FILIGREE, fil'i-gre, n. extremely fine
thread-like network, containing beads:
ornamental work of gold and silver wire,
[Sp. filigrana — L. filum, and granum, a
grain or bead.]
FILING, fll'ing, n. a particle rubbed off
with a file.
FILL, fil, v.t. to make full: to put into
until all the space is occupied : to supply
abvmdantly : to satisfy : to glut : to per-
form the duties of : to supply a vacant
office. — v.i. to become full : to become
satiated. — n. as much as fUls or satisfies :
a full supplj'. — n. Fill'kr, he who or
that which fills. [A.S. fyllan , fullian —
full, full ; Oev. fitlten. See Full.]
FILLET, fll'let, n. a little band to tie about
the hair of the head : a muscle, or a
piece of meat composed of muscles ;
especially, the fleshy part of the thigh —
applied chiefly to veal ; as, a fillet of
veal : meat rolled together and tied
round : in arch, (a) a small moulding
generally rectangular in section, and
having the appearance of a naiTow band,
generally used to separate ornaments
and mouldings ; an annulet ; a list ; a
listel ; (6) the ridge between the flutes
of a column — called also a Facet or
Facette : in the manege, the loins of a
horse, beginning at the place where the
hinder part of the saddle rests : in tech-
nology, in general, this word has a great
many applications, such as in carp, a
strip nailed to a wall or partition to sup-
port a shelf, a strip for a door to close
against ; in gilding, a band of gold-leaf
on a picture-frame or elsewhere ; in coin-
ing, a strip of metal rolled to a certain
size : also the thread of a screw : a ring
on the muzzle of a gun, etc. [Fr. filet,
a thread, a band, a net, the chine of an
animal, etc., dim, oi fil, thread, from L.
filum, a thread.]
FILLET, fil'let, v.t. to bind, furnish, or
adorn with a fillet or little band. "He
made hooks for the pillars, and overlaid
their chapiters, and filleted them.'" — Ex.
xxxvii. 28.
FILLETING, fil'let-ing, n. the material of
which fillets are made : fillets, collect-
ive! v.
FILLlBEG, PHILIBEG, fil'i-beg, n. the
kilt, the dress or petticoat reaching
nearlj- to the knees, worn by the High-
landers of Scotland. [Gael.' filleadhbeag
—filleadh, plait, fold, and beag, little.]
FILLING, firing, adj. calculated to fill :
satisfy, or satiate ; as, a filling diet.
" Things that are sweet and fat are more
fillin g. " — Bacon .
FILLING, firing, n. materials used for oc-
cupying some vacant space, for complet-
ing some structure, stopping up a liole,
or the like : sometimes applied to the
weft of a web ; the woof.
FILLIP, fil'ip, v.t. to strike with the nail
of the finger, forced from the ball of the
thumb with a sudden jerk •.—pr.j). fill'ip-
ing ; pa.p. fill'iped. — n. a jerk of the
finger suddenly let go from the thumb.
[Formed from the sound.]
FILLIPEEN, fil-li-pen', n. in .some of the
Northern States, a small present given
in accordance with a custom borrowed
from Germany, When a person eating
almonds or nuts finds one with two ker-
nels he or she gives it to a person of
the opposite sex, and whoever at the
next meeting shall utter the word filli-
peen first is entitled to a present from
the other. The term is applied also to
the kernel thus given. Written also
Phillipena, Philopena. [G«r. vielUeb-
chen. much-loved.]
FILLY, fil'i, n. a young mare: a lively,
wanton girl. [Dim. of font, formed by
adding suffix y, and modifj-ing- the vowel.
See Foal.]
FILM, film, n. a thin skin or membrane :
a very slender thread. — v.t. to cover with
a film, or thin skin. — v.i. to be or be-
come covered as if by a film. " Straight
her eyebrows filmed with horror." —
E. B. Broiming. — adj. Film'y. composed
of film or membranes. — ?i. FlLM'lNESS.
[A.S., formed by adding suffix -hi to the
root of E. /('//, a skin, present also in
Cioth. filleins, leathern.]
FILOPLUME, fi'lo-plum. n. in ornith. a
long, slender, and flexible feather, closely
approximating to a hair in form, and con-
sisting of a delicate shaft, either destitute
of vanes or carrying a few barbs at the
tip, [L. filum, a thread, and pluma, a
feather,]
FILTER, fil'ter, n. a strainer : a piece of
woollen cloth, paper, or other substance,
through which liquors are passed for de-
fecation. Filters are now largely em-
ployed for the purpose of filtering water,
eitlier for drinking or culinary purposes.
One of the most successful apparatus for
the purification of water for domestic
purposes is the ascending filter of Leloge.
It is divided into four compartments, one
above the other. The upper part, con-
taining the water to be filtered, comnm-
nicates with the lowest by a tube having
a loose sponge at its mouth to stop some
of the impurities. The top of the lowest
compartment is composed of a porous
slab, through which the water passes
into the third part, which is filled with
charcoal. The water is forced thiough
the charcoal and another porous slab into
the fourth compartment, which is fur-
nished with a tap to draw olf the filtered
water. To enable the filter to be cleaned,
there is a movable plug in the lowest
part. [Fr. fillr4^. It. feltrare, to filter,
troxa feltro. Low h. filtrum, feltrum, felt
or fulled wool, used originally as a
strainer.]
FILTER, fiVter. v.t. to purify or defecate
liquor by psissing it tlirough a filter, or
causing it to pass through a porous sub-
stance that retains anv feculent matter.
FILTER, fil'ter, v.i. to percolate : to pas»
through a filter.
FILTERING, fil'ter'ing, p. and adj. strain-
ing : defecating. — Filtering bag. a coni-
cal-shaped bag made of close flannel, and
kept open at the top by means of a hoop,
FILTH
164
FION
to which it is attached. It is used in
filtering wine, vinegar, etc. — FILTERING
CUP, a pneumatic apparatus used for the
purpose of showing tliat, if tlie pressure
of tlie atmosphere be removed from an
under surface, the pressure on the surface
above has the effect of forcing a fluid
through the pores of such substances as it
could not otherwise penetrate. — Filter-
ing FUNNEL, a glass or other funnel made
with slight flutes or channels down the
lower parts of the sides. When used it
is hned with filtering-paper, folded and
loosely put in. The channels allow the
liquid to ooze more freelj' than in a funnel
of a smooth surface.— Filtering paper,
any paper unsized and sufficiently porous
to allow liquids to pass through it. — Fu^
tering stone, any porous stone, such as
sandstone, through which water is fil-
tered.
FILTH, filth, 71., foul matter : anything
that defiles, physically or morally. [A.S.
fyldh—fiU, foul. See" Foul.]
FILTHY, filth'i, adj. foul: unclean: im-
pure.—adi'. Filth'ily.— *). Filth'iness.
FILTRATE.fil'trat, v.t. toJiUeror percolate.
FILTRATION, fil-tra'shun, n. act or process
of filtering.
FIMBRIATE, fim'bri-at, FIMBRIATED,
flm'bri-at-ed, adj. having jibres on the
margin: fringed. [L. fimbriatus — fim-
bricB, fibres — from root of Fibre.]
FIMBRIATE, fim'bri-at, v.t. to fringe: to
hem.
FIN, fia, n. the organ by which a fish
balances itself and swims. [A.S. fin ; L.
pinna, a fin.]
FINABLE, fin'a-bl, adj. Uable to a, fine.
FINAL, fl'nal, adj. last : decisive : re-
specting the ead or motive. — A Final
CAUSE is the last end or purpose for which
things were made, and the doctrine of
final causes teaches that all things were
made on a plan or for a purpose. — adv.
Fi'nally. [Fr. — L. finalis — finis, an end.]
FINALE, fe-na'la, n. the end : the last pas-
sage in a piece of music : the concluding
piece in a concert : the last part, piece,
or scene in any public performance or
exhibition ; as, " It was arranged that
the two horsemen should first occupy the
arena, . . . that Glaucus and the lion
should next perform their part in the
bloody spectacle ; and the tiger and the
Nazarene be the grand finale." — Lord
Lytton. [It. finale, final — L. finis.]
FINALITY, fi-nal'i-ti, n. the state of being
final : the state of being settled or final-
ly arranged : completeness : in pliilos.
tne doctrine that nothing exists or was
made except for a determinate end, the
doctrine of final causes.
FINALLY, fl'nal-li, adv. at the end or con-
clusion ; ultimately ; lastly ; as, the
cause is expensive, but we shall finally
recover : completely ; beyond recovery ;
" The enemy was finally exterminated."
— Sir J. Dames.
FINANCE, fi-nans', n. the sj-stem or sci-
ence of public revenue and expenditure ;
as, " I hope, however, he will not rely
too much on the fertility of Lord North's
genius for finance." — Junius' Letters : —
pi. revenue: funds in the public treasury,
or accruing to it : public resources of
money ; as, the finances of the king or
government were in a low condition : —
pi. the income or resources of individ-
uals ; as, my finances are in a very un-
healthy state. [Fr. , from Low 'L.financia,
a money payment, from finare, to pay a
fine or subsidj-, from L. finis, in the sense
of a sum of money paid by the subject to
the king for the enjoyment of a privi-
lege ; the final settlement of a claim by
composition or agreement.]
FINANCE, fi-nans', v.i. to conduct finan-
cial operations : especially, in a com-
mercial sense, to meet obligations by
continual borrowing.
FINANCIAL, fi-nan'shal, adj. pertaining
to finance.— adr. Finan'cially.
FINANCIER, fi-nan'ser, n. one skQled in
finance : an officer who administers the
public revenue.
FINANCIER, FINANCEER, fi-nan'ser, v.i.
to borrow one day to meet an obligation,
and on a subsequent day to again borrow
to meet the borrowed money, and so on
till one's affairs get into confusion. Lever.
FINCH, finsh, n. the name of several spe-
cies of birds, many of them excellent
sing-ers. [A.S. fine ; Ger. fink ; alUed to
W. jiiiic, a chaffinch, also smart, gay.]
FIND, find, v.t. to come upon or meet with:
to discover or arrive at : to perceive : to
experience : to supply -.—pr-p. find'ing ;
pa.t a.nA pa.p. found,— «. Find'er. [A.S.
findan ; Ger. finden.]
FINDING-STORE, find-ing'-stor, v. in the
United States, a store where shoemakers'
tools, etc., are sold. Called in England
Grindery Warehouse.
FINE, fin, adj. excellent : beautiful : not
coarse or heavy : subtle : thin : slender :
exquisite : nice : delicate : overdone :
showy: splendid. — The Fine arts, as
painting' and music, are those in which
the love of the beautiful and fineness of
taste are chiefiy concerned ; opp. to the
useful or industricd arts. — v.t. to make
fine : to refine : to purify. — adv. Fine'ly.
— n. Fine'ness. [Fr. — h.finitxs, finished,
from finio, to finish, _^HiS, an end.]
FINE, fin, n. a composition : a sum of
money imposed as a punishment. — IN
fine, in conclusion. — v.t. to impose a
fine on : to punish bj' fine. [Fi-om the
Law Lat. ^«js, a flne, a payment which
ends or concludes a. strife — L. finis, an
end.]
FINEER, fi-ner', v.i. to get goods made up
in a way unsuitable for any other pur-
chaser, and then refuse to take them
except on credit. Goldsmith.
FINER, fin'er, n. same as Refiner.
FINERY, fin'er-i, n. splendor, fine or
showy things : a place where anything is
fined or refined : a furnace for making
iron malleable.
FINESSE, fi-nes', n. subtilty of contrivance:
artifice. — v.i. to use artifice. [Fr., from
root of Fine.]
FINESTILL. fin'stil, v.t. to distil, as
spirits, from molasses, treacle, or some
preparation of saccharine matter.
FINESTILLER, fin'stil-er. n. one who dis-
tils spirit from treacle or molasses.
FINESTUFF. fin'stuf, ?;. the second coat
of plaster for the walls of a room, made
of finely-sifted lime with sand and hair.
FINGENT, fin'jent. adj. making: forming:
fashioning. " Ours is a most fictile
world, and man is the most fingent,
plastic of creatures." — Carlyle. ^L,. fin-
go, to make, to form.]
FINGER, fing'ger, n. one of the five ex-
treme parts of the hand : a finger's
breadth : skill in the use of the hand
or fingers. — v.t. to handle or perform
with the fingers: to pilfer. — v.i. to use
the fingers on a musical instrument.
[A.S.. Ger., Dan., from root of Fang.]
FINGER-BOARD, fing'ger-bord, n. the
board, or part of a musical instrument,
on which the keys for the fingers are
placed.
FINGER-BOWL, fing'ger-bol, n. a finger-
glass.
FINGERED, fing'gerd. adj. having fingers,
or anything like fingers.
FINGER-GLASS, fing'ger-glas, n. a glass
or bowl introduced at table in which to
rinse the fingers after dinner or dessert.
FINGERING, Hng'ger-ing, n. act or man-
ner of touching with the fingers, esp. a
musical in.strument.
FINGER-PLATE, fing'ger-plat, n. a plate
of metal or porcelain fixed on the edge of
a door where the handle is, to protect the
wood from finger-marks, and to preserve
the paint.
FINGER-POST, fing'ger-post, n. a post
with a. finger pointing, for directing pas-
sengers to the road.
FINGER-SHELL, fing'ger-shel, n. a marine
shell resembling a finger.
FINGER-STALL" fing'ger-stawl, n. a cover
of leather, etc., worn for protection of
the fingers, as when wounded.
FINGER-STONE, fing'ger-ston, n. a fossil
resembling an arrow.
FINIAL, fin'i-al, n. the bunch of foliage,
etc., at the top of a pinnacle : the pin-
nacle itself. [From L. fmio— finis.]
FINICAL, fin'i-kal, adj. affectedly fitie or
precise in trifles: nice: foppish. — adv.
Fin'icallt.
FINING, fin'ing, n. process of refining or
purifying.
FINIS, fi'nis, 71. the end : conclusion. [L.]
FINISH, fin'ish, v.t. to end or complete the
making of anything : to perfect : to give
the last touches to. — n. that which
finishes or completes : last touch : the
last coat of plaster to a wall. [Fr. finir,
finissant, 'L.. fin ire — finis, an end.]
FINISHED, fin'isht, p. and adj. polished to
the highest degree of excellence : com-
plete : perfect : as, a finished poem, a
finished education. "'The keen observa-
tion and ironical pleasantry of afiiiished
man of the world." — Maeaulay. •• There
are two great and separate senses in
which we call a thing /»(j67ied. . . . One,
which refers to the mere neatness and
completeness of the actual work, as we
speak of a well-finished knife-handle or
ivory toy ; and secondly, a sense which
refers to the effect produced by the thing-
done, as we call a picture well-finished, if
it is so full in its details as to produce the
effect of reality." — Ruskin.
FINISHER, fin'ish-er, n. one who finishes,
• completes, or perfects : specifically, in
many crafts or trades, a skilled workman
who does special work on the articles
produced, such as shoes, vehicles, cutlery,
etc.
FINITE, fT'nit, adj. having an end or limit:
—opp. to Infinite. — adv. Fi'nitely.—
n. Fi'niteness. [L. finitus, pa.p. of/»u"o.]
FINNY', fin'i, adj. furnished with y?ns.
FINOS, fen'oz, n. the second-best wool
from merino sheep. [Sp.]
FIN- PIKE, fin'-plk, n. the name g^ven to
the individuals of a family of ganoid
fishes, remarkable for the structure of
the dorsal fin, which, instead of being
continuous, is separated into twelve or
sixteen strong spines, distributed at short
intervals along nearlj' the whole of the
laack, and each bordered behind by a
small soft fin. Two species of this cu-
rious group are living, one of which in-
habits the Nile, and the other the Sene-
gal : but the familj* attained its maxi-
mum in palaeozoic times, most of the old
red and carboniferous fishes belonging
to it.
FION, FEIN, n. a name given in the Os-
sianic poetry to a semi-mythical class of
warriors of superhuman size, strength,
speed and prowess. Generally they are
supposed to have been a sort of Irish
militia, and to have had their name from
Fion Mac Cumhal (the Finn Mac Coul of
Dunbar, and Fingal of Macpherson), their
I most distinguished leader ; but Mr, Skene
FIORD
believes them to have been of the race
that inhabited Germany before the Ger-
1 mans, and Scotland and Ireland before
the Scots. [Gael, fein, pi. feinne ; Ir.
Jion.Jian, p\. fiona, fionna.]
FIORI), fj'ord, n. name given in Scandi-
navia to a lon^. narrow, rock-bound
strait or inlet. [Norw.]
FIR. fer, n. the name of several species of
cone-bearing', resinous trees, valuable for
their timber. [A.S. furh : Ice.fura, Ger.
fohre. W. 2^1/'', L. quercus.]
FIRE, fir, n. the heat and light cau.sed by
burning : flame : anything burning, as
fuel in a grate, etc.: a conflagration :
torture by burning : severe trial : any-
thing inflaming or provoking : ardor of
passion : vigor : brightness of fancy :
enthusiasm : sexual love. [A.S., Sw.,
and Dan. fijr ; Ger. feiier : Gr. pyr ;
allied to Sans, pdvana, pure, also fire.]
FIRE, fir. v.t. to set on flre : to inflame :
to irritate : to animate : to cause the
explosion of : to discharge. — v.i. to take
fire : to be or become irritated or in-
flamed : to discharge firearms.
FIREARMS, fir'armz, n.pl. arms or weap-
ons which are discharged by fire explod-
ing gunpowder.
FIREBALL, fir'bawl, n. a ball filled with
powder or other combustibles, intended to
be thrown among enemies, and to injure
by explosion, or to set fire to their works
in order that by the light movements may
be seen. Also a popular name applied to
a certain class of meteors which exhibit
themselves as globular masses of light,
moving with great velocity, and not un-
frequently passing unbroken across the
sky until lost in the horizon. They differ
from ordinary meteors, probably, more
in volume and brilliancj' than in any
other distinctive characteristic. They are
not to be confounded with another class
of meteors that explode in their passage,
and appear to let fall a dull red body (me-
teorolite) to the earth.
FIREBAR, fir-bar, FURNACE-BAR, fer'-
nas-bar, ?!. one of the series of bars
which form the grated bottom of a fur-
nace. on which the fuel rests.
FIREBOX, fir'boks, n. the box or chamber
of a steam engine, in which the fire is
placed.
FIREBRAND, fir'brand, n. a brand or piece
of wood on fire : one who inflames the
passions of others.
FIREBRICK, fir'brik, n. a brick so made
as to resist the action of fire.
FIRE-BRIGADE, fir'-brig-ad', n. a brigade
or company of men for extinguishing
firns or conflagrations.
FIRECLAY, fir'kla, n. a kind of clay,
capable of resisting fire, used in mak-
ing firebricks.
FIRECOCK, fir'kok, n. a cock or spout to
let out water for extinguishing fires.
FIREDAMP, flr'damp, n. a gas, carbu-
retted hydrogen, in coal-mines, apt to
take fire.
FIRE-DRESS, fir'-dress, n. an invention
used as a protection against fire, with
the view of enabling the wearer to ap-
proach, and even to pass through a
fierce flame, to rescue lives or valuable
property, or to use means for the extinc-
tion of flre. It consists of an exterior
light armor of metallic gauze, and of an
inner covering of a material which is a
slow conductor of heat, such as wool,
cotton, etc., immersed in certain saline
solutions.
FIRE-ENGINE, fir'-en'jin, n. an engine or
forcing-pump used to extinguish fires
with water.
FIRE-ESCAPE, fir'-es-kap', n. a portable
machine, or a fixed contrivance reaching
165
to and from the upper windows of build-
ings, and used to enable people to escape
from fires.
FIRE-FLAG, fir-'flag, n. a flash or gleam of
lightning unaccompanied with thunder.
The upper air burst into life !
And a hundred fire-fiags sheen. — Coleridge.
FIREFLY, fir'fll, n. a winged luminous fly
whicli emits a bright light like a fire-
spai'k.
FIRELOCK, flr'lok, n. a gun in which the
fire is caused b3' a lock with steel and flint.
FIREMAN, flr'man, n. a man whose busi-
ness it is to assist in extinguishing fires :
a man who tends the fires, as of a steam-
engine, or a railway locomotive — called
on English railways a stoker.
FIREPLACE, fir'pl'as, n. the place in a
house appropriated to the fire : a hearth.
FIREPLUG, fir'plug, n. a plug placed in a
))i|)e which supplies water in case of fire.
FIREPROOF, fir'proof, adj. proof against
fire : incombustible. Various plans have
been adopted for rendering houses, or an
apartment in a house, fireproof, as by
constructing them entirely of brick or
stone, and employing iron doors, ties,
and Untels, stone staircases, and land-
ings. In the case of textile fabrics, as
cotton, linen, etc., saturation with
various salts, as borax, which leave their
crystals in the substance of the fabrics,
is the means adopted for rendering them
incombustible. Wood ic best protected
by silicate of soda, which, on the appli-
cation of strong heat, fuses into a glass,
which enveloping not only the outside
but also the internal fibres of the wood
shield it from contact with the oxygen
of the air. All that can be done by any
process, however, is the prevention of
conflagration : no mode yet known can
prevent smouldering.
FIRESHIP, fir'ship, n. a vessel filled with
combustibles, to set an enemy's vessels
on fire.
FIRESIDE, fir'sld. n. the side of a fire-
place : the hearth : home.
FIRESTONE, fir'ston, n. a kind of sand-
stone that bears a liigh degree of heat.
FIREWORKS, fir'wurks, n.pl. artificial
works or preparations of gunpowder,
sulphur, etc., to be fired chiefly for dis-
play or amusement.
FIRE-WORSHIP, fir'-wur'ship, n. the wor-
ship of fire, the highest type of which
worship is seen in the adoration of the
sun, not only as the most glorious visible
object in the universe, but also as the
source of light and heat. In the early
religion of India the sun appears in the
form of the god Agni (L. ignis, fire),
what was first regarded as a mere ab-
stract influence or a phenomenon in time
being regarded as a sentient individual.
Thus in the Vedic hymns Agni is the god
of fire, corresponding to the Greek He-
phtBstos. In the East the worship of the
element of fire was practiced by the an-
cient Persians or Magians, and is con-
tinued by the modern Parsees. The es-
tablishment of this species of idolatry
among the Persians is ascribed to Zoro-
aster, who taught his disciples that in
the sun and in tlie sacred fires of their
temples God more especially dwelt, and
that tlierefore divine homage was to be
pjiid to these.—)). Fire'-wor'SHIPPER.
FIRING, fir'ing, «. a putting fire to or
discharge of guns : firewood : fuel.
FIRKIN, fer'kin, 7i. a measure equal to the
fourth part of a barrel : 9 gallons : .56
ll>s. of butter. [O. Dut. vier, four, and
the dim. suffi.x -A-ifi.]
FIRM, ferm, adj. fixinl : compact : strong:
not easily moved or disturbed: unshaken:
resolute': decided. — adr. Firm'ly. — n.
FIRST-RATE
Firm'ness. [Fr. ferme — h.firmics ; allied
to Sans, dhri, to bear, to support.]
FIRM, ferm, n. the title under which a
company transacts business : a business
house or partnership. [It. firma, from
Ij. firmiis.]
FIRMAMENT, fer'ma-ment, ji. the region
of the air : the sky or heavens. [The
Hebrew word rakia, which is so ren
dered in Scripture, conveys chiefly the
idea of expansion, although that of
solidity is also suggested, inasmuch as
the root signification of the word is tliat
which is expanded by beating out. The
English firmament is adoptee' from the
hatin firmamentjim, which is the equiv-
alent of the Greek stereoma (stereos,
firm, solid), by which the writers of the
Septuagint rendered rakia. L. firma-
mentum, from firmo, firmatum, to make
firm, to support, from firmns, steadfast;
stable, strong.]
FIRMAMENTAL, fer-ma-ment'al, adj. per-
taining to the firmament : celestial.
FIRMAN, fer'man, n. any decree emanat-
ing from the Turkish government,
{Pevs. firm&n ; Sans, pramfiwa, measure,
decision.]
FIRST, ferst, adj., foremost : preceding all
others in place, time, or degree : most
eminent : chief.^orfi-. before anything
else, in time, space, rank, etc. [A.S.
fyrst ; Ice. fyrstr ; the superl. of fore by
adding -st.]
FIRST-BORN, ferst'-bawrn, adj. born first.
— n. the first in the order of birth : the
eldest child.
FIRST-DAY, ferst'-da, n. the name given
to the Lord's-day by the Quakers and
.some other Christian bodies, from its be-
ing the first day of the week.
FIRST-FLOOR, ferst'-flor, n.in England the
floor or story of a building next above
the ground-floor : in the United States,
the ground-floor.
FIRST-FOOT, ferst'-foot, n. in Scotland,
the person who first enters a dwelling-
house after the coming' in of the year :
also, the first person or object met on
setting out on any important journey or
undertaking. " Great attention is paid
to the first-foot, that is, tlie person who
happens to meet them (the marriage
company) ; and if such person does not
voluntarilj' offer to go back with them,
they are generally compelled to do so.
A man on horseback is reckoned very
lucky, and a bare-footed woman almost
as bad as a witch." — Kdin. Mag.
FIRST-FRUIT, ferst'-fi'oot, FIRST-
FRUITS, ferst'-f roots, n. the fruit or prod-
uce first matured and collected in any
season, of which the Jews made an obla-
tion to God, as an acknowledgment of
his sovereign dominion : the first profits
of anything : as, (a) in old feudal tenures,
one year's profit of the land after the
death of a tenant, which was paid to the
king ; (b) in the Cliurch of England, the
income of every spiritual nenefice for the
first year, paid originally to the crown,
but now to a board, which ajiplies the
money so obtained to the supplementing
of the incomes of small benefices : the
first or earliest effect of anything, in a
good or bad sense ; as, the first-fruits of
grace in the heart, or the first-fruits ol
vice ;
See, Father, what first-fruits on earth are sprung:.
From tliy implanted ;jrrace in man ! — Milton.
FIRSTLING, ferst'ling, n. the first produce
or otisiiring, esp. of animals. [First and
dim. ling.]
FIRST-RATE, ferst'-rat, adj. of the first or
higliest rate or excellence : pre-eminent
in qualiiy, size, or estimation.
FIRST-WATER
166
FLACCIDNESS
FIRST-WATER ferst'-waw-ter, n. the first
or highest quality : purest lustre : applied
to gems aaa principally to diamonds and
pearls ; as, a diamond of the first-wafer.
Fn?TH, ferth. Same as Frith.
FISC, fisk, ?i. the state treasury : the public
revenue. [Fr. fisc — L. fiscus, a basket or
purse, the treasury.]
FISCAL, fisk'al, acjj. pertaining to the public
treasury or revenue. — n. a treasurer : (in
Scotland) an officer who prosecutes in
petty criminal cases.
FISH, fish, n. an animal that lives in water,
and breathes through gills : the flesh of
fish :— p'. Fish or Fishes. — vt. to search
for fish : to search by sweeping : to draw
out or up : to seeK to obtain bv artifice.
[A.S. fisc ; Ge- fisch: icc. /»sXt,- Goth.
tisks ; L. piscis : Gr. ichthys : Gael, iasg.']
FISHER, flsh'er, FISHERJIAN,fish'er-man,
n. one who fishes, or whose occupation is
to catch fish.
FISHERY, fish'er-i, n. the business of catch-
ing fish : a place for catching fish.
FISHING, fish'ing, adj. used in fishery. — n.
the art or practice of catching fish.
FISHMONGER, flsh'mung-ger, n. a dealer
in fish. [Fish and Monger.]
FISHY, fish'i, adj. consisting of fish : like
a fish : abounding in fish. — n. Fish'dtess.
FISSILE, fls'il, adj. that may be cleft or
split in the direction of the grain. [L.
fissilis, from flndo, to cleave.]
FISSION, fi'shun, n. the act of cleaving,
splitting or breaking up into parts : in
physiol. multiplication by means of a
process of self-division, consisting of grad-
ual division or cleavage of the body into
two parts, each of which then becomes a
separate and independent individual, as
when a vegetable or animal cell under-
goes spontaneous division, the divided
parts again subdividing, or an animalcule
or polyp divides into two parts. [L. _^s-
sio. iromfindo.Jissttm, to split or cleave.]
FISSIPAROUS, fis-sip'a-rus, adj., propa-
gated by spontaneous /ssiwi into minute
parts, [h.fissiis, pa.p. of jindo, andpario,
to bring forth.]
FISSIROSTRAL, fls-i-ros'tral, adj. having
a dee]}ly cleft or gaping beak, as swallows,
etc. [L.fissiis, and rostrum, a beak.]
FISSURE, fish'ur, n. a narrow opening or
chasm. [Fr. — L. fissura, from findo,
fitsus, to cleave.]
FISSURE -NEEDLE, fish'ur - ne'dl, n. a
spiral needle for bringing together the
lips of a wound ; being turned round its
axis it catches each lip alternately, and
it is so made as to be able to introduce a
thread or wire, which is left in the place
when the needle is withdrawn.
FIST, fist, n. the closed or clenched hand,
orig. as used for striking. [A.S. fyst;
Ger. faiist : Russ. x>iaste : allied to L.
pugnus, a fist, Gr. ptix, with clenched
fist.]
FISTULA, flst'u-la, n. a deep, narrow,
pipe-like, sinuous ulcer. [L. fistula, a
FISTULAR, flst'ii-lar, adj. hollow like a
pipe.
FISTULOUS, flst'Q-lus, adj. of the nature
oi- form of Sifistxda.
FTT, fit, adj. adapted to any particular
end or standard : qualified : convenient :
proper. — ?,'.f. to make fit or suitable : to
suit one thing to another : to be adapted
to : to qualify. — v.i. to be suitable or be-
coming :— pr.p. fitt'ing ; pa.p. fitt'ed. —
adv. Tn'LW—n. Fit'ness. [Ice. fitja, to
knit together ; Goth, fetjan, to adorn.]
FIT, fit, n. a sudden attack bj- convulsions,
as apoplexy, epilepsy, etc.: convulsion
or paroxysm : a temporary attack of
anything, as laughter, etc.: a sudden ef-
fort or motion : a passing humor. [A.S.
fit, a song ; Ice. fet, a foot ; Sans, pada,
a step, a verse of a poem. The orig.
sense was a foot or step, then a part of
a poem, a bout of fighting, and lastly, a
sudden attack of pain. Cf. fetch, foot,
fit (above).]
FiTCH. fich, n. now VETCH ; (B.) in Isa-
iah, the black poppy, with a seed like
cummin : in Ezekiel, a kind of bearded
wheat, spelt. [See Vetch.]
FITCH-BRUSH, flch'-b-ush, n. a brush or
hair-pencil made of the hair of the fitch
or pole-cat. Such brushes are much es-
teemed, are elastic and firm, can be
brought to a fine point, and work freely.
FITCHET, fich'et, FITCHEW, fich'66, n.
a polecat. [O. Fr. flssaii, from root of
Dnt. vies, nasty.]
FITFUL, fit'fool, adj. marked by sudden
impulses : spasmodic. — adv. Fit'eully.
— n. FlT'FtTLNESS.
FIT-ROD, fit'-rod, n. in ship-lmilding, a
small iron rod with a hook on the end,
used for being inserted into the holes
made in a vessel's sides, in order to as-
certain the required length of the bolts
or treenails which are to be driven in.
FITTER, fit'er, n. he who or that which
makes fit.
FITTING, fifing, adj. fit : appropriate.—
n. anj-thing used in fitting up, esp. in pi.
—adv. Fitt'inqly.
FITZ. fits, n. (a prefix), son of: used in
England, esp. of the illegitimate sons of
kings and princes. [Norman Fr. Jiz, Fr.
fits — L. fllins; cf. Russ. suffix I'/te, a son.]
FIVE, flv, adj. and v. four and one. [A.S.
flf ; Ger. fi'mf; Goth, fimf ; W. pump;
L. qtiinque ; Gr. pente, pempe ; Sans.
jjanchanT]
FIVE-FINGER-TIED, flv'-fing-ger-tid, adj.
tied by all the fingers of the hand, that
is. eagerly or securely tied.
And with another knot.'^ue-^srer-hed.
The fragments, scraps, the bits, and greasy re-
liques.
Of her o'er-eaten faith, are bound to Diomed.
—Shak.
FIVEFOLD, fiv'fold, adj. five times folded
or repeated : in fives.
FIVES, fivz, n. a kind of play with a ball,
originally called hand-tennis : so named
probably from its being usually plaj'ed
with five on each side, althougli others
give different explanations, as that it is
so called because the ball is struck with
the hand or five fingers.
FIVES, fivz, n. a disease of horses, re-
sembling the strangles. Written also
ViVES.
FIX, fiks, v.t. to make stable, firm, or fast ;
to set or place permanently ; to establish
firmly or immovably ; to establish ; as,
the universe is governed by fixed laws ;
the prince fixed his residence at York ;
some men have no fixed opinions ; to
make fast ; to fasten ; to attach firmly ;
as, to fix a cord or line to a hook : to
direct steadily, as the eye, the mind, the
attention, etc., without allowing it to
wander ; to ffisten ; as, the gentleman
fixed his eyes on the speaker : to make
solid ; to congeal ; to deprive of vola-
tility : to stop or keep from moving : in
popular use, in America, to put in order;
to prepare ; to arrange or manage ; to
adjust ; to set or place in the manner
desired or most suitable ; as, to fix
clothes or dress; to fix the furniture of
a room ; thus, to_^i' the hair, the table,
the fire, etc., is to dress the hair, lay
the table, make up the fire, and so on.
" Dampierhas^jc apparently in the New
England sense. ' We went ashore and
dried our cloaths, cleaned our guns, dried
our ammunition, and fhrt ourselves
ag.iinst our enemies if we should be
attacked.' "—G. P. Marsh.— To FES a pict-
ure, in photog. to give permanence to
the image on a negative or positive, by
removal of the superfluous salts of silver,
which would otherwise gradually blacken
and destroy the image ; this is usually
done by means of hyposulphite of soda,
[Fr. fixer : L.figo,fixuin, to fasten.]
FIX, fiks, v.i. to rest ; to settle or remain
permanentlj' ; to cease fron) wandering ;
to become firm, so as to resist volatiliza-
tion : to cease to flow or be fluid ; to
congeal ; to become hard and malleable,
as a metallic substance; "The quick-
silver will /.rand run no more." — Bacon.
— To fix on, to settle the opinion or reso-
lution on anj'thing ; to determine on ;
as, the contracting parties have/j*ed on
certain leading points.
FIX. fiks, n. a condition : predicament :
difficulty : dilemma. — To BE IN A FIX, to
be in a difficulty or dilemma.
FIXATION, fiks-a'shun, n. act of fixing or
state of being fixed : steadiness : firm-
ness : state in which a body does not
evaporate.
FIXED, fikst, p. or adj. settled : estab-
lished : firm : fast : stable. " The grad-
ual establishment of law by the consoli-
dation of custom is the formation of
something fixed in the midst of things
that are changing." — Herbert Spencer. —
Fixed air, the old name of carbonic
acid. — Fixed alkalies, potash, soda,
and lithia, in contradistinction to am-
monia, which is termed volatile alkali.
— Fixed ammunition, ammunition con-
sisting of the powder and ball inclosed
together in a wrapper or case, ready for
insertion in the bore of the firearm.— ^
Fixfd bodies are those which bear a high
heat without evaporation or volatiliza-
tion. — Fixed oils, oils obtained by simple
pressure, and not readily, nor without
decomposition, volatilized : .so called in
distinction from volatile oils. They are
compounds of glycerine and certain or-
ganic acids. Such compounds are exclu-
sively natural products, not having been
as yet formed artificially. Among ani-
mals they occur chiefly in the cellular
membrane ; among plants, in the seeds,
capsules, or pulp suiTOunding the seed,
very seldom in the root. They are gen-
erally inodorous, and when fluid or
melted, make a greasy stain on paper,
which is permanent. — Fixed stars, such
stars as always retain the same apparent
position and distance with respect to
each other, and are thus distinguished
from planets and comets, which are re-
volving bodies.
FIXEDLY, fiks'ed-li, adv. firmly: in a
settled or established manner : stead-
fastly.
FIXEDNESS, fiks'ed-nes, n. a state of
being fixed ; stability ; firmness ; stead-
fastness ; as, a fixedness in religion or
politics ; fixedness of opinion on any
subject : the state of a body which re-
sists evaporation or volatilization by
heat ; firm coherence of parts ; as, the
fixedness of gold.
FIXITY, fiks'i-ti, n. fixedness.
FIXTURE, fiks'tur, n. what \s fixed to any
thing ds to land or to a house : a fixec
article of furniture.
FIZ, fiz, FIZZLE, fizl, v.i. to make a hissing
sound. [Formed from the sound. I
FLABBY, flab'i,ad;.easily moved or shaken;
soft and yielding: banging loose. ^»i.
Flabb'iness. [From FIap.]
FLACCID, flak'sid, «ry.,/((?)6^; lax: easily
yielding to pressure : soft and weak. —
adv. Flac'CIDlt. [O. Fr.— L. flaccidus—
flaccus, flabby ; conn, with Fl.\P.]
FLACCIDNESS,flak'sid-nes,FLACCIDITY,
flak-sid'i-ti, n. laxness : want of firmness.
FLAG
167
FLARE
FLAG, flag, v.i- to grow languid or spirit-
less : — pl■^ flagg'ing- : pa.p. flagged'.
[From a root wiiich is found in A.S. Jla-
cor, flving, roving ; Ice. flaka, to flap ;
Ger. fiackern, to flutter.]
FLAG, flag, n. a water-plant. [So called
from its waving in the wind. From root
of 1-. Flag.]
FLAG, flag, n. the ensign of a sliip or of
troops : a banner. [Dan. flag, Ger. flagge;
from root of v. Fl_4.G, and so called from
its fluttering in the wind.]
FLAG, flag, FLAGSTONE, flag'ston, n. a
stone that separates in flakes or layers :
a flat stone used for paving. ^ [A form of
flake : Ice. flaga, a flag orslab.]
FLAGELLANT, flaj'el-ant, n. one who
scmirges himself in religious discipline.
FLAGELLATE, flaj'el-at, v.t. to trhip or
scourge. — )i. Flageixa'tion. [h-flagello.
flagellatus—flagelluin, dim. of flagnim, a
whip.]
FLAGEOLET, flaj'o-let, n. a small wind-
instrument like a. flute. [Fr., dim. of O.
Fr. flageol, a pipe — Low L. flautiolus —
flauia. a flute. See Flute.]
FLAGGY, flag'i. adj. flexible : weafe : full
of the plant flag. — n. FlaGG IXESS.
FLAGITIOUS, fl.a-jish'us, adj. grossly wick-
ed : gviiltv of enormous crimes. — adt\
Flagi'tiousl^ .- -n. Flaoi'tiousness. [L.
flagitiosus—fliigiti'<(»i, aQ5^hing disgrace-
ful done In the heat of passion — rootflag,
in flagro, to burn.]
FLAGON, flag'un, n. a drinking vessel with
a narrow neck. [Fr. flacon for flascon —
Low L. flasco. See Ft \sk.]
FLAGRANT, fla'graut, adj. glaring : noto-
rious: enormous. — adv. P'la'GRantly. —
n. Fla'qraxcty. [L. flagrans, flagrantis,
pr.p. of flagro, to flame.]
FLAGSHIP, flag'ship, n. the ship in which
an admiral sails, and wliich carries his
flag.
?LAlL, flal, 71. an instrument for thrash-
ing or beating grain from the ear, con-
sisting of the hand-stafl', which is held in
the hand, the swiple, which strikes the
grain, and the middle band, which con-
nects the hand-statf and swiple, and
which may be a thong of leather, a
hempen rope, or a rope of straw — now
little used : an ancient miUtary weapon
resembling the common flail, but having
the striking part strengtiiened with a
coating of iron and armed with rows of
spikes. [O. Fr. flael, flaiel, flaial, from
L. flagellum, a whip or scourge, whence
also Dut. vlegel, Ger. flegel.]
FLAKE, flak, n. a loose filiuy or scale-like
mass of anj'thing ; a small flat particle
of any matter looseh' held together ; a
flock ; a layer ; a scale ; as, a flake of
flesh or tallow ; a Jiake of snow ; '* Lit-
tle _^ai-e.'! of scurf." — Addison : "Great
flakes of ice encompassing our boat."
— Evelyn ; " Flakes of foam."' — Tenny-
son : a collection or little particle of
Are, or of combustible matter on tire,
separated and flying off : a sort of car-
nations of two colors only, having large
stripes going through the leaves. [Al-
lied to Ice. flalmn, to flake oS,flyka, a
flake, a rag ; E. flag, a stone for paving,
AnAflaw; Sw. flaga, a flake, a crack or
flaw.]
FLAKE, flak, n. in Scotland, a hurdle or
portable framework of boards or bars for
fencing : {naxit.) a small stage hung over
a ship's side, to calk or repair any breach :
in Massachusetts, a platform or stage of
hurdles or small sticks interwoven to-
f ether, and supported )iy stanchions for
r^-ing codfish, etc. [Ice. fleki. a flake or
hurdle, flcekja, to twist or entangle, Ger.
flechten. to twist or plait.]
FLAKE, flak, v.t. to form into flakes.
FLAKE, flak, v.t. to break or separate m
lavers : to peel or scale off.
FLAKE-WHITE, flak'-whit, n. mpainting,
(a) the purest white-lead, in the form of
scales or plates, sometimes graj- on the
surface — when levigated, called" *' body-
white " ; {b) basic nitrate of bismuth, or
pearl-white.
FLAKINESS, flak'i-nes, n. the state of
being flaky.
FLAKY, flaK'i, adj. consisting of flakes or
locks : consisting of small loose masses :
consisting of layers, or cleaving off in
layers : hing in flakes or laj-ers : flake-
like. "^Diamonds themselves have a
grain or a. flaky contexture.'' — Boyle.
FLAMBEAU, flam'bo, n. a flaming torch :
~^}I. FLAJi'BEAtls (-bo). [Fr.—flambe— L.
flammn.J
FL.\MBOYANT, flam-boy'ant, adj {arch.)
with waving or _;Tame-like tracery. [Pr.p.
of Fr. flamboyer, to blaze — flamber.}
FLAME, flam, n. the gleam or blaze of a
fire : rage : ardor of temper : vigor of
thought : warmth of affection : love. —
v.i. to burn as flame : to break out in
passion. — adj. Flame'LESs. [Fr. flamnie,
from Tu. flamma, tor flagma— flag, root of
flagro, to burn ; Gr. phleg. Sans, bhrag,
to shine.]
FLAME-BEAEEE, flam'-bar*r, n. one who
bears flame or light ; the name given to
the members of a genus of humming-
birds, from their being furnished \\ith a
tuft of fiery crimson-colored feathers
round the neck like a gorget. The little
flame-bearer inhabits the inner side of the
extinct volcano Chiriqui, in Veragua,
about 9000 feet above the level of the sea.
It measures only 2i inches in length.
There are various other species, all tropi-
cal American.
FLAMEN, fla'men, n. {in ancient Borne) a
priest devoted to one particular god. [L.
same as fllamen, perh. from ftlum, a fillet
of wool, as a flamen w-ore a fillet round
his head.]
FLAMING, flam'ing, adj. red : gaudy :
violent.— arfr. Flaji'INGLT.
FLAMINGO, fla-ming'go, n. a bird of the
genus Phoenicopterus, formerly placed
m the order Grallatores, but now gen-
erally ranked among the Natatores or
Palmipedes, and constituting a family
Phceaicopteridse, allied to the AnatidcB.
Its body is smaller than that of the stork,
but owin^ to the great length of the
neck and Tegs it stands from 5 to 6 feet
high. The beak is naked, lamellate at
the edges, and bent as if broken : the
feet are palmated and four-toed. Tlie
common flamingo occurs abundantly in
various parts of Southern Europe. 'This
bird resembles the heron in shape, but is
entirely scarlet, except the quill-feathers,
which ' are jet black. The tongue is
fleshy, and one of the extravagances of
the Romans during the later period of
the empire was to have dishes composed
solely of flamingoes' tongues. [Sp. and
Port, flamenco, from L. flamma, flame,
from its red color.]
FLAMiHFEROUS, Uam-if'er-us, adj. pro-
ducing flame. [L. flamma, and fero, to
bear, produce.]
FLANGE, flanj, n. a raised edge or flank
on the rim of a wheel, as of a railway
engine. — adj. Flanged'. [Corr. of
Flank.]
FLANK, rtangk, n. the side of an animal
from the ribs to the' thigh : the side of
anything, esp. of an army or fleet. — v.t.
to attack or pass round the side of. — r.i.
to be posted on the side : to touch. [Fr.
flanc, perh. from L. flaeciis, flabby, the
flank being the weak part of the body.
See Flaccid.]
FLANKER, fianVer, n. j fortification which
commands the^an^" of an a.ssailing force.
— v.t. to defend by flankers : to attack
sideways.
FLANNEL, flan'el. n. a soft woollen cloth of
loose texture.— «cf/. Flann'eled. [Orig
flannen — ^W. gidanen, wool.]
FLAP, flap, n. anj'thing broad and flexible
that hangs loose or is attached by on«
end or side and easily moved : as, the
flaj} of a garment ; the Jlap of the ear ;
the flap of a hat; " Embroidered waist-
coats with large flaps." — Dickens; "A
cartilaginous flap on tlie opening of the
larynx." — Sir T. Broicn : the motion of
anything broad and loose, or a stroke
with it : — -jJ?. a disease in the lips of horses,
in which they become blistered and swell
on both sides. — Flap of a window-shut-
tek, a leaf attached to a shutter to in-
creiise its size when it is not sufficiently
broad to exclude tlie light. [Probably
onomatopoetic, being imitative of a blow
with a pliant flat surface. Of. flabby.]
FLAP, flap, r.^ to beat with or as with a
flap : to move, as something broad or
flap-like ; " The raven flapped his wing."
— Tickell : to let fa. I the vap of, as a hat.
FLAP, flap, v.i. to move as wings, or as
something broau or loose ; " The slack-
ened sail flaps." — Tennyson : to fall like
a flap, as the brim of a hat or other broad
thing ; to have the flap fall ; " He had an
old black hat on that flapped." — State
Trials.
FLAPDOODLE, flap'd66-<ll. n. nourish-
ment or food for fools. " 'The gentle-
man has eaten no small quantity of
flapdoodle in his lifetime.' 'AVfiat's
that?' 'It's the stuff they feed fools
on.'" — Marryat. "'I shall talk to our
regimental doctors about it, and get put,
through a courae of fool's-diet before w«|
start for India.' ^Flapdoodle tViey call it,
what fools are fed on.' " — 2 Hughes.
FLAPDRAGON, flap'dra-gon. w. a play in
which the players snatch raisins out of
burning brandy, and. extinguishing them
by closing the mouth, eat them : the
thing eaten in playing flapdragon. " He
. . . drinks candles' ends for flap-
dragons." — Sliak.
FLAPDRAGON. flap'dra-gon, v.t. to swal-
low at one gulp : to devom-. " To make
an end of the ship, to see how the sea
fiapdragoned it." — Shak.
FLAP-EARED, flap'-erd, adj. having broad
loose ears. "A . . . beetle-headed, flap-
eared knave." — Shak.
FLAPJACK, flap'jak, n. a sort of broad
flat pancake : a fried cake : an apple-
nuff.
FLAP-MOUTHED, flap'-moufM, adj. hav-
ing loose hanging lips.
FLAPPER, flap'er, n. one who or that
which flaps : in the following extract,
one who endeavors to make another re-
member— in allusion to the flappers
mentioned in Gulliver's visit to Laputa,
who were employed by the dieamy
philosophers of that island to flap tlii'in
on the mouth and ears with an inflated
bladder when their thoughts were to
be diverted from their speculations to
worldly aff.airs. " I write to you, by way
of flapper, to put you in mind of your-
self." — Lord Chesterfield : a young
wild duck; "Some young men down
latelv to a pond . . . to hunt flajyjyers or
yourig wild ducks." — Oilbert White;
" Lightbody happened to be gone out
to shoot flajypers." — Miss Edgeirorth.
FLARE, fl;ir. r.i. to burn witii a glaring,
unsteady Ught : to glitter or flash. — n.
an unsteady, offensive light. [From a
root found in Norw. /ara, Swed. flasa, to
blaze.]
FLASH
168
FLAX
FLASH, flash, n. a momentary gleam of
light : a sudden burst, as of merriment :
a short transient state. — v.i. to break
forth, as a sudden light : to break out
into intellectual brilliancy : to burst out
into violence. — v.t. to cause to flash.
[From the root of Swed. flasa, to blaze ;
of. Ice. flasa, to rush ; allied to flare and
flush.]
tLASH, flash, adj. vulgarly sho\vy or
gaudy , as, a flash dress, a flash style :
forged ; counterfeit ; as, flash notes. —
Flash language, language spoken by
felons, thieves, knaves, and vagabonds ;
cant ; slang. '■ In a wild district of Der-
byshire, between MacclesOeld and Bux-
ton, there is a village called Flash,
surrounded by uninclosed land. The
squatters on these commons, with their
wild g^ipsey habits, travelled about the
neighborhood from fair to fair, using a
slang dialect of their own. They were
called the Flash men, and their dialect
Flash talk ; and it is not difficult to see
the stages by which the word Flash has
reached its present signification." — Isaac
Taylor.
FLASH-HOUSE, flasa'-hous, n. a house
frequented by thieves, robbers, and
knaves, and in whi3n stolen goods are
received. " The excesses of that age re-
mind us of the humors of a gang of foot-
pads, revelling with their favorite beau-
ties at a Hash-house." — Macaulay.
"FLASHING, flash'ing, n. the act of creat-
ing an artificial flood at shallows in a
river, by penning up the water either in
the river itself or in side reservoirs : in
arch, pieces of lead, zinc, or other metal,
•ised to protect the joining when a roof
comes in contact with a wall, or wlien a
chimney shaft or other object comes
through a roof and the like. The metal
is let into a joint or groove cut in the
wall, etc., and folded down so as to lap
over and protect the joining. When the
flashing is folded down over the upturned
edge of the lead of a gutter it is, in Scot-
land, called an apron.
FLASHY, flash'!, adj. dazzling for a mo-
ment : showy but empty. — adv. Flash'-
ILY.— ;i. FLASH'EfESS.
FLASK, flask, n. a kind of bottle, as, a flask
of wine or oil : specifically, (a), a narrow-
necked globular glass bottle ; as, a Flor-
ence flask ; (b) a metal or other pocket
dram-bottle; as, a pocket ./?asfc ; (c) a ves-
sel, generally of metal or horn, for con-
taininggunpowder. carried by sportsmen,
usually furnished with a measure of the
charge at the top ; (d) a vessel for con-
taining mercury; a flask of mercury from
California is about 75 lbs.: a shallow
frame of wood or iron, used in foundries
to contain the sand employed in mould-
ing. [ A.S. fla'sc,flasca,flaxa; the ultimate
origin of the word is doubtful. Cf. O. Fr.
flasche. llascon; Sp.flasco; It. flasco; Low
Jj. fla.sco.fla.sca, which Diez refers to L.
vasculuni, a dim, of vas, a vessel. The
Dsin. flaske, Sw. flaska, O.H.Ger. flasca,
are probably from the same source. The
O. Fr. flasche, Low L. flasco, appear orig-
'nally to have been coverings to protect
glass bottles ; and this being the case the
W. fflasg, a vessel of wicker-work, a
basket, may be the ultimate origin of all
the forms.]
JfTjASKET, flask'et, n. a vessel in which
^ands are served up: a long shallow
basket.
FLAT, flat, adj. having an even and hori-
zontal, or nearly horizontal surface,
without elevations or depressions, hills
or valleys ; level without inclination ;
as, flat land, a flat roof : prostrate ;
lying the whole length on the ground :
level with the ground : fallen : laid low ;
ruined : in the. fine arts, wanting relief or
prominence of the figures : tasteless ;
stale ; vapid ; insipid ; dead ; as, ivmtflat
to the taste : dull ; unanimated ; frigid;
without point or spirit ; that can give no
relish or interest : brought to an end ;
brought to nought ; caused to collapse ;
ruiaed : not relieved, broken, or soft-
ened ; peremptory ; absolute ; positive ;
downright ; as, he gave the petitioner a
flat denial: in music, below the natural
or tlie true pitch ; hence, as applied to
intervals, indicating a note half a tone
below its natural ; minor ; &flat fifth is
an interval of a fifth diminished by a flat :
not sharp or shrill ; not acute ; as, aflat
sound : in gram, applied to one of that
division of consonants, in the enunciation
of which voice (in contradistinction to
breath) is heard — opposed to sharp ; as,
b, d, g, z, v: lacking briskness of com-
mercial exchange or dealings ; depressed ;
dull ; as, the market was very flat. — Flat
CANDLESTICK, a bedroom candlestick with
a broad flat foot or dish. — Flat candle,
the candle burned in such a candlestick.
" The idea of a girl with a really fine head
of hair, having to do it by one flat candle
and a few inches of looking-glass." —
Dickens. [Ice. flatr, Sw. flat, Dan. flad,
Ger. flaeh and platt, flat. Aidn Lith.
jilatus, Gr. platys. Sans, prithus, wide,
broad.]
FLAT, flat, n. a surface without relief or
prominences : a level or extended plain ;
a low tract of land : a level ground Ijing
at a small depth under the sm-face of
water ; a shoal ; a shallow ; a strand ;
a sandbank under water : something
broad and flat in form ; as, (a) a broad,
flat-bottomed boat without a keel, gen-
erally used in river navigation ; (b) a
broad-brimmed, low-crowned sti-aw hat ;
(e) a railway car without a roof : the
flat part or side of anything ; as, the
upper extended surface of tlie hand, tlie
broad side of a sword or knife, and the
like : in mtisic, a mark of depression in
sound, marked thus [j, and used to lower
or depress, by the degi'ee of a semitone,
any note in the natural scale ; an acci-
dental flat is one which does not occur
in the signature, and which affects only
the bar in which it is placed ; a double
flat depresses a note two semitones below
its natural pitch : in arch, that part of
the covering of a house laid horizontal,
and covered with lead or other material:
a story or floor of a building, especially
when fitted up for a single family : a
foohsh fellow ; a simpleton ; one who is
easily duped ; a gull : in ship-building,
one of the timbers in midships ; in
theatres, one of the halves of such scenes
or parts of, scenes as are formed by two
equal portions pushed from the sides of
the stage and meeting in the centre.
FLAT, flat, v.t. to level ; to lay smooth or
even ; to make broad and smooth ; to
flatten : to make vapid or tasteless : to
make dtUl or unanimated ; to depress :
in imisic, to reduce below the true pitch,
as a note, by depressing it half a tone. —
To FLAT IN "the SAIL (uaut.) to draw in
the aftmost clew of a sail towards the
middle of the ship.
FLAT, flat, v.i. to grow flat ; to fall to an
even surface : to become insipid, or dtdl
and unanimated : in music, to depress
the voice ; to render a sound less shaip ;
to fall below the true pitch.
FLATTEN, flat'n, v.t. to make flat ; to re-
duce to an equal or even surface ; to
level: to lay flat; to bring to the ground;
to prostrate : to make vapid or insipid ;
to render stale : to depress ; to deject.
as the spirits ; to dispirit : in music, to
lower in pitch ; to render less acute or
sharp. — To flatten a sail, to extend it
fore and aft, whereby its effect is lateral
onlv.
FLATTEN, flat'n, v.i. to grow or become
even on the surface : to become dead,
stale, vapid, or tasteless : to become dull
or spiritless: in iniisic, to depress th«
voice ; to render a sound less sharp ; to
drop tjelow the true pitch.
FLATTER, flat'er, v.t. to sooth with praise
and servile attentions : to please with
false hopes. — n. Flatt'erer. [Fr. flat-
ter; orig. dub., perh. from flat, in the
sense of making smooth by a gentle
caress, or from root flak or plag, to pat.]
FLATTERING, flat'er-ing, adj. uttering
false praise : pleasing to pride or vanity.
— adv. Flatt^eingly.
FLATTERY, flat'er-i, n. false praise.
FLATTISH. flat'ish, adj. somewhat flat.
FLATULENCE,flat'u-lens,FLATULENCY,
flat'u-len-si, n. windiness : air generated
in a weak stomach. [See Flatulent.]
FLATULENT, flat'u-lent, adj. affected
with air in the stomach : apt to generate
wind in the stomach : empty : vain. —
adv. Flat'ULENtlt. [Fr.— Low L. flatVr
lentvs — L. flo, flatus, to blow.]
FLATUS, fla'tus. n. a puff of wind : air
generated in the stomach or any cavity
of the body. [L.]
FLATWISE, flat'wiz, adj. or adv. flat-
wa2/s or with the flat side downward.
FLAUNT, flant or flawnt, v.i. to fly or
wave in the wind : to move ostentatious-
ly : to carry a saucy appearance. — Jt.
anything displayed for show. [Prob.
from a contr. of A.S. fleogan, fleon, to
fiv.]
FLAUTIST. See Flutee.
FLAVOR, fla'\'Tir, n. that quality of any
thing which affects the smell or the pal
ate. — v.t. to impart flavor to. — adj. Fla'-
VORLESS. [Fr. flairer — L. fragro, ta
smell.]
FLAYOROUS, fla'vur-us, adj. of a pleasant
flavor.
FLAW, flaw, n. a break, a crack: a defect :
— v.t. to crack or break. — adj. Flaw'-
LESS. [Ice. flaga, a fragment ; W. fflaio,
a splinter.]
FLAWY, flaw'i, adj. full of flaws or
cracks : faulty.
FLAJX. flaks, n. the common name of the
Elants of the genus Linum. nat. order
inacea3, and of the fibre produced from
it. The species, of which there are
nearlj- a hundred, are herbs or small
shi-ulJs, ^^ith narrow leaves, and yellow,
blue, or even white flowers arranged in
variously formed cymes. They occur in
warm and temperate regions over the
world. The cultivated species is L.
usitati.s.simum. The fibre which is used
for making thread and cloth, called linen,
cambric, lawn, lace, etc., consists of the
woody bundles of the slender stalks.
The fine fibres may be so separated a3 to
be spun into threads as fine as silk. A
most useful oil is expressed from the
seeds, and the residue, caDed Un.seed-
cake, is one of the most fattening kinds
of food for cattle. The best seed tome*
from Riga and Holland. [A.S. fleax.
Cog. Dut. vlas, Fris. flax. Ger. flacks,
flax. Wedgwood remarks, "As parallel
forms in / and fl are very common, it ia
probable that the A.S. feax, the hair, is
radically identical with _^eax, flax." We
do find flax for hair in old English ; as,
"I will take thy ffingars and thv^a.T."
— The Squier, Percy MS. Comp. "Bohem.
vlas, Russ. volos, Lith. plaukas. which
mean hair, while from their form i^ey
are apparently cognate with fla,v ■ and
FLAXEN
169
FLING
OQ the other hand Dan. har, prov. Ger.
har. flax, with E. hair. Probably from
a root meaning to comb or weave or
twist, the meanings of the Ger. flechten.]
FLAXEN, flaks'n, adj. made of or resem-
bling ^fflx; fair, long, and flowing.
FLAY, fla, v.t. to strip off the skin •.—pi:2).
flay'ing ; pa.p. flayed'. — «. Flay'er.
[A.S. jiean ; Ice. flaga, to cut tui'fs. See
Flakf.]
FLATFLINT, fla'flint, n. a skinflint : a
miser.
Tliere lived a, flay flint near ; we stole his fruit.
— Tennyson.
FLEA, fle, n. an insect of the genus Pulex,
and regarded by e ntomologists as consti-
tuting a distincr order Aphaniptera,
because the wings are inconspicuous
scales. All the species of the genus are
very similar to the common flea (P. irri-
tans). It has two ej-es and six feet ; the
feelers are like threads ; the oral appen-
dages are modified into piercing stilets
and a suctorial proboscis. The flea is
remarkable for its agility, leaping- to a
surprising distance, and its bite is very
troublesome. — ^A flea in the ear, an an-
noying, unexpected hint or reply. " My
mistress sends away all her suitors, and
puts fleas in their ears." — Swift. [A.S.
flta. from fleon, fleohan, fleogan, to fly,
to escape. Cf. Sc. flech, and Ger. floti,
O.H. Ger. flock, a flea.]
FLEAM, flem, n. an instrument for bleed-
ing cattle. [Fr. flamme — Gr. phleboto-
tnon, a lancet — phleps, phlebos, a vein,
and torn or tam, the base of temno, to
cut.]
FLECK, flek, n. a spot or speckle : a little
bit of a thing. [Ice. flekkr, a sx>ot, flekka,
to stain ; Ger.^ecA', a spot.]
FLECK, flek, FLECKER, flek'er, v.t. to
.>/>o; or speckle : to streak. [See Fleck, m.]
FLECTION. Same as Flexion.
FLED. QeA,pa.t. andpa.^. of Flee.
FLEDGE, flej, v.t. to furnish with feathers
or wings. [A.S. fleogan, Ger. fliegen, to
flyj
FLEDGLING, flej'liag, n. a little bird just
/edged.
FLEDGY, flej'i, adj. covered with feathers:
feathered : feathery. " The swan soft
leaning on her fledgy breast." — Keats.
FLEDWITE, fled'wlt, FLIGHTWITE, flit'-
wlt. n. in old Saxon law, a discharge
from penalties, where a person, having
been a fugitive, came to the peace of the
king of his own -accord, or with license.
I A.S. flyth, flight, and icite, punishment.]
FLEE, fle, v.i. to run away, as from dan-
ger.— v.t. to keep at a di-stance from: —
pr.p. flee'ing ; pa.t. and pa.p. fled. [A.S.
fleohan, contracted .^eoi, akin to fleogan,
to fly ; Ger. fliehen, akin to fliegen, to fly.
See Fly.] -
FLEECE, fles, n. the coat of wool shorn
from a sheep at one time : the loose and
thin sheet of cotton or wool coming from
the breaking - card in the process of
manufactui-e. — v.t. to clip wool from : to
plunder : to cover, as with wool. — adj.
Fleece'less. [A.S. flys ; Dut. vlies, Ger.
rf('C-«.S.]
FLEECED, flest, adj. having a fleece.
FLEECER, fles'er, n. one who strips or
plunders.
FLEECY, fles'i, adj. covered with wool :
woolly.
FLEER, fler, v.t. or v.i. to make wry faces
in contempt, to mock. — n. mockery.
[From a root found in Norw. flira, Swed.
fli.ixa, to titter.]
FLEET, flet, n. a number of ships in com-
pany, esp. ships of war: a division of the
navy, commanded by an admiral. [A.S.
flf.oi.flota, a shm— /feo<a;i, to float; conn,
with Ice. Jioti, Dut. vloot, Ger. flotte.]
FLEET, flet, v.i. to pass swiftly:^pr.p.
fleet'ing ; pa.p. fleet'ed. — adj. swift :
nimble: fleeting or transient. — adv.
Fleet'lt.— ». Fleet'ness. [A.S. fleotan,
to float ._]
FLEETING, flet'ing, adj. passing quickly:
temporary. — adv. Fleet'inglt.
FLEMING, flem'ing, n. a native of
Flanders.
FLEMISH, flem'ish, adj. pertaining to
Flanders.— Flemish bond, a mode of lay-
ing bricks being that species of bond
which exhibits a header and stretcher
alternately. — Flemish brick, a species of
hard yellow brick used for paving. —
Flemish horse (naut.), the outer short
foot-rope for the man at the earing, the
outer end of which is spliced round a
tliimble on the goose-neck of the studd-
ing-sail boom-iron, while the inner end is
seized by its eye withiii the brace-block-
strop and head-earing-cleat. — Flemish
SCHOOL, the school of painting formed in
nanders by the brothers Van Eyck, at
the commencement of the fifteenth
century. The chief early masters were
Memling, Weyden, Matsys, Mabus, and
Moro. Of those of the second period,
Rubens and Vandyck, Snyders, Jor-
daens, Gasparde Crayer, and the younger
Teniers, take the liighest place.
FLEMISH, flem'ish, n. the language of the
Flemings : the people of Flanders.
FLENSE, flens, v.t. to cut up the blubber
of, as a whale. [Dan. /?eKse, Scot, flinch.}
FLESH, flesh, 71. the soft substance which
covers the bones of animals : animal
food : the bodies of beasts and birds, not
fish : the body, not tlie soul : animals or
animal nature : mankind : bodily appe-
tites : the present life : the soft substance
of fruit: the part of a fruit fit to be eaten.
[A.S. flcesc ; cog. forms in all the Teut.
laug.l'
FLESH, flesh, v.t. to train to an appetite
for flesh, as dogs for hunting : to accus-
tom : to glut : to use upon flesh, ad a
sword, esp. for the first time.
FLESHED, flesht, adj. having flesh : fat.
FLESHLESS, flesh'les, adj. without flesh :
lean.
FLESHLY, flesh'li, adj. corporeal : carnal :
not spiritual. — n. Flesh'liness.
FLESHY, flesh'i, adj. fat : pulpy : plump.
— adv. Flesh'ily. — n. Flesh'iness.
FLETCH, flech, v.t. to feather, as an arrow.
" He dips his curses in the gall of irony ;
and that they may strike the deeper,
fletches them with a profane classical
parodj'." — Warburton. [Fr. fleehe, an
arrow, from O.Ger. flitseh, or Dut. flits,
an arrow.]
FLETCHER, flech'er, n. an arrow-maker :
a manufacturer of bows and arrows:
hence the family named Fletcher. " It
is commended by our yfete/iers for bows,
next unto yew. ''^ — Mortimer. [O.Fr.flech-
ii'r. Low L. Jlechcrius. See Fletch.']
FLETZ, flets, adj. \ngeol. a term, now obso-
lete, applied to a system of rocks corre-
sponding to the whole .series of sediment-
ary formations. These formations were
so called because the rocks usually appear
in beds more nearly horizontal than the
transition class. [Ger. flotz.']
FLEUR-DE-LIS, floor'-de-le', «. the flower
of the lily -.—pi. Fleurs'-de-US'. [Yr.,lis
being for L. liliinn. a lily.]
FLEW, floo, 2iast tense of 'FlY.
FLEXIBILITY, fl.-ks-i-bil'i-ti, 11. pliancy :
easiness to be persuaded.
FLEXIBLE, fleks'i-bl, FLEXILE, fleks'il,
adj. easily bent: pliant: docile. — ?i. Flex'-
ibleness.— (((7c. Flex'ibly. [Fr.—h.flex-
ibilis, fle.viliK^lecto, flexum, to bend.]
FLEXION, flek'shun, n. a bend : a fold.
[L. fle.vio—flecto.]
FLEXOR, fleks'or, n. a muscle wr.ich betuJU
a joint.
FLEXUOUS, fleks'u-us, FLEXUOSE,
fleks'u-6s, adj. full of windings and turn-
ings : variable.
FLEXURA, fleks-u'ra, n. in avat. the joint
between the forearm and carpus it;
(}uadrupeds, usually called the fore-knee
in tlie hoi-se : analogous to the wrist
joint in man. [L., a bending.]
FLEXURE, fleks'ur, n. a bend or turning :
(math.) the curving of a Une or surface ;
the bending of loaded beams. [L. flex-
ura. See Flexible.]
FLICKER, flik'er, v.i. to flutter and move
the wings, as a bird : to burn unsteadily,
as a flame. [A.S. Jlicerian ; cf. Ice. flo-
kra, T)\xt. flikkeren.l
FLIER, FLYER, fli'er, n. one who flies
or flees : a fly-wheel : a race horse : a
fast express train.
FLIGHT, flit, n. a passing through the
air : a soaring : excursion : a sally : a
series of steps : a flock of birds flying
together : the birds produced in the same
season : a volley or shower : act of flee-
ing : hasty removal. [A.S. flyht^fleo-
gan.]
FLIGHTY, flit'i, adj. fanciful : change-
able : giddj'. — adv. Flight'ily. — n.
Flight'iness.
FLIMSY, flim'zi, adj. thin : without sol-
idity, strength, or reason : weak. — n.
Flim'siness.
FLINCH, flinsh, v.i. to shrink back : to
fail. — n. Flinch'er. — adv. Flinch'ingly.
[M.E. flecchen — Fr. flechir — L. flectere, to
bend.]
FLING, fling, v.t. to cast, send, or throw
from the hand ; to hurl ; as, to fling a
stone at a bird : to send forth or emit
with violence, as thougn thrown from
.the liand : to shed forth; to emit; to
scatter : to throw to the ground ; to
prostrate ; hence, to baflle ; to defeat ;
as, the wrestler flung his antagonist ; to
fling a party in litigation.— To PLINO
ABOUT, to throw in all directions ; to dis-
tribute on all sides. " We are stating
a plain matter of fact, and not merely
giving vent to invective or flinging about
sixrcasms."-Broug)inm. — To fling away,
to reject; to discard. "Cromwell, I
charge thee, fling away ambition. "-S/iofc.
— To FLING DOWN, (a) to demolish ; to
ruin : (b) to throw to the ground ; to
overturn ; as, he flung dotvn his oppo-
nent with great force : (c) to cast on the
ground, as a knight throws his glove, in
token of a general challenge ; hence, to
propose for settlement or decision.
Tliis question, so flung down before the quests.
And balanced either way by each, at Icn^'th
Was handed over by conselit of all
To one who hiul not spoken. — l^cnnyson.
— T'O FLING IN, to throw in ; to make an
allowance or deduction, or not to charge
in an account ; as, in settling accounts
one party flings in a small sum or a few
days' work-— to FLING OFF, to baflle in
the chase ; to defeat of pi'ey ; also, to get
rid of. — To fling open, to throw open ;
to open suddenly or witli violence ; as,
to fling open a door. — To fung out, to-
utter ; to speak ; as, to fling out liard
words agains^ another. — To FLING UP, to
relinquisli ; co abandon ; as, to fling up
c- i.esign- — To FLING THE HEAD, to throw
up the head with a violent, contempts
uous, or angry motion. [Perhaps a
nasalized form of A-S. fligan, to make to
fly, caus. oijlengan, to fly.]
FLING, fling, v.i. to flounce ; to wince ; to
fly into vioh.'nt and irregular motions ;
to throw out the legs violently ; as. the
horse began to kick and fling : to utter
harsh or abusive language ; to sneer ; to
upbraid ; as, the scold began to flout and
FLING
170
FLORENTINE
fling : to start away with a sudden mo-
tion, as in token of displeasure ; to rush
away angrilj' ; as, he got into a rage and
Jtiing out of the house. ''Seek nie if
your mind change before he comes back.
... 1 will no more seek you. — And away
she flung." — Eichardson.
FLING, fling, n. a throw ; a cast from the
hand ; a gibe ; a sneer ; a sarcasm ; a
severe or contemptuous remark;
I, who lore to have a, fling
Both at senate house and king.— Suift :
entire freedom of action ; wild dash into
pleasure, adventure, or excitement of
any kind ; enjoyment of pleasure to the
full extent of one's opportunities; "When
I was as young as you, I had my fling : I
led a life of pleasure." — Jerrokt: a kind
of dance — usually applied to a Scotch
dance, the Highland _/??»(;, in which there
is much exertion of the limbs.
FLINT, flint, n. a very hard kind of stone,
formerly used for striking flre : anything
proverbially hard. [A.S. flint; Dan.
flint : Gr. pUnthos, a brick.]
FLINT-GLASS, flint'-glas, n. a species of
glass, so called because pulverized flints
were originally employed in its manufact-
ure. It is extensivelj" used for domestic
purposes. Its dispersive power in regard
to liglit renders it invaluable in the
manufacture of the object-glasses of
telescopes and microscopes, as by com-
bining a concave lens of flint-glass with
one or two convex lenses of crown-glass,
which possesses a much less dispersive
power, a compound lens is formed in
which the prismatic colors arising from
a simple refraction are destroj'ed, and
the lens rendered achromatic. Quartz
and fine sand are now substituted for
flint in the manufacture of this g'lass.
FLINTY, flint'i, adj. consisting of or like
flint : hai'd : cruel. — n. Flist'INESS.
FLIP, flip, n. a hot drink of beer and
spirits sweetened. [Etv. vmknown.]
FLIPPANCY, flip'an-si, "n. the state or
quality of being flippant : smoothness
and rapidity of speech : pertness : incon-
siderate volubility : fluency of speech.
[See FUPPANT.J
FLIPPANT, flip'ant, adj. of smooth, fluent,
and rapid speech : speaking with ease
and rapidity : ha\-ing a voluljle tongue :
talkative. " It becometh good men, in
such cases, to be flippant and free in
their speech." — Barron- : spraking fluent-
ly and confidently, witlio\it knowledge or
consideration : voluble and thoughtless :
heedlessly pert : petulant. " It ill be-
comes one, while he bends under the
weight of insuperable objections, to grow
so exceedingly flippant."' — Waterland.
[Formed from flip, flap ; akin to Ice.
fleipr, tattle, fleipinn, pert, petulant,
Heppin. thoughtless.]
FLIRT, flert, v.i. to trifle with love: to
play at courtship. — n. a pert, giddy girl.
[A.S. fleardian, to trifle— ^fard, a foolish
thing.]
FLIRTATION, flert-a'shun, n. the act of
flirting.
FLIT, flit, v.i. to remove from place to
place : to flutter on the wing : to fly
quickly : to be unsteady or easily moved :
—pr.p. flitt'ing ; pa.2'i. flitt'ed. [From a
Teut. root found in Swed. flyita. Ice.
flyta.]
fLITCH, flich, n. the side of a hog salted
and cured. [A.S. fliece ; Prov. E. flick,
bacon.]
FLITTINGS, flit'ingz, n.pl. (Pr. Bk.) wan-
derings.
FLOAT, flot, v.i. to rest on the surface of
a fluid : to swim : to be buoyed up : to
glide without effort or impulse on the
surface of a fluid : to move as if sup-
ported by a fluid : to move gently and
easily tlirough the air. [A.S. flentan,
flotian, to float, apparently a kind of
causal of fliiiran, to flow. Comp. the
etymologies under Fleet, Flood, Flow,
which are all closely allied words.]
FLOAT, flot, v.t. to cause to float ; to cause
to rest or be conveyed on the surface of a
fluid ; as, the tide floated the ship into
the harbor ; the men are employed in
floating timber down the river : to flood ;
to inundate ; to overflow ; to cover with
water : in plastering, to pa-ss over and
level the surface of, as plaster, with a
float, fi-equently dipped in water : to
bring prominently before public notice ;
to raise funds, as by the sp' , of shares,
for carrying- on an undertaking ; to set
agoing ; as, to float a sclieme, a mining or
railway company, etc.
FLOAT, flot. It. that which floats or rests
on the surface of a fluid ; as (a) a body or
collection of timber, boards, or planks,
fastened together and conve^'ed down a
stream ; a raft ; a buoy ; (b) the cork or
quill used on an angling line, to support
it and indicate the bite of a fish ; (c) the
small place of ivory on the surface of the
mercury in the basin of a barometer;
(d) the hollow metallic sphere of a self-
acting faucet which floats in the boiler of
a steam-engine, or in a cistern: a quan-
tity of earth, 18 feet square and 1 tleep :
in plastering, a long- rule with a straight
edge, by which the work is reduced to a
plane surface — an angle float is one made
to fit an internal angle ; a tiro-handed
float is termed a darby : the float-
board of a water-wheel : a single-cut file
for smoothing. [A.S. flota, that which
floats, a fleet. See the verb. In some of
its meanings, however, the word has
probably a different origin.]
FLOATAGE, FLOTAGE, flot'aj, n. things
found floating on rivers or on the sea.
FLOATING, flSt'iug, adj. swimming : not
fixed : circulating". — adv. Float'inglt.
FLOCULENT, flok'u-lent, adj. adhering in
/0fA,-s or flakes.—)!. Flocc'ulenx-e. [See
Flock, a lock of wool.]
FLOCK, flok. n. a flight of birds sitting on
the ground : a company : a Christian
congregation. — v.i. to gather in flocks or
in crowds. [A.S. flocc, a flock, a com-
pany./yg, a flying — fleogan, to flv.J
FLOC'K. flok, n. a lock of wool. '[O. Fr.
floe — L. floccu.^. a lock of wool.]
FLOCK-BED, flok'-bed, n. abed filled with
flocks or locks of wool, or pieces of cloth
cut up fine : a bed stuffed with flock.
A house well-furnish'd shall be thine to keep ;
And for a flock-bed I can shear my sheep.
—Dri/den.
FLOCKLING, flok'ling, n. a little member
of a flock : a lamb : a sheep. Brome.
FLOCKLY, flok'li, adv. in a body or in
flocks.
FLOCK-MASTER, flok'-mas-ter, n. an
owner or overseer of a flock : a sheep-
farmer.
FLOCK-PAPER, flok'-pa-per, n. a kind of
wall-paper, having raised figures resem-
bling cloth, made of flock, or of cloth
cut up very fine, and attached to the
paper bj' size or varnish.
FLOE, flo, n. a field of floating ice. [Dan.
ii.tflage, icefloe. See Flake.]
FLOG, flog, v.t. to beat or strike : to lash :
to chasti.se with blows : — pr.p. flogg'ing ;
pa.p. flogged'. [A late word ; perhaps
a school-boy's abbrev. from L. flagellare,
to whip.]
FLOOD, flud, 71. a great flow of water : a
river, so in B. : an inundation : a deluge :
the rise or flow of the tide : any great
quantity. — v.t. to overflow : to inundate :
—pr.p. flooding ; pa.p. flood'ed. — The
Flood, the deluge in the days of Noah,
[A.S. flod ; Scand. flod, Ger. fliith . Cog.
with FlowJ
FLOODGATE, flud'gat, n. a gate for letting
wsXerflow through, or to prevent it : an
opening or passage : an ob.struction.
FLOODING, flud'-ng, n. an extraordinary
flow of blood from the uterus.
FLOODMARK, flud'mark, )i. the mark or
line to whicli the tide ri.ses.
FLOOR, flor, n. that part of a building or
room on which we walk ; the bottom or
lower part, consisting in modern houses
of boards, planks, pavement, asphalte,
etc. : a platform of boards or planks laid
on timbers, as in a bridge ; any .similar
platform : a storj' in a building ; a suite
of rooms on a level ; as, the first or second
floor : (naut.) that part of the bottom of a
vessel on each side of the keelson which
is most nearly horizontal : in legislative
assemblies, the part of the house assigned
to the members. (U.S.) — To hate or get
THE floor, in the Unitetl States Congress,
to have or obtain an opportunitj^ of taking
part in a debate : equivnlent to the En-
flish phrase, to be in jm.fses.'^ion of the
oiise. "Mr. T. claimed that he had the
floor."' — Neir York Herald. [A.8. flor,
flore, a floor. Cog. Dut. vloer, a floor ;
Ger. flnr, a field, a fioor ; W. llairr. the
ground, the floor of a house ; Gael, lar, the
ground, earth-floor.]
FLOOR, flor, v.t. to cover witli a floor ; to
furnish with a floor ; as, to floor a house
with pine boards : to strike down or lay
level with the flooi- ; to beat ; to con-
quer ; as, to floor an antagonist : (fig.)
to put to silence by some decisive argu-
ment, retort, etc.; to overcome in any
way ; to overthrow ; " One question . . .
floored successively almost every witness
in favor of abolition to whom it was ad-
dressed."— Sat. Rev.; "The expi-ess ob-
ject of his \isit was to know liow he
could knock religion over and floor the
Established Church.'' — Dickens: to go
through ; to make an end of ; to finish;
"I've floored my little-go work." —
Hughes ; " I have a few bottles of old
wine left, we maj' as well fioor them." —
]\J(tonillan's Mag.
FLOOR-CLOTH, flor'-kloth, «. a useful
substitute for a cai-pet, frequently made
partly of hemp and partly of flax, and
saturated with a wash of melted size,
and various coats of oil-paint, and orna-
mented with a great variety of patterns :
oil-cloth for coveiing floors.
FLOORING, flor'ing, n. material for floors :
a platform.
FLORA, flo'ra, n.pl. the whole of the
plants of a particular country : a cata-
logue of plants. [L. — flos.floris, a flower.]
FL(5RAL, flo'ral, adj. pertaining to I^ora
or to flou-ers ; \bot.) containing the
flower.
FLORENCE, flo'rens, n. a kind of cloth :
a kind of wine from Florence in Italy :
a gold coin of the reign of Edward III. of
the value of $1.50. — Florence flask,
a globular bottle of thin transparent
glass, with a long neck, in whicn Flo-
rence oil is exported. — Florence oil. a
superior kind of olive-oil prepared at Flo
rence. and exjDorted in Florence flasks.
FLORENTINE, flo'ren-tin, adj. of or per-
taining to Florence.— Florentine work,
a kind of mosaic work, consisting of
precious stones and pieces of marble, so
named because the Florentines were dis-
tinguished for tliis kind of work. — FLO-
RENTINE FRESCO, a kind of painting, first
practiced at Florence during the flourish-
ing period of Italian art. for decorating
walls. — Florestine lake, a pigment,
formerlj- used, prepared from cochineal.
FLORENTINE
171
FLUKE
I FLORENTINE, flo'ren-tin, n. a native or
1 inhabitant of Florence : a kind of silk
j cloth.
I FLORESCENCE, flo-res'ens, n. a bursting
into flower: (bot.) the time when plants
:lower. [L. florescens, pr.p. of floresco,
to begin to blossom— ;/?oreo, to blossom^
■ftos. a flower.]
FLORET, flo'ret, n. a little flower : (bot.) a
separate little flower of an aggregate
flower.
FLORICULTXIRAL, flo-ri-kul'tOr-al, adj.
relating' to floriculture.
FLORICULTURE, flo'ri-kiil-tur, n. the cul-
ture or cultivation of flowers or flower-
ing plants, whether in open beds in gar-
lens, in conservatories or greenhouses, or
in rooms in dwelling-houses. [L. flos,
florix. a flower, and cultura, cultivation.]
FLORICULTURIST, flo-ri-kul'tur-ist, n.
one interested in the cultivation of flow-
ers or flowering plants.
FLORID, flor'id, adj. bright in color :
flushed with red : containing flowers of
rhetoric or lively figures : richly orna-
mental. — ach: 'Flor'idlt. — n. Flor'id-
N'ESS. [h.floridiis — fios.]
FLORIFEROUS, flo-rif'er-us. adj., bearing
ov producing /foifers. [h.flos,floris, and
fero. to bear.]
FLORIFORM, flo'ri-form, adj. flower-
shaped. [L. flos, and Form.]
FLORIN, flo'rin, n. a name given to dif-
ferent coins of gold or silver, of different
values, and to moneys of account, in dif-
ferent countries. The English florin is
50 cents ; the Austrain gulden or florin
of the present day about the same ; the
gulden or florin of Germany 40 cents ;
the guilder or florin of Holland 40 cents.
[Fr. — It. ftorino. a name first applied to
a Florentine coin, because it was stamped
with a lily, in It. flore, from Ij.flos,floris,
a flower.]
ITiORIST. floKist, n. acultivator of .forcers;
one wlio writes an account of plants.
FLOSCULAR, flos'ku-lar. FLOSCULOUS,
flos'ku-lus, adj. composed of many flos-
eiCles or tubular florets.
FLOSCULE, flos'kul, n. a. floret of an aggre-
fate flower. [L. floscidus, dim. of flos, a
ower.]
FLOSH, flosh, n. in metal, a hopper-shaped
box in which ore is placed for the action
of the stamps. The .side of the box has a
shutter which is raised or lowered to
allow the ore to escape when it has
acquired the desu-ed fineness. [Proliably
connected with Ger. flosse, a trough in
which ore is washed.]
FLOSS, flos, n. a small stream of water.
S Local. Akin to Ger, fluss, floss, a stream,
lii'.sseu, to flow.]
FLOS.S, flos, n. the loose downy or silky
substance in the husks of certain plants,
as the bean : portions of silk broken ofl' in
unwinding it. — adj. Floss'y. [It. ^oscio
— L. fli(,v>ts, loose— j7uo, to flow.]
FLOSS-SILK, flos'-silk, n. an inferior kind
of silk made from floss, or ravelled frag-
ments of fibre.
FLOTAGE. Same as Floatage.
FLOTILLA, tto-til'a, n. a fleet of small
ships. [Sp., dim. of flota, Fr. flotte, a
fleet.]
FLOTSAM, flot'.sam. FLOTSON, flot'son, n.
goods lost by shipwreck, and found float-
ing on the sea. [See Jetsam.]
FLOUNCE, flowns, v.i. to move abruptly
or impatiently : to plunge and struggle.
— re. an impatient gesture. [O. Sw.
flunsa. Dut. plonzen, to plunge in water.]
FLOUNCE, flowns, n. a plaited strip or
border sewed to the skirt of a dress. — v.t.
to furnish with flounces. [Fr. froncis, a
plait ; prob. from Low L. frontiare, to
i^
wrinkle the brow — L. front, frontis, the
browj
FLOUNDER, flown'der, v.i. to struggle
witli violent motion. [From a Low Ger.
root found in Dut. flodderen.]
FLOUNDER, flown'der, n. a small flat fish,
generally found in the sea near the
mouths " of rivers. [Ger. flunder, Sw.
flundra.]
FLOUR, ffowr, n. the finely-ground meal
of wheat or other grain : the fine soft
powder of any substance. — v.t. to reduce
into or sprinkle witli flour. [Fr. fleur
(de farine, of meal), fine flour — h.flos,
floris, a flower.]
FLOUR-DRESSER, flowr'-dres-er, n. a cyl-
inder for dressing flour, instead of pass-
ing it through bolting-cloths.
FLOURISH, flur'ish, v.i. to thrive luxuri-
antly : to be prosperous : to use copious
and flowery language : to make orna^
mental strokes with the pen. — FLOUR-
ISHED = lived (L. ./?on«7). — v.t. to adorn
with flourishes or ornaments : to swing
about by way of show or triumph.
'M.E. florisshen — Fr. fleurir, from L.
'orescere, to blossom— j?os.]
FLOURISH, flur'ish, n. decoration : showy
splendor : a figure made by a bold stroke
of the pen : the waving of a weapon or
other thing : a parade of words : a mus-
ical prelude. — FLOURISH OF Trumpets, a
trumpet-call, fan-fare, or prelude for one
or more instruments performed on the
approach of any person of distinction ;
hence, any ostentatious preliminary say-
ings or doings.
FLOURISHING, flur'ish-ing, adj. thriv-
ing : prosperous : making a show. — adv.
Flour'ishxngly.
FLOUT, flowt, v.t. or v.i. to jeer, mock, or
insult : to treat with contempt. — h. a
mock : an insult. [O. Dut. fltiyten (Dut.
fluiten), to play the flute, to jeer.]
FLOW, flo, v.i. to run, as water : to rise,
as the tide : to move in a stream, as air :
to glide smoothly : to circulate, as the
blood : to abound : to hang loose and
waving : (i?.)to melt. — v.t. to cover with
water. [A.S. flmran; Ger. fliessen, akin
to L. pluo, to rain, Gr. phleo, to swim,
Sans. J3?M, to s^vim.]
FLOW, flo, 71. a stream or current : the
setting in of the tide from the ocean :
abundance : copiousness : free expres-
sion.
FLOWER, flow'er, n. the blossom of a
plant : the best of anything : the prime
of life : the person or thing most dis-
tinguished : a figure of speech. — v.t. to
adorn with figures of flowers. — v.i. to
blossom : to flourish. [O. Fr. Jlour, Fr.
fleur— L,. flos, floris, akin to Blow,
Bloom.]
FLOWER-BUD, flow'er-bud, n. a bud with
the unopened flower.
FLOWERET, flow'er-et, ?i. a little flower :
a floret.
FLOWERLESS, flow'er-les, adj. (bot.) hav-
insj no flowers.
FLOWERS, flo'erz, n.jil. (B.) in Leviticus,
menstrual discharges. [Fi\ fleur — L.
flos. a flower.]
FLOWERY, flow'er-i, adj. full of or adorned
with flowers : highly embellished with
figurative style, florid. — n. Flow'eri-
I<'ESS.
FLOWING, flo'lng, adj. moving as a fluid :
fluent or smooth. — FLO wixo SHEETS
Cnaut.), the position of the sheets, or
lower corners of the principal sails, when
they are loosened to the wind, so as to
receive it into their cavities, in a direc-
tion more nearlv perpendicular than
when they are c"lose- hauled, although
more obliquely than when the vessel is
sailing before the wind. — adv, FijOWino
LT. — II. Flow'ikgness.
FLOWN, flon, pa.p. of FLY.
FLUCTUATE, fluk'tu-at, v.i. to float back-
ward and forward : to roll hither and
thither : to be irresolute. [L. flucfuo,
fluctuatus^fluctus, a wave— ;^uo, to flow.
See Flow.]
FLUCTUATION, fluk-tu-a'shun, n. a rising
and falHng, like a n-are : motion hither
and thither : agitation : unsteadiness, as
the fluctuation of prices, of the stock
market, of opinion, etc.: in med. the per-
ceptible motion given to pus or other
fluids by pressure or percussion.
FLUE, floo, n. a passage for smoke in a
chimney, leading from the fireplace to
the top of the chimnej-, or into another
passage : a pipe or tube for convening
heat to water in certain kinds of steam-
boilers : a passage in a wall for the pur-
pose of conducting heat from one part
of a building to another. [Comp. O. Fr.
flue, a flowing, from L. fluo, to flow.
Skeat takes it from O. Fr. fleute, a flute,
the beak of a retort.]
FLUE, floo, v.i. to expand or splay, as the
jambs of a window.
FiUE, floo, n. soft down or fur : very fine
hair : flew. [Probably connected 'with
fluff, Ger. flail, soft.]
FLUE, floo, n. a money of account of Mor-
occo of the value of 1-13 of a cent.
FLUE-BOILER, flo6'-boil-er. v. a steam-
boiler with flues running through the
part that contains the water.
FLUENCY, flo6'en-si, n. readiness or ra^-
pidity of utterance : volubility.
FLUENT, floo'ent, adj. ready in the use of
words : voluble.— adr. Flt/ently. [L.
fluens, fluentis. pr.p. of flito, to flow.]
FLUID, floo'id, adj. consistiug of particles
wliich move and change their relative
position without separation on the slight-
est pressure : capable of flowing: liquid
or gaseous : as, water and air are fluid
substances. — FLUID LENS, a lens made by
confining a liquid between two curved
pieces of glass. [L. fluidus, from fluo, to
flow.]
FLUID, floo'id, n. a body whose p:irticles on
tlie slightest pressure move and change
their relative position without separa-
tion : a body which yields to the slightest
pressiu-e : a liquid or gas : opposed to a
solid ; as. air, water, blood, cliyle, are
fluids. Fluids are divided into liquids,
such a.s water and bodies in the form of
water ; and gaseous bodies, or aeriform
fluids. Liquids have been also termed
non-elasfie fluids, for although they are
not altogether void of elasticity, they
possess it only in a small degree. Air
and aeriform ' bodies have been called
elastic fluids on account of their great
elasticity.— Fluid of Cotuknius, a thin
gelatinous fluid found in the bony cavity
of the labyrinth of the ear, so called from
the anatomist who first distinctly de-
scribed it.— Fluid compass, a compass,
the card of which revolves in a bowl of
alcohol on which it floats.
FLUIDITY, flo6-id'i-ti, n. the quality of be-
ing fluid, or capable of flowing : that
quality of a body which renders it im-
pressible to the 'slightest force, and by
which the particles easily move or change
their relative position without a separa^
tion of the mass: a liquid, aeriform, or
gaseous state : opposed to solidity.
FLUIDIZE, floo'id-iz, v.t. to convert into a
fluid.
FLUIDNESS. floo'id-ncs, n. the state of be-
intr fluid : fluiditv (which see).
FLUKE, flook, /I. "a flounder : a parasitic
worm in sheep, so called because like a
miniature flounder. [A.S. ^oc,a flounder.)
FLUKE
172
FLYING-SQUIRREL
fLUKE, flook, Ji. the part of an anchor
which fastens in the ground. [Akin to
Ger. pflug, a plough, Ice. fleika, to tear.]
FLUME, floom, n. the channel for the wa-
ter that drives a mill-wheel. [A.S./fwm,
a stream ; from L. Jlumen, a nver—fluo,
to flow.]
•FLUilMEEY, fluin'er-i, ?i. an acid jelly
made from the husks of oats, the Scotch
sowens : anything insipid : empty com-
pliment. [W. llymry — Uymrig, harsh, raw
— Uym, sharp, severe.]
FLUNG, flung, pa.t. and pa.p. of Fling.
FLL^NK, flungk, v.i. to fail, as in a lesson :
to retire through fear : to back out.
'■ Whj', little one, you must be cracked,
if yon flunk out before we begin." — J. C,
Nea!. [Probably a form of funk. Comp.
Scand. flunk, a lazy lounging person, to
flunk, to squat down.]
FLUNK, flungk, n. a failure or backing
out.
FLUNKEY, FLUNKY, flungT^i, n. a male
servant in livery : a term of contempt
for one who is mean and base-spirited ;
a cringing flatterer and servile imitator
of the aristocracy; a male toady; a snob;
" I don't frequent operas and parties in
London like you young flunkies of the
aristocracy." — Thackeray : a term among
stockbrokers for a person who, unac-
quainted with the manner in which
stocks are bought and sold, and deceived
by appearances, makes bad investments
or loses his money. [L. Ger. flunkem,
to flaunt ; Dut. flonkeren, flinkeren, to
glitter ; cf. A.S. u-loenc. proud.]
FLUNKEYDOM, FLUNKYDOM, flungk'i-
duiu. n. flunkeys collectively: the grade
or condition of flunkevs.
FLUNKEYISM, FLUNKYISM, flung'ki-
izm. n. the character or quaUty of a
flunkey : servility : toadyism.
FLUOR, floo'or, n. a beautiful mineral,
often crystallized, and usually called
Flu'or-spar. — adj. Fluor'ic. [A name
given by the alchemists to all mineral
acids because of their fluidity, from L.
fluo. to flow. ]
FLUORINE, floo'or-in, n. an elementary
substance allied to chlorine, obtained
chiefly from fluor.
FLURRY, flur'i, n. a sudden blast or gust :
agitation: bustle.- — v.t. to agitate: —
pr.p. flurr'ying ; jxi.p. flurr'ied. [Per-
haps conn, "with Flutter, Flit.]
FLUSH, flush, v.i. to flow and spread sud-
denly ; to rush ; as, blood flushes into
the face : to come in haste ; to start ; to
fly out suddenly, as a bird disturbed : to
become suffused ; to become suddenly
red ; to glow : to be gay, splendid, or
beautiful. [Cf. Dut. fluysen : Prov. Dan.
fluse, to flow with violence ; O.H.Ger.
fluizan, to flow. The word blush may
have had some influince on the word.]
FLUSH, flush, v.t. to cause to blush; to
redden suddenly ; to cause the blood to
rush suddenly into the face ; to color : to
elate ; to elevate ; to excite the spirits
of ; to animate with joy : to wash out
or cleanse by drenching with copious
supplies of water ; as, to flush a sewer, a
lane, etc.: in spoiling, to cause to start
up or flv off ; to spring ; as, to H^<sh a
woodcock. — To FLUSH UP, in bri:k,aying,
to fill up the vertical joints of brick with
mortar.
FLUSH, flush, adj. fresh ; full of. vigor ;
glowing ; bright : rich in blossom : ex-
uberant : well supplied with money ;
having fvdl pockets ; as, to be quite
flush : having the surface even or level
with the adjacent surface : in this sense
much used by builders, carpenters, etc.,
and appUed to surfaces which are so
P'aced ; for example, the panel of a door
is said to be flush, when fixed level with
the margin, and not sunk below it : in
the game of cribbage or poker consisting
of cards of the same suit ; as, a flush
hand. — A FLUSH DECK (naut.), is a deck
without a half-deck or forecastle. [The
origin of tliis word or its connection
with the verb is not very clear.]
PTjUSH, flush, n. a sudden flow of blood to
the face ; or more generally, the redness
of face which proceeds from such an
afflux of blood ; as. her face was suffused
with a crimson flush : hence, anj' warm
coloring or glow, as the reddening of the
sky before daybreak : sudden impulse or
excitement ; sudden thrill or shock, as
of feeling ; as, a flu^h of joy : bloom ;
growth ; abundance : a rush or flow, as
of a jet or stream of water : in the game
of cribbage or poker, a run of cards of the
same suit : a flock of birds suddenly
started or flushed.
FLUSH, flush, adv. in a manner so as to be
even or level with.
FLUSHING, flush'ing, n. a glow of red, as
in the face ; as, the disease is characterized
by frequent flushings of the face : in
weaving, a thread which, in the process
of twOling, spans several threads of the
warp without intersection ; a floating :
a kind of stout woollen cloth ; " Some
stout skipper paces his deck in a suit of
flushing." — C. Reade.
FLUSTER, flus'ter, «., hurrying, confusion:
heat. — v.i. to bustle: to be agitated. — v.t.
to make hot and confused. [Perh. from
Scand. flaustr, hurry, and conn, with
Flutter.]
FLUSTRA, flus'tra, n. the sea-mat. It is
common on almost every coast, and is
found tlirown up among sea-rweeds. It is
flat and variously divided, of a pale brown
color, and, when examined, the surface is
found to be covered with a kind of net-
work of quadrangular cells, having mi-
nute teeth at the angles. When living
these cells are fitted with polj'pi, each
having a mouth fringed with tentacles.
On account of its peculiar scent the sea-
mat is sometimes called lemon weed.
[A.Q. flustrian, to weave.]
FLUSTRATED, flus'trat-ed, adj. more or
less excited, especially as if by drink :
elevated: tipsy. " We were coming down
Essex street one night a little flustrated,
and I gave him the word to al.arm the
watch." — Steele.
FLUSTRUM, flus'trum, n. a state of fluster
or agitation. " We may take the thing
quietly, without being in a flustrum." —
Miss Edgeworth. [Colloq.]
FLUTE, floQt, n. a musical pipe with finger-
holes and keys sounded by bloicing: a
channel, as on a pillar, called also Flut'-
ING. — v.i. to play the flute. — v.t. to form
flutes or channels in. [Fr., O. Fr. flaute.
It. fliiuto, from h. flo, flatiim, to blow.]
FLUTER, floot'er, FLAUTIST, flawt'ist, n.
a flute-player.']
FLIITINA, flQ-te'na, n. a musical instru-
ment differing little from the accordion.
FLUTTER, flutter, v.i. to move or flap the
wings without flying or with short flights:
to move about with bustle : to ■sibrate :
to be in agitation or in uncertainty. —
v.t. to throw into disorder. — n. quick,
irregular motion : agitation : confusion.
[A.B. flotorian, to float about, irovaflot,
the sea ; cf. Ger. flattern. Low Ger.
fluttern.']
FLUTTER-WHEEL, flut'er-whel, n. a
water-wheel of moderate size placed at
the bottom of a chute ; so called from its
rapid motion.
FLL^VIAL, floo'vi-al, FLUVIATIC, floo-
\'i-at'ik, adj. of or belonging to rivers :
growing or living in streams or ponds.
[L. fluvialis. fluviaticus—fluvius, a, river
— tiuo. to flow.]
FLtrv^LA.LIST, fl6o'vi-al-ist,?i. one who ex-
plains geological phenomena by the ac-
tion of existing streams.
FLUVIATIC, floo-vi-at'ik, FLirVTATILE.
floo'vi-a-til, adj. belonging to rivers: pro
duced by river action : growing or liv
ing in fresh-water rivers : fluvial : ae
fluviatile deposit, fluviatile plants. [L
fluvtaticus, fluviatilis, from fliwius, a
river, from fluo. to flow.]
FLUVIOMARINE. floo-%-i-o-ma-ren', adj. in
geol. a term appUed to such deposits as
have been formed in estuaries or on the
bottom of the sea at a greater or less
distance from the embouchure by rivers
bearing with them the detritus of the
land, \lj.fluvius, a river, and marinus,
marine, from mare, the sea.]
FLUX, fluks, n. act of floiving : the motion
of a fluid : a flow of matter : quick suc-
cession : that which flows, as the tide :
matter discharged : state of being liquid.
— v.t. to melt. [Ft. — h.fluxus—fluo, to
flow.]
FLUXATION, fluks-a'shun, n. the act of
fluxing or passing away and giving place
to another.
FLUXIBLE, fluks'i-bl, adj. that may be
fluxed or melted. — n. Fluxibil'ity. '
FLUXION, fluk'shun, n. a flowing or dis-
charge : a difference or variation.
FLY, fli, v.i. to move through the air on
wings : to move swiftly : to pass away :
to flee: to burst: to flutter. — v.t. to
avoid, flee from : to cause to fly, as a
kite: — p/r.p. fly'ing ; p)a.t. flew (floo)
pa.p. flown (flon). — n. a smaU insect
with two transparent wings, esp. the
common house-fly : a fish-hook dressed
with silk, etc., in imitation of a fly : a
light double-seated carriage : (mech.) a
fly-wheel. \^X.B. fleogan : Ger. fliegen;
from a root flug, an extension of flu, •
which is conn, with root plu, to swinio
Thus Fly is akin to Flow.]
FLYBLOW, fli'blo, n. the egg of a fly. —adj.
Flyblown, fli'blon, tainted with the eggs
which produce maggots. [Prov. E. blots,
eggs of maggots.]
FLYBOAT, fli'bot, n. a long narrow swift
boat used on canals.
FLY-CATCHER, fli'-kach'er, n. a small
bird, so called from its catching fliea
whUe on the wing.
FLY-FISH, fli'-fish. v.i. to fish with flies,
natural or artificial, as bait. — n. Fly'-
fish'ing.
FLYING DUTCHMAN, fli'ing duch'man,
n. a legendary Dutch captain who for
some heinous offence was condemned to
sail the -sea, beating against head winds,
till the day of judgment. One form of
the legend has it that a horrible murder
had been committed on board his ship ;
another, that he swore a profane oath
that he would weather the Cape of Good
Hope, though he should beat there till
the last day. He sometimes hails vessels
througli his trumpet and requests them
to take letters home from him. The
legend is supposed to have originated
in the sight of some ship reflected from
the clouds.
FLYING-FISH, fii'ing-fish, n. a,flsh which
can leap from the water and sustain itself
in the air for a short time, bj' its long
pectoral fins, as if flying.
FLY-PAPER, fli'-pa-per, w. a kind of por-
ous paper, generally impregnated with
arsenic, for destroying flies. The paper
thus prepared is simply moistened and
spread out in a flat dish, and by sipping
this moisture the flies are killed.
FLYING-SQUIRREL, fli'ing-skwir'el, n. a
SQuirrel in S. Asia and N. America, which
FLYLEAF
173
FOLIATION
has a broad fold of skin between its fore
and hind legs, bj' which it can take great
leaps in the air, as if flying.
FLYLEAF, fli'lef, j;. a blank leaf at the
beginning and end of a book.
FTjY-SLOw, fli'-slo, adj. moving slowly.
iTliis reading occurs only in one of the
roUo editions of the Poet and some mod-
ern ones ; the others have sly slow.]
The fty-slow hours shall not determinate
The dateless limit of thy dear exile. — Shak.
!FLY- WHEEL, fli'-whel, n. in mech. a wheel
with a heavy rim placed on the revolving
shaft of any machiner3' put in motion by
an irregular or intermitting force, for the
purpose of rendering the motion equable
and regular by means of its momentum.
This effect results from a law of nature
that all bodies have a tendency to con-
tinue in their state either of motion or of
rest until acted upon bj' some extraneous
force. Thus the rim of a fty-wheel, after
a few revolutions, acquires a momentum
sufficient to cause it to revolve with a
velocity depending upon the resistance of
the machinery and the augmentations and
diminutions of the impelling power suc-
ceeding each other rapidly, while m-ilher
cause acts sufficiently long- to either aug-
ment or diminish the velocity acquired
in any considerable degree ; and hence it
remains equable or nearly so. A fly-
wheel is often used as an accumulator of
force ; thus, when a small steam-engine
sets in motion a very large fly-wheel, the
wheel acts as a reservoir of all the small
pressures which have been communicat-
ed to it, and having thus concentrated
them can apply them all together and at
once when some great effect is to be pro-
duced.
FO, fo, n. the name under which Buddha
is worshipped in China. This name (writ-
ten also Foe and Folii) seems to be the
nearest approach that the Chinese, owing
to the meagreness of their articulations,
can make to the real sound, Buddha.
FOAL, fol, n. the young of a mare or of a
she-ass. — v.i. and v.t. to bring forth a
foal. [A.S. /oZa; Ger. folilen, Gr. polos ;
L. pullus, prob. contr. of puellus, dim.
of puer, a boy, Sans, putra, a son, from
root pti, to beget.]
FOAM, fom, n., froth : the bubbles which
rise on the surface of liquors. — v.i. to
gather foam : to be in a rage. — i:t. (B.)
(with otit) : to throw out with rage or
%'iolence. — adv. Foam'engly. — adj. Foam'-
LESS, without foam. [A.S. fain; Ger.
feim, akin to L. spuma — spiio, to spit ;
Sans, phena, froth.]
FOAMY, fom'i, adj. frothy.
FOB, fob, n. a small pocket for a watch.
[From a Low Ger. root, found only in
Prov. Ger. fuppe, a pocket.]
FOCAL, fo'kal, adj. of or belonging to a
focus.
FOCALIZE, fo'kal-iz, v.t. to bring to a
foeiis : to concentrate.
FOCUS, fo'kus, n. (optics) a point in which
the rays of light meet after reflection or
refraction, and cause great heat : any
central point :— /)Z. Fo'cusES and Foci
(fo'si). — v.t. to bring to a focus; jpp. fo'-
cussed. [L. focus, a hearth.]
FODDER, fod'er, n., food for cattle, as hay
and straw. — v.t. to supply with fodder,
f A.S. foder—foda, food.] "
Fodder, fod'er, n. a weight by which
lead and some other metals were former-
ly sold in England, varjing from 19^ to
34 cwts. [A.S. fother, a load, a mass ;
Low Ger. f Oder, foor : Dut. voeder ; Ger.
fuder,fuhr, a cart-load.]
FOE, fo. n. an enemy: an ill-wisher. [A.S.
fah—fian, flogan, to hate. See Feud, a
quarrel.]
FOEMAN. fo'man, n. an enemy in war. —
pi. FOE'irEN.
FCETUS, fe'tus. See Fetus.
FOG, fog, n. a dense watery vapor exhaled
from the earth or from rivers and lakes,
or generated in the atmosphere near the
earth. There is a constant ascent of
watery particles from the surface of the
earth occasioned bj' the evaporation from
masses of water and moist bodies ; and
when the air is saturated with vapor the
watery particles which continue to rise
are no longer dissolved, but remain sus-
pended in vesicular vapors, which form
clouds when they rise to a great height
and fogs when they hover near the siu'-
face of the earth. Fogs are more frequent
at tho.se seasons of the year when there
is a considerable difference of temperature
in the difi'erent parts of the day. " Have
sucked up from the sea contagious /ogr.s."
..." Hover through the fog and filthy
air." — Shak. [Wedgwood compares Dan.
S)ie-fog, a snow-storm, fyge, to drive with
the wind, Dan. dial, fnge, to rain fine and
blow. Ice. fok, snow-storm.]
FOG, fog, FOGGAGE, fog^aj, n. grass
which grows in autumn after the hay is
cut. [Perh. of Celt, origin, as in W. fn-g,
dry grass, Scot, fog, moss.]
FOGBANK, fog'bangk, n. a dense mass of
fog sometimes seen at sea appearing like
a bank of land.
FOGGY, fog'i, adj. misty : damp : clouded
in mind, stupid. — adv. Fogg'ilt. — n.
FOGG'INESS.
FOG-HORN, fog'-horn, n. a kind of horn
kept on board of a vessel to sound as a
warning signal in foggy weather : specif-
ically, a sounding instrument for warn-
ing vessels of their proximity to the
coast during a fog. The most powerful
of these horns is an instrument called the
siren, or siren fog-horn , after the acoustic
instrument of that name ; the sound be-
ing produced on the same principle as in
the older instrument, by means of a disc
with twelve radial slits made to rotate in
front of a fixed disc exactly simUar, a
cast-iron trumpet 20 feet long forming
part of the apparatus. The moving disk
revolves 2800 times a minute and in each
revolution there are of course twelve
coincidences between the two discs ;
through the openings thus made steam
or air at a high pressure is made to pass,
so that there are actually 33,600 puffs of
steam or compressed air every minute.
This causes a sound of very great power,
which the trumpet collects and com-
presses, and the blast goes out as a sort
of sound beam in the direction required.
This fog-horn can be heard in all sorts of
weather at from 2i to 3 miles, and in an
experiment made at Trinity House, En-
gland, under favorable circumstances,
was heard 16J miles out at sea.
FOGLE, fo'gl, n. a pocket handkerchief.
" ' If j'ou don't take /ogr^es and tickers, . .
if you don't take pocket handkechers and
watches,' said the Dodger, reducing his
conversation to the level of Oliver's ca-
pacity, ' some other cove wll.'" — Dickens.
FOG-SIGNAL, fog'-sig'nal, ?i. an audible
sign.al iLsed on board ship, etc., during a
fog, when visible signals cease to be of
use.
FOGY, fo'gy, n. a dull old fellow : a per-
son with antiquated notions. [Ety. un-
known.]
FOH, fo. int. an exclamation of abhorrence
or contempt. [A form of Faugh.]
FOIBLE, foi'bl, n. a u-eak point in one's
character : a failing. [O. Fr. foible,
weak. See Feeble.]
FOIL, foil, v.t. to defeat : to puzzle : to
disappoint : — pr.p. foil'ing ; pa.p. foiled'.
— n. failure after success seemed certain;
defeat. [Fr. fouler, to stamp or crush-
Low L. fullare—fidlo, a fuller of cloth.
See Fuller.]
FOIL, foil, n. a blunt sword used in feno
ing. [So called because blunted or
foiled.']
FOIL, foil, n. a leaf or thin plate of metal,
as tin-foil : a thin leaf of metal puc un-
der precious stones to increase theii
lustre or change their color : an^ thing
that serves to set off something else.
[Fr. feuille—L. folium, a leaf.]
FOIN, foin, v.i. to push in fencing. [Prov,
Fr. fouiner, to catch fish with a spear,
froxafouine, a fish-.spear.]
FOIN, foin, v.t. to prick : to sting.
FOIN, foin, n. a push : a thrust.
FOIN, foin, n. a small ferret or weasel : a
kind of fur, black at the top on a whit-
ish ground, taken from the ferret or
weasel of the same name. [Fr. fouine,
a beech-marten.]
FOISON, foi'zn, n. plenty : abundance.
As blossoming time.
That from the seedness the bare fallow brings
To teeming /oisoK. — Shak.
[Fr. ; Pr. fusion ; from L. fusio, fusioniSr
an outpouring, from fundo, fusum, to
pour.]
FOIST, foist, v.t. to bring in by stealth : to
insert wrongfully: to pass off as genuine.
— M. Foist'er. [Orig. to break wind in a
noiseless manner, and so to introduce
stealthily something afterwards felt to
be disagreeable, from Dut. vysten. to
fizzle, cog. with E. Fizz.]
FOLD, fold, 71. the doubling of any flexible
substance : a part laid over on another :
that which infolds : an inclosure for
sheep : a flock of sheep : the Churcii. —
v.t. to lay one part over another : to in-
close : to inclose in a fold. [A.S. fold —
fealdan, to fold ; Scot, fauld, Ger. falte
akin to L. -plex, in duplex, double, Gr.
-ploos, in dtploos. double.]
FOLD, in composition with numerals=
times, as in TENFOLD.
FOLDAGE, fold'aj, n. the right of folding
FOLDING, fold'ing, adj. that maybe folded
or doubled. — n. a fold or plait : the keep-
ing of sheep in inclosures on arable land.
FOLlACEOUS, fo-li-a'shus, adj. pertaining
to or consisting of leaves or lamina;. [L.
foliaceus— folium, a leaf.]
FOLIAGE, fo'li-aj, n., leaves: a cluster of
leaves. [Fr. feuillage—feuille — L. folium,
a leaf.]
FOLIAGED, fo'li-ajd, adj. worked ]ike foli-
age.
FOLIAGE-PLANT, fo'li-aj-plant, n. a plant
cultivated in gardens or hot-houses for
the distinctive character and beauty of
its foliage.
FOLIAGE-TREE, fo'li-aj-tre, n. a name
sometimes given to a tree with broad
leaves, such as the oak, elm, ash, etc., as
distinguished from a needle-leaved tree.-
FOLIATE, fo'li-at, v.t. (orig.) to beat into a
leaf : to cover with leaf-metal.
FOLIATED, fo'li-at-ed, p. and adj. spread
or covered with a thin plate or foil : in
mineral, consisting of plates ; resembling
or in the form of a plate ; lamellar ; as. a
foliated fracture ; " Minerals that con-
sist of grains, and are at the same time
foliated, are called granularly/o/lo/ed."
— Kirwan: containing foils; as, a foliated
arch. — Foliated coal, a subspecies of
black coal occurring in the coal forma-
tions, and distingiiished bj' its lamellar
concretions, splendid lustre, and easy
frangibilitv.
FOLIATIOIST, fo-li-a'shun, w. in hot. the
leafing of plants ; vernation ; the dis-
position of the nascent leaves within the-
FOLIFEROUS
174
FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE
bud : the act of beating a metal into a
thin plate, lear, or foil : the act or opera-
tion of spreading foil over the back sur-
face of a mirror or looking-giass : in geol.
the property or qualitj' in certain rocks,
as gneiss, mica-schist, and other meta-
morphic rocks, of dividing into laraince
or plates which consist each ot a distinct
material, and which are generally par-
allel to the primitive planes of stratifi-
cation ; "Cleavage may be applied to
those divisional planes wliich render a
rock fissile, although it n]ay appear to
the eye quite or nearly homogeneous ;
foliation may be used for those alternat-
ing layers or plates of different minera-
logicai nature, of which gaeiss and other
metamorphic schists are composed." —
Darwin : in arch, the act of enriching
with ornamental cusps, as in the tracery
of Gothic windows; the ornaments them-
selves ; feathering. This style of orna-
mentation is based on the form of natural
foliage, but it generally exhibits conven-
tional rather than real leaves and flowers.
[L. foliatio, from foliatus, leaved, from
folium, a leaf.]
FOLIFEROUS, fo-lif er-us, adj., bearing or
producing leaves. [L. folium, a leaf, and
fero. to bear.]
FOLIO, fo'li-o. w. a sheet of paper once
folded: a book of such sheets: (book-k.)
a page in an account-book, or two oppo-
site pages numbered as one. — adj. per-
taining to or containing paper only once
folded. [Abl. of L. folium, the leaf of a
tree, a leaf or sheet of paper.]
FOLIOLE, fo'li-61, n. (6of.) a single leaflet
of a compound leaf. [Fr., dim. of L.
folium.]
FOLIOUS, foli-us, adj., leafy: (hot.) hav-
ing leaves mixed with the flowers.
60LK, fok, n. the people : certain people :
— gen. used in jjZ. Folk or Folks (foks).
[A.S. folc : Ger. volk ; akin perh. to E.
full, Ger. roll, full.]
FOLKLAND. fok'land.n. among the Anglo-
Saxons, public laud as distinguished from
boc-land (book -land), i.e.. land granted
to private persons by a written charter.
FOLKLORE, fok'lor, n., lore or knowledge
of the ancient customs, superstitions,
etc., of the folk or people. [The name
was first suggested by W. J. Thoma
('Ambrose Merton,") in 1846.
FOLKMOTE, fok'mot, n. an assembly of
thepeople among the Anglo-Saxons.
FOLBrtllGHT, fok'rit, n. a word used in the
laws of Edward tlie Elder, of England,
declaring the same equal riglit, law, or
justice to be due to persons of all de-
grees: the right of the people as opposed
to that of the privileged classes.
FOLK-SPEECH, fok'-spech, n. the dialect
r-poken by the common people of a coun-
try or district, as distinguished from the
spieech of the educated people or from
the literary language.
FOLLICLE, fol'i-kl, n. a little bag: (anat.)
a gland : (bot.) a seed-vessel. [Fr. — L.
folficalus, dim. of follis, a wind ball or
bag.]
FOLLOW, fol'o, v.i. to go after or behind :
to pursue : to attend : to imitate : to
obey : to adopt, as an opinion : to keep
the eye or mind fixed on : to pursue, as
an object of desire : to result from : (B.)
to strive to obtain. — v.i. to come after
another : to result — To follow on (B.),
to continue endeavors. — Follow, Suc-
ceed, Ensue. Follow and sticceed are
applied to persons or things ; ensue, in
modem literature, to things only. Fol-
low denotes the mere going in order in a
track or line, but tells nothing of the
relative positions, in respect of either
place or time, of the individuals ; suc-
ceed, implying a regular series, denotes
the being in the same place which an-
other has held imraediatelv before ; as,
a crowd may follow, but only one person
or event can succeed to another. Ensue
is to follow close upon, to follow as the
effect of, or on some settled principle of
order ; as, nothing but suffering can en-
sue from such a course. [A.S. fylcgan,
peril, from A.S. folc, folk, a crowd. Ger.
folgen.']
FOLLOW-BOAED, fol'6-bord, n. in found-
ing, the board on which the pattern for
a mould is laid : a moulding-board.
FOLLOWER, fol'o-er, n. one who comes
after ; a copier ; a disciple : in macli. the
part of a machine that receives motion
from another part : in the fttenm-engine,
the cover of a piston ; the cover of a
stuffing-box.
FOLLOWING, fol'6-ing, n. body of follow-
ers or retainers ; a sect or party following
the lead of their chief ; body of adherents
or disciples ; body of attendants ;
While bilr;^hers with important face
Described each new-come lord,
Discussed his lineage, told his uame.
His foUoioing and his feudal fame.
—Sir W.Scott:
vocation; calling; occupation ; " In every
age men in general attend more to their
own immediate pursuits and fallowings
than to the . . . claims of discontented
factions." — Sharon Turner.
FOLLY, fol'i, n. weakness of intellect ;
imbecility of mind ; want of understand-
ing : a weak or absurd act ; an incon-
siderate or thoughtless procedure ; weak
or light-minded conduct : criminal weak-
ness ; depravity of mind or actions : any
object plannetl without its author hav-
ing the means of bringing it to a success-
ful completion, such as a magnificent
mansion which exliausts a person's capi-
tal in building, or would ruin him in
keeping up in proper stj-le ; as, " We
know indeed how this scorn will embody
itself in a name given to the unfinished
structure. It is called this or that man's
folly: and the name of the foolish builder
is thus kept alive for longafter-years." —
Trench. [Fr. /o?/e, folly. See Fool.]
FOMENT, fo-ment', v.t. to" bathe with tmrm
water: to encourage. — n. Foment'er.
[Fr. — L. fomento — fomentum for fovi-
mentum — foveo, to v arm.]
FOMENTATION, fo-men-ta'shun, n. a
bathing with warm water : a lotion
applied hot : encouragement.
FOND, fond, adj., foolishly tender and
loving : weaklj' indulgent : very affec-
tionate.— ado. Fokd'lt. — 71. Fond'ness.
[For fonned, pa.p. of M.E. foniien, to act
loolishh', /on, a fool ; from Ice. f ana, to
be foolish. — Fond of, relishing highly.]
FONDLE, fond'l, v.t. to treat with fond-
ness : to caress. — n. Fond'ler.
FONDLING, foud'ling, n. the person or
thing fondled.
FONDUS, fong-du, n. a term applied to
that kind of printing of calico, paper-
hangings, etc., in whicli the colors are
blended into each other. [Fr. fondu, pp.
of fondre, to melt, to soften, to blend,
from L. fundo, to pour out, to cast, to
found.]
FONT, font, FOUNT, fownt, n. a complete
assortment of types of one sort, with all
that is necessarj' for printing in that kind
of letter. [Fr. font e— fondre — L. fundere,
to cast. See Found.]
FONT, font, n. the vessel used in churches
as tlie repository of the baptismal water.
Wlien baptism by immersion was prac-
ticed the baptistery was furnished with
a basin sufficiently capacious to admit of
the administration of the rite according
to the then prevaiUng form. When affu-
sion took the place of immersion the size
of the basin was diminished, and assumed
the dimensions familiar to the tourist in
most of the mediaeval churches in Great
Britain and upon the Continent. The
baptismal font consists of a basin or cup
hollowed out of a, solid block and sup
ported upon a stem. It is usually of stone
sometimes of lead, and sometimes o;
copper or bronze. In general, the font,
in external form and character, followed
the prevaiUng style of architectuie and
ornamentation. When not in use the
font was covered. Originally, the covers
were flat movable lids, but were after-
wards often very highly ornamented, and
sometimes carried up to a very consider-
able height in the form of spires, and
enriched with a variety of little but-
tresses, pinnacles, and other decorations.
The baptismal font must not be con-
founded with the hohj-u-atcr fount, which
usually stands near the entrance of Ro-
man Catholic churches, and from which
persons entering sprinkle their forehead.
[From L. fans, fontis, a fountain. The
word font was introduced in A.S. direct
from the L., among other L. ecclesiastical
terms. See Fount.]
FOOD, food, n. what one feeds on : that
which being digested nourishes t lie body :
whatever promotes growtli. — udj. FOOD'-
Less, without food. [A.S. foda, from a
root pa, to nourish.]
FOOD-VACUOLE, fo6d'-vak-u-6l, n. a clear
space in the endosarc of protozoans. It
is merely of a temporary character, being
produced by the presence of particles of
food, usually with a little water taken
into the body along with the food. H. A
I\icholson.
FOOL, f56l, n. one who acts stupidly : a
person of weak mind : a jester : (B.) a
wicked person. — v.t. to deceive : to treat
with contempt. — v.i. to plavthe fool : to
trifle. [O. Fr. fol (Fr. f&u). It. folle—L.
follis, an air-bag, a grimace made by puff-
ing out the cheeks.]
FOOLERY, fool'er-i, n. an act of folly : ha-
bitual folly.
FOOI^FISii, fool'-fish, n. a name applied
to the long-finned file-fish, from its ridic-
ulous manner of swimming willi a wrig-
gling motion, its body being sunk and its
mouth just on a level with the water.
FOOL-HARDY, fool'-har'di, adj., foolishly
hardy or bold: rash or incautious. — »i. '
Fool'-har'diness.
FOOLISH, fool'ish, adj. weak in intellect :
wanting discretion : ridiculous : marked
with foUj' : deserving ridicule : (B.) sin-
ful, disregarding God's laws. — adc.FoOL'-
ISHLT. — n. Fool'ishkess.
FOOLSCAP, foolz'kap, n. paper of a cer-
tain size, so called from having original-
ly borne the water-mark of a foots cap
and bells.
FOOL'S-ERRAND, foOlz'-er'and, n. a silly
or fi'uitless enterprise : search for what
cannot be found.
FOOL'S-PAEADISE, n. deceptive happi-
ness : vain hopes: unlawful pleasure.
" If ye should lead her into a fool's para-
dise, it were a gross . . . behavior.' —
Shak.
FOOT, foot, n. that part of its body oi
which an animal stands or walks : the
lower part or base : a measiu'e -= Vi in.
(orig.) the length of a man's foot : foot-
soldiers : a division of a line of poetry:—
pi. Feet (fet). — v.i. to dance : to walk :—
pr.p. foot'ing ; pa.p. foot'ed. [A.S. fot.
pi. fet ; Ger. fuss, L. pes, pedis, Gr.
230US, podos, Sans, pad, from root jmd,
to £C0.]
FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE, n. eczema
epizootica, a highly contagious eczema-
FOOTBALL
175
FORCED
tous aflfection which attacks the feet and
mouths of cattle, manifesting- itself by
lameness, indisposition to eat, and gen-
eral febrile symptoms, with ultimately
eruptions of small vesicles on the parts
affected, and general indisposition of the
animal. The disease occasionally spreads
to the udder of milch-cattle, and it is
believed that it may be communicated
to persons who drink the milk of cows so
affected.
FOOTBALL, foot'bawl, n. a ball consisting
of an inflated ox-bladder, or a hollow
globe of india-rubber, cased in leather, to
be "driven by the foot; hence (fig.) any
object subjected to many vicissitudes or
changes of condition ; as, he was the
football of fortune : a game played with
a football by two parties of players, on a
large level piece of ground, generally ob-
long in shape, and having in the middle
of either of the ends a goal formed by
two upright posts, 6 to 8 yards apart,
with a bar or tape extended between
them at the height of 8 or 10 feet from
the ground. Tliere are various styles of
playing the game, but the two recog-
nized in all important matches are the
Rugbj' game and the Football Associa-
tion game. In both games tlie main ob-
ject is for either party to drive the ball
(which is kicked off in the centre of the
field) through the goal that their oppo-
nents are guarding, and thus count a
goal against them. In the Rugby game
the goal-posts are 18i feet apart, and
joined by across- bar at aheight of 10 feet
from the ground ; and to score a goal the
ball must be kicked over this bar by one
of the opposite side. In the Associ tion
game the upright poles are 8 yai-ds apai-t,
and joined at 8 feet from the ground by a
tape, under which the ball must pass to
secure a goal. The Rugby game is much
rougher and less scientific than the Asso-
ciation game, which discourages rough
play and relies mainly on the skillful
manteuvring of the bail with the feet, it
being forbidden to touch the ball with
the hands, while by the Rugby rules the
player may catch the ball in his hands,
run with it, and kick it dropping. When
a goal is made, or at some other ar-
ranged interval, the parties change
ground for the next struggle, so that any
inequalities of situation may be balanced.
The sport has lately gained considerable
popularity in this country.
FOOTBOY. foot'boy, n. an attendant in
livHi'v.
FOOTBRIDGE, foofbrij, n. a narrow bridge
for loot-passengers.
FOOTFALL, foot'fawl, n. a setting the foot
on the ground : a footstep.
FOOT-GUARDS, foot'-gardz, n.jjl. guards
that serve on foot, the ehte of the British
foot-soldiers.
FOOTHOLD, foot'hold, n. space on which
to plant the feet : that which sustains
the feet.
FOOTING, foot'ing, n. place for the foot to
rest on: firm foundation: position: settle-
ment : tread : dance : plain cotton lace :
the act or result of adding up a column
of figures : — pi. totals from such adding.
FOOTLIGHT, foot'llt, n. one of a row of
lights in front of and on a level with the
stage in a theatre, etc.
FOofjIAN, foot'man, n. (prig, and B.) a
soldier who serves on foot : a runner: a
servant or attendant in livery: — pi.
Foot'men.
FOOTMARK, foot'mark, FOOTPRINT,
foot'print, n. the mark or print of a foot :
a track.
FOOTPAD, foot'pad, n. a highwayman or
robber on foot, who frequents public
patlis or roads. [Foot, and Pad, a path.]
FOOT-PASSENGER, foot'-pas'en-jer, n.
one who travels on foot.
FOOT-POUND, foot'-pownd, n. the force
needed to raise one pound weight the
height of one foot — the usual unit in
measuring mechanical force.
FOOTROT, foot'rot, n. a disease in the feet
of sheep, the more common form of
which is an inordinate growth of hoof,
which at the toe, or round the margin,
becomes turned down, cracked, or torn,
thus affording lodgment for sand and
dirt. In the second form of the disease
the foot becomes hot, tender, and swol-
len ; there are ulcerations between the
toes, followed by the sprouting of proud
flesh.
FOOTRULE, foot'rool, n. a rule or meas-
ure a foot in length.
FOOT-SOLDIER, foot'-sol'jer, n. a soldier
that serves on foot.
FOOTSTALK, foot'stawk, to. (bot.) the lit-
tle stalk at the foot of and supporting
a leaf.
FOOTST^VLL, foot'stawl. n. a woman's
stirrup : in ardi. the plinth or base of a
pillar. [Foot, and Prov. E. stall, a case
for the finger.]
FOOTSTEP, foot'step, n. the step or im-
pression of the foot : a track : trace of a
course pursued : — pi. Foot'steps, course :
example.
FOP, fop, n. an affected dandy. [Dut.
fojjpen, to cheat, mock, fopper, a wag.]
FOPLING, fop'ling, n. a vain, affected
person.
FOPPERY, fop'er-i, n. vanity in dress or
manners: affectation: folly.
FOPPISH, fop'ish, adj. vain and showj' in
dress : affectedly refined in manners. —
adv. Fopp'iSHLY. — n. FOPP'ISHNISS.
FOR, for, prep, in the place of : for the
sake of : on account of : in the direction
of : with respect to : beneficial to : in
quest of : notwithstanding, in spite of :
in recom])ense of: during. — ^As FOE, as
far as concerns. [A.S. for; Ger. fur,
vor, akin to L. and Gr. pJ'O. Sans, pra,
before in place or time.]
FOR, for, conj. the word by which a reason
is introduced : because : on the account
that. — ^FoE iXl, (New Test.), notwith-
standing.— Foe to (B.), in order to.
FOR-, a prefix having generally the inten-
sive force of the Ger. ver, signifying
greatly, completely, utterly, as in for-
wearied, wearied out ; /orwounded. se-
verely wounded ; forlorn, utterly loi-n or
lonely; sometimes it has the force of a
negative or privative; as in /orbid, which
means to bid a thing not to be doae;/o)--
swear, to swear not to do or have noth-
ing to do with (though in these examples
also it might be explained as an inten-
sive); sometimes it means amiss or badly,
as in /oredeem for /ordeem, to judge
badly of ; O.E. /orshapen, misshaped.
In most E. words it is cognate with Ger.
ver-, O.H. Ger. far-, Goui.fra-, L. per-,
Gr. para, par- ; but in some cases, when
it comes from the Fr. , as in forfeit, it is
from the L. foris, abroad, away. As
fore- is sometimes used for for-, so for-
is sometimes used for fore-, in the sense
of precedence; as, /onvard.
FORAGE, for'aj, ?!., fodder, or food for
horses and cattle : provisions : the act
of foraging. — v.i. to go about and forcibly
carr^ off food for horses and cattle, as
soldiers. — v.t. to plunder. — n. Foe'agee.
[Fr. fourrage — Low L. foragium—fod-
rwn, which is from a Teut. root found
in Ger. f utter. E. fodder, O. Dan. foder.
See FODDEE, FOEAV.]
FORAMEN, fo-ra'men, n. a small opening:
—pi. FoEAMETA, fo-ram'i-na. [L.— /ora
to pierce.]
FOR.UIINATED,fo-ram'i-nat-ed,FORAMl.
NOUS, fo-ram'i-nus, adj. pierced with
small holes : porous.
FORASMUCH, for'az-much, conj. because
that.
FORAY, for'a, n. a sudden incursion into
an enemy's country. [A Lowland Scotch
form of FoEAGE.]
FORAY, for'a, v.t. to ravage : to pillage^
[A form of FoEAGE.]
FORAYER, for'a-er, «. one who takes part
in a foray : a marauder.
They miffht not choose the lowland road.
For the Merse forayers were abroad.
—Sir W. Scott.
FORBADE, for-bad', pa.f. of Fobbid.
FORBEAR, for-bar', v.i. to keep one's self
in check: to abstain. — v.t. to abstain
fi'om : to avoid voluntarily : to spare, to
withhold. [For-, prefijt, away, and Beae.
See list of prefixes.]
FORBEAR, for'ber, n. a forefather : an
ancestor. [Scotch.]
So may they, like their ?reat forbears.
For uiauy a year come through the shears.
— Burnt.
FORBEARANCE, for-bar'ans, n. exercise
of patience : command of temper : clem-
ency.
FORBEARING, for-bar'ing, adj. long-suf-
fering : patient. — adv. Foebeae'ixgly.
FORBID, for-bid', v.t. to prohibit : to com-
mand not to do. [For-, prefix, awa.v,
and Bid.]
FORBIDDEN, for-bid'n, adj. prohibited:
unlawful.
FORBIDDING, for-bid'ing, adj. repulsive :
raising dishke : unpleasant.
FORBIDDINGNESS, for-bid'ing-nes, n. the
state or quality of being foi-bidding or re-
pulsive ; repulsiveness. Richardson.
FORCE, fors, n. strength, power, energj",
efficacy : validity : influence : vehemence :
violence : coercion or compulsion . mili-
tarj' or naval strength (often in plural) :
an armament : (mech.) that which pro-
duces or tends to produce a change in a
body's state of rest or motion. — Mechani-
cal FOECE, the power which produces or
tends to produce motion, or an alteration
in the du-ection of motion. Mechanical
forces are of two sorts ; one of a body at
rest, being the same as pressure or ten-
sion ; the other of a body in motion, being
the same as impetus or mouientum. The
degree of resistance to any motion maj'
be measured by the active force required
to overcome that resistance, and hence
writers on mechanics make use of the
terms resisting forces and retarding
forces. "Wlien two forces act on a body
in the same line of direction, the result-
ing force, or resultant as it is called, will
be the sum of both forces. If they act in
opposite directions, the body will remain
at rest if the forces be equal ; or, if the
forces be unequal, it will move with a
force equivalent to their difference in the
direction of the greater. If the lines of
direction make an angle with each other,
the resultant will be a mean force in an
intermediate direction. [Fr. — Low L
forcia, fortia — L. fortis, strong.]
FORCE, fors, v.t. to draw or pusli by main
strength : to compel : to constrain : to
compel by strength of evidence : to take
bj' violence : to ravish : (hort.) to cause
to grow or ripen rapidlv.
FORCE, fors, FOSS, fos, n. a waterfalL
[Scand., as in Ice. foss, formerly /ors.]
FORCE, fors, v.t. (cookery) to stuff, as a
fowl. [A corr. of Faece.]
FORCED, forst, p. and adj. accomplished
by great effort, as a forced march ;
strained, excessive, unnatural.
FORCEFUL
176
FOREMAST-MAN
FORCEFUL, fors'fool, adj. full of force or
might : driven or acting witli power. —
adv. Force'fuixt.
FORCELESS, fors'les, adj. weak.
FORCEMEAT, fors'met, n., meat chopped
fine and highly seasoned, used as a stuff-
ing or alone.
FORCEPS, for'seps, n. a pair of tongs,
pincers, or pliers for holding anything
hot or otherwise diflBcult to be held with
the hand. [L. formus, hot, and capio, to
hold.]
FORCE-PUMP, fors'-pump, FORCING-
PUMP, fors'ing-pump, n. a pump which
delivers the water under pressure, so as
to eject it forcibly or to a great eleva-
tion, in contradistinction to a lift-pump
in which the water is lifted and simplj'
runs out of the spout.
FORCIBLE, fors'i-bl, adj. active : impetu-
ous : done by force : efficacious : impres-
sive.— n. FoEC'iBLENESS. — adv. FORC'-
IBLY.
FORCIBLE-FEEBLE, fors'i-bl-fe-bl', adj.
striving to be or appear vigorous, or aim-
ing at vigor, but in reality feeble : as,
a, forcible-feeble style. " Epithets which
are in the bad taste of the forcible-
feeble school." — North British Review.
[From one of Sliakespeare's characters
named Feeble, whom Falstaff describes as
" most forcible Feeble . . . Valiant as
wrathful dove or most magnanimous
mouse."]
FORCIBLE-FEEBLE, fors'i-bl-fe-bl, n. a
feeble person, usually a writer, who
wants to appear vigorous. " When the
writer was of opinion he had made a
point, you maj' be sure the hit was
in italics, that last resource of the forci-
ble-feebles." — Disraeli.
FORCING, fors'ing, n. (hort.) the art of
hastening the growth of plants.
FORCIPATED, for'si-pat-ed, adj. formed
and opening like a forceps. [L. — forceps,
forcipis.]
FORD, ford, n. a place where water may be
crossed on foot. — r.f. to cross water on
foot. — adj. Ford' ABLE. [A.S. faran, to
go ; Ger. furt—fahren, to go on foot ;
akin to Gr. poros — root of perao, to
cross, and to E. Fare, Ferry, and Far.]
FORDO, for-doo', FOREDO, for-doo', v.t. to
destroy : to undo : to ruin ;
He hath commission from thy wife and me
To haiii^ Cordelia in the prison, and
To lay the blame upon her own despair.
That she fordid herself.— .Sftafc.;
to exhaust, overpower, or overcome, as
by toil ;
For there, with bodily antruish keen,
With Indian heats at last fordone.
With public toil and private teen.
Thou sank'st aXon^.^ilatt. Arnold.
[For, intens., and do.]
FORE, for, adj., in front of : advanced in
position: coming first — adv. at the front:
in the first part: previously. [A.S. radi-
cally the same as For, prep. But both
must be carefully distinguished from pre-
fix -for (Ger. ver- in vergessen, L. jjer).
See list of Prefixes.]
FORE, for, co>y. before. [Contracted from
before.]
Not a month
Fore your queen died she was more worth such
Kazes
Than what you took on now. — Sliak.
SXDRE, for, n. a word used only in the
phrase to the fore, alive: remaining still
in existence : present : not lost, worn out
or spent, as money etc. "While I am to
the fore." — W. Collins. "How many
captains in the regiment had two thou-
sand pounds to the fore." — Tliackeray.
FOREARM, for'arm, n. the forepart of the
arm. or that between the elbow and the
wri.st.
FOREARM, for-arm', v.t. to arm or pre-
pare beforehand.
FOREBODE, for-bod', v.t. to feel a secret
sense of something future, esp. of evil.
^n. Forebod'er. [See Bode.]
FOREBODEMENT, tor-bod'ment, n. feel-
ing of coming evil.
FOREBODING, for-bod'ing, n. a boding or
perception beforehand: apprehension of
coming evil.
FORE-CABIN, for'-ka-bin, n. the cabin in
the forepart of a vessel, with accommo-
dation inferior to that of the aft-cabin
or saloon.
FORECAST, for-kast', v.t. to contrive or
reckon beforehand : to foresee. — v.i. to
form schemes beforehand.
FORECAST, for'kast, n. a previous con-
trivance : foresight.
FORECASTER, for-kast'er, n. one who
foresees or contrives beforehand.
FORECASTING, for'kast-ing, n. act of one
who forecasts : the act of one who con-
siders and provides beforeliand : antici-
patory planning. Coleridge.
FORECASTLE, for'kas-1 or fok'sl, n. a
foredeck, raised above the maindeck :
more commonly the forepart of the ship
under the maindeck, the quarters of the
crew : (orig.) that part of the upper deck
of a ship before the foremast, so called
from the small turret or castle near the
prow in ancient vessels.
FORECLOSE, for-kloz', v.t. to preclude : to
prevent : to stop. [Fr. forclos, pa.p. of
forclore, to exclude — L. foris, outside,
and claiido. clausus. to shut.]
FORECLOSURE, for-kloz'ur, n. a foreclos-
ing : (law) the depri^^ng a mortgager of
the right of redeeming a mortgaged
estate : in manj' if not most of the
States of the Union the foreclosure and
sale are followed by one year, during
which equitj' of redemption remains to
the mortsrager.
FORECONDEMN, for-kon-dem', v.t. to con-
demn beforehand. " "WTiat can equally
savor of injustice and plain arrogance as
to prejudice and forecondemn his adver-
sary. "—.1/t7f on .
FOREDATE, for-dat', v.t. to date before
the true time.
FOREDECK, for'dek, n. the /orepart of a
dech- or ship.
FOREND, for'end, n. the end that goes
first or that is forward.
FOREFATHER, for'fa-rter, n. an ancestor.
[Fore, and Father.]
FOREFEND, for-fend', v.t. to ward off,
avert. [Properly /or/enrf, from the pre-
fix/or-, and -fend, an abrev. of defend.
See prefix For-.]
FOREFINGER, for'flng-ger, n. the finger
before the others, or next the thumb.
FOREFOOT, for'foot, n. one of the feet of
an animal in front or next the head.
FOREFRONT, for'frunt. n. the foremost
part or place : as, the forefront of a
building, or of a battle.
FOREGAME. for'gam, n. a first game:
first plan.
FOREGANGER, for'gang-er, n. (naut.) a
short piece of rope grafted to the shank
of a harpoon, to which the line is at-
tached when the harpoon is used.
FOREGATHER, for-ga<7i'er, v.i. same as
Forgather. " Dicfiens, Carlyle, and my-
self foregathered vnXh Emerson." — John
Foster.
FOREGIFT, for'gift, n. in laiv, a premium
paid bv a lessee when taking his lease.
FOREGIRTH. for-gerth, n. a girth or strap
for the forepart, as of a horse : a martin-
gale.
FOREGO, for-go', v.t. to go before, pre-
cede : chiefly used in its pr.p. forego'ing
and pa.p. foregone'. — n. Forego'ER. — A
foregone conclusion is a conclusion
come to before examination of the evi-
dence. [Fore, and Go.]
FOREGO, for-go', v.t. to give up: to for-
bear the vise of. [Should have been
forgo, A.S. forgan, to pass over, from
the A.S. prefix for-, away, and gan, to
go. See prefix For-.]
FOREGROUND, for'grownd, ?i. the ground
or space which seems to lie before the
figures in a picture.
FOREHAND, for'hand, n. the part of a
horse which is in front of its rider. —
ad), taken in hand or done before needed.
FOREHANDED, for'hand-ed, adj., fore-
hand : seasonable : formed in the fore-
FOREHEAD, for'ed, n. the /orepart of
the head above the eyes, the brow.
FOREHEW, for-hu' v.t. to hew or cut in
front. Sackville.
FORE-HOLD, for'-hold, n. the front or for-
ward part of the hold of a ship.
FOREHOLDING, for-hold'ing, n. predic-
tion : ominous foreboding : superstitious
prognostication. L'Estrange. [FORE and
Holding, from hold.]
FOREHOOD, for'hood, n. in ship-building,
one of the most forward of the outside
and inside planks.
FOREHOOK, for'hook, n. (naut.) a piece
of timber placed across the stem to unite
the bows and strengthen the forepart of
the ship: a breasthook.
FOREIGN, for'in, adj. belonging to an-
other country : from abroad : not
belonging to, unconnected : not appro-
priate. [Fr. forain — Low L. foraneus —
foras, out of doors. See Door.]
FOREIGNER, for'in-er, n. a native of an-
other countrv.
F0REJUDGE,'f6r-juj', r.^ to judge before
hearing the facts and proof : in latr. to
expel from a court for malpractice or
non-appearance. When an attorney is
sued and called to appear in court, if he
declines he is forejudged, and his name is
struck from the rolls.
FOREJUDGER. for-juj-er, n. in law, a judg-
ment by which a man is deprived or put
out of the thing in question : a judgment
of expulsion or banishment.
FOREKING, for'king, n. a predecessor on
the throne.
Thy fierce forekings had clenched their pirate
hides
To the bleak church doors.— Tennyson.
FOREKNOW, for-no', v.t. to know before-
hand : to foresee.
FOREKNOWLEDGE, for-nol'ej, n. knowl-
edge of a thing before it happens.
FORELAND, fo'r'land, w. a point of land
running forward into the sea.
FORELOCK, for'lok, n. the lock or hair
that grows from the forepart of the head:
(naut.) a little fiat pointed wedge of iron
used at the end of a bolt to retain it firmly
in its place.— To take tlme by the fore-
lock, to make prompt use of anything :
to let no opportunity escape.
FOREMAN, for'man, n. (pi. FOREMEN, for'-
men), the first or chief man: particularly,
(a) the chief man of a jurj- who acts as
their speaker, (6) the chief of a set of
hands employed in a shop or on works
of any kind, who superintends the rest :
an overseer : a superintendent.
FOREMAST, for'mast, the mast of a ship
or other vessel which is placed in the
forepart or forecastle and carries the
foresail and foretop-sail yards.
FOREJLAST-MAN, for'mast-man, n. a com-
mon sailor: a luan before the mast. •• The
Adventure galley took such quantities of
cotton and silk, sugar and coffee, cinna-
mon and pepper, that the very foremast-
men received from a hundred to two
hundred pounds each." — Macaiday.
FOREMENTIOKED
IT'
FORGET-ME-NOT
rOREMENTIONED, for-men'shund, adj.
mentioned before in a writing or dis-
course.
FOREMOST, for'most, adj. (superl. of Fore)
nrst in place : most advanced : first in
"rank or dignity. [A.S. forma, first superl.
of fore, and superl. suffix -st. It is
therefore, a double superl. ; the old and
correct form was formest, which was
wrongly divided /or-7nesf instead ot form-
est. and" the final -m£st was mistaken for
FORENAMED, for'namd, adj. mentioned
before.
FORENOON, for'nSOn, n. the part of the
day before noon or mid-day.
FORENOTICE, for-no-tis, n. notice of any-
thing before it happens.
FORENSIC, fo-ren'sik, FORENSICAL, fo-
ren'sik-al, adj. belonging to courts of
judicature, or to public discussion and
debate : used in courts or legal proceed-
ings, or in public discussions : appropriate
to an argument : as, a forensic term :
forensic eloquence or disputes. — Foren-
sic MEDICINE, the science which applies
the principles and practice of the differ-
ent branches of medicine to the elucida-
tion of doubtful questions in a court of
justice : medical jurisprudence. [From
L. forensis, from forum, a court.]
FORENSIC, fo-ren'sik, n. in some American
colleges, a written argument by a student
maintaining either the affirmative or
negative of a given question. Worcester.
FORE-ORDAIN, for-or-dan', v.t. to arrange
or appoint beforehand : to predestinate :
to predetermine. — n. Fore-ordina'tion.
FOREPART, for'part, n. the part before
the rest : the front : the beginning : (B.)
the bow of a ship.
fORE-PASSAGE, for'pas-aj. n. (naut.) a
passage made in the fore-cabin or inferior
part of a vessel : generally equivalent to
a steerage passage.
FOREPAYMENT, for-pa'ment, n. payment
beforehand : prepayment. " I had £100
of him in forepayment for the first edition
of.Esprieila." — Swithey,
FORERANK, for'rangk, n. the rank which
is before all the others : the front.
FORE-RESEMBLE, for-re-zemTjl, v.t. to
prefigure. "Christ being as well king
as priest was as well fore-resemhted by
the kings then as by the high priest.
—Milton.
FORERUN, for-run', v.t. to run or come
before : to precede.
FORERUNNER, for-run'er, n. a runner or
messenger sent before : a sign that some-
thing is to follow.
FORESAIL, for'.sal, n. a sail attached to
the fore-ya,vA on the foremast.
FORESEE, for-se', v.t. or v.i. to see or
know beforehand.
FORESHADOW, for-shad'o.uf. to shadow
or tvpify beforehand.
FORESHAPE, for-shap', v.t. to shape or
mould beforehand : to prepare in ad-
vance. " So foreshape the minds of
men." — Sir H. Taylor.
FORESHIP, for'ship, n. (B.) the bow or
/oivpart of a shiji.
FORESHORE, for'shor, Ji. the part imme-
diately before the shore : the sloping
part of a shore included between the
hiffh and low water marks.
FORESHORTEN, for-short'en, v.t. {in a
picture) to represent the shortened ap-
pearance of an object projecting for-
ward.—n. Forshortening {in painting),
the representation of the shortened ap-
pearance of an object projecting for-
ward.
FORESHOT. for shot, n. the first portion
of liquid that comes over in the distilla-
L
tion of low wines. It is a milkj- liquid
abounding in fusel-oil.
FORESHOW, for-sho', v.t. to show or rep-
resent beforehand : to predict.
FO RESIDE, for'sid, n. the side towards the
front.
FORESIGHT, for'sit, n. act of foreseeing :
wise forethought, prudence.
FORESKIN, for'skin, «. the skin that
covers the glans penis.
FOREST, for'est, n. a large uncultivated
tract of laud covered with trees and
underwood : woody ground and rude
pasture. — adj. pertaining to a forest :
silvan : rustic. — v.t. to cover with trees.
(O. Fr. forest, Fr. foi'St — Low L. foresta,
which in mediceval viriters is the open
wood, as opposed to the parens (park)
or walled-in wood— /oj'esfis, out of, not
shut — L. foris, out of doors— -/ores, doors.
[See Foreign and Door.]
FORESTAL, for'est-al, pertaining to a for-
est : as, forestal rights.
FORESTALL for-stawl', v.t. to take too
early action regarding something ; to
anticipate : to take possession of in ad-
vance of something or somebody else ;
to hinder by pre-occupation or preven-
tion ; to influence before the means or
the opportunity for a right opinion or
judgment : in laiv, to obstruct or stop
up, as a way ; to intercept on the road.
— To FORESTALL. THE MARKET, to buy up
merchandise on its way to market with
the intention of selhng it again at a
higher price, or to dissuade persons from
bringing their goods there, or to persuade
them to enhance the price when there.
This was an offence at law up till 1844.
[A.S. forestallen. See STALL.]
FORE-STALL, for'-stawl, n. the look-out
man who walks before the operator and
his victim when a garrote robbery is to
be committed.
FORESTALLER, for-stawl'er, n. one who
forestalls : a person who purchases mer-
chandise before they come to the market
with a view to raise the price.
FORESTAY, for'sta, n. (naut.) a large
strong rope reaching from the foremast
head toward the bowsprit end to sup-
port the mast.
FORESTER, for'est-er, n. one who has
charge of a forest : an inhabitant of a
forest : a member of one of the fraternal
organizations in the U.S.
FORETASTE, for-tast', v.t. to taste before
possession : to anticipate.
FORETASTE, for'tast, n. a taste before-
hand : anticipation.
FORETELL, for-tel', v.t. to tell before : to
prophesy. — v.i. to utter prophecy. — n.
FORFTPLI 'ER
FORETHOUGHT, for'thawt, n. thought or
care for the future : provident care.
FORETIME, for'tim, n. a time previous to
the present or to a time alluded to or
implied. Gladstone.
FORETOKEN, for'to-kn, n. a token or sign
beforehand.
FORETOKEN, for-to'kn, v.t. to signify be-
forehand.
FORETOOTH, for'tooth, n. a tooth in the
forepart of the mouth l—pl. FORETEETH,
for'teth.
FORETOP, for'top, n. {naut.) the platform
at the head of the foremast.
FORETOP-MAN, for'top-man, n. (naut.) a
man stationed in the foretopin readiness
to set or take in the smaller sails, and to
keep the upper rigging in order.
FORETOPMAST, for-top'niast, v. in a
ship, the mast erected at the top of the
foremast, and at the top of which is the
FORETOP-O ALL' ANT-MAST.
FOREVER, for-eVer, adv. for ever, for all
time to come : to eternity : through
endless ages.
FOREWARN, for-wawrn', v.t. to warn be-
forehand : to give previous notice. — n.
Forewarn'ing, warning beforehand.
FOREWOMAN, for'woo-man, n. a woman
who is chief : the head woman in a work-
shop or in a department of an establish-
ment.
FOREWORD, for'werd, n. a preface or in
troduction to a literary work : a word of
recent introduction and seldom used.
[Suggested by Ger. rorwort, preface.]
FOREWORLD, for'werld, n. a previous
world : specifically, the world before the
flood. Southey.
FOREWORN, for-worn', p. worn out :
wasted or obliterated by time oi use.
" Old foreicoiii stories almost forgotten."
— Brydges. [Fore, for for, utterly, and
Worn.]
FOREYARD, for'yard, n. (naut.) the yard
on the foremast of a vessel.
FORFAIRN, for-farn', p. and adj. forlorn :
destitute : worn out : jaded. (Scotch.)
And tho' wi crazy eild I'm s&ir for/aim,
I'll be a brig, when ye're a shapeless cairn. — Bur7is.
[A.S. forfaren, pp. of forfaran.]
FORFEIT, for'fit, v.t. to lose the right to
by some fault or crime : — pr.p. for'feit-
ing; jja.j). for'feited. — n. that which is
forfeited : a penalty for a crime : a fine :
something- deposited and redeemable. —
adj. For'FEITable. [Fr. forfaire, for-
fait — Low L. forisfacere, forisfactum, to
do beyond what is permitted, to offend —
foris, out of doors, beyond, /acere, to do.]
FORFEITURE, for'fit-ur, n. act of forfeit-
ing : state of being forfeited : the thing
forfeited.
FORGAT, for-gat' —forgot — old pa.t. of
Forget.
FORGE, forj, n. the workshop of a faber
or workman in hard materials : a fur-
nace, esp. one in which iron is heated : a
smithy : a place where anything is shaped
or made. — v.t. to form by heating and
hammering : to form : to make falsely :
to fabricate : to counterfeit. — v.i. to com-
mit forgery. [Fr. forge, Prov. farga—
h. fabrica— faber, a workman.]
FORGER, forj'er, n. one who forges or
makes : one guilty of forgery.
FORGERY, forj'er-i, n. fraudulently mak-
ing or altering any writing : that which
is forged or counterfeited.
FORGET, for-get', v.t. to lose or put atvay
from the memory: to neglect:— -pr.p. for-
gett'ing; pa.t. forgot'; pa.p. forgot', for-
gott'en. [A.S. forgitan — for-, prefir,
away, and gitan, to get.]
FORGETABLE, FORGETTABLE, for-get'^
a-bl, adj. that may be forgotten : liable
to escape the memory.
FORGETFUL, for-get'fool, adj. apt to for
get ; easily losing remembrance ; as, a
forgetful man. should use helps to
strengthen his memory: heedless : care-
less ; neglectful ; inattentive : causing
to forget ; inducing oblivion ; oblivious ;
as, forgetful draughts; "The forgetful
wine." — ./. Webster.
FORGETFULLY, for-get'fool-i, adv. in a
forgetful manner.
FORGETFULNESS, for-get'fool-nes, n. the
quality of being forgetful, or of losing
the remembrance or recollection of a
thing ; proneness to let slip from the
mind : loss of remembrance or recollec
tion ; a ceasing to remember ; oblivion .
neglect ; negligence ; careless omission ,
inattention.
FORGET-ME-NOT, for-get'-me-not', n. a
small herb with beautiful blue flowers,
regarded as the emblem of friendship .
a keepsake
FORGETTER
178
FORSOOTH
FORGETTER, for-get'er, n. one who for-
gets : a heedless person.
FORGETTINGLY, for-get'ing-H, adv. by
forgettina: or forgetful ness.
FORGE-WATER, forj'-waw-ter, n. in mecl.
water in which a blacksmith has (lipped
his hot irons — a popular remedy, as a
lotion, for aphthse, etc., and also drunk
as a chalybeate. It contains sulphate of
iron.
FORGIE, for-ge', v.t. to forgive. "He
saved me frae being ta'en to Perth as a
witch. — Forgie them that wad touch sic
a puir silly auld body." — Sir W. Scott.
(Scotch.)
FORGING, forj'ing, n. the process of ham-
mering red-hot iron into any required
shape : the act of counterfeiting : the
thing forged ; a piece of forged work in
metal : a general name for a piece of
hammered iron or steel.
FORGIVE, for-giv', v.t. to pardon : to over-
look an offence or debt. [A.S. forgifan
— for-, prefix, awav, and gifan, to give ;
cf. Ger. ver-geben.]
FORGIVENESS, for-giv'nes, n. pardon :
remission : disposition to pardon.
FORGIVING, for-giv'ing, adj. ready to
pardon : merciful : compassionate.
FORK, fork, n. an instrument with two or
more prongs at the end : one of the points
or divisions of anything fork-like : the
bifurcated part of the human frame, the
legs. "Lord Cardigan had so good a
stature that, although somewhat long in
the fork, he yet sat rather tall in the
saddle." — Kinglake : in pi. the branches
into which a road or river divides, also
the point of separation. — i\i. to divide
into two branches, as a road or tree : to
shoot into blades, as corn. — v.t. to form
as a fork : to pitch with a fork. [A.S.
fore — L. furca.}
FORK-BEAM, fork'-bem, n. {naut.) a short
beam introduced to support the deck of a
vessel where there is no framing.
FORK-CHUCK, fork'-chuk, n. an append-
age to a turning-lathe, so called from that
part which screws on the mandril having
on the outer side a square hole in which
forked pieces of iron of different sizes, ac-
cording to the strength required, are
placed when in use.
FORKED, forkt, adj. opening into two or
more parts, points, or shoots ; darting
forth in sharp points ; jagged ; furcated ;
as, a forked tongue, the forked light-
ning : having two or more meanings ;
pointing more than one way ; ambigu-
ous ; equivocal ;
Men of your largre profession, . . .
That with mostquick ability, could turn.
And re-turn ; make knots and undo tiiem ;
Give forked counsel. — B. Jonson.
FORLORN, for-lorn', adj. quite lost : for-
saken : wretched. [A.S. forloren, pa. p.
of forleosan, to lose — for, away, and leo-
san, to lose ; Ger. verloren, pa. p. of ver-
lieren. to lose.]
FORLORN-HOPE, for-lorn'-hop, n. a body
of soldiers selected for some service of
uncommon danger. [From the Dut.
verloren hoop, the forlorn or lost troop.
See Hope.]
FORM, form, n. shape of a body: the
boundary -line of an object : a model :
a mould : mode of arrangement : order :
regularity : system, as of government :
beauty or elegance : established prac-
tice : ceremony : (print.) the type from
which an impression is to be taken ar-
ranged and secured in a chase : {in the
fol. sen.?efi pron. form) a long seat, a
bench : {in schools) the pupils on a form,
a class : the bed of a hare, which takes
its shape from the animal's body. [Fr.
forme — L. forma — fero, to bear, like
fades, appearance, from facto, to make.]
FORM, form, v.t. to give form or shape
to : to make : to contrive : to settle, as
an opinion : to combine : to go to make
up : to establish : {gram.) to make by
derivation. — v.i. to assume a form.
-FORM, a Latin termination denoting hke,
in the form of ; as, vermiform , worm-
like, falciform, scythe -like, ensi/orm,
sword-like, oviform, in the form of an
egg, etc. [L. forma, form, shape.]
FORMAL, form'al, adj. according to form
or established mode : ceremonious : me-
thodical : having the form only : having
the power of making a thing what it is :
essential : proper. — adv. Form'ally.
FORMALISM, form'al-izm, n. a resting in
the mere external /ornis of religion.
FORMALIST, form'al-ist, n. one who is
content with the mere forms of religion.
FORMALITY, for-mal'i-ti, w. the precise
observance of forms or ceremonies ; es-
tablished order. [L. formalitas— forma.]
FORMATION, for-ma'shun, n. the act of
forming or making ; the act of creating
or causing to exist ; the operation of com-
posing, by bringing materials together,
or of shaping and giving form ; genera-
tion ; production ; as, the formation of
the earth ; the formation of a state or
constitution ; the formation of ideas :
the manner in which a thing is formed ;
as, the peculiar formation of the heart :
in geol. any series of rocks referred to a
common origin or period, whether they
consist of the same or different materials.
Geological strata are divided into cer-
tain groups of one era of deposition,
sometimes of verj' dissimilar mineralogi-
cal character, but inclosing the same
fossil species ; as, the Carboniferous,
Oolitic, Cretaceous, Silurian, Laurentian,
etc., formations: (milit.)a.n arrangement
of troops, as in a square, column, etc.
[Fr., from L. formatio.]
FORMATrVT;, form'a-tiv, adj. giving form ;
having the power of giving form ; plastic ;
as, "The meanest plant cannot be raised
without seeds by any formative power
residing in the soil." — Bentley : in gram.
ser\nngto form ; derivative ; inflexional ;
as, a termination merely /or;?! o^i re.
FORMER, form'er, adj. (comp. of FoRE) be-
fore in time or order : past ; first men-
tioned. \_A.H. forma, first, superl. of fore,
and comp. sutBx -er.]
FORMER, form'er, n. one who forms or
makes.
FORMERLY, form'er-ii, adv. in former
times : heretofore.
FORMIC, for'mik, adj. pertaining to ants,
as formic acid, originallj* obtained from
ants. [L. formica, an ant.]
FORMICARY, for'mi-ka-ri, n. a colony of
ants : an ant-hill.
FORMICATE, for'mi-kat, adj. resembling
an ant.
FORMICATION, for-mi-ka'shun, n. a sen-
sation like that of ants creeping on the
skin. [L. formieatio — formicare, to
creep like an unt^orm ica .]
FORMIDABLE, for'mi-da-bl, adj. causing
fear: adapted to excite fear. — adv. For-
midably. — n. FOR'MIDABLENESS. [Fr.
— L. formidahilis^ormido, fear.]
FORMULA, form'u-la, n. a prescribed
form : a formal statement of doctrines :
{math.) a general expression for sohing
problems : {cheni.) a set of symbols ex-
pressing the components of a body : — pi.
Formulae, form'u-le, Form'ulas. [L.,
dim. of forma.]
FORMULARISTIC, form-u-ler-ist'ik, adj.
pertaining to or exhibiting formulariza-
tion. Emer.wn.
FORMULARIZATION, form - u - ler - iz - a'-
shun, n. the act of formularizing : a
formularized or formulated statement
or exhibition. C. Kingsley.
FORMULARIZE, form-u'ler-iz, v.t. to re-
duce to a formula : to formulate : to ex-
press tersely and clearly in sj'stematic
form. " It is, therefore, to be regretted
that the commissioners as a bod.y have
not formularized an opinion on a subject
that was within their jurisdiction, and
which was examined by them at great/
length and with evident care." — Satur.i
Rev. '
FORMULARY, form'u-lar-i, n. a formula:
a book of formula! or precedents. — adj.
prescribed : ritual : closelv adhering to
formulas : formal. Carlyle. [Fr. form-
ulaire — L. formula.]
FORMULATE, forn/u-lat, FORMULIZE,
forra'u-liz, v.t. to reduce to or express in
a formula : to state or express in a clear
or definite form.
FORMULATION, form-u-la'shun, n. the act
or process of formulating, or of reducing
to or expressing in a formula.
FORNICATE, for'ni-kat, FORNICATED,
for'ni-kat-ed. adj., arched: {hot.) arching
over. [L. forricor, foi'nieatus— fornix,
fornicis, an arch.]
FORNICATE, for'ni-kat, v.i. to commit
lewdness : to have unlawful sexual inter-
course. [L. fornicor, for meatus— fornix,
an arch, a vault, a brothel.]
FORNICATION, for-ni-ka'shun, ??. sexual
intercourse between unmarried persons :
{B.) adultery, incest, and frequently idola-
trv.
FORNICATOR, for'ni-ka-tor, n. an un-
married person guilty of lewdness:— /e)?t.
Fornicatress, for'ni-ka-tres. [L. forni-
cator, and fornicatrix — fornicor.]
FORSAKE, for-sak', v.t. to desert: to aban-
don : — pr.p. forsak'ing ; pa.t. forsook' ;
pa.p. forsak'en. — Forsake, Desert,
Abandon. Forsake is applied to leaving
that which natural affection or a sense of
duty should have led us to remain by ;
as, to forsake our home, friends, or coun-
try ; a bird forsakes its nest. " When
my father and my mother forsake me,
then the Lord will take me up."-Ps. xxvii.
10. (In the passive it often means left
desolate, forlorn: —
When he is forsaken.
Withered and shaken,
What can an old man do but die.— ffood.)
Desert may sometimes be synonymous
with forsake, but it usually implies a
greater degree of culpability and the in-
fringement of some legal obligation ; as,
to desert one's wife and children ; to de-
sert one's regiment. Abandon is to leave
and give up finally and completely ; as,
to abandon evil courses ; but generally it
implies the laying aside of ful care and
concern for an object, especially when
danger threatens it, or when longer con-
nection might prove dangerous to our-
selves ; as, to abandon a hopeless enter-
prise, or a sinking ship. [A.S. forsaean
— for-, away, and O. E. .sake, dispute,
strife — A.S. sacan. to strive. See Sake.]
FORSOOTH, for-sooth', adv. in truth : in
fact : certainly: very well — often used
ironically. It was once a word of honor
or highly polite address to a woman.
"A fit man, forsooth, to govern a
realm." — Hayward. "Carry not too
much underthought betwixt yourself
and them, nor your city mannerly word
(forsooth), use it not too often in any
case ; but plain, ay, madam, and no.
madam." — B. Jonson. [A.S. forsuth —
for and sooth, that is, for or in truth.]
FORSOOTH, for-sooth', v.t. to use the word
forsooth to : hence, to address in a high-
ly polite and ceremonious manner. "The
captain of the Charles had forsoothed
FORSOOTH
179
FOUL
her, though he knew her well enough,
and she him.'" — Pcpys.
FORSOOTH, for-sooth', n. a man given to
using tlie word forsooth to a lady : hence,
a man very polite and ceremonious to
ladies. "You sip so like a forsooth of
the city." — B. Jonson.
FORSWEAR, for-swar', v.t. to deny upon
oath.— (B.) To FORSWEAR 0NE"S SELF, tO
swear falsely, to commit perjurj'. [For-,
away, and Swear.]
FORT. fort. n. a small fortress. [Fr. — L.
fortis. strong.]
FORTALICE, fort'al-is, n. a small out-
work of a, fortification. [O. Fr. fortelesce
— Low L. fortalitia— fortis.']
FORTE, fort, n. one's strong point, that in
which one excels. [Same as below.]
FORTE, for'ta, adv. \miLs.) strongly, with
emphasis, loud. [It. forte — L. fortis.]
FORTH, forth, adv., before or forward in
place or order : in advance : onward in
time : out into view : abroad : (J5.) out.
[A.S. forth : Dut. voort, forward, Ger.
fort, on. further, radically the same as
"For. Fore.]
FORTHCOMING, forth'kum-ing, adj. just
coming forth : about to appear.
FORTHWITH, forth-wif/i', adv. immedi-
atelv : witliout delay.
FORTIETH, for'ti-eth, adj. the fourth
tenth. — n. a fortieth part. [A.S. /eo'cer-
tigotha.']
FORTIFICATION, for-ti-fl-ka'shun, n. the
art of strengthening a military position
by means of defensive works : that which
fortifies.
FORTIFY, for'ti-fl, v. t. to strengthen
against attack with forts, etc.: to in-
vigorate : to confirm : to increase the
alcoholic strength of by means of adven-
titious spirit ; as, to fortify port-wine
with brandy. — pa.p. for'tifled. — n. FOR'-
TIFIER. [Fr. fortifier — Low L. fortiftcare
—fortis. strong, facio, to make.]
JORTISSIMO, for-tis'i-mo, adv. (niiis.) very
strong or \o\iA. [It., superl. of /orie. See
Forte, adv.]
FORTITUDE, for'ti-tud, n. that strength
of mind which enables one to meet danger
or endure pain with calmness. [L. forti-
tudo — fortis.]
FORTNIGHT, fort'nit, n. two weeks or
fourteen days. [Contr. of fourteen nights.]
FORTNIGHTLY, fort'nlt-li, adj. and adv.
once a fortnight.
fXJRTRESS, for'tres, to. a fortified place : a
defence. [Fr. forteresse, another form of
fortelesce, which see under Fortalice.]
FORTUITOUS, for-tu'i-tus, adj. happening
by chance or accident. — adv. Fortu-
itously.—us. FORTU'ITOUSNESS, FORTU'-
iTfY. [L. fortnitus, casual.]
FOKTUNA, for-tu'na, n. in Rom. myth, the
goddess of fortune : a small planet or
a.steriod between the orbits of Mars and
Jupiter, discover'.-f! August 32, 1853, by
Professor Hind.
FORTUNATE, for tu-nat, adj. coming by
good luck or favorable chance ; bring-
ing some unexpected good ; presaging
happiness ; auspicious ; as, a fortunate
event ; a fortunate concurrence of cir-
cumstances ; a fortunate ticket in a lot-
terv : lucky ; successful ; receiving some
unforeseen or unexpected good, or some
good which was not dependent on one's
own skill or efforts ; as, a fortunate ad-
venturer, in a lottery ; I was most for-
tunate thus unexpectedly to meet my
friend. — Fortunate. Successful, Pros-
perous. Fortunate applies to that which
is deemed beyond human control ; success-
{ul denotes that effective h\iman effort
las been made to gain the object ; piros-
peroushas very much the meaning of suc-
cessful, but is applied rather to a series
of things than a single event ; we say, a
successful enterprise, a prosperous line of
business, a fortunate circumstance. [L.
fortunatus, pp. of fortuno, to make for-
tunate or prosperous. See FORTUNE.]
FORTUNATELY, for'tu-nat-li, adv. in a
fortunate manner : luckily : successfully :
happilv.
FORTUNATENESS, for'tu-nat-nes, n. good
luck : success : happiness.
FORTUNE, for'tQn, n. whatever comes by
lot or chance : luck : the arbitrary order-
ing of events : the lot that falls to one
in life : success : wealth, [Fr. — L. fcrrt-
una, a lengthened form olfors, fortis,
chance, from fero, to bear, and lit. mean-
ing, that which is produced.]
FORTUNE, for'tun, v.t. to make fortunate.
Chaucer : to dispose of, fortunately or
not. Shah. : to foretell the fortune or lot
of ; to presage. Dryden ; Shah.
FORTUNE, for'tun, v.i. to befall : to fall
out : to happeu : to come casually to
pass. " They attempted to remonstrate,
but were warned to beware, lest 'it
might fortune to cost some their heads.' "
— Hallam.
FORTUNED, for'tund, adj. supplied by
fortune: used in composition. "The
iwW-fortuned Ca;sar." — Shalt.
FORTUNE-HUNTER, for'tun-hunt'er, n.
a man who hunts for a marriage with a
woman oi fortune.
FORTUNELESS, for'tun-les, adj. without
a fortune : luckless.
FORTUNE-STEALER, for'tun-stel-er, n.
one who steals an heiress.
FORTUNE-TELL, for'tun-tel, v.i. to tell,
or pretend to tell, the future events of
one's life : to reveal futurity. Shak.
He tipples palmistry, and dines
Oq all iiQr forfmie-tellinfj lines. — Cleavelaiid.
FORTUNE-TELLER, for'tun-tel'ari n. one
who pretends to foretell one's fortune. —
n. For'txjne-tell'ing.
FORTY, for'ti, adj. and n. four times ten.
[A.S. feowertig—feower, four, tig, ten.]
FORUM, fo'rum, n. (fig.) a market-place,
esp. the market-place in Rome, where
public business was transacted a nd j ustice
dispensed : the courts of law as opp. to
the Parliament, Congress or Legislature:
in the U.S. any tribunal of public discus-
sion— having received this meaning by
virtue of the theory that the people decide
all questions discussed. [L., akin to foras,
out of doors. See Door and Foreign.]
FORWARD, for'ward, FORWARDS, for'-
wardz, adv., towards, what is before or
in front : onward : progressively. [A.S.
foreweard—forea,adiWeard, sig. direction.
Forwards — M.E. forwardes, was orig. the
gen. form (cf. Ger. vorwHrts).]
FORWARD, for'ward, adj. near or at the
/orepart : in advance of something else :
ready: too ready: pi'esumptuous: earnest:
early ripe. — ach'. For'wardly. — n. FoR'-
wardness.
FORWARD, for'ward. v.t.to advance ; to
help onward ; to promote ; to acceler-
ate ; to quicken ; to hasten ; as, to for-
ward a good design ; to forward the
growth of a plant ; to forward one in
improvement : to send forward ; to send
toward the place of destination ; to
transmit ; as, to forward a letter or de-
spatches : in bookbinding, to prepare for
the finisher, as a sewed book, by putting
a plain cover on.
FORWARDER, for'ward-er, n. one who
promotes or advances in progress : one
who sends forward or transmits goods ; a
forwarding merchant : in bookbinding,
one who does the plain covering of a
sewed book, and prepares it for the fin-
isher.
FORWARDING, for'ward-ing, p. and adj.
advancing : promoting : aiding in prog,
ress : accelerating in growth : sending
onward : transmitting. — Forwarding
MERCHANT, a merchant whose business
it is to receive and forward goods for
others. — Forwarding note, a note in
which a description of goods or a parcel
is entered with the name of consignee
and his place of residence and name of
consignor to be sent along with goods,
etc., conveyed by a carrier.
FORWARDING,' for'ward-ing, TO. the actor
business of sending forviard merchandise,
etc. : in bookbinding, the operation of
plain covering a sewed book, and prepar-
ing it for the finisher.
FOSSE, FOSS, fos, u. (fort.) a moat or
trench in front of a fortified place. [Fr.
fosse, L. fossa— fodio, fossuni. to dig.]
FOSSIL, fos'sil, adj. dug out of the earth ;
as, fossil coal, fossil salt : pertaining to
or resembling fossils ; changed into
stone ; petrified ; as, fo.<isil shells, bones,
or wood. [Fr. fossile, L. fossilis, from
fodio, fossum, to dig.]
FOSSIL, fos'sil, TO. a word which in its
widest and literal sense means whatever
is dug out of the earth, so that it in-
cludes all minerals and rocks, as well as
the organic remains embedded in rocks,
the liormer being the native fossils, the
Ifvtter the extraneoits fossils of older
writers. It is now, however, restricted
to designate the petrified forms of plants
and animals which occur in the strata
tliat compose the surface of our globe.
Most of these fossil species, many of the
genera, and some of the families, are ex-
tinct. When these remains are only par-
tially fossilized, and occur in superficial
or recent deposits, the term sub-fossil is
emploved.
FOSSILiFEROUS, fos-il-if'er-us. adj. bear-
ing or containing fossils. [L. fossilis, '
and fero, to bear.]
FOSSILIST, fos'il-ist, n. one skilled in
FOSSILIZE, fos'il-iz, v.t to convert into
a fossil. — v.i. to be changed into a stony
or fossil state. — ?). Fossiliza'tion, a
changing into a fossil.
FOSSORIAL, fos-or'i-al, adj. (zool.) digging,
burrowing.
FOSTER, fos'ter, v.t. to bring up or nurse :
to encourage. — n. Fos'terer. [A.S. fos-
trian, to nourish, fostre, a nurse, fostor
(=.fod-stor), food. See Food.]
FOSTER-BROTHER, fos'ter-bruf/t'er, to. a
male child, fostered or brought up with
another of different parents.
FOSTERr-CHILD, fos'ter-chlld, n. a child
nursed or brought up by one who is not
its parent.
FOSTER-PARENT, fos'ter-pa'rent, n. one
who rears a child in the place of its pa-
rent.
FOTHER. fo7/ier, v.t. to endeavor to stop,
as a leak in the bottom of a ship, while
afloat, by letting down a sail by the cor-
ners and putting chopped yarn, oakum,
wool, cotton, etc., between it and the
ship's sides. [A.S. foder. fodder, food, a
covering or case ; cf. Ger. fiittern, to
feed, to line, to case, from futter, lining
food, fodder.]
FOUGASSE. foo-gac', to. (mil.) a small mine,
from six to twelve feet undergroimd.
[Fr. — "L. focus, hearth, fire.]
FOUGHT, fawt, pa.t. and pa.p. of Fight.
FOUL, fowl, adj. filthy : loathsome : pro-
fane : impure : stormy : imfair : run-
ning against : entanglecl. — adv. Foul'lt.
— )i. Foul'ness. [A.S. ful, akin to
Scand. ful, G«r. faul, Goth, fids: all
from root pu, to stink. See Putrid.]
FOUL
FOUL, fowl, v.t. to make foul: to soil.—
v.i. to come into collision :—pr.p. foul'-
ing ; pa.p. fouled'.
FOUL, fowl, n. the act of fouling-, collid-
ing, or otherwise impeding due motion or
progress : specifically, in a racing con-
test, the impeding of a competitor by
collision, jostling, or the like : in base-
ball, a batted ball which first strikes
the ground not a sufficient distance in-
side one of the lines drawn from the home
base to the first and the third bases.
rOUL-MOUTHED, fowl'-mowttd, adj. ad-
dicted to the use of foul or profane
language.
FOmiART, fao'mfirt, n. the polecat.
[From A.S. fid, foul, and Fr. marte or
martre, a marten. See FoxJL and Mar-
FOUNI), pa.t. and pa.p. of Find.
FOUND, fownd, v.t. to lay the bottom or
foundation of : to establish on a basis :
to originate : to endow. [Fr. fonder—
L. fundo, fundafus, to found— fundus,
the bottom. See Bottom.]
FOUND, fownd, v.t. to form by melting
and pouring into a mould : to cast. [Fr.
fondre—L. fundo, fusus, to pour. Cf.
Fuse.]
FOLTfDATION, fownd-a'shun, n. the act
of founding : the base of a building : the
groundwork or basis : a permanent /i«id
for the support of any thing.— n. Founda'-
TiONER, one supported from the funds or
foundation of an institution.
FOUNDER, fownd'er, n. one who melts
and casts metal, as a brassfounder.
FOUNDER, fownd'er, «. one who founds,
establishes, or originates : an endower : —
fem. Foukd'ress.
FOUNDER, fownd'er, v.i. to go to the bot-
tom : to fiU with water and sink. — v.t.
to disable by injuring the feet, of a
horse. [Fr. fondre—fond—'L. fundus,
the bottom.]
FOUNDER, fownd'er, n. in farriery, (a) a
lameness occasioned by inflammation
within the hoof of a horse : {b) an in-
flammatory fever of the body, or acute
rheumatism.
FOUNDEROUS, fownd'er-us, adj. causing
to founder, go lame, or be used up. "1
have travelled through the negociation,
and a sad/oMndero!(s road it \s.— Burke.
FOUNDING, fownd'ing, n. metaX-casting.
FOUNDLING, fownd'ling, n. a little chUd
found deserted.
FOUNDLING - HOSPITAL. fowndTing-
hos'pit-al, n. a hospital at which children
deserted by their parents and found by
strangers are brought up.
FOUNDR-y.fownd'ri. FOUNDERY, fownd'-
er-i, n. the art of founding or casting :
the house where founding is carried on.
FOUNT, fownt, FOUNTAIN, fownt'an, n.
a spnng of water, natural or artificial :
the structure for a jet of water: the
source of anything.— Holy water fount,
the stone basin or receptacle for holy
water in Roman Catholic churches. [Fr.
fontaine, O.Fr. font— Low L. fontana—
fontanus, adj., from L. fons, fontis, a
spring— /undo, to pour.]
FOUNTAIN-HEAD, fownt'an-hed, n. the
head or source of a. fountain : the beffin-
ninp.
FOUNTAINLESS, fownt'an-les, adj. hav-
mg no fountain : wanting a spring.
A barren Aesert fountainleas and dry.— .IfiHon
FOUNTAIN-PEN, fownt'an-pen,n. a writ-
mg pen with a reservoir for furnishing
a continuous supply of ink.
FOUNTAm-TREE, fownt'an-tre, m. a pop-
ular name of the Indian cedar, from the
large quantity of turpentine which it
yields : a popular name for a Brazilian
180
tree, the young twigs of which yield,
when shaken, a clear drinkable fluid.
FOUNTFUL, fownt' fool, adj. full of springs:
as, /ou«f/«; Ida. ^ "
FOUR, for, adj. and n. two and two. [A.S.
feou-er; Ger. vier, Goth, jidvor, L. qua-
tuor, Gr. tettares, pisures. Sans, chatvar.]
FOURCHETTE, foor-shet', n. in anat. (a)
the thin posterior commissure by which
the labia majora of the pudendum unite
together ; (6) the united clavicles or mer-
ry-thought of birds : in surg. an instru-
ment used to raise and support the
tongue during the operation of dividing
the frasnum : in glovemaking, the piece
between the two fingers to which the
front and back portionsare sewed. [Fr.,
a fork, a table-fork.]
FOURFOLD, for'fold, adj. folded four
times : multiplied four times. [FoUE
and Fold.]
FOUR-FOOTED, for'-foot'ed, adj. haNing
four feet.
FOURIERISM, foo'ri-er-izm, n. the system
propounded by Charles Fourier, a French-
man. According to him all the worl<?
was to be subdivided into pL.^..., .-"-as
or associations, consisting of 1800 mem-
bers, each group occupying a common
edifice, and all enjoying the fruit ol meir
labors in common. Though talent and
industry were to be rewarded, no one
was to be allowed to be indigent, or de-
barred from a certain amount of luxury
and amusement. A universal language
was to be established, wliile the several
groups were to be associated together
under a central government, like the
Cantons of Switzerland or the States of
America. Fourierism is one of the spe-
cific forms of Communism.
FOURIERIST, foo'ri-er-ist, FOURIERITE,
foo'ri-er-it, n. an adherent of the s.ystem
propounded by Charles Fourier of Besan-
con.
FOURSCORE, for'skor, adj. four times a
score — 80.
FOURSQUARE, for'skwar, adj. having
four equal sides and angles : square.
FOURTEEN, for'ten, adj. and n. four and
ten.
FOURTEENl'H, for'tenth, adj. and n.
fourth or the fourth after the tenth.
[A.S. feou-erteotha— feou-er and teotha,
tenth.]
FOURTH, forth, adj. next after the third.
—n. one of four equal parts. — The
Fourth, in U.S., Independence Dav,
July 4th. — adv. Foueth'ly. [A.S.
feortha.]
FOWL, fowl, n. a bird : a bird of the barn-
door or poultry kind, a cock or hen : the
flesh of fowl :—pl. Fowls or Fowl. — v.i.
to kill fowls by shooting or snaring. — n.
Fowt,'er, a sportsman who takes wild-
fowl. [A.S. fugel ; Ger. vogel. Ice. fugl :
connection with A.S. floegan, E.fy, etc.,
is improbable.]
FOWLENG-PIECE, fowling-pes, n. a light
gun for small-shot, used in folding.
FOX, foks, 71. an animal of the dog family,
noted for cunning : any one notorious for
cunning. [A.S. ; Ger. fuchs]
FOXGLOVE, foks'gluv, n. a biennial plant
with glove-like flowers, whose leaves are
used as a soothing medicine. [A.S. foxes
glofa; cf. Norw. revhanskje, foxglove,
from rev, a fox.''
FOXHOUND, foks'hownd, n. a hound for
chasing foxes: a variety of hound in
which are combined, in the highest de-
gree of excellence, fleetness, strength,
spirit, fine scent, perseverance, and .sub-
ordination. The foxhound is smaller than
the staghound, its average height being
from 20 to 33 inches. It is supposed to
FRAGILITY
be a mixed breed between the staghound
or the bloodhound and the greyhound.
It is commonly of a white color with
patches of black and tan.
FOXTROT, foks'trot, n. a pace, as of a
horse, generally consisting of a short
series of steps, usually adopted in break-
mg from a walk into a trot, or in slack
enmg from a trot to a walk.
FOXY, foks'i, adj. of foxes: cunning
UMint.) having too much of the reddish-
brown or fox-color.
FOYER, fwaw-ya, n. a saloon : specifically,
in theatres, opera-houses, etc. (a) a crush-
room ; (6) a green-room. [Fr.]
FRACAS, fra-ka', n. uproar : a noisy quar-
rel. [Fr., from fracasser, to break- -It
fracassare—fra, among, and cassare. Fr.
casser, to break— L. guassare, to shake.
FRACTION, frak'shun, n. a fragment or
very small piece : (arith.) one or more of
the equal parts of a unit ; if equal to ot
greater than 1. an improper fraction : if
Jess tnan one, a proper fraction : also
one ( I itij equal parts of a unit, as one-
uati, one-tha\i, etc. [Fr. — L. fractio—
frango, fractus, to break, from root frag,
whence Gr. rhegnumi, to break.]
FRACTIONAL, frak'shun-al, adj. belongs
ing to or containing a, fraction or frao
tions.— Fractional currency, the small
coins or paper-money of lower value than
the monetary unit of a country.
FRACTIONARY, frak'shun-a-ri, adj. frac-
tional : pertaining to a fraction or small
portion of a thing : hence, subordi-
nate : unimportant. ' Our sun may,
therefore, be only one member of a high-
er family— taking his part, along with
milHons of others, in some loftier system
of mechanism, by which they are all sub-
jected to one law, and to one arrange
ment — describing the sweep of such at
orbit in space, and completing th«
mighty revolution in such a period of
time as to reduce our planetary seasons
and our planetarj' movements to a very
humble and fractionary rank in the
scale of a higher astronomv. "—I>r. Chal-
mers.
FRACTIOUS, frak'shus, adj. readvto break
out in a passion : cross. — adv. Frac'-
TIOUSLY.— »l. FRAC'TIOUSNESS. [See FRAO-
TION.]
FRACTURE, frak-tur, n. a breakage; a
breach in a body, especially caused by
violence ; a rupture of a solid body : in
surg. the breaking of a bone ; a 'frac-
ture is simple or compound— simple when
the bone only is divided ; compound when
the bone is broken, with a laceration of
the integuments ; a fracture is termed
transverse, longitudinal, or oblique, ac-
cording to its direction in regard to the
axis of the bone : in mineral, the man-
ner in which a mineral breaks, and by
which its texture is displayed : the broken
surface ; as, a compact 'fracture ; a fi-
rous fracture : foliated, striated, or con-
choidal fracture, etc. [Fr. ; L. fractura,
from frango, fractum, to break.]
FRACTURE, frak-'tur, v.t. to break: to
burst asunder : to crack : to separate the
continuous parts of: as, to fracture a
bone, to fracture the skull.
FR^NUM, fre'num, n. (pi. Fr.sna. fie'na)
in anat. a ligament which checks or re
strains the motion of a part : as, the
frcenum linguce, a fold of the mucous
membrane of the mouth, which binds
down the tongue. [L., a bridle.]
FRAGILE, frayil, adj., easily broken: frail
delicate. [L. fragilis— from frango, to
break.]
FRAGILITY, fra-jU'i-ti, »?. the state of be
ing fragile.
FRAGMENT
181
FRAUNHOFER'S LINES
FRAGMENT, fra^'meat, n. a piece broken
off: an unfinished portion. — adj. Frag-
ment'al. [See Fraction.]
FRAGMENTARI>7ESS, frag'ment-a-ri-nes,
»i. the state or quality of being fragment-
ary : want of continuity : brokenness.
George Eliot.
FRAGMENTARY, frag'ment-ar-i, adj. con-
sisting of fragments or pieces : broken.
FRAGOR, fra'gor, n. a loud and sudden
sound : the report of anything burst-
ing : a loud harsh sound : a crash. Watts.
[L., a breaking, a crashing, from f range,
to break.]
FRAGOR, fra'gor, n. a strong or sweet
scent. Sir T. Herbert. [From L. fragro,
to emit a scent.]
FRAGRANCE, fra'grans, n. pleasantness
of smell or perfume : sweet or grateful
influence.
FRAGRANT, fra'grant, adj. sweet-scented.
— adi: Fra'qrantly. [L. fragrans, fra-
grantis, pr.p. of fragro, to smell.]
FRAIL, fral, adj. wanting in strength or
firmness : weak. — n. Frail'ness. [Fr.
frt'le: from L. fragilis. See Fragile.]
FRAILTY, fral'ti, n. weakness : infirmity.
FRAME, fram, v.t. to form : to shape : to
construct by fitting the parts to each
other : to plan : to constitute : to put a
border on : (B.) to contrive. [A.S. frem-
>nan, to promote or make— /rant, forward,
strong, excellent ; conn, with Ger. fromm,
kind, pious, Goth, fruma, GrstfLi. primus.]
FRAME, fram, n. the form : a putting to-
gether of parts : a case made to inclose
or support anything : the skeleton : state
of mind.
FRAMER, fram'er, n. he who forms or
constructs : one who makes frames for
nictures etc
FRAMEWORK, fram'wurk, n. the work
that forms the frame: the skeleton or
outline of anything.
FRAMING, fram'ing, n. the act of con-
structing : a frame or setting.
FRAMING -CHISEL, fram'ing-cliiz-el, n.
in carp, a heavy chisel used for making
mortises.
F R A M M I T , fram'it, adj. estranged.
(Scotch.)
And monie a friend that kiss'd his caup.
Is now a frammit wight. — Burns.
FRAMPEL, fram'pel, FRAMPOLD, frani'-
pold, adj. unruly : forward : evil-condi-
tioned : peevish : rugged : quarrelsome.
Written also Frampal, Frampdl. (Old
English and Scotch.) "Is Pompey grovi-n
so malapert, so frampel." — Beau. & Fl.
" He's a very jealousy man ; she leads a
very /ram/)oM life with him, good heart !"
— Shak. [Perhaps compounded of A.S.
fram. eager, zealous, firm, which in
composition sometimes means very, ex-
tremely {framwis, very wise), and E.
bold.]
FRANC, frangk, n. the name given to two
ancient coins in France, one of gold and
the other of silver — the value of the gold
franc was about $2.50 ; the silver franc
was in value a third of the gold one : a
French silver coin and money of account
which since 1795 has formed the unit of
the French monetary system, and has
also been adopted as the unit of currency
by Switzerland and Belgium ; it is of the
value of 19.3 cents, gold standard, and is
divided into 100 centimes. [Fr., from the
device Fraiicorum rw.king of the French,
on the coin when first struck bv King
John of England, in 1360.]
FRANCHISE, fran'chiz, n. a privilege or
right granted by municipalities to street
railroad corporations, etc.: the right of
voting. [Fr., from franc, franche, free.]
FRANCHISE, fran'chiz. v.t. to enfranchise:
to give one the franchise.
FRANCISCA, fran-sis'ka, FRANCISQUE,
fran-sesk', n. in archcBol. the ancient
Prankish battle-axe, differing chiefly
from the more modern kind in the angle
at which it was joined with the handle.
FRANCISCAN, fran-sis'kan, adj. belong-
ing to the order of St. Francis in the R.
C. Church. — n. a monk of this order. [L.
Franciscus. Francis.]
FRANGIBLE, fran'ji-bl, adj. easily broken.
— n. Frangibil'itt. [See Fraction.]
FRANK, frangk, n. a member of the an-
cient German tjibe or aggregate of
tribes which overthrew the Roman do-
minion in Gaul and gave origin to the
name France ; a native of Franconia : a
name given by the Turks, Greeks, and
Arabs to any of the inhabitants of the
western parts of Europe, English,
French, Italians, etc.: a French coin.
[See Franc. ]
FRANK, frangk, n. a letter sent by mail
free of postage : also, that which makes
a letter free, as the signature of a person
possessing the privilege. The privilege
of giving franks for letters was enjoyed
within certain limits by all members of
the British parliament till 1840, when it
was abolished by the act which estab-
lished the penny postage. The Frank-
ing pririlege at one time gave rise to
serious scandals in Congress. No letters
are free now except those referring to
strictly public business, transmitting
public documents, etc.
FRANK, frangk, adj. open or candid in ex-
pression.— v.t. to send free of expense, as
a letter. — adv. Frank'ly {New Test.) gra-
tuitously.— n. Frank'ness. [Ft. franc —
Low L. francus — O. Ger. franko, one of
the tribe called Franks, a free man.]
FRANKINCENSE, frangk'in-scns, n. a
sweet-smelling vegetable resin issuing
from a tree in Arabia, and used in sacri-
fices. [O. Fr. franc encens, pure incense.
See Frank and Incense.]
FRANKLIN, frangk'lin, n. a freeholder :
a yeoman : latterly a small landholder,
but in Chaucer's time a much more im-
portant personage, being distinguished
from the common freeholder by the
greatness of his possessions, and the
holding of the dignities of sheriff, knight
of the shire, etc.
Not swear it, now I am a f^entleman ?
Let boors and franklins say it, I'll swear it.
—Shak.
[O. Fr. frankeleyn, francheleyn, from
franc. Low L. francus, franohius, free,
and term, -ling.]
FRANKLINIC, frangk-lin'ik, adj. in elect.
a term applied to electricity excited by
friction : frictional. [From the distin-
guished natural philosopher and states-
man Benjamin Franklin.]
FRANKLINITE. fracgk'lin-It, n. a mineral
compound of iron, zinc, and manganese,
found in New Jersey, and named from
Dr. Franklin.
FRANK-MARRIAGE, frangk'-ma-rij, n.
in English law, an estate of inheritance
given to a person, together with his wife
(being a daughter or near relative of the
donor), and descendible to the heirs of
their two bodies begotten. [This tenure
is now grown out of use in England, but
is still capable of subsisting.] .
FRANK-PLEDGE, frangk'-plej, n. in En-
glish laii: a pledge or surety for the good
behavior of freemen : specifically, an early
English system bj' which the members of
each decennary or tithing, composed of
ten households, were made responsible
for each other, so that if one of them
committed an offence the other nine were
bound to make reparation. " The bar-
barous plan of frank-pledge, known to
our Saxon ancestors, is also a part of the
Japanese law." — Brougham.
FRANTIC, fran'tik, adj. mad, furious :
wild.— adr. Fran'tically. [Fr. freni-
tique — L. phreneticus — Gr. p/ireHcfj^'os,
mad, suffering from phrenltis or inflam-
mation of the brain — Gr. phren, the heart,
mind. See Frenzy.]
FRATER-HOUSE, fra'ter-hous, FRATE-
RY, fra'te-ri, n. in arch, an apartment in
a convent used as an eating room : a re-
fectory. [L. f rater, a brother — lit. breth-
ren's house or hall.]
FRATERNAL, fra-ter'nal, adj. belonging
to abrother or brethren : becoming broth-
ers.— adv. Frater'nally. [Fr. — Low L.
fraternalis—f rater, a brother, akin to E.
brother, Gr. phrater, a clansman ; Sans.
bhratri.]
FRATERNITY, fra-ter'ni-ti, n. the state of
being brethren : a society formed on a
principle of brotherhood. [Fr. — L. froy
ter7iitas.]
FRATERNIZATION, fra-ter-niz-a'shun, n.
the associrting as brethren.
FRATERNIZE, frat'er-nlz, v.i. to associate
as brothel's : to seek brotherly fellowship.
—n. Frat'ernizer.
FRATERY, fra'ter-i, n. see Frater-House.
FRATRICELLI, fra'tri-sel-ll, FRATRICEL-
LIANS, fra-tri-sel'li-anz, n.pl. (eccles.) a
sect of schismatic Franciscans estab-
lished in Italy in 1294. They claimed to
be the only true church, and denounced
the pope, whose authority they threw
off, as an apostate. They made all per-
fection consist in poverty, forbade oaths,
and discountenanced marriage, and were
accused by their opponents of very lewd
practices. The sect is said to have con-
tinued till the Reformation, which they
embraced. [Low L. fratricelli, little
brothers.]
FRATRICIDE, frat'ri-sid, n. one who killa
his brother : the murder of a brother. —
adj. Frat'ricidal. [Fr.— L. frater,fra-
tris, and cccdo, to kill.]
FRAUD, frawd, n. deceit: imposture: a
deceptive trick. [Fr. — L. fraus, fraudis,
fraud.]
FRAUDFUL, frawd'fool, adj. deceptive :
treacherous. — adv. Fraud'fdixy.
FRAUDLESS, frawd'les, adj. without
fraud.
FRAUDULENCE, frawd'u-lens, FRAUD-
ULENCY, frawd'u-len-si, j;. the being
dishonest or deceitful.
FRAUDULENT, frawd'u-lent, adj. using,
containing or obtained by fraud: dis-
honest.— Fraudulent bankruptcy, in
Scots law, the willful cheating of credi-
tors by an insolvent person ; a bank-
ruptcy in which the insolvent is acces-
sory to the diminution, by alienation,
abstraction, or concealment of the funds
divisible among his creditors, with a
fraudulent intent, and with the knowl-
edge that the legal rights of tlit- credi-
tors are thereby infi'inged.- — adv. FraLT)'-
ULENTLY. [O. Fr. — L. fraudulentus.]
FRAUGHT, frawt, adj., freighted : laden:
filled. [Swed. frakta, to load ; ailied to
Dut. vracht, a cargo, Ger. frachten, to
load.]
FRAUNHOFER'S LINES, froun'ho-ferz
llnz, n.pl. the dark lines observed cross-
ing a very clear solai- spectrum at right
angles to its length, first discovered by
WoUa-ston, but named after Fratinhofer,
a Bavarian optician who first thorough-
ly investigated them. They aie caused
ijy the absorption of portions of the rays
emitted from the incandescent body of
the sun in their p;issage througl) the
fases and vapors, as those of iron. etc.
his ab.sorption takes place from the re-
markable property possessed by gases
FRAY
182
FRENZY
and vapors of retaining those portions
of a ray of light passing througli tliem
from an incandescent solid or liquid
body, which tliey themselves would emit
if incandescent. The discovery of these
lines led to tlie invention and use of the
spectroscope, to the science of spectro-
scopy, and to all the discoveries due to
tViat wonderful science.
FRAY, fra, n. an affray. — v.t. (S.) to fright-
en. [See Affray.]
FRAY, fra, v.t. to wear off by rubbing. [Fr.
frayer — L. fricare, to rub.]
FREAK, frek, n. a sudden caprice or fancy:
sport. [A.S./rec, bold, rash ; Ger. frech,
Ice. frekr.}
FREAK, frek, v.t. to spot or streak : to
variegate. [From a root found in Ice.
freknur, Dan. fregne, which in pi. =
Freckles.]
FREAKISH, frek'ish, adj. apt to change
the mind suddenly : capricious. — adv.
Freak'ishly. — 71. Freax isHNESS. [See
Freak, n.]
FRECKLE, frek'l, v.t. to spot : to color
with spots. — n. a yellowish spot on the
skin : any small spot. — adj. Freck'ly,
full of freckles. ["Dim. of Freak, v.t.]
FREE, fre, adj. not bound : at libertj' : not
under arbitrary government : set at lib-
ertv : guiltless . frank : lavisli : not at-
taclied : exempt (fol. by from): having a
franchise (fol. by of): gratuitous: idio-
matic, as a translation. — udv. Free'ly. —
M. Free'ness. [A.S. freo ; Ger. frei. Ice.
frU
FREE, fre, v.t. to set at liberty : to deliver
from what confines : to rid (fol. hy from
or of): — prjp. free'ing : pa.ji freed .
FREE-AGENCY, fre'-a'jen-si, n. state or
power of acting freely, or without neces-
sity or constraint upon the will. — n.
Free'-a'gent.
FREEBOOTER, fre'boot-er, n. one who
roves about /reeZ^ in search of booty: a
plunderer. [See BOOTY.]
FREE-CHAPEL, fre'-cha-pel, n. in En-
gland, a chapel founded by the king and
not subject to the jurisdiction of the
ordinary. The king may also grant
license to a subject to found such a cha-
pel.
FREE-CHARGE, fre'-charj, ?i. in electrical
experiments with the Leyden jar or bat-
tery, a term applied to that part of the
induced electricity wliich passes through
the air to surrounding conductoi's.
FREE CHURCH, fre cherch, n. that eccle-
siastical body, called more fully the Free
Church of Scotland, which, on the
disruption of the Established Church of
Scotland in Maj', 1843, was founded by
those who left her communion, the title
bein^ designed to indicate that they, as
a religious body, while they claimed to
be the Church of Scotland, were no
longer subject to the control or inter-
ference of the state, as in the case of
the Established Church.
FREE-CITY, fre'-si-ti, FREE-TOWN, fre'-
tovvn, n. a city ha\ang an independent
government of its own and virtually
forming a state by itself : a name given
to certain cities, principallj^ of Germany,
which were really small republics, di-
restly connected with the German Em-
pire, and hence often called Imperial
Cities. They were once numerous, but
are now reduced to three, viz., Ham-
burg, Ltibeck, and Bremen.
FREEDMAN, fred'man, n. a vian who has
been a slave, and has been freed or set
free.
FREEDOM, fre'dum, n. liberty : frankness:
separation : privileges connected wtli a
city : improper familiarity : license.
FREE-HAJND, fr5'-hand,n(i/. a term appUed
to drawing, in which the hand is not
assisted by any guiding- or measuring
instruments, such as compasses, rulers,
scales etc
FREE-HANDED, fre'-hand'ed, adj. open-
handed : liberal.
FREE-HEARTED, fre'-hart'ed, adj. open-
hearted : liberal.
FREEHOLD, fre'hold, n. a property in
Great Britain and Ireland held free of
duty except to the sovereign. — n. Free'-
HOLDER, one who possesses a freehold,
FREE-LANCE, fre'-lans, n. a member of
one of those companies of knights and
men-at-arms who wandered from place
to place, after the crusades, selling their
services to the highest bidder. They
played their most conspicuous part in
Italy, where they were called Condot-
tieri. Figuratively applied to literary
men and others whose service is not con-
stant in its location or purpose.
FREEMAN, fre'man, n. a man who is free
or enjoys liberty : in some monarchical
countries, one who holds a pai-ticular
franchise or privilege :—pl. Free'men.^
Freeman's roll, an official list of per-
sons entitled to vote in the election of
members of parliament for English bor-
oughs, and who would have been en-
titled to vote under such conditions as
were abolished by 6 and 7 Vict, xviii. : as
opposed to burgess roll, wliich includes
all qualified voters whatever.
FREEMARTIN, fre'mar-tin, u. a cow-calf
twin born with a bull-calf. It is gener-
ally barren, and in this case on dissection
is found to have parts of the oi-gans of
each sex, but neither perfect.
FREEMASON, f re'ma-sn, n. a member of a
society or organization for the promotion
of freemasonrj'.
FREEMASONIC, fre-ma-son'ik, adj. of or
pertaining to, or resembling freemasonry.
" Tliat mysterious undefinable freema-
sonic signal, which passes between
women, by which each knows that the
other hates her." — Thackeray.
FREEMASONRY, fre'ma-sn-ri, n. a term
applied to the organization of a society
calling themselves free and accepted
masons, and all the mysteries therewith
connected. This society, if we can reckon
as one a number of societies, many of
which are unconnected with each other,
though they have the same origin and a
great similarity in their constitution, ex-
tends over almost all the countries of Eu-
rope, many parts of America, and some
other parts of the globe. According to
its own peculiar language it is founded
on the practice of social and moral virtue.
It claims the character of charity, in the
most extended sense ; and brotherlj' love,
rehef, and truth are inculcated in it.
Fable and iuiagination have traced back
the origin of freemasonry to the Roman
Empire, to the Pharaohs, the temple of
Solomon, the tower of Babel, and even to
the building of Noah's ark. In reality it
took its rise in the middle ages along with
other incorporated crafts. Skilled masons
moved from place to place to assist in
building the magnificent sacred struct-
ures— cathedrals, abbeys, etc. — which
had their origin in these times, and it
was essential for them to have some signs
by which, on coming to a strang-e place,
they could be recognized as real crafts-
■ men and not impostors.
FREE-PUBLICHOUSE, fre-pub'lik-hows,
n. a public-house in Great Britain not
belonging to a brewer, the landlord of
which has therefore Uberty to brew his
own beer, or purchase where he chooses.
FREE-SCHOOL, fre'-skool, Ji. a school
supported by funds, etc., in which pu-
pils are taught without paying for tui-
tion ; as, the tree-schools of the U.S. .
FREE-SOCAGE, fre'-sok-aj, n. in law, a
species of tenure of lands : conimon
socage. [See Socage.]
FREE-SOIL, fi-e'-soil, adj. a term appUed
to a party or the principles of a party
in the U.S., before the Ci\'il 'War, who
advocated the non-extension of slavery;
as, the free-soil platform, the free-soU
party.
FRE&-SOILER, fre'-soil-er, n. in the U.S.,
one who advocated the non-extension ot
slaverv.
FREE-S'OLLISM, fre'-soil-izm, n. the prin-
ciples of Cree-soilers.
FREE-SPIRITS, fre'-spir-its, n.pl. a sect of
lieretics wiiich originated in Alsace in
the thirteenth century, and quickly be-
came disseminated over Italy, Fi-ance,
and Germanj^ They claimed "freedom
of spirit," and based their claims on
Rom. \'iii. 3-14: "The law of the spirit
hath made me free from the law of sin
and death." Thence they deduced that
they could not sin, and lived in open
lewdness, going from place to pUice ac-
companied by women under the came of
*' sisters "
FREESPOKEN, fre'spok-n, adj. accus-
tomed to speak without reserve.
FREESTONE, fre'ston, n. stone comjiosod
of sand or grit. [So called because it
can be freely cut.]
FREETHINKER, fre'thingk-er,>i. one wlio
professes to be free from common modes
of thinking in religion: one who di.scards
revelation. — n. Free'thinkixg, the habit
of mind of a freetliinker.
FREE-TRADE, fre'-trad, n., free or un-
restricted trade : free interchange of
commodities.
FREE-'VVILL, fre'-«Tl, 7i., freedom of the
icill from restraint : hberty of choice.—
adj. spontaneous.
FREEZE, frez, v.i. to become ice or like a
solid body. — v.t. to harden into ice : to
cause to shiver, as with terror : — pr.p.
freez'ing ;pa.f. froze •,pa.p. froz'en. [A.S.
freosan ; Dut. vriezen, Ger. frieren, to
freeze.]
FREEZING-MIXTURE, frez'ing-miks-tur,
71. a mixture such as jiroduces a degree
of cold sufficient to freeze liquids. A very
gi'eat degree of cold is produced by mix-
ing snow with certain salts. A mixture
of tliree parts of snow with four parts of
crystallized chloride of calcium produces
a degree of cold which sinks tlie ther-
mometer to 54° below zei'o Falir.
FREEZING-POINT, frez'ing-point, n. the
temperature at which water freezes,
marked 32° on the Fahrenheit thermom-
eter, and 0° on the Centigrade.
FREIGHT, frat, ?i. the lading or cargo, esp.
of a ship : merchandise, live stock and
produce transported on other than fast
express trains on American railways :
the charge for transporting goods by
water, or by rail. — v.t. to load a ship. —
71. Freight'age, money paid for freight.
— 11. Freight'er, one who freights a ves-
sel. [A late form of Fraught, from Fr.
fret—0. Ger. freht (Ger. fracht).]
FRENCH, frensh, adj. belonging toFcniic*
or its people. — ?i. the people or language
of France.
FRENETIC, fre-net'ik, FRENETICAL, fre
net'ik-al, adj. relating to or affecting the
brain. "Sometimes he shuts up, as in
frenetick or infectious diseases." — Milton.
FRENETICALLY, fre-net'ik-al-i, adv. in a
frenetic or frenzied manner : frantically.
" All mobs . . . work frenetically with
mad fits of hot and cold." — Carlyle.
FRENZY, fren'zi, n. violent excitement
approaching to madness : mania. — adj.
FREQUENCY
183
FRISIAN
KREyziED, Fren'zical, partaking of
frenzy. [Tlu'ough Fr. and L., from Late
Or. phrenesis=Gr. phrenitis, inflamma-
tion of the brain— ;p/ircn, the heart, the
mind.]
FREQUENCY, fi-e'kwen-si, n. repeated oc-
currence of anything'.
FREQUENT, fre'kwent, adj. coming or oc-
curring often. — adv. FKE'QtrENTLY. — n.
Fre'quentness. \1i. frequens, frequentis,
allied to the root of Farce.]
f BEQUENT. fre-kweat', v.t. to visit often.
— II. Frequent'ek.
FREQUENTATION, fre-kvvent-a'shun, n.
the act of visiting often.
rREQUENTATIVE, fre-kwent'a-tiv, adj.
{gram.) denoting the frequent repetition
of an action. — ;/. (gram.) a verb express-
ing this repetition.
FRESCO, fres'ko, n. a painting executed
oil plaster while wet or fresh. — v.t. to
paint in fresco : — pr.p. fres'c5ing ; pa.j}.
fres'c5ed. [It. fresco, fresh. See Fkesh.]
FRESH, fresh, adj. in a state of activity
and health : new and strong : recently
produced or obtained : untried : having
renewed vigor : healthy : not salt. — adv.
Fresh'ly. — n. Fresh'ness. [A.B.fersc;
cog. with Dut. versch, Ger. fnsch, O. Ger.
{risg, frdm wfiichcome Fr. frais,fraische,
t. fresco.]
FRESH, fresh, n. a freshet ; a spring of
fresh water ;
He shall drink nou'jrht but brine ; for I'U not show
liim
Where the quick /resfte^ are. — Shak.:
a flood ; an overflowing ; an inundation :
•^pen weather ; a day of open weather :
a thaw (Scotch):— pt. in the U. S., the
mingling of fresh water with salt in rivers
or bays, or the increased current of an
?bb-tide causetl by a flood of fresh water
flowing into the sea.
iTtESHEN, fresh'n, v.t. to make fresh : to
take the saltness from. — v.i. to grow
frc-ih : to grow brisk or strong.
FRESHET, Cresli'et, n. n pool or stream of
fresh water: the suiden ove flow of a
river from rain or melted snow — used in
this sense by old English auth .rs and re-
introduced in the Unii d Stat js. [From
Fresh, with dim. sutRx -c.j
FRESHMAN, fresh'man, n. one in the rudi-
ments of knowledge, esp. a university
student in his first year.
FRESISON, fre-sl'son, n. in logic, a mode
in the fourth figure of syllogisms con-
sisting of a universal negative major
premise, a particular attirmative minor
premise, and a particular negative con-
clusion. [A mnemonic word.]
FRET, fret, v.t. to wear away by rubbing:
to eat into : to vex. — v.i. to wear away :
to vex one's self : to be peevisli : — -pr.^j.
frett'ing ; pa.p. frett'ed. — n. agitation of
the surface of a liquid : u-ritation : ill-
humor. [A.S. fretan, to gnaw — for-, in-
tensive prefix, and etan, to eat.]
FRET, fret (B.) pa.p. of Fret, to wear
awav.
FRET,' fret, n. the worn side of the bank of
a river. [From Fret, to wear away.]
FRET, fret, v.t. to ornament with raised-
work : to variegate : — pr.p. frett'ing ;
pa.p. frett'ed. [A.S. frcetman, Goth.
yratvian, to adorn.]
/RET, fret, n. (lit.) the interlacing of bars
or fillets of iron : (arch.) an ornament
consisting of small fillets intersecting
each other at right angles : (her.) bars
crossed and interlaced. — adj. Frett'ed,
ornamented with frets. [O. Fr. frete, a
ferrule — It. ferrata, the grating of a
window — L. fernim, iron.]
FRET, fret, >i. a short wire on the finger-
board of a guitar or other instrument. — I
v.t. to furnish with frets. [Prob. the
same word as the above.]
FRETFUL, fret'fool, adj. ready to fret :
peevish. — adv. Fret'eiilly.— n. Fret'-
FCLNESS.
FRETTING, fret'ing, adj., tcearing out:
vexing. — n. peevishness.
FRETWORK, fret'wurk, n. work adorned
witli frets : raised- work.
FRIABLE, frfa-bl, adj. apt to crumble:
easily reduced to powder : pumice and
calcined stones are very friable. — ns.
Fri'ableness, Fria3IL'ity. [Fr.— L./rz-
abilis—frio, friatum, to crumble.]
FRIAR, fn'er, n. in the jR. C. Church, an
appellation common to the members of
all religious orders, but more especially
to those of the four mendicant orders,
viz. (1) Minors, Gray Friars, or Francis-
cans ; (3) Augustines ; (3) Dominicans or
Black Friars ; (4) White Friars or Car-
melites : in printing, a white patch on a
Jiage which has not received the ink.
Fr. frere, a brother. Contr. from L.
rater. See Brother.]
lARY, fri'ar-i, n. a monastery or resi-
dence of friars.
FRIBBLE, frib'l, v.i. to trifle.-n.a trifler.
iPei'h. from Fr. frivole — L. frivolus,
trifling.]
FRICANDEAU, frek-ang-do, FRICANDO,
frik-an-do', n. properly a fricassee of veal,
but applied to various preparations of
veal. [Fr. fricnndeau.]
FRICASSEE, frik-as-se', n. a dish made of
fowls cut into pieces and cooked in sauce.
— v.t. to dress as a fricassee : — -pr.p. fricas-
see'ing; pa.jj. fricasseed'. [Fr. fricassee —
fricasser, of which the orig. is unknown;
peril, (rom frico, fricare, to rub.]
FRICTION, frikshun, n. the act of rubbing
the surface of one body against that of
another ; attrition ; as, many bodies by
friction emit light, and friction generates
or evolves heat : in mech. the efl^ect of
rubbing, or the resistance which a mov-
ing body meets with from the surface on
which it moves. Friction arises from the
roughness of the surface of the body
moved on and that of the moving body.
No such thing can be found as perfect
smoothness of surface in bodies. In
every case there is, to a less or greater
extent, a roughness or unevenness of the
parts of the surface, arising from peculiar
texture, porosity, and other causes, and
therefore when two surfaces come togeth-
er the prominent parts of the one fall into
the cavities of the other. This tends to
prevent or retard motion, for in dragging
the one body over the otiier an exertion
must be used to lift the prominences over
the parts which oppose them. — Coeffi-
cient OF FRICTION, the coefficient of fric-
tion for any two surfaces is the ratio that
subsists between the force necessary to
move one of these surfaces horizontally
over the other, and the pressure between
the two surfaces. Thus the coefficient of
friction for oak and cast-iron is 38 : 100,
or -dS. [Fr. ; L. frictio, from frico,
frictum. to rub. to rub down.]
FRICTIONAL, frik'shun-al, adj. relating to
friction : moved by friction : produced
by friction : as, fricfional electricity. —
FrICTIONAL GE.4RING - WHEELS, wheels
which catch or bite, ^nd produce motion
not by teeth but by means of friction.
With the view of increasing or diminish-
ing the friction the faces are made more
or less V-.shapod.
FRICTION-BALLS, frik'shun-bawlz, n.pZ.
balls placed under a heavy object to
reduce the friction, while that object is
moving horizontally. Some forms of
swing-bridges have such balls placed un-
der them.
FRIDAY, frrda, n. the sixth day of the
week. [A.S. Frigedceg—Frig, Ice. Frigg,
tbe wife of the god Odin, and dceg, day.]
FRIEND, frend, n. one loving or attached
to another : an intimate acquaintance :
a favorer : one of a society so called.
[A.S. freotid, pr.p. otfreon, to love.]
FRIENDLESS, frend'les, adj. without
friends : destitute. — n. Friend'lessness
FRIENDLY, frend'Ii, adj. like a friend ;
having the disposition of a friend :
favorable.— »i. Friend'liness.
FRIENDSHIP, frend'ship, n. attachment
from mutual esteem : friendly assist-
ance.
FRIEZE, frez, n. a coarse woollen cloth
with a nap on one side. — adj. Friezed',
having a nap. [Fr. frise ; prob. from
Dut. Vrieslaiid, Friesland, whence the
cloth came.]
FRIEZE, frez, n. (arch.) the part of the
entablatui'e ol a column between the
architrave and cornice, often ornamented
with figures. [Fr. ; of dub. origin.]
FRIGA, frig'a, TRIGGA, frig'ga, w. in
Scand. myth, the wife of Odin, a goddess
corresponding in some respects to the
Aphrodite of the Greeks and Venus of
the Romans. Called also Freya. See
Friday. [Grimm has shown that this
name is, if not strictly synonymous, at
least Ivery nearly allied to that of the
Scandinavian goddess Frej/ya (with whom
indeed Frigga is often confounded), and
explains it to mean the Free, the Beau-
teous, the Winsome, connecting it with
E. Free, and also Friend.]
FRIGATE, frig'at, n. a quick-sailing ship-
of- war of second-rate power. [Fr. f re-
gate — It. fregata : of dub. originn
FRIGATEl-BIRD, frig'at-berd. n. a large
tropical sea-bird, with very long wings,
prob. named from its rapid flight.
FRIGATOON, frig-a-toon', n. a small Vene-
tian vessel.
FRIGHT, frit, n. sudden fear: terror. [A.S.
fyrhtu, akin to Ger. furcht, fear.]
FRIGHT, frit, FRIGHTEN, frit'n, v.t. to
make afraid : to alarm.
FRIGHTFUL, frit'fool, adj. full of what
causes fear: terrible: shocking. — adv.
Fright'fully.— w. Fright'fulness.
FRIGID, frij'id, adj. frozen or stiffened with
cold : cold : without spirit or feeling :
unanimated. — adv. Frig'idly. — li. Frig'-
n)NESS. [L. frigidus—frigco, to be cold
—frigus, cold ; akin to Gr. i-higos, cold.
See Freeze.]
FRIGIDITY, frij-id'i-ti, n. coldness : cold-
ness of affection : want of animation.
FRIGORIFIC, frig-or-if'ik, adj., causing
cold. [L. frigus, frigoris, cold, and faoio,
to cause.]
FRILL, fril, i\i. to ruflSo, as a hawk its
feathers, when sliii;ering. — v.t. to furnish
with a frill. [O.Fi: friller, to shiver — O.
Fr. frilleux, chilly — L. frigidulus, some-
what cold— frigidus. See Frigid.]
FRILL, fril, n. a ruSle : a ruffled or crimped
edging of linen.
FRINGE, frinj, n., loose threads forming a
border : the extremity : in ojytics, one of
the colored bands of light in tlie phe-
nojiiena of diffraction. — v.t. to adorn
with fringe : to border. — adj. Fringe'
LESS. [Fr. f range (ci. Wal. frimhie, Jim,-
brie) — L. fimbria, threads, fibres, akin to
fibra, a fibre.]
FftlNGY, frinj'i, adj.
FR]
ornamented with
rtnges.
IPPERY, frip'er-i, ?)., tcorn-out clothes :
the place where old clothes are sold :
useless trifles. [Fr. friperie—f riper, to
wear ; of doubtful origin.]
FRISIAN, friz'i-an, n. an inhabitant or na-
tive of Friesland • the language of Fries-
land : Fries«.
FRISIAN
184
FRONTIER
FRISIAN, friz'i-an, adj. of or pertaining to
Friesland or its inhabitants : Friesic.
FRISK, irisk, v.i. to gambol : to leap play-
fully.—)i. a frolic— ji. Frisk'ee. [O. Fr.
f risque ; Low L. friscus — root of Ger.
frisch. See FRESH.]
FRISKET, frisk'et, n. {print.) the light
frame which holds a sheet of paper be-
fore it is laid on the form for impres-
sion, so called from the miickness of its
motion. [Fr. frisguette — 0. Fr. Jrisque.]
iVlSKX, frisk'i, ad), lively : jumping with
gaiety : frolicsome. — aav. Feisk'ILY. — n.
Prisk'iness.
bTHSUEE, fre-z66r', «. a curling or crisp-
g of the hair. Smollett. [Fr.]
IT, frit, n. in the manufacture of glass,
the matter of which glass Is made after
it has been calcined or baked in a fur-
nace. It consists of silex and metallic
alkali, occasionally with other ingredi-
ents. [Ft. fritie, It. fritta, from frit,
fritto, fried, pp. oi frire, friggere, to fry,
from Jj. frigo, frictum, to roast, to fry.]
FRIT, frit, v.t. to e.xpose to a dull red lieat
for the purpose of expelling moisture
and carbonic acid, as materials for mak-
ing glass : to fuse partially.
FRITH, frith, FIRTH, ferth, n. a narrow
arm of the sea ; an estuary ; the open-
ing of a riyer into the sea ; as, the
frith of Forth or of Clyde : a kind of
wear for catching fish ; a kind of net.
[Scandina\ian : frith is by metathesis
for firth. Ice. fjorthr, Dan. and N. fjord,
an arm of the sea. L. f return, a strait,
may have affected the spelling of the
English word, there being an old word
fret, from fretum. Cf. also Gael, frith,
Buia.\l, frith-nihuir, a little sea, an estu-
ary ; the Scandinayian word being from
another root.]
fRITH, frith, n. a forest ; a woody place ;
" Oyer holt and heath, as tliorou^h /n77i
and fell." — Drayton : a small field taken
out of a common. [W. ffridd, a forest.]
FRITTER, frit'er, n. a piece of meat fried :
a kind of pancake : a fragment. — v.t. to
break into fragments : to waste away by
degrees. [Fr. friture— frire, to fry — ll
frigere, fnctum, to fry.]
FRIVOLITY, fri-vol'i-ti, «. acts or habits
of trifling : levity.
FRIVOLOUS, friv'ol-us, adj. trifling: slight:
silly.— adi'. FRiv'oiotJSLY.— m. Fetto-
LOUSNESS. [L. frivolus, which orig.
seems to have meant nibbed aieay — L.
friare, fricare, to rub.]
FRIZZ or FRIZ, friz, v.t. to curl : to ren-
der rough and tangled. — n. a curl. [Fr.
friser, to cur) ; perh. from root of Frieze,
the cloth, and so meaning to raise the
nap on cloth.]
FRIZZLE, friz"!; v.t. to form in smaD short
curls. [Dim. of Feizz.]
FRO, ir^, adv., from : back or backward.
[A shortened form of from ; but perh.
directly derived from Ice. fra, from.]
FROCK, frok, n. a monk's cowl : a loose
upper garment worn by men : a goi,\Ti
worn by females. [Fr. froc, a monk's
cowl — Low L. frocus — L. itoccus, a flock
of wool ; or more prob. (ace. to Brachet
and Littre) from Low L. hrociis — O. Ger.
hroch ((Jer. rock), a coat.]
PROCKED, frokt, adj. clotlied in a frock.
▼ROG, frog, n. the common English name
of the animals belonging to the genus
Rana, agenus of amphibians, having four
legs with four toes on the fore feet and
five on the hind, more or less webbed, a
naked boby, no ribs, and no tail. Ow-
ing to the last peculiarity frogs belong
to the order of amphibians known as
Anoura. Frog-s are remarkable for the
transformations they undergo before ar-
riving at maturity. The young frog,
which is named a tadpole, lives entirely
in water, breathes by external and then
by internal gills, has no legs, a long tail
furnished \%-ith a membranous fringe like
a fln, and a homy beak, which falls off
on the animal passing from the tadpole
to the frog state, while the tail is ab-
sorbed and legs are developed. The ma-
tm-e frog breathes by lungs, and cannot
exist in water without coming to the
surface for air. The only British species
'.s the common frog {R. temporaria), but
the tribe is very numerous, other va-
rieties being the edible frog {R. eseidenta)
of the south of Europe, eaten in France
and South (Jermany, the hind quarters
being the part chiefly used ; the bull-
frog of America {R. pipiens), 8 to 13
inches long, so named from its voice re-
sembling the lowing of a bull ; the black-
smith frog of Janeiro ; the Argus frog of
America, etc. The tree-frogs belong to
the genus Hyla. (See Tree-frog.) Frogs
lie torpid in winter, swim with rapidity,
and move by long bounds, being able
from the power of the muscles of their
hind-legs to leap many times their own
length. Their eggs or spawn are to be
seen floatine in ponds ana other stagnant
waters in large masses of gelatinous
matter. [A.S. frocga, froga, frose, frox;
Cf. Dut. vorsch, Ger. frosch, Dan. fro,
H.frosk.]
FROG, frog, n. an ornamental fastening for
a frock or gown, generally in the form of
a tassel, or spindle-shaped button covered
with silk or other material, which is
passed through a loop on the breast op*-
posite to that to which it is attached,
thus fastening the two breasts together :
the loop of the scabbard of a bayonet or
sword : in farriery, a sort of tender horn
that grows in the middle of the sole cf a
horse 8 foot, at some distance from the
toe, dividing into two branches, and run-
ning toward the heel in the form of a
fork : in the United States, a tri-Jigular
support or crossing plate for the wheels
of railway carriages, where one line
branches off fi-om another or crosses it at
an oblique angle. [Port, froco, a flock of
wool or of silk.]
FROLIC, frol'ik, adj. merry : pranky. — n.
gaiety : a wild prank : a merry-making.
— v.i. to play wild pranks or merry tricks :
to gambol r—^r.p. frol'icking ; pa.p. frol-
icked. [Dut. vrolijk, merry, from a root
preserved in Ger. froh, and suffix -lijk
(— E. like, ly) ; cf. Ger. frohlich, joyful,
gay.]
FROLICSOME, frol'ik-sum,ad;. gay : sport-
ive.— n. Fkol'icsomekess.
FROM, from, prep, out of the neighbor-
hood of : lessening or losing proximity to:
leaving behind : by reason of : out of : by
aid of ; denoting source, beginning, dis-
tance, absence, privation, or departure,
sometimes literally and sometimes figu-
ratively : the antithesis and correlative
of /ro7?i is to ; as, it is 20 mUes from the
one placebo the other; betook a knife
from his pocket ; lisht emanates from
the sun ; separate the sheep from the
goats ; we all come from Adam ; mat-
ters are getting from bad to worse ; the
merit of an action depends upon the
spirit /rom which it proceeds ; I judge of
him from my personal knowledge. From
sometimes is equivalent to atray from,
remote from, in the sense of inconsistent
with. "Anything so overdone is from
the purpose of playing." — Shak. It is
joined with adverbs and prepositions ;
as, from ahoi'e or frovi helow the bridge
—from the part or locality above, from
the part or locality below the bridge.
In certain cases the preposition from is
less logically placed before an adverh
which it does not govern, but which be-
longs to some verb in the sentence ; as
in the phrases from forth, from out ;
Sudden partings such as press
The Utefrom out young hearts.— Byron.
[A.S. from, f ram, O. Sax. Ice. O. H.Ger
and Goth fram; O.E. and dial. /ro,/ra
frae ; cog. with L. peren in perendie
the day after to-morrow, Gr. peran, be
yond, and Sans, param. AUied to /ow,
forth, etc.]
FROND, frond, n. a leafy branch or stalk,
esp. the fern. [L. frons, frondis, a leaf.]
FRONDE, frongd, n, the name of a party
in France, who, during the minority of
Louis XIV., waged civil war against' the
court party on account of the heavy fis-
cal impositions laid on the people. [Fr.,
a sling. See Frondeur.]
FRONDESCENCE, fron-des'ens, n. act of
putting forth leaves: the season for put-
ling forth leaves. [L. frondescens—fron-
deseo, to grow leaf\-.]
FRONDEUR, frong-dei-', n. a member of
the Fronde, so named from a witty mem-
ber having stated in the French 'Parlia-
ment, in sarcastic reference to the fear
in which Its members held the minister,
Mazarin, that they were like the boys
who slung stones at each other in the
streets of Paris when the policeman wa*
absent, but who dispersed on his appear-
ance : generally, in Europe, an opponent
of the party in power ; a member of the
opposition.
FRONDIFEROUS, fron-dif er-us. adj.. bear-
ing or producing /ronds. [L. frons, and
fero, to bear.]
FRONT, frunt, n. the forehead : the who^e
face : the forepart of anything : tht
most conspicuous part : boldness : im
pudence. — IN FRONT OF, before. — adj. of
relating to, or in thfc front. — v,t. to stanc
in front of or opposite : to oppose face
to face. — v.i. to stand in front or fore-
most : to turn the front or face in any
direction. [Fr. — L. frons, frontis, the
forehead ; allied to Brow.]
FRONTAGE, frunt'aj, n. the /roni part of
a building.
FRONTAL, front'al, adj. of or belonging to
the front or forehead. — n. a front-piece :
something worn on the forehead or face :
(arch.) a pediment over a door or window.
[Fr. — L. frontale — frons, a front orna-
ment for horses.]
FRONTED, frunt'ed, adj. formed with a
frmit.
FRONTIER, fron'tgr, n. that part of a
country which fronts or faces another
country ; the confines or extreme part of
a country bordering on another country ;
the marches ; the border : a fort ; a for-
tification ; "Of pallisadoes, frontiers,
parapets." — Shak.: the forehead; ••Then
on the edges of their bolster'd hair, which
standeth crested round their frontiers,
and hangeth over their faces." — Stiibbes.
[Fr. fronti^.re, a frontier, a border.]
FRONTIER, fron'ter, adj. of or pertaining
to, or acquired on a frontier : h"ing on
the exterior part : bordering : contermi-
nous; as, a /ronfier town. "Fro»f(Vr ex-
perience."— W. Irving. " They thus re
mained till new dangers made it expedi
ent for Russia to reassemble them, ana
she formed a frontier militia of theit
tribes. " — Brougham .
FRONTIER, fron'ter, v.i. to form or con-
stitute a frontier . to possess territories
bordering on or constituting a frontier —
with on or upon.
FRONTIER, fron'ter, v.t. to place on the
frontier : to guard or invest on the fron-
tier. '• Now that it is no more a bordel
no€ frontiered with enemies." — Spenser,
FRONTISPIECE
185
FUEL
FROXTISPIECE. front'i-spes, ?!. the prin-
iipal front or face of a building': a
ligiire or engraving in front of a book.
[Fr. — Low L. frontispicium—frons. and
specio, to si e ; not conn, with Piece.]
FRONTLESS, friint'les, adj. void of shame
or niodestv.
FRONTLESSLY, frunt'les-li, adv. in a
froutless manner: with shameless ef-
frontery: sliamelessly. "The worse
depraving the better ; and that so front-
lessly, that shame and justice should fly
the earth for them." — Chapman.
FRONTLET, frunt'let, n. a frontal or brow-
band : a fillet or band worn on the fore-
head. Deut. vi. 8. For the Jeicish front-
let, see Phtiactery : (fig.) the look or
appearance of the forehead.
How now, (laughter, what makes that fr<yntlet on ?
Methinks jou axe too much of late 1' the frown.
—Shak :
in ornith. the margin of the head behind
the bill of birds, generally clothed with
rigid bristles.
inONTON, fron'ton, n. in arch, a pedi-
ment. " If once you can carve one
fronton such as you nave here, I teU you,
you would be able ... to scatter cathe-
drals over England." — Ruskin. [Fr.]
FROST, frost, n. the state of the atmos-
phere in which water freezes : frozen
dew, also called hoar-frost. — v.t. to cover
with anything resembling hoar-frost.
[A.S. forst—freosan ; cf. Ger. frost,
Goth, frius.]
FROST-BITE, frost'-bit, n. the freezing or
depression of vitaUty in a part of the
bodv by exposure t( jold.
FROST-felTTEN, frost'-bit'n, adj. bitten or
affected bv frost.
FROST-BOtWD. frost'-bownd, adj. bound
or confined by frost.
FROSTING, frost'ing, n. the composition,
resembling hoar-/rosf, used to cover
FROST-NAIL, frost'-nal, n. a nail driven
into a horseshoe to prevent the horse
from sMpping on ice.
FR0ST-SM0K:E, frost'-smok, n. a thick
fog resembling smoke, arising in high
latitudes from the surface of the sea
when exposed to a temperature much
below freezing-point. When the ther-
mometer is down to zero, Fahr., the fog
lies close on the water in eddying white
wreaths. "The brig and the ice round
her are covered b3' a strange black ob-
scurity ; it is the frost-smoke of Arctic
winters." — Kane.
FROSTWEED, frost'wed, FROSTWORT,
frost'wert, n. in the United States, the
popular name of a plant {Helianthemum
eanadense). sometimes used in medicine
as an astringent and aromatic tonic. It
is so called because late in autumn crys-
tals of ice shoot from the cracks of the
bark of its root. Called also Rock-rose.
FROST-WORK, frost'-wurk, ?;., irork re-
sembling hoar-/rosf on shrubs.
FROSTY, frost'i, adj. producing or con-
taining frost : chill in affection : frost-
like.— adi: Frost'ely. — n. Frost'iness.
FROTH, froth, n. the foam on liquids
caused by boiling, or any agitation : fig.,
an empty show in speech : any light
matter. — v.t. to cause froth on. — v.i. to
throw up froth. [Scand., as in Ice.
fraud, froda, Dan. frande, Swed.
fragda.]
fROTHY, froth'i, adj. full of froth or
foam : empty : unsubstantial. — adv.
Froth'ily. — n. Feoth'iness.
FROUNCE, frowns, v.i. {obs.) to frown or
wrinkle the broii: — v.t. to plait : to curl :
to wrinkle up : to froivn. — n. a plait or
curl. [Fr. froncer — L. frons, frontis,
the brow. See FLOtwcE, n., of which it
is an older form.]
FROWARD, fro'ward, adj. self-willed : per-
verse : unreasonable : — opp. to Toward.
— adv. Fro'wakdly. — n. Fro'wardness.
[Scand. Eng. for A.S. from, away, averse,
and affix icard.]
FROWN, frown, v.i. to wrinkle the brow,
as in anger : to look angrj*. — v.t. to repel
by a frown. — n. a wrinkling or contrac-
tion of the brow in displeasure, etc. : a
stern look. — adv. Frown'ingly. [From
a Fr. frogner in .se refrogner, to knit the
brow ; orig. unknown.]
FROWSY, frow'si, adj. fetid : ill-scented :
dingy.
FROZEN, froz'n, pa.p. of Freeze.
FRUCTESCENCE, fruk-tes'ens, n. the time
for the ripening of /nwY. [Fr., from L.
frucfesco, to bear fruit — fructus. fruit.}
FRUCTIFEROUS, fruk-tif'er-us, adj., bear-
ing fruit. [L. fructifer— fructus, and
fero, to bear.]
FRUCTIFICATION, fruk-ti-fl-ka'shun, n.
act of fructifying, or producing fruit :
(bot.) all the parts that compose the
flower and fruit.
FRUCTIFY, fruk'ti-fl, v.t. to make fruit-
ful: to fertilize. — v.i. to bear fruit. [L.
fructiflco — fructus, and facto, to make.]
FRUCTIST, fruk'tist, n. one who classifies
plants bv their fruit. Rees' Cyc.
FRUCTOSE, fruk'tos, n. in chem. sugar of
fruit, a sugai- consisting partly of cane-
sugar and partly of inverted sugar, an
uncrystallizable sugar, identical In com-
position and optical rotatory power with
the mixture of levo-glucose and dextro-
glucose obtained from cane-sugar by .the
action of acids.
FRUCTUARY, fruk'tu-a-ri, n. one who en-
joys the produce or profits of anything.
" Kings are not proprietors aovfructua-
ries." — Prynne.
FRUGAL, froo'gal, adj. economical in the
use of means : thrifty. — adv. FRU'OAIiY.
[Fr. — L. frugalis—frugi, temperate, fit
for food— friuv.frugis, fruit.]
FRUGALITY^ froo-gal'i-ti, n. prudent
economv : thrift.
FRUGIFEROUS, froo-jifer-us, adj., fruit-
bearing. [L. frux,frugis, fruit, wad fero,
to bear.]
FRUGIVOROUS,froo-jiv'o-rus,atZ/.,/eedmsr
0)1 fruits or seeds. [L. frux, frugis, and
roro, to eat.]
FRUIT, froot, n. the produce of the earth,
which supplies the wants of men and
animals : the part of a plant which con-
tains the seed : the offspring of animals :
product, consequence, effect, advantage.
[O. Fv.fruict, Fr. fruit — L. fructus, from
fruor. fructus, to enjoy.]
FRUITAGE, froot'aj, n., fruit collectively :
fruits.
FRUIT-CULTURE, froot'-kul-tQr, n. the
systematic cultivation, propagation, or
rearing of fruit or fruit-trees.
FRUITERER, froot'er-er, n. one who deals
in fruit.
FRUITERY, fro6t'er-i, n. a place for stor-
ing/7T*i7; fruitage.
FRUIT-FLY, froOt'-fli, n. a small black fly
found among fruit-trees in spring.
FRUITFUL, froSt'fool, adj. producing
fruit abundantly : productive. — adv.
Fruit'fully.— ?i. Fruit'fulness.
FRUIT-GATHERER, froot'-ga<7t-er-er, n.
one who gathers fruit : a sort of long-
handled scissors, provided with a spring
to keep them open, used for gathering
fruit situated beyond the reach of the
.nrni.
FRUITION, froo-ish'un, n., enjoyment:
use or possession of anything, esp. ac-
companied with pleii-sure. [O. Fr. ftnii-
tion, from L. fruor, to enjoy.]
FRUITLESS, froot'les, adj. barren : with,
out profit : useless. — adv. Fkuit'LESSLY.
— re. Frcit'lessness.
FRUIT-PIGEON, froot'-pi-jon, n. the name
given to the pigeons of the genus Car-
pophagus, birds of very brilliant pla-
mage, occurring in India, the warmei
parts of Australia, etc. During the
breeding season a curious gristly knofc
grows on the base of the upper mandible
of some of the species, and soon after
disappears. They are so called because
they feed entirely on fruit.
FRUMENTACEOUS, f roo-men-ta'shus, adj.
made of or resembling wheat or other
grain. [L.frumentaceus—fruinentum, for
fnigintentum. corn—frv.v. frugis, fruit.]
FRUMENTATION, froo-nien-ta'shun. ?t.
among the Romans, a largess of grain be-
stowed on the people to quiet them when
uneasy or turbulent. [L. frumentatio,
from frmnentiim. corn.]
FRUMENTY, fro6'men-ti, FURMENTY,
fur'men-ti, n. food made of wheat boiled
in milk. [O. Fr. froumente, wheat boiled
— froument — L,. frumentum.]
FRUSH, frush, aaj. easily broken : brittle:
short : crisp. "Rotten sticks aie frush."
— Prof. Wilson.
FRUSH, frush, n. noise made by objects
coming into collision and being crushed.
Horrible uproar and frush
Of rocks that meet in battle. — Southed.
FRUSH, frush, n. the frog of a horse's
foot : a disease in that part of a horse's
foot. [Ger. /ro.sc7i. See Frog, a reptile.]
FRUSTRATE, frus'trat, v.t. to make vain
or of no effect : to bring to nothing : to
defeat. [L. frustro. frustratus—frustra^
without effect, in vain.]
FRUSTRATE, frus'trat (ob.s.), pa.p, of
Frustrate.
FRUSTRATION, frus-tra'shun, n. disap.
pointment : defeat. [L. frustratio.]
FRUSTUM, frus'tum, n. a piece or slice of
a solid body : the part of a cone, w hich
remains when the top is cut off by a
plane parallel to the base. [L. frustum,
a piece, a bit.]
FRUTESCENT, fro5-tes'ent, adj. becoming
shrubby, or like a shrub. [L. frutex,
fruticis, a shrub.]
FRUTICOSE, froo'ti-kos. FRUTICOUS,
froo'ti-kus, adj., shrub-like : shrubby.
[L. fruticosus — fride.v.l
FRY, fri, v.t. to dress food with oil or fat
in a pan over the fire : — pr.p. fry'ing ;
pa.p. fried. — v.i. to undergo the action of
heat in a frying-pan : to simmer. — n. a
dish of an.ything fried. [Fr. frire— L.
frigo; cf. "Gr. phrygo, Sans, bhrij, to
fry.]
FRY, frI. n. a swarm of fishes just spawnfjd:
a number of small things. [Fr. frai,
frayer, act of fertilizing in fishes, from
L. fricare, to rub ; but cf. Goth, fraiv.
Ice. frio, seed, egg.]
FUCHSIA, fu'shi-a, n. a plant with long
pendulous red flowers, originally na-
tives of S. America. [Named after
Leonard Fuchs, a German botanist of
the 16th century.]
FUCHSINE, fooks'in, n. a beautiful ani-
line color : magenta. [From resembling
the fuchsia in color]
FUDGE, fuj, int. stuff : nonsense : an ex
clamation of contempt. [From the
sound ; cf. Prov. Fr. fuche, Ger. futsch.]
FUEGIAN, fu-e'ji-an, adj. belonging to
Tierra Del Fuego.
FUEGIAN. fii-e'ji-an, n. a native or inhab-
itant of Tierra del Fuego.
FUEL, fu'el, n. anything that feeds afire:
whatever supports heat, excitement, or
energy. [O. Fr. fouaille — Low L. foal-
lia, fuel— Low L. focale — L. focus, a fi'^
place.]
FUERO
FDERO, f<55-er'5, n. a Spanish term hav-
ing- such significations as— a code of law,
a charter of privileges, a custom having
the force of law, a declaration bj- a mag-
istrate, the seat or jurisdiction of a tri-
bunal.—Fceeo JUZGO, a code of Spanish
law, said to be the most ancient in
Europe. [Sp., from L. forum (which
see).]
rUGACIOCJS, fu-ga'shus, a^;'. apt to Jlee
away: fleeting. —h«. Pcga'ciousness,
FCGAC'ITY. riu fugax, fugaeis, from
fufjio; Gr. pheugo, to flee. Sans, bhiij,
to bend.]
FUGIE-WABRANT, fuj'i-wo-rant, n. in
Scots law, a warrant granted to appre-
hend a debtor, against whom it is sworn
that he intends to flee in order to avoid
pavment.
FUGILE, fuj'il, n. in meat, (a) the cerumen
of the ear ; (6) a nebulous suspension in,
or a deposition from, the urine ; (c) an
abscess, specifically an abscess near the
ear.
FUGITIVE, tuj'i-tiv, adj. apt to flee away:
uncertain : volatile : perishable : tempo-
rary.— n. one who flees or lias fled from
his station or country: one hard to be
caught. — adv. Fug'itivelt. — n. FuG'i-
■nvESESS. [Fr.— h. fugitivus, bom fugio,
to flee. I
FUGLEMAN, fu'gl-man, n. (lit) a icing-
nian, a soldier who stands before a com-
pany at drill as an example. [Ger.Jfii-
gehnann, the leader of a wing or file—
JiiigeJ, a wing.]
FUGUE, fug, n. (mns.) a composition -n
which the parts follow or pursue one
another at certain distances. VFr. — It.
fitga, from L. fuga, flight.]
FUGUIST, fug'ist, n. one who writes or
plsTs fugues.
FULCRUM, ful'krum, n. (mech.) the prop
or fixed point on which a lever moves :
a prop:— p;. Ful'cra or Ful'crums.—
Ftlceum forceps, an instrument used
by dentists, and consisting of a forceps
in which one beak is furnished with a
hinged metal plate, padded with india-
rubber, which rests against the gum,
while the other beak hag the usual tooth
or gouge shape. [L. fulcrum, a prop,
from fulcio, to prop.]
FULFILL, fool-fll', v.t. to complete: to ac-
complish: to carrv into effect:— pr.n.
fulfill'ing; pa.p. 'fulfiUed'. — re. FuL-
fill'er.
FULFILLME?^, fool-fll'ment, n. full per-
formance: completion: accomplishment.
FULGENT, ful'jent, adj., shining: bright :
dazzling.— arty. Ful'gently. — n. FuL,'-
GEXCY. [h. fulgens,-entis,^r.v. oifulgeo,
to flash, to shine.] J n >
FULGURANT, ful'gur-ant, adj. lightening.
Sir T. More.
FLTLGUEATE, ful'giir-at, v.t. to flash as
lightning. [See FULGUUATIOX.I
FULGURATION, ful-gur-a'shun, n. the act
of lightening, or flashing with hght : in
assaying, the sudden brightening of the
melted globules of gold and sOver in the
cupel of the assayer, when the last film
of vitreous lead or copper leaves their
surface. [L. fulguratio, from fulguro,
T"h/i'ratum,to lighten, fvoni fulgur, hght-
ning.]
rULGURITE, ful'gur-I:, n. any rock-y sub-
stance that has been fused or vitrified l)y
lightning. More strictly, a vitrified tube
of sand formed by lightning penetrating
the solid ground, and fusing a portion of
the materials through which it passes.
PULGUROUS, ful'gu-rus, adj. flashing like
lightning. "A fulgurous impetuosity
almost beyond human."— Car/u?e.
FULIGINOUS, fu-lij'i-nus. adj. sootv :
smoky. [L. fuliginosiis—fuligo, soot.]"
186
FULL, fool, adj. having: all it can contain :
having no empty space: abundantly
supplied or furnisiied : abounding : con-
taining the whole matter: complete:
perfect : strong : clear. — n. complete
measure : highest degree : the whole :
time of full-moon. — n. ITull'ness or FoL'-
NESS. rA.S. full ; Goth, fulls. Ice. fullr,
Ger. voll, L. plenus, Gr. pleos. See Fill.]
FULL, fool, adv. quite : to the same de-
gree : wth the whole effect : completely.
FULL, fool. v.t. (obs.) to bleacli or whiten
cloth.— H. FCLL'ER, a bleacher or cleanser
of cloth. [Through A.S./««iaH, to whiten
as a fuller, from L. fullo, a fuller.]
FULL, fool, v.t. to press or pound cloth in
a mill : to scour and thicken in a mill.—
n. FULL'EE. [Through Fr. fouler, to
tread, to full or thicken cloth, from L.
fullo, a cloth-fuller.]
FULLAM, FULHAM, fool'am, n. an old
cant word for false dice, named from
Fidham, a suburb of London, which, in
the reign of Queen Elizabeth, was the
most notorious place for black-legs in all
England ; those made to throw the high
numbers, from five to twelve, were called
"high," and those to throw the low
numbers, from ace to four, "low."
. J .. V. ^ „ ^°'" ?oi"">l and futtam holds.
And high aud " low " beg^ulle the rich and poor.
—Shak. :
hence, a sham ; a make-believe. " FuU
hams of poetic fiction." — Hvdibras.
FULL-BLOWN, fool'-blon, adj. blown or
fully expanded, as a flower.
FULL-BOTTOMED, fool'-bot'umd, adj.
ha\-ing a full or large bottom, as a viig.
FULLER'S-EARTH, fool'erz-erth, n. a soft
ca rWi or clay, capable of absorbin g grease,
used in fulling or bleaching cloth.
FULL-FACED, fool'-fast, adj. having a
full or broad face.
FULL-HEARTED, fool'-hSrt'ed, adj. full
of heart or courage : elated.
FULLING-OTLL, fool'ing-mil, n. a mill for
fulling cloth by means of pestles or
stampers, which beat and press it to a
close or compact state, and cleanse it.
The principal parts of a fuhing-mill are
the wheel, with its trundle, which gives
motion to the tree or spindle, whose
teeth communicate that motion to the
pestles or stampers, which fall into
troughs, wherein the cloth is put, with
fuller's-earth, to be scoured and thick-
ened by this process of beating.
FULI^ORBED. fool'-orbd, adj. having the
orb or disc fully illuminated, as the full-
moon : round.
FULLY, fool'li, adv. completelv : entirely.
FULMAR, ful'mar, n. a species of petrel
inhabiting the Shetland Isles and other
northern regions, valuable for its down,
feathers, and oil. [Named from the foxd
smell of its oil. See Foumart.)
FULMINATE, ful'min-at. r.?. to thunder
or make a loud noise : to issue decrees
with violence. — v.t. to cause to explode :
to send forth, as a denunciation. [Lit. to
hurl lightning. L. fulmino. fidminatiis—
fvlmen (f or fulgimen), lightning— fulgeo,
to shine. ]^
FULMINATE, ful'min-at, n. a compound
of fulminic acid with mercurv, etc.
FULMINATION, ful-min-a'shuh, n. act of
fulminating, thundering, or issuing forth:
a chemical explosion : a denunciation.
FULMINE, ftil'min, v.t. to thunder; to ful-
minate ; to give utterance to in an au-
thoritative or vehement manner ;
Warming with her theme
She/ulmined out her scorn of laws Saliqua.
— Tennyaon .
to shoot or dart, as lightning ;
And ever and anon the rosy red
Flasht through her face as" it had been a flake
Of lightning through bright herer fulmiwd.
—Spenser.
FUNAMBULIST
FULMINE, ful'min, v.i. to thunder: to
sound hke thunder : to fulminate : to
speak out boldly and with resistless
power, or with supreme authority.
A very Cicei-one— vet, alas.
How unlike him who fultnined in old Rome:
— Boger8.
FULMINIC, ful-min'ik, adj. pertaining t«
an acid used in preparing explosive com-
pounds.
FULSOME, ful'sum, adj. cloying : nause-
ous : offensive : gross : 'disgustingly
fawning.— ady. Ful'somely,— «. Ful-
SOiiENESS. [A,S. ful, fuU. in the sense
of producing satiety, and then disgust,
and affix -some.'l
FULVOUS, ful'vus, FULVID, ful'vid. adj.
deep or dull yellow : tawny. [L. fulvus,
deep yellow, tawny.]
FUM, fum, FUNG, "fung, »). the Chinese
phoenLK, one of the four symbolical ani-
mals supposed to preside' over the des-
tinies of the Chinese Empire.
FUMAROLE, fum'a-rol, 71. a smoke-hole in
a volcano or sulphur-mine. [It. fuma-
rola — L. fumus.]
FUMBLE, fum bl, v.i. to grope about awk-
wardly : to do an3-thing awkwardly : to
handle much.— i-.f". to manage awkward-
ly.—?i. Fum'blee. [From Dut. fommelen,
to fumble or grabble ; cf. Dan, famle.
Ice. falma, to grope about ; all come
ft-om the root of A.S. folm, the palm of
the hand. Cf. Palm.]
FUME, fum, ?!., smoke or vapor : any vola-
tile matter: heat of mind, rage": anv-
thing unsubstantial, vain conceit : the
incense of praise : hence, inordinate flat-
tery. " To smother him with fumes and
eulogies . . , because he is rich."— Bur-
ton.~v.i. to smoke : to throw off vapor :
to be in a rage : to worship as by offering
incense to : hence, to flatter excessively,
" They demi-deify and fume him so."—
Cowper. [Fr.— L. fumus, smoke, from
root dhii, to blow, whence DcST,]
FUMETTE, fu-met', n. the scent of meat,
as venison or game when kept too long :
the scent from meats cooking. " Unless
it had the right fumette." — Swift;
"There are such steams from savorv
pies, such a fumette from plump par-
tridges and roasting jiigs, that I think I
can distinguish them as easilv as I know
a rose from a pink."— i?. 21. Jejjhson.
[Fr.fumet, from 1.. fumus, smoke, funie.l
FUMIFEROUS, fum-ifer-us, adj. produc-
ing/iimes or smoke. [L. fumifer— fumus,
and fero, to bear, to produce."]
FOTOFUGIST, fum-if'u-jist, h. one who or
that which drives away smoke or fumes.
Dr. Allen. [L. fumus,' smoke, and fugo,
to drive awav.]
FUMIGATE, fum'i-gat, v.t. to expose to
smoke or gas, esp. for disinfecting : to
peifume. [L.fumigo, fumigatus— fumus,
., and -ig = -an, the base of ago, to"drive. I
FUMIGATION, fum-i-ga'shun, n. act of
fumigating or of applying purifving
smoke, etc., to.
FmUTORY, fum'i-tor-i, v. a plant of a
disagreeable smell. [O.Fr, futne-terre,
earth-smoke — L. fiimus, smoke, and
terra, earth.]
FIBIOUS. fum'us, FUMY, fflm'i, adj. pro
ducing futnes.
FUN, fun, n. merriment: sport. [Ety,
dub. ; not an old word ; ace. to Skea't
prob. imported from the Irish, in whick
occurs/oHH, delight.]
FUNAMBULATE, fu-nam^u-lat. v.i. to
jcfl/A- or dance on a rope. — n. Ftxajibcxa'-
TlON, [Sp.— L. funis, a rope, and ambulo,
to walk. See Ajible.]
FUNAMBULIST, fu-nam'bu-list, n. a rope-
dancer.
FUNCTION
187
FURTHER
FUNCTION, fungk'shun, n. the doing of a
thing : duty pecuHar to any office or pro-
fession : the peculiar office of any part of
the body or mind : power : {matli.)a, quan-
tity so connected with another that any
change in the one changes the otlier. —
Vital functions, functions immediately
necessary to life, as those of the brain,
heart, lungs, etc. — NATURAL or vegeta-
tive FUNCTIONS, functions less instantly
necessary to life, as digestion, absorption,
assimilation, expulsion, etc. — Animal
FUNCTIONS, those which relate to the ex-
ternal world, as the senses, voluntary
motions, etc. — The equivalence of func-
tions, a communist term implj-ing that
no man's labor ought to be remunerated
at a higher rate than that of any other
man, wliatever be the difference of ca-
I)acity or production. [O. Fr. — 'L.fiuic-
tio, from fungor, functus, to perform.]
FUNCTION, fungk'shun, v.i. to perform or
discharge a function : to act. Also FoNO-
tionate.
FUNCTIONAL, fungk'shun-al, adj. per-
taining to or performed by /((ucho?is; —
opp. to Organic or Steuctural. — adv.
Func'tionally.
FUNCTIONARY, fungk'shun-ar-i, n. one
who discharges any function or duty :
one who holds an office.
FUND, fund, n. a sum of money on which
some enterprise is founded or expense
supported : a supply or source of money :
a store laid up : supplj' : — pi. permanent
debts due by a government and paying
interest : British Consols, whose principal
is never paid, are an example of such
funds. We have no such national debt in
this country. — SINKING fund, a fund or
stock set apart, generally at certain in-
tervals, for the reduction of a debt of a
government or corporation. — v.t. to form
a debt into a stock charged with interest :
to place money in a fund. [Fr. fond,
from L. fundus, the bottom. See Found,
to lav the bottom of.]
FUNDAJIENT, fund'a-ment. n. the lower
part or seat of the body. [Fr. — L. funda-
tnentum, from fundiis-l
FUNDASIENTAL, f un - da - ment'al, adj.
pertaining to or serving for the foun-
dation : essential : Important. — n. that
which serves as a foundation or ground-
work : an essential. — adv. Fundament'-
ALLT.
FUNDING, fund'ing, p. and adj. providing
a fund for the payment of interest on a
debt : converting loans to a government
into funds bearing a fixed rate of interest.
— Funding system, the manner in which
governments give .security to pubh'c
loans, by forming funds secured by law
for the p.ayment of the interest until the
state reduces the whole.
ETJNERAL, fu'ner-al, n., burial : the cere-
mony, etc., connected with bui-ial. — adj.
pertaining to or used at a burial. [Low
L. futieralis — L. funus, funeris, a funeral
procession.]
FUNEREAL, fu-ne're-al, adj. j)ertaining to
or suiting a funeral: dismal : mournful.
[L. funereii.'i.']
FUNGACEOUS, fung'garshus, adj. per-
taining or relating to the order of Fungi.
FUNGI, fun'ji, n.pl. a large natural order
of acotyledonous or cryptogamous plants,
5000 being known, varying greatly m size,
form, color, and consistence. Under the
name fungus botanists comprehend not
only the various races of mushrooms,
toadstools, and similar plants, but a
large number of microscopic plants
growing upon other plants, and sub-
stances which are known as moulds,
mildew, smut, rust, brand, drv-rot. etc.
Fungi agree with algse and lichens in
their cellular structure, which is, with
very few exceptions, void of anything
resembling vascular tissue, but differ
from them in deriving their nutriment
from the bodj' on which they grow, not
from the medium by which tliey are sur-
rounded. They are among tlie lowest
forms of vegetable life, and, from the
readiness with which they spring up in
certain conditions, their germs are sup-
posed to be floating in the atmosphere
in incalculable numbers. Some diseases
are produced by fungi. Fungi differ
from other plants in being nitrogenous
in composition, and in inhaling oxygen
and giving- out carbonic acid gas. [L.,
pi. of ftingus, a mushroom.]
FUNGOID, fung'goid, adj. resembling a
mushroom. [L. fungus, and Gr. eidos,
appearance.]
FUNGOUS, fung'gus, adj. of or like fun-
gus : soft : spongy : growing suddenly :
ephemeral.
FUNGUS, fung'gus, n. a member of the or-
der of acotyledonous plants called Fungi
(which see) : in med. (a) a spongy morbid
excrescence, as proud flesh formed in
wounds ; (6) a minute Incrustation and
alteration of the skin dependent on the
gTo^vth of vegetable parasites, as favus,
ring-worm, etc.
FUNICLE, fu'ni-kl, n. a small cord or liga-
ture : a fibre. [L. funiculus, dim. of
funis, a cord or rope.]
FUNICULAR, fu-nik'u-lar, adj. consisting
of Sifunicle.
FUNNEL, fun'el, n. a tube or passage for
the escape of smoke, etc. : an instru-
ment for pouring fluids into close ves-
sels, as bottles, etc. [Ety. dub. ; perh.
from W. ffynel, air-hole— ^J^jcti, breath ;
or from L. in-fundibidum. — fundo, to
pour.]
FUNNY, fun'i, adj. fuU of fun : droll.—
adi: Funn'ily.
FUR. fui', n. the short, fine hair of certain
animals : their sl^ins with the fur pre-
pared for garments : a fur-like coating
on the tongaie, the interior of boilers,
etc. — v.t. to line with fur : to cover with
morbid fur-like matter •.^)r.p. furr'ing ;
pa.2). furred'. [O. Fr. fourre, Fr. fo\ir-
reau (cf. Sp. forro. It. fodero, lining) —
Teut. root found in Goth, fodr, Ger. fid-
ter, a case or sheath.]
FURBELOW, fur'be-lo, n. Hit.) a plait or
Jlounce : the fringed border of a gown
or petticoat. [Fr., It., and Sp. faR>ala ;
of unknown origin. The word simulates
an English toira^'ur-beloio.]
FURBISH, fur'bish, v.t. to purify or polish:
to rub up until bright. [Fr. fourbir — O.
Gev. furban, to purify.]
FURCATE, fur'kat, adj., forked : branch-
ing like the prongs of a fork. [L., from
furca. a fork.]
FURCATION, fur-ka'shun, n. a forking or
brandling out.
FURFURACEOUS, fur-fu-ra'shus, adj.,
branny : scaly : scurfy. [L. furfuraceus
— furfur, bran.]
FURIB'UND, fu'ri-bund, adj. furious : rag-
ing : mad. " Poor Louison Chabray . . .
has a garter round her neck, and furi-
bund Amazons at each end." — Carlyle.
[L. furibundus.]
FURIOSO, fu-ri-o'so, n. a violent, raging,
furious person. " A violent man and a
furioso was deaf to all this." — Bp. Hacket.
FURIOUS, fu'ri-us, adj. full of fury: mad:
violent.— adr. Fi/riously.- n. Fu'RIOUS-
NESS. [Fr. furienx — L. furioms—ftiria,
rage. See FuRY.]
FURL, furl, v.t. to draw or roU up, as a
sail. [Contr. of obs. furdle, from Far-
FURLONG, fur'long, n. 40 poles : the ith
of a mile. [A.S. furlang, lit. the "length
of a furrow "- -furli, furr«w, laiig, long.]
FURLOUGH, fur'lo, n., leave of absence. —
v.t. to grant leave of absence. [From
Dut. verlof, where i'<'r = E. for-, inten-
sive, and lof= E. leave ; cog. Grer. ver-
laub — root of erlauben, to give leave to.]
FURMENTY. See Frumenty.
FURNACE, fur'nas, n. a time or place ot
grievous afiliction or torment ; as, the
furnace of affliction : a place where a
vehement fu-e and heat may be made
and maintained, as for melting ores or
metals, heating the boiler of a steam-
engine, warming a house, baking pot-
tery or bread, and other such purposes.
Furnaces are constructed in a great va-
riety of ways, according to the different
purposes to wliich they are applied. In
constructing furnaces the following ob-
jects are kept in view : — (1) To obtain
the greatest quantity of heat from a
given quantitj' of fuel. (2) To prevent
the dissipation of the heat after it is pro-
duced. (3) To concentrate the heat and
direct it as much as possible to the sub-
stances to be acted upon. (4) To be able
to regulate at pleasure the necessary
degi-ee of heat and have it wholly under
the operator's management. An air fur-
nace is one in which the flames are
urged onlj' by the natural draught ; a
blast furnace, one in which the lieat is
intensified by the injection of a strong
current of air by artificial means ; a re-
verberatory furnace, one in which the
flames in passing to the chimney are
tlirown down by a low-arched roof upon
the objects which it is intended to ex-
pose to their action. [Fr. fournaise — L
fornax — funnis, an oven.]
FURNACE-BRIDGE, fur'nas-brij,j!. a bar-
rier of firebricks, or an iron plate cliam-
ber filled with water thrown across a
fui'nace at tlie extreme end of the fire-
bars, to prevent the fuel being carried
into the flues, and to quicken the draught
by contracting the area.
FURNISH, fur'nish. v.t. to jit vp or sup-
ply completely, or with what is necessary:
to equip. — n. Fur'nisher. [Fr. foum'ir
— O. Ger. frumjan, to do, to perfect.]
FURNITURE, fur'ni-tur, n. movables,
either for use or ornament, with which a
house is equipped: equipage: decorations.
[Fy. fournittire.]
FURRIER, fur'i-er, n. a dealer in furs and
fur-goods.
FURRIERY, fur'i-er-i, n.,furs in general :
trade in furs.
FURRINGS, fur'in^z, n.2)l. incarj). slips of
timber nailed to joists or rafters in order
to bring- them to a level and to range
them into a straight surface, when the
timbers are sagged either 'by casting- or
by a set which tlicy have obtained by
their weight in the course of time.
Written also FiRRINGS.
FURROW, fur'o, n. the trench made bv a
plough : any trench or groove : a wrinkle
on the face. — v.t. to form furrows in : to
groove: to wrinkle. [A.S. fvrh ; cog
witli Ger./i(rc/ie ; and cf. L. porca, a sow
a ridge.]
FURRY, fm-'i, adj. consisting of, coverwi
with, or dressed iu fur.
FURTHER, fm-'ther. adv. to a greater dis-
tance or degree : in addition. — adj. more
distant: additional. [A.S. furtlmr, either
a comp. of furth (.=forth), or more prob.
of fore, with comp. suffix -thor or -thur,
wliich corresponds to Goth, -thar = Gr.
-tcr {in proteros) •= Sans. -tara. Cf.
After 1
FURTHER, tur'ther, v.t. to hulp fortcard,
promote. [A.S. fyrthran.]
FURTHERANCE
188
GADFLY
FUETHERANCE, tuT'ther-a.us, n. a helping
forward.
FURTHERMORE, fur'i^er-mor, adv. in
addition to wtiat has been said, moreover,
besides.
FURTHERMOST, fur'rter-most, adj., most
further : most remote.
FURTHEST, fiir'ttest, adv. at the greatest
distance. — adj. most distant. [A superl.
either of furth (=fortli), or more prob.
of fore. See Fuether.]
/TTRTIVE, fur'tiv, adj. stealthy : secret.—
adv. Fue'ttvely. [Fr. — h. furtivus—fur,
a tiiief.]
FURY, fa'ri, n., rage : violent passion :
madness: {myth.) one of the three god-
desses of vengeance : hence, a passionate,
violent woman. [Fr. furie — -L. furia —
furo, to be ang^.J
FURZE, furz, ?i. the whin or gorse, a prick-
ly evergreen bush with beautiful yellow
flowers, so called from the likeness of its
spines to those of the ^r-tree. [A.S. fyrs;
cog, with Gael, preas, a brier.]
FURZY, furz'i, ad/, overgrown with furze.
FUSCOUS, fus'kus, adj. brown: dingy.
[L. fiiscus, akin to furvus (tor fiis-ims).]
FUSE, fiiz, v.t. to melt : to liquefy by heat.
— v.i. to be melted : to be reduced to a
liquid : in American politics, a new po-
litical party is sometimes said to fuse
witli one of the two old organizations.
[L. fundo, fusum. to melt.]
FUSE, fiiz, n. a tube filled with combusti-
ble matter for firing mines, discharging
shells, etc. [A corr. of Fusn-J
FUSEE, fti-ze', n. a match or cigar light :
a fuse : a fusil.
FUSEE, fu-ze', n. the spindle in a watch or
clock on which the chain is wound. [Fr.
fusee, a spindleful, from L. fusus, a
spindle.]
'/DSEL-OIL, fu'zel-oil, n. a nauseous oil
in spirits distilled from potatoes, barley,
etc. [Ger. fusel, bad spirits.]
FUSIBLE, fiiz'i-bl, adj. that may be fused
or melted. — w. Fusibil'ITT.
FUSlXi, fiiz'il, n. a light inusket or firelock.
[Fr. fusil, a flint, musket, same as It.
/oei7e — Low L. facile, steel (to strike fire
with), dim. of fociis, a fireplace.]
FUSHiADE, fuz'il-ad, n. a simultaneous
discharge of firearms. — i:t. to shoot
down by a simultaneous discliarge of
firearms. [Fr.— fusil, a musket.]
FUSmiER, FUSILEER, fu-zil-er', n. (orig.)
a soldier armed \v\\.\\ a fusH, but now
armed like other infantry.
FUSINO-POINT, faz'ing-point, n. the
temperature at which any solid sub-
stance is fused — ^that is, becomes liquid.
FUSION, fu'zhun, n. act of melting : the
state of fluidity from heat : a close union
of things, as if melted together : political
union of parties. [See Fuse.] — Point op
FUSION OF METALS, the degree of heat at
which they melt or liquefj% This point
is very different for different metals.
Thus potassium fuses at 136° Fahr.. bis-
muth at 504°, lead at 619°, zinc at 680°,
silver 1833", gold 2283°. Malleable iron
requires the highest heat of a smith's
forge (3912°) ; while cerium, platinum,
and some other metals are infusible in
the heat of a smith's forge, but are fusi-
ble before the oxyhydrogen blow-pipe.
fXrSS, fus, n. a bustle or tumult : liaste,
flurry. — adj. Fuss'Y. — adv. Fuss'ilt.
[A.S. fus, ready, prompt to find — fu7v-
dian, to strive after— findan, to findj
FUSTET, fus'tet, 7i. the wood of the Ven-
ice sumach : adyestuff. [Fr. fustet. dim.
of O. Fr. fust — L. fustis a stick, in Low
L. a tree.]
FUSTIAN, fust'yan, n. a kind of coarse,
twilled cotton cloth : a pompous and un-
natural style of writing or speaking :
bombast. — adj. made of fustian : bom-
bastic. [O. Fr. fustaine, Fr. futaine —
It. fustagno — Low L. fustaneum. from
Fostat (a suburb of Cairo) in Egj-pt,
where first made.]
FUSTIC, fus'tik, n. the w ood of a W. In-
dian tree, used as a dyestuff. [Fr. fustoc
— L. fustis.]
FUSTIGATION, fus-ti-ga'shun, n. a beat-
ing with a stick: [L. fustigo, fustigatus,
to beat with a stick— fztstis, a stick.]
FUSTY, fust'i, adj. (lit.) smelling of the
wood of the cask, as wine : ill-smelling.
—n. FusT'iNESS. [O. Fr. fust, wood of a
cask — L. fustis.]
FUTILE, fu'tU, adj. useless : unavailing :
trifling. — adv. Fu'tilely. [Ft. — L. fur
tills— fud, root of fundo, to pour.]
FUTILITARIAN, fu-til-i-ta'ri-an, n. a per-
son given to useless or worthless pur-
suits. Southey. [A word formed on the
type of utilitarian, and involving a sneer
at the philosophic school so called.]
FUTILITARIAN. fii-til-i-ta'ri-an, adj de-
voted to worthless or useless pursuits,
aims, or the like. " The utilitarian phil-
anthropist (Bentham) or the fidilitarian
misanthropist (Carlye)." — Fitzedward
Hall.
FUTILITY, fo-til'i-ti, n. uselessness.
FUTTOCKS, fut'uks, n.pl. a curved timber
forming part of one of the ribs of a ship.
[Perh. corrupted from foot-hooks.]
FUTURE, fut'ur, adj., abmd to be : that is
to come : (gram.) expressing what will
be. — n. time to come. [h.futuTnis, fut.
p. of esse, to be.]
FUTURIST, fut'ur-ist, n. one who has re-
gard to the future : one whose main in-
terest lies in the future : an expectant :
in theol. one who holds that the prophe-
cies of the Bible are yet to be fulfilled.
FUTURITY, fiit-iir'i-ti, n. time to come:
an event or state of being yet to come.
FUZZ, fuz, v.i. to fly off in minute parti-
cles with a fizzing sound like water from
hot iron. — n. fine light particles, as dust.
— n. Fuzz'ball, a kind of fungus, whose
head is full of a fine dust. [Akin to Fizz ;
Ger. pfuschen, to fizz.]
FY. fi, int. Same as FlE.
FYLFOT, Hl'fot, n. a peculiarly-formed
cross, supposed to have been introduced
into Europe, about the sixth centiu-y,
from India or China, where it was era-
Eloyed as a mystic symbol among re-
gions devotees ; it was often used in
decoration and embroidery in the middle
ages.
FYRD. ferd, FYRDUNG, fer'dung, n. in
old Eng. hist, the military array or land
force of the whole nation, comprising all
males able to bear arms : a force resem-
bling the German landwebr of to-day.
[A.i.\
G
GAB, gab, n. in steam-engines, the name
given to the hook on the end of the ec-
centric rod opposite the strap.
GABARAGE, ga'ber-aj, n. coarse packing-
cloth : a term formerly used for the
wrappers in which Irish goods were
packed.
GABARDINE, gab-ar-den', GABERDINE,
gab ar-din, n. a coarse frock or loose
upper garment : a mean dress. [Sp.
gabardina — Sp. gaban, a kind of great-
coat, of which ety. dub.]
GABBLE, gab'l, v.i. to talK inarticulately :
to chatter : to cackle like geese. — ns.
Gabb'ler, Gabe'ltsg. [Prob. from Ice.
gabba; cf. Fr. gaber, Dut. gabberen, to
joke, and many other forms, which are
all imitative.]
GABBLEMENT, gab'1-ment, n. the act of
gabbling : inarticulate sounds uttered
with rapidity : chattering. Carlyle.
GABEL, ga'bel, GABELLE, ga-bel. n. a,
tax, impost, or excise duty : particu*
larly, in France, a tax on salt. "The
gabels of Naples are very high on oil,
wine, tobacco, and indeed on almort
everything that can be eaten, drank, or
worn." — Addison. [Fr. gahelle. Pr. gw-
beta, gabella. It. gahella, and O. It. ca-
bella, caballa, Sp. gabela, from Ar. kaba-
la, tax, impost. See, however, Gatel.]
GABELLMAN, gaTsel-man, n. a tax col-
lector : a gabeler. " Oabellmen and ex-
cisemen."— Carlyle. [See Gabel.]
6ABERLUNZIE, ga-ber-lun'zi, n. a men-
dicant : a poor guest who cannot pay for
his entertainment. (Scotch.) [A contr.
for gaberlunzie-man, from Scot, gaber-
lunzie, a wallet, and that compounded of
a contr. of gabardine, and lunzie, a Scot,
form of loin, the wallet resting on the
loins.]
GABIAN, ga'bi-an, adj. a term applied to a
variety of petroleum or mineral naphtha
exuding from the strata at Gabion, a
vUlage in the department of Herault,
France.
GABILLA, ga-bil'a, n. a finger or parcel of
tobacco in Cuba, consisting of about
thirty-six to forty leaves. The bales are
usually made up of 80 hands, each of
4 gabillas. Simmonds.
GABION, gaTsi-uu, v. (fort.) a bottomless
basket of wicker-work filled with earth,
used for shelter from the enemj-'s fire.
[Fr. — It. gabbione, a large cage-^gabbia
— L. cavea, a hollow place — cavus. hol-
low.]
6ABI0NNADE, ga-bi-im-ad', n. a line oJ
gabions thrown up as a defence.
GABLE, gaT^l, n. (arch.) the triangular
part of an exterior wall of a building
between the top of the side-walls and
the slopes of the roof. [Perh. of Celt,
origin, as in Ir. gabhal, a fork or gable ;
cf. Ger. giebel. a gable, gabel. a fork.]
GABLET, gaTslet, n. a small gable or
canopv.
GAB-LfiVER, gable-ver, GAB-LIFTER,
gab'-lift-er, n. in steam-engines, a contriv-
ance for lifting the gab from the wrist
on the crank of the eccentric shaft in
order to disconnect the eccentric from
the valve gear.
GABLOCK, gablok, n. a false spur fitted
on to the heel of a gamecock to make it
more effective in fighting. Craig.
GABREELITE, ga'bri-el-It, n. (eccles.) one
of a sect of A nabaptists in Pomerania, so
called from one Oabriel Scherling.
GABY, ga'bi, n. a simpleton. [From a
Scand. root seen in Ice. gapi — gajia, to
gape. See Gape.]
GAD, gad, n. a wedge of steel : a graver :
a rod or stick : in old Scotch prisons a
round bar of iron crossing the condemned
cell horizontally at the height of about 6
inches from the floor, and strongly buUt
into the wall at either end. Tlie ankles
of the prisoner sentenced to death were
secured within shackles which were con-
nected, by a chain about 4 feet long, with
a large iron ring which travelled on the
gad. — Upon the gad, upon the spur or
impulse of the moment. Shak. [Prob.
from Scand. gaddr, a goad, and cog. with
A.S. gad, a goad.]
GAD, gad, v.i. to rove about restlessly, like
cattle stung bv the gadfly: — pr.p. gadd'-
ing •,pa.p. ga^d'ed.
GADFLY, gad'fli, n. a fly which pierces the
skin of cattle in order to deposit its eggs :
one who is constantly going about, a
GAELIC
1S9
GALIOT
seeker after pleasure or gaiety, a gad-
about. " Harriet may turn gadfly, and
never be easy but when she is forming
parties." — Richardson. [From Gad, n.,
and Fly.]
(JAELIC, ga'lik, adj. pertaining to tlie
Gaels or Scottisli Higlilanders. — n. the
northern or Gadhelic branch of the Celtic
family of languages, embi'acing the Irish,
the Highland-Scottish, and the Manx :
(more commonly) tlie Highland-Scottish
dialect. [Prob. originally a Celtic word,
of whicli tlie Latinized form is Oallus.
The O. Ger. word walk or italah (E
Welsh), applied by the Teutons to their
neighbors, is not found till tlie 8th cent.,
and is merely a form of L. Gallus, a
Gaul, a stranger or foreigner. See
Welsh.]
• 3AFF, gaf, n. a boat-hook or fisliing-spear:
a kind of boom or yard. [Fr. gaffe, from
a Celt, root found in Irisli gaf, a hook —
root gabh, to take ; allied to L. capio, E.
Have.]
GAFF, gaf, v.t. in angling, to strike or se-
cure by means of a gaff-hook, as a salmon.
GAFFER, gafer, n. (orig.) a word of re-
spect applied to an old man, now expres-
sive of familiarity or contempt. [Contr.
of gramfer, the West of England form
of Grandfather. See Gammer.]
GAFFSMAN, gafs'man, )i. an attendant on
an angler who aids in landing the fish by
means of a gaff-hook. -'The attendant
gaffsman stands or crouches, with a
sharp-pointed steel hook attached to a
short aslien staff called a gaff, waiting
his opportunity." — Ency. Brit.
GAG. gag, v.t. to forcibly stop the mouth :
to silence. — -^r.p.gagg'ing; pa.p. gagged',
— n. something thrust into the mouth or
put over it to enforce silence. [Ety.
dub.; prob. imitative.]
GAGE, gaj, n. a pledge: security for the
fulfilhnent of a promise : something
thrown down as a challenge, as a glove.
— v.t. to bind by pledge or security. [Fr.
gage — gager, to wager — Low L. vadium,
which is either from L. vas, vadis, a
pledge, or from a Teut. root found in
Goth, vadi, A.S. iced, a pledge, Ger.
tcette, a bet ; the two roots, however,
are cog. See Bet.]
GAGE, gaj, v.t. to measure. Same as
Gauge.
GAIDHEAL, ga'el or gal, n. (pi. Gaedheil,
ga'il or gal), one of the Gadhelic branch
of the Celtic race.
GAIETY, ga'e-ti, n. merriment : finery :
show.
GAILY, ga-li, adv. in a gay manner. [See
Gat.]
GAIX, gan, v.t. to obtain by effort : to
earn : to be successful in : to draw to
one's own party : to reach : (New Test.)
to escape. — n. that which is gained :
profit : — opp. to Loss. [M.E. gainen, to
profit, from the Scand., in Ice. gagn, Dan.
gavH. gain. The word is quite independ-
ent of Fr. gagner, with which it lias been
confused.]
GAIN AGE, gan'aj, n. in old lau; (a) the
gain or profit of tilled or planted land
raised by cultivating it ; {b) the horses,
oxen, and furniture of the wain, or the
instruments for carrying on tillage,
which, when a villain was amerced,
were left free, that cultivation might not
be interrupted. Burrill.
GAIN-DEVOTED, gan'-de-vot-ed, adj. de-
voted to the pursuit of gain. " Oain-de-
voted cities." — Couper.
GAINER, gan'er, n. one who gaitis profit,
etc.
GAINFUL, gan'fool, adj. productive of
wealth : advantageous. — <mv. Gain'FUL-
VI.— n. Gain'fulness.
GAININGS, gan'ingz, n.pl. what have been
gained or acquired by labor or enter-
prise.
GAINLESS, gan'les, adj. unprofitable. — n.
Gain'lessness.
GAINSAY, gan'sa or gan-sa', v.t. to say
something against : to deny : to dispute.
— )(. Gain'sayer (B.), an opposer. [A.S.
gegn, .against, and Sat.]
GAINSAY, gan'sa, ?i. opposition in words :
contradiction. "An air and tone admit-
ting of no gainsay or appeal." — Irving.
GAIRISH. See Garish.
GAIT, gat, Ji., M-a^ or manner of walking.
[Ice. gata, a way.]
GAITER, gat'er, n. a covering of cloth
fitting down upon the shoe. [Fr. guetre,
guest7-e.'\
GAL, gal, GALL, gawl, a Celtic prefix or
suffix, which, when it enters into a name,
implies the presence of foreigners. It is
believed to have been first applied to a col-
ony of Gauls, whence it came to denote
foreigners in general. Thus, Donegal
Dun-na-n Gait) means the fortress of the
foreigners — in this case known to have
been Danes. Galhally in Limerick, and
GoZwally in Down, mean English town.
BallynagraZZ is the town of the English-
men ; Cloaegall, the meadow of the En-
glishmen.
GALA, ga'la, n.,shoir: splendor: festivity,
as a gala-day. [Fr. gala, show — It. gala,
finer3' ; from a Teut. root found in A.S.
gal, meri-y.]
GALACTIA, ga-lak'ti-a, n. in rned. (a) a re-
dundant flow of milk either in a female
who is suckling or in one who is not, and
which may occur without being provoked
by suckling ; (b) a morbid flow or defi-
ciency of milk. Dr. Good. [From Gr.
gala, galaktos, milk.]
GALACTIC, ga-lak'tik, adj. of or belonging
to milk ; obtained from milk ; lactic : in
astron. an epithet first applied by Sir
John Herschel to that great circle of the
heavens to which the course of the Milky
Way apparently most nearly conforms.
— Galactic poles, the two opposite
points of the heavens, situated at 90°
from the galactic circle. [Gr. galaktiJcos,
milky, from gala, galaktos, milk.]
GALACTODENDRON, ga-lak-to-den'dron,
n. a generic name given by some au-
thors to the cow-tree of South Ameri-
ca, now generally referred to the genus
Brosimum, Galactodendron being used as
the specific name. See Cow-tree. [Gr.
gala, galaktos. milk, and dendron, a tree.]
GALACTOGOGUE, ga-lak'to-gog, GALAC-
TAGOGUE, ga-lak'ta-gog, n. a medicine
which promotes the secretion of milk in
the breast. [Gr. gala, galaktos, milk,
and ago, to induce.]
GALACTOMETER, ga-lak-tom'et-er, n. an
instrument to test the qualitj' of milk,
that is, the percentage of cream yielded
by it : a lactometer. [Gr. gala, galaktos,
milk, and metron, a measure.]
GALACTOPHAGIST, ga-lak-tof'a-jist. n.
one who eats or subsists on milk.
Wright. [Gr. gala, galaktos, milk, and
phnqd, to eat.]
GALACTOPHAGOUS,ga-lak-tof'a-gus,ad;".
feeding on milk. Dungli.^on.
GALACTOPHORITIS, ga-lak-to-fo-ri'tis, n.
in pathol. inflammation of the galac-
tophorous ducts : sometimes inaccurate-
ly used for ulceration of the top of the
nipples towards their orifices. Dunglison.
[Gr. gala, galaktos. milk, phero, to carry,
and term, itis, denoting inflammation.]
GALACTOPHOROUS.ga-lak-tof'or-us,ad;'.
producing milk. [Gr. galaktophoros —
grata, galaktos, milk, and phero, to bear,
to produce.]
GALACTOPOIETIC.ga-lak.to-poi-et'ik,ad/'.
or 11. a term applied to substances which
increase the flow of milk. Brande. [Gr.
gala, galaktos, milk, and poietikos, capa-
ble of making, from poieo, to make.]
GALAXY, gal'ak-si, ». the Milky-Way, or
the luminous band of stars stretching
across the heavens : any splendid assem
blage. [Through Fr. and L.. from Gr ga
lajHas — gala, galaktos, akin to L. lac
lactis, milk.]
GALBANUM, gal'ban-um, GALBAN, gal'
ban, n. a resinous juice obtained from an
Eastern plant, used in med. and in the
arts, and by the Jews in the preparation
of the sacred incense. [L. — Gr. chalbane
— Heb. chelbenah, from cheleb, fat.]
GALE, gal, n. a strong wind between a stiff
breeze and a storm. [Prob. from Scand.,
as in Dan. gal, mad, Norw. galen, raging.]
GALE, gal, n. the wild nijTtle, a shrub
found in bogs. [Prov. E. — A.S. gagel ;
Scot, gaul, Dut. gagel.]
GALEATED, ga'le-at-ed, adj., helmeted:
having a flower like a helmet, as the
monk's-hood. [L. galeatus — galea, a
helmet.]
GALENA, ga-le'na, n. native sulphuret of
lead. [L. galena, lead-ore — Gr. galene,
calmness : so called from its supposed
efficacy in allaying disease.]
GALENIC, ga-len'ik, GALENICAL, ga-len'-
ik-al, adj. relating to Galen, the cele-
brated physician (born at Pergamus in
Mysia, a.d. 130), or his principles and
method of treating diseases. The galenic
remedies consist of preparations of herbs
and roots, by infusion, decoction, etc.
The chemical remedies consist of prepa-
rations by means of calcination, diges-
tion, fermentation, etc.
GALENISM, ga'len-izm, n. the doctrines of
Galen.
GALENIST, ga'len-ist, n. a follower ol
Galen.
GALILEAN, ga-li-le'an, n. a native or in-
habitant of Galilee, in Judea : one of a
sect among the Jews, who opposed the
payment of tribute to the Romans.
GALILEAN, ga-li-le'an, adj. in geog. re-
lating to Galilee. " The pilot of the
Galilean lake." — Milton.
GALILEAN, ga-li-le'an, adj. of or pertain-
ing to, or invented by Galileo, the Italian
astronomer ; as, the Galilean telescope.
GALILEE, ga'li-le, n. a portico or chapel
annexed to a church, used for various
purposes. In it public penitents were
stationed, dead bodies deposited pre-
viously to their interment, and reUgious
processions formed ; and it was only in
the galilee tliat in certain religious
houses the female relatives of the monks
were allowed to converse with them, or
even to attend divine service. When a
female made an application to see a
monk she was directed to the porch,
usually at the western extremity of the
church, in the words of Scriptvire, " He
goeth before you into Galilee : there
shall you see him." The only English
buildings to which the term galilee is
applied are those attached to the cathe-
drals of Durham. Ely, and Lincoln. The
galilee at Lincoln Cathedral is a porch
on the west side of the south transept ;
at Ely Cathedral it is a porch at the west
end of the nave ; at Durham it is a larg«
chapel, dedicated to the Virgin, at the
west end of the nave, built chiefly for
the use of the women, who were not
allowed to advance further than the
second pillar of the nave. This last was
also used as the bishop's consistory court.
[Named after the scriptural " Galilee of
the Crentiles." See definition.]
GALIOT. GALLIOT, gal'i-ut. n. a small
galley or brigantine : a Dutch vessel
GALL
190
GAMIN
carrying a mainmast, a mizzen-mast,
and a large gaff-mainsail. [Fr., dim. of
galee, a galley.]
GALL, gawl, n. the greenish-yellow fluid
secreted from the liver, called bile : bit-
terness : malignity. [A.S. gealla, gall ;
allied to Grer. galh, Gr. ehole, L./ei — all
from the same root as E. yellow, Ger.
gelb, L. helvtis.]
:#ALL, gawl, v.t. to fret cr hurt the skin
by rubbing : to annoy : to enrage. — n. a
wound caused bv rubbing. [O. Fr. galle,
a fretting of tlie skin — L. callus, hard
thick skin.]
GALL, gawl, GALL-NUT, gawl'-nut, n. a
light nut-like ball which certain insects
produce on the oak-tree, used in dyeing.
[Fr. galle — L. galla, oak-apple, gall-nut.]
GALLANT, gal'ant, adj. (orig.) gay. splen-
did, magnificent (B.) : brave : noble. —
adv. Gall'antly. — n, Gaul'antness. [Fr.
gain lit : It. galante — gala. See Gala.]
GALLANT, gal-ant', adj. courteous or at-
tentive to ladies : like a gallant or brave
man. — n. a man of fashion : a suitor : a
seducer. — v.t. to attend or wait on, as
a lady.
GALLANTRY, gal'ant-ri, n. bravei-y : in-
trepidity : attention or devotion to la-
dies, often in a bad sense.
GALLA-OX, gal'la-oks, 7i. a variety of the
ox, a native of Abyssinia, remarkable
for the size of its horns, which rise from
the forehead with an outward and then
an inward curve, so as to present a
very j)erfect model of a lyre. It has
also a hump on the shoulders. Called
also Sanga.
GALLEON, gal'i-un, n. a large Spanish
vessel with lofty stem and stern. [Sp.
galeon — Low L. galea : cf. Galley.]
SALLERY, gal'er-i, n. a balcony sur-
rounded by rails : a long passage : the
upper floor of seats in a church or
theatre : a room for the exhibition of
works of art : (fort.) a covered passage
cut through the earth or masonry.
[Fr. galerie — It. galleria — Low. L. gdl-
er-ia, an ornamental hall : perhaps from
Gala.]
<JALLEY, gal'i. n. a long, low-built ship
with one deck, propelled by oai-s : (on
hoard ship) the place where the cooking
is -done : a kind of boat attached to a
ship-of-war : (print.) the frame which
receives the type from the composing-
stick. [O. Fr. galee — Lou- L. galea;
origin unknown. ]
GALLEY-FOIST, GALLY-FOIST, gal'i-
foist, n. a barge of state : sometimes
specifically applied to the barge in which
the Lord Mayor of London went in state
to Westminster. " Rogues, hell-hounds,
stentors, out of my doors, you sons of
noise and tumult, begot on an ill Maj--
day, or when the galley-foist is afloat to
Westminster." — B. Jonson. [Galley and
Foist, a kind of light ship.]
GALLEY-HALFPENNY, gal'i-haf'pen-i,
n. a base coin in circulation in the time
of Henry TV., so called from being
brought to England surreptitiously in
the galleys which carried merchandise
from Genoa.
GALLEY-SLAVE, gal'i-slav, n. one con-
demned for crime to work hke a slave at
the oar of a galley.
BALLEY-STICK, gal'i-stik, n. a long taper-
ing stick, the breadth of which is less
than the height of types, placed beside a
column of type in a galley, in order that
the type may be locked up or wedged in
place by quoins.
GALLI, gal'li, n.pl. in Rom. antiq. the
priests of Cvbele at Rome.
6ALLIAMBIC, gal-li-amTjik, adj. in pros.
a term applied to a kind of verse con-
sisting of two iambic dimeters catalectic,
the last of which wants the final syllable.
[L. galliambus. a song used by the priests
of Cybele — Gallus, a name appUed to
these priests, and iambus.']
GALLIARD, gal'yard, >i. a lively dance.
[From the Sp. gallardo, livelj% gay.]
GALLIC, gal'ik, adj. pertaining to Gaul or
France. [L. Oallicus — Gallia, Gaul.]
GALLIC ACID, gal'ik as'id, )i. a crystalline
substance obtained from gall-nuts, mango
seeds, etc.
GALLICANISM, gal'i-kan-izm, ?;. the prin-
ciples or policy of the party in the Roman
Catholic Church of France who strive to
maintain the ancient privileges of their
church, and to defend it from the ag-
gressions of Ultraniontanism.
GALLICISM, gal'i-sizm, n. a mode of
speech peculiar to the French : a French
idiom.
GALLIGASKINS.gaI-i-gas'kinz.?!.jj/.large,
open hose or trousers : leggings worn by
sportsmen. [Prob. a corr. of Fr. Gre-
guesques. Grecians.]
GALLINACEOUS, gal-in-a'shus, adj. per-
taining to the order of birds to which
the domestic fowl, pheasant, etc., be-
long. [L. gallina, a hen — gallus, a cock.]
GALLIOT. SeeGALlOT.
GALLIPOT, gal'i-pot, n. a small glazed
pot for containing medicine. [Corr. of
O. Dut. gleypot, a glazed pot — Dut. gleis,
glazed.]
GALLON, gal'un, n. the standard measure
of capacity == 4 quarts. [O. Fr. gallon
(Fr.jale), a bowl.]
GALLOON, ga-l66n', n. a kind of lace : a
narrow ribbon made of silk or worsted,
or of both. [Sp. galon — gala, finery.]
GALLOP, gul'up, v.i. to ?ec(p in running :
to ride at a galloping pace. — n. the pace
at which a horse runs when the forefeet
are lifted together and the hind feet to-
gether : a quick dance (<« this sense pron.
gal-op'). [Fr. galoper, from a Teut. root
found in Goth, gahlaupan, Ger. laufen,
A.S. gehleapan, to leap.]
GALLOPADE, gal-up-ad', n. a quick kind
of dance — then, the music appropriate to
it. — v.i. to perform a gallopade. [Fr.]
GALLOWAY, gal'o-wa, n. a small strong
horse oiig. from Gallowat/ in Scotland.
GALLOWGLASS, GALLO'WGLAS, gal'o-
glas, n. an ancient hea\'V-armed foot-
soldier of Ireland and the 'Western Isles :
— opp. to Keene, a light-armed soldier.
The merciless Macdonwald . . . from the western
isles.
Of kernes and gallowglasses is supplied. — Shak.
[Ir. galloglach, a heavy-armed soldier —
gall, foreign, and oglach,a. youth, vassal,
soldier, from og, young, and adjectival
termination lach. Tlie Irish armed their
gallowglasses after the model of the En-
glish eai'lv military settlers.]
GALLOW-'GRASS, " gal'6-gras, n. an old
cant name for hemp, as furnishing hal-
ters for the gibbet.
GALLOWS, gal'us, n. an instrument on
which criminals are executed by hanging.
[A.S. galga : Ger. qalgen.]
GALOCHE. GALOSH, ga-losh', n. a shoe
or slipper worn over another in wet
weather. [Fr. galoche, of which ety.
dub. ; either from L. gallica, a slipper,
from Gallicus, pertaining to Gaul, or
from L. ealqpedia, a wooden shoe— Gr.
kalopodion, mm. of kalopoiis, kalapous,
a shoemaker's last — kalon, wood, and
pous. the foot.]
GALVANIC, gal-van'ik, adj. belonging to
or exhibiting galvanism.
GALVANISM, gal'van-izm, n. a branch of
the science of electricity, which treats of
electric currents produced by chemical
agents. [From Galvani of Bologna, the
discoverer, 1737-98.]
GALVANIZE, gal'van-iz, v.t. to affect
with galvanism. — n. Gal'vanist, one
skilled in galvanism.
GALVANOMETER, gal-van-om'et-er, n.
an instrument for measuring the strength
of galvanic currents. [Galvani, and Gr.
metron, a measure.]
GALVANOPLASTIC, gal-van-5-plast'ik,
adj. pertaining to the art or process of
• electrotyping : as, the galvanoplastic art,
that is, electrotypv.
GALVANOSCOPE, "gal-van'o-skop, n. an
instrument for detecting the existence
and direction of an electric current. A
magnetic needle is agalvanoscope. [Gal-
vanism, and Gr. slopeo, to examine?]
GALVANOSCOPIC. gal-van-o-skop'ik, adj.
of or pertaining to a galvanoscope.
GAJIA-GRASS, ga'ma-gras, n. a species
of grass (Tripsacum dactyloides), a t;dl,
stout, and exceedingly productive grass
cultivated in Mexico, the Southern States,
the West Indies, and to some extent in
Europe, said to admit of being cut six
times in a season. It beai-s drought re-
markably well. T. monostachyon (the
CaroUna gama-grass) is the only other
species known.
GA!MBADO,gam-ba'do,n.aleather covering
for the legs to defend them from mud in
riding. [It. gamba, the leg.]
GAMBLE, gam'bl, v.i. to play for money
in games of chance. — v.t. to squander
away. — n. Gam'bler.
GAJIBOGE, gam-booj' or gam-boj', n. a
yellow gum-resin tised as a pigment and
in medicine. [So named from Cambodia,
in Asia, where it is obtainetl.]
GAMBOL, gam'bol, v.i. to leap or skip : to
frisk or dance in sport: — J^P- gam'boling,
pa.p. gam'boled. — n. a skipping: play-
fulness. [Fr. gambade, a gambol, from
gambe. old form of Fr. jambe, the leg —
Low L. gamba, a thigh. ]
GA3IBREL, gambreC GAMBRIL, gam'-
bril, n. the hind-leg of a horse : a stick
crooked like a horse's leg. used by butch-
ers for suspending animals while dress-
ing them. " Spied two of them hung out
at a stall, with a gambril thrust from
shoulder to shoulder, like a sheep that
was new-flayed. ■' — Chapma n. — Gambrel
ROOF, a hipped roof : a mansard or curved
roof. [From It. gamba, the leg.]
GAMBREL, gam'brel, GAMBRIL, gambril,
i\t. to tie or hang up by means of a gam-
bril thrust through the legs. " Fll . . .
carry you gambreU'd like a mutton. "
—Bcaud- Fl.
GAjNIBROON, gam-broon', n. in manuf. a
kind of twilled linen cloth, used for lin-
ings.
GAME, gam, n., sport of any kind: an exer-
cise for amusement: the stake in a game:
wild animals protected by law and hunted
by sportsmen. [A.S. gamen, play ; cog.
with Ice. gavian, Dan. gamTnen, O. Ger.
gaman, mirth, joy.]
GAME, gam, v.i. to play at any game : to
play for money, to gamble. — n. Gam'ino,
the practice of playing for money.
GAMECOCK, gam'kok, n. a coc£ trained
to fight.
GAMEKEEPER, gam'kep-er, n. one who
keeps or has the care of game.
GAME-LAWS, gam'-lawz, n.pl. laws re<
latiug to the protection of certain ani-
mals I ailed game.
GAMESOME, garasum, adj. playful.
GAJMESTER, gam'ster, r>. one viciously ad-
dicted to gaming or playing for money:
a gambler.
GAMIN, gam 'in, g^-mang, n. a neglected
street boy : an Arab of the streets.
"The word gamin -wns printed for the-
GAMMER
191
GARNITURE
first time, and passed from the populace
into literature in 1834. It made its first
appearance in a work called Claude
Guexux' : the scandal was great but the
word has remained. . . . The gamin of
Paris at the present day, like the Grrecu-
lus of Rome in former time, is the vouth-
• ful people with the wrinkle of tlie old
world on its forehead." — Trans, of Victor
Hugo. " In Japan the gamuis run after
you and say, ' Look at the Chinaman.' "
—Laurence OUphant. fTr.]
GAMMER, gam'er, n. an old woman — the
correlative of Gaffer. [Contr. of gram-
mer. the West of England form of
Gkaxdmother. See Gaffer.]
GA5IM0X. gara'un, n. the leg or thigh of
a hog pickled and smoked or dried. —
v.t. to cure, as bacon : — pr.p. gamm'on-
ing : pa.p. gamm'oned. [O. Fr. gambon,
old form of jambon, a ham.]
GAMMON, gam'un, n. a hoax: nonsense. —
v.t. to hoax, impose upon. [A.S. gmnen,
a game. See Game.]
GAMUT, gam'ut, n. the musical scale : the
scale or compass of wind instruments.
[So called from the Gr. gamma, wliich
stood first in the scale invented by Guy
of Arezzo, and thus gave its name to
the whole scale ; and L. ut, the syllable
used in singing the first note of the
scale.]
GAN, gan, v. an old English auxiliary
equivalent to did. "Melting in tores,
then gan shee thus lament." — Spenser.
[A contr. of Began, or from a simple
A.S. ginnan. A form can was used in
the same wav.]
6ANCH. gansh, GAUNCH, gawnsh, v.t.
to drop from a higli place on hooks, as
the Turks do malefactors, by way of
punishment. " Take him away, ganch
him. impale him, rid the world of such
a monster." — Dryden. [Fr. ganche. It.
gancio. a hook.]
6ANDER, gan'der. n. the male of the
goose. [A.S. gandra. from older form
ganra, with inserted d. See GooSE.]
GANG, gang, n. a number of persons going
together or associated for a certain pur-
pose, usually in a bad sense. [A.S. —
gangan, to go.]
GANGBOARD, gang'bord, n. a board or
plank on which passengers may go or
walk into or out of a ship.
GANGLIAC. gang'gli-ak, GANGLIONIC,
gang-gli-on'ik, adj. pertaining to a gang-
lion.
GANGLION, gang'gli-oo, n. a tumor in the
sheath of a tendon : a natural enlarge-
ment in the course of a nerve : — pi.
Gaxo'ua or Gano'lions. [Gr.]
GANGLIONICA, gang-gli-on'ik-a, n.pl. in
med. .a class of medicinal agents which
affect the sensibility or muscular mo-
tion of parts supplied by the ganglionic
or sympatlietic system of nerves. [Gr.
ganglion, a tumor.]
GANGLIONITIS, gang-gU-on-I'tis, n. in
pathol. inflammation of a nervous
ganglion. Sometimes used for inflam-
mation of a lymphatic ganglion. [Gr.
ganglion, a tumor.]
GANGRENE, gang'gren, n. loss of vitality
in some part of the body: the first stage
in mortification. — v.t. to mortify. — v.i. to
become putrid. [Fr. — L. gangrcena — Gr.
ganggraina. fron: graino, to gnaw.]
GANGRENOUS, gang'gren-us, adj. morti-
fied.
GANGWAY, gang'wa, n. a pa.ssage or way
by which to go into or out of anj' place,
esp. a ship : (naut.) a narrow platform of
planks along the upper part of a ship's
side. [A.S. gang, and Wat.]
GANGWTSEK, gan^r-wek, GANGTIDE,
gang'tid, n. Rogation week, when pro-
cessions are made to survey the bounds
of parishes. " It (birch) serveth well . . .
for beautifying of streets in the crosse or
gangweek, and such like." — Gerard.
GANNET, gan'et, n. a web-footed fowl
found in tlie northern seas. [A.S. ganot,
a sea- fowl, from root of Gamder.]
GANOID, gan'oid, n. one of an order of
fishes having shining scales, enamelled
and angular, as the sturgeon. [Gr. ganos,
splendor, eidos, form.]
GANTEINE, gan'te-In, n. a saponaceous
composition, used to clean kid and other
leather gloves, composed of small shav-
ings of curd soap 1 part, water 3 parts,
and essence of citron 1 part. [Fr. gant,
a glove.]
GANTLET, w. a glove. Same as Gatintlet.
GANTLET, gant'let, n. a military punish-
ment inflicted on criminals for some
heinous offence, said to have been intro-
duced by Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden.
It was executed in this manner : soldiers
were arranged in two rows, face to face,
each armed with i switch or instrument
of punishment ; between these rows, the
offender, stripped to his waist, was com-
pelled to pass a certain number of times,
and each man gave him a stroke. A
similar punishment was used on board of
ships. — To RUN THE GANTLET, to undergo
the punishment of the gantlet : hence, to
go through much and severe criticism,
controversy, or ill-treatment. " Win-
throp ran the gantlet of daily slights from
his neighbors." — Palfrey. [Nasalized
from Sw. gatlopp, from gata, a street, a
line of soldiers, and lopp, a course ; Dut.
loopen ; Scand. loup, to run.]
GAOL, JAIL, jal, n. a prison. — n. Gaol'er,
Jail'er, one who ha.s charge of a gaol or
of prisoners, called also a turnkey. [O.
Fr. gaiole, Fr. geole — Low L. gabiola, a
cage, dim. of Low L. gabia, a cage,
which is a corr. of cavea, a cage, coop,
lit. a hollow place — L. cavus, hollow.
See Cage.]
GAP, gap, v.f. to notch or jag : to cut into
teeth like those of a saw. " A cut with
a gap'd knife." — Sterne : to make a break
or opening, as in a fence, wall, or the
like.
Ready I take aim at their leader — their masses
are gapped with our frrape. — Tennyson.
GAP, gap, n. an opening made by rupture
or parting : a cleft : a passage. [JFYom
Gape.]
GAPE, gap, v.i. to open the mouth wide :
to yawn : to stare with open mouth : to
be open, like a grap. — n. act of gaping :
width of the mouth when opened : a fit
of yawning. "Another hoiu- of music
was to give delight or the gapes, as real
or affected taste for it prevailed." — Mv!S
Austen. [A.S. geapan, to gape ; Ice.
gapa. to open.]
GAPER, gap'er, n. one who gapes.
GAPING-STOCK, gap'ing-stok, n. a per-
son or thing that is an object of open-
mouthed wonder, curiosity, or the like.
" I was to be a gaping-stock and a scorn
to the young volunteers." — Oodunn.
GAP-TO'OTHED, gap'-tootht, adj. having
gaps or interstices between the teeth.
GAR, gar. GARFISH, giir'fish. n. a long,
slender fish with a pointed head. [A.S.
gar, a dart.]
Garb, garb, 71. fashion ol dress : external
appearance. [O. Fr., f -om O. Ger. gar-
airi, preparation, dress, O. G<»r. garo,
ready ; cf. A.S. gcani, ready, E. Yare.]
garb, garb, v.t. to dress : to clothe.
These black di>;,'-Dons
Oarh themMelves bravely. — Tennyeon.
GARBAGE, gar'baj, n. refuse, as the
bowels of an animal. [Prob. from Gar-
ble.]
GARBLE, gar'bl, v.t. to select out of a
book or writing what may serve our
own purpose, in a bail sense : to muti-
late or corrupt. — n. Gah'bler, one who
garbles or selects. [O. Fr. — Sp. garbillar,
to sift — garbillo, a sieve ; of dub. origin.}
GARDEN, gar'dn, n. a piece of ground on
which flowers, etc., are cultivated. — v.i.
to work in a garden : to practice garden
ing. [O. Fr. gardin, Fr. jardin, from
root of Ger. garten, A.S. geard, E. yard
Goth, gards.j
GARDENING, gar'dn-iug, n. the art of
laying out and cultivating gardens. — n.
Gab'dener, one who cultivates or has
cliarge of a garden.
GARDEN-PARTY, gar'dn-par-ti,?i. a select
couipanj' invited to an entertainment
held on the lawn or in the garden at-
tached to a private residence.
GARGLE, gar'gl, v.t. to make a liquid gur-
gle or bubble in the throat, without
swallowing it : to wash the throat, pre-
venting the liquid from going down by
expelling air against it. — n. a preparation
for washing tlie throat. [Fr. gargouiUer
— gargoiiille, the weasand or throat.
See Gargoyle.]
GARGOYLE, gar'goil, n. a projecting
spout, conveying the water from the
roof-gutters of buildings, often repre-
senting human or other figures. [Fr.
gargouille. the throat, mouth of a spout,
dim. from root garg or gorg in Gorge.]
GARISH, gar'ish, adj. showj': gaudy. — adv.
Gar'ishly. — n. Gak'ishness. [0!E. gave,
to stare; a form of M.E. gasen, whence
Gaze, which see.]
GARLAND, gar'land, n. a wreath of flowers
or leaves : a name for a book of extracts
in prose or poetry. — v.t. to deck with a
garland. [O. Fr. garlande; origin doubt
ful.]
GARLIC. gar'lik, n. a bulbous-rooted plant
having a pungent taste, used as seasoning.
— adj. Gar'licky, like garlic. ["Spear-
leek" or " spear-plant," from the shape
of its leaves, from A.S. garleac — gar, a
spear, and leac, a leek, plant.]
GARLIC-EATER, gar'lik-et-er, n. used by
Shakespeai-e in Coriolunus in the sense
of a low fellow, from the fact that garlic
was a favorite viand in Greece and Rome
among the lower orders.
GARMENT, gar'ment, n. any article of
clothing, as a coat or gown. [O. Fr.
garniment — gurnir, to furnish.]
GARNER, gar'ner, n. a granary or place
where grain is stored up. — v.t. to store as
in a g'arner. [O. Fr. gernier (Fr. grenier)
— L. granaria, a granary — granum, a
grain. See Granary.]
G-4RNET, gar'net, n. a precious stone re-
sembling the grains or seeds of the pome-
granate .■ (naut.) a sort of tackle fixed to
the mainstay in ships. [Fr. gi'enat — L.
(pomum) granatnm, grained (ajiple), the
jiomegranate — granum, a grain.]
GARNISH, gar'nish, v.t. to furnish : to
adorn : to surround with ornaments, as a
dish. [Fr. garnir, to furnish, old form
giKirnir, u-arnir. to warn, defend — from
a Tout, root fouml in A.S. u-arnian, (Jer.
warnen, E. l^((?^^.]
GARNISH, gar'nish, GARNISHMENT,
gar'nish-ment, n. that which garnishef
or embellishes : ornament.
GARNISHER, gar'nish-er, n. one who gar
nishes.
GARNITURE, giir'nit-fir, n, ornamental
appendages : furniture : dress : embel-
lishments. "The pomp of groves and
garnitiire of fields." — Beattie. " Her ed-
ucation in youth was not nmch attended
to : and she happily mis.sed all that train
of female garniture which passeth liy the
name of accomplishments."— La9)(ti.
GAROOKUH
192
GAUCHO
GAEOOKUH, ^-roo'ka, n. a vessel met
with in the Persian Gulf, and trading-
often as far as the Malabar coast. In
length it varies from 50 to 100 feet, and
is remarkable for the keel being only one-
third the length of the boat. It sails
well, but carries only a small cargo, and
is more suitable for fishing than for trad-
ing purposes.
ijAERET, gar'et, n. a room next the roof
of a house. [O. Fr. garite, a place of
safety — O. Fr. garir, Fr. guerir, from a
Teut." root found in Grer. icehren, Goth.
I'arjan, A.S. warian, to defend, E. tcary,
trani.]
GARRETEER, gar-et-er', n. one who lives
in a garret : a poor author.
GAKRISON, gar'i-sn, n. a supply of sol-
diers for guarding a fortress : a fortified
place. — v.t. to furnish a fortress with
troops : to defend by fortresses manned
with troops. [Fr. garnison — gartiir, to
furnish. See Garnish.]
GAEROTE. ga-rot', v.i. to cheat in card-
playing by concealing certain cards at
the back of the neck : a mode of cheat-
ing practiced among card-sharpers.
GARROTER, ga-rot'er, n. one who com-
mits the act of garroting.
GARROTE-ROBBERY, ga-rot'-rob-er-i, n.
a robberj' committed by means of
garroting or compressing the victim's
windpipe tOl he becomes insensible.
This crime is usually effected by three
accompUces — the fore - stall or man
who walks before the intended vic-
tim, the back-stall who walks behind
the operator and his victim, and
the nasty -7na>i, the actual perpetra-
tor of the crime. The purpose of the
stalls is to conceal the crime, give
alarm of danger, carry off the booty,
and facilitate the escape of the nasty-
man.
MRROTTE, gar-rot', GARROTE. gar-rot',
n. a Spanish mode of strangling' crimi-
nals with a cord placed over the neck
and twisted tight by a stick : the brass
collar afterwards used in strangling. —
v.t. to strangle by a brass collar tight-
ened by a screw, whose point enters the
spinal marrow : to suddenly render in-
sensible by semi-strangulation, and then
to rob : — -pr.p. garrott'ing, garrot'ing ;
pa.p. garrott ed, garrot'ed. [Sp. garrote,
a cudgel, a packing-stick ; of uncertain
origin.]
GARROTTER, gar-rot'er, GARROTER,
gar-rot'er, n. one who garrottes.
GARRULITY, gar-ul'i-ti, GARRULOUS-
NESS, gar'u-lus-nes, n. talkativeness ".
loquacity.
GARRUL6US, gar'u-lus, adj. talkative.
[L. garrulus — root of garrio, to chatter.]
GARTER, gar'ter, n. a string or band used
to tie the stocking to the leg : the badge
of the highest order of knighthood in
Great Britain, called the Order of the
Garter. — v.t. to bind with a garter.
[Norm. Fr. gartier, Fr. jarretieres —
jarret. the ham of the leg. from Bret.
gar (W. gar), the shank of the leg.]
3AS, gas, n. in popular language, coal gas:
in chem. an elastic aeriform fluid, a term
originally synonymous with air, but af-
terwards rescricted to such bodies as
were supposed to be i.icapable of being
reduced to a liquid or solid state. TJn-
de ■ this supposition gas was defined to
be "a term applied to all permanent-
ly elastic fluids or airs differing from
common air." Since the liquefaction
of gases by Faraday, effected by com-
bining the condensing powers of me-
chanical compression with that of very
considerable depression of temperature,
the distinction oetween gas and vapor,
viz., that the latter could be reduced to
a liquid or solid condition by reduction
of temperature and increase of pressure,
while gas could not be so altered, is no
longer tenable, so that the term has re-
sumed nearly its original signification,
and designates any substance in an elas-
tic aeriform state. Gas maj' now be de-
fined to be a substance possessing the
condition of perfect fluid elasticity, and
presenting, under a constant pressure,
a uniform state of expansion for equal
increments ot temperature, being- dis-
tinguished by this last property from
vapor, which does not present such a
rate of uniform expansion. Gases are
distinguished from liquids by the name
of elastic fluids ; while liquids are termed
non-elastic, because they have, compara-
tively, no elasticity. But the most
prominent distinction is the following :
— Liquids are compressible to a certain
degree, and expand into their former
state when the pressure is removed ;
and in so far tliey are elastic, but gases
appear to be in a continued state of
compression, for when left unconfined
they expand in every direction to an ex-
tent which has not hitherto been deter-
mined. [A word invented by Van Hel-
mont, a chemist of Flanders, 1577-1644 ;
the form of the word was prob. sug-
gested by Flem. geest, Ger. geist, spirit.]
GASAlIER, gas-a-ler', ri. a hanging frame
witVi branches for gas-jets.
GAlL-fCONAUE, gas-kon-ad', n. a boasting
or bragging like a Gascon : bravado. —
v.i. to brag or boast. — ns. Gasconad'ing,
Gasconad er. [Gascon, a native of Gas-
cony in France — a province whose inhabi-
tants are noted for boasting.]
GAS-CONDENSER, gas'-kon-den-ser, n.
a part of the apparatus used in the
manufacture of illuminating gas, con-
sisting of a series of convoluted pipes
surrounded by water, in passing through
which the gas is freed from the tar it
brings with it from the retort.
GASCROMH, gas'krom, n. a long pick,
with a cross-handle and projecting foot-
piece, used in the Highlands of Scotland,
for digging in stony ground, when no
other instrument can be introduced. Sir
W. Scott. [Gael, cas, a foot, and crom,
crooked — crooked foot.]
GASEOUS, giiz'e-us, adj. in the form of
gas or air.
G^VS-FITTER, gas'-flt'er, n. one who fits up
the pipes and brackets for gas-lighting.
GASH, gash, v.t. to make a deep hack or
cut into anything, esp. into flesh. — n. a
deep, open wound. [Etv. dub.]
GASHLINESS, gash'li-nes, n. the condi-
tion or quality of being gashly or ghastly:
horribleness : dreadfulness : dismalness.
"The general dullness {gashliness was
Mrs. Wickam's strong expression) of her
present life." — Dickens.
GASHLY, gash'li, adj. calculated to inspire
terror : ghastly : horrible : dreadful :
dismal. Sterne.
GASIFY, gas'i-fl, v.t. to convert into gas :
— jjr.p. gas'ifying ; pa.p. gas'ifled. — n.
Gasifica'tion. [Gas, and L. facio, to
makej
GAS-METER, gas'-met-er, n. an instrument
through which the gas is made to pass,
in order to ascertain the number of cubic
feet which are consumed in a given time
in a particulai place. Of this instrument
there are two classes, the wet and the
drj'. The wet meter Is composed of an
outer box about three-fifths filled with
water. Within this is a revolving four-
chambered drum, each chamber being
capable of containing a definite quantity
of gas, which is admitted through a pipe
in the centre of the meter, and, owiaj; to
the arrangement of the partitions of the
chambers, causes the drum to maintain
a constant revolution. This sets in mo-
tion a train of wheels carrying the hands
over the dials which mark the' quantity
of gas consumed. The dry meter consists
of two or three chambers, each di-vided
by a flexible partition or diaphragm, by
the motion of which the capacitj- on one
side is diminished while that on the other
is increased. By means of slide-valves,
like those of a steam-engine, worked by
the movement of the diaphragms, the gas
to be measured passes alternately in and
out of each space. The contractions and
expansions set in motion the clockwork,
which marks the rate of consumption.
The diaphragms in all the chambers are
so connected that they move in concert.
GASOLENE, gas'o-len, n. a volatile fluid
distilled fromnaphtha. [E. gas, and L.
oleiim. oil.]
GASOMETER, gaz-om'et-er, ?i. an instru-
ment for measuring gas : a place for hold-
ing gas. [Gas, and Gr. metron, a meas-
ure.]
GASP, gasp. i\i. to gape in order to catch
breath : to breathe laboriously or con-
vulsively.— n. the act of opening the
mouth to catch the breath : a painful
catching of the breath. [Ice. geispa, to
yawn ; thus gaspa stands for gajysa, an
extension of Ice. gapa, to gape : hence
Gasp is etymologically a freq. of Gape.]
GASTRIC, gas'trik, adj. of or pertaining to
the belly or stomach. — Gastric .R^CE, a
thin pellucid liquor, separated by a pecul-
iar set of secretories in the mucous mem-
brane of the stomach, which open upon
Its internal tunic. It is the principal
agent in digestion, and contains pepsin
as its characteristic compound. In the
empty stomach it is neutral, but during
digestion it becomes acid, from the sepa-
ration of free hydrochloric acid. [From
Gr. gaster, the belly or stomach.]
GASTROLITH, gas'tro-lith, n. a concre-
tion found in the stomach : specifically,
one of those concretions called crab's eyes
formed in the stomach of the crayfish.
[Gr. qaster, the belly, and lithos, a stone.]
GASTRONOMY, gas-tron'om-i, n. the art
or science of good eating. [Gr. gaster, and
nomas, a rule.]
GAT, gat {B.), pa.t. of Get.
GATE, gat, n. a passage into a city, in-
closure, or any large building : a frame
in the entrance into any inclosure : an
entrance. [A.S. geat, a waj', a gate ;
cog. forms exist in all the "Teut. lan-
guages.]
GATED, gat'ed, adj. furnished with gates.
GATEWAY, gat'wa, 7i. the way through a
gate : a gate itself.
GATHER. ga/A'er, v.t. to collect : to ac-
quire : to plait : to learn by inference.—
v.i. to assemble or muster : to increase :
to suppurate. — «. a plait or fold in cloth,
made by drawing the thread through.
[A.S. gaderian — A.S. gaed, companv.J
GATHERER, gafft'er-er, n. one who" col-
lects : a gleaner.
GATHERING, ga<7i'er-ing, n. a crowd or
assembly : a tumor or collection o^
matter.
GATHERING-HOOP, gatt'er-ing-hoop, n,
a hoop used by coopers for drawing in
the ends of the staves of a barrel or cask
so as to admit of the permanent hoop
being slipped on.
GATLlNG-GUN, gatling-gun, n an Amer-
ican form of the mitrailleuse, so named
from the inventor. [See MiTRAILLETJSE.]
GAUCHO, ga-o'cho, n. a native of the La
Plata pampas, of Spanish descent, noted
for marvellous horsemanship.
GAUDY
193
GEMMARY
OAUDY, gawd'i, adj. showy : gay. — adv.
m Gaud'ily. — n. Gaud'iness, shbwiness.
[M.E. gaude, an ornament ; from L. gau-
aiiim, joy — gaudere.']
GAUGE, gaj, v.t. to measure or to ascer-
tain the contents of ; to ascertain the
capacity of, as a pipe, puncheon, hogs-
head, barrel, tierce, keg, etc.: to meas-
ure in respect to proportion, capabihty,
or power, or in respect to character or
behavior ; to take cognizance of the car
pacity, capability, or power of ; to aj)-
praise ; to estimate; as, I gauged hb
character very accurately. " The vanes
nicely gauged on each side." — Derham.
You shall not gauge me
By what we do to-night. — Shak.
[O. Fr. ganger, perhaps of the same
origin with gallon, and signifying to find
the number of measures in a vessel ; or,
as Diez suggests, from L. cequalis, equal,
cequalifleare, to make equal, through
such forms as egalger, egauger, ganger.]
BAUGE, gaj, n. a standard of measure ; an
instrument to determine the dimensions
or capacity of anything ; a standard of
any kind ; a measure ; means of estimat-
ing : '■ Timothy proposed to his mistress
that she shouk' entertain no servant that
was above four foot seven inches high,
and for that purpose had prepared a
gauge, by which they were to be meas-
lured.'' — Arbuthnot : specifically, the dis-
tance between the rails of a railway; also,
the distance between the opposite wheels
of a carriage : naid. (a) the depth to
which a vessel sinks in the water; (b) the
position of a ship with reference to an-
other vessel and to the wind ; when to
the windward, she is said to have the
weather-gauge, when to the leeward, the
Ue-gauge : in build, the length of a slate
or tile below the lap : in plastering, (a)
Ihe quantity of plaster of Paris used with
common plaster to accelerate us setting;
(b) the composition of plaster of Paris and
other materials, used in finishing plas-
tered ceilings, for mouldings, etc.: in
type-founding, a piece of hard wood vari-
ously notched, used to adjust the dimen-
sions, slopes, etc., of the various sorts of
letters : in joinery, a simple instrument
made to strike a line parallel to the
straight side of a board, etc.: in the air-
pump, an instrument of various forms,
which points out the degree of exhaustion
in the receiver ; the siphon-gauge is most
generally used for this purpose.
GAUGER, gaj'er, n. an excise officer wiiose
business is to gauge or measure the con-
tents of casks.
GAUGING, gaj'ing, n. the art of measuring
casks containing excisable liquors.
Gaul, gawl, n. a name of ancient France :
an inhabitant of Gaul. — adj. Gaul'ish.
[L. Gallia.]
GAUNT, gant, adj. thin : of a pinched ap-
pearance.— adv. Gaunt'ly.— n. Gaxjkt'-
NESS. [Ety. dub.]
GAUNTLET, gant'let, n. the iron glove of
armor, formei-ly thrown down in chal-
lenge : a long glove covering the wrist.
[Fr. ga/ntelet — gant. from a Teut. root ;
of. Ice. vottr, a glove, Dan. vante/]
GAUR, gour, n. a Persian priest. Guthrie.
GAUR. GOUR, gour. n. one of the largest
of all the members of the ox tribe (Bos
gaurus). inhabiting the mountain jungles
of India, remarkable for the extraordi-
nary elevation of its spinal ridge, the
absence of a dew-lap, and its white
" stockings,"' which reach above the
knee, and so fierce when roused that
neither tiger, rhinoceros, nor elephant
dare attack it. The hide on tne shoul-
ders and hind-quarters is sometimes nearly
2 inches in thickness even after beic^
M
dried, and is therefore much valued for
the purpose of being manufactured into
shields. The animal is supposed to be
incapable of domestication. [A Hindo-
stanee name.]
GAUSABEY, gou'sa-ba, n. a village com-
mittee or petty court in Ceylon, to which
all disputes respecting rice cultivation,
water rights, cattle trespass, etc., are re-
ferred for decision.
GAUZE, gawz, jj. a thin, transparent fa-
bric, orig. of silk, now of any fine hard-
spun fibre. — adj. Gauz'y, Uke gauze. [Fr.
gaze — Gaza in Palestine, whence it was
first brought.]
GAVE, gkv.pa.t. of Give.
GAVELKIND, ga\''el-kind, n. tenure by
which lands descend from the father to
all the sons in equal portions. [Celt. ;
Ir. gabhail, a tenure, cine, a race.]
GAVIAL. ga'vi-al, n. a genus of the order
Crocodilia, characterized by the narrow,
elongated, almost cylindrical jaws, which
form an extremelj' lengthened muzzle.
The cervical and dorsal shields are con-
tinuous. The teeth are all of equal
length, and the feet completely webbed.
The only species now living occurs in
Southern and Eastern Asia. It feeds on
fish. [The name of the animal in Hindo-
stan.]
GAVOTTE, garvot', n. a Uvely kind of
dance, somewhat like a country-dance,
orig. a dance of the Gavotes, the people
of Ga/p, in the Upper Alps.
GAWKt gawk, n. a cuckoo : a simpleton :
a tall, awkward fellow. — adj. Gawk'y,
like a cuckoo, awkward. [A.S. geac;
Scot, gou-k, Ger. gauch, cuckoo, a simple-
ton. See Cuckoo.]
GAY, ga, adj., lively: bright: sportive,
merry : showy. — adv. Gai'ly or Gay'ly.
[Fr. gai ; prob. from root of Ger. jahe,
quick, lively.]
GAYAL, GYAL, gi'al, n. a species of ox
(Bos frontalis) found wild in the mount-
ains of Northern Burmah and Assam,
and long domesticated in these countries
and in the eastern parts of Bengal. The
head is very broad and flat in the upper
part, and contracts suddenly towards the
nose ; tlie horns are short and slightly
curved. The animal has no proper hump,
but on the shoulders and fore part of the
back there is a sharp ridge. The color is
chiefly a dark brown. Its milk is exceed-
ingly rich, though not abundant.
GAY-DIANG, ga'-di-ang, n. a vessel of
Anam, generally with two, but in fine
weather with three masts, carrying lofty
triangular sails. It has a curved deck,
and in construction somewhat resembles
a Chinese junk. These vessels carry
heavy cargoes from Cambodia to the Gulf
of Tonquin.
GAYETY, ga'e-ti, n. same as Gaiety.
GA2E, gaz, v.i. to look fixedly. — >i. a fixed
look : a look of prolonged attention : the
object gazed at. [From a Scand. root
preserved in Swed. gasa, to stare ; akin
to the Goth, base gais. See Aghast
and Ghastly.]
GAZEE, gil-ze', n. one who is gazed at.
" Relieve both parties — gazer and ga-
zee.'" — De Quincey.
GAZELLE. GAZEL, ga^zel', n. a small
species of antelope with beautiful dark
eyes, found in Arabia and N. Africa.
[Fr. — Ar. ghazal, a wild-goat.J
GAZETTE, garzet', n. a newspaper: the
British and Continental official news-
paper.— v.t. to publish in a gazette : —
pr.p. gazett'ing ; pa.p. gazett'ed. [Fr.—
It. gazzetta, a Venetian coin wortli abouc
1* cents, the sum charged for a reading
of the first Venetian newspaper, a writ-
ten sheet which appeared about the
middle of the 16th century during the
war with Soliman II. ; or "from It. graz.
zetta, in the sense of a magpie = a
GAZETTEER, gaz-et-er', ??. (orig.) a writer
for a gazette : a geographical dictionary.
GAZING-STOCK, gaz'ing-stok, n. some-
thing stuck up to be gazed at : a person
exposed to public view as an object of
curiosity or contempt.
GEAR, ger, w. dress : harness : tackle \
(inech.) connection by means of toothed
wheels. — v.t. to put in gear, asmachinery.
[A.S. geanve, preparation — gearu, ready
Yaee is a doublet : also Gaeb.]
GEARING, ger'ing, n. harness : (mech.) a
train of toothed wheels and pinions.
GEESE, plural of Goose.
GEHENNA, ge-hen'na, n. a term used in
the New Testament as equivalent to hell,
place of fire or torment and punishment,
and rendered by our translators by hell
and hell-fire. Matt, xviii. 9 ; xxiii. "io.
The pleasant valley of Hinnom — Tophet thence
And black Gehenna called — ths type of hell.
— Milton.
[L. gehenna, Gr. geenna, from the Heb.
ge-hinom, the valley of Hinom. in which
was Tophet, where the Israelites some-
times sacrificed their children to Moloch
(2 Kings xxiii. 10). On this account the
place was afterwards regarded as a place
of abomination and became the recep-
tacle for the refuse of the city, perpetual
fires being kept up in order to prevent
pestilential effluvia.]
GELASTIC, je-las'tik, adj. calculated or
fit for raising laughter. " Dilating and
expanding the gelastic muscles." — Tom
Broini. [Gr. gelastikos, pertaining to
laughter, gelastes, a laughter, from
gelao. to laugh.]
GELASTIC, je-las'tik, n. something capa-
ble of exciting smiles or laughter.
" Happy man would be his dole who,
when he had made up his mind in dis-
mal resolution to a dreadful course of
drastics, should find tliat gelastics had
been substituted, not of the Sardonian
kind." — Southey.
GELATIN, GELATINE, jel'a-tin, n. an
animiil substance which dissolves in hot
water and forms a, jelly when cold. [Fr.
— L. gelo, gelatum, to freeze — gehi, frost.]
GELATWATE, je-lat'in-at, GELATINIZE,
je-lat'in-Iz, v.t. to make into gelatine or
jelly. — v.i. to be converted into gelatine
or jelly.— »i. Gelatina'tion.
GELATINOUS, je-lat'in-us, adj. resembling
or formed into jelly.
GELD, geld, v.t. to emasculate or castrate:
to deprive of anything essential : to de-
prive of anything obscene or objection-
able.— n. Geld'er. [Scand., as in Ice.
gelda. Dan. gilde. See Cullion.]
GELDING, geld'ing, n. act of castrating :
a castrated animal, especially a horse.
GELID, jel'id, adj., icy cold: cold. — adv.
Gel'toly. — 7is. Gel'idness, Gelid'ity.
[L. gelidus — gelu.]
GEM, jem, n. (lit.) leaf-bud : anj' precious
stone, especially when cut : anything
extremely valuable or attractive'. — v.t.
to adorn with gems : — pr.j?. gemm'ing ,
pa.p. gemmed'. [Fr. gemme—L. gemma,.
a bud ; allied to Gr. gemo, to be full.]
GEMINI, jem'i-nl, n.jil. the tunns, a con-
stellation containing the two bright
stars Castor and Pollux. [L., pi. of
geminus, twin-born, for genminus — gen,
root of gigno, to beget.]
GEMINOUS, jem'in-us, adj. (hot.) double,
in pairs.
GEMMARY, jem'a-ri, GEMMERY, jem'-
er-i. n. a depositary for gems ; a jewel-
house. Blount: that branch of knowledge
which treats of gems or precious stones.
GEMMATE
194
GENIUS
"In paintings and gemma?-?/ Fortunate,
like his countrymen, was a quack.'" — Poe.
GE5IMATE, jem'at, «.7;".(&o^) having bitrfs.
[L. gemmatus, pa.p. of gemmo, to bud —
gemma/\
GE5IMATI0N, jem-ma'shun, n. (hot.) act
or time of budding : arrangement of buds
on the stalk.
GEM3.IIFER0US. jem-mifer-us, adj., pro-
ducing buds. [L. genimifer — gemma, and
fero. to bearj
GEJIMIPAEOUS, jem-mip'ar-us, adj.
(zool.) reproducing by buds growing on
the body. [L. gemma, a bud, pario, to
bring forth.]
GEMIIULE, jem'ul, n. a little gem or leaf-
bud. [Fr. — L. gemmula, dim. of gemma.'\
GEMSBOK, geraz'bok, n. Oryx Gazella. the
name given to a splendid variety of the
antelope, inhabiting the open plains of
South Africa, ha\'ing somewhat the ap-
pearance of a horse, with remai'kably
fine, straight, sharp-pointed horns, with
which it is said to foil even the lion. [Ger.
gemsbock,\,hB male or buck of the chamois,
from gemse. chamois, and bock, buck.]
GEM-SCULPTURE, jem'-skulp-tur. ?(. the
art of lithoglyptics : the art of represent-
ing designs upon precious stones, either
in raised work or by figures cut into or
below the surface. Stones cut according
to the former method are called cameos
(which see), and those cut according to
the latter intaglios.
GENAPPE, je-nap', n. a, worsted yarn
whose smoothness enables it to be con-
veniently combined with silk, and so well
adapted for braids, fringes, etc. [From
Gen\appe, in Belgium, where it was origi-
nally manufactured.]
GENDARME, zhang-darm, n. the name of a
private in the armed police of France in
our day ; but in former times the appella-
tion of gens d'armes or gendarmes was
confined to the flower of the French
army, composed of nobles or noblesse,
and armed at all points. The present
gendarmerie of France are charged with
the maintenance of its poUce and the
execution of its laws. The gendarmes
are all picked men ; they are usually
taken from the regular forces, and are
of tried courage or approved conduct.
There are horse gendarmes and foot gen-
darmes. They are formed into small par-
ties called brigades ; and the union of a
number of these forms a departmental
company. [Fr., from the pi. gensd'armes,
men-at-arms.]
GENDER, jen'der, v.t. to beget.— ^.i. (B.)
to copulate. [An abbrev. of Engender.]
GENDER, jen'der, 7!., kind, esp. with re-
gard to sex : (gram.) the distinction of
nouns ace. to sex. [Fr. genre — L. genus,
generis, a kind, kin.]
GENEALOGICAL, jen-e-a-loj'ik-al, adj.
pertaining to or exhibiting the genealogy
or pedigree of families or persons. — adv.
Genealoo'ically.
GENEALOGIST, jen-e-al'o-jist, n. one who
studies or traces genealogies or descents.
GENEALOGY, jen-e-al'o-ji, n.. histoi~y of
the descent of families : the pedigree of
a particular person or family : progeny ;
offspring ; generation. " The family con-
sisted of an old gray-headed man and his
wife, with five or six sons and sons-in-
l.iw, and their several wives, and a
joyous genealogy out of them." — Sterne.
[Fr. — L. — Gr. genealogia — genea, birth,
descent, and -logia, an account^Jegrein,
to speak of. See Gents and Logic]
GENERA. See Gents.
GENERAL, jen'er-al, adj. relating to a
genus or whole class : including many
species : not special : not restricted :
common : prevalent : public : loose :
vague. [Fr. — L. generalis — genus.]
GENERAL, jen'er-al. n. the whole or chief
part : an oflBcer who is head over a
whole department : a military officer
who commands a body of men not less
than a brigade : the chief commander
of an army in service : in the R. C.
Chm'ch, the head of a religious order,
responsible only to the Pope.
GENERALIZATION, jen-er-al-i-za'shun, n.
act of generalizing or of comprehending
under a common name several objects
resembling each other in some part of
their nature.
GENERALIZE, jen'er-al-iz, v.t. to make
general : to reduce or to include under
a genus or general term : to infer from
one "or a few the nature of a whole
class. [Fi\ generaliser — general.]
GENERALISSBIO, jen-er-al-is'i-mo, n. the
chief general or commander of an army
of two or more divisions, or of separate
armies. [It.]
GENERALITY, jen-er-al'i-ti. n. state of
being- general or of including particu-
lars : the main part : the greatest part.
[Fr. — L. generalitas.]
GENERALLY, jen'er-al-i, adv. in generaJ :
commonly : extensively : most frequent-
ly : in a general wav : without detail :
(B.) coDectively, together: {Pr. Bk.)
without restriction or limitation.
GENERALSHIP, jen'er-al-ship, n. the office
or skill of a general or military officer :
miUtary skill.
GENERANT, jen'er-ant, n. the power that
generates ov produces. [L., pr.p. of gen-
era, to generate.]
GENERATE, jen'er-at, v.t. to produce one's
kind : to bring- into life : to originate.
[L. genera, generatus — genus, a kind.]
GENERATION, jen-er-a'shun, n.& produc-
ing or originating- : that which is gen-
erated : a single stage in natural descent :
the people of the same age or period :
race -.^pl. (B.) genealogy, history. [Fr.
— L. generatio.]
GENERATIVE, jen'er-a-tiv, adj. having
the power of generating or producing :
prolific.
GENERATOR, jen'er-a-tor, n. begetter or
producer : the principal sound in music :
a vessel or chamber in which something
is generated ; as, the generator of a
steam-engine, or in a:as-making appara-
tus. [L.J
GENERIC, je-ner'ik, GENTIRICAL, je-ner'-
ik-al. adj. marking or comprehending a
genus. — adv. Gener'icallt. [Fr. gene-
rique.]
GENEROSITY, jen-er-os'i-ti, n. nobleness
or liberality of natui-e. [Fr. generositi
— L. genero.ntas.]
GENEROUS, jen'er-us, adj. of a noble nat-
ure : courageous : hberal : invigorating
in its nature, as wine. — adv. GEyEROCS-
LT. — n. Gen'erousness. [Lit. and orig-.
of a high or noble genus or family. (D.
Fr. — L. generosus — genus, birth.]
GENESIS, jen'e-sis, n.. genei-ation, crea-
tion,lor production : the first book of the
Bible, so called from its containing an
account of the Creation. [L. and Gr. —
Gr. gignomai — obs. geno, to beget.]
GENET. Same as Jennet.
GENET. GENETTE. je-net', n. the Viverra
genetta, a carnivorous animal belonging
to the family Viverridai (civets and
genets). The genet is a native of the
western parts of Asia, and is about the
size of a very small cat, but of a longer
form, with a'sharp-pointed snout, uprisrht
ears, and a very long tail. It has a very
beautiful soft "fur, and, like the civet,
produces an agreeable perfume. It is of
a mild disposition, and easily tamed. [Low
L. geneta. Sp. gineta, from Ar. djerneit.]
GEN'EVA. je-ne'va, n. a spirit di-stilied from
grain and flavored witii Juniper-berrieSy
also called Hollands. [Fr. genieiTe — L.
Juni2}erus, the juniper : corrupted to
Geneva by confusion with the town of
that name. See Gix.]
GENT .AT., je'ui-al. adj.' cheering : merrv :
kindly: sympathetic: healthful. — ot?i-.
Ge'nt'at.t.y. [Ft. — L. genialis, from genii'i^,
the spirit of social enjoyment.]
GENIALITY, je-ni-al'i-ti. GENIALNE^-.,
je'ni-al-nes, n. qualitj- of being genial:
gaietv : cheerfulness.
GENICtTLATE. je-nik'u-lat, GENICLTLAT-
ED. je-nik'ii-lat-ed. adj. (bot.) bent abrupt-
Iv like tlie knee: jointed: knotted. — n.
Genicula'tion. [L. geniculatus — genu --
lum. a little knee — genu, the knee.]
GENIOPLASTY. je-nT'o-pla-s-ti, Ji. in f - '
the operation of restoringthe chin, [i • :
geneion. the chin, and jj?<(S.so, to forii;
GENITAL, jen'i-tal. adj. belonging to ;; -
eration, or the act of producing. [Fi . -
h. genitalis — gigno,genit us, toheget. ^ -
Gents.]
GENITALS, jen'i-talz, n.pl. the exterior or-
gans of generation.
GEN ITr\'E.jen'it-iv,adj.ingiam. pertaining
to or indicating origin, source, possession,
and the like : a term appUed to a case in
the declension of nouns, adjectives, pro-
nouns, etc., in English called the posses-
sive case, or to the relation expressed by
such a case : as, jMtri.s, -• of a father, "a
father's," is the genitive case of the Latin
noun xiater, a father. [L. genitivus, from
gigno. genitum, to beget. The L. casus
genitivus. genitive case, was a mistrans-
lation of the Gr. genike ptosis, general
case. See extract under next article.]
GENITIVE, jen'it-iv, n. in gram, a case in
the declension of nouns, adjectives, j)ro-
nouns. participles, etc.. expressing in the
widest sense the genus or kind to which
something belongs, or more specifically
soui-ce. origin, possession, and the like";
in English grammar, the possessive case.
See extract. '-The Latin genitivus is a
inere blunder, for the Greek word gen ike
could never mean (/eju'fi Cits. . . . Genike
in Greek had a much wider, a much more
philosophical meaning. It meant casus
generalis, the general case, or rather the
case wliich expresses the genus or kind.
This is the real power of the genitive. If
I say • a bird of the water,' ' of the water '
defines the genus to which a certain bird
belongs ; it refers to the genus of water
birds. ' Man of the mountains ' means a
mountaineer. In phrases such as ' son
of the father' or - father of the son,' the
genitives have the same effect. They
predicate something of the son or of the
father, and if we distinguished between
the sons of the father and the sons of
the mother, the genitii-es would mark the
class or genus to which the sons respect-
ively belonged. " — Ma.v Midler.
GENltJS, je'ni-us or jen'yus, n. a good or
evil spirit, supposed by the ancients to
preside over every person, place, and
thing, and esp. to preside over a man'*
destiny from his birth :—pl. Genii, je'-
ni-i. [L. genius — gigno, genitus, to beget
produce. See Genxs.]
GENIUS, jen'jTis or je'ni-us. n. the special
inborn faculty of any indi\-idu.al : special
taste or disposition qualifj-ing for a par
ticular employment : superior inborn
power of mind : a man ha\-ing such
power of mind : jieculiar constitution or
character of anything: — pi. Genttses,
ien'yus-ez. — Gen-tts. "VVisdoji, Abilities,
Talents. Parts. Ingentity, CAPAaTY,
Cleverness. " Genius is the power of
GENNET
195
GEORGIAN
new combination, and may be shown in
a campaign, a plan of policy, a steam-
engine, a system of philosophy, or an
epic poem. It seems to require serious-
ness and some dignity in the purpose.
... In weaving- together the parts of
an argument, or the incidents of a tale,
it receives the inferior name of inge-
nuity. Wisdom is the habitual employ-
ment of a patient and comprehensive
understanding in combining- various and
remote means to promote the happiness
of mankind. . . . Abilities may be ex-
erted in conduct or in the arts and
sciences, but rather in the former. . . .
Talents are the power of executing well
a conception, either original or adopted.
. . . Parts have lost a considerable por-
tion of their dignity. They were used in
the last century perhaps almost in the
sense in which we now i-ather employ
talents. . . . Capacity is a ])ower of ac-
quiring. It is most remarkable in the
different degrees of f;icility Viith wliich
different men acquire a language.'" — Sir
J. ytackintosh. To the above it may be
added that properly capacity is passive
power, or the power of receiving, while
ability is active power, or the power of
doing. Cleverness designates mental dex-
terity and quickness, and is evidenced by
facility in acquiring a new subject, or by
happy smartness in expressing one's con-
ceptions.
GENNET. Same as Jennet.
GENRE-PAINTING, zhongr-pant'ing, n.
(paint.) the general name applied to all
compositions with figures that are not
specifically landscapes or historical paint-
ings. [Fr. genre, kind, sort — L. genus.
Cf. Gender.]
GENT, jent. n. familiar abbrev. of Gen-
tleman : one who a])es the gentleman.
GENTEEL, jen-tel', arlj. well-bred: gi-aceful
in manners or in form. — adv. Genteel'-
LY.— ?i. Genteel'ness, same as Gentility.
[Lit. belong-ing to a noble race or family,
from Fr. gentil — L. gentilis — gens, a Ro-
man clan or family — gen, root of Gr. gig-
nomni. to beget. See Genus.]
GENTIAN, jen'shan, n. a plant the root of
which is used in medicine, said to have
been brought into use by Gentius, king
of lUvria, conquered by the Romans in
167 B.C.
GENTILE, jen'tn, n. (B.) any one not a
Jew : a heathen. — adj. belonging to anj-
nation but tlie Jews : (gram.) denoting
a race or country. [L. gentilis — gens,
a nation ; the Jews spoke of those who
did not acknowledge their religion as the
nations.'^
GENTILITY, jen-til'i-ti, n. good birth or
extraction : good breeding : politeness of
manners.
GENTLE, jent'l, adj. well-born : mild and
refined in manners : mild in disposition :
amiable : soothing. — adv. Gent'ly. — n.
Gent'leness. [Fr. — h. gentilis. See Gen-
teel.]
GENTLE, jen'tl, n. the maggot of the
blue-bottle used as bait in angling.
[Etv. dub.]
GENTLEFOLKS, jen'tl-foks, n.pl, folk of
good family or above the vulgar. [See
Folk.]
GENTLEMAN, jen'tl-man, v. a man of
gentle or good birth : in England, one
who without a title wears a coat of
arms : every man above the rank of yeo-
man, including the nobility : one above
the trading classes ; an officer of the
royal household : in the broadest sense,
a man of refined manners and good
behavior : — in pi. a word of address : —
pi. Gen'tlemen -.—fern. Gen'tlewoman.
GENTLEMANLIKE, jen'tl-man-lik, GEN-
TLEMANLY, jen'tl-man-li, adj. well-
bred, refined, generous. — n. Gen'TLEMAN-
LINESS.
GENTLEMAN - PENSIONER, jen'tl-man-
pen-shun-er, n. in England, one of a band
of forty gentlemen, entitled esquh-es,
whose office it is to attend the sover-
eign's person to and from the chapel
royal, and on other occasions of solem-
nity. They are now called Gentleiien-
at-aems.
GENTRY, jen'tri, n. the class of people
between the nobility and the vulgar.
[M. E. gentrie is a corr. of an older form
gentrise, from O. Fr. genterise, gentilise,
which was formed from adj. gentil, gen-
tle, like noblesse from noble."]
GENUFLECT, je'nu-flekt, v.i. to kneel, as
in worship : to make a genuflection or
genuflections.
GENUFLECTION, GENX^FLEXION, jen-
u-flek'shuu, )i. act of bending the knee,
esp. in worship. [Fr. — L. genu, the knee,
Jlexio, a bending— .flec/o,./?e.xi(Hi, to bend.]
GENUINE, jen'u-in,' adj. natural, not spu-
rious or adulterated : real : pure. — adv.
Gen'uinely. — M. Gen'on-entiss. [Fr. ;
L. geniiinus — gigno, genitus, to beget, to
be born.]
GENUS, je'nus, n. (pi. Genttses or Genera,
je'nus-ez, je'ne-ra), in logic, that which
has several sjiecies under it ; a class of a
greater extent than species ; a universal
which is predicable of several things of
different species ; a predicable which is
considered as the material part of the
species of which it is affirmed : in natural
science, an assemblage of species possess-
ing certain characters in common, by
which they are distinguished from all
others ; it is subordinate to tribe and
family ; a single species, possessing cer-
tain peculiar characters which belong to
no other species, may also constitute a
genus, as the camelopard and the flying
lemur : in music, the general name for
any scale. — Subaltern genus, in logic.
that which is capable of being a species
in respect of a higher g-enus, as quad-
ruped in respect of mammal. — SUJIMUM
GENUS, in logic, the highest genus ; a ge-
nus which is not considered a species of
anything, as being. [L. ; Gr. genos, race,
familv, i'rom root gen. Sans, jan, to be-
get. Cog. Gael, gin, to beget ; Gael, and
Ir. gein, offspring; A.S. cyn, kin, race;
E. kin, kind. From same root are gentle,
genteel, general, genius, generous, genesis,
genial, genital, genuine, etc.]
GEOCENTRIC, je-o-sen'trik, GEOCEN-
TRICAL. je-o-sen'trik-al, adj. having
the earth for its centre : {astr.) as seen or
measured from the earth. — adj. Geocen'-
TRICALLY-. [Gr. ge, the earth, and ken-
tron, a centre.]
GEODE, je'od, n. (min.) a rounded nodule
of stone with a hollow interior. [Gr.
geodes. earth-like, earthen — ge, earth,
eidos. form.]
GEODESIC, je-o-des'ik, GEODESICAL,
je-o-des'ik-al. GEODETIC, je-o-det'ik,
GEODETICAL, je-o-det'ik-al, adj. per-
taining to or determined by geodesy.
GEODESY, je-od'e-si, n. a science whose
object is to measure the earth and its
parts on a large .scale. [Fr. gi^odcsie-
Gr. geodaisia — ge, the earth, daiij, to
divide.]
GEOGENY, je-oj'e-ni. n. that branch of
natural science which treats of the
formation of the earth : geogony.
" Geologj' (or rather geogeny\ct us call
it, that we may include all those min-
eralogical and meteorological changes
that the word geology, as now used,
recognizes but tacitly) is a specialized
part of this special astronomy." — H.
Spencer. [Gr. ge, earth, and gen, root
of genesis, etc.]
GEOGNOSIS, je-og-no'sis, n. a knowledge
of the earth. "He has no bent tow
aids exploration, or the enlargement of
our geognosis." — George Eliot. [Gr. ge,
earth, and gnosis, a knowing.]
GEOGNOSY, je-og'no-si, n. a branch of
geology which explains the actual min-
eral structure of the earth without in-
quiring into its history or the mode of
its formation. — ;;. Ge'ognost. — adj. Ge-
ociNOST'j.c. [Fr. geognosie — Gr. </<?, the
earth, and gnosis, knowledge — gignosko,
to know.]
GEOGONY, je-og'o-ni, n. the doctrine of
the production or formation of the
earth. — adj. Geogon'ic. [Fr. giogonie —
Gr. ge, tiie earth, gone, generation —
geno, gignomai, to be born, produced.]
GEOGRAPHER, je-og'i-a-fer, n. one who is
versed in. or who writes on geography.
GEOGRAPHIC, je-o-graf'ik, Geogr.yph-
ICAL. je-o-graf'ik-al,acy. relating to geog-
raphy.— adv. Geograph'ically*.
GEOGRAPHY, je-og'ra-fi, n. the science
which describes the surface of the earth
and its inhabitants : a book containing
a description of the earth. [Fr. — L. —
■ Gr. geographia — ge, the earth, graphs, a
description — grapiho, to write, to de-
scribe.]
GEOLATRY, je-ol'a-tri, ?(. earth-worship
or the worship of terrestrial objects. "To
this succeeded astrolatry in the East, and
geolatry in the "West." — Sir G. Cox. [Gr.
ge. earth, and latreia. worship.]
GEOLOGICAL, je-o-loj'ik-al, adj. pertain-
ing to geology. — adv. Geologically.
[Fr. geolbgique.]
GEOLOGIST, je-ol'o-jist, w. one versed in
geologv.
GEOLOGIZE, je-ol'o-jlz, v.i. to study geol-
ogy.
GEOLOGY, je-ol'o-ji, n. the science that
treats of the structure and hi.story of the
earth, of the changes it has undergone,
and their causes, and of the plants and
animals imbedded in its crust. [Fr. geol-
ogic— Gr. ge, the earth, logos, a dis-
course.]
GEOMANCER, je'o-man-ser, n. one skilled
in geomancy.
GEOSlANCY, je'o-man-si, n., divination
by figures or lines drawn on the earth.
[Fr. geomancie — Gr. ge, the earth, and
manteia. divination.]
GEOMANTIC. je-o-man'tik, adj. pertaining
to geomancy.
GEOMETER." je-om'e-ter,
I.\N. je-om'e-trish-yan, n
feometrv.
OMETRIC, je-o-met'rik,
AL, je-o-met'rik-al, adj.
geometry : according- to or done by ge-
om._'tr\-.— ode. Geomet'rically.
GEOMETRY, je-om'e-tri. «. the science
of measurement : that branch of m:ithe-
matics wliich treats of magnitude and its
relations. [Fr. — L. — Gr. geometria — geo-
metreo, to measure land — gi>, the earth,
metreo, to measure.]
GEOPIliVGOUS, je-of'a-gus, adj. earth-eat-
intr ; as. geojihagous tribes.
GEOPONIC, ie-o-pon'ik, GEOPONICAL,
je-o-pon'ik-al, adj. pertaining- to tilling
the earth or to agriculture. [Fr. geopo-
nique — Gr. geuponikos — ge, the earth —
]>onos. labor — penomai, to labor.]
GEORAJIA, je-o-rii'ma or je-o-ra'ma, n. a
spherical chamber with a general r-ieu- of
the earth on its inner surface. [Gr. ge,
the earth, horama, a ^'iew — horaO,\-o see.]
GEORGIAN, jorj'i-an, adj. relating to the
reigns of the four Georges, kings of Great
Britain.
GEOMETRIC-
one skilled iu
GEOMETRIC-
pertaining- to
GEORGIC
196
GIMLET
GEORGIC, jorj'ik, GEORGICAL, jorj'ik-al,
adj. relating to agrictilture or rustic af-
fairs. [L. georgicus, Gr. georgikos — geor-
gia, agriculture — ge, the earth, and ergon,
a work.]
GEORGIC, jorj'ik, »!. apoem on husbandry.
GERAH, ge'ra, n. (B.) the smallest Hebrew
weight and coin, l-20th of a shekel, and
worth about 3 cents. [Heb. gerah, a
bean.]
GERANIUM, je-ra'ni-um, n. a genus of
plants with seed-vessels like a crane',': bill.
[l. — Gr. geranion — geranos, a crane.]
GERFALCON, jer'faw-kn, n. same as
Gyefalcon.
GERM, jerm, n. rudimentary form of a
living thing, whether a plant or animal :
(bot.) the seed-bud of a plant : a shoot :
that from which anything springs, the
origin : a first principle. [Fr. germe — L.
germen. a bud.]
GERMAN, jer'man, GERMANE, jer-man',
adj. of the first degree, as consins-german:
closely allied. [Fr. — L. germanus, prob.
for germin-anus — germen, bud, origin.]
GERJIAN, jer'man, n. a native of Germany:
the German language : — pi. Ger'MANS. —
adj. of or from Germany. [L. Germani,
variously given as meaning "the shout-
ers," from Celt, gairm. a loud cry: "neigh-
bors," i.e. to the Gauls, from the Celtic ;
and "the war-men," from Ger. xcehr
=Fr. guerre, war.]
GERMAN-SILVER, jer'man-sil'ver, ??. an
alloy of copper, nickel, and zinc, white
like silver, and first made in Germany.
GERMEN, jerm'en, n. same as Germ.
GERMINAL, jerm'in-al, adj. pertaining to
a germ.
GERMINANT, jerm'in-ant, adj., sprouting :
sending forth germs or buds.
GERMINATE, jerm'in-at, v.i. to spring
from a germ : to begin to grow. — n. Ger-
mina'tion. [L. germino, germinatus —
L. germen.]
GERUND, jer'und, n. a part of the Latin
verb e.xpressing the carrying on of the
action of the verb. — adj. Gerund'ial.
[L. gertindium — gero, to bear, to carry.]
GESTATION, jes-ta'shun, n. the act' of
carrying the young in the womb : the
state or condition in which the young is
so carried. [Fr. — L. gestatio — gesto, ges-
tatum. to carry — gero, to bear.]
GESTATORY, j"es'ta-tor-i, adj. pertaining
to gestation or carrying: that may be
carried.
GESTIC, jes'tik, adj. pertaining to bodily
action or motion. [L. gestus — carriage,
motion — gero.]
GESTICULATE, jes-tik'u-lat, v.i. to make
gestures or motions when speaking : to
play antic tricks. [L. gesticulor, gesticu-
latus — gesticulus, dim. of gestus, a gesture
— gero, to carry.]
GESTICULATIO"N, jes-tik-u-la'shun, n. act
of making gestures in speaking : a gest-
ure : antic tricks.
GESTICULATOR, jes-tik'u-lat-or, n. one
who ^gesticulates or makes gestures.
GESTICULATORY, jes-tik'u-la-tor-i, adj.
representing or abounding in gestietda-
tions or gestures.
GESTURE, jes'tiir, n. a bearing, position,
or movement of the body : an action ex-
pressive of sentiment or passion. [From
tut. p. of L. gero, to carry.]
GET, get, v.t. to obtain : to beget offspring :
to learn : to persuade : (B.) to betake, to
carry. — v.i. to arrive or put one's self in
any place, state, or condition : to be-
come i^pr.p. gett'ing ; pa.t. got ; pa.p.
got, (obs.) gott'en. — Get at, to reach :
Get off, to escape : Get on, to proceed,
advance : Get over, to surmount : Get
THROUGH, to finish : Get up, to arise, to
ascend, [A.S. gitan, to get ; allied to
chad, root of Gr. chandano, and hed,
root of L. pre-hendo, to seize.]
GETTER, get'er, n. one who gets or ob-
tains.
GETTING, get'ing, n. a gaining : anything
gained.
GEWGAW, gu'gaw, w. a toy : a bauble. —
adj. showj' without value. [Ace. to
Skeat, a re*luplicated form of A.S. gifan,
to give ; preserved also in Northern E.,
•IS giff^-go.ff, interchange of intercourse.]
GEYSER, gi'ser, 71. a boiling spring, as in
Iceland. [Ice. geysa, to gush.]
GHASTLY, gast'li, adj. deathlike: hide-
ous.— n. Ghast'liness. [A.S. gcestUc,
terrible, from gaist, an extended form of
the base gais, and -lie {=like, -ly). See
Aghast and Gaze.]
GHAUT, gawt, n. (in India) a mountain-
pass : a chain of mountains : landing-
stairs for b.atiiers on the sides of a river
or tank. [Hind, ghat, a passage or gate-
way.]
GHAWAZEE, GHAWAZI, ga-wa'ze, n.
the name given to a tribe of Egyptian
dancing-girls ; often confounded with the
Alines or Almehs, who are principally
female singers. "The Ghmvazee per-
form, unveiled, in the public streets,
even to amuse the rabble." — Lane.
GHAZI, ga'ze, «. a title of honor assumed
by or conferred on those Mohammedans
who have distinguished themselves in
battle against the " infidels." [Ar., contr.
of ghazi-iid-din, champion of the faith.]
GHEE, ge, n. clarified butter, made in
India, esp. from buffaloes' milk. [The
native name.]
GHERKIN, ger'kin, n. a small cucumber
used for pickling. [Dut. agtirkje, a gher-
kin : a word of Eastern origin, as in
Pers. khiydr.]
GHOST, gost, n. (lit.) breath, spirit : the
soul of man : a spirit appearing after
death. — adj. Ghost'uke. — To give up
the ghost (B.), to die. [A.S. gast ; Ger.
geist.]
GHOSTLY, gost'li, adj., spiritual: relig-
ious : pertaining to apparitions. — n.
Ghost'liness.
GHOUL, gool, n. a demon supposed to feed
on the dead. [Pers. ghol, a mountain
demon.]
GIANT, ji'ant, n. a man of extraordinary
size : a person of extraordinary powers.
—fern. Gi'antess. — adj. gigantic. [Fr.
geant — L. gigas — Gr, gigas, gigantos, of
which etj'. uncertain.]
GIAOUR, jowr, n. infidel, term applied by
the Turks to all who are not of their own
religion. [Pers. gau-r.]
GIB, jib, V.I. to pull against the bit, as a
horse : to jib.
GIBBERISH, gib'er-ish, n. rapid, gab-
bling talk : unmeaning words. — adj. un-
meaning. [Obsolete gibber, to gabble or
jabber. See Gabble.]
GIBBET, jib'et, n. a gallows : the project-
ing beam of a crane. — v.t. to expose on
a gibbet, to execute. [Fr. gibet ; origin
unknown.]
GIBBON, gib'un. n. a kind of long-armed
ape, native of the East Indies.
GIBBOSE, gib-bos', adj., humped: having
one or more elevations. [Fr. gibbeux —
L. gibbosus — gibbus, a hump.]
GIBBOUS, gib'us, adj.,hump-baeked: swell-
ing, convex, as the moon when nearly
f ul 1 . — ad V. Gibb'ously. — )) . Gibb'ousness.
GIBE, jib, v.t. to sneer at : to taunt.—?!, a
scoff or taunt : contempt. — adv. Gib'ing-
LY. [From Scand., as in Ice. geipa, to
talk nonsense.]
GIBLETS, jib'lets. n.pl. the internal eatable
parts of a fowl, taken out before cooking
it. — adj. Gib'let, made of giblets. [O. Fr.
gibelet ; origin imknown ; not a dim. of
gibier, game.]
GIDDY, gid'i, adj. unsteady, dizzy : that
causes giddiness : whirling : inconstant :
thoughtless. — adv. Gidd'ily. — n. Gidd'-
INESS. [A.S. gyddian, to sing, bo
merry.]
GIER-EAGLE, jer'-e'gl, 71. (B.) a species of
eagle. [See Gykfalcon.]
GIFT, gift, n. a thing grtreji ; a bribe : a
quality bestowed by nature : the act of
giving. — v.t. to endow with any power
or faculty. [See GrvE.]
GIFTED, gift'ed, adj. endowed by nature.
GIG, gig, n. a light, two-wheeled carriage:
a long, light boat. [Found in Ice. gigja,
a fiddle (Fr. gigue, a lively dance), and
properly meaning a "thing that moves
lightly."]
GIGANTIC, jl-gan'tik, adj. suitable to a
giant: enormous. — adv. Gigan'ticaixy.
GIGGLE, gig'l, v.i. to laugh with short
catches of the breath, or in a silly man-
ner.— n. a laugh of this kind. — n. Gigg'-
LER. [From the sound.]
GIGOT, jig'ut, n. a leg of mutton. [Fr.—
O. Fr. gigue, a leg ; a word of unknown
origin. There is another gigue, an old
stringed instrument.]
GIGSTER, gig'ster, 71. a horse suitable for
a gig. "'The gigster, or light harness
horse, maj'also be a hack, and many are
used for both purposes, with benefit both
to themselves and their masters." — J. H.
Walsh.
GILD, gild, v.t. to cover or overlay with
gold : to cover with any gold-like sub-
stance : to adorn witli lustre : — pr.p.
gild'ing ; pa.t. and pa.p. gild'ed or gilt.
J A.S. gyldan — gold. See GOLD.]
GILDER, gild'er, n. one whose trade is to
gild or cover articles with a thin coating
of gold.
GILDING, gild'ing, 71. act or trade of a
gilder : gold laid on any surface for or
nament.
GILL, gil, n. (pi.) the breathing organs in
fishes and certain other aquatic animals:
the flap below the bill of a fowl. [Scand.,
as in Dan. gicelle, a gill, Swed. gal.]
GILL, jil, 71. a measure =^ i pint. [O. Fr.
gelle ; cf . Low L. gillo, a flask ; allied to
Fr. jale, a large bowl, E. gallon. See
Gallon.]
GILL, jil, 71. ground-ivy : beer flavored
with ground-ivy. [From Gillian or Juli-
ana (from Julius), a female name, con-
tracted Gill, Jill]
GILLIE, GILLY, gil'i, ?i. a youth, a man-
servant. [G.aei. gille, a lad, Jr. ceile. See
C^TTT T)P"F' "I
GILLYFLOWER, jil'i-flow-er, n. popular
name for stock, wallflower, etc., so called
from its clove-like smell. [Fr. girojlie —
Gr. karyophyllon, the clove-tree — karyon,
a nut, phyllon, a leaf.]
GILT, gilt, adj. gilded. — adj. Gilt-edged,
having gilded edges, as the leaves of a
book.
GILT, gilt, pa.t. anApa.p. of Gild.
GILT, 71. gold : money.
Three corrupted men, . . .
Have, for the f/ilt of France, — O ^lilt indeed ! —
Confirmed consfjiracy with fearful France. — .S/jafc.
GIMBALS, gim'balz, 7i.pl.. tico i-ings for
suspending the mariner's compass so as
to keep it always horizontal. [L. gemelli,
twins.]
GIMBLET. Same ss Gimlet.
GIMCRACK, jim'krak, n. a toy : a trivial
mechanism. [Ety. dub.]
GIMLET, gim'let, ?i". a small tool for boring
holes by irimbling or turning it with the
hand. — v.t. to pierce with a gimlet:
(naut.) to turn round (an anchor) as if
turning a gimlet. [Fr. gibelet, gimbelet,
from a Teut. root, whence also E. WnJ-
ble.]
GIMP
197
GLANDERS
GIMP, gimp, n. a kind of trimming, etc., of
silk, woollen, or cotton twist. [Fr. guimpe,
from O. Grer. wimpal, a light robe ; E.
u'iinj)le.]
GIN. jin, H. same as Geneva, of which it
is a contraction.
OIN. jin, n. a trap ; a snare : a machine or
instrument by which the mp^hanical
powers are employed in aid of human
•trength ; especially, (a) a machine used
instead of a crane, consisting essentially
of three poles from 13 to 15 feet in length,
often tapering from the lower extremity
to the top, and united together at their
upper extremities, whence a block and
tackle is suspended, the lower extremities
being planted in the ground about 8 or
9 feet asunder, and there being a kind of
windlass attached to two of the legs ;
{,b) a kind of whim or windlass worked
by a horse which turns a cylinder and
winds on it a rope, thus raising minerals
or the hke from a depth; (c) a machine for
separating the seeds from cotton, called
hence a cotton-gin, which was invented
by Eli Whitney of Massachusetts, in 1794.
Tlie name is also given to a machine for
driving piles, to an engine of torture, and
to a pump moved by rotary sails. [A
contr. of engine.]
GIN. jin, v.t. to clear cotton of its seeds by
means of the cotton-gin : to catch in a
trap. "So, so, the woodcock's ginn'd."
—Bean. & Ft.
GIN. gin, v.i. to begin. [A.S. gynnan, to
begin.]
As wheu the sun gin3 his reflexiou. — Shak,
GIN, gin, conj. if ; suppose (Scotch) ;
Gin a body meet a body,
Comia^ thro' the rye.— Scotch song :
by 01 against a certain time ; as, I'll be
there gin five o'clock. [A.S. ge&n, gen,
against.]
•DINGER, jin'jer, n. the root of a plant in the
E. and W. Indies, with a hot and spicy
taste, so called from being shaped like a
horn. [Old form in M. E. gingivere — O.
Fr. gingibre — L. zingiber — Gr. zingiberis
— Sans, ^nga-vera — rringa, horn, vera,
shape.]
GINGERBEER, jin'jer-ber, n. an efferves-
cent drink flavored with ginger.
GINGERBREAD, jin'jer-bred, n. sweet
bread flavored with ginger.
GINGERLY, jin'jer-li. adv. with soft steps:
cautiously. [From a Scand. root, seen in
Swed. gingla, to totter.]
GINGHAM, ging'ham, n. a kind of cotton
cloth. [Fr. guingan, ace. to Littre, a
corr. of Guingampi a town in Brittany,
wlinre such stuffs are made.]
GINGLE, jing'I. Same as Jingle.
GIPSY. GYPSEY, GYPSY, iip'si, n. one of
a wandering race, originally from India,
now scattered over Europe : a reproach-
ful name for one with a dark complexion :
a sly, tricking woman. [Lit. Egyptian,
because supposed to come from Egypt,
M. E. Gyptian.}
CHRAFFE, ji-raf, v. the camelopard (&i-
raffa Camelopardalis or Camelopardalis
Oiraffu), a ruminant animal inhabiting
various parts of Africa, and constituting
the only species of its genus and family.
It is the tallest of all animals, a full-
grown male reaching the height of 18 or
30 feet. This great stature is mainly due
to the extraordinary length of the neck,
in which, however, there are but seven
Vertebra?, though these are extremely
elongated. It has two bony excrescences
on its head resembling horns. Its great
height is admirably suited with its habit
©f feeding upon the leaves of trees, and
in this the animal is further aided by its
tongue, which is both prehensile and ca-
pable of being remarkably elongated or
contracted at will. It rarely attempts
to pick up food from the ground. Its
color is usually light fawn marked with
darker spots. It is a mild and inoffensive
animal, and in capti\nty is very gentle
and playful. " The giraffe is, in some
respects, intermediate between the hol-
low-horned and solid-horned ruminants,
though partaking more of the nature
of the deer."— Pj-o/. Owen. [Fr. girafe,
giraffe, Sp. girafa. It. giraffa, from Ar.
zurafa; Hind, zurafu, that is long-
necked.]
GIRD, gerd, v.t. to bind round : to make
fast by binding : to surround : to clothe :
— pa.t. and pa.p. erird'ed or gu't. [A.S.
gyrdan ; akin to Ger. gilrten ; from a
root gard, whence also £. Gaeden and
Yaed.]
GIRDER, gerd'er, n. one who or that which
girds . one of the principal pieces of tim-
ber in a floor binding the others together :
(engineering) any simple or compound
beam sustaining a weight, and supported
at both ends.
GIRDLE, gerd'i n. that which girds or
encircles, esp. a band for the waist : an
inclosure : (jew.) a horizontal line sur-
rounding a .stone. — v.t. to bind, as with
a girdle : to inclose : to make a circular
incision, as through the bark of a tree to
kill it. [A.S. gyrdel — gyrdan, to gird.]
GIRL, gerl, n. a female child : a young
woman. [Prob. from 0. Ger. giir, a
child, with suffix -1= -?a.]
GIRLHOOD, gerl'hood, n. the state of
being a girl.
GIRLISH, gerl'ish, adj. of or like a girl.—
adv. — Girl'ishly. — n. Giel'ishness.
GIRT, gert, GIRTH, gerf/i.7i. belly-band of
a saddle : measure round the waist.
GIRT, gert, v.t. to gird.
GIST, jist, n. the main point or pith of a
matter. [The word in this sense comes
from an old French proverb, " I know
where the hare lies " (O. Fr. gist, Fr. git),
i.e., I know the naain point — Fr. gesir,
to lie — L. jacere.]
GIVE, giv, t;.i. to bestow: to impart: to
yield : to grant : to permit : to afford :
to furnish : to pay or render, as thanks :
to pronounce, as a decision : to sliow, as
a result : to apply, as one's self : to allow
or admit. — v.i. to yield to pressure : to
begin to melt : to grow soft •.—pr.j). giv'-
ing ; pa.t. gave ; pa.p. given (giv'n). —
Give chase, to pursue : Give forth, to
emit, to publish : Give in, to yield: Give
OUT, to report, to emit : Give over, to
cease : Give place, to give way. to
^'ield: GrvE up. to abandon. [A.S. gifan;
(jer. geben, Goth, gihan, fi-om a Teut.
root gab, to give.]
GIVER, gi\''er, n. one who gives or be-
stows.
GIZZARD, giz'ard, n. the muscular stom-
ach of a fowl or bird. [M. E. giser, Fr.
gesier — L. gigerium, used only in pi. gige-
ria, the cooked entrails of poultrv.]
GLABROUS, gla'brus, adj., smonih : hav-
ing no hairs or any unevenness. [L.
glaber, smooth ; akin to gl'ibo, to peel,
Gr. glapho, to carve.]
GLACIAL, gla'shi-al, adj., iey: frozen:
pertaining to ice or its action, esp. to
glaciers. [Fr. — L. glacialis — glacies, ice.]
GLACIER, gla'slier or glas'i-er, n. a field
or, more properly, a slowly moving river
of ice, such as is found in the hollows and
on the slopes of lofty mountains. — GLA-
CIER TABLES, large stones found on gla-
ciers supported on pedestals of ice. The
stones attain this peculiar position by
the melting away of the ice around them,
and the depression of its g'eneral surface
bv the action of the sim and rain. The
block, like an uinlM-ella, protects the ice
below it, from both ; and accordingly its
elevation measures the level of the gla-
cier at a former period. By and by the
stone table becomes too heavy for the
column of ice on which it rests, or its
equilibrium becomes unstable, whereupon
it topples over, and falling on the sur-
face of the glacier defends a new spac«
of ice, and begins to mount afresh —
Prof. J. D. Forbes. \Tr.— glace, ice — L
glacies, ice.]
GLACIS, gla'sis or gla-ses', n. a gentle
slope : (fort.) a smooth sloping bank.
[Fr. — O. Fr. glacier, to shde — glace, ice.]
GLAD, glad, adj. pleased : clieerful :
bright : giving pleasure. — v.t. to make
glad : — pr.2i. gladd'ing ; pa.p. gladd'ed. —
adv. Glad'lt. — n. Glad'ness. [A.S.
glced ; Ger. glatt, smooth, Ice. glathr,
bright, Dan. glad : the root meant • shin-
ing,' and is found also in Glade.]
GLADDEN, glad'n, v.t. to make glad : tc
cheer : to animate.
GLADE, glad, n. an open space in a wood^
[Scand., as in Norw. gleite, a clear spot
among clouds, Ice. glita, to shine, glathr,
bright ; the original sense being, a
" bright opening." See GhXD.]
GLADIATE, glad i-at, adj., sword-sha^ied
iL. gladiu.'i, a sword.]
ADIATOR, glad'i-a-tor, ?!. in ancient
Rome, a professional combatant with
men or beasts in the arena. [L. (lit.) a
sword.tman — gladiits, a sword.]
GLADIATORIAL, glad-i-a-tor'i-al. GLAD-
lATORY, glad'i-a-tor-i, adj. relating to
gladiators or prize-fighting.
GLADIOLE, glad'i-ol, GLADIOLUS, gla-
di'o-lus, n. the plant sword-lily. [L,
gladiolus, dim. of gladius.]
GLADSOJIE, glad'sum. adj., glad: joyous,
. — n. gL
SOMENESS.
jay. — adv. Glad'somely.
iLaJ>
GLAIR, glar. n. the clear part of an egg
used as varnish : any viscous, trans-
parent substance. — v.t. to varnish with
white of egg. — adjs. Glair'y, Glar'
ECUS. [Fr. glaire — Low L. clara ovi,
white of egg — L. clarus, clear. See
Clear.]
GLAIVE, glav, ?;. same as Glave.
GLAMOUR, glam'er. n. the supposed in-
fluence of a charm on the eyes, making
them see things as fairer than tliey are.
i Scotch ; Ice. ylain, dimness of sight.]
ANCE, glans, n. a sudden shoot of light:
a darting of the eye : a momentary view.
— v.i. to dart a ray of light or splendor :
to snatch a momentary view : to tly ofl
obliquelj- : to make a passing allusion. —
v.t. to dart suddenly or obliquely — adt'.
Glanc'INGLY. [Fi-o'm a Teut. root found
in Swed. glans, Dut. glans, Ger. glam
lustre, and allied to obs. E. glint, E. glit-
ter, glass.]
GLAlSfD, gland, n. a fleshy organ of the
body which secretes some substance from
the" blood : (bot.) a small cellular spot
which secretes oil or aroma. [Fr. glande
— L. glans. glandis. an acorn : from the
likeness of shape to an acorn.]
GLANDER, gland'er, v.t. to affect with
glanders.
GLANDERED gland'erd, p. and adj. af-
fected with glanders. " Being drank in
plenty, it (tar watei-) hath recovered even
a gla'ndered horse that was thought in-
curable."— Berkeley.
GLANDERS, gland'erz, ?!. in farriery, a
very dangerous and highly contagious
disease of the mucous membrane of the
nostrils of horses, attended with an in-
creased and vitiated .secretion and dis-
charge of mucus, and enlargement and
induration of the glands of the lower jaw:
in med. a dangerous contagious disease
in the human subject, accompanied by a
GLANDIFEROUS
pustular eruption, communicated bv in-
oculation from glandered animals, ff rem
Gland.]
GLAXDIFEROUS. gland-if'er-us, adj. Mur-
ing (iconis or nuts. [L. glandifer — glans,
glandis, and fero, to beai-.]
GLANDIFORM, gland'i-form, acli. resem-
bling a gland: nut-shaped. [L. glans,
i»nd fofiuu. form.]
GLANDULAR, gland ' u - lar, GLANDU-
LOUS, g-land'u-lus, adj. containing, con-
sisting of. or pertaining to glands.
GLANDULE, gland'ul, n. a smaH gland.
GLARE, glar, n. a clear, dazzling light :
overpowering lustre : a piercing look. —
v.i. to shine with a clear, dazzling light :
to be ostentatiously splendid : to look
■with piercing eyes.' [Perh. from A.S.
gher. a pellucid substance, amber ; akin
to Glass.]
GLARING, glar'iug, adj. bright and daz-
zling-: barefaced: notorious. — adv. Glar'-
ISGLY. — n. Glae'isgniss.
GLASS, glas, n. the hard, brittle, trans-
parent substance in windows : anything
made of glass, esp. a drinking vessel, a
mirror, etc. : — -p/. spectacles: the quantity
of liquid a glass holds. — adj. made of
glass. — v.t. to case in glass. — adj. Glass'-
LIKE. [A.S. glees ; widely diffused in the
Teut. languages, and from a Teut. base
gal. to shine, seen also in Glow, Glea-SI,
Glad. Glance, and Glare.]
GLASS-BLOWER, glas'-bl6-er, n. one who
blows and fashions glass.
GLASS-BLOWING, glas'-blo-ing, Ji. amode
of manufacturingglasswareand window-
glass bj' taking a mass of viscid glass
from the meltina--pot on the end of the
blowing tube and then inflating the mass
by blowing through the tube, repeatedly
heating if necessarj' at the furnace, and
subjecting it to various manipulations.
Moulds are often used in the making of ar-
ticles by blowing. The term glass-blowing
also includes the production of toys and
other articles under the blow-pipe.'
6LASSCH0RD. glas'kord, n. the name
given by Franklin to a musical instru-
ment, witli kej-s like a pianoforte, but
witli bars of glass instead of strings of
wire, invented'in Paris in 1785 by a Ger-
man named Bever.
GLASS-ROPE, g\as'-rop, n. a name given
to a species of siliceous sponge {Hyalo-
nema Sieboldii) found in Japan. It con-
sists of a cup-sliaped sponge-bod v, sup-
ported by a i-ope of long twisted siliceous
fibres, which are sunk in the mud of the
sea bottom.
GLASSWORT, glas'wurt, ?;, a plant so
called from its yielding soda, used in
making glass. [&lass, and A.S. u-ifrt, a
plant.]
GLASSY, glas'i, adj. made of or like glass. —
adi-. Glass'ily. — n. Glass'ixess.
GLAUCOMA, glawk'6-ma, n. a disease of
the eye, marked by the green color of the
pupil". [See GLAtJcous.]
GLAUCOUS, glaw'kus, adj. sea-green :
grayish blue : {bot.) covered with a fine
green bloom. [L. glauats. bluish — Gr.
glaukos. blue or gray. orig. g'leaming,
akin to glaiwiso. to shine.]
OLA^'E. glav, n. a sword. [Fr. — L. gladuis
(= cladius, akin to eludes). See Clay-
more.]
©LAZE, glaz, v.t. to furnish or cover with
glass : to cover with a thin surface of or
resembling glass : to give a glassy sur-
face to. — n. the glassy coating put upon
pottery : any shining exterior. [M.E.
glnsen— Glass.]
©Lazier. gUVzl-er. n. one whose trade is
to set glass in window-frames, etc. [For
glaz-er : like laiv-y-er for lan--erj]
GLAZING, glaz'ing, n. the act or art of
198
setting glass : the art of covering with
a vitreous substance : (J50^»^^) semi-trans-
parent colors put thinly over others to
modifv the effect.
GLEAJf, glem, v.i. to gloto or shine: to
flash. — n. a small stream of light : a
beam : brightness. [A.S. glcem, gleam,
brightness ; akin to Glass. Glow.]
GLEAMY, glem'i, adj. casting beams or
rays of light.
GLEAN, glen, v.t. to gather in handfuls
the corn left by the reapers: to collect
what is thinly scattered. — v.i. to gather
after a reaper. — n. that which is gleaned:
the act of gleaning. — ns. Glean'er,
Glean'ing. [O. Fr. glener (Fr. glaner),
through Low L. forms, from A.S. gdm,
a handful.]
GLEBE, gleb, n. the land belonging to a
parish church or ecclesiastical benefice :
(mining) a piece of earth containing ore.
[Fr. — L. gleba, a clod, soil. Cf. Globe.]
GLEBOUS, gleb'us, GLEBY, gleb'i, adj.,
cloddy, tui'fy. [L. glebosus — gleba.]
GLEDE. gled. n. (B.) the common kite, a
rapacious bird. [A.S. glida, " the glider,"
akin to glidan, to glide.]
GLEE, gle, n. joy : mirth and gaiety :
(mus.) a song or catch in parts. [A.S.
gleo. mirth, song ; Ice. gly.]
GLEEFUL, gle'fool, adj. merry.
GLEEMAN, gle'raan, n. a minstrel. [See
Glee.]
GLEET, glet. n. a glairv discharge from a
mucous surface. — adj. Gleet'Y. [From
root of Glide.]
GLEN, glen, «. a narrow valley worn by
a river : a depression between hills.
[Celt., as in Gael, and Ir. gleann, W.
glyn.]
GLIB, glib, adj. moving easOy : voluble. —
adv. Glib'ly. — n. Glib'n'ess. [A contr.
of Dut. glibberig, slippery.]
GLIDE, gild, v.i. to slide smoothly and
easily : to flow gently : to pass rapidly.
— «. 'act of gliding. — odr. Glid'ingly.
[A.S. glidan, to slip, to slide; Ger. gleiten,
to move smoothly, closely akin to Glad.]
GLIMMER, glim'er, v.i. to burn or appear
faintly. — n. a faint lieht : feeble rays of
light : {min.) mica. [From a Teut. root,
found in Dan. and Ger. glimmer, of which
the base is seen in Gleaji.]
GLIMMER-GOWK, glim'er-gowk. n. an
owl. " Like a gTaat glimmer-gmvk wi'
"is g-lasses athurt 'is noase." — Tennyson.
GLIMMERING, glim'er-ing. n. same as
Glijtmer. n.
GLIMPSE, glimps, n. a short gleam : a
weak light : transient lustre : a hurried
view : fleeting enjoJ^nent : the exhibi-
tion of a faint resemblance. — v.i. to ap-
pear by glimpses. [M.E. glimsen, to
glimpse — glim. See Glijimer.]
GLINT, glint, v.i. to glance : to gleam : to
pass suddenly, as a gleam of light, a
flash of lightning, or anj-thing that re-
sembles it : to peep out, as a flower from
the bud.
Yet cheerfully thou glirifed forth
Amid the storm. — Btirns.
"The sun lay warm on the grass, and
glinted pleasantly through the leaves of
the ash.'" — Lord Lytton. [Of kindred
origin with glimpse, glimmer, glance, etc.
Comp. Dan. glimt. a gleam, glimte, to
flash.]
GLINT, glint, n. a glance : a glimpse : a
gleam : a transient view- : a flash, as of
lightning: a moment. '• The little I'oom
was dusky, save for a narrow glint
streaming through the not quite closed
door of the room." — Dickens.
GLISTEN, glis'n. GLISTER, glis'ter. v.i.
to glitter or sparkle with light : to shine.
[From base glis-, to shine, with excres-
GLORY
cent -^ ; cf. Dut. glinsteren. See Gut
TER.]
GLITTER, glit'er. r.(. to glisten, to sparkle
with light : to be splendid : to be showy.
— n. lustre: brilliancy. [Scand., as in
Ice. glitra, to glisten. Ice. glit, glitter;
closely akin to GusTEN, Glister, etc.]
GLITTfiRING. glit'er-ing. adj.. .tkrmngt
splendid : brilliant.— arfr. Glitt'eringly '
GLOAM, glom, 7i. the twilight : gloaming
I sa^v their starved lips In the qlnam.
With horrid warning f:aped witie.— Keats.
GLOAMING, glom'ing, n. twilight, dusk r
" As gloaming, the Scottish word for twi-
light, is far more poetical, and has been
recommended by many eminent literary
men, particularly by Dr. Moore in his
letters to Burns, I have ventured to use
it on account of its harmony." — Byron:
closing period ; decline; as, the gloaming
of life : gloominess of mind or spirit ;
"Woman, pluck up your heart, and leave
off all this gloaming." — J. Still. [A.S.
glomnng. Scot, gloamin. akin to Gloom.J
GLOAT, glot, i\i. to look eagerly, in a bad
sense: to view with joy. [Scand., as in
Ice. glotta, to grin.]
GLOBATE, glob'at, adj. like a globe : cir-
cular. [L. globo, globatus, to form into
a ball — globus.]
GLOBE, glob, n. a ball : a round body, a
sphere : the earth : a sphere represent-
ing the earth (terrestrial globe) or the
heavens (celestial globe). [Fr. — L. glob-
us : akin to gleba. a clod.]
GLOBE, glob, v.i. to become round or
g-lobe-shaped. E. B. Brouming.
GtOBOSE, glob-6s', GLOBOUS, glob'us
adj. globular. — n. Globo'sity.
GLOBULAR, glob'u-lar, GLOBULOUS,
glob'ii-lus. adj. like a globe : spherical.—
adv. Glob'ularly. — n. Globular'ity.
GLOBULE, glob'ill, n. a little globe or round
particle.
GLOME, glom, n. (bot.) a globular head of
flowers. [L. glomus = globus, and conn.
with Clump, Ltjup.]
GLOJIERATE, glom'er-at, v.t. to gather
into a ball : to collect into a spherical
mass. — adj. growing in rounded or mas-
sive forms : conglomerate. [L. gloniero,
-atus — glomus, gtomeris. a clue of yarn.]
GLOMERATION, glom-er-a'shun, n. act of
gathering' into a.ball : a body formed into
a ball.
GLOOM, gloom, n. partial darkness : cloudi-
ness : heaviness of mind, sadness : hope-
lessness: sullenness. — i:i. to be sullen or
dejected : to be cloudy or obscure. [A.S.
glom, gloom ; Prov. GJer. glumm, gloomy,
E. Glum.]
GLOOMTH, gloomth. n. the state of being
dim, obscure, or gloomy : partial dark-
ness. '• The gloomth of abbeys and cathe-
drals."— H. Walpole.
GLOOMY, gloom'i, adj. dim or obscure :
dimly lighted : sad, melancholy. — adv,
Gloom'ily. — n. Gloom'iness.
GLORIFY, glo'ri-fi, v.t. to make glorious:
to honor : to exalt to glory or happiness:
to ascribe honor to, to worship : — pa.p.
glo'rified. — n. Glorifica'tion. [L. gloria,
and facio. to make.]
GLORIOLE. glo'ri-6l. n. a circle, as of rays,
represented in ancient paintings as sur^
rounding the heads of saints : in tlie
extract, used figuratively. [Formed oo
type of Aureole.]
Sappho, with that gUiriiHe
Of ebon hair on calniSd brows. — E. B. Brovminq.
GLORIOUS, glo'ri-us, adj. noble, splendid:
conferring renown. — adv. Glo'eiously.
— n. Glo'riousness. [L. gloriosus.]
GLORY, glo'ri, n. renown : honor : the oc-
casion of praise : an object of pride :
excellency : splendor : brightness : circle
of rays surrounding the head of a saint ;
GLORY
x99
GNAW
(B.) the presence of Grod : the manifes-
tation of God to the blessed in heaven :
heaven. — v.i. to boast : to be proud of
anvthing: : to exult -.^pa.p. glo'ried. [Tr.
— t. gloria (for cloria), akin to clams,
from root of L. clu-eo, Gr. khi-o, to be
famed ; E. Loud.]
©LORY. gl6-ri, i:t. to make glorious : to
magnify and honor in worship: to glorify.
" The troop that gloried "Venus on her
wedding day." — Greene.
BLOSS. glos, n., brightness or lustre, as
from a polished surface : external sliow.
— v.t. to give a superficial lustre to: to
render plausible : to palliate. [Ice. glossi,
brightness, gloa, to glow. See Glass.]
GLOSS, glos, n. a remark to explain a
subject : a comment. — r.i. to comment
or make explanatory remarks. [L. glossa,
a word requiring explanation — Gr. glossa,
the tongue.]
GLOSSANTHRAX, glos-an'thraks, n. a
disease in horses and cattle, character-
ized by malignant carbuncles in the
mouth, and especially on the tongue.
[Gr. glossa. the tongue, and anthrax, a
carbuncle.]
6L0SSARIAL, glos-a'ri-al, arlj. relating to
a glossar\' : containing explanation.
GLOSSARfST. glos'ar-ist, n. a writer of a
glossary.
GLOSSARY, glos'ar-i, n, a vocabulary of
words requiring special explanation.
[From Gr. glossa."]
GLOSSATOR, glos-a'tor, n. a writer of
glosses or comments : a. commentator.
6L0SSIC, glos'ik, v. a phonetic system of
spelling invented by Mr. A. J. Ellis, in-
tended to be used concurrently with the
existing English orthography (Noniic)
in order to remedy some of its defects
without changing' its form or detract-
ing from its value. The following is a
specimen of Glossic : — " Ingglish Glosik
konvai'Z whotever proanunsiai'sh.m iz
inten'ded bei dhi reitep. Glosik bucks
kan dliaii-foar bee maid too impaar.t
risee-vd aurthria-ipi too aul reederz.'' —
A. J. Ellis. [Fi om Gr. glossa. a tongue].
GLOSSOGRAPH\ . glos-og'raf-i. v. the
irriting of gloss iries or comments. — ».
GLOSSOO'RAPHER.— arfj. GLOSSOCrR.\PH'T-
CAL. [Gr. glossa. and grapho. to write.]
GLOSSOLOGY, glos-ol'o-ii. n. the science
of language : the knowledge of the defi-
nition of technical terms. — n. Glossol'O-
QiST.— adj. Glossolog'ical. [Gr. glossa,
and logos, a discourse.]
GLOSSY, glos'i, adj. smooth and shining :
highly polished. — adv. Gloss'ily. — n.
GLOSS'IN'ESS.
GLOTTIC, glot'ik. adj. of or pertaining to
glottologv : glottological.
GLOTTIS.' glot'is, n. the opening of the
larvnx or entrance to the windpipe. —
adj. Glott'al. [Gr. glottis— glossa, the
tongue J
6L0TT0L0GIST, glot-ol'o-jist, v.. a stu-
dent of or one versed in glottology : a
glossolo<rist.
GLOTTOLOGY, glot-ol'o-ji, n. the science
of language, comparative philology. [Gr.
glottal Attic for glo.^sa, and logos', a dis-
course.]
GLOVE, gluv, n. a cover for the hand, with
a sheath for each finger. — v.t. to cover
with or as with a glove. [A.S. glof
{=.ge-lof) ; allied to Scot, loof. Ice. lofi,
palm of the hand.]
Glover, gluv'er, n. one who makes or
sells gloves.
GLOW, glo. v.i. to shine with an intense
heat : to feel great he.-it of body : to be
flushed : to feel the heat of passion : to
be ardent. — )?. shining or white heat:
unusual warmth : brightness of color :
vehemence of pa.ssion. [A.S. glowan, to
glow, as a fire ; Ger. gluhen, Ice. gloa, tc
glow.]
GL0W-"\V0RM. glo'-wurm, n. the female
of a certain insect, which gloics or shines
in the dark.
GLOZE, gloz, v.i. to give a false meaning
to: to flatter: to wheedle. — r.f. to palli-
ate bj' specious explanation. [M. E.
glosen, to make glosses, from M. E. glose,
a gloss. See Gloss, a remark.]
GLUCOSE, gloo-kos', n. the peculiar kind
of sugar in the juice of fruits. [Gr. gly-
Icys. sweet.]
GLUCOSIDE, glu'ko-sTd, ??. one of a large
group of substances, derived from animal
or vegetable products, possessing the
common propei-ty of yielding glucose and
other products when they are boiled with
dilute acids, or are acted on by certain
ferments.
GLUE, gloo, n. a sticln- substance obtained
by boiling to a jelly the skins, hoofs, etc.,
of animals. — v.t. to join with glue : —
pr.p. glii'ing ; pa.p. glued'. [Fr. glu —
Lov/ L. glus, glutis — gluo, to draw to-
gether.]
GtUEY. gloo'i. adj. containing glue: sticky:
viscous. — n. Gltj'etness.
GLUM, glum, adj. frowning : sullen :
gloomy. [From root of GLob.M.]
GLUME, gloom, n. the husk or floral cover-
ing of grain and grasses. — adj. Glttsia'-
CEOrs. U-i. ghima, husk — glubo, to peel
off bark.]
GLUMLY, glumli, adv. in a glum or sul-
len manner: ^vith moroseness.
GLUT, glut, v.t. to swallow greedily: to
feast to satiety: to supply in excess: —
2}r.p. glutt'ing ; pn./). glutt'ed. — >!. that
which is gorged : more tlian enough :
anything that obstructs tlie passage.
[L. ghitio — root glu, akin to Sans, gri,
to devour, and L. gida, and gurgulio,
tlie throat : from the sound of swallow-
ingj
GLUTEN, gloo'ten, n. a tough elastic sub-
stance of a gi-ayish color, which becomes
brown and brittle by drying, found in the
flour of wheat and other g-iain. It con-
tributes much to the nutritive quality of
flour, and gives tenacity to its paste." A
similar substance is found in the juices
of certain plants. Gluten consists of
gliadine. vegetable fibrine. and ca,seine,
\vith sometimes a fatty substance. "Glu-
ten exhibits the same percentage com-
Eosition as the albuminoids ; it is not,
owever, a simple proximate principle,
but may be separated into two distinct
substances, one soluble and the other in-
soluble in alcohol ; and. according to
Ritthausen, the portion soluble in alcohol
may be further resolved into two sub-
stances, one called mucin or %'egetable
casein, the other ghitin. gliadin. or vege-
table gelatin ; the portion insoluble in
alcohol is called vegetable fibrin." — Watts,
Diet, of Chem. [L. See"GLtT..]
GLUTEN-BREAD, gloo't en-bred, n. a kind
of bread in which there is a large pro-
portion of gluten. It is used in diabetes.
GLUTINATE, gloo'tin-at. v.t. to unite, as
with glue. — )(. GLrnxA'xiox. [L. ghitino,
ghitinatiim — gluten.']
GLUTINATTVE, gloo'tin-a-tiv, adj. haiing
the quality of gluing or cementing: tena-
cious.
GLUTINOUS. gl56'tin-us. adj. gluey: tena-
cious : (bot.) covered, as a loaf, with
slimv moisture. — n. GLU'TIN'OrsN"ESS.
GLUTTON, glut'n, n. one who eats to ex-
cess : a carnivorous quadruped in north-
ern regions, once thought very voracious.
[Fr. glouton — L. glu to, from' L. root of
GLtT.]
GLUTTONIZE. glut'n-Tz, v.i. to eat to ex-
cess, like a glutton.
GLUTTONOUS, glut'n-us, GLUTTONISH,
glut'n-ish, adj. given to, or consisting in
gluttony. — adv. Glutt'onouslt.
GLUTTONY, glut'n-i, n. excess in eating.
GLYCERIDE, glis'e-rid, n. in chem. a com-
pound ether of the triatomic alcohol gly-
cerine. Some of the glycem.es exist
ready formed as natural tats, in the bodies
of plants and animals, and many more
may be produced artificially by the action
of acid upon glycerine.
GLYCERINE. GLYCERIN, glis'e-rin, n.
a transparent colorless liquid with a sweet
taste, obtained from natural fats by sa-
ponification with alkahes or by the action
of superheated steam. [From Gr. glykys,
sweet.]
GLYPH, glif, n. {arch.) an ornamental
sunken chsmnel or fluting, usually verti-
cal. [Gr. glypM — glypho, to hollow out,
carve.]
GLYPHOGRAPHY. glif-og'raf-i. n. a proc-
ess of taking a raised copy of a drawing
bv electrotype. — adj. Glyphograph'ic
[Gr. glypho, to carve, engrave, and gra-
phe. drawing — grapho, to write.]
GLYPTIC, glip'tik, adj. pertaining to cnn>
ing on stone, etc.: (win.) figured. — Gltp'-
TICS. 7i.sing. the art of engraving, esp. on
precious stones.
GLYPTODON. glip'tod-on. n. a fossU ani-
mal of S. America with fluted teeth.
[Gr. glyptos, carved, and odous, odontos,
tooth.]
GLYPTOGRAPHY, ghp-tog'raf-i, n. a de-
scription of the art of engraving on
precious stones. — adj. Gltptograph'IC.
[Gr.(//jfp/os,can'ed.and grapho. to write.]
GNAR. nar, v.i.to snarl or growl. [From
a Teut. root found in Ger. kniirren, Dan.i
knurre. to growl ; formed from the!
sound.] '
GNARL. narl,i'.t. to snarl or growL fFrea '
of Gn.\e.]
GNARL. narl. n. a growl : a snarl. " My
caress provoked a long guttural gnarh"
— E. Bronte.
GNARL. narl, n. a twisted knot in wood.
— adj. Gnarled, knotty, twisted. [From
a Teut root, as in Ger. knorren. Dan.
knort. a knot, gnarl, and prob. akin to
gnarl in the sense of pressing close to-
gether.]
GNASH, nash, v.t. to strike the teeth to-
gether in rage or pain. — v.i. to grind the
teeth. [From the sound.]
GNAT, nat, n. a name applied to several
insects of the genus Culex. Tlie pro-
boscis or sting of the female is a tube
containing four spicula? of exquisite fine-
ness, dentated or edged ; these are the
modified mandibles and maxilte. The
males are destitute of stings, and are
furtiier distinguished by their plume-like
antennse. The most troublesome of this
genus is the mosquito. "Strain at a
gnat" fMatt. xxiii. 34), to be scrupulous
about small matters. In this phrase the
at is said to be a typographical l)lunder
of the first edition of tlie King James
version of the Bible for out. It is an al-
lusion to the custom of the Jew.s, Greeks,
• and Romans of passing their wines fwhich
in the southern countries might easily
receive gnats) through a strainer. This
was a matter of religion with the Jews,
who considered the insect unclean. [A.S.
gncvt : Low Gor. gnid. a small kind of
gnat : perhaps akin to Ger. gnatze, the
itch.l
GNAW, naw, v.t. to bite so as to make a
noise with the teeth : to bite off by de-
grees : to bite in agony or rage : ( fig.) to
torment. — v.i. to use the teeth in biting.
fA.S. gnagan .-cf. Dut. knagen. Ice. naga,
Prov. E. nag, to tease, worry.]
GNEISS
200
GOLF
GNEISS, nis, n. igeol.) a species of strati-
fied rock composed of quartz, felspar,
and mica. [Ger. gneiss, a name used by
the Saxon miners, of unknown origin.]
GNEISSOID, nls'oid, adj. having some of
tlie eharcicters of gneiss. [Gneiss, and
Gr. eidos, form.]
■JNOME, nom, n. a sententious saying. —
ad/'.GNOM'ic. [Gr. gnome, an opinion —
gnonai, gignosko, to know.]
dNOME, nom, n. a kind of sprite, said to
preside over the inner parts of the earth
and its treasures : a dwarf or goblin. [Fr.
— a word traced by Littr6 to Paracelsus,
and perh. formed from Gr. gnome, intel-
ligence, because it was supposed these
spirits could reveal the treasures of the
earth.]
GNOlfED, nom'ed, adj. haunted or inhab-
ited bj' a gnome or gnomes. "The
haunted air and gnomed mine." — Keats.
GNOMON, no'mon, n. the pin of a dial,
whose shadow points to the hour : the
index of the hour-circle of a globe :
(geom.) a parallelogram minus one of the
parallelograms about its diagonal. [Gr.
gnomon, an interpreter — gnonai, to
know.]
GNOMONIC, n6-mon'ik, GNOMONICAL,
no-mon'ik-al. adj. pertaining to the art
of dialling. — adv. Gnomon'ically.— n.
sing. Gnojion'ics, the art of dialling.
GNOSTIC, nos'tik, n. one of a sect in the
beginning of the Christian era who pre-
tended that they alone had a true knowl-
edge of religion. — adj. pertaining to the
Gnostics or their doctrines : knowing ;
well-informed ; skillful. Sir W. Scott.
[Gr. gnostikos, good at knowing — gignos-
ko. to know.]
ONOSTICALLY, nos'tik-al-i, adv. in a
gnostic or knowing manner : skillfully.
(Slang.) " He was tog'd gnostically
enough." — Sir W. Scott.
ufNOSTICISM, nos'ti-sizm, n. the doctrines
of the Gnostics.
&NU, nu, n. a kind of antelope in S.
Africa, resembling the horse and ox.
[Hottentot, grmt.]
GO, go, v.i. to pass from one place to an-
other : to be in motion : to proceed : to
walk : to depart from : to lead in any
direction : to extend : to tend : to be
about to do : to pass in report : to pass,
a-s in payment : to be accounted in
value : to happen in a particular way :
to turn out : to fare : — pr.j). go'ing ;
pa.t. went ; jja./j. gone (gon). — Go ABOUT
(B.), to set one's self about : to seek : to
endeavor. — Go beyond (B.), to overreach.
— Go TO, int. (J5.) come now ! [A.S. gan,
ga»>gan ; Ger. geheh, Dan. gan.]
GOAD, god, 71. a sharp-pointed stick, often
shod with iron, for driving oxen : a
stimulus. — v.t. to drive with a goad : to
urge forward. [A.S. gad, a goad.]
GOADSTER, god'ster, n. one who drives
with a goad : a goadsman. " Goadsters
in classical costume." — Carlyle.
GOAL, gol, 11. a mark set up to bound a
race : the winning-post ; also the .start-
ing-post : the two upright posts between
which the ball is kicked in the game of
football : the act of driving the ball
through between the posts : an end or
, aim. [Fr. gaule, a pole ; prob. of Teut.
origin, as Fris. tvalu, a staff, Goth, u-alus ;
but ace. to Littre from L. vallus, a .stake.]
<iOAT, got, n. the well-known quadruped,
allied to the sheep. [A.S. gat ; Ger.
geiss — obs. and prov. Ger. geissen = gehen,
to go ; like Gr. aix, a goat — aisso, to leap ;
akin to L. hcedus.]
GOATMOTH. got'moth, n. one of the
largest of British vioths, which has a
goatlike odor.
GOAT-PEPPER, got'-pep-er, n. a species of
Capsicum or Cayenne pepper (Capsicum
frutescens).
GOAT'S'-BEARD, -herd, GOAT'S'-RUE,
-roo. GOAT'S'-STONES, -stonz, GOAT'S'-
THORN, -thorn, )i. names of plants.
GOATSUCKER, got'suk-er, n. a kind of
swallow erroneous!}' thought to suck
goats.
GOBBET, gob'et, n. a mouthful : a little
lump. [Fr. gobet — Gael, gob, the mouth,
from the sound.]
GOBBLE, gob'l, v.t. to swallow in lumps :
to swallow hastily. — v.i. to make a noise
in the throat, as a turkej'. [Fr. gober,
to devour, with E. suffix -le — a Celt,
word gob, the mouth, which has also
passed into prov. E.]
GOBELIN, go'be-lin, adj. a term applied
to a species of rich tapestry in France,
ornamented with complicated and beau-
tiful designs in brilliant and permanent
colors : also, pertaining to a printed
worsted cloth for covering chairs, sofas,
etc., in imitation of tapestry. [From
the dyehouse in Paris originally belong-
ing to a famous family of dyers called
Gobelin, and, after them, named "the
Gobelins." M. Colbert subsequently ac-
quired it for the state, collecting into
it the ablest workmen in the divers arts
and manufactures connected with up-
holstery and house decoration, as paint-
ers, t&pestrj'-makers, ebonists, sculptors.
etc., prohibiting at the same time the
importation of tapestry from other coun-
tries. The Gobelins has since then con-
tinued to be the first manufactory of
the kind in the world, tapestry-work in
]3articular being its glory.]
GOBEMOUCHE, gob-moosh, ?i. (lit.) a fly-
swal'.ower ; hence, a credulous person,
simpleton, or ninny: so named from such
persons listening or staring with open
mouth. [Fr.]
GO-BET"\VEEN, go'be-twen, n. one who
goes between two others as an agent
or assistant : an intermediary. " Her
assistant or go-between." — Shale. " Swore
besides to play their go-between as hereto-
fore."— Tennyson.
GOBLET, gob'let, n. a large drinking cup
without a handle. [Fr. gobelet, dim. of
Low L. gubellus, which again is a dim.
of L. ci(pa, a cask. See Cup.]
GOBLIN, gob'lin, n. a frightful phantom :
a fairj'. [Fr. goblin — Low L. gobelinus —
Gr. kobalos, a mischievous spirit. See
Cobalt.]
GOBY, g5 bi, n. a genus of small sea-fishes,
which build nests of seaweed. [L. gobius
— Gr. kobios.]
GO-BY, go'-bl, }). a going by without no-
tice : escape by artifice : evasion.
GO-CART, go'-kart, 7i. a cart or contriv-
ance for teaching children to go or walk.
GOD, god, n. the Supreme Being : the Cre-
ator and Preserver of the world : an ob-
ject of worship, an idol : (B.) a ruler. —
fern. Godd'ess. [A.S. god; Ger. gott,
Goth, guth, Dut. god, and in all the other
Teut. languages ; all from a Teut. root
giitha, God, and quite distinct from good:
perh. conn, with Pers. khoda, lord, and
Sans, gudha, secret.]
GODFATHER, god'm-ther, ?!. a man who,
at a child's baptism, engages to be its
father in relation to God or its religious
training.— /e?n. God'mother. — ns. God'-
CHILD, GOD'-DAUGHTER, GOD'SON.
GODHEAD, god'hed, n. state of being a
god : deity : divine nature. [GoD, and
Head, which .see in list of Affixes.]
GODLESS, god'les, adj. living mthout God:
impious : atheistical. — adv. God'lesslt.
— )( . God'lessness.
GODLIKE, god'llk, adj. like God : divine.
GODLY, god'li, adj. like God in character :
pious : according to God's law. — adva.
God'lt, GtoD'LXLY. — n. God'liness. [God,
and ly^ike.]
GODMOTHER. See Godfather.
GODSEND, god'send, Ji. an unexpected
piece of good-fortune. [GOD and Send.]
GODSHOUSE, godz'hous, n. an almshouse.
Camden.
GODSON, god'sun. See Godfather.
GODSPEED, god'sped, n. for good speed or
success. [Cf. A.S. god-spedig, successful.J
GODWARD, god'vvawrd, adv., toivard God.
[God, and A.S. iveard, L. versus, sig.
direction.]
GODWIT, god'wit, n. a bird with a long
bill and long slender legs, that frequents
marshes. [Perh. from A.S. god, good,
and u-iht, creature.]
GOER, go'er, n._ one who or that which
goes : a horse, considered in reference to
his gait.
GOGGLE, gogl, v.i. to strain or roll the
eyes. — adj. rolling : staring : prominent.
— n. a stare, or affected rolling of the
eye : — pi. spectacles with projecting eye-
tubes : blinds for sh5ing horses. [Prob.
freq. of Celt, gog, to move slightly ; gog,
a nod.]
GOING, go'ing, n. the act of moving : de-
parture: (B.) course of life, behavior. —
Going forth, n. (B.) an outlet.— Goings
or GOINGS out, n. (B.) utmost extremity .
departures or journeyings.
GOITRE, GOITER, goi'ter, n. a tumor on
the forepart of the throat, being an en-
largement of one of the glands. [Fr.
goitre — L. guttur, the throat. Cf. Cre-
tin.]
GOITRED. GOITERED, goi'terd, adj. af-
fected with goitre.
GOITROUS, goi'trus, adj. pertaining to
goitre.
GOLD, gold, n. one of the precious metals
much used for coin : money, riches : yel-
low, gold color. [A.S. ; also in most
Aryan languages, as Ice. gull, Ger. gold,
Goth, gul-th, Russ. zla-to, Gr. chry-sos.
Sans, hirana — all froir a primary form
ghar-ta. from a root g Mr, to be yellow,
from which also grei n, yellow, are de-
rived.]
GOLD-BEATER, gold'-bet'er, n. one whose
trade is to beat gold into gold-leaf. — n.
Gold'-be.at'ing.
GOLD-DUST, gold'-dust, n. gold in dust or
very fine particles, as it is sometimes
found in rivers.
GOLDEN, gold'n, adj. made of gold : of the
color of gold : bright : most valuable ;
happy : highly favorable. — Golden
fleece, an order of knightliood : the
Toison d'or. See under ToisoN. ^Golden
ROSE, in the R. Cath. Ch. an ornament of
gold, musk, and balsam, consecrated by
the pope on the fourth Sunday in Lent. It
was anointed with chrism and sprinkled
with perfumed dust ; and after benedic-
tion it was set upon the altar during
mass, and then carried awaj* in the pope's
hands to be sent to some favored prince,
some eminent church, or distinguished
personaffo. [A.S. gi/lden — gold.]
GOLDFINCH, gold'finsh, n. a singing-bird
or finch with gro/d-colored wngs.
GOLDFISH, gold'flsh, n. a small gold-
colored fish, native to China, kept in this
countrv in glass globes and ponds.
GOLD-LfeAF, gold'-lef, n. gold beaten ex-
tremely thin, or into leaves, and used for
gildina:.
GOLDSMITH, gold'smitli, n. a smith or
worker in gold and silver.
GOLDYLOCKS. gold'i-loks, n. a plant with
yellow flowers, like locks of hair : wood
crowfoot.
GOLF, golf, n. a game played with a club
and ball, in which he who drives the ball
GOLOSH
201
GOUGE
Into a series of small holes in the ground
with fewest strokes is the winner. [From
name of a Dut. game— Dut. kolf, a club :
cf. Grer. kolbe. Ice. kolfr. See Club.]
GOLOSH, go-losh', Ji. same as Galoche.
GONDOLA, gon'do-la, n. a long narrow
pleasure-boat used at Venice. [It., a
dim. of gonda — Gr. kondy, a drinking-
vessel, said to be a Pers. word.]
GONDOLIER, gon-do-ler', n. one who rows
a gondola.
GONE, gon, pa.p. of Go.
GONFAXiON, gon'fa-lon, n. an ensign or
standard with streamers. — n. Gon'fal-
ONIER, one who bears the foregoing. [Fr.
— It. gonfalone.l
GONG, gong, n. a musical instrument of
circular form, made of bronze, producing,
when struck with a wooden mallet, a
loud sound. [Malay.]
GONORRHEA, gon-or-re'a, n. an inflamma-
tory discharge of mucus from the mem-
brane of the urethra. [Gr. gonorrhoia
— gone, that which begets, and . rheo, to
flow J
GOOD, good, adj. having qualities,
whether physical or moral, desh-able or
suitable to the end proposed : promoting
success, welfare, or happiness : virtuous:
pious : kind : benevolent : proper : fit :
competent : sufficient : valid : sound :
serviceable : beneficial : real : serious, as
in good earnest : not small, considerable,
asingood deal: full, complete, as meas-
ure : unblemished, honorable, as in good
name : — comp. Bett'er ; superl. Best. —
As GOOD AS, the same as. no less than.
[A.S. god : closely akin to Dut. goed,
Ger. gut, Ice. gothr, Goth, gods.}
GOOD, good, n. tliat which promotes hap-
piness, success, etc. : — opposed to Evil :
prosperity : welfare : advantage, tem-
poral or spiritual : moral qualities : vir-
tue: (B.) possessions: — pi. household fur-
niture: movable property: merchandise.
GOOD, good. int. well I right !
GOOD-BREEDING, good-bred'ing, n. po-
lite manners formed by a good breeding
or education.
GOOD-BYE, good-bi', n. or int. contracted
from God be with you : farewell, a form
of address at parting.
GrOOD-DAY, good-da'^, n., int. a common
salutation, a contr. of Itoish you a good
day.
GOOD-FELLOW, good-fel'o, n. a jolly or
boon companion.
GOOD-FELLOWSHIP, good-fel'o-ship, n.
merry or pleasant company : convivi-
ality.' [See Fellow.]
GOOC-FRIDAY, good-fri'da, n. a fast, in
memory of our Loi-d's crucifixion, held on
the Friday of Passion- week.
GOOD-HUMOR, good-yoo'mur, n. a good
or cheerful temper, from the old idea
that temper depended on the humors of
■ the body. — arfy. GoOD-Htj'MORED. — adv.
GOOD-HU'MOREDLY.
GOODLY', good'li, adj., good-like; good-
looking : fine : excellent : — comp. GOOD'-
LIER ; superl. Good'liest. — n. Good'li-
NESS.]
GOODMA&I, good-man', n. (B.) the man or
master of the house : the co-relative to
it is GOODWIFE.
aOOD-NATURE. good-na'tur, v. natural
goodness and mudness of disposition. —
<iOj. Good-na'tured. — adv. Good-na'-
TUREDLY.
GOODNESS, good'nes, ji. virtue: excellence:
benevolence.
GOOD-NIGHT, good-nIt', n., int. a com-
mon salutation, a contr. of Imsh you a
good-night.
GOOD-SPEED, good-sped', n. a contr. of
/ Irish yon good-speed. [Cf. SPEED and
Godspeed.]
GOOD-WILL, good-wU', n. benevolence :
well-wishing : the custom of any busi-
ness or trade.
GOODY, good'i, adj. mawkishly well in-
tentioned. " All this may be mere
goody weakness and twaddle on my
part." — Sterling.
GOOSE, goos, 71. a web-footed animal like
a duck, but larger and stronger : a tailor's
smoothing-iron, from the likeness of the
handle to the neck of a goose : a stupid
silly person :— p^ Geese. [A.S. gos (from
older form gans) ; akin to Ice. gas (also
for gans), Ger. gans, L. anser (= lians-er),
Gr. chen. Sans, hamsa, Russ. gfits"; from
base ghan-, root gha-, to gape (whence
Gajinet, Gander, and Yawn), with s
added.]
GOOSEBERRY^ gooz'ber-i, n. the berry or
fruit of a shrub of the same name. [Goose-
is for grose- or groise-, which appears in
O.Fr. groise/e, a gooseberry, Scot, grosart,
and is from the O. Ger. krus (G«r. kraus),
crisp, curled, from the hairs with which
the coarser varieties are covered.]
GOOSE-GRASS, goos'-gras, n. a common
creeping plant, a favorite food of the
goose.
GOOSE-QUILL, goos'-kwil, n. one of the
quills or large wing-feathers of a goose,
used as pens.
GOOSERY, goos'er-i, jj. a place tor keeping
geese.
GOPHER, go'fer, n. (B.) a kind of wood,
prob. fir. [The Heb. word.]
GORCOCK, gor'kok, n. the moorcock or
red grouse. [Gor is either derived from
Gorse, furze ; or it may be from its cry.]
GORCROW, gor'kro, n. the gore or carrion
crow. [A.S. gor, filth, carrion, and
Crow.]
GORDIAN, gord'yan, adj. intilcate : diffi-
cult. [The Gordian knot was a knot so
tied by Gordius, king of Phi-ygia, that
no one could untie it.]
GORDIAN, gord'yan, v. t. to tie or bind up :
to complicate in knots : to knot. (Rare,
perhaps unique in the following extract.)
Locks bri^'ht enough to make me mad ;
And they were simply gordian'd up and braided,
Ijeavins", in naked comeliness, unshaded.
Her pearl round ears, white neck, and orbed brow,
— Keats.
GORE, gor, n. clotted blood : blood. [A.S.
gor, blood, dung, dirt ; akin to Sw. gorr.
Ice. garn-ir, gorn, guts ; L. hira, gut.]
GORE, gor, n. a triangular piece let into a
garment to widen it : a triangular piece
of land. — v.t. to shape like or furnish
with gores : to pierce with anything
pointed, as a spear or horns. [A.S. gara,
a pointed triangular piece of laud — gar,
a spear with triangular blade.]
GORGE, gorj, li. the throat : a narrow pass
among hills : {fort.) the entrance to an
outwork. — v.t. to swallow greedily: to
glut. — v.i. to feed. [Fr. — L. gurges, a
whirlpool ; from its gaping appearance or
voracity, applied to the gullet ; akin to
Sans, gar-gar-a, whirlpool.]
GORGEOUS, gor'.ius,a^/y'. showy: splendid.
— adv. Gor'oeously. — n. Gor'geousness.
[O. Fr. gorgias, beautiful, gaudy — gor-
gias, a ruff, Fr. gorge, the throat. See
Gorge.]
GORGET, gor'jet, n. a piece of armor for
the throat: a military ornament round
the neck. [O. Fr. gorgette — Fr. gorge.
See Gorge.]
GORGON, gor'gun, n. a fabled monster of
so horrible an aspect that every one who
looked on it was turned to stone : any-
thing very ugly. [L. gorgon — Gr. gorgo
— gorgos, grim.]
GORGON, gor'gun, GORGONEAN, GOR-
GONIAN, gor-go'ni-an, adj. like a gorgon:
very uglj' or terrific.
GORiLLA, gor-il'a, n. the largest of the
monkey tribe, found on the west coast of
tropical Africa. [The African word.]
GORMAGON, gor'ma-gon, n. a member of
a brotherhood, somewhat similar to the
Freemasons, which existed from 1725 to
1738. Po2}e.
GORMAND. Older form of Gourmand.
GORMANDIZE, gor'mand-iz, v.i. to eat Uk«
a gormand. — n. Gor'mandizer.
GORMANDIZING, gor'mand-Iz-ing, n. the
act or habit of eating like a gormand or
voraciously.
GORSE, gors, n. a prickly shrub growing
on waste places, the furze or whin. [A.S.
gorst, furze.]
GORY, gor'i, adj. covered with gore:
bloody.
GOSHAWK, gos'hawk, n. a short-winged
hawk, once used for hunting wild-geese
and other fowl. [A.S. gos, goose, hafuc,
hawk.]
GOSLING, goz'ling, n. a young goose.
[A.S. gos, goose, liiig, little.]
GOSPEL, gos'pel, Ji. the Christian revela-
tion : the narrative of the life of Christ,
as related by Matthew, Mark, Luke, or
John : a system of religious truth. [A.S.
godspell ; commonly derived fiom A.S.
god, good, and spell, story, and so a trans-
lation of Gr. eu-anggelion, good news ;
but more prob. from god, God, and spell,
a narrative, God-story ; so also the Ice.
is guth-spjall, God-story, and not goth-
spjall, good-story ; and the O. Ger. was
got (God) -spel, not guot (good) -spel.'\
GOSSAMER, gos'a-mer, n. very fine
spider-threads which float in the air or
form webs on bushes in fine weather.
[M.E. gossomer, perh. formed from god
and sunimei — M.E. samare — Romance
samaiva, the skirt of amantua, from the
legend that it is tlie shreds of the Virgin
Mary's shroud which she cast away when
she was taken up to heaven; Skeat thinks
it is formed of goose and summer, of which
summer may (as in Ger. mddchen-som-
mer) mean "summer-film."]
GOSSIP, gos'ip, 11. a familiar acquaintance:
one who runs about telling and hearing
news : idle talk. — v.i. to run about tell-
ing idle tales : to talk much : to chat.
—n. Goss'iPRY. — adj. Goss'ipy. [Orig.
a sponsor in baptism, or one related in
the service of God; M.E. grossib (earlier
form, godsib) — God, and sib, peace, re-
lationship ; cf. Ger. sippe, Ice. sif, affin-
ity, Scot, sib, related.]
GOT, GOTTEN. See under Get.
GOTH, goth, Ji. one of an ancient Germanic
nation : a rude or uncivilized person, a
barbarian. [A..S. Geatas, L. Oothi, Gr.
Gothoi, Goth. &uthans, the Goths.]
GOTHAMITE, goth'a-mit, or GOTHA-
MIST, goth'a-mist, n. a simpleton, a
wiseacre. [Orig. "man of Gotham," a
village of Nottingliamshire, Eng., which
got a reputation for foolish blundering, ]
GOTHAMITE, goth'a-mlt, Ji. an inhabitant
of the city of New Y'ork — no connection
with the preceding. [From Gotham, a
familiar name for tlie American metrop-
olis.]
GOTHIC, goth'ik, adj. belonging to the
Goths or their language : barlraious : ro-
mantic : denoting a style of architecture
with high-pointed arches, clustered col-
umns, etc. [Applied to architecture as
a term of reproach at the time of the
Renascence]
GOTHICISM. goth'i-sizm. Ji. a Gothic idiom
or St vie of building: rudeness of manners.
GOTH'ICIZE, goth'i-slz, v.t. to make Gothic:
to bring back to barbarism.
GOUGE, gooj or gowi. n. a chisel, with a
hollow blade, for cutting grooves or holes.
— v.t. to scoop out, as with a gouge : to
GOURD
202
GKAMPUS
force out, as the ere with the thumb.
[Fr. — Low L. <jr(«'m,"a kind of chisel.]
CKjURD, grord or goord, n. a large fleshy
fruit : rind of a gourd used as a drinking-
cup : the gourd plant. [Fr. cougourde —
L. euctirbita, a gourd.]
GOURMAND, gSor'mand, n. one who eats
greedily: a glutton. — arJJ. voracious:
gluttonous. [Fr. gourmand, a glutton ;
origin unknown.]
yOXJT, gowt, n. a disease of the smaller
joints, and esp. of the great toe. [Fr.
goiitte — L. gutta, a drop, because the dis-
ease was supposed to be caused by a hu-
mor settling on the joints in drops.]
GOUT, goo, n. taste: relish. [Fr. — L. gus-
tus. taste : akin to Gr. geuo, to make, to
taste.]
GOUTY, gowt'i, adj. relating to gout :
diseased with or subject to gout. — adv.
Gr<:>lT'iLY. — n. Goct'in'ess.
GOVERN, guv'ern, v.t. to direct: to control:
to rule with authority : {gram.) to deter-
mine the mood, tense, or case of. — v.i. to
exercise authority : to administer the
laws. — adj. QoVernable. [Fr. gorwerner
(It. govcrnare) — L. guherno, to steer a
ship, to rule, borrowed from Gr. kybemao,
akin to Gr. kybe, head.]
(JOVERNANCE, guv'er-nans, n., govern-
ment: control: direction.
GOVERNANTE. guv-er-nant' or guv'-, n.
the same as GOVERNESS, t^*^' — gouver-
nant. pr.p. of gouverner.']
GOVERNESS, gu\''er-nes, n. a lady who
has cliarge of the instruction of young
ladies : a tutoress. [O. Fr. goveniesse —
L. guheniatri.r — gubemo.']
GOVERNMENT, guv'ern-ment, n. a ruling
or managing: control : system of govern-
ing : tlie persons authorized to adminis-
ter the laws : the territory over which
sovereign power extends : (gram.) the
power of one word in determining the
form of another. — adj. of or pursued by
government. [Fr. gouveri,sment — gou-
vcriier.']
GOVERNJIENTAL, guv-ern-ment'al, adj.
pertaining to or sanctioned by goi-ern-
menf.
OOVERNOR, guv'ern-ur, n. the chief exec-
utive officer of a State of the American
Union : a ruler : one invested with su-
preme authority: a tutor : (machinenj) a
regulator, or contrivance for maintain-
ing uniform velocity with a varying re-
sistance: (B.) a pilot.' — n. Got'ernoeship.
©OWAN. gow'an, n. the wild daisv. [CeJt.,
as in Ir. and Gael, guagu, bud, (laisy.J
GOWN, gown, n. a woman's upi er gar-
ment : a long loose robe worn by profes-
sional men. [W. gim, akin to givnio, to
stitch.]
(JOWNED. gownd, adj. dressed in a govn.
GOAVNMAN, gown'man, GOWNSMAN,
go^\•nz'man, n. one whose professional
habit is a gown, as a di^^ne or law^j-er,
and esp. a member of an English univer-
sity.
GRAAFL\N, grafi-an, adj., GR-iAFIAN
VESICLES, in annt. numerous small glob-
ular transparent follicles found in the
ovaries of mammals. They are developed
for the special purpose of expelling the
ovum. Small at first and deeply bedded
in the ovary, they gradually approach
the surface, and finally burst and dis-
charge the ovum. [From Regnier de
Ontaf, a Dutch physician of the seven-
teenth century.]
<>RAB, grab (\nilgar), v.t. to seize or grasp
suddenly : —pr.p. grabb'ing : xjii.p.
g-abbed'. [From same root as Grapple,
RASP. Grip. Cf. Sw. grabba, to grasp,
Ger. (/reifen, to .seize.]
GRABBLF. grabn, v.i. to grope. [Freq.
of Grab.]
GRACE, gras, n. easy elegance in form or
manner : what adorns and commends
to favor : adornment, embellishment :
favor : mercy, pardon : the undeserved
kindness and mercy of God : divine in-
fluence : eternal life or salvation : a short
prayer at meat : tlie title of a duke or
an archbishop : — pi. (with good) favor,
friendship : (myth.) tlie three sister god-
desses in whom beauty was deified. — v.t.
to mark with favor : to adorn. — Days OF
Grace, three daj-s allowed for the paj'-
ment of a note or bill of exchange, after
being due ace. to its date. [Ft. — L.
gratia, favor — gratus, agreeable ; akin
to Gr. charis, grace.]
GRACEFUL, gras'fool, adj. elegant and
easy.— «dr. Geace'fcixy. — 7i. Geace'-
FULXESS.l
GRACELESS, grasles, adj. wanting grace
or excellence : depraved : wicked. — adv.
Grace'lessly. — n. Grace'lessness.
GRACIOUS, gra'shus, adj. abounding in
grace or kindness : benevolent : proceed-
mg from divine favor : acceptable.— acto.
Gra'ciously. — rt. GRA'ciorsNEss.
GRACY, gra'si, adj. pertaining to orteach-
ing the doctrines of grace : evangelical.
"A gracy sermon like a Presbyterian," —
Pcpys.
GRADATION, gra-da'shun, v. a. rising «fep
by step : progress from one degree or
state to another : state of being arranged
in ranks : (miis.) a diatonic .succession of
chords: (pa!'??^) the gradual blending of
tints. — adj. Grada'TION.u.. [Fr. — L.
gradatio, a rising by stps — gradus, a
step.]
GRADATIONED,gra-da'shund, adj. formed
by gradations or stages.
GRADE, grad, n. a degree or step in rank
or dignify : the degree of slope on a road.
[Fr.-^L. gradus, a'step — graaior, to step,
to go.]
GRADIENT, gra'di-ent, adj. gradually ris-
ing : ri.sing with a regular slope. — )!. the
degree of slope on a road or railway : the
difference iu the height of the barometer
between one place and another place at
some distance : an incline. [L. gradiens,
-eritis, pr.p. of gradior, to step.]
GRADUAL, grad'u-al, adj. advancing by
grades or degrees: regular and slow.—
adv. Grad'ually. — It. Gradual'ity.
GRADUAL, grad'u-al, GRAIL, gral, n. in
the Roman Cliurch, the portion of the
mass betw een the epistle and the go.spel,
formerly alw.iys sung from the steps of
the ah.ir : the book containing such an-
thems. [Low L. gradiiale (ov gradate) —
L. gradti.t, a step. Grail is from O. Fr.
r/ / -eel — (/rn dua /e. J
GRADUATE, grad'fl-at, v.t. to {li^^de into
regidar intervals : to mark with degrees:
to proportion. — v.i. to pass by grades or
degrees : to pass through a university
course and receive a degree : in England
the regular usage is to say that a person
nradiiiiti s (takes an academical degree),
m U.S. it is more common to say that he
or she is graduated ; as, Longfellow was
graduated at Bowdoin College. — n. one
admitted to a degree in a college, imi-
versity, or society. — n. GRAorA'TlON.
[LowL. graduatus — L. gradus, a step,
a deorree.j
GRADtJATCR, grad'fi-a-tor, n. a mathe-
matical instrument for graduating or
dividing lines into regular intervals.
GRADU^, gra'dus, n. a dictionary of Greek
or Latin prosody. [Contr. of grad^is ad
Parnassum, a step or stair to Parnassus,
the abode of the Muses.]
GRAFF, n. and v. (B.) old form of Geaft.
GRAFT, graft, n. a small branch used in
grafting. — v.t. to make an incision in a
tree or plant, and insert in it a small
branch of another : to insert m some>
thing an\-thing not belonging to it.—
v.i. to insert cuttings into a tree. — n.
Graft'er. [Orig. Graff — O. Fr. graffe
(Fr. greffe) — L. grapildum. a style or pen-
cil (which the inserted slip resembled)—
Gr. graplib, to write.]
GRAHAM-BREAD, gTam'-bred, «. brown
bread. [From the name of an Ameri'
can lecturer on dietetics.]
GRAIL. See Gradual.
GRAIL, gral, n. (in medieval legend) the
Holy Cup in which Christ celebrated the
Lord's Supper. [Orig. the San Chreal,
"Holy Dish" (not Sang Real, "Holy
Blood "), in wliich it is said Joseph of
Arimathea collected our Lord's blood ;
from O. Fr. graal or great, a flat disli —
Low L. gradate, pr6b. a corr. of eratetla,
dim. of crater, a bowl. Cf. Crater.]
GRAIN, gran, n. a single small hard seed :
(collectively) the seeds of certain plants
■which form the chief food of man : a mi-
nute particle : a ver^ smali quantity :
the smallest British weight : the arrange-
ment of the particles or fibres of any-
thing, as stone or wood : texture : the
dye made from cochineal in.sects, which,
in the prepared state, resembles grains of
seed : hence to Dte in grain is to dj-e
deeply, also, to dye in the wool.' — v.t. to
paint in imitation of wood. [Fr. — L.
granrum, seed, which is akin to E. COEN.l
GRAINED, grand, adj. rough, as if covered
with grains.
GRAINER, gran'er. n. one who paints in
imitation of the grain of wood.
GRALLAT0RL4L, gral-a-tor'i-al, GRAL-
LATORY, gral'a-tor-i, adj. at or relating
to the grallatores or wading birds, as the
crane, stork, etc. [L. grallator, one
walking on stilts — grallce, stilts, contr
of gradula, dim. of gradus, a step—
gradior, to step.]
GRAM, GRAMME, gram, »!. a French or
Metric System unit of weight, equal to
15-433 grains. [Gr. gramma, a letter, a
small weight.]
GRAMINEAL, gra-min'e-al, GRAMINE-
OUS, gra-min'e-us, ad,i- like or pertaining
to grass: grassy. [L. gramineus — gra-
men. -inis, grass. See Grass.]
GRAMINIFOLIOUS, gram-in-i-to'li-us, adj.
bearing leai-es. [L. gramen, and folium,
a leaf.]
GRA3IINn''0R0US. gram-in-iv'o-rus. adj.,
feeding or subsisting on grass and herbs.
[L. gramen, graminis, grass, and voro,to
eat greedily.]
GRA5IMAK,'gram'ar, n. the science of the
right use of language : a book which
teachesgrammar : any elementary work,
[Ft. grammaire ; from Low L. gramma, A
letter, with the termination -arius — Gr.
gramma, a letter — grapho. to write.]
GRAMMARIAN, gram-ma'ri-an, n. one
versed in or who teaches grammar. [Fr.
gramma irien.]
GRAMMAR-SCHOOL, gram'ar-skool. n. a
school in which grammar is taught : a
higher school, in which Latin and Greek
are taught.
GRAMMATIC. gram-mat'ik, GRAMMAT-
ICAL, gram-mat'ik-al. ad,), belonging
to or according to the rules of gram/'
mar. — adv. Grammat'ICAT.T.y. [Fr.— L.
gi-ammaticus — Gr. grammatikos — gram^
ma, grammatos, a letter.]
GRAMMATICIZE, gram-mat'i-slz, v.t. to
make grammatical. — i\i. to act the
grammarian.
GIIAMPUS, gram'pus, n. a large voracious
fish of the Dolphin family, common in
Arctic seas and on British coasts. [A
corr.. through It., Port., or Sp., of the
L. grandis piscis, great fish.]
I
I
GRANARY
GRANARY, gran'ar-i, n. a storehouse for
(;(■«('/! or thrashed corn. [L. granaria —
(iranum.]
GRAND, grand, adj. of great size, extent,
power, or dignit3': splendid: inustrious:
noble: sublime: chief: of the second de-
gree of parentage or descent, as Gr.oo)'-
FATHER, a father or mother's father,
Graxd'CHILD, a son or daughter's child;
I so Grand'mother. Grand'sox, Graxd'-
> DAUGHTER, etc. — GraXD-JC'RT, a jurv
that decides whether there is sufBcient
evidence to put an accused person on
trial. — adv. Grand'lt. — n. Graxd'xess.
JTr. grand — L. grandis, great.]
GRANDAM, gran'dam. n. an old dame or
woman : a grandmother. [Graxd and
Daji, a mother.]
GRANDEE, gran-de', n. a Spanish noble-
man of the Rrst rank : a man of high
rank or station. — n. Grandee'ship. [Sp.
— L. grandis, great.]
GRANDEUR, grand'ur. >?. vastness: splen-
dor of appearance : loftiness of thought
or deportment. [Fr., from grand, great.
See Grand.]
GRAND-GARDE,GRAND-GUARD, grand'-
gSrd, (/. a piece of plate armor used in
the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries in
the tournament. It covered the breast
and left shoulder, was affixed to the
breastplate by screws, and hooked on the
helmet.
You care not for a grand-guard T
X(». we will use no horses: I perceive
You would fain be at that ti^'-ht. — Old play.
GRANDILOQUENT, gran-dil'o-kwent, adj.
speaking grandly or bombastically :
pompous. — adv. Grandil'oquently.— '«.
Graxdil'oquence. [L. grandis, and
loq»or. to speak.]
CJRAND-MASTER. grand'-mas-ter, n. title
of the head of the religious orders of
knighthood (Hospitallers. Templars, and
Teutonic Kniglits) : the head, for the
time being, of the Freemasons.
URANDSIRE. grand'sir. n. a grandfather :
any ancestor. [See GRAND.]
GRANGE, gran.i, n. (lit.) a granary;
The loose unlettered hinds :
When for their teeming: flocks, and granges full.
In waut<ju dance they praise the bounteous Pan.
—Milton:
the farming establishment and granary
attached to a religious house, where, in
addition to their own crops, the grain
paid as rent and tithes was stored ; the
name was also given to the farm build-
ings and granary of a feudal lord, the
residence of his "^chief bailiff ; a grange,
in its original signification, nie.int a
farmhouse of a monastery, from wliich
it was always at some little distance, and
one of the monks was usually appointed
to inspect tlie accounts of the farm — he
was called the prior of the grange : in
England, a farm, with the" dwelling-
house, stables, byres, barns, etc.; par-
ticularly, a house or farm at a distance
from other houses or villages ; the dwell-
ing of a yeoman or gentleman-farmer ;
Shepherds at the grunge.
Where the Babe was born,
San^, with many a chanfre,
Christmas carols until m<»rn.
— Longfellow;
At the moated grange resides this dejected Mariana.
—Shak.;
"A grange implies some one particular
house immediately inferior in rank to a
hall, situated at a small distance from
the town or village from which it takes
its name, as Hornby Grange. Blackwell
Grange, and is in the neigliborhood
simply called the Grange."— JRifson : a
combination, society, or lodge of farm-
ers for the purpose of promoting the m-
terests of agriculture, more especially
for abolishing the restraints and burdens
3C3
imposed on it by the commercia' classes,
the railroad and canal companies, etc.,
and for doing away with the middlemen
or agents intervening between the pro-
ducer and the consumer ; granges origi-
nated in the great agricultural region on
the Mississippi, and still prevail most
generally there. [Fi\ grange, a barn ;
Low L. granea, granica, a barn, from L.
grannm. grain.]
GRANGER, granj'er, n. a member of a
farmers' grange for the advancement of
the interests of agriculture, as distin-
guished from the commercial and manu-
facturing interests : on the Stock Ex-
change, western railroad shares and their
owners and manipulators are called
Grangers.
GRANITE, gran'it, n. an igneous crystal-
line rock, composed of grains of quartz,
feldspar, and mica, and of a whitish,
grayisli, or reddish color. [It. graniot,
granite, grained — L. grannm, grain.]
GRANITIC, gran-it'ik.arf;'. pertaining to,
consistine: of, or like granite.
GRANITIFORM, gran-it'i-form, GRANI-
TOID, gran'i-toid, adj. of the /or?n of or
resfmblins: granite.
GRANIVOROUS. gran-iv'or-us. adj., eat-
ing grain : feeding on seeds. [L. gramtm,
and i-oro, to eat.l
GRANT, grant. i:t. to bestow or give over:
to give possession of : to admit as true
what is not yet proved : to concede. [M.
E. graunten, grannt ; O. Fr. graanter,
eraanter, creanter, to promise, as if from
a Low L. credento — L. ereilo. to believe.]
GRANT, grant, n. a bestowing : something
bestowed, an allowance: a gift: a transfer
or couveyance by deed or writing.
GRANTEE, grant-e', n. the person to whom
a grant, gift or conveyance is made.
GRANTOR, grant'or, n. the person by
whom a grant or convevanee is made.
GRANULAR, gran'ii-lar. GRANTJLARY,
gran'ii-lar-i. adj. consisting of or like
qrainn. — adr. GRAN'tXARLY.
Gl^ANULxVTE. gTan'ti-liit, r.t. to form or
break into grains or small masses : to
make rougli on the surface. — r.i. to be
formed into grains. — adj. granular : hav-
ing the surface covered with small eleva-
tions. [Formed from GRANULE.]
GRANLTLATION. gran-ri-l.-i'shun, n. act of
forming into grains, esp. of metals by
pouring them thi-ough a sieve into water
while hot:— pi. the grain-like bodies which
form in sores when healine
GRANULE, gran'fil, n. a little grain. [L.
granidiim. dim. of grannm. See GRAIN.]
GRANTJLOUS, gran'u-lus, adj. full of
grains or particles.
GRAPE, grap, n. the fruit of the \-ine : a
mangy timior on the legs of horses :
grapeshot. [O. Fr. grapjte, a cluster of
grapes, which came in E. to mean a
single berry ; from O. Ger. chrapfo, a
hook. It properly meant a hook, then
clustered fruit, hooked on, attached to,
a stem (Brachet).]
GRAPERY, grap'er-i, n. a. place where
f/rape.i are grown.
GRAPE-SHOT, grap'-shot, n. a missile dis-
charged from a cannon intermediate lie-
tween case-shot and solid shot, having
much of the destructive sj)read of the
former witli somewhat of the range and
penetrative force of the latter. A round
of grape-shot consists of three tiers of
cast-iron balls ai'ranged, generally three
in a tier, between four parallel iron discs
connected together by a central wrought-
iron pin. For carronades, in which the
shot are not liable to such a violent dis-
persive shook, they are simply pai'kfd in
canisters with wooden bottoms,— QnLTED
GRAPE-SHOT, shot Sewed up in a canvas
GRASS
bag and afterwards tied round with cord
so as to form meshes.
GRAPHIC, graf'ik. GRAPHICAL, graf'ik-
al, adj. pertaining to writing, describing,
or delineating : ]jicturesquely described.
— adv. Graph'ically, [L. 'graphicus —
Gr. gntpldkos — grapho. to write!]
GRAPHITE, graf'It, n. a mineral, common-
ly called blacklead or plumbago (thougt
containing no lead) largely used in mak-
ing pencils: in archa'ol. a riidely scratched
or engraved representation of a figure
or a rude inscription on a wall, pillar,
and the like. •• The next (in the cata-
comb under the farm of Tor Marancia
near Rome) was a graphite, one of those
rude scratchings which, though made by
idle or mischievous hands, prompted by
the spirit which has moved the ■ cock-
neys ' of all ages to disfigure walls by
recording their names or fancies upon
them, nevertheless often contain most
valuable information. This graphite v.-a.a
found on the intonaco (plaster) of the
apse. It represented in rude outline tiie
profile of a bishop seated, evidently
preaching from the episcopal chair, with
a kind of background showing the side of
the choir, with tlie pulpit or ambo for the
epistle. It was clearly a reminiscence of
an event which had occurred within the
basilica. Here, again, conjecture could
only ofi'er an explanation ; but what event
could the representation of a pontiff
preaching in a basilica within the cata-
comb beheved to be that of Domitilla
suggest other than the sainted Giegory
delivering that homily he is recorded to
have preached to the people in tlie ceme-
tery wliere the saints Nereus and Achil-
leus werebiu-ied, and which tradition has
connected with the church dedicated to
them within the walls!" — Shakespeare
Wood. [Gr. grapho.']
GRAPNEL, grap'nel, n. a small anchor
with several claws or arms : a grappling-
iron. [Fr. grapjnn ; O. Fr. grappil; from
root of Grapple.]
GRAPPLE, grap'l, r.t. to gripe or seize :
to lav fast hold of. — r.i. to contend in
close 'fight. [Dim. of Gr.\B.]
GRAPPLING-IRON, grap'ling-I'uru. n. a
large grapnel formerly used for seizing
hostile ships in naval engagements.
GRAPPLE-PLANT, grap"'l-plant, n. the
Cape Colony name of tb.e Harpagophy-
tiim procumhens, a South African pro-
cumbent plant of the natural order Pe-
daliacefe. The seed has many hooked
thorns, and clings to the mouth of any
ox which has come on it while grazing',
the pain being so exquisite that the ani-
mal roars through agony and a sense of
helplessness.
GRAPY, grap'i, adj. made of or like
grapes.
GRASP, grasp, v.t. to seize and hold by
clasping with the fingers or arms : to
catch at. — r.i. to eHdeavor to seize : to
catch (followed by at). — n. gripe of the
hand : reach of the arms : power of
seizure. [M.E. graspm ^ grajisen . See
Grope and Grapple.]
GRASPINGNESS, grasp'ing-nes, n. tlie
state or character of being grasping ;
rapacity. Richardson.
GRASPLESS, gnisples, adj. not graspings
relaxed.
From my graspleaa hand.
Drop friendship's nrecious pearls, like hour-glass
sand. — Coleridge.
GRASS, g-ras. n. common herbage: an order
of plants with long, narrow leaves, and
tubular stem, including- ivheat, rye, oats,
etc. — r.t. to cover with grass." [-^-S.
gcers, grces; Ice.. G«r., Dut., and Goth.
gras; prob. allied to green and grou:]
GRASSANT
204
GRAYSTONE
GRASSANT, gi-as'ant, adj. mo'^nno: aboi'.'o:
stirring : in full swing. " Maiefaitora
and clieats everj'where grasi'itnt." — Roger
North. [L. grassari, to be moving aboi:t.]
GRASSHOPPER, gras'hop-e; , n^ a hopping
insect that feeds on grass, allied to the
locust.
GRASS-PLOT, gras'-plot, n. a vlot of
qrassy ground.
ORaSS-WIDOW, gras'-v,-i-d5, n. originally,
an unmarried woman who had a child :
now applied to a wife temporarily sepa-
rated from her husband, as a wife living
in England while her husband is in
America, or vice versa : also to a woman
divorced from her husband. "A slightly
different idea has been recently attached
to the term (grass-iridow). Curing- the
gold mania in California a man wonld not
unfrequently put his \vife and children to
board with some family while he went
to the diggin's. This ha called ' putting
his wife to grass,' as we put a horse to
grass when net wanted or unfit for
work." — Brever. [Fr. grace, courtesy,
and E. itndow — a widow by courte.sy.]
GRASSY, gras'i, adj. covered with or re-
sembling grass: green. — n. Grass'iness.
GRATE, grat, n. a framework composed of
bars with interstices, esp. one of iron
bars for holding coals while burning.
[Low L. grata, a grate, hurdle, lattice
— from L. crates, a nurdle. See Crate.]
URATE, grat, v.t. to rub hard or wear
away with anything rough : to make a
harsh sound : to irritate or offend. [Fr.
gratter ; through Low L., from O. Ger.
chrnzon (Ger. kratzen), to scratch, akin
to Sw. kratta.']
'JrRATED, grat'ed, adj. having a grate or
grating.
<JRATEFDX., grat'fool, adj. causing pleas-
ure : acceptable : delightful : thankful :
having a due sense of benefits. — adv.
GRATE'FULLY.— ?Z. GRATE'FtJLNESS. [O.
Fr. grat — L. grains, pleasing, thankful,
and Full. See Grace.] — Gratefxtl,
Thankful. Oratefiil is preferred when
we speak of the general character of a
person's miiid ; as, a person of a grateful
disposition ; or when a person has re-
ceived favors from some individual.
Tliankful has reference rather to grati-
tude for a particular act of kindness, and
does not necessarilj' imply a favor con-
ferred by a person ; as, for instance,
when we say we are thankfid at bemg
delivered from danger ; I felt thankful at
my escape, where it is nearly equivalent
to relieved or glad ; thankful has gen-
erally reference to some specific act ;
grateful is more general or characteris-
tic of a habit. This is clearly seen in
their opposites, ungrateful and thankless,
or ingratitude and thanklessness.]
GRATER, grat'er, ?!. an instrument with a
rough surface for grating or rubbing
down a body : in book-l)inding, an iron
instrument used by the forwarder in rub-
bing the backs of sewed books after past-
ing'.
GRATIFICATION, grat-i-fi-ka'.shun. n. a
pleasing or indulging : that which grati-
fies : delight. [L. gratiflcatio.]
JR.\TIFY, grat'i-fl, v.t. to do what is
agreeable to : to please : to soothe : to in-
dulge : — 2^"-P- grat'iSed. — n. Grat'ifier.
[Fr. — Jm gratificor — grains, and facio, to
make.]
GRATING, grat'ing, n. the bars of a, grate:
a partition or frame of bars.
GRATING, grat'ing, adj. rubbing hard on
the feelings : harsh : irritating. — adv.
Grat'ingly.
GRATIS, gratis, adv. for nothing : without
payment or recompense. [L. contr. of
graiiis, ablative pi. oi gratia, favor —
graius.'\
GRATITUDE, grat'i-tud, n. warm and
friendly feeling towards a benefactor :
thankfulness. [Fr. — Low L. gratitudo.]
GRATUITOUS, gra-tu'i-tus, adj., done or
given gratis or for nothing : voluntary :
without reason, ground, or proof. — adv.
Gratd'itocsly. [L. gratuitus — grains.]
GRATUITY, gra-tu'i-ti, n. a present : an
acknowledgment of service, generally
pecuniary. [Fr. — Low L. gratuitas — L.
grat us.]
GRATULATE, grat'u-lat, v.t. to Congrat-
ulate.
GRATULATION, grat-u-la'shun, n. Con-
gratulation.
GRATULATORY, grat'u-la-tor-i, adj. Con-
gratulatory.
GRAVA3IEN, grav-a'men, n. grievance :
substantial ground of complaint or ac-
cusation. [L. — gravis, heavy.]
GRAVE, grav, v.t. to carve or cut, on a
hard substance : to engrave. — v.i. to en-
grave : — pa.j). graved' or grav-^en. — n. a
pit graved or dugout, esp. one in which
to bury the dead : any place of burial :
(Jig.) death : destruction. [A.S. gnifan ;
cog. with Dut. graven, (whence Fr. grav-
er), Ger. graben, Goth, graban ; Gr.
grapho, to grave, scratch, L. scribere, to
write, scrobs, a ditch.]
GRAVE, grav, I'.t. to smear with graves
or greaves, a mixture of tallow, rosin,
etc.. boiled together. [See Greaves.]
GRAVE, grav, adj. {Jig.) weight3' : of im-
portance : serious : not gay : sober :
solemn : {miis.) not acute : lew. — adv.
Grave'ly. — n. Grave'ness. [Fr. — L.
gravis : Sans, guru.]
GRAVE-FELLOW, giav'-fel-6, n. one who
lies in the same grave as another : the
sharer of a grave. " The grave-felloiv of
Elisha raised with the touch of his
bones." — Fuller.
GRAVEL, grav'el, n. small stones often
intermixed with sand : small collections
of graveJly matter in the kidneys or
bladder. — I'.t. to cover with gravel : to
puzzle : — 2^''-P. grav'elling' ; pa.p. grav'-
elled. — adj. Grav'elly. [O. Fr. gravelle
— Fr. greve or grave, a sandy shore ;
prob. Celt., as in Bret, grouan, sand, W.
gro, pebbles.]
GRAVE-MAN, gra\-'-man, n. a sexton : a
gravedig'ger. Wm. Combe.
GRAVER, grav'er, w. an engraver : a tool
for engraving on hard substances.
GRAVES. Same as Greaves, tallow-drip-
pings.
GRAVID, grav'id, adj., heavy, esp. as being
with child : pregnant. [L. gravidus —
grai-is, heavy.]
GRAVING, grav'ing, n. act of graving or
cutting out on liard substances : that
which is graved or cut out : carved-
work : act of cleaning a ship's bottom. —
71. Grav'ing-dock, a dock into which
ships are taken to be graved.
GRAVITATE, grav'i-tat, r.i. to be acted
On by gravity: to tend towards the
earth. [From L. gravis, heavy.]
GRAVITATION, grav-i-ta'shun,'?!, the act
of gravitating or tending to a centre of
attraction : the force by which bodies
are pressed or drawn, or by which thej'
tend toward the centre of the earth or
other centre, or the effect of that force.
The attraction of gra\'itation exists be-
tween bodies in the mass, and acts at
sensible distances. It is thus distin-
guished from chemical and cohesive at-
tractions, which unite the particles of
bodies together, and act at insensible dis-
tances, or distances too small to be meas-
ured.— Terrestrial gravitation, gravi-
tation which respects the earth, or bv
which bodies descend or tend towards the
centre of the earth. All bodies, when
unsupported, fall by gravitation towards
the earth in straight lines tending to its
centre. — General or universal gravi-
tation, gravitation by which all the
planets tend towards one another, and
by which all the bodies and particles of
matter in the universe tend towards one
another. The theory of universal giavi-
tation was established by Sir Isaac New-
ton, who laid down the law that every
particle of matter within the universe
attracts every other particle with a force
proportional directly to the product of
the numbers representing their mass,
and inversely to the square of the dis-
tance separating one from the other.
GRAVITY, gi-av'i-ti, n. weightiness : the
tendency of matter to attract and be at-
tracted, thus causing- weight : state of be-
ing grave or sober : relative importance :
{mus.) lowness of a note.-ABSOLUTE grav-
ity, that by which a body descends freely
and perpendicularly in a vacuum or non-
resisting- medium. — Relative gravity,
that by which a body descends when the
absolute gravity is constantly counter-
acted by a uniform but inferior force,
such as in the descent of bodies down in-
clined planes, or in resisting mediums,
as air and water. — Specific gravity, the
weight belonging to an equal bulk of
every different substance : the relative
gravity or weight of anj- body or sub-
stance considered with regard to the
weight of an equal bulk of some other
bodj' which is assumed as a standard of
comparison. The standard for the spe-
cific gravities of solids and liquids is pure
distilled water at the temperature of 63°
Fahr., which is reckoned unity, and by
comparing the weights of equal bulks of
other bodies with this standard o-e obtain
their specific gravities. Thus, if we take
equal bulks of water, silver, and platinum,
and weigh them, the silver will be found
to be 10-5 times and the platinum 31 '4
times heavier than the water ; and reck-
oning the specific gravity of water unity,
the specific gravity of silver is said to be
10-5 and that of platinum 21-4. The prac-
tical rule is, weigh the body in air, thea
in pure distilled water, and the weight in
air divided by the loss of weight in water
will give the specific gra^^ty of the body.
One substance is said to have a greater
specific gravity than another when a
given bulk of the former weighs more
than the same bulk of the latter. In
designating the specific gra\'ities of
gases the standard or unity is atmo-
spheric air. [Fr. gravite — L. graviias —
gravis, heavy.]
GRAVY, gravi, n. the juices from meat
whOe cooking. [Prob. orig. an adj.
formed from Greaves, the dregs of
tallow.]
GRAY, gra, adj. of a white color mixed
with black : ash-colored : {Jig.) aged. — n.
a gray color : an animal of a grayish
color, as a horse, etc. — n. Gray'ness.
[A.S. graeg : allied to Ger. grau, and L.
varus, tawny.]
GRAY, GREY, gra, v.i. to cause to become
gray : to change to a gra3' color.
Canst thou undo a wrinkle.
Or chancre but the complexion of one hair '-.
*Yet thoM hast grai/'d a thousand. — Shirley.
GRAYBEARD, gra'berd, n. one with a gray
beard, hence, an old man : a coarse earth-
enware vessel for holding liquors.
GRAYISH, gra'ish, adj. somewhat gray.
GRAYLING, gra'ling. n. a silvery gray fish
of the salmon family, but with a smaller
mouth and teeth, and larger scales.
GRAYSTONE. gra'ston. n. a grayish or
gieeuish volcanic rock allied to basalt.
GRAYWACKE
205
GRIDE
GRAYWACKE, gra'wak-e, n. a kind of
sandstone, consisting of rounded pebbles
and sand firmly united together. [Ger.
grauirocke — grau, gray, and Wacke.]
GRAZE, graz, i:t. to eat or feed on grass :
to feed with grass. — v.i. to eat grass : to
supply grass. [From Grass.]
wRAZE, graz, i:f. to pass lightlj' along the
surface. — n. Graz'ee, an animal which
grazes. [Ety. dub. ; perh. only a special
use of Graze above ; perh. coined from
rase (Fr. raser), the form of the word
being- modified by confusing it with graze
(tlie above word). See Rase.]
GRAZIER, gra'zher, n. one who grazes or
pastures cattle and rears them for the
market. [For graz-er — GRASS.]
jREASE, gres, n. soft thick animal fat :
oily matter of any kind : an inflamma-
tion in the heels of a horse, marked hy
swelling, etc. — v.t. (sometimes pron.
grez) to smear with grease. [Fr. graisse,
from gras, fat — L. eraisiis, gross, thick.]
■jREASY, gre'zi or gres'i, adj. of or like
grrase or oil : smeared with grease :
smooth : fat. — adv. Greas'ily. — n.
Greas'iness.
^REAT, grat, adj. large : long-continued :
superior : distinguished : highly gifted :
noble : mighty : sublime : of high rank :
chief : proud : weighty : indicating one
degree more remote in the direct line of
desCent,asGREAT'-GRANT)'FATHER.GREAT'-
grand'son. — adv. Great'ly. — ?;. Great'-
NESS. [A.S.; Dut. groot, Ger. gross ; perh.
allied to Grand, Gross, Grow.]
GREATCOAT, gi-at'kot, n. British term
for overcoat.
GREAT-HEARTED, grat'-hart'ed, adj.
having a great or noble heart : high-
spirited : noble.
GREAVES, grevz, n.pl. the sediment of
melted tallow, pressed into cakes for
'dogs' food. [Sw. grevar, leavings of tal-
low, Ger. griebe.}
GREAVES, grevz, n.pl. ancient armor for
the legs, of leather, etc. [O. Fr. grives,
from greve, the shin-bone.]
GREBE, greb, n. an aquatic bird, having a
long conical beak, short wings, and no
tail. [Fr. grebe ; from the Celtic, as in
Bret. Krib, a comb, W. crib, crest, one
species having a crest.]
GRECIAN, gre'shan, adj. pertaining to
Greece. — n. a native of Greece : one well
versed in the Greek language and litera-
ture : (5.) a Jew who spoke Greek : a
gay roistering fellow. "A well-booted
Grecian in a fustian frock and jockey
cap." — Qrares. [A.S. and Fr. Grec — L.
Grcfcus — Gr. Graikos.']
GRECISM, gre'sizm, n. an idiom of the
Greek language.
GRECIZE, gre'slz, v.t. to make Grecian ;
to translate into Greek. — v.i. to speak
Greek.
GREED, gred. n. an eager desire or long-
ing : covetousness. [See Greedt.]
GREEDY, gred'i, adj. having a voracious
appetite : covetous : eagerlj' desirous. —
adv. Greed'ily. — n. Greed'iness. [A.S.
grcedig, Dut. gretig, Goth. gredags,tiun-
gry ; Sans, gridhnu (from v. gridh, to be
greedy).]
3REEK, grek, adj. Grecian. — n. a Grecian:
the language of Greece : (B.) a Greek by
race, or more frequently a GentUe as op-
posed to a Jew.
GREEK-FIRE, grek'-fir, n. a combustible
substance inextinguishable by water,
used by the Greeks of the Byzantine
empire against the Saracens.
GREEN, gren, adj. of the color of growing-
plants : growing : vigorous : new : un-
ripe : inexperienced : young. — n. the
color of growing-plants : a small green
or grassy plat : — pi. fresh leaves :
wreaths : the leaves of green vegetables
for food, etc. — n. GREEffNESS. [A.S.
grene: Ger. griin, Dut. groen, green,
Ice. griinn, allied to Grow.]
GREEN, gren, v.i. to grow green : to be-
come covered with verdure : to be ver-
dmous. " Yonder greening tree." — Ten-
nyson. " By greening slope and sing-
ing flood." — Whittier.
GREENBACK, gren'bak, >i. popular name
for the paper monev first issued bv the
United States in 1863 -.—pi. wealth. '
GREEN-BRIER, gren'-bri-er, n. a popular
name in the United States for a very
common thorny cMmbing shrub, Sniilux
rohindifolia, having a yellowish-green
stem and thick leaves, with smaJl bunches
of flowers.
GREEN-CLOTH, gren'-kloth, ?!. formerly,
a court for regulating the affairs of a
royal household, and which in England
had power to punish offenders within the
palace, aiid 200 yds. bej-ond the gates, so
called from the green cloth on the table
round which it sat.
GREEN-CROP, gren'-krop, n. a crop of
green vegetables, as grasses, turnips, etc.
GREENERY, gren'er-i, n. green plants:
verdure.
GREENGAGE, gren'gaj, n. a green and
very sweet variety of the plum. [Latter
part of the word obscure.]
GREENGROCER, gren'gro-ser, n. a grocer
or dealer who retails greens, or fresh
vegetables and fruits.
GREENHORN, gren'horn, n. a raw, inex-
perienced person : in the U.S., a popular
term for an immigrant recently landed.
GREENHOUSE, gren'hows, n. a house to
shelter tender plants from the cold weath-
er.
GREENING, gren'ing, n. a name given to
certain varieties of apples green when
ripe ; as the Rhode Island greening.
GREENISH, gren'ish, adj. somewhat
green. — ?;. Green'ishnesS.
GREEN-ROOM, gren'-room, n. a room in a
warehouse where new or green cloth is
received from the weaving factory : a
room near the stage in a theatre to which
actors retire during the intervals of their
Earts in the play — it is so called from
aving been originally painted or decor-
ated in green. "The Friday came ; and
for the first time in my life I found my-
self in the green-room of a tlieatre — it
was literally a green-room, into which
liglit was admitted by a thing like a cu-
cumber-frame at one end of it. It was
matted, and ro\md the walls ran a bench
covered with faded green stuff, where-
upon the dramatis personje deposited
themselves untO called to go on the stage;
a looking-glass under the skj'-light, and
a large bottle of water and a tumbler on
the chimney-piece, completed the furni-
ture of this classic apartment." — T. Hook.
GREENSAND, gren'sand. n. a sandstone
in which green specks of iron occur.
GEEEN-SICKNESS, gren'-sik'nes. n. chlo-
rosis, a disease of young females charac-
terized by general languor and a pale or
greenish color of skin.
GREENSTONE, gren'ston, n. a variety of
trap-coeS: of a green color.
GREEN-TEA, gren'-te, n. a tea of a green-
ish color. The green color is due to
the mode in which the leaves of the
tea-plant are treated in the process of
drying.
GR^ENTH, grenth, n. the quality of being
green : greenness. " The gleams and
green th ot summer." — George Eliot. "I
found my garden brown and bare, but
these rains have recovered the greenth."
— H. Walpole.
GREET, gret, v.t. to salute or address
with kind wishes : to send kind wishes to:
to congratulate. — v.i. to meet and salute:
—pr.p. greet'ing ; pa.p. greet'ed. [A.S.
gretan, to go to meet ; Dut. groeten, Grer.
griissen, to salute.]
GREETING, gret'ing, n. expression of
kindness or joy : salutation.
GREGARIOUS, gre-ga'ri-us, adj. associat
ing or Uving in flocks or herds. — adv
Grega'riouslt. — n. Grega'riousness
[L. gregaritts — grex, gregis, a flock.]
GREGGOE, GREGO, gre'go, n. a short
jacket or cloak made of thick coarse
cloth with a hood attached, worn bj- the
Greeks and others in the Levant.]
GREGORIAN, gre-go'ri-an, adj. belonging
to, established, or produced by Gregory.
— Gregorian calendar, the calendar as
reformed by Pope Gregorj' XHI. in 1.582,
which adjusts the leap-j'ears so as to
harmonize the civil year with the solar,
and shows the new and full moon, with
the time of Easter and the movable feasts
depending thereon, by means of epacts.
— Gregorian year, the ordinarv year, as
reckoned according to the 6regorian
calendar. It consists of 365 days, 5
hours, 48 minutes, 49 seconds, the ex-
cess over 365 days forming a whole day
every fourth year. — Gregorian epoch,
the time from which the Gregorian
calendar or computation dates, that is,
from the year 1582. — Gregorian chant,
one of a series of choral melodies intro-
duced into the service of the Catholic
church by Pope Gregory I. about the
end of the sixth century. — Gregorian
telescope, the first and most common
form of the reflecting telescope, invented
by James Gregory, professor of mathe-
matics in the univer.sitj' of St. Andrew's,
and afterwards of Edinburgh.
GREGORIAN, gre-go'ri-an, n. one ot a club
or brotherhood somewhat similar to the
Freemasons, which existed in the early
part of the eighteenth century.
Let Poets and Historians
Record tile brave Gregorians,
In long and tasting lays. — Carey.
GRENADE, gre-nad', n. a small shell of
iron or glass, filled with powder and bits
of iron, and thrown fi-om the hand, so
called from its resembling a pomegran-
ate. [Fr. — Sp. granada — L. granatum^
a pomegranate — granurn, a grain.]
GRENADIER, gren-a-der', n. (orig.) an
English soldier who threw grenades :
formerly, a member of the first company
of every battalion of foot.
GREW, groo, past tense of Grow.
GREY. gra. Same as Gray.
GREYHOUND, gra'hownd, n. a swift
hunting hottnd, of slender form, great
length of hmb and muzzle, and great
keenness of sight. [Ice. greyhundi —
Ice. grey, a dog, and tiundr (E. hound),
a hound.]
GRIDDLE, grid'l, n. a flat iron plate for
baking cakes. [W. greidell — greidio, to
scorch or singe ; Gael, greidil, Scot.
girdle.]
GRIDE, grid, v.i. to pierce ; to cut through ;
to cut ; " So sore the griding sword
. . . passed through him." — Milton;
•'Through his thigh the mortal steel did
gride." — Spenser : to grate ; to jar haish.
Iv ; "Above the wood which grides and
clangs its leafless ribs." — Tennyson.
[According to Skeat a metathesis of
gird, O. E. girden, to strike, pierce, cut,
from gerde, a rod=^ord; lit. to stiike
with a rod.]
GRIDE, grid, n. a grating or harsh sound ;
a harsh scraping or cutting.
The gride of hatcliets fiercely thrown
On «igwam log, and tree, and stone.— WTiiMter.
GRIDELIN
206
GROTTO
GRIDELIN, grid'e-lin, n. a color mixed
of white iind red, or a grray violet. [Fr.
gris de lin, flax gray.]
The ladies dress'd iu rich symars were seen.
Of Florence satten, flower'd with white and green.
And for a shade betwixt the bloomy gridelin.
— Dryden.
©RIDIRON', grid'I-urn, n. a frame of iron
bars for broiling flc^h or fish over the
fire. [M. E. gredire, a griddle, and from
the same Celtic root as griddle; but the
termin. -ire became identified with M. E.
ire. iron.]
ORIEF, gref, n., heaviness ot heart: sorrow:
regret: mourning: cause of sorrow: afflic-
tion: {B.) bodily as well as mental pain.
[Fr. grief — grever, to burden — L. gravo,
to grieve — gravis, heavy.]
GRIEVANCE, grev'aos, ». cause of grief :
burden: hardship: injury: grief.
GRIE\T<;, g-rev, v.t. to cause grief or pain
of mind to : to make sorrowful : to vex :
(B.) also, to inflict bodily pain. — v.i. to
feel grief: to mourn.
GRifiVOUS, grev'us, adj. causing or full of
grief: burilensome : painful: heinous:
atrocious : hurtful. — n. Griev'OUSNESS.
GRIEVOUSLY, grev'us-li, adv. in a griev-
ous manner : (B.) severely.
GRIFFIN, grif in, GRIFFON, grif un, n. an
imaginary animal, with the body and legs
of a lion, and the crooked beak and wings
of an eagle. [Fr. griffon — L. and Gr.
gryps — Gr. grypos, hook-nosed.]
GRIG, grig, 11. a small lively eel, the sand-
eel. I^Prov. E. grig, a cricket : from its
wriggling motion.]
ORILL, gril, v.t. to broil on a gridiron : to
torment. [Fr. griller — gril, a gridiron —
L. craticuJa, dim. of crates, a grate.]
GRILLAGE, gril'aj, 7i. in engin. a frame-
work composed of hea\'j' beams laid
longitudinally,aud crossed at right angles
by similar beams notched upon them,
used to sustain foundations and prevent
their irreg'ular settling in soils of unequal
compressibility. The grUlage is firmly
bedded, and the earth packed into the
interstices between the beams ; a flooring
of thick planks, termed a platform, is
then laid on it, and on this the founda-
tion courses rest. [Fr., from grille, a
grate, a railing.]
GRILLE, gril, n. a lattice or open work or
grating : a piece of grated work : as (a)
a metal screen to inclose or protect any
particular spot, locality, slorine, tomb, or
sacred ornament ; (b) a gate of metal in-
closing or protecting- the entrance of a
religious house or sacred building ; (c)
a small screen ot iron bars inserted in the
door of a monastic or conventual building,
in order to allow the inmates to converse
with visitors, or to answer inquiries with-
out opening tlie door : the wicket of a
monastery. [Fr. See Grill, to broil.]
CrRILSE, grils, n. a young salmon on its
first return from salt water. [Sw. graa-
la.r, a gray salmon.]
GRIM, grim, adj. of forbidding aspect :
ferocious : ghastly : sullen. — adv. Grim'-
hY.—n. Griji'ness. [A.S. grim ; Ger.
grimmif) — gvimin, fui-y. Dut. grimmig,
Ice. grimntr.]
GRIM, grim, v.t. to make g-rim : to give a
forbidding or fear-inspiring aspect to.
'• To withdraw . . . into lurid half light,
grimmed by the shadow of that red "flag
of theirs." — Carlyle.
JRIMACE, gri-mas', n. a distortion of the
face, in jest, etc.: a smirk. [Fr.. of un-
certain orig., perh. from root of Ice. and
A.S. grima, a mask or phantom.]
GRIMACED,gri-masd', adj. with a grimace:
distorted.
GRMALKIN, gri-markin, n. an old cat.
[GR.4.Y. and malkiii. a dirty drab, a hare,
a dim. of Moll or Jlary.]
GRDIE, grim, n. ingrained dirt. — v.t. to
soil deeplj'. [From a Teut. root found in
Dan. grim, soot, Fris. grime, a dark spot
on the face.]
GRIMY, grim'i, adj. full of grime : foul.
GRIN, grin, v.i. to set the teeth together
and withdraw the lips. — v.t. to express
by grinning: — i^r.p. grinn'ing ; pa.j).
grinned'. — n. a»t of grinning. [A.S. gren-
nian ; Ice. grenja, Ger. greinen, Dut. grij-
nen, to grumble, Scand. girn ; allied to E.
gronii, Fr. grogiier.]
GRIND, grind, v.t. to reduce to powder by
friction : to wear down or sharpen by
rubbing : to rub together : to oppress or
harass. — v.i. to be moved or rubbed to-
getlier i—jir.p. grind'ing ; pa.t. and pa.p.
gTound. [A.S. griiidan.]
GRINDER, grind'er, m. he or that which
grinds : a double or jaw tooth that grinds
food.
GRINDSTONE, grind'stSn, n. a circular
revolving .stone for grinding or sharpen-
ing tools.
GRIP, grip, GRIPE, grip, n., grasp or flrm
hold witli the hand, etc.: oppression ;
pinching distress : — pi. Gripes, severe
pains in the bowels. — [See Gripe, v.]
GRIPE, grip, V. t. to grasp with the hand :
to seize and hold fast : to squeeze : to
give pain to the bowels. — GRip'rN'G, part,
adj. avaricious : of a pain that catches
or seizes acutely. [rj^.S. gripan ; Ice.
gripa, Ger. greifen, Dut. grijpen : allied
to Gr.ajb.]
GRIPPE, grip, n. a French term applied
to various epidemic forms of catarrh.
GRISETTE, gri-zet', n. a gay young French-
woman of the lower class. fFr. grisette,
a g'ray gown, whicli used to be worn by
that class — gris, gray.]
GRISLED, griz'ld. Sa'me as Grizzled.
GRISLY, griz'li, adj. frightful : hideous.
[A.S. gryslic, agrisan. to dread ; Ger.
grUsslich, grieselii. to shudder.]
GRIST, grist, n. grain for grinding at one
time : supply : profit. [A.S. grist, gerst,
a grinding ; from root of Grixb.]
GRISTLE, u-i'is'l, n. a soft, elastic substance
in animal bodies, also called cartilage.
[A.S. gristel; a dim. of gi-ist and grind,
because one must crunch it in eating.]
GRISTLY, gris'li, adj. consisting of or hke
gristle. — n. Gelst'liness.
GRIT, grit, v.. the coarse part of meal :
gravel: a kind of hard sandstone : — pi.
oats coarsely ground, groats. [A..S.
greot, grytt: Dut. grut, groats, Ger.
grie.'i, gravel, akin to groat, grout.]
GRITTY, grit'i. adj. consisting of or hav-
ing grits or hard particles. — n. Gritt'-
iot;ss.
GRIZZLE, grizl, n. a gray color. [Fr. arts,
gray — O. Ger. gris, gray, Ger. greis.]
GRIZZLE, griz'l, v.i. to grow gray or griz-
zlv : to become graj'-haired. Emerson.
GRlZZLED, griz'ld, cuJj., gray, or mixed
with gray.
GRIZZLY, grizli, adj. of a gray color.
GROAN, gron, v.i. to utter a moaning
sound in distress : (fig.) to be aflSicted.
— n. a deep moaning sound as of dis-
tress : SL sound of disapprobation. [A.S.
granian.]
GROANING, gron'ing, ■». a deep moan as
of pain : any low rumbling sound.
GROAT, grawt or grSt, n. an old English
coin =. 4d. [O. Low Ger. grote, a coin
of Bremen ; like Dut. groot =■ great, so
called because greater than tlie copper
coins formerly in use (Skeat) ; Ger. gros-
chen — Low L. grossiis, thick.]
GROATS, grawts or grots, n.pl. the grain
of oats deprived of the husks. [A.S. grnt,
coarse meal.]
GROBIAX. grob'I-an. n. a coarse, ill-bred
fellow : a rude lout : a boor. " Grobians
I and sluts."— Burton. " He who is a grolh
ian in liis own company will sooner or
later become a grobian in that of his
friends." — King.fley. [Ger., from grob,
coarse.]
GROCER, gros'er, n. a dealer in tea, sugar,
etc. [Fr. grossier. from root of Gross ;
the word, formerly grosser, orig meant
one who sold wholesale.]
GROCERY, gros'er-i, n. (generally used in %
2)1.) articles sold bj* grocers.
GROG, grog, n. a mixture of sjnrit and
cold water. [Derived from '• Old Grog,"
a nickname given by British sailors to
Admiral Vernon, who first introduced it,
because he used, in badweather, to wear
a grogram cloak.]
GROG, grog, v.t. to make into grog by
mixing water with spirits : to extract
grog from, by pouring hot water into an
empty spirit cask, by which means a
weak spirit may be extracted from the
wood. (British excise slang.)
GROGRAM, grog'ram, M. a. kind of cloth
made of silk and mohair, of a coarse
grain or texture. [O. Fr. gros-grain, of
a coarse grain or texture. See GROSS and
Gr.\in.]
GROIN, groin, n. the part of the body just
where the legs begin to divide: (arch.)
the angular curve formed by the crossing
of two arches. [Ice. gr'ein. division,
branch — greina, to divide ; Sw. gren,
branch, space between the legs ; Scot.
graine, grane, the branch of a tree or
river.]
GROINED, groind, adj. having groins or
angular curves made by the intersection
of two arches.
GROOM, gi-oom. n. one who has the charge
of horses : a title of several officers of a
royal household : a bridegroom. — v.t. to
tend, as a horse. — n. Grooms'man, at-
tendant on a bridegroom at his marriage.
[Ety. dub.; pi-ob. from A.S. gtima fin
bridegroom), a man, which is allied to
Goth, guma, Ice. gum.i, L. homo.]
GROOVE, gi'Sov, n. a furrow, or long hol-
low, such as is cut with a tool. — r.t. to
grave or cut ,a groove or furrow in. [A.S.
grof. gr(ef — grafav, to dig- ; Ger. grtibe —
grdben, to dig ; Dut. groeve, a tui-row,
pit ; from root ot GR.4.VE.]
GROPE, grop, v.i. (orig.) to gripie or feel
with the hands : to search or attempt to
find something, as if blind or in the dark.
— v.t. to searcli by feeling, as in the dark.
[A.S. grapian, to seize, handle ; allied to
Grab, Gripe.]
GROPINGLY, grop'ing-U, adv. in a grajJ-
ing manner.
GROSBEAK. Same as Grossbeak.
GROSS, gros, adj. coarse : rough : dense:
palpable: whole: coarse in mind: .stupid:
sensual: obscene. — ?<. the main bulk: the
whole taken together: a great hundred,
i.e., twelve dozen. — adv. Gross'LY. — n,
Gross'ness. [Fr. gros — Low L. grossus—
L. crnssiis.]
GROSSBEAK. grosTjek, n a genus of birds
with a thick strong convex beak. [Gross
and Beak.]
GROT, grot, GROTTO, grot'o, «. a cave: a
place of shade, for pleasure, made like
a cave:— p/. Grots, Grottos. [Fr. grotte
— L. crypta ; thus a doublet of Crtpi
grotto is the It. form.]
GR0TESQTJE.gr5-tesk'. adj. extravagantly
formed : ludicrous. — ii. irirt.) extravagant
ornament, containing animals, plants,
etc not really existing, — adv. Gro-
TESQLTl'LT. — n. ' GrOTESQUE'NESS. [Fr.
grotesque — It. grottesca — grotto : because
old grottos were commonly adoi-ned with
quaint and extravaa-ant paintings,]
GROTTO. See Grot)
GKOUND
207
GUARD
GROUND, grownd, pa.t. and 2ia.p. of
Grikd.
GROUND, grownd, n. the surface of the
earth : a portion of the earth's smface :
land : field : the iloor, etc. : position :
field or place of action : (lit. or fig.) that
on wliicb something is raised : founda-
tion : reason : (art.) the surface on which
the figures are represented. [A.S.
gritiid ; cog. -witti Ger. Dan. and S\v.
grund, Ice. grunnr, Goth, grundus ;
prob. conn, with grind, and orig. mean-
ing •' earth ground small."]
GROUND, grownd, v.t. to fix on a found-
ation or principle : to instruct in first
principles. — v.i. to strike the bottom and
remain fixed.
GROUNDAGE, grownd'aj, n. the tax paid
by a ship for the ground or space occupied
while in port.
GROUSTD-FLOOR, grownd'-flor, n. the
floor of a house on a level witli tlie street
or exterior groimd.
GROUND-GAME, grownd'-gam, ». a name
given to hares, rabbits, and tlie like, as
distinguished from wnged game, as
pheasants, grouse, partridges, etc.
GROUND-HOG, grownd'-liog, n. the pop-
ular name of the American rodent, Arc-
tomy.t moncLV. or marmot, usually called
in New England WoODCEnrcK : a name
applied to the Orycteropus capensis, a
South African edentate quadruped which
burrows in the ground — so called from its
bearing a general resemblance to a small,
short-legged pig.
GROUNDLES.S, grownd'les, adj. without
ground, foundation, or I'eason. — adv.
GEOt.->D'LESSLY. — ». GROt^SD'LESSNESS.
GROUNDLING, grownd'ling, ii. asmall fish
which keeps near the bottom of the wa-
ter : a spectator in the pit of a theatre.
[Both formed from GROU^■D and double
dim. -ling.]
IROUND-MAIL, grownd'-mal, Ji. duty paid
for the right of having a corpse interred
in a churchyard. " Reasonable charges,''
said the sexton," ou, there's ground-mail,
and bell-siller (though the bell's broken,
nae doubt), and the kist, and my day's
wark, and my bit fee, and some brandy
and ale to the drigie." — Sir W. Scott.
GROUND-NUT, grownd'-nut, n. a term ap-
plied to the fruit of some plants and the
root of others found in the ground.
GROUND-PLAN, grownd'-plan, n.,plan of
the horizontal section of the lowest or
ground storv of a building.
GROUND-PL'OT, grownd'-plot, n. the plot
of ground on which a building stands.
GROUND-RENT, grownd'-reut, n., rent
paid to a landlord for hberty to build on
his ground.
GROUNDS, grownds, n.pl. dregs of drink :
sediment at the bottom of liquors. [Gael,
and Ir. grutindas ; conn, with Grocnd.I
GROUND-SEA, grownd'-se, n. the West In-
dian name for the swell called Rollers, or
in Jamaica the Xorth Sea, occurring in
a calm, and with no other indication of a
previous gale. Tlie sea rises in huge bil-
lows and dashes against the shore with
roarings resembling thunder. It is prob-
ably due to the gales called "Northers,"
which suddenij' rise and ra^^e off the
capes of Virginia round to the Gulf of
Mexico.
CJROUNDSEL, grownd 'sel, n. an annual
plant, about a foot high, with small yel-
low flowers. [A.S. grundsu-elige — grund,
ground, and swelgan, to swallow ; there-
fore lit. ground-.iwallower.]
GROUND-SWELL, grownd'-swel, n.
a broad, deep strell or undulation of the
ocean, proceeding from a distant storm.
GROUNDWORK, grownd' wurk, n. the
tivrk which forms the ground or founda-
tion of anj'thing : the basis : the essen-
tial part : the first principle.
GROUP, groop, n. a number of persons or
things together : (art) an assemblage of
persons, animals, or things, forming a
whole. — v.t. to form into a group or
grou])s. [Fr. groupe — It. groppo, a
bunch, knot ; from a root found in Gter.
kropf, a protuberance.]
GROUPING, groop'ing, n. (art) the act of
disposing and arranging figures or objects
in groups.
GROUSE, grows, n. the heathcoek or moor-
fowl, a bu'd with a short curved bill,
short legs, and feathered feet, which fre-
quents moors and hiUs. [Prob. formed
from the older griee (on the analogy of
inouse, miee)—0. Fr. griesche, of unknown
origin.]
GROUT, growt, ii. coarse meal : the sedi-
ment of liquor : lees : a thin coarse mor-
tar : a fine plaster for finishing ceilings.
[A.S. grut, coarse meal ; cog. with Dut.
grut. Ice. grautr, porridge, Ger. grUtze,
gi'oats.]
GROVE, grov, n. a wood of small size,
generallj' of a pleasant or ornamental
character : an avenue of trees. [A.S.
graf, a grove, a lane cut among trees —
grafan, to dig. See Grave, Groove.]
GROVEL, grovel, v.i. to crawl on the
earth : to be mean : — pr.p. groVelling ;
pa.p. grov'elled. — n. Grov'eller. [Perh.
from Ice. grafla, to grovel, from grufa,
as in grufa nidr, to stoop down. See
Grab, Grope.]
GROW, gro, v.i. to become enlarged by
a natm-al process : to advance towards
maturity: to increase in size: to develop;
to become greater in any way: to extend:
to improve: to pass from one state to an-
other: to become. — v.t. to cause to grow:
to cultivate : — pa.t. grew (groo); pa.p.
grown. — n. Grow'er. [A.S. growan; Ice.
groa : conn, with green.]
GROWL, growl, v.i. to utter a deep, mur-
muring sound, like a dog : to grumble
surlUy. — i:t. to express by growling. — n.
Grovvl'ee. [Dut. and Ger. grollen, to be
angry, to roar ; allied to Gr. gryllizo, to
grunt, gryllos, a pig : from the sound.
See Grudge and Grxjnt.]
GROWL, growl, n. a murmuring, snarling
sound, as of an angry dog.
GROWTH, .groth, n. a groicing : gradual
increase : progress : development : that
which has grown : product.
GRUB, grub, v.i. to dig in the dirt : to be
occupied meanlj'. — v.t. to dig or root out
of the ground (generally followed by up):
— pr.}}. grubb'ing; pa.j). grubbed'. [Ety.
dub.; but prob. allied to Grab, Gripe.]
GRUB, grub, n. the larva of the beetle,
moth, etc. [Same word as above.]
GRUBBER, grub'er, n. ho who or that
which gi-ubs : an instrument for digging
up the roots of trees, etc.
GRUBBY, grub'i, adj. dirty : unclean. " A
grubbif lot of sooty .sweeps or colliers." —
Hood'.
GRL^-STREET, grub'-stret, n. a street in
Loiulou inhabited by shabby literary men.
— adj. applied to any mean literary pro-
duction.
GRUDGE, gruj, v.t. to murmur at : to look
upon with en\'v : to give or take unwill-
ingly.— v.i. to s"how discontent. — n. secret
enmity or en\'y' : an old cause of quarrel.
[M.E. grucchen, gruggen — O. Fr. groucher,
groucer, gruger, from an imitative root
gru. which is found in Gr. gry, the grunt
of a pig, also in growl, grunt.]
GRUDGINGLY, gruj'ing-li, adv. unwill-
ingly.
GRUDGINGS, gi-uj'ingz. ii.jjI. coarse meal :
grouts : the part of the grain which re-
mains after the fine meallias passed the
sieve. " You that can deal with grudg-
ings and coarse flour." — Beau. <&■ Fl.
[Fr. grugeons, from gruger, to crunch, to
grind. Cf. Low Ger. grusen, to grind,
and see Grudge, v.t.]
GRUDGMENT, gruj'ment, n. the act of
grudging: discontent: dissatisfaction.
This, see, which at my breast I wear.
Ever did (rather to Jacynth's gwdgment^
And ever shall. — Brotming.
GRUEL, groo'el, n. a thin food, made by
boiling groats or oatmeal in water. [O.
Fr. gruel (Fr. gruau), groats — Low L. gru-
fcllum, dim. of grutum. meal — O. G«r.
grut, groats, A.S. grut.]
GRUESOJIE. groo'sum, ac?/. horrible: fear-
ful. [Scan. ; cog. with G^r. grausam.]
GRUFF, gruf, adj. rough, stern, or abrupt
in manner : chiu-lish. — adv. Gruff'lt. —
n. Gruff'xess. [Dut. grof ; cog. with
Sw. grof, Dan. grov, Ger. grab, coarse ;
prob. imitative.]
GRUMBLE, grum'bl, v.i. to murmur with
discontent : to growl : to rumble. — n.
Gruii'bler. — adv. Grum'blxsgly. [Fr.
grommeler ; from O. Ger. grummeln.]
GRUME, groom, n. a thick consistence of
fluid : a clot as of blood. [O. Fr. grume,
a knot, a bunch (Fr. grumeau, a clot of
blood) — L. grumns, a Uttle heap.]
GRU5IOUS. groom'us. adj. thick : clotted.
GRUMPISH.'gi-um'pish, <(C?;'. surly : gruff:
cross: grumpy. " If you blubber or look
grumpish." — Sirs. TroUope.
GRUMPY, grum'pi, ac?;'. surly: dissatisfied:
melancholic. [Frc
BLE.]
melancholic. [From same root as GRUil-
GRUNT, grunt, v.i. to make a sound like
a pig. — «. a short, guttural sound, as of
a hog. — )(. Gruxt'er. [Like words are
found iu most European languages : all
from the soimd. See Growl and GRUDGE.]
GRUTCH, gruel), n. a grudge. Hudibvos.
GRUYERE, groo-yar', n. a kind of Swiss
cheese held in much repute. It is made
of large size, is firm and dry, and ex-
hibits numerous cells of considerable
magnitude. [From Gruyires, a small
town in the canton of Freiburg, Switzer-
land.]
GUAIACU51, gwa'ya-kum. n. a genus of
trees in the W. Indies, that vield a green-
ish resin used in medicine. [Sp. guayaco,
from a Haytiau word.]
GUANO, gwa'no,, n. a substance found on
many small islands, especially in the
Southern Ocean and on the coast of
South America and Africa, which are
the resoi-t of large flocks of sea-birds, and
chiefly composed of their excrements in
a decomposed state. It sometimes forms
beds from 50 to 60 feet in thickness. It
is an excellent manure, and since 1841 has
been extensively apjilied for that pur-
pose. Its active constituent is ammonia,
containing much oxalate and urate of
ammonia, with .some phosphates. [Sp.
guano, liuano, from Peruv. huanu, dung.]
GUARANTEE, gar-an-te', GUARANTY.
gar'au-ti, n. a warrant or surety : a con-
tract to see perfoinied what another has
imdertaken : the person who makes such
a contract. — v.t. to undertake that anoth-
er shall perform certain engagements : to
make sure : — pr.ji- guarautee'ing ; pa.p.
guaranteed'. [O Fr. gurantie, guaran-
tie, pa.p. of garantir. to warrant — gai'
ant. warrant. See Wakraxt.]
GUARD, gard. v.t. to ivord, watch, or
take care of : to protect from danger.
— v.i. to watch : to be wary. — }t. that
which guards from danger : a man or
body of men stationed to jirotect : one
who has charge of a coach or railway-
train : state of caution : posture of de-
fence : part of the hilt of a sword : a
watch-chain :— /iZ. troops attached to the
GUARDANT
208
GULF-WEED
person of a sovereign. [O. Fr. garden,
guarder — O. Ger. icarten ; cog. with E.
ward.]
GUARDANT, gar'dant, adj. {her.) having
the face turned towards the beholder.
GUARDED, gard'ed, adj. wary : cautious :
uttered with caution. — adv. Guabd'edly.
— n. Guard'edness.
GUARDIAN, gard'yan, ji. one who guards
or takes care of : (law) one wlio lias the
care of an orphan minor. — adj. protect-
ing.— n. GuAED'lANsmv.
GUARDROOM, gard'rooin, n. a room for
the accommodation of guards.
GUARDSHIP, gard'ship, n. a ship of war
that guards or superintends marine
affairs in a harbor.
GU ARDSM A N, gards'man, n. a soldier of
the guards.
GUAVA, gwa'va, n. a genus of trees and
shrubs of tropical America, with yellow,
pear-shaped fruit which is made into
■jelly. [Sp. guayaba ; of W. Indian
origin.]
GUDGEON, guj'un, n. a small fresh-water
fish, allied to the carp, easily caught —
hence, any one easily clieated. [Fr.
gotijon — L. gobio — Gv.kobios. See Goby.]
GUELDER-ROSE, gel'der-roz, 71. a tree
with large white ball-shaped flowers.
[So called from Gueldres in Holland — also
called snowball-tree.]
GUELF, GUELPH, gwelf, n. the name of
a distinguished princely family in Italy,
originally German, and re-transported
into Germany in the eleventh century,
still, however retaining large possessions
in Italy. Welf, son of Isenbrand, Count
ol Altorf, one of the vassals of Charle-
magne, is said to have been the first to
bear the name. It still continues in tlie
two branches of the House of Brunswick
— the ducal and the royal, to which latter
the reigning family of Britain belongs.
After the battle of "Weinsberg, fought in
1140, against the Waiblingens (Ghibel-
lines), where the name of the head of the
house was given as a rallying cry or
watchword to his followers, the term be-
came gradually extended to all the mem-
bers of that faction in Italy which aimed at
national independence and supported the
pope, while that of Ghibelline was given
to the supporters of the emperors in their
endeavor to subjugate Italy to Germany.
The contest lasted for nearly 300 years,
desolating both countries. Latterly the
term was applied to a supporter of demo-
cratic principles, and that of Ghibelline to
an upholder of aristocracy. The terms fell
into disuse towards the end of the fifteenth
century. [It. guelfo, O.Ger. hwelfa, O.H.
Ger. hwatf, O.Sax. and A.S. Incelp,
whelp.]
GUELFIC, GUELPHIC, gwelfik. adj. of
or pertaining to the Guelfs. — GXJEUIO
ORDER, a Hanoverian order of knight-
hood founded in 1815 by George IV., then
prince regent, and entitled the Royal
Hanoverian Guelfic Order. It consists
of grand crosses, commanders, and
knights, both civil and military.
GUERDON, ger'dun, n. a reward or recom-
pense. [O. Fr. guerdon, gnerredon (It.
guidardone) — Low L. u-iderdonum. corr.
from O. Ger. undarlon, A.S. tcidherlean —
widher (same as unth- in E. uHthstand),
against, lean (same as E. loan), reward ;
or more prob. the latter part of the word
is from L. domim, a gift.]
GUERILLA, GUERRILLA, ger-ril'a, 71. a
mode of harassing an army by small
bands adopted by the Spaniards against
the French in the Peninsular War, and
by Quantrell, Mosby and Morgan during
the Civil War in this country : a member
of such a band. — adj. conducted by or
conductine petty warfare. [Sp. guerril-
la, dim. of guetra (Fr. guerre) — O. Ger.
werra, war. See War.]
GUESS, ges, i\t. to form an opinion on un-
certain knowledge. — v.i. to judge on un-
certain knowledge : to conjecture right-
ly. [M. E. gessen; cog. withDut. gissen;
Dan. gis.'<e, Ice. giska, for git-ska — geta,
to get, think, A.S. gitan, whence E. GET.
See also Forget.]
GUESS, ges, n. judgment or opinion with-
out sufficient evidence or grounds.
GUESSWORK, ges'wurk, n., work done by
guess.
GUEST, gest, n. a visitor received and en-
tertained. [A.S. gest, gcest ; allied to Dut.
and Ger. gast, L. hostis, stranger, enemy.
Cf. Host, an army.]
GUEST-CHAMBER, gest'-cham'ber, ??. (B.)
a chamber or room for the accommoda-
tion of guests.
GUFFAW, guf-fa-iv', n. a loud laugh.
[Pi-om the sound.]
GUIDANCE, gid'ans, n. direction : govern-
ment.
GUIDE, gid, v.t. to lead or direct : to regu-
late : to influence. — n. he who or that
wliich guides : one who directs another
in his course of life : a soldier or other
person employed to obtain information
for an army. [Fr. guider ; prob. from a
Teut. root, as in A.S. untan, to know,
observe, uns, wise, Ger. u-eisen, to show,
and so conn, with lint, and wise.]
GUIDEBOOK, gid'book, n. a book of in-
formation for tourists.
GUIDELESSNESS. gid'les-nes. n. the state
or condition of being destitute of a guide
or of wanting a director : want of guid-
ance. " To fight with poverty and guide-
le.^sness. " — Kingsley.
GUIDEPOST, gid'post. n. a post erected at
a road-side, to guide the traveller.
GUIDE-SCREW, gid'-skroo, n. in mach.
a screw for directing or regulating cer-
tain movements.
GUIDE-TUBE, gid'-tub, n. in mach. any
contrivance by which a boring-bit or
drill is guided, but which consists com-
monly of a fixed tube to prevent swerv-
ing.
GUIDON, gi'don, n. the little flag or stand-
ard of a troop of cavalry ; a flag used to
direct the movements of infantry ; a flag
used to signal with at sea ; the flag of a
guild or fraternity: one who bears a gui-
don ; a standard-bearer : one of a com-
munity that Charlemagne established
at Rome to guide pilgrims to the Holy
Land. [Fi-. See Guide.]
GUIDONIAN, gwe-do'ni-an, adj. of or
pertaining to Ouido Aretino, or to the
hexachordal system of music said to be
introduced by him.
GUILD, gild, n. (arig.) an association in a
town where payment was made for mu-
tual support and protection : an associa-
tion of men for mutual aid : a corpora^
tion. — Guild'hall, n. the hall of a guild
or corporation, esp. in London. [A.S.
gild, money, gildan, to pay : it is the
same word as GOLD and Gni).]
GUILE, gil, n. wile : jugglery : cunning :
deceit. [O. Fr. guille, deceit ; from a
Teut. root, as in A.S. ivil. Ice. vel, a
trick. See WiLE.]
GUILE, gil, 71. as much liquor as is brewed
at once.
Thee best befits a lowly style.
Teach Dennis how to stir the guile. — Smft.
GUILEFUL, gil'fool, adj crafty : deceit-
ful.—adr. GOTLE'FULLY. — n. GuiLE'FUL-
NESS.
GUILELESS, gil'les, adj. without deceit :
artless. — adv. Guile'lessly. — n. GuiLE'-
LESSICESS
GUILLEMOT, gil'e-mot, n. a genus of
marine birds having a pointed bill and
very short tail. [Fr.]
GUICLOTINE, gil'o-ten, n. an instrument
for beheading — consisting of an upright
frame down which a sharp hea\'j- axe
descends on the neck of the victim —
adopted during the French Revolution,
and named after Guillotin, a physician
who first proposed its adoption. — v.t tf
behead with the guilloti7ie.
GUILLOTINEMENT, gil-o-ten'ment, n. de
capitation by means of the guillotine,
" In this poor National Convention, bro-
ken, bewildered bj' long terror, perturb-
ations, and guillotinement, there is no
pilot." — Carlyle.
GUILT, gilt, n. punishable conduct : the
state of having broken a law : crime.
[Orig. a payment or jine for an offence ;
A.S. gylt, guilt — gildan, to pay, to atone.]
GUILTLESS, gilt'les, adj. free from crime :
innocent. — adr.GuiLT'LESSLY. — ra.GuiLT'-
LESSNESS.
GUILTY, gilt'i, adj. justly chargeable with
a crime : wicked. — GxJiLTY OF (sometimes
in B.), deserving.^adr. GuELT'lLY. — ?t.
GtiLT'iNESs. [A.S. gyltig.]
GUINEA, gin'i, ?;. an English gold coin, no
longer used=21s., so called because first
made of gold brought from Guinea, in
Africa.
GUINEA-FOWL, gin'i -fowl, GUINEA-
HEN, gin'i-lien, n. a fowl like the turkey,
of a dark-gray color, with white spots,
oriainally from Guinea, in Africa.
GUINEA-PIG, gin'i-pig, n. a small S.Amer-
ican animal, belonging to the Rodentia,
and somewhat resembling a small pig,
[Prob. a mistake for Ouia7ia-pig.]
GUIPURE, ge-pur', n. an imitation of an-
tique lace, very durable, equally beauti-
ful, and less expensive : a kind of gimp.
GUISE, gl7, II., 7nan7ier, behaviour : exter-
nal appearance : dress. [Fr. guise ; frono
O. Ger. tvisa (Ger. weise), a way, guise,
which is cog. with A.S. ^ns, wise, wisa,
cause, manner, E. unse, guide.]
GUISER, giz'er, n. a person in disguise : a
Christmas mummer.
GUITAR, gi-tar', n. a musical stringed in-
strument like the violin in shape, bui
larger, and played upon with the fingers.
[Fr. guitare ; from L. cithara — Gr. kith-
ara, a lyre or lute. See Cithern.]
GULDEN, gool'den, n. the florin of Austria-
Hungary, nominally equal to 50 cents.
GULES, gulz, 71. (her.) a red color, marked
in engraved fig-ures by perpendicular
lines. [Fr. gueules ; of loubtful origin :
ace. to Brachet, fron; Pers. ghul, a rose ;
but ace. to other authoiities, it is from
Fr. gueide — L. gula, tlu- throat, prob.
from the color of the open moutli of the
heraldic lion.]
GULF, gulf, 71. a hollow or indentation in
the sea-coast: a deep place in the earth:
an abyss : a whirlpool : anything insati-
able. [Fr. golfe — Late Gr. kolphos, Gr.
kolpos, the bosom, a fold, a gulf.]
GULF, gulf, r.^ to engulf : to absorb or
swallow up, as in a gulf. " Chdfed with
Proserpine and Tantalus." — Su~i7iburne.
GULF-STREAM, gult'-strem, n. a stream
or current of warm water, which flows
from the Gulf of Mexico through thf
cliannel between Cuba and America
past the Bermudas, touching the tail ot
the great bank of Newfoundland ^ and
thence sweeps onwards towards Europe,
part going north, and part returning
southerly to the tropics.
GULF- WEED, gulf-wed, n. a genus of sea-
weeds (Sargassum), of the sub - order
Fucaceae, of which two species, .S". vul-
gare and S. bacciferum, are found abun-
dantly in the Atlantic Ocean as well as
aULFY
209
GYMNASIUM
m the Pacific and the Indian Ocean.
They are tropical plants. lu the Atlantic
they chiefly occupy a more or less inter-
rupted space between the 30th and 30th
parallels of north latitude, called the
Sarsasso Sea, and are also plentiful in
the Gulf-stream, whence the name. The
S. bacciferum has its specific name from
the numerous grapelike air-vessels by
which the plant is buoyed. It was first
ai<rovered by Columbus.
artJLFY, grulf 1, adj. full of gulfs or whirl-
pools.
To Dass the qvlfy purple sea that did no sea-rites
Know. — dhapmnn.
GUL-GUL, gul'-gul, n. a sort of chunam or
cement made of pounded sea-shells mixed
with oil, which hardens like a stone, and
is put over a ship's bottom in India, so
that worms cannot penetrate even when
the copper is ofl". [Native name.]
OtJLIELMA, goo'li-el-ma, n. a genus of
South American palms, of which G. spe-
eiosa or peach-palm is "Cultivated on the
banks of the Amazon and Rio Negro,
supplying the natives with food and
other necessaries. It grows to the height
of 60 or 80 feet. [After Queen Caroline
WUhelmine, wife of Maximilian I. of Bar
varia.]
OULL, gul, n. a web-footed sea-fowl, named
from its loailing cry. [Corn, gullan, W.
gwylan, Bret, gwelan — Bret, gwela, to
weep, to cry.]
OULL. gul, v.t. to beguile : to deceive. — n.
a trick : one easily cheated. [Same word
as giiU, a sea-fowi, the bird bemg thought
stupidj
GULLET, gul'et, n. the throat : the pass-
age in the neck by which food is taken
into the stomach. [Fr. goulet, the gullet,
dim. of O. Fi'. gotUe, Fr. gueule — L. gula,
the throat.]
"iULLIBLE, gul'i-bl, adj. easily gulled or
deceived. — n. GULLIBIL'lTT.
UULLY, gul'i, n. a gullet or channel worn
by running- water. — v.t. to wear a gully
or channel in. [A form of Gtjllet. J
GULP, gulp, v.t. to swallow eagerly or in
large draughts. [Dut. gulpeti, to swallow
eagerly, from Dut. giilp, agreat draught.]
GUM. gum, n. the flesh of the jaws which
surrounds the teeth. [A.S. goma; Ice.
gomr. Ger. gaumen, roof of the mouth,
palate.]
GUM. gum, n. a substance which exudes
from certain trees, and hardens on the
siu-face. — v.t. to smear or unite with
gum : — pr.p. gumm'ing ; pa.p. gummed'.
[Fr. gonime — L. gummi—tir. kom7ni.]
GUMBO, gum'bo, GOMBO, gom'bo, ;;.. the
name given in the Southern States to
Ochra or Okra, the pod of Hibiscus
escitlentus : a soup in which this fruit en-
ters largely as an ingredient ; also, a dish
made of young capsules of ochra, with
salt and pepper, stewed and served with
melted butter.
GUMBY. gum'bi, n. a kind of drum used
by the negroes of the West Indies, made
out of a piece of a hollow tree, about 6
feet long, with a skin braced over it. It
IS carried by one man while another beats
:t with his open hands. " A squad of
drunken black vagabonds, singing and
plaving on gitmbies, or African drums."
~.Vidi. Scott.
mMMIFEROUS, gum-ifer-us, adj., pro-
dnciitfj gum. [L. gununi, and fero, to
bear, to produce.]
aUlVDIOUS, gum'us, GUMSr?, gum'i, adj.
consisting of or resembling guvi : pro-
ducing or covered with gum. — n. Gcmm'-
INESS. [L. gummosiis.]
GUN. gun, 11. a firearm or weapon, from
whicn balls or other projectiles are dis-
(^harged, usually by means of gunpow-
N
der : now, generally applied to cannon.
[Ety. dub. ; perh. from W. gimi, a bowl,
gim.]
GUN-BARREL, gun'-bar'el, n. the barrel
or tube of a gun.
GUNBOAT, gunliOt, n. a boat or small
vessel of light draught, fitted to carry
one or more guns.
GUN-CARRIAGE, gun'-kar'ij, n. a carriage
on which a gun or cannon is supported.
GUN-COTTON, gun'-kot'n, n. a highly
explosive substance produced bv <=oaking
cotton or any vegetable fibre \n nitric
and sulphuric acids, and then leaving it
to dry. It has about four times the ex-
plosive force of gunpowder, and is occa^
sionally used as a substitute for it.
Gun-cotton explodes without smoke, and
does not foul the piece, but when confined
in the bore of a rifle it occa.sionally bursts
the barrel. By dissolving it in a mixture
of rectified ether and alcohol, collodion
is obtained.
GUNNAGE, gun'aj, n. the number of guns
carried by a ship of war.
GUNNER, grun'er, n. one who works a gun
or cannon : {naut.) a petty officer who
has charge of the ordnance on board ship.
GUNNERY, gun'er-i, n. the art of manag-
ing griois, or the science of artillery.
GUIWY, gun'i, n. a strong coarse cloth
manufactured in India from jute, and
used as sacking. [Prob. a native word.]
GUNPOWDER, gun'pow-der, n. an explo-
sive powder used for guns and firearms.
GUNSHOT, gun'shot, n. the distance to
which sliot can be thrown from a gun. —
adj. caused by the shot of a giin.
GUNSMITH, gun'smith, n. asmith or work-
man who makes or repairs guns or small-
arms.
GUNSTOCK, g^n'stok, n. the stock or piece
of wood on which the barrel of a gun is
fixed.
GUNTER'S CHAIN, gun'terz chan, the
chain in common use for measuring land,
having a length of 66 feet, or 23 yai'ds,
or 4 poles, of 5i yt vds each ; and it is
divided into 100 links ">f 'I''93 inches each,
100,000 square links make one acre.
[After Edmund Gunter, the inventor.]
GUNTER'S LINE, gun'terz lin, (a) a log-
arithmic line on Gunter's scale, used
for performing the multiplication and
division of numbei's mechanically by the
dividers — called also Line of Likes and
Line of Numbees : (6) a sliding scale cor-
responding to logarithms for performing
these operations by inspection without
dividers — called also Guntee's Slidino-
rule.
GUNTER'S QUADRANT, gun'terz kwod-
rant, a quadrant made of wood, brass, or
other substance, being a kind of stereo-
graphic projection on the plane of the
equator, the eye being supposed in one
of the poles. It is used to find the hour
of the day, the sun's azimuth, etc., as
also to take the altitude of an object in
degrees.
GUNTER'S SCALE, gun'terz skal, a large
Ehiin scale having various lines upon it,
oth natural and logarithmic, of great
use in solving mechanically by means of
a slider problems in navigation and sur-
veying. It is usually 3 feet long, and
about H inch broad.
GUNWALE, gun'el, n. the umle or upper
edge of a ship's side next to the bulwarlcs,
so called because the upper guns are
pointed from it. [See Wale.]
GUP, GUP-SHUP, gup, gup'-shup, n. in
British India, gossip : tattle : topics of
the time and place : current rumors.
GURGLE, gur'gl, v.i. to flow in an irregu-
lar noisy current, as water from a bottle :
to make a bubbling sound. [Through an
It. gorgogliare. from the same root as
GcROE ; cf. Gargle.]
GURNET, gur'net, GURNARD, gur'nard,
n. a kind of fish. [Supposed to be so
called from the sound it makes when
taken out of the water ; from O. Fr. gour
nauld — Fr. grogner, to grunt — li. gnm
nio, to grunt.]
GUSH, gush, v.i. to flow out with violence
or copiously. — n. that which flows out :
a violent issue of a fluid. [From a Teut.
root, found in Ice. gusa. to gush, A.S.
geotan, Ger. giessen, akin to Gr. cheo, to
pourj
GUSHING, gush'ing, adj. rushing forth
with violence, as a liquid : flowing co-
piouslv : effusive. — adv. Gush'inqly.
GUSSET, gus'et, n. the piece of cloth in a
shirt which covers the armpit : an angu-
lar piece of cloth inserted in a garment
to strengthen some part of it. [Fr. goits-
set, armpit, gusset — gousse, It. giiscio. a
pod, husk ; from the fancied Ukeness of
the armpit to the hollow husk of a bean
or pea.]
GUST, gust, n. a sudden blast of wind : a
violent burst of passion. [Ice. gitstr,
blast, from root of GuSH.]
GUST, gust, GUSTO, gust'o, n. sense of
pleasure of tasting ; relish : gratification.
[L. gusttis, taste ; akin to Gr. geuo, to
GUSTATORY, gust'a-tor-i, adj. pertaining
to, or tending to please the taste.
GUSTFUL, gust' tool, adj. attended with
gusts : gusty. "A gustful April morn."
— Tennyson.
GUSTY, gust'i, adj. stormy : tempestuous.
— n. GUST'INESS.
GUT, gut, n. the intestinal canal. — v.t. to
take out the bowels of : to plunder : —
pr.p. gutt'ing ; pa.p. gutt'ed. [A.S. gut,
the orig. sense being channel ; cf. A.S.
geotan, to pour, Prov. E. gut, a drain,
O. Dut. gate, a channel.]
GUTTA-PERCHA, gut'a-perch'a, n. the
solidified juice of various trees in the
Malayan islands. [Malay, gatah, guttah,
gum. percha, the tree producing it.]
GUTTER, g^t'er, «. a channel at the eaves
of a roof for conveying away the drops:
a channel for water. — v.t. to cut or form
into small hollows. — v.i. to become hol-
lowed : to run down in drops, as a can-
dle. [Fr. gouttiire — goutte — L. gutta. a
drop. J
GUTTURAL, gut'ur-al, adj. pertaining to
the throat: formed in the throat. — n.
(grra?n.) a letter pronounced in the throat.
— adv. Gtnr'URAiiLY. [L. guttur, the
throat.]
GUY, gi, n. {7iaut.) a rope to guide or
steady any suspended weight. [Sp. guia,
a guide ; from the same source as Guide.]
GUY, gi, n. an effigy of Guy Fawkeg,
dressed up grotesquely on the day of the
Gunpowder plot : an odd figure.
GUZZLE, guz'l, v.i. to eat and drink with
haste and greediness. — I'.t. to swallow
with exceeding relish. — n. Guzz'ler. [O.
Fr. des-gouzUler, to swallow down —
gosior, the throat.]
GUZZLE, guz'l, n. an insatiable thing or
person ;
That senseless, sensual epicure.
That sink of filth, that guzzle most impure.
— ilarstcrti:
a debauch, especially on drink: drink',
intoxicating liquors ; "Sealed Winchest-
ers of threepenny gri'zz'e." — Toiti Brovrn
GYMNASIUM, jim-na'zi-um, n. (orig.) a
place where atliletic exercises were prac
ticed naked: a school for gymnastics : a
school for the higher brandies of litera-
ture and science :— p^ Gymnasia, jim-
na'zi-a. [L. — Gr. gymnasion — gymnazo
to exercise — gymnos, naked.]
GYMNAST
JIO
HAGGARD
GYJINAST, jimnast, n. one who teaches
or practices gymnastics. [Fr. gymnasfe —
Gr. gymna-stes.]
GYMXASTIC, jim-nas'tik, GY.MXASTIC-
AL. jim-nas'tik-al, adj. pertaining to
athletic exercises. — n.pl. used as sing.
Gymxas'tics, athletic exercises, the art
of performing- athletic exercises. — adv.
Gtmxas'ticallt. [L. gymnasticus — Gr.
gymiiastikos, relating to gymnastics.
See Gymxasicii.]
GYMNOSOPHIST, jim-nos'of-ist, n. one of
a sect of Indian philosophers who lived
an ascetic life and went 7iaked. [Gr.
gymnos. naked, sophos. wise.]
GYN.-EOLATRY. GENEOLATRY. jin-e-
ol'a-tri. n. the extravagant adoration or
worship of woman. J. S. Lowell. [Gr.
gyne. a woman, and latreia, worship.]
6YNARCHY, jin'ar-ki, w.. government hy
a female. [Gr. ffyne, a woman, arche,
rule.]
GYNECOCRACY, jin-e-kok-ra-si, GYXE-
OCRASY. jin-e-ok'ra-si, n., government
by women. [Gr. gyne, a woman, krateo,
to rule.]
GYKETHUSIA, jin-e-thu'si-a. n. the sacri-
fice of women. ''A kind of Snttee-gyne-
thitsia, as it has been termed." — Archce-
ologia. 1868. [Gr. gyne, a woman, and
thiisia, a sacrifice, an offering.]
GY'P. jip, )i. at Cambridge, a college serv-
ant.
GY'^PSEOUS, jip'se-us, adj. of or resem-
bling gypsum.
GYPSUM, jip'sum, n. sulphate of lime ;
when calcined it ib plastee of Paris.
[L. — Gr. gt/psos, chalK.J
GYPSY. See Gipsy.
GYRATE, ji'rat. v.i. to whirl round a cen-
tral point: to move spirally. — adj. (bot.)
winding round. [L. gyro, gyratum, to
move in a circle.]
GYRATION, jl-ra'shun, n. act of whirling
round a central point : a spiral motion.
GY'RATIONAL. jl-ra'shun-al, adj. of, per-
taining to, 01 characterized by gyration ;
as. the gyrational movements" of the
planets. R. A. Proctor.
GYRATORY, jl'ra-tor-i, adj. moving in a
circle.
GYRE, jlr, n. a circular motion. [L. gyrus
— Gr. gyros, a ring, round.]
GYRFALCON. GIERFALCON, jer'faw-kn,
;/. a large falcon, found in the northern
regions of both the Old and New Worlds.
[Low L. gyrofalco : from G«r. geier (O.
Ger. giri, voracious), a vulture, and falke,
falcoLi.]
GYROJIANCY, ji'ro-man-si, n., diinnation
by walking in a circle. [Gr. gyros, a cir-
cle, and manteia. divination.]
GYROSCOPE, ii'ro-skop, n. an apparatus,
consisting of a rotating disc mounted by
very accurately fitted pivots in a ring or
rings, also rotating in different ways, for
illustrating vai-ious properties of rotation
and the composition of rotations. By
means of this instrument the rotation
of the earth on its axis can be ocularly
demonstrated. [Gr gyros, a circle, and
skopeo. to view.]
GYROSTAT, jl'ro-stat. n. a modification
of the gyroscope, devised by Sir W.
\ Thomson to illustrate the dynamics of
rotating rigid bodies. It consists essen-
tially of a fly-wheel with a massive rim,
fixed on the middle of an axis which can
rotate oi, fine steel pivots inside a rigid
case. [Gr. gyros, a circle, and statikos,
stationary.]
GYVE, jiv, n. a fetter, esp. one to confine
the legs — used commonly in pi. — v.t. to
, fetter. [W gefyn, fetters.]
H
HA, ha, int. denoting surprise, joy, or
grief ; and, when repeated, laughter.
[From the sound.]
HAAF, haf, n. Shetland fishing ground. —
Haaf-fishin'G, the term used in Shetland
to denote the deep-sea fishing for ling,
cod, tusk, etc. [Ice. haf, the sea ; Ger.
haff. hav. gulf.]
HABAKKUK, ha-bak'kook, n. the name
of one of the books of the Old Testament.
Habakkuk was the eighth of the twelve
minor prophets, and his prophecy is ad-
mired for its elevated, religious, lyrical
style.
HABEAS-CORPUS. ha'be-as-kor'pus, n. a
writ to a jailer to produce the body of one
detained in prison and to state the reasons
of such detention, that the court may
judge of their sufficiency. [Lit. have the
body, from L. habeo, toliave, and corpus,
the body.]
HABENDUM, ha-ben'dum, n. in law, that
clause of a deed which determines the
estate or interest granted by the deed.
[L.. a thing to be possessed.]
H.\BERDASHER, hab'er-dash-er, n. a sell-
er of small-wares, as ribbons, tape, etc.
[O. Fr. hapertas : of uncertain origin.]
HABERDASHERY', hab'er-dash-er-i, n.
goods sold by a haberdasher.
HABERGEOJf, ha-ber'je-un. n. a piece of
armor to defend the neck and breast.
[Fr. haiibergeon, dim. of O. Fr. hauberc.
See Hauberk.]
HABILABLE, ha'bil-a-bl, adj. capable of
being clothed. "The whole habitable
and liabilable globe." — Carlyle.
HABILATORY. ha'bil-a-tor-i. adj. per-
taining or relating to habiUments or
clothing. " The ai-cana of habilatory
art." — Ld. Lytton. "For indeed is not
the dandj' culottic, habilatory, by way of
existence ; a cloth-animal ? '" — Carlyle.
HABILIMENT, ha-bil'i-ment, n. a gar-
ment : — ph clothing, dress. [Fr. habille-
ment — habiller, to dress — L. habilis, fit,
ready — habeo.]
HABIT, hab'it, n. ordinary course of con-
duct : tendencj' to perform certain ac-
tions : general condition or tendency,
as of the body : practice : custom : out-
ward appearance, dress : a garment, esp.
a tight-fitting dress, with a skirt, worn
by ladies on horseback. — v.t. to dress: —
pr.p. hab'iting ; jxi.pi. hab'ited. [Tr. —
L. habitus, state, dress — habeo, to nave,
to be in a condition.]
HABITABLE, hab'it-a-bl, adj. that may be
dwelt in. — adv. Hab'it ably. — n. Hab'it-
ABLENESS. [Fr. — L. habitabilis — habito,
habitatus, to inhabit, freq. of habeo, to
have.]
HABITAT, hab'it-at, n. (nat. hist, and bot.)
the natural abode or locality of an ani-
mal or plant. [3d pers. sing. pres. ind.
of L. habito.]
HABITATION, liah-i-ta'shun, ?;. act of in-
habiting or dwelling- : a dwelling or resi-
dence. [Fr. — L. habitatio — habito.]
HABITUAL, ha-bit'u-al, adj. formed or ac-
quired by habit or frequent use : custom-
ary.— adv. Habit'ually. [Low L. habitu-
al'is — L. habitus.]
HABITUATE, ha-bit'u-at, v.t. to cause to
acquire a habit : to accustom. [L. habi-
tuo, habituatiim — habitus, held in a state
or condition.]
HABITUDE, hab'i-tud, n. tendency from
acquiring a habit : usual manner. [L.
habitudn — habeo.]
HABITUfi, a-be-tu-a, n. a habitual fre-
quenter of any place, esp. one of amuse-
ment, recreation, etc. [Fr., pp. of habit-
uer, to accustom.]
HACK, hak, v.t. to cut : to chop o. man-
gle : to notch. — n. a cut made by hack->
ing. — Hacking cough, a broken, trouble,
some cough. [A.S. haccan ; Dnt. hakken,
•ind Ger. hacken. See Hash.]
HACK, hak, n. a hackney, esp. a poor and
jaded one : any person overworked on
hire : a literary drudge. — adj. hackney,
hired. — v.t. to offer for hire: to use
roughly. [Contr. of Hackney ; ef. Cab.]
HACKLE, hak'l, n. an instrument with
hooks or iron teeth for sorting hemp or
flax : any flimsy substance unspun : a
feather in a cock's neck: a hook and fiy
for angling, dressed with this feather.
[Dut. hekel, dim. of haak, a hook ; akin
to Ger. hechel — haken, E. Hook.]
HACKLE, hak'l, v.t. to dress with a
hackle, as flax : to tear rudely asunder.
HACKLET, hak'let, n. a marine bii-d :
prob. one of the shear- waters. ' " The
choughs cackled, the hacklets wailed."
— Kingsley.
HACKLOG, hak'log, n. a chopping-block.
"A kind of editorial hacklog on which
... to chop straw." — Carlyle.
HACKLY, hak'li, adj. rough and broken,
as if hacked or chopped : {viin.) covered
with sharp points.
HACKNEY, hak'ni, n. a horse for general
use, esp. for hire. — v.t. to carry in a
hackney-coach: to use much : to make
commonplace. [Fi\ haqtietiee — Dut.
hakke-nei, an ambling nag ; prob. from
hakken (E. Hack, to cut), and negge (E.
Nag, a small horse).]
HACKNEY, hak'ni, HACKNEYED, hak'-
nid, adj. let out for hire : devoted to
common use : much used.
HACKNEY-COACH, hak'ni -koch, n. a
coach let out for hire.
HAD, pa.t. and pa. p. of Have: (B.) =
held. Acts xxv. 26. [Contr. from AS
hafed. hiifd = haved.]
HADDOCK, had'uk, n. a sea-fish of the
cod family. [Ety. dub.; cf. W. hadog,
prolific — had, seed ; perh. from Low L.
gadus, cod — Gr. gados, and dim. termi-
nation ock.]
HADES, ha'dez, n. the unseen world : the
abode of the dead. [Gr. haides, hades —
prob. from a, priv., and idein, to see,
" The Unseen."]
H^SL\L, HEMATITE, etc. See Hemal,
Hematite.
H^MATOCRYA, he - ma - tok'ri - a, n.pl.
Pi'of. Owen's name for the cold-blooded
vertebrates, which include the fishes,
amphibians, and reptiles. [Gr. hainia.
haimatos. blood, and cryos, cold.]
H^MATOCRYAL, he-ma-tok'ri-al, adj. is
zool. pertaining or belonging to the
Hrematocrva : cold-blooded.
H^MATOTHERMA, he-ma - to - ther'ma,
n.pl. Prof. Owen's name for the warm-
blooded vertebrates, which include the
mammals and birds. [Gr, haima, haima-
tos. hlood, and thermos, warm.]
H^JL\T0THERJL\L. hf-ma-to-ther'raai,
adj. in zool. pertaining or belonging to
the Htematotherma : warm-blooded.
HEMOGLOBIN, he-mo-glob'in, n. thfi
coloring matter of the blood. [Gr
haima, blood. L. globu.-i, a round body.'
H..^:M0RRHAGE, etc. See Hesiorrhage
HAFT, haft, n. a handle. [A.S. hceft
from the root of have; cog. with Dut.
and Ger. heft.]
HAG, hag, n. an ugly old woman : (orig.;
a witcli. [Shortened from A.S. hoeg^
tesse, a witch or fury ; Ger, and Dan.
hexe: perh. conn, with Ice. hagr, wise, or
with A.S. haga, a hedge, because ^yitches
were thought to frequent bushes.]
HAGGARD, hag'ard: adj., wild, apphedto
an untrained hawk. [Fr. — Ger. hager,.
lean — hag, a thicket.]
HAGGARD
211
HALSER
HAGGARD, ha^'ard, cidj. lean : hollow-
eyed. — adi'. Hagg'akdly. [Lit. #' hag-
like." See Hag.]
HAGGIS, hag'is, n. a Scotch dish raade of
different parts of sheep or lamb chopped
up with suet, onions, oatmeal, etc., and
boiled in a sheep's maw. [Scot, hag, to
chop, E. Hack; of. Fr. hachis, from
hacher.]
IIAQGISH. haglsh, a4j. hag-like.— «dr.
Hago'ishly.
HAGGLE, hag'l, v.t. to cut unskillfuUy : to
mangle. [EYeq. of BLACK, to cut.]
HAGGLE, hag'l, v.i. to be slow and hard
in making a bargain : to stick at trifles.
— n. Hagg'Ler. [Prob. same as above.]
HAGIOGRAPHA, hag- or ha-ji-og'raf-a,
HAGIOGRAPHY, hag- or ha-ji-og'raf-i,
n.pl. the last of the three Jewish di\asions
of the Old Testament, comprehending the
books of Psalms, Proverbs, Job, Daniel,
Ezra, Nehemiah, Ruth, Esther, Chron.,
Cant., Lament., Eccles. — adj. Hagiog'-
HAPHAL. [Gr. hagiographa (biblia) —
hagioa. holy, grapho, to write.]
HAGIOGRAPHER, hag- or ha-ji-og'raf-er,
■(. one of the writers of the Hagiographa,
1 sacred writer.
HAGIOlOGY, hag- or ha-ji-ol'oj-i, n. his-
tory of saints. [Gr. hagios, holy, and
logos, discourse.]
HAGWEED, hag wed, n. the common
liroom, in allusion to the popular super-
titioa that hags or witches rode through
fhe air on broom-sticks.
For awful covej^s of terrible things . . .
On haguved broom-sticks, and leathern wlngs^
Are hovering round the hut. — Hood.
HAH, ha, int. same as Ua.
HAHA. haha', n. same as Hawhaw.
ilAIL. hal, int. or imp. (tit.) may you be in
health. [Ice. heill, hale, healthy, much
used in greeting. See Hale, Healthy,
Heal, and Whole.]
tlAIL, hal, v.t. to greet : to call to, at a
distance : to address one passing. [Same
word as above.]
HAIL, hill, n. frozen rain or particles of ice
falling from the clouds. — «.<. to rain hail.
[M. E. hawel — A.S. hagal ; Ger. hagd,
and in most other Teut. languages.]
HAILSHOT, hal'shot, n. smaU shot which
S(.-atters like hail.
HAILSTONE, hal'ston, n. a single stone or
hall of hail.
HAIR, har, n. a filament growing from the
skin of an animal : the whole mass of
liairs which forms a covering for the head
r the whole body : (pot.) minute hair-
like processes on the cuticle of plants:
anything very small and fine. — adj.
Hair'less. [A.S. hcer, a common Teut.
word.]
HAIRBREADTH, har^redth, HAIR'S-
BREADTH, harz'-bredth, n. the breadth
of a hair : a very small distance.
HAIRCLOTH, harTtloth, n. cloth made
partly or entirely of hair.
HAIR-PENCIL, har'-pen'sil, n. an artist's
brush made of a few fine hairs.
HAIR-POWDER, har'-pow'der, n. a white
powder for dusting the hair.
HAIR-SPLITTER, har'-split-er, n. one
given to hair-splitting or m.iking nice
distinctions in reasoning. "The cavil-
ling hair-splitter." — De Quincey.
HAIR-SPLITTING, liar'-split'ing, n. the
art of making minute distinctions.
HAIRSPRINGj har'spring, u. a very fine
/iOiclike spring on the oalance-wheel of
a watch,
nviRSTROKE, har'strSk, n. in writing, a
stroke or line as fine as a hair.
HAIR-TRIGGER, har'-trig'er, n. a trig-
ger which discharges a gim or pistol by
a hairlike spring.
HAIRWORM, hilr'wurm, n. a worm, like a
horse-hair, which lives in the bodies of
certain insects. •
HAIRY, har'i, adj. of or resembling hair :
covered with hair. — n. Hatr'iness.
HAKE, hak, HAKOT, hak'ut, n. a sea-fish
of the cod family. [Lit. the "hooked
fish," A.S. hacod, Norw. hake-Jlsk, Ger.
hechf, a pike.]
HALBERD, hal berd, ??. apohaxe: a weapon
consisting of an axe and heavy dagger
fixed on a, pole. [Fr. hallebarde — O. Ger.
helmbarte (Ger. hellebarte), the long-han-
dled axe, from O. Ger. halm, a handle,
barte, an axe.]
HALBERDIER, hal-berd-er', n. one armed
with a halberd.
HALCYON, hal'si-un, n. the kingfisher, a
bird that was once believed to make a
floating nest on the sea, which remained
calm while it was hatching. — adj. calm :
peaceful : happy. — Hence Halcyon-DAYS,
a time of peace and happiness. [L. —
Gr. alkyon, halkyon ; the fancied ety.,
with which the fable is associated, is from
hals, the sea, and 7«/o, to conceive, to
breed ; true ety. dub., prob. correctly
spelt alkyon without an aspirate, and
conn, with aloedo, the true L. name for
the bird.]
HALE, hal. adj., healthy: robust : sound of
body. [M. E. heil — Ice. heill ; cog. with
Whole.]
HALE, hal, v.t. to drag. [A variant of
Haul.]
HALF, haf (pi. HALVES, havz), n. one of
two equal parts : an English schoolboys'
term for a session ; a contraction ot half-
year; the term between vacations. " It's
a jolly time, too, getting to the end of
the half."' — T. Hughes. — adj. ha\'ing or
consisting of one of two equal parts : be-
ing in part : incomplete, as measures.
— adv. in an equal part or degree : in
part : imperfectly. [A.S. healf, half;
the word is found in all the Teut. lan-
guages; there is also a parallel form healf,
sig. side or part, which may have been
the original meaning. See Behalf.]
HALF-BAKED, haf'-bakt, adj. not thor-
oughly baked ; hence, raw : inexperi-
enced : silly. " He treated his cousin as
a sort of harmless lunatic, and, as they
say in Devon, half-baked." — Kingsley.
HALF-BLOOD, haf-blud, n. relation be-
tween those who are of the game father
or mother, but not of both.
HALF-BLOODED, haf - blud'ed, HALF-
BREED, haf-bred, adj. produced from a
male and female of different blood or
breeds.
HALF-BRED, h5f'-bred, adj.. half or not
well bred or trained : wanting m refine-
ment.
HALF-BROTHER, haf-brnf/i'er, HALF-
SISTER, haf'-sis'ter, n. a brother orsister
liy one parent only.
HALF-CASTE, haf'kast, n. a person one
of whose parents belongs to a Hindu
caste, and the other is a European.
HALF-COCK, hafntok, n. the position of
the cock of a gun when retained by the
first notch.
HALFLING, hSfning, n. a halfpenny : the
half of an old silver penny. " Not a sil-
verpenny, not a halfling." — Sir XV. Scott.
HALF-MO"ON, hfifmSon, n. the moon at
the quarters when but half of it is illum-
inated : anything semicircular.
HALF-PAY, haf'pa, n. reduced pay, as of
naval or militarv officei-s.
HALFNESS, haf nes, n. the state ot being
in halves : the being or acting in a con-
dition or manner no"t nearly so complete
or thorough as required, desired, or ex-
ppctfd. Emerson.
HALFPENNY, ha'pen-i (pi. Halfpence,
hftfpens or ha'pens), n. a copper coin
worth half a penny: the value of half a
penny.—)). HALF'PENKYWORTH,the u-orth
or value of a halfpenny.
HALF-ROUND, hafround, n. in arch, a
moulding whose profile is a semicircle.
It may be either a bead or a torus : a
hemisphere. " This fair half-round, this
ample azure sky." — Prior.
HALF-TINT, haf'tint, n. an intermediate
tint.
HALF-TRUTH, hfif'-trooth, n. a propo-'
sition or statement only pai-tially true,
or that only conveys part of the truth :
a statement not "wholly true. E. B.
Brcnming.
HALF-WAY, haf-wa, adv. athalf the way
or distance: imperfectly. — adj. equally
distant from two points.
HALF-WITTED, haf'-wit'ed, adj. weak in
v~it or intellect : sillv.
HALF-YEARLY, haf-yer-li, adj. occurring
at everj' half-year or twice in a year. —
adv. twice in a vear.
HALIBUT, hal'i-but, «. the largest kind of
flat fishes. [M.E. hali, holy, and butte,
a flounder, plaice, the fish being much
eaten on fast- or holy-days ; cf. Dut<
heilbot, Grer. heilbutf.]
HALITE, hallt, n. common salt when in
the form of rock-salt. [Gr. hals, salt,
and lithos, stone.]
HALITHERIUM, ha-li-the'ri-um, n. a fossil ,
cetaceous animal of the order Sirenia, and
closely allied to the dugongs or sea-cows.
Its remains are found in the tertiary
system. [Gr. hals, halos, the sea, and
therion, abeast.]
HALL, hawl, n. a large room or passage
at the entrance of a house : a large
chamber for public business : an edifice
in which courts of justice are held : a
manor-house (so called because courts
of justice used to be held in them) : the
edifice of a college : at Oxford, an unen-
dowed college : at Cambridge, a college.
[A.S. heal, a word found in most Teut.
languages, which has also passed into
Fr. halle, from the root of A.S. helan, to
cover ; allied to L. cella ; not conn, with
HALLELUIAH, HALLELUJAH, hal-e-
loo'j'a, n. an expression of praise. [Heb.
"Praise ye Jehovah," 7ia?e77(, praise ye,
and Jah. Jehovah. God.]
HALLIARD. See Halyard.
HALL-JIARK, hawl'-mark, n. the mark
made on plate at Goldsmiths' Hall to
show its purity.
HALLOO, nal-loo', iy\t., n. a hunting cry:
a cry to draw attention. — v.i. to crj' after
dogs : to raise an outcry. — v.t. to encour-
age or chase with sliouts. [From the
sound, like~A..S. eald, Fr. halle ! Ger. haU
loh.-\
HALLOW, hal'o, x\t. to make holy : to set
apart for religious use : to reverence.
[A.S. halgian, haligtin — haliq, holy;
conn, with Hale, Heal, Holy, Whoi.e.J
HALLOWEEN, hal'o-en, n. the evening be-
fore All-Hallows or All-Saints" -Day.
HALLOWMAS, hal'o-nias, n. the nwss or
feast of All-Halloirs. [ Hallow and Mass.]
HALLUCINATION, hal-lu-sin-a'shun, n.
error : delusion : (med.) perception of
things that do not exist. [L. hallucina
tio--halluHnor, alueinor, -atvm, to wan
der in niindj
HALLUCINATORY, hal-lfi'sin-a-tor-i, adj
partaking of or tending to produce hal
hieination.
HALO, ha'lo, n. a luminous circle round
the sun or«moon, caused by the refrac-
tion of light through mist:' (paint.) the
bright ring round the heads of holy per-
sons:—^j?. Halos. ha'Ioz. [L. halos — Gr
halos. a round thi-asliin^floor.]
HALSER, hawz'er, n. see Hawser.
HALT
212
HARANGUE
HALT, hawlt, v.t. (mil.) to cause to cease
marching. — v.i. to stop from going on :
(mil.) to stop in a march : to Ump : (B.)
to be in doubt : to hesitate : to walk
lamely. — adj. lame. — n. a stopping: (mil.)
a stop in marching. [A.S. healt ; Ice.
haltr, Dan. and Swed. halt.]
HALTER, hawlt'er, n. a head-rope for
holding and leading a horse : a rope for
hanging criminals : a strong strap or
cord. — v.t. to catch or bind with a rope.
[A.S. healfter ; Ger. halfter ; the root is
uncertain.]
HALTING, hawlt'ing, adj. holding back :
stopping : hmping. — adv. Hai.t'ingly.
HALVE, hav, v.t. to divide into halves or
two equal parts.
HALVED, hiivd, adj. divided into halves:
(bot.) appearing as if one side were cut
away.
HALYARD, HALLIARD, hal'yard, n.
(naiit.) a rope by which yards, sails,
etc., are hauled or hoisted. [See Yard
and Hale, v.}
HAM, ham, n. the hind part or inner bend
of the knee : the thigh of au animal, esp.
of a hog salted and dried. [A.S. hamm;
Ger. hamnie, from root ham or kam, to
bend, Celt, cam, crooked, bent.]
HAMADRYAD, ham'a-dri-ad, n. (myth.)
a dryad or wood-nj'mph, who lived and
died along with the tree in which she
dwelt :—pl. Ham'adeyads and Hamadry'-
ADES (-ez). [Gr. hamadryas — hama, to-
gether, drys, a tree.]
HAMITIC, ham-it'ik, adj. pertaining to
Ham, a son of Noah, or to his descend-
ants.
HAMLET, hamlet, n. a cluster of houses
in the country : a small village. [O. Fr.
hamel (Fr. hameau), and dim. affix -et —
from the O. Ger. chain, Ger. heim, A.S.
ham, a dwelling ; E. home ; conn, also
with Gr. home, a village. See Home.]
HAMMER, ham'er, n. a tool for beating,
or driving nails : anything like a ham-
mer, as the part of a clock that strikes
the bell : the baton of an auctioneer. —
v.t. to drive or shape with a hammer : to
contrive by intellectual labor. [A.S.
hamor ; Ger. hammer. Ice. hamarr.\
HAMMERCLOTH, ham'er-kloth, n. the
cloth which covers a coach-box. [An
adaptation of Dut. hemel, heaven, a cov-
ering ; Ger. himmel (Skeat).]
HAMMERMAN, ham'er-man, n. a man
who hammers.
HAJMMOCK, ham'uk, n. a piece of strong
cloth or nettiug suspended by the corners,
and used as a bed by sailors. [Hamaca,
an American Indian word, meaning a
net.]
HAMPER, ham'per, v.t. to impede or per-
plex : to shackle. — n. a chain or fetter.
[A corr. through M.E. hamelen and obs.
hamble from A.S. hamelian, to maim, the
root of which is seen in Goth, hanfs,
maimed, Scot, hummel cow, i.e. maimed,
deprived of its horns.]
HAMPER, ham'per, n. a large basket for
conveying goods. — v.t. to put in a ham-
per. rContr. from Hanaper.]
HAMSTER, ham'ster, n. a species of rat
provided with cheek-pouches. [Ger.]
HAMSTRING, ham'string, n. tlie .tiring or
tendon of the ham. — v.t. to lame by cut-
ting the hamstring.
HANAPER, han'a-per, n. a large strong
basket for packing goods, esp. crockery :
(orig.) a royal treasure-basket : a treasury
or exchequer. [Low L. hanaperium, a
large vessel for Keeping cii^s in — O. Fr.
hanap, a drinking-cup — O. Ger. hnapf,
Ger. napf, A.S. hnaip, a bowl.]
HAND, hand, n. the e.xtremity of the arm
below the wrist : that which does the
duty of a hand by pointing, as the hand of
a clock : the fore-foot of a horse : a
measure of four inches : an agent or
workman : performance : power or man-
ner of performing : skill : possession :
style of handwriting : side : direction. —
V.}. to give with the hand : to lead or
conduct : (naut.) to furl, as sails.— n.
Hand'er. — Hand down, to transmit in
succession. — Hand over head, rashly. —
Hand to mouth, without thought for the
future, precariously. — Off hand or Out
op hand, immediately. — To bear a hand,
make haste to help. [A.S. hand ; found
in all the Teut. languages, and perh. from
the base of A.S. hentan, Goth, hinthan,
to SPlZf I
HAND-BARROW, hand'-bar'o, n. a bar-
row, without a wheel, carried by the
hands of men.
HANDBILL, hand'bil, n. a bill or pruning-
liook used in the hand : a bill or loose
sheet, with some announcement.
HANDBOOK, hand'book, n. a manual or
book of reference for the hand : a guide-
book for travellers.
HANDBREADTH, hand'bredth, n. the
breadth of a hand : a palm.
HANDCART, hand'kart, »t. a small cart
drawn bv liand.
HANDCUFF, hand'kuf, n. a cuff or fetter
for the hand. — v.t. to put handcuffs on :
— pr.p. hand'cuffing ; pa.p. haad'cuffed
(-kuft). [A.S. handcosp,handcops — hand,
and cosj), a fetter, the latter being modi-
fied by confusion with Cuff.]
HANDFUL, hand'fool, 11. as much as fills
the hand: a small number or quantity:
—pi. Hand'fuls.
HANEMjALLOP, hand'-gal'up, n. an easy
gallop, in which the speed of the horse
is restrained by the hand pressing the
bridle.
HANDGLASS, hand'glas, n. a glass or
small glazed frame used to protect
plants, able to be lifted by the hand.
HAND-GRENADE, hand'-gre-nad', n. a
grenade to be thrown by the hand.
HANDICAP, hand'i-kap, ?;. a race in which
the horses carry different weights, or
are placed at different distances, or start
at different times, so tliat all shall have,
as nearly as possible, an equal chance of
winning. [Orig. applied to a method of
settling a bargain or exchange by arbi-
tration, in which each of the parties ex-
changing put his hand containing money
into a cap, while the terms of the award
were being stated, the award being set-
tled only if money was found in the
hands of both when the arbiter called
"Draw."]
HANDICRAFT, hand'i-kraft, n. a craft,
trade, or work performed bv the hand.
HANDICRAFTSMAN, hand'i-krafts-man
n. a man skilled in a handicraft or man-
ual occupation.
HANDIWORK, HANDYWORK, hand'i-
wurk, n. work done by the hands: work
of .skill or wisdom. [A.S. kandgeweorc —
hand, hand, and geweorc, another form of
weorc. work.]
HANDKERCHIEF, hang'ker-chif, n. a
piece of cloth for wiping the nose, etc.:
a neckerchief. [Hand and Kerchief.]
HANDLE, hand'l, v.t. to touch, hold, or
use with the hand : to make familiar by
frequent touching : to manage : to dis-
cuss : to practice. — v.i. to use the hands.
[A.S. handlian, from Hand.]
HANDLE, hand'l, n. that part of anything
held in the hand: (fig.) that of which use
is made : a tool.
HANDLESS, hand'les, adj. without hands.
HANDMAID, hand'mad, HANDSL4.IDEN,
hand'mad-n, n. a female servant.
HANDSEL, hand'sel, n. money for some-
thing sold given into the liands of an-
other : the first sale or using of any^
thing : a first instalment or earnest : %
new-year's gift. — v.t. to give a handsel:
to use or do anything the first time.
[A.S. handselen, a giving into hands-
wand, and sellan, to give, whence Ej
sell]
HANDSOME, hand'sum or han'sum, adj\
good-looking: with dignity: liberal ot]
noble : generous : ample.-^dt'. Hand'-
SOMELY. — n. Hand'someness. [Hand,
and affix some : Dut. handzaam, easily
handled.]
HANDSPIKE, hand'splk, n. a spike or bar
used with the hand as a lever.
HANDSTAVES,hand'stavz, n.pl. (B.) staves
for the hand, probablv javehns.
HANDWRITING, hand'rit-ing, ?(. the style
of writing peculiar to each hand or per-
son : writing.
HANDY, hand'l, adj. dexterous : ready to
the hand : convenient : near, [A.S. hen-
dig, from Hand ; Dut. handig, Dan.
hcendig.]
HANDYWORK. Same as Handiwork.
HANG, hang, i\t. to hook or fix to some
high point : to suspend : to decorate with
Eictures, etc., as a wall : to put to death
y suspending, and choking. — v.i. to be
hanging so as to allow of free motion :
to lean, or rest for support : to drag : to
hover or impend : to be in suspense : to
linger : — pr.p. hang'ing ; pa.t. and pa.p.
hanged' or hung. [A.S. hangian, causal
form of ho7i, pa.p. hangen ; Dut. and Ger,
hangen, Goth, liahan.]
HANGER, hang'er, n. that on which any-
thing is hung : a short sword, curved
near the point : one who places wall
paper, as paper-hanger.
HANGER-ON, hang'er-on, n. one who
hangs on or sticks to a person or place :
importunate acquaintance : a dependent.
HANGING, hang'ing, adj. deserving death
by hanging. — n. death by the halter: that
which is hung, as draperj', etc.: — used
chiefly in pi. — Hang-dog, adj. like a fel-
low that deserves hanging, as in "a
hang-dog look.''
HANGMAN, hang'man, n. a public execu-
tioner.
HANK, hangk, n. (lit.) that by which any-
thing is hung or fastened: two or more
skeins of thread tied together. [Ice.
hanki, cord ; Ger. henkel, a handle, nen-
ken, to hang ; from root of Hang.]
HANKER, hangk'er, v.i. to long for with
eagerness and uneasiness : to linger
about. [A freq. of Hang, in the sense
of to hang on ; cf. Dut. hnnkeren.]
HANSEATIC, han-se-at'ik, adj. pertaining
to the Hanse cities of Germany, wliich
leagued together for protection about the
13th century. [O. Fr. hanse, league — O.
Ger. haiisa, troop, association.]
HANSOM-CAB, han'sum-kab, n. a light
two -wheeled cab or carriage with the
driver's seat raised behind. [From the
name of tlie inventor.]
HAP. hap, n. chance : fortune : accident.
[Ice. happ, good-luck.]
HAP-HAZARD, hap'-haz'ard,7i, that which
liappens hy hazard : chance, accident.
HAPLESS, hap'les. adj. unlucky: unhappy.
— adv. Hap'lessly.
HAPLY, hap'li, adv. by hap, chance, or
accident: perhaps: it inav be.
HAPPEN, hap'n, v.i. to fall out : to take
l)lace.
HAPPY, hap'i, adj. lucky, successful: pos-
sessing or enjoying pleasure or good ;
secure of good : furnishing enjovment '.
dexterous. — adv. Happ'ily. — n. Happ'i-
NESS. [See Hap.]
HARANGUE, ha-rang', n. a loud speech
addressed to a multitude : a popular,
pompous address. — v.i. to deliver a ha-
HARASS
213
HARTSTONGUE
rangue. — i-.t. to address by a harangue :
— -pr.p. haranguing (-rang'ing) ; pa. p.
harangued (-rangd'). — ". Harang'TJEr.
[Fr., from O. Ger. hring (Ger. 7-ing, A.S.
hring), a ring, a ring of people assem-
bled.)
HAEASS, har'as, v.t. to fatigue: to an-
noy or torment. — n. Har'asser. [Fr.
hdrasser ; prob. from O. Fr. liarer, to in-
«ite a dog, from the cry har, made in
inciting a dog to attack.]
HARBINGER, har'bin-jer, n. {prig.) one
■vrho goes forward to provide harbor or
lodging: a forerunner. — v.t. to precede,
as a harbinger. [M.E. herberaeour — O.
Fr. herberge (Fr. auberge) — O. Ger. here-
berga. See Harbor.]
HARBOR, har'bur, n. any refuge or shelter:
a port for ships. — v.t. to lodge or enter-
tain : to protect : to possess or indulge,
as thoughts. — i:i. to take shelter. — adj.
Har'borless. [M.E. herberive: prob.
through O. Fr. herberge, from O. Ger.
hereberga, a military encampment, from
heri (Ger. heer), and bergan, to shelter;
a similar form occurs in Ice.]
HARBORAGE, har'bur-aj, n. place of har-
bor or shelter : entertai anient.
HARBORER, har'bur-er, n. one who har-
bors or entertains.
HARBORr-MASTER, har'bur-mas'ter, n.
the master or public oflScer who has
charge of a harbor.
HARD, hard, adj. not easily penetrated :
firm : solid : difficult to understand or
accomplish : difficult to bear : painful :
unjust : difficult to please : unfeeling :
severe : stiff : constrained. — adv. with
urgency : with difficulty : close, near, as
in Hard by ; Hard-a-lee, i.e. close to
the lee-side, etc. : earnestly : forcibly. —
To DIE hard, to die onl3' after a desper-
ate struggle for life. — n. Hard'ness (B.),
sometimes hardship. [A.S. heard : Dut.
hard, Ger. hart, Goth, hardus ; allied to
Gr. kratys, strong.]
Harden, hard'n, i:t. to make hard or
harder ; to make firm : to strengthen :
to confirm in wickedness : to make in-
sensible.— v.i. to become hard or harder,
either lit. or Jjg.—n. Hard'ener. [A.S.
heardian. See Hard.]
HARDENED, hard'nd, adj. made hard,
unfet ling.
HARD-FAVORED, hard'-fa'vrd, adj. hav-
ing coarse features.
HARD-FEATURED, hard'-fet'urd, adj. of
hard, coarse, or forbidding /eafwres.
HARD-FISTED, hard'-fist'ed. adj. having
hard or strong fists or hands : close-
fisted : niggardly.
hard-handed; hard'-hand'ed, adj. hav-
ing Itard or tough hands : rough : severe.
hard-headed, hard'-hed'ed, adj.
shrewd, intelligent.
HARD-HEARTED, hard'-hiirt'ed, adj.
having a hard or unfeeling heart : cruel.
— )!. Hard'-heart'edness.
HARDIHOOD, HARDINESS. See Hakdy.
HARDISH. hard'ish. adj. somewhat hard.
HARDLY, hard'li, adv. with difficulty :
scarcelv, not (juite : severelj-, harshlv."
HARD-MOUTHED, hard'-mowi/wl, adj.
having a mouth hard or insensible to the
bit : not easily managed.
HARDS, hardz, n.pl. coarse or refuse flax.
HARDSHIP, hard'ship, n. a hard state, or
that which is hard to bear, as toil, in-
jury, etc.
HARlD^VISAGED. hard'-viz'ajd, adj. of a
hard, coarse, or forbidding visage.
HARDWARE, hard'war, n. trade name for
all sorts of articles made of the baser
metals, such as iron or copper. [Hard
and Ware. J
HARDY, h&rd'i, adj. daring, brave, reso-
lute : confident : impudent : able to bear
cold, exposure, or fatigue. — adv. Hard'-
ihY.—ns. Hard'ihood, Hard'iness. [Fr.
l(ardi—0. Ger. harti (Ger. hart) ; A.S.
heard, hard. See Hard.]
HARE, bar, n. a common and very timid
animal, with a divided upper lip and long
hind-legs, which runs swiftly bj' leaps.
[A.S. /iaj-a;Dan. and Sw. hare, Ger.
hase : Sans, caca — cae, to jump.]
HAREBELL, har'bel, ii. a plant with blue
bell-shaped flowers. [Hare and Bell ,
a fanciful name.]
HAREBRAINED, har'brand, adj. having a
wild, scared brain hke that of a hare :
giddy : heedless.
HARELIP, har'lip, n. a fissure in one or
both lips, generally the upper, like that
of a hare. — adj. Hare'lipped.
HAREM, ha'rem, n. the portion of a house
allotted to females in Turkish dominions,
forbidden to all males except the husband:
the collection of wives belonging to one
Turkish householder. [Ar. haram, any-
thing forbidden — harama, to forbid.]
HARICOT, har'i-ko, n. small pieces of mut-
ton, partly boiled, and then fried with
vegetables : the kidney-bean. [Fr. hari-
cot, a stew, a kidney-bean, so called be-
cause used in a stew : of unknown origin.]
HARK, hark, int. or imp., hearken, listen.
[Contr. of Hearken.]
HARL, harl, n. the skin of flax : any flla^
mentous substance.
HARLEQUIN, har'le-kwin or -kin, n. the
leading character in a pantomime, in a
tight spangled dress, with a wand, by
means of which he is supposed to be in-
visible and to play tricks : a buffoon.
[Fr. harlequin, arleqiiin ; It. arlecchino ;
ety. unknownj
HARLEQUINADE, har'le-kwin- or -kin-
ad', n. exhibitions of harlequins : the por-
tion of a pantomime in which the harle-
quin plays a chief part. [Fr.]
HARLOT,'har'lot, n. a woman who prosti-
tutes her bodj' for hire. — adj. wanton :
lewd. [O. Fr. arlot, herlot ; origin dub.,
perh. from Ger. kerl, A.S. ceorl, the word
being orig. used for a person of either sex,
and in the sense ot felloio, a rogiie.'\
HARLOTRY, har'lot-ri, n. trade or prac-
tice of being a harlot or prostitute :
prostitution.
HARM, harm, n. injury : moral wrong. —
v.t. to injure. [A.S. Tiearm; Ger. harm,
conn, with gram, grief.]
HARMATTAN, har-mat'an, n. a hot, dry,
noxious wind which blows periodically
from the interior of Africa. [Arab.]
BLAJRMFUL, harm 'fool, adj. injurious,
hurtful.— orfr. Harm'fully.— n. Harm'-
FULKESS.
HARMLESS, harm'les, adj. not injurious :
unharmed. — adv. Harm'lessly. — n.
Harm'lessness.
HARMONIC, har-mon'ik, HARMONICAL,
har-mon'ik-al, adj. pertaining to har-
mony : musical : concordant : recurring
periodically. — HARMONIC proportion,
proportion in which the first is to the
third as the difference between the first
and second is to the difference between
the second and third, as in the three
numbers, 2, 3, and 6. — adv. Harmon'ic-
ally.
HARMONICS, har-mon'iks, n.pl. used as
sing, the science of harmony or of mus-
ical sounds : — as pi. consonances, the
component sounds included in what ap-
pears to the ear to be a single sound,
HARMONIOUS, har-mo'ni-us. adj. having
harmony : symmetrical : concordant. —
adv. Harmo'niously, — n. Harmo'nious-
NESS.
HARMONIST, har'mon-ist, n. one skilled
in harmony: a musical composer.
HARMONIUM, har-mo'ni-um, n. a musical
wind-instrument with keys, so called
from its harmonious sound.
HARMONIZE, har'mon-iz, v.i. to be in
harmony: to agree. — v.t. to make in har
mony : to cause to agree : (inus.) to pro-
vide parts to.^n. Harmoniz'er,
HARMONY, har'mo-ni, n. a fitting tO'
gether of parts so as to form a con-
nected whole : {mus.) a combination o£
accordant sounds heard at the same
time : concord : a book with parallel
passages regarding the same event. [Fr.
— L. — Gr. harmonia — harmos, a fitting —
aro, to fit.]
HARNESS, har'nes, n. formerly, the armor
of a man or horse : the equipments of a
horse. — v.t. to equip with armor : to put
the harness on a horse. [Fr. harnais ;
from the Celt., as in Low Bret, harnez,
old iron, also armor, from Bret, houam,
iron ; W. haiarn, Gael, iartinn ; conn,
with E. iron, Ger. eisen, etc.]
HARP, harp, n. a triangular musical in-
strument with strings struck by the
fingers. — v.i. to play on the harp : to
dwell tediously upon anything. [A.S.
hearpe ; Dan. harpe, Ger. harfe.]
HARPER, harp'er, HARPIST, harp'ist, n.
a player on the harp.
HARPOON, har-poon , n. a dart for strik-
ing and killing whales. — v.t. to strike
with the harpoon. [Dut. harpoen — Fr.
harpon ; origin uncertain, perh. from O.
Ger. harfan, to seize.]
HARPOONER, har-poon'er, HARPOON-
EER, har-pon-er', n. one who uses a liar-
poon.
HARPSICHORD, harp'si-kord, n. an old-
fashioned keyed musical instrument
strung with chords or wires, like a Itarp.
[O. Fr. harpe-chorde. See Harp and
Chord.]
HARPY, har'pi, n. (myth.) a hideous rapa-
cious monster, half bird and halt woman :
a species of eagle : an extortioner. [Gr.,
pi. harpyiai, " snatchers," symbols of
the storm-wind — harpazo, to seize.]
HARQUEBUS, HARQUEBUSE, HAR-
QUEBUSS, har'kwi-bus, n. same as
Arquebcse.
HARRIDAN, har'i-dan, n. a worn-out
strumpet. [Another form of O. Fr.
haridelle, a lean horse, a jade, ety. un-
known.]
HARRIER, har'i-er, n. a Tiore-hound, a dog
witli a keen smell, for hunting hares.
[Formed like graz-i-er.]
HARRIER, har'i-er, n. a^kind of hawk so
named from its harrying or destroying
small animals.
HARROW, har'o, n. a frame of wood or
iron toothed with spikes for tearing and
breaking the soil, etc. — v.t. to draw a
harrow over : to harass : to tear, — adj.
Harr'Owing, acutely distressing to the
mind. — adv. Haer'owinoly. [A.S. hyrtve,
a harrow ; Dan. harv, a harrow.]
HARRY, har'i. v.t. to plunder : to ravage :
to destroy : to harass : — pr.2}. harr'ying ;
pa.p. harr'ied. [A.S. liergian. from root
of A.S. here, gen. herg-es, an army : Ger.
heer.]
HARSH, harsh, adj. rough: bitter: jarring:
abusive: severe. — adi: Harsh'ly. — n.
HaRSH'NESS. [M.E. harsh ; from a root
found in Dan. harsk, rancid, Ger. harsch,
hard.]
HART, hart, n. the stag or male deer :—
fern. Hind. [Lit. " ix horned animal,"
from A.S. heort : Dut. hert, Ger. hirsch;
conn, with L. cervus, W. earw, a stag,
also with Gr. keras, E. horn.'\
HARTSHORN, harts'horn. n. a solution of
ammonia, orig. a decoction of the shav-
ings of a hart's horn.
HARTSTONGUE, harts'tung, n. a species
of fern shaped like the tongue of a hart.
HARUM-SCARUM
S14
HAZE
HARmi-SCARUM, lia'rum-ska'rum, adj-
flighty : rash. [Prob. compounded of an
obs. V. hare, to ailrigbt, aud Scare.]
HARVEST, har'vest, n. the time of g-ather-
ing in the crops or fruits: the crops
gathered in : fruits : the product of any
labor : consequences. — v.f. to reap and
gather in. [A.S. haerfest ; Ger. herbst,
lut. herfst; conn, with L. earpo, to
gather fruit, Gr. Tcarpos, fruit.]
lilARVESTER, liar'vest-er, n. a reaper in
harvest: a self-binding reaper: a machine
formerly used, having a platform on
which two binders stood and bound the
grain by hand, as it was passed to them
from tHe knives and reels.
HARVEST-HOIIE, har'vest-hom, n. the
feast held at the bringing home of the
harvest.
HARVEST-MAN, har'vest-man, n. (B.) a
laborer in harvest.
HARVEST-MOON, ha/vest-moon, n. the
moon about the full in harvest, when it
rises nearly at the same hour for several
davs.
HARVEST-QUEEN, har'vest-kwen, n. an
image of Ceres, the queen or goddess of
fruits, in ancient times carried about on
the last day of harvest.
HAS. haz, 3d pers. sing. pres. !nd. of ^ave.
HASH, hash, v.t. to hack : to mince : to
chop small. — n. that which is hashed : a
mixed dish of meat and vegetables in
small pieces : a mixture and preparation
of old matter. [Fr. haoher^—Ger. ha/iken;
same root as E. hack.^
HASHISH, hash'esh, n. name given to the
leaves of the Indian hemp, from which
a strongly intoxicating preparation is
made. [Ar.]
HASP, hasp, n. a clasp : the clasp of a pad-
lock. — v.t. to fasten with a hasp. [A.S.
hcepse ; Dan. and G«r. /ictspe.]
HASSOCK, has'uk, n. a thicij mat for
kneeling on in church. [W. hesgog,
sed^y, liesg, sedge, rushes ; from being
made of coarse grass.]
HAST, hast, 2d pers. sing. pres. ind. of
Have.
HASTATE, hast'at, HASTATED, hast'at-
ed, adj. (pot.) shaped like a spear. [L.
hastatiis — hasta, a spear.]
HASTE, hast, n. speed : quickness : rash-
ness : vehemence. [From a Teut. root,
seen in Sw., Dan., and Ger. hast, whence
also Fr. h&te. Sec Hate.]
HASTE, hast, HASTEN, has'n, v.t. to put
to speed: to hurry on: to drive forward. —
v.t. to move with speed : to be in a hurry:
— pr.p. hast'ing, hastening (has'ning) ;
pa.p. hast'ed, hastened (hasnd).
HASTINESS, hast'i-nes, n. hurry : rash-
ness : irritability.
HASTY, hast'i, adj. speedy : quick : rash :
eager : passionate. — adv. Hast'ily.
HAT, hat, n. a covering for the head : the
dignity of a cardinal, so named from his
red hat. [A.S. host ; Dan. hat. Ice. hattr;
conn, with Sans, chhad, to cover.]
HATABLE, hat'a-bl, adj. deserving to be
hated.
HATCH, hach, n. a door with an opening
over it, a wicket or door made of cross
bars : the covering of a hatchway.
[North E. heck, from A.S. haca, the bar
of a door ; Dut. hek, a gate.]
HATCH, hach, r.^ to produce, especially
from eggs, by incubation : to originate :
to plot. — v.i. to produce young : to be
advancing towards maturity. — n. act of
hatching : brood hatched. " [Lit. to pro-
duce young by sitting in a hatch or coop,
a hatch being an5i;hing made of cross
bars of wood (Skeat). and hence the same
word as H.\TCH. a door.]
HATCH, hach, v.t. to shade by minute
lines crossing each other in drawing and
j engra^-ing. — n. Hatch'ing, the mode of
so shadin;,'-. [Fr. hacher, to chop, from
root of Hack.]
HATCHEL, haeh'el, n. same as Hackle.
HATCHET, hach'et, n. a small axe. [Fr.
hachi'tte. See Hatch, to shade.]
HATCHMENT, hach'ment, ?i. the escutch-
eon of a dead person placed in front of
the house, etc. [Corrupted from Achieve-
mentJ
HATCHWAY, hach'wa, n. the opening in
a ship's deck into the hold or from one
deck to another.
HATE, hat, v.t. to dislike intensely. — n.
extreme dislike : hatred. — n. Hat'er.
[A-S. hatian, to hate ; Grer. liassen, Fr.
hair; conn, with L. odisse, and Gr. kedo,
to vex. Hate is from the same root as
Haste, and orig. meant to pursue, then
to persecute, to dislike greatly.]
HATEFUL, hat'fool, adj. exciting hate:
odious : detestable : feeling or manifest-
ing hate. — adv. Hate'pxilly. — n. Hate'-
FuLxESS.
HATRED, hat'red, n. extreme dislike : en-
mitv : malignitj'.
HATTED, hat'ed, adj. covered with a hat.
HATTER, hat'er, n. one who makes or sells
hats.
HATTI-SHERIFF, hat'i-sher'if, n. a Turk-
ish decree of the highest authority. [Ar.,
" noble writing."]
HAUBERK, haw'berk, n. a coat of man
formed of rings interwoven. [O. Fr.
hauberc — O. Ger. hdlsberge — hols, the
neck, and bergan, to protect.]
HAUGHTY, hawt'i, adj. proud : arrogant :
contemptuous. — adv. Haught'ilt. — n.
Haught'iness. [M.E. hautein — O. Fr.
hautain, haut, high — L. altus, high.]
HAUL, hawl, v.t. to drag : to pull with
violence. — n. a puUing : a draught, as of
fishes : an unexpected or a dishonest gain.
— 71. Hatil'er. [A.S. holian, to get ;
Ger. holen, Dut. halm, to fetch or draw.]
HAULAGE, hawl'aj, n. act of hauling :
charge for hauling or pulling a ship or
boat.
HAULM, HAUM, hawm, n. straw : stubble.
[A.S. healm ; Dut. halm, Russ. soloma,
Fr. chaume, L. calamus, Gr. halamos, a
reed.]
HAUNCH, hSnsh, n. the part between the
last rib and the thigh : the hip. [Fr.
hanche — O. Ger. ancha, the leg, of the
same root as AlfKLE.]
HAUNT, hant, v.t. to frequent : to follow
importunately : to inhabit or visit as a
ghost. — v.i. to be much about : to appear
or visit frequently. — n. a place much re-
sorted to. [Fr. hanter ; ace. to Littre, a
corr. of L. nabitare.]
HAUTBOY, ho'boi, n. a high-toneA vrooden
wind-instrument, of a tapering tube,
and having holes and keys, also called
Oboe (o'bo-i) : a large kind of straw-
berry. [Fr. haidbois — haut, high, hois,
woo"d ; It. oboe — L. altus, high, and Low
L. boscus, a bush. See Bush.]
HAVE, hav, v.t. to own or possess : to
hold : to regard : to obtain : to bear or
beget : to effect : to be affected by : —
pr.p. ha^-'ing ; pa.t. and jja.p. had. [*A.S.
haoban ;Oer. haben, Dan. 7iare; allied
to L. capio, to take, Gr. kope, a handle.]
HAVEN, ha'vn, n. an inlet of the sea, or
mouth of a river, where ships can get
good and safe anchorage : anv place of
safety: an asylum. [A.S. Jicefene ; Dut.
haven, Ger. hafen, Ice. hofn, Fr. havre,
O. Fr. havle; from Teut. base hab in
Have.]
HA^TERSACK, ha\''er-sak. n. a bag of
strong linen for a soldier's provisions.
[Lit. "oat -sack," Fr. havresae — Ger.
habersack — haber or hafer, Dan. havre,
prov. E. haver, oats, and Sack.]
HAVOC, hav'uk, n. general waste or d»
strucfion: devastation. — v.t. to laj' waste,
— int. an ancient hunting or war cry.
[Ety. dub. ; cf. A.S. hafoc, a hawk, and
W. hafog. destruction, wliich prob. is de-
rived from the E.]
HAW, haw. n. (orig.) a hedge or inclosure:
the berry of the hawthorn. [A.S. haga,
a yard or inclosure; Dut. haag, a hedge.
Ice. hagi, a field. See Hedge.]
HAW, haw, v.i. to speak with a liatv ot
hesitation. — n. a hesitation in speech
[Formed from the sound.]
HAWFINCH, haw'finsh, n. a species of
grossbeak, a very shy bird, with varie-
gated plumage, li\'ing chiefly in forests
[See Haw, a hedge.]
HAW HAW, haw-haw', n. a sunk fence, or
a ditch not seen till close upon it. [Re
duplication of Haw, a hedge.]
HAWK, hawk, n. the name of several birds
of prey allied to the falcons. [A.S. hafoc;
Dut. havik, Ger. habicht. Ice. hnrlkr ;
from Teut. root hab, to seize, seen in E.
Have.]
HAWK, hawk, v.i. to hunt birds with
hawks trained for the purpose : to attack
on the wing. — n. Hawk'er.
HAWK, hawk, v.i. to force up matter from
the throat. — n. the efl'ort to do this. fW.
hoehi ; Scot, haugh ; formed from the
sound.]
HAWK, hawk. v.t. to carry about for sale :
tocryfor sale. [See Hawker.]
HAWKER, hawk'er, n. one who carries
about goods for sale on his back, a ped-
dler. "[From an O. Low Ger. root found
in O. Dut. heukeren, to hawk, and Ger.
hSker^ a hawker ; conn, with Huckster.]
HAWSE, hawz, n. the situation of the
cables in front of a sliip's bow when she
has two anchors out forward : — pi. the
holes in a ship's bow through which the
cables pass. [JLE. hals, A.S. ImIs or
licals, the neck, applied to the corre-
sponding part of a ship ; Ice. and Ger.
/taZsJ
HAWSEHOLES, hawz'holz. See Haw.se.
HAWSER, HALSER, hawz'er, n. a small
cable : a large towline. [From haivse,
meaning orig. the rope which passes
through the hawses at the bow of a ship.]
HA'WT'HORN, ha^v'thoru. n. the hedge or
white thorn, a shrub with shining leaves,
and small red fruit called haivs, much
used for hedges.
HAY, ha, n. grass after it is cut down and
cm-ed — drjing out to be avoided. [A.S.
heg, hig ; Ger. heu. Ice. hey ; from root of
Hew.]
HAYCOCK, ha'kok, ji. a cock or conical
pQe of hai/ in the field.
HAY-FEVER, ha'-fe'ver, n. an ailment in
time of liaj'maldng marked by excessive
irritation of the nose, throat, etc., and
accompanied with violent sneezing.
HAY^IAKER, ha'mak-er, n. one employed
in cutting and curing grass for hay : a
kind of mowing machine.
HAZARD, haz'ard, ». a game or throw at
dice : chance : accident : risk. — v.t. to
expose to chance : to risk. [Fr. hasard ;
prob. through the Sjx from Arab, at zar,
the die ; but Littre prefei-s to derive it
from Hazart, a castle in Syria where the
game was discovered during the cru-
sades.]^
HAZARDOUS, haz'ard-us, adj. dangerous :
perilous: uncertain. — adv. Haz'ard-
OURLT.
HAZE, haz, n. vapor which renders the air
thick : obscurity. [Ety. dub.]
HAZE, haz, v.i. t(5 be foggv.
HAZE, HASE. haz. rj^'to harass with
labor; to punish with unnecessary work —
used among seamen : to play shameful
HAZEL
215
HEAVENLY-MINDED
tricks on, among^ American students —
slowly but surely faUing into disuse.
HAZEL, ha'zl, n. a well-known tree or
shrub. — adj. pertaiuiug to the hazel : of
a light-brown color, like a hazel-nut.
[A.S. hcesel; Ger. hasel, L. corulits (for
eos»7i«.s).l
HAZELL\, ha'zel-i, adj. light-brown like
the hazel-imt.
HAZEL-NUT, ha'zl-nut, n. the nut of the
hazel-tree. v
HAZY, haz'i, adj. thick vdih haze.—n.
Haz'iness.
HE, he, pron. of the third person : the
male person named before : anj' one. —
adj. male. [A.S. he ; Dut. hij. Ice.
hann.'l
HEAD, hed, n. the uppermost or foremost
part of an animal's body : the brain : the
understanding : a chief or leader : the
place of honor or command : the front :
an individual : a topic or chief point of a
discourse : the source or spring : height
of the source of water : highest point of
anything : a cape : strength. [A.S.
heafod : Gler. haupt, L. caput, Gr.
kepliale.]
HEAD, hed, v.t. to act as a head to, to
lead or govern : to go jn front of : to
commence : to check : (naut.) to be con-
trary.— v.i. to grow to a head : to origi-
nate.
HEADACHE, hed'ak, n. an ache or pain in
the head.
HEADBAND, hed'band, n. a band or fillet
for tlie head: the band at each end of a
book.
HEAD-DRESS, hed'-dres, n. an ornamental
dress or covering for the head, worn by
women.
HEADGEAR, hed'ger, n. gear, covering, or
ornament of the head.
HEADINE.SS. See under Headt.
HEADING, hed'ing, n. that which stands
at the head.
HEADLAND, liedland, n. a point of land
running out into the sea, like a head, a
cape: in agri. a "land" or set ploughed
at each end of a ploughed field and at right
angles with the body of the ploughing.
HEADLESS, hed'les, adj. without a head.
HEADLONG, hed'loug, adv. with the head
first : without thought, rashlj- : precipi-
tately.— Of//, rash : precipitous, steep.
[Head and adv. termination -inga, linga,
seen also in Darkixng, Sidelong, and in
Learn-ing.]
HEADMOST, hed'most, adj., most ahead
or advanced.
HEADPIECE, hed'pes, n. a,piece of armor
for the head, a helmet.
HEADQU^VRTERS, hed'kwor-terz, n. the
quarters or residence of a commander-in-
chief or general.
HEADSMAN, hedz'man, n. a man who
cuts off hecas, an executioner.
HEADSTALL, hed'stawl, n. the part of a
bridle round the head. [From Stall, a
place or receptacle.]
HEADSTONT:, hed'ston, n. the principal
stone of a Ijuilding : the corner-stone :
the stone at the head of a grave, to
which sense it is usually confined in this
coimtry.
HEADSTRONG, hed'strong,adj. self-willed:
violent.
HEADWAY, hed'wa, n. the u-ay or dis-
tance gone ahead or advanced : motion
of an advancing ship.
HEADWIND, hed'wiud, n. a iwnd blowing
right against a ship's head.
HEADY, lied'i, adj. affecting the head or
the brain : intoxicating : inflamed : rash.
— adv. Head'ily. — n. Head'ixess.
HEAL, hel, v.t. to make ichole and healthy :
to cure : to remove or subdue : to restore
to soundness : (B.) often, to forgive. — v.i.
to grow sound : — pr.jx heal'ing : pa.p.
healed'. — n. Heal'ek. [A.S. hcelan, as
Haeland, the Healer, Saviour ; from A.S.
hnl, whole ; Ger. heil. Whole is simplj-
another form of the A.S. root. See Hail,
Hale.J
HEALING, hel'ing, 7i., the act or process
by which anything is healed or cured. —
adj. tending to cure : mild. — adv. Heal' •
IXGLY.
HEALTH, helth,?!., wholeness or soundness
of body : soundness and vigor of mind :
(B.) salvation, or divine favor. [A.S.
hcelih — hdl. whole.]
HEALTHFUL, helthfool, adj. full of or en-
2oyiug health : indicating health : whole-
some : salutary. — adr. Health'fxtlly. —
71. Health'fulxess.
HEALTHLESS, helth'les, adj. sickly, ail-
ing.— n. Health'lessness.
HEALTHY, helth'i, adj. in a state of good
health : conducive to health : sound : vig-
orous.— adv. Health'ilt. — n. Health'-
INESS.
HEAP, hep, 71. a pile or mass heaved or
thrown together : a collection : (B.) a
ruin. — v.t. to throw in a heap or pile : to
amass : to pile above the top : — jir.p.
heap'ing; jja.p. heaped'. [A.S. heap;
Ice. hopir, Ger. haufe.]
HEAR, her, v.t. to perceive by the ear : to
listen to : to grant or obey : to answer
favorably : to attend to : to try judicial-
ly.— v.i. to have the sense of hearing : to
listen: to be told -.—pir.p. hear'ing ; pa.t.
and pa.p. heard (herd). — n. Hear'er.
[A.S. hyran ; Ice. heyra, Ger. horen,
Goth, hausjan.]
HEARING, her'ing, n. act of perceiving by
the ear : the sense of perceiving sound :
opportunity to be heard : reach of the
ear.
HEARKEN, hark'n, v.i. to hear atten-
tively : to listen : to grant. [A.S. hyrc-
O. Dut. hareken, Ger.
common talk : ru-
nian, from Hear
horchen.]
HEARSAY', her'sa, n.
mor : report.
HEARSE, hei-s, n. (orig.) a triangular
framework for holding candles at a
church service, and esp. at a funeral
service: a carriage in which the dead
are conveyed to the grave. [Fr. herse.
It. erpice — L. hirpex, hirpieis, a har-
row, which, from its triangular shape,
gave rise to the derived meanings.]
HEART, hart, n. the organ that circulates
the blood : the vital, inner, or chief part
of anything : the seat of the affections,
etc., esp. love: courage: vigor: secret
meaning or design : that which resem-
bles a heart. [A.S. heorte: Dut. hart,
Ger. herz; cog. with L. cor, cordis, Gr.
kardia, ker, Sans, hrid.]
HEARTACHE, hart'ak, ?J. sorrow: an-
guish.
HEART-BREAKING, hart'-brak'ing, ady.
.rushing wjtii yrief or sorrow.
HEART-feROKEN, hart'-brok'n, adj. in-
tenselv afflicted or grieved.
HEARTBURN, hart'burn, n. a disease of
the stomach causing a burning, acrid
feeling near tlie heart : dyspepsia.
HEARTBL'RNING, hart'burn-ing, n. dis-
cont'Mit : secret enmitv.
HEARTEASE, hart'ez, n., ease of mind :
quiet.
HEARTEN, hart'n. v.t. to encourage.
HEARTFELT, hart'felt. adj felt deeply.
HExVRTH, hiirth, v. the part of the floor
on whicli the fire is made : the fireside :
the house itself: the home. [A.S. heorth;
Ger. herd.]
HEARTHSTONE, h&rth'ston. n. the stone
of the liearth : the home.
HEARTLESS, hirt'les, adj. without heart,
courage, or feeling. — adr. Heaet'lesslt.
— n. Heart'lessxess.
HEARTLET. hart'let, n. a little heart.
HEART-RENDING, hart'-rend'ing, adj.
deeplv afflictive : agonizing.
HEAKT'S-EASE, harts'-ez, n. a common
name for the pansj-, a species of violet,
an infusion of which was once thought
to ease the lovesick heart.
HEARTSICK, hart'sik, adj. pained in mind:
depressed. — n. Heaet'sickxess.
HEARTWHOLE, hart'hol, adj. ichole at
heart: unmoved in the affections or spirits.
HEARTY, hart'i, adj. full of or proceeding
from the heart : warm : genuine : strong:
healthy. — adv. Heaet'ily. — n. Heakt'-
INESS.
HEAT, het, n. that which excites the sen-
sation of warmth : sensation of warmth :
a warm temperature : the warmest peri-
od, as the heat of the day : indication of
warmth, flush, redness : excitement : a
single course in a race : animation. — r.(.
to make hot : to agitate. — v.i. to become
hot:^}r.p. heat'ing: po.p. heat'ed. [A.S.
hceto, which is from adj. hat, hot : conn,
with Ger. hitze, Goth, heito. Ice. hita.
See HoT.l
HEATER, het'er, n. one who or that which
heats.
HEATH, heth, n. a barren open countrj' :
a small evergreen shrub with beautiful
flowers, that grows on heaths. [A.S.
hceth : Ger. heide, Goth, haithi, a waste.]
HEATHEN, hethn, n. an unbeliever when
Christianity prevailed in cities alone : an
inhabitant of an unchristian country : a
pagan : an irrelig-ious person. — adj. pa-
gan, irieligious. [Lit. a dweller on the
heath or open countrj', A.S. hcethen, a
heathen ; Dut. and Ger. heiden. See
Heath, and cf. Pagan.]
HEATHENDOM, he'rtn-dum, n. those re<
gions of the world where heathenism
prevails.
HEATHENISH, he'tlm-ish. adj. relating to
the heathen : rude : uncivilized : cruel. —
adv. Hea'the>ishly. — ?i. Hea'thenish-
NESS.
HEATHENISM, he'thn-izm. 7i. the relig-
ious system of the heathens : paganism :
barbarism.
HEATHENIZE, he'f/m-Iz, v.t. to make
heathen.
HEATHER, hef/i'er, n. a small evergreen
shrub, growing on heaths. — adj. Heath'-
ERY. [A Northern E. form, appearing
to be uothino- more than heafh-er = in-
habitant of the heath (Skeat).]
HEATHY', heth'i, adj. abounding with
heath.
HEAVE, hev, v.t. to lift up : to throw : to
cause to swell : to force from the breast.
— v.i. to be raised : to rise and fall : to
try to vomit : — jyr.j). heav'ing ; j)a.<.
and 2}(i.p- heaved' or (naut.) hove. — )i. an
effort upward : a throw : a swelling : an
effort to vomit -.—pi. a disease of horses
characterized by difficult and laborious
breathing. [A.S. hebban ; Ger. heben,
Goth, hafjan, to lift.]
HEAVEN, hev'n. n. the arch of skj- over-
hanging the earth: the air: the dwelling-
place of the Deity and the blessed ■
supreme happiness. [A.S. heofon : O. Ice.
hifinn; origin doubttul. though conn, by
some with heave, and so meaning the
" heaved " or " lifted up."]
HE-AVENLY, hev'n-li, adj. of or inhabiting
heaven : cele.stial: pure: supremely bless-
ed : veiy excellent. — adv. in a manner
like that of heaven : by the influence of
heaven.— )i. Heav'eslixess.
HEAVENLY'-MINDED. hev'n-li-niind'ed,
adj. havingthe Hiuid placed upon heaven-
?(/ tilings :''pure.— n. Heav'esly-mixd'ed-
NESS.
I
HEAVENWARD
HEA\T:N^VABD, hev'n-ward, HEAVEN-
WARDS, hev'n-wardz, adv., toward or in
the dii-ection of heaven. [Heaven, and
ivard. sig. direction.]
HEAVE-OFFERING, hev'-of'er-ing, n. a
Jewish offering heaved or moved up and
down by the priest.
HEAVER, hev'er, n. one who or that which
heaves.
HEAVY, hev*!, adj. weighty ; not easy to
bear : oppressive : aflflicted : inactive : in-
clined to slumber : violent : loud : not
easily digested, as food : miry, as soil :
having strengrth, as liquor : dark with
clouds : gloomy : expensive : (B.) sad. —
adv., also Heav'ily.— n. Heav'dtess.
[A.S. hefig — hebbaii, to heave, and so
meaning hard to heave; O. Ger. hepig,
hehig.]
HEBDOMADAL, heb - dom'a - dal, HEB-
DOJIADARY. heb-dorr/a-dar:, adj. oc-
curring everj' seven days : weekly. [L.
hebdomadalis — Gr. hebdomas, a period of
seven davs — hepta, seven.]
HEBDOIMADARY, heb-dom'a-dar-i, n. a
member of a chapter or convent whose
u-eek it is to officiate in the choir, etc.
HEBRAIC, he-bra'ik, HEBRAICAL, he-
bra'ik-al, adj. relating to the Hebrews,
or to their language.
HEBRAICALLY, he-bra'ik-al-i, adv. after
the manner of the Hebrew language :
from right to left.
HEBRAISM, he'bra-izm, n. a Hebreio
idiom.
HEBRAIST, heT^ra-ist, n. one skilled in
Hebrew.
HEBRAISTIC, he-bra-ist'ik, adj. of or like
Hebrexr.
HEBRAIZE, he'bra-iz, v.t. to turn into
Hebreiv.
HEBREW, he'broo, n. one of the descend-
ants of Abraham, who emigrated from
beyond the Euphrates into Palestine : an
Israelite, a Jew : the lang:uage of the
Hebi-ews. — adj. relating to the Hebrews.
[Fr. Hebreu — L. Hebrceus — Gr. Hebraios
— Heb. ibhri, a stranger from the other
side of the Euphrates — ebher, the region
on the other side — abar, to pass over.]
HECATOMB, hek'a-toom or-tom, n. among
the Greeks and Romans, a sacrifice of a
hundred oxen : any large number of
victims. [Gr. hekatombe — hekaton, a
hundred, and bous, an ox.]
HECKLE, heka. Same as Hackle.
HECTIC, hek'tik, HECTICAL, hek'tik-al,
adj. pertaining to the constitution or
habit of body : affected with hectic fever.
— adv. Hec'tically. [Fr.— Gr. hektikos,
habitual — lie.x-is, habit.j
HECTIC, hek'tik, n. a fiabitual or remit-
tent fever, usually associated with con-
sumption.
HECTOR, hek'tor, n. a bully : one who
annoys. — v.t. to treat insolently: to an-
noy.— v.t. to play the bullj'. [From Hec-
tor. the famous Troian leader.]
HEDGE, hej, n. a thicket of bushes : a
fence round a field, etc. — v.t. to inclose
with a hedge : to obstruct : to surround:
to guard. [A.S. hege ; Dut. hegge. Ice.
heggr.']
UEDGEBILL, hei^il, HEDGING-BILL,
hej'ing-bil, n. a bill or hatchet for dress-
ing hedge.'!.
ftEDGEBORN, hejliawrn, adj. of low birth,
as if born by a hedge or in the woods :
^ow : obscure.
HEDGEHOG, hej'hog, n. a small prickly-
backed quadruped, so called from its liv-
ing in hedges and bushes, and its resem-
blance to a hog or pig.
HEDGER, hej'er, n. one who Aresses hedges.
HEDGEROW, hej'ro. n. a roic of trees or
shrubs for hedging fields.
HEDGESCHOOL, hej'skool, n. an open-air
216
school kept by the side of a hedge dur-
ing the reign of penal laws in Ireland.
HEDGE-SPARROW, hej'-spar'o, n. a little
singing bird, hke a sparrow, which fre-
quents hedges.
HEED, hed, v.t. to observe : to look after :
to attend to. — n. notice : caution : atten-
tion. [A.S. hedan; Dut. hoeden, Ger.
hiiten.J
HEEDFUL, hed'fool, adj. attentive : cau-
tious.— adv. Heed'fullt. — n. Heed'fuic
NESS.
HEEDLESS, hedles, adj. inattentive : care-
less.—adi;. Heed'lessly. — n. Heed'less-
NESS.
HEEL, hel, 71. the part of the foot project-
ing behind : the whole foot (esp. of beasts):
the covering of the heel : a spur : tlie
hinder part of anything. — v.t. to use the
heel : to furnish with heels. [A.S. hela ;
Dut. hiel ; prob. conn, with L. calx, Gr.
lax, the heel.]
HEEL, hel, v.i. to incline : to lean on one
side, as a ship. [A.S. hyldan ; Ice. halla,
to incline.]
HEELPIECE, hel'pes, n. a piece or cover
for the heel.
HEFT. heft. Same as Hait.
HEGEMONY, he-jem'o-ni, «., leadership:
esp. among nations, governments and
tribes in ancient history ; as, the hege-
mony of Sparta among Grecian states. —
adj. Hegemon'ic. [Gr. hegemonia — hege-
mon, leader — hegeisthai, to go before.]
HEGIRA, HEJIRA, he-jt'ra, n. the Jiight
of Mohammed from Mecca, July 16, 628
A.D., from which is dated the Mohamme-
dan era: any flight. [Ar. 7nj"ra/i, flight.]
HEIFER, hef'er, n. a young cow. [A.S.
heahfore : ace. to Skeat from A.S. heah,
high, and fear, an ox, and so meaning a
fidl-grou'n ox.\
HEIGH-HO, hi -ho, int. an exclamation
expressive of weariness. [Imitative.]
HEIGHT, hit, n the condition of being
high : distance upwards : that which is
elevated, a hill : elevation in rank or
excellence : utmost degree. [Corr. of
highth — ^A.S. heahthu — heah, high. See
High.]
HEIGHTEN, hit'n, v.t. to make higher: to
advance or improve : to make brighter or
more prominent.
HEINOUS, ha'nus, adj. vdcked in a high
degree : enormous : atrocious. — adv.
Hei'nously.— ». Hei'nousness. [O. Ft.
ha'inos, Fr. haineux — haine, hate, from
hair, to hate, from an O. Ger. root, found
in Ger. hassen, Goth, hatyan, to hate.
See Hate.]
HEIR, ar, n. one who Inherits anything
after the death of the owner : one en-
titled to anything after the pi'esent
possessor : — fern. HEIRESS (ar'es). — ns.
Heir'dom, Heir'ship. [O. Fr. heir—L.
heres. an heir, allied to L. hems, a mas-
ter, and Gr. cheir, the hand, from a root
ghar, to seize.]
HEIR-APPARENT, ar-ap-par'ent, n. the
one apparently or acknowledged to be
heir, esp. to a throne.
HEIRLESS, ar'les, adj. without an heir.
HEIRLOOM, ar'loom. n. any piece of fur-
niture or personal property which de-
scends to the heir. [Heir and loom —
M.E. tome — A.S. loyna. geloma, furniture.
See Loom, m.]
HEIR-PRESUMPTIVE,ar-pre-zump'tiv,n.
one who is presumed to be or would be
heir if no nearer relative should be born.
HEJIRA. See Hegira.
HELD, pa.t. and pa. p. of Hold.
HELIACAL, he-ll'ak-al. adj. relating to
the sun : (astr.) emerging from the light
of the sun or falling into it. — adv. Heli'-
acally. [Gr. heHakos — helios, the sun.]
HELLEINISTIC
HELICAL, hel'ik-al, adj. spiral. — adr>,
Hel'ically. [See Helix.]
HELIOC ENTRIC. he-li-o-sen'trik, HELIO
CENTRICAL, lie-li-o-sen'trik-al, adj.
(astr.) as seen from the su7i's centre. —
adv. Heuocen'trically. [From Gr.
helios, the sun, kenfron, the centre.]
HELIOGRAPH, he'U-o-graf, n. an appara
tus for telegraphing by means of the
sun's rays.
HELIOGRAPHY, he-li-og'ra-fi, n. the art
of taking pictures by sinilight, photog-
raphy : tlie art of signalling by flashing
the rays of the sun. — adj. Heliograph'-
ICAL. — n. Heliog'eapher. [Gr. helios,
the sun, graphe, a painting — grapho, to
grave.]
HELIOLATER, he-li-ol'a-ter, n. a tvor-
shipperot the sun. [Gr. helios, the sun,
latris, a servant.]
HELIOLATRY, he-li-ol'a-tri, n., worship
of the sun. [Gr. helios, the sun, latreia,
service, worship.]
HELIOMETER, he-li-om'e-ter, n. an instru-
ment for measuritig the apparent diame-
ter of the sun or other heavenly body.
[Gr. helios, and metron, a measure.]
HELIOSCOPE, he'li-o-.skop. n. a telescope
for vieinng the sun without dazzling the
eyes. — adj. Helioscop'ic. [Fr. helioscope
-— Gr. hciios, the sun, skopeb, to look, to
spy.]
HELIOSTAT, he'li-o-stat, n. an instrument
by means of which a beam of sunlight is
reflected in an invariable direction. [Gr.
helios, and statos, fixed.]
HELIOTROPE, he'li-o-trop, n. a plant
whose flowers are said always to turn
round to the sun : (rnin.) a bloodstone, a
variety of chalcedony of a dark-green
color Variegated with red: an instru-
ment for signalling by flashing the sun's
rays. [Fr. — L. — Gr. heliotropion — helios,
the Sim, tropos. a turn — trepo, to turn.]
HELIOTYPE. he'l)-otIp, n. a photograph.
[Gr. hciios, the su a, and *ypos, an impres-
sion.]
HELIgPHERIC,hel-i-sfer'ik,HELISPHER-
ICAL, hel-i-sfev'ik-al, adj., tvinding spi-
rally round a sjihcre.
HELIX, he'liks, n. a sjnral, as of wire in a
coil: (zool.) the snaU or its shell : the
external part of the ear -.—pi. Helices,
hel'i-sez. [L. — Gr. helix — helisso, to turn
round.]
HELL, hel, n. the place or state of punish-
ment of the wicked after death: the abode
of evil spirits : the powers of hell : any
Elace of vice or misery : a gambling-
ouse. [A.S. hel, helle; Ice. hel, Gter.
holle (O. Ger. hella). From Hel (Scand.),
Hell (A.S.), or Hella (O. Ger.), the Tent,
goddess of death, whose name again is
from a Teut. root seen in A.S. helan. to
hide, Ger. hehlcn, cog. with L. eel-are. to
hide.]
HELLEBORE, hel'e-bor, n. a plant used in
medicine, ancientlv used as a cure for in-
sanity. [Fr. hellebore — h. hdleborus—
Gr. h'ellehoros.l
HELLENIC, hel-len'ik or hel-le'nik, HEL-
LENIAN, hel-le'ni-an, adj. pertaining tc
the Hellenes or Greeks : Grecian [Gr.
HeUenios, Hellenikos — Hellenes, a name
ultimately given to all the Greeks—
HelUn t!ie -son of Deucalion, the Greek
Noali.j
HELLENISM, hel'en-izm, ■>*. a Greek
idiom. [Fr. HelUnisme—Gi: Heltenis-
mos.']
HELLENIST, hel'en-ist, n. one skilled in
the Greek language : a Jew who used the
Greek language as his mother-tongue.
[Gr. Hellcnistes.}
HELLENISTIC, hel-en-ist'ik. HELLEN-
ISTICAL, hel-en-ist'ik-al, af^. pertaining
HELLENIZE
217
HERBAL
to the Hellenists: Greek w-ith Hebrew
idioms.— adr. Hellenist'icallt.
HELLENIZE, hel'en-Iz, v.i. to use the
Greek lang:uage. [Gr. hellenizo — Hellen.]
HELLHOUND, hel'hownd, n. a hound of
hell : an agent of hell.
HELLISH, hel'ish, adj. pertaining to or
like hell ; ver3'-n-icked.— adf. Hell'ishly.
—(I. Hell'ishness.
HELM, helm, n. the instrument by which
a ship is steered : the station of manage-
ment or government. [A.S. helma : Ice.
hjalm, a rudder, Ger. helm, a handle ;
allied to helve.}
HELM, helm, HELMET, hel'met, n. a
covering of armor for the head : (hot.)
the hooded upper lip of certain flowers.
[A.S. — helan, to cover ; Ger. helm, a
covering, helmet. Helmet is from the
O. Fr. hecilmet, dim. of healme, the O. Fr.
form of the same word.]
HELMED, helmd', HELMETED, hel'met-
ed. adj. furnished with a helmet.
HELMINTHIC, hel-min'thik, adj. pertain-
ing to irorms : expelling worms. — n. a
medicine for expelling worms. [From
Gr. helmins. helminthos, a worm — heileo,
helisso. to wriggle.] .
HELMINTHOID, hel'min-thoid. ad/. worm-
shaped. [Gr. helmins, and eidos. form.]
HELMINTHOLOGY. hel-min-thol'o-ji, ?i.
the science or natural history of worms.
— adj. Helmintholog'icai,. — n. Helmin-
THOLOGIST. [From Gr. helmins, and
logos, a discourse.]
HELMSMAN.helmz'man, n. the maw at the
helm.
HELOT, hel'Dt or he'lot, n. a slave, among
the Spartans. [Gr. ; said to be derived
from Helos, a town in Greece, reduced to
slavery by the Spartans.]
HELO'liSM. hel'ot-izm or he'lot-izm, n.
the condition of the Helots in ancient
Sparta : slavery.
HELOTRY, hel'bt-ri or he'lot-ri, n. the
whole body of the Helots : any class of
slaves.
HELP, help, v.t. to support : to assist : to
give means for doing anything: to rem-
edy : to prevent. — v.i. to give assistance:
tocontribute:— pa./), helped', (B.) holp'en.
— n. means or strength given to another
for a purpose : assistance : relief : one
who a.ssists : a hired man or woman.
[A.S. helpan ; Goth, hilpan, Ice, hialpa,
Ger. helfen, to aid, assist.]
HELPER, help'er, n. one who helps : an
helpful', help'fool, adj. giving help:
useful. — n. Help'fulkess.
HELPLESS, help'les, adj. without help or
power in one's self : wanting assistance:
— adv. Help'lessly. — ?i. Help'lessness.
HELP5IATE, help'mat, n. a mate or com-
panion who helps : an assistant: a partner:
a wife. [Formed on a misconception of
the phrase an help meet in Gen. ii. 18, 20.]
HELTER-SKELTER, hel'ter-skel'ter, adv.
in a confused hurry: tumultuously. [Imi-
tative.]
HELVE, helv, n. a handle : the handle of
an axe or hatchet. — v.t. to furnish with a
handle, as an axe. [A.S. hielf, helfe, a
handle ; O. Dut. helve.']
HELVETIC, hel-vet'ik, adj. pertaining to
Switzerland. [L. — Helvetia, L. name of
Switzerland.]
HEM, hem, n. the border of a garment
doubled dowr- and s^ve^l. — v.t. to form
a heiu on : to edge ; — pi .p- hemm'ing ;
pa.p. hemmed'. — Hem in, to siu-round.
[A.S. hem, a border : Ger. hci.mv-.i z.
fence, Fris. hamel, an edge.]
HEM, hem, n. (int.) a sort of half cough
to draw attention. — v.i. to utter the
sound hem! — pr.p. hemm'ing: pa.p.
hsmmed'. [From the sound.]
HEMAL, he'mal, adj. relating to the blood
or blood-vessels. [Gr. haima. blood.]
HEMATINE, hem'a-tin, n. the red coloring
matter in the blood. [Fr. — Gr. haima,
blood.]
HEMATITE, hem'a-tit, n. (min.) a valuable
ore of iron, sometimes of a reddish-brown
color, with a Woorf-red streak. — adj.
Hematit'ic. [L.— Gr. haimatite.s, blood-
like— haima, haimatos. blood.]
HEMIPTERA. hem-ip'ter-a, ?(. an order of
insects, having four wings, the two an-
terior of which are scarcely preceptible.
[Gr. hemi, half (cog. with Lat. semi), and
pteron. a wing.]
HEMISPHERE, hem'i-sfer, n, a half-sphere:
half of the globe, or a map of it. [Gr.
hemisphairion — hemi, half, and sphaira,
a sphere.]
HEMISPHERIC, hem - i - sfer'ik, HEMI-
SPHERICAL, hem-i-sfer'ik-al, adj. per-
taining to a hemisphere.
HEMISTICH, hem'i-stik, «., half aline, or
an incomplete line in poetry. [L. hemi-
stichium — Gr. hemistiehion — hemi, half,
stichos, a line.]
HEMISTICHAL, he-mis'tik-al, adj. pertain-
ing to or written in hetnistichs.
HEMLOCK, hem'lok, n. a poisonous plant
used in medicine. [A.S. hemlic — leac, a
plant, a Leek, the first syllable being of
unknown origin. Cf. Chaelock and Gar-
lic]
HEMORRHAGE, hem'or-aj, n. a bursting
or flowing of blood. — adv. Hemorrhagic
(hem-or-aj'ik). [Gr. haimorrhagia — hai-
ma, blood, rhegnymi, to burst.]
HEMORRHOIDS, hem'or-oidz, n.pl. pain-
ful tubercles around the margin of the
anus, from which blood occasionally
floirs.—adj. Hemorrhoid' al. [Gr. ha'i-
morrhoides — haima, blood, ?7ie6, to flow.]
HEJIP, hemp, n. a plant with a fibrous
bark used for cordage, coarse cloth, etc. :
the fibrous rind prepared for spinning. —
adjs. Hemp'en, made of hemp ; HEm>'T,
like hemp. [A.S. hcenep. Ice. hampr ;
borrowed early from L. cannabis — Gr.
kannabis. which is considered to be of
Easte' a origin, from Sans, fana, hemp.
Cf. Canvas.]
HEN, hen, n. the female of any bird, esp.
of the domestic fowl. [A.S. henn, akin
to Ger. henne, Ice. heena, the fem. forms
respectively of A.S. hana, Ger. hahn.
Ice. hani, the male of birds, a cock ; orig.
the singer or crier, akin to L. cano, to
sing.]
HENBANE, hen'ban, n. a plant which is
a bane or poison to domestic fotcls : the
stinking night-shade, used in medicine
for opium.
HENCE, hens, adv., from this place or
time : in the future : from this cause or
reason : from this origin. — int. away I
begone ! [M.E. hennes. henen — A.S.
heonan, from the base of He ; Ger. hin-
nen, hin, hence ; so L. hinc, hence — hie,
this.]
HENCEFORTH, hens-forth' or hens'-,
HENCEFORWARD, hens-for'ward, adv.
from this time forth or forward.
HENCHMAN, hensh'man, n. a servant : a
page. [Usually derived from hannch-
man, cf. Fujnkey ; perh., however, from
A.S. hengest, a horse, Ger. hengst. and
man, and meaning a groom (Skeat).]
HENCOOP, hen'koop, ?(. a coop or large
cage for domestic fowls.
HENDECAGON, hen-dek'a-gon, n. a plane
figure of eleven angles and eleven sides.
[Fr. hend^cagone — Gr. hendeka, eleven,
oonia. an angle.]
HENiTCASYLLABLE. hen-dek'a-sil'a-bl,
n. a met-ical ^ine of eleven syllables. —
adj. Hendec'^syllab'ic. [Gr. hendeka,
eleven; syllabe, a .syllable.]
HENDIADYS, hen-dl'a-dis, n. a figure in
which one and the same notion is pre-
sented in tiro expressions. [Gr. Hen dia
dyoin, one thing bv means of two.]
HEN-H.VRRIER. hen'-har'i-er, n. a species
of falcon, the common harrier. See
Harrier, a hawk.l
HENNA, hen'a, n. a pigment used in the
Orient for dyeing the nails and hair. TAr.
hinna, the shrub from whose leaves it is
made.]
HENPECKED, hen'pekt. adj. weakly sub-
ject to his wife, as a cock pecked by the
hen.
HEP. hep, n. See Hip, the fruit of the
dogrose.
HEPATIC, hep-at'ik, HEPATICAL. hep-
at'ik-al, adj. pertaining to the liver :
liver-colored. [L. he2}aticns — Gr. hepar,
hepafos, the liver. ]
HEPATITIS, hep-a-ti'tis. n. inflammation
of the liver. [Gr. hepar, hepatos, the
liver.]
HEPATOSCOPY, hep-a-tos'kop-i, n. divi-
nation by inspection of the livers of
animals. [Gr. hepatoskopia — hepar,
hepatos. liver, skopeo, to inspect.]
HEPTADE, hep'tad. n, the sum or number
of seven. [Fr. — Gr. heptas, hepitados —
hepta, seven.]
HEPTAGLOT, hep'ta-glot, adj. in seven
languages. — n. a book inseven languages.
[Gr. heptaglottos — hepta, seven, glotta,
glossa, tongue, language.]
HEPTAGON, hep'ta-gon, n. a plane figure
with seven angles and seven sides. — adj.
Heptag'onal. [Gr. heptagonos, seven-
cornered — hepta, and gonia, an angle.]
HEPTAHEDRON, hep-ta-he'dron,M. a solid
figure with seven bases or sides. [Gr,
hepta. seven, hedra, a seat, a base.]
HEPTARCHY, hep'tar-ki, n. a government
by sei'en persons : the country governed
by seven : a period in the Saxon history
of England (a use of the word now disap-
proved by historians). — adj. Heptar'chic.
tGr. hepta, seven, arche, sovereignty.]
HER. her, pron. objective and possessive
case of She. — adj. belonging to a female.
[M.E. here — A.S. hire, genitive and dative
sing, of heo, she.]
HERALD, her'ald, n. in ancient times, an
officer who made public proclamations
and arranged ceremonies : in medieval
times, an officer who had charge of all
the etiquette of chivalry, keeping a reg-
ister of the genealogies and armorial
bearings of the nobles : an officer in En-
gland whose duty is to read proclama-
tions, to blazon the arms of the nobility,
etc.: a proclaimer : a forerunner. — v.t,
to introduce, as by a herald: to proclaim.
[O. Fr. heralt ; of Ger. origin, O. Ger.
hari (A.S. here, Ger. heer), an army, and
wald = tvalt, strength, sway. See Wield,
VaudJ
HERALDIC, her-al'dik. adj. of or relating
to heralds or heraldry. — adv. Hekal'dic-
ALLY.
HERALDRY, her'ald-ri, n. the art or office
of a herald: the science of recording
genealogies and blazoning coats of arms.
HERB, herb or erb, tt. a plant the stem of
which dies every year, as distinguished
from a tree or shrub which has a per-
manent stem. — adj. Herb'less. [Fr.
herbe — L. herba, akin to Gr. phorbe,
pasture — pherbo, to feed, to nourish.]
HERBACEOUS, her-ba'shus. adj. pertain-
ing to or of the nature oi herbs: (bot.)
having a soft stem that dies to the root
annually. [L. herbaceris.']
HERBAGE, herb'aj or erb'aj, ?!. green
food for cattle : pasture : herbs collec-
tively.
HERBAL, herb'al, adj. pertaining to
herbs. — n. a book containing a classifi-
HERBALIST
218
HETEROTAXY
cation and description of plants : a col-
lection of preserved plants.
HERBALIST, herb'al-ist, n. one who makes
collections of hei-bs or plants : one skilled
in plants.
HERBARIUM, her-ba'ri-um, n. a classified
collection of preserved herbs ov plants: —
pi. Herba'eiums and Herba'ria. [Low
L. — L. herha.]
flERBESCENT, her-bes'ent, adj., growing
into herbs, becoming; herbaceous. [L.
herbescens, -entis, pr.p. of herbesco, to
grow into herbs.]
HERBIVOROUS, her-biVor-us, a<JJ., eating
or living on herbaceous plants. [L. herba,
roro. to devour.]
HERBORIZATION, herb-or-i-za'shun, n.
the seeking' for plants : (rnin.) the figure
of plants.
HERBORIZE, herb'o-iiz, v.i. to search for
plants : to botanize. — v.t. to form plant-
like figures in, as in minerals. [Fr.
herboriser, for herbariser — L. herbn.J
HERCULEiiJN, her-ku'le-an, adj. extreme-
ly difficult or dangerous, such as might
have been done by Hercides, a Greek hero
famous for his strength : of extraordi-
nary strength and size.
HERD, lierd, n. a number of beasts feed-
ing- together, and watched or tended :
any collection of beasts, as distinguished
from a flock : a company of people, in
contempt: the rabble. — v.i. to run in
herds. — v.t. to tend, as a herdsman. [A.S.
heard, herd ; cognate words are found in
all the Teut. languages.]
HERD, herd, n. one who tends a herd.
[A.S. heorde, hirde, from hewdor herd,
a herd of beasts ; Ger. hirt.']
HERDSMAN, herdz'man (B., Herd'man),
n. a man employed to herd or tend cattle.]
HERE, her, adv. in this place : in the pres-
ent life or state. — Here' about, adv. about
this place. — Herf.aft'er. adv. after this,
in some future time or state. — n. a future
state. — Here and There, adv. in this
place, and then in that : thinly : irreg-
ularly.— Hereby', adv. by tliis^ — Here-
in', adv. in this. — Hereof', adv. of this.
— Heretofore', adv. before this time :
formerly. — HEREUNTO', adv. to this point
or time. — Herecpon', adv<. on this : in
consequence of this. — HEREW^TH', adv.
with this. [A.S. her ; Ger. hier, from
the demonstrative stem hi-. See Her,
and cf. Who. Where.]
HEREDITABLE, he-red'it-a-bl, adj. that
mav be inherited.
HEREDITAMENT, her-e-tlit'a-ment, n. all
property of whatever kind that maj' pass
to an heir.
HEREDITARY, he-red^-tar-i, adj. descend-
ing by inheritance : transmitted from
parents to their offspring. — adv. Heeed'-
ITARILY. [L. hereditarius — hereditas, the
state of an heir — heres, an heir.]
HEREDITY, he-red'i-ti, n. the transmission
of qualities from the parents or ancestors
to tlieir offspring.
HERESIARCH, her'e-si-ark or he-re'zi-ark,
n. a leader in heresy, a chief among here-
tics. [Gr. hairesis, heresy, and archos, a
leader — archo, to lead.]
HERESY, her'e-si, n. an opinion adopted
in opposition to the usual belief, esp. in
theology : heterodoxy. [Fr. heresie — L.
ha;resis — Gr. hairesis — haired, to take or
elK>ose.J
HERETIC, her'e-tik, w. the upholder of a
heresy. — adj. Heret'ical.— adi-. Heeet'-
ICAIXY. [Gr. liairetikos, able to choose,
heretical. I
HEREBY, HEREUNTO, HEREWITH, etc.
See under Here.
HERIOT. her'i-ot. n. a tribute of )H?(Jwh'oj!s
of irar anciently given to the lord of the
manor on the decease of a tenant: a duty
paid to the lord of the manor on the de-
cease of a tenant. [A.S. heregeatu, a
military preparation — here, an army,
geatwe. apparatus.]
HERITABLE, her'it-abl, adj. that may be
inherited. — Heritable Property (Scotch
law) real property, as opposed to movable
property, or chattels.— Heritable Seclt?-
ITY, same as English mortgage. [O. Fr.
heritable, hereditable — Low L. heredita-
bilis — L. hereditas.]
HERITAGE, her'it-aj, n. that which is in-
herited : (B.) the children (of God). [Fr.
— Low L. heritagium, hoereditagium — L.
hereditas.]
HERITOR, her'it-or, n. (in Scotland) a
landholder in a parish. [Low L. herita-
tor, for hcei-editator — L. hereditas.}
HERMAPHRODISM, lier- maf ' ro5 - izm,
HERMAPHRODITISM, her-maf'rod-it-
izm. n. the union of the two sexes in one
body.
HERMAPHRODITE, her-maf'rod-it, n. an
animal or a plant in which the two sexes
are united: an abnormal individual in
whom ai-e united the properties of both
sexes. — adj. uniting the distinctions of
both sexes. [L. — Gr. Hermaphrod^ios,
the son of Bermes and Aphrodite, who,
when batiiing, grew together ^Wth the
nymph Salmacis into one person.]
HERMAPHRODITIC, her- maf - rod - it'ik,
HERMAPHRODITICAL, her-maf-rod-it'-
ik-al, adj. pertaining to a hermaphrodite:
partaking- of both sexes.
HERMENEUTIC, her-me-nu'tik, HERME-
NEUTICAL. her-me-nu'tik-al. adj., inter-
preting: explanatory. — adv. Hermeneu'-
TiCAJXT. — n. sing. Hermeneu'tics, the
science of interpretation, esp. of the
Scriptures. [Gr. hermeneutikos — herme-
neiis. an interpreter, from Hermes. Mer-
curv, the god of art and eloquence.]
HERMETIC, her-met'ik, HERMETICAL,
her-met'ik-al, adj. belonging in any way
to the beliefs current in the middle ages
under the name of Hermes, the Thrice
Great : belonging to magic or alchemy,
magical : perfectly close. — adv. Hermet'-
ICALLY.— HEEMEt'iCALLY SEALED, closed
completely, said of a glass vessel, the
opening of which is closed by melting the
glass. [From Hermes Trismegistns,a.t^r-
mes " the thrice-greatest," the Gr. name
for the Egyptian god Thoth, who was
god of science, esp. alchemy, and whose
magic seal was held by medieval alchem-
ists to make vessels and treasures inac-
cessible.]
HERMIT, her'mit, n. one who retires from
society and lives in solitude or in the
desert. [M.E. eremite, through Fr. and
L. from Gr. eremites — eremos, solitary,
desert.]
HERMITAGE, her'mit-aj, n. the dwelling
of a hennit : a retired abode : a kind of
■wine, so called from Hermitage, a dis-
trict of France.
HERN. Same as Heeon.
HERNIA, her'ni-a, n. a rupture, esp. of
the abdomen. — adj. Her'nl\L. [L.]
HERO, he'ro, n. (orig.) a varrior, a demi-
god : a man of distinguished braveiy :
any illustrious person : tlie principal fig-
ure in any history or work of fiction : —
fern. Heroine, h'er'o-in. [Thi-ough Fr.
and L. from Gr. herds; akin to L. vir,
A.S. v:er, a man. Sans, viru, a hero.]
HERODIANS, lie-ro'di-ans. n.pl. a party
among the Jews, taking their name from
Herod, as being his especial partisans.
HEROIChe-ro'ik, HEROICAL, he-ro'ik-al,
adj. becoming a hero : courageous : il-
lustrious : designating the style of verse
in wliich the exploits of heroes are cele-
brated.— «. a heroic verse. — adv. Heeo'-
ICALLY.l
HEROI-COJIIC, her'o-i-kom'ik, HEROI-
COMICAL, her'o-i-kom'ik-al, adj. consist-
ing of a mixture of heroic and coviic;
designating the high burlesque.
HEROISM, her'o-izm. ri. the qualities of
hero .- courage : boldness.
HERON, her un, n. a large screamingi
water-fowl, with long legs and neck. — n,\
Her'oney, a place where herons breed.
[Fr. — O. Ger. heigro, cog. with A.S.,
hriigra. Ice. hegri, all imitative of ita.
croak.]
HERONSHAW, her'un-shaw, 71. a yoiing^
heron. [Properly, heronseive (ety. un-
known), which was confounded with the
old form hernshaw, a heronry, from
Heron, and .shau; a wood.]
HERO-WORSHIP, he'ro-wur'ship, n. the
frorship of heroes : excessive admiration
of great men.
HERPES, her'pez, n. a kind of skin dis-
ease. [So called from its creeping over
the skin, from Gr. herpes, herpo, to
creep.]
HERPETON, her'pet-on, n. a genus of
non-venomous serpents of Southern
Asia, allied to Eryx, and characterized
by two soft flexible prominences covered
with scales which are appended to the
muzzle. Written also Eepeton. [Gr.,
a reptile.]
HERRING, her'ing, n. a common small
sea-fish found moving in great shoals or
vndtitvdes. [A.S. hoering (Ger. hiiring)
— here (Ger. heer), an army or multitude;
or perh. corr. from L. halec, fish-pickle.]
HERS, herz, pron. possessive of She.
HERSE. Same as Hearse.
HERSELF, her-self, j)j-0)i. the emphatic
form of She in the nominative or ob-
jective case : in her real character : liav
ing the command of her faculties : sane
[Her and Self. ]
HESITANCY, hez'i-tan-si, HESITATION
hez-i-ta'shun, ?i. wavering : doubt : stam-
mering.
HESITATE, hez'i-tat, v.i. to stop in mak-
ing a decision : to be in doubt : to stam-
mer.— adv. Hes'itatingly. [L. hcesito,
hcesitatvm, freq. of hcereo, ncesum, to
stick, adhere.]
HESPER, hes'per, HESPERUS, hes'per-us,
n. the evening-sta.1' or Venus. [L. and Gr.
hesperos, evening, also L. i'espe?"J
HESPERIAN, hes-pe'ri-an, adj. of Hesperus
or the west.
HETEROCERCAL, het-er-o-ser'kal, adj.
having- the upper fork of the tail differ-
ent from or longer than the lower, as the
shark : opposed to Homocercal. [Gr.
heteros, different from, and kei'kos, the
tail.]
HETEROCLITE, Iiet'er-o-klTt, HETERO-
CLITIC, het-er-o-klit'ik, HETEROCLIT-
ICAL, het-er-o-klit'ik-al, af(/'., irreqnlnrly
inflected: irregular. [Gr. heteroklitos —
heteros, other, and klitos, inflected—
klino. to inflect.]
HETEROCLITE, het'er-o-klit, n. (gram.) a
word irregularly inflected : anything ir-
regular.
HETERODOX, her'er-o-doks, adj. holding
an opinion other or difierent from the
established one, esp. in theology : hereti
cal. [Gr. heterodoxos — heteros. other
do.ra. an opinion — dokeo. to think.]
HETERODOXY, liet'er-o-doks-i, n. heresy.
HETEROGENEOUS, het - er - o - jen'e - us
HETEROGENEAL, het-er-o-ien'e-al, adj.
of another race or kind: dissimilar: —
opposed to HoMOGENEOrs.— odr. Heter-
ogen'eously. — ns. Heterogene'ity,
Heterogen'eocsness. [Gr. heferogeiies
— hrfrrox. other, genos, a kind.]
HETEROTAXY. het-ei-o-taks'i, n. arrange-
ment different from that existing in a
normal form or type : confused, abnor-
HETMAN
219
HIGH-SOUNDING
mal, or heterogeneous arrangement or
structure. [Gr. heteros, diflfei-ent, and
ta.vis, arrangement.]
HETStAN, het'man, n. the chief or general
of the Cossacks. [Russ.]
HEW, hu, v.i. to cut ■with any sharp in-
strument : to cut in pieces : to shape : —
pa.j). hewed' or hewn. [A.S. heairan ;
Ger. hatten.]
HEWER, liu'er, n. one who hews.
HEXAGON, helvs'a-gon, n. a plane figure
with sisc angles and sides. — adj. Hkxag'-
ONAL. —adr. Hexag'onallt. TGr. hexa-
gonon — he.v. six, gonia, an angle.]
HEXAHEDRON, heks-a-he'dron. n. a cube,
a regular solid with six sides or faces,
each of these being a square. — adj. Hex-
ahe'dral. [Gr. hex, six, hed-ra, a base.]
HEXAMETER, heks-am'et-er, n. a verse of
SIX measures or feet. — adj. having six
metrical feet. [L. — Gr. hex, six, metron,
a measure.]
HEXAPLA, neks'a-pla, n. an edition of the
Scriptures in six different versions, esp.
that prepared hy Origen of Alexandria.
— adj. Hex'aplae. [Gt. hexanloris, six-
fold.]
HEXAPOD, heks'a-pod. n. an animal Tvith
six feet. [Gr. hexapous, -podos — hex, six,
poiis, a foot.]
HEXASTICH, heks'a-stik, n. a poem of
sue lines or verses. [Gr. hexastiehos —
h&v. six. stichos, a line.]
HEXASTYLE. heks'a-stll, n. a building
with six pillars. [Gr. }iekastylos — Jiex,
six, stylos, a pillar.]
HEXATEUCH, heks'a-tuk, ?;. the first six
books of the Old Testament. [Gr. hex,
six, and teuchos, a book.]
HEY. ha, int. expressive of joy or interro-
gation. [^From the sound, like Ger. hei.]
HEYDAY, ha'da, int. expressive of frolic,
exultation, or wonder. [Ger. heida, or
Dut. hei daar, (Ger.) da, (Dut.) daar =•
HEY'DAY, ha'da, w. the wild gaiety of
youth. [For highday: M.E. hey-day.]
HEY-GO-MAD, ha'-go-mad, a colloquial
expression imjjlj-ing an intense or ex-
treme degree, boundlessness, absence of
restraint, or the like. "Awav they go
cluttering like hey-go-mad." — Sterne.
HEY-PAS8, ha'-pas, n. an interjectional
expression used by jugglers during the
f)erformance of their feats, and eqiziva-
ent to change or disappear suddenlj- !
"You wanted but hey-pass to have made
your transition like a m3'stical man of
Sturbridge. But for all your sleight of
hand, our just exceptions against liturgy
are not vanished." — Milton.
HIATUS, hl-a'tus, n. a gaj) : an opening :
a defect : (gram.) a concurrence of vowel
sounds in two successive syllables. [L.,
from Mo. to gape ; Gr. ehaino, to gape ;
from root cha, the sound produced by
gaping.]
HIBERNAL, hl-ber'nal, adj. belonging to
winter: wintry. [Fr. — L. hibernatis —
hiems, Gr. cheima, winter, Sans, hima,
.snow.]
HIBERNATE, hi'ber-nat, v.i. to winter :
to pass the winter in sleep or torpor. — n.
Hiberna'tion, the state of torpor in
which many animals pass the winter.
[L. hiberno, hibematum — hiberna, win-
ter-quarters.]
HIBERNIAN. liT-ber'ni-an, adj. relating to
Hibernia or Ireland. — n. an Irishman.
[From L. Hibernia, Gr. louemia, Ire-
land.]
HIBERNIANISM. hl-ber'ni-an-izm. HI-
BERNICISM, hi-ber'ni-sizm, n. an Irish
idioMi or poculiaritv.
HICCOUGH. HICCUP, HICKUP. hik'up.
n. a sudden and involuntary' kind of
cough. — v.i. to have a cough of this
kind -.^ir.p. hiccoughing (hik'up-ing) ;
])a.p. hiccoughed (hik'upt). [Imitative ;
there are similar words in many lan-
guages, as Dut. hik, Dan. hikke, Bret.
hik.]
HICKORY', hik'or-i, n. the name of several
American nut-bearing trees. [Ety. un-
known.]
HID, HIDDEN. See Hide.
HID AT, GO, hi-dal'go, n. a Spanish noble-
man of the lowest class. [Sp. liijo de
algo, the sou of something, i.e., of a good
house, and without mixture of Moorish
or Jewish blood.]
HIDDEN, liid'u, adj. concealed : unknown.
HIDE, hid, v.t. to conceal : to keep in
safety. — v.i. to lie concealed i—pa-t. hid ;
pa.p. hidd'en, hid. [A.S. hydan, to hide ;
allied to Gr. keutho, and perh. to L.
custos (^ cvd-tos), a protector.]
HIDE, hid, n. the gkiti' of an animal. — v.t.
to flog or whip. [A.S. hyd ; Ger. haul,
allied to L. cutis, Gr. sktitos.']
HIDE, hid, n. an old measure of land vary-
ing from 60 to 130 acres. [A.S. hid, con-
tracted for hlgid=hiwisc, both words
meaning as much land as could support
a famil}', and so conn, with A.S. hiwan,
domestics. See Hive.]
HIDEBOUND, hid'bownd, adj. havmg the
hide closely bound to the bodj', as in ani-
mals: in trees, having' the bai'k so close
that it impedes the growth.
HIDEOUS, hid'e-us, adj. frightful: hor-
rible : ghastlj'. — adv. Hid'eously. — n.
Hid'eocsness! [Fr. hideux—O. Fr. hide,
hisde, dread ; perh. from L. hispidus,
rough, rude.]
HIDENG, hid'ing, n. a place of conceal-
ment.
HIDING, hid'ing. n. a flogging, thrashing,
or beating. '• I wasn't going to shed the
beggar's blood ; I was only going to give
him a hiding for his unpudence."— ^C
Reade.
HIE, hi, v.i. to hasten : — pr.pi. hie'ing ;
2M.p. hied'. [A.S. higian, to hasten.]
HIERARCH, hrer-ark, n. a ruler in sacred
matters. — adj. Hi'eeaechal. [Gr. hier-
arches — hieros, sacred, archo, to rule.]
HIERAPCHY, hl'er-ark-i, n., rule in sacred
matters : persons that so rule : the body
of the clergy : a government by priests.
■—adj. HrF.BARCH'lCAI..
HIERATIC, hl-er-at'ik, adj., sacred: re-
lating to piiests. [L. hieratieus — Gr.
hieratikos ]
HIEROGLY'PH, hI'er-0-glif, HIERO-
GLYPHIC, lii-er-o-glil'ik, n. the sacred
characters of the ancient Egyptian lan-
guage: picture-writing, or writing in
which figures of objects are employed
instead of conventional signs, like the
alphabet : any symbohcal figure. — adjs.
HXEaOGLYPH'lC, filEROGLYPH'lCAL. — adl\
Hieroglyph ' ic a i .t , y . [Gr. hieroglyvhi-
kon — hieros, sacred, glypho, to carve.]
HIEROGLY'PHIST, hl-er-o-gUf'ist, n. one
skilled in reading h ieroglyphies.
HIEROGRAPHIC, hl-er-o-grafik, HIERO-
GRAPHICAL, hl-er-o-^raf'ik-al. adj. per-
taining' to sacred, writing. [Gr. Iiievo-
graphikos — hieros, sacred, axiAgraphikos,
from graphu, to write.]
HIEROLOGY. lu-er-ol'o-ji, n. the science
which ttTeats of sacred matters, especiallj'
sacred writing and uiscriptions. [Gr.
hierologia — hieros, sacred, and logos, a
discourse or treatise.]
HIEROPHANT, hi'er-o-fant, n. one who
shows or reveals sacred things : a priest.
[Gr. hierophantes—hieros, saucreA, phaino,
to show.]
HIGGLE, hig^l, v.i. to haick about provis-
ions for sale: to make difficulty in bargain-
ing : to chaffer. — n. Hiog'ler. [A form
of Haggle, and Hawk, to sell.]
HIGH, hi, adj. elevated : lofty : tall : emi-
nent in anj-thing : exalted in rank :
dignified : chief : noble : ostentatious :
arrogant : proud : strong : po'werful :
angry : loud : violent : tempestuous : ex-
cellent : far advanced : difficult : dear :
remote in time. — High wine, the strong
spirit obtained by the redistillation of
the low wines, or a strong alcoholic
product obtained by rectification. — adv
aloft : eminently : powerfully : profound-
ly.— adv. High'ly. [A.S. heah : Goth.
hauhs. Ice. har, Ger. Iwch.]
HIGH- ADMIRAL, hi'-ad'mi-ral, n. a high
or chief admiral of a fleet.
HIGH-ALTAR, hi'-awl'tar, n. the princi-
jial altar in a church.
HIGH-BAILIFF, hi'-bal'if, n. an English
officer who sei"ves writs, etc., in certain
franchises, exempt from the ordinary
supervision of the sheriff.
HIGH-BORN, lu'-bawrn, adj. of high or
noble birth.
HIGH-BRED, hi'-bred, adj. of high or
noble breed, training, or family.
HIGH-CHURCH, hl'-church, ii. a party
within the Church of England, who exalt
the authority and jurisdiction of the
church, and attach great importance to
ecclesiastical dignities, ordinances, and
ceremonies. — 7is. High'-chcrch'man,
High'-chuech'ism.
HIGH-COLORED, hi'-kul'urd, adj. having
a strong or glaring color.
HIGH-DAY^, hi'-da, n. a holiday: (B.)
broad daylight.
HIGH-FED, hi'-fed, adj., fedhighly or hrx-
uriouslv: pampered. — n. High'-feed'ING.
HIGHFLIER, hi'fll-er, n. one who flies high,
or runs into extravagance of opinion or
action. — adj. High'-FLY'ing.
HIGH-FLOWN, hl'-flon, adj. extravagant
elevated : turg'id.
HIGH-HANDED, hi'-hand'ed, adj. over
bearing : violent.
HIGH-HEARTED, hi'-hart'ed, adj with
the lieart high or full of courage.
HIGHLAND, hl'land, ii. a mountainous
district.
HIGHLANDER, hi'land-er, n. an inhabi-
tant of a mountainous region ; specifi-
callv. in Scotland.
HIGH-MASS, hi'-mas, n. in the R. Cath. Ch.
the mass which is read before the high-
altai- on Sundays, feast-days, and great
occasions.
HIGH-MINDED, hi'-mlnd'ed, aclj. ha\'ing
a high, proud, or arrogant mind : having
honorable pride : magnanimous. — »j.
High'-mind'kdness.
HIGHNESS, hi'nes, n. the state of being
high : dignity of rank : a title of honor
g'iven to princes.
HIGH-PLACE, hl'-plils, )i. (B.) an eminence
on wliich unlawful worship was per-
formed bv the Jews.
HIGH-PRESSURE, hi'-presh'ur, adj. ap-
plied to a steam-engine in which tht
steam is raised to a high temperature, so
that the pi-essure may exceed that of the
atmosphere.
HIGH-PRIEST, hi'-prest, n. a chief -priest,
under the Mosaic dispensation.
HIGH-PRINCIPLED, hi'-prin si-pld, adj.
of high, noble, or sU-ict principle.
HIGH-PROOF, hl'-proof, adj., jiroved to
contain much alcohol : highly I'ectified.
HIGH-ROAD, hi'-rod, n. one of the public
or chief roads.
HIGH-SEASONED, hl'-se'znd, adj. made
rich or piquant with spices or other sea-
soning.
HIGH-.SOULED, hi'-sold, aclj. ha-ring a
high or loft V sow? or spirit.
HIGH-SOUNbiNG, hi- .sownd'ing, aclj.
pompous : ostento ';ious.
HIGH-SPIRITED
220
HISTRIONICISM
HIGH-SPIRITED, hi'-spir'it-ed, adj. hav-
ing a high spirit or natural fire : bold :
daring- : irascible.
HIGHT, hit, a pass, verb, used in the third
pers. sing-., he was oris called or named.
\A..S.hatan, to be called — hatan, to call ;
Ger. heissen.']
HIGH-TASTED, hi'-tast'ed, od/. hainng a
strong piquant taste or relish.
tnGH-TREASON, hi'-tre'zn, n. treason
against the sovereign or state, being- the
higliest civil offence.
HIGH- WATER. hi'-waVter, n. the time
at which the tide is highest : the greatest
elevation of the tide.
HIGHWAY, hi'wa, n. a high or public way
or road.
HIGHWATMAN, hl'wa-nian, n. a robber
who attacks people on the public tvay.
HIGH-WROUGHT, hi'-rawt, adj. wrougJit
with exquisite skill : highly finished.
HILARIOUS, hi-la'ri-us, adj. gay : very
merry. [L. hilaris — Gr. hilaros — hilaos,
kindly, gay, cheerful.]
HILAlilTY, hi-lar'i-ti, n. gaiety : pleasura-
ble excitement.
HILARY, hil'ar-i, adj. the name applied
to one of the four terms of tlie law-
courts of England, from 11th to 31st
January, so called fronn St. Hilary,
whose festival is Jan. 13.
HILL, hil, n. a high mass of land, less
than a mountain. [A.S. hyl! ; aOied to
L. collis, a hill, and root eel in celsus,
high, Gr. kolonos, a hill.]
HILLOCK, hil'uk, n. a small hill.
HILLY, hil'i, adj. full of hills.— n. Hn.T/-
LNESS.
HILT, hilt, n. the handle, esp. of a sword.
[A.S. hilt; Dut. hilte, O. G«r. helza ; not
conn, with HOLD.]
flILTED, hilt'ed, adj. having a hilt.
HIM, liim, pron. the objective case of He.
[A.S. he, dative him, ace. hine.'\
HIMSELF, him-self, pron. the emphatic
and reflective form of He and Hem ; it
also expresses the proper character or
state of mind of a person.
HIN, bin, n. a Hebrew liquid measure,
containing about 6 quarts. [Heb.]
HIND, hind, n. the female of the stag.
[A.S. hind ; (Jer. hinde, hindin, O. Ger.
hinda. hinia.]
HIND, hind, n. a farm-servant, a plough-
man, a peasant. [Lit. a domestic, from
A.S. hina, hiwan, domestics — hiiv, a
house. See HiVE.]
HIND, hind, adj. placed in the rear : per-
taining to the part behind : backward :
opposed to Fore. [A.S. hindan, from
the base hi, seen also in He, Hence, and
Hither.]
HINDER, hind'er, adj. comparative of
Hind, but used in the same signiflca-
tions.
HINDER, hin'der, v.t. to put or keep be-
hind: to stop, or prevent progress: to
embarrass. — v.i. to raise obstacles. [A.S.
hiyidrian ; G«r. hindern ; from HIND,
HINDERANCE,hin'der-ans,HlNDRANCE,
hin'drans, n. act of hindering: that wliich
hinders: obstacle.
aiNDERMOST, hind'er-most, HUSTDMOST,
hind'most, adj. superlative of Hind ;
lurtbest behind. [For -most, see After-
most and Foremost.]
ftlNDI, hin'de, n. one of the languages of
Arvan stock now spoken in North India.
[Pers. Hind, " India."]
HINDLEG, hind'leg, n. one of the back or
posterior legs of anything ; cis, the hiyid-
leg of a horse, of a chair, or the like.
HINDOOSTANEE. See Hindustani.
HINDRANCE. See Hinderance.
HINDU HINDOO, Mn'doc, n. a native ot
Hindustan : now r lore properly applied
to native Indian believers in Brahman-
ism, as opp. to Mohammedans, etc. [Lit.
a dweller on the banks of the river
Sindhu, Sans, for Indus.]
HINDUISM, HINDOOISM, hin'do5-izm, n.
the religion and customs of the Hindus.
HINDUSTANI, hin-doo-stan'e, n. a dialect
of Hindi, also called Urdu (" language of
the camp," Turk, urdu or ordu, " camp "'),
being likewise the chief official and com-
mercial language of India.
HINGE, hinj, n. thehook or joint on which
a door or lid hangs: that on which any-
thing depends or turns. — v.t. to furnish
with hinges : to bend. — v.i. to hang or
turn as on a hinge : — pr.p. hing'ing; pa.p.
hinged'. [M. E. henge, from M. E. heiP-
gen. to hang, which, according to Skeat,
is of Scand. origin, as in Ice. henja, to
hang, but cog. with A.S. hangian.]
HINNY, hin'i, n. the produce of a stallion
and a she-ass. [L. hinnus — Gr. hinnos,
ginnos, a mule.]
HINT, hint, n. a distant allusion : slight
mention: insinuation. — v.t. to bring to
mind by a slight mention or remote al-
lusion : to allude to. — v.i. to make an
indirect or remote allusion : to allude.
[Lit. a thing taken, from A.S. hentan, to
seize, and so allied to hunt and hand.']
HIP, hip, n. the haunch or fleshy part of
the thigh. — v.t. to sprain the hip : — pr.p.
hipp'ing ; pa.p. hipped'. [A.S. hype ;
Goth. hnps. Ger. hi(,fte.'\
HIP, hip, HEP, hep, n. the fruit of the
wild brier or dogrose. [M.E. hepe ; from
A.S. heope.']
HIPPIATRIC, hip-pi-at'rik, adj. i)ertaining
or relating to farriery or veterinary sur-
gery : veterinary.
HIPPIATRY, hip''pi-at-ri, n. the art of
curing diseases of the horse : veterinary
surgery. [Gr. hippos, a horse, and iatros,
a physician.]
HIPPISH.hip'ish.ad/. somewhat hypochon-
driac. [A familiar corr. of Hypochon-
driac]
HIPPOCAMPUS, hip'o-kam-pus, n. a genus
of fishes with head and neck somewhat
like those of a horse, and a long, tapering
tail which they can tinst round anything.
[Gr. h ippokampos — hippos, a horse, kam-
pe, a turningj
HIPPOCENTAUR, hip-o-sent'awr> n. same
as Centaur. [Gr. hippos, a horse, and
Centaur.]
HIPPODROME, hip'o-drom, n. a race-
coiirse for horses and chariots : an eques-
trian circus. [Gr. hippodromes — hippos,
a horse, dromos, a course.]
HIPPOGRIFP, hip'o-grif, n. a fabulous
winged animal, half horse and half grif-
Jin. [Fr. hippogriffe — Gr. hippos, a horse,
and gryps, a griffin.]
HIPPOPATHO'LOGY, hip-o-pa-thol'o-ji, n.
the pathology of the horse : the science
of veterinary medicine. [Gr. hippos, a
horse, and Pathology.]
HIPPOPHAGOUS, hip-pof'a-gus, adj.,
horse-eating. [Gr. hippos, a horse, and
phago, to eat.]
HIPPOPHAGY, hip-pofarji, n. the act or
practice of feeding on /loj'se-flesh. — n.
HIPPOPH' AGIST.
HIPPOPOTAilUS, hip-o-pot'a-mus, n. the
river-horse — an African quadruped, one
of the largest existing, of aquatic habits,
having a very thick skin, short legs, and
a large head and muzzle. [L. — Gr. hippo-
potamos — hippos, and potamos, a river.]
HIPPURIC, hip-u'rik. adj. denoting an acid
obtained from the urine of horses. [Fr.
hippurique — Gr. hippos, a horse, and
miron, urine.]
HIRCINE. hersin, adj. pertaining to or
resembling a goat : liaving a strong,
rank smell Uke a goat : goatish. "Goat-
like in aspect, and very hircine in many .
of its habits, the cliamois is often sup-
posed to belong to the goats rather than
to the antelopes." — J. G. Tl'ood. "The
landlady . . . pulled a hircine man or two
hither, and pushed a hircine man or two
thither, with the impassive countenance ]
of a housewife moving her furniture."
C. Reade. [L. hircus, a goat.]
HIRE, hir, n., u-ages for service : the price I
paid for the use of anything. — v.t. to pro-
cure the use or services of, at a price : to
engage for wages : to let for compensa-
tion : to bribe. — n. HiR'EH. [A.S. Iiyr,
wages, hyrian, to hire ; Ger. heuer, Dut.
huur, Dan. hyre.]
HIRELING, hir'ling, n. a hired servant : a
mercenary : a prostitute. [A.S. hyrling.]
HIRES, hirz (B.), n. plural of Hire, not
now used.
HIRSUTE, hir-sut', adj., hairy: rough:
shaggy : (bot.) having long, stiffish hairs,
[L. liirsutus — hirsus,hirtus, rough, hairy,
shaggy.]
HIRUNDINE, hi-run'din, adj. pertaining
to or resembling a swallow. " Activity
almost snfer-hirundine." — Carlyle.
HIS, hiz, pron. possessive form of He:
(B.) used for its. [A.S. his, possessive ol
he, and orig. of it.]
HISPID, his'pid, adj. (bot.) rough with or
having strong hairs or bristles. [L. his-
pidus.]
HISS, his, v.i. to make a sound like the
letter s, as the goose, serpent, etc. : to
express contempt, etc., by hissing. — v.t.
to condemn by hissing. [A.S. hysian;
formed from the sound.]
HISS, his, n. the sound of the letter s, an
expression of disapprobation, contempt,
etc.
HISSING, his'ing, n. the noise of a hiss :
object of hissing : object or occasion ol
contempt.
HIST, hist, int. demanding silence and at-
tention : hush! silence ! [Formed from
the sound.]
HISTOLOGY, his-tol'o-ji, n. the science
which treats of the minute structure of
animal and vegetable tissue. [Gr. histos,
beam of a loom, web, texture — hisfemi,
to make to stand (the beam in the Gr.
loom was upright), and logos, a dis-
course.]
HISTORIAN, his-to'ri-an, w. a u-riter ol
history.
HISTORIC, his-tor'ik, HISTORICAL, his-
tor'ik-al, adj. pertaining to history : con-
taining history : derived from history. —
adv. Histor'ically.
HISTORIETTE, his-tor-i-et', n. a short his-
torj- or story. [Fr.]
HISTORIOGRAPHER, his-to-ri-og'ra-fer,
n. a tcriter ot history: a professed or
official historian.
HISTORIOGRAPHY, his-to-ri-og'ra-fi, n.
the art or employment of tvriting his-
tory. [Gr. historiographia — historia, and
graph o, to write.]
HISTORY, his'to-n, n. an account of an
event : a systematic account of the origin
and progress of a nation : the knowledge
of facts, events, etc. [L. and Gr. historia
— Gr. historeo, to learn by inquiry — his
tor, knowing, learned, from the root id-,
in eidenai, to know, which is found alsc
in L. videre. Sans, rid, E. jrit.]
HISTRIONIC, his-tri-on'ik, HISTRIONIC
AT., his-tri-on'ik-al. adj. relating to the
stage or stage-players : befitting a thea-
tre.— adv. Histrion'ically. [L. histri-
aniens — histrio, Etruscan, primary form
hister. a player.J
HISTRIONICISM, his-tri-on'i-sizm. n. the-
atrical, stilted, or artificial manners or
deportment : histrionism. W. Black.
HISTRIONISM
221
HOLETHNIC
HISTRIONISM, his'tn-o-nizm, n. the acts
or practice of stage-playing, or of panto-
mime.
HIT. hit, v.t. to light on that which is aimed
at : to touch or strike : to reach: to suit.
— v.i. to come in contact: to chance luclv-
ily: to succeed:— j>r .p. hitt'ing ;pa.^ and
p'a.p. hit. — n. Httt'er. [Ice. hitta, tohght
on, to find; perh. allied to L. cado, to fall.]
HIT, hit, n. a lighting upon: a lucky chance:
a stroke: a happy turn of thought or
expression.
aiTCH, hicb, v.i. to move by jerks, as if
caught by a hook: to be caught by a hook:
to be caught or fall into. — v.t. to hook: to
catch. — n. a jerk : a catch or anything
that holds : an obstacle : a sudden halt :
(naut.) a knot or noose. [Ety. dub.]
HITHER, hi^ft'er, adv., to this jyl^'^ce. —
adj. toward the speaker : nearer. [A.S.
hither, hider, from the Teut. base 7m and
affix -ter, as in Af-ter.Whe-ther; Goth.
hidre. Ice, hedhra. See He.]
HTTHERMOST, hiWer-most, adj. nearest
on this side.
HITHERTO, hith'er-tHQ, adiu, to this place
or time : as yet.
HITHERWARD, hiffe'er-ward, adv., tow-
ards this place.
HIVE, htv, n. a swarm of bees in a box or
basket : the habitation of bees : any busy
company. — v.t. to collect into a hive : to
laj' up in store. — v.i. to take shelter to-
gether : to reside in a body. — n. HiVer.
[Lit. a house or family, from A.S. hiw, a
house, hiwan, domestics ; conn, with
Goth, heiv. Ice. hiu, family.]
HO, HOA, ho, int. a call to" excite atten-
tion : hold I stop 1 [Formed from the
sound.]
;30AR. nor, adj., white or g:rayish-white,
esp. with age or frost. — n.' hoariness.
[A.S. Jmr, hoary, gray ; Ice. harr.]
HOARD, hord, 7i." a store : a hidden stock :
a treasure. — v.t. to store : to amass and
deposit in secret. — v.i. to store up : to
collect and form a board. — n. Hoaed'er.
[A.S. hord ; Ice. hodd, Gter. hort ; from
the same root as house.']
HOARD, hord, HOARDING, hSrd'ing, n. a
hurdle or fence inclosing a house and
materials while builders are at work.
[O. Fr. horde : Dut. horde, a hurdle ;
same root as Hordle.]
HOAR-FROST, hoi-'-frost. ?!., white frost:
the white particles formed by the freez-
ing of dew.
HOAR HOUND, HOREHOUND, hor*-
hownd, n. a plant of a whitish or downy
appearance, used as a tonic. [M. B. hore-
hune — A.S. harhune, from har, hoar or
white, and hune (ace. to Skeat, meaning
"strong-scented"); cf. L. cunila, Gr.
konile. wild marjoram.]
HOARSE, liors, adj. having a harsh, grat-
ing voice, as from a cold : harsh : dis-
cordant.— adv. Hoarse'ly. — n. Hoaese'-
NESS. [A.S. has : Ice. hass, Dut. heesch,
Qer. heiser, lioarse.]
HOARSEN, hors'n, v.t. or v.i. to make or
to grow hoarst'. " I shall be obliged to
hoarsen my voice and roughen my char-
acter."— Richardson. "The last words
had a perceptible irony in their hoars-
ened tone." — Oeorge Eliot.
30ARY, hor*!, adj., white or gray with
age : (bot.) covered with short, dense,
whitish hairs. — n. Hoak'iness. [See
HOAE.l
HOAX. n5ks, n. a deceptive trick : a prac-
tical joke. — v.t. to deceive: to play a
trick upon for sport, or without malice.
— n. Hoax'er. [Corr. of hocus. See
Hocus-pocus.]
HOB, hob, 7!. the projecting nave of a
wheel : the flat part of a grate, orig. the
raised stones between which the embers
were confined. [Ger. hub, a heaving ;
W. hob, a projection. See Hotip.]
HOB, liob, n. a clownish fellow : a rustic :
a fairy. [A corr. of Robin, which again
is a Fr. corr. of Robert.]
HOBBLE, hoba, v.i. to walk with a limp :
to walk awkwardly : to move u-regularly.
— v.t. to fasten loosely the legs of. — n. an
awkward, limping gait : a difficulty. — n.
Hobb'ler. — adv. Hobb'ltnglt. [Freq. of
Hop.]
HOBBLEDEHOY, hobl-de-hoi', m. a strip-
ling : neither man nor boj-. [Ety. un-
known.]
HOBBY, hob'i, HOBBY-HORSE, hob'i-
hors, 71. a strong, active horse : a pacing
horse : a stick or figure of a horse on
which boys ride : a subject on which one
is constantly setting off : a favorite pur-
suit. [O. Fr. hobin, Dan. hoppe, a mare ;
cog. with Hop.]
HOBBY, hob'i, n. a small species of falcon.
[O. Fr. hobereaii.]
HOBGOBLIN, hob-goblin, n. a fairy : a
frightful apparition. [HOB, Robin, and
GoblinJ
HOBNAIL, hob'n.al, n. a nail with a thick,
strong head, used in the shoes of horses,
and sometimes of men : a clownish fel-
low, so called from the hobnails in his
shoes. — adj. Hob'nailed. [From HoB, a
projecting head.]
lOF ■ ■ • ■
HOBNOB, hob'nob, adv., have or not have,
a familiar invitation to drink. [A.S.
habban, to have, and nabban, not to
have.]
HOCK, hok, n. and v. see HouGH.
HOCK, hok, n. properly, the wine pro-
duced at Hochheim, in Germany; now
applied to all white Rhine wines.
HOCKEY, hok'i, HOOKEY, hook*!, n, a
game at ball played with a club or
hooked stick.
HOCKLE, hokl, v.t. to hamstring. [See
HoughJ
HOCUS-POCUS, ho'kus-poTnis, n. a jug-
gler : a juggler's trick. — v.t. (also To Ho-
cus) to cheat :—pr.p. ho'cussing ; pa.p.
ho'cussed. ['The meaningless gibbensh of
a juggler ; Ihere is no ground for the
ordinary etymologies.]
HOD, hod, n. a kind of trough borne on
the shoulder, for carrjdng bricks and
mortar. [Fr. hotte, a basket carried on
the back ; of Teut. origin, and prob. cog.
withE.HuT.]^
HODDENGRAY, hodn'gra, n. coarse cloth
made of undyed wooL [Said to be from
HoiDEN and Gray.]
HODGEPODGE, hoj'poj, n. see Hotch-
potch.
HODMAN, hod'man, n. a man who carries
a hod : a mason's laborer.
HODOMETER, ho-dom'e-ter, n. an instru-
ment attached to the axle of a vehicle to
register the revolutions of the wheels.
[Gr. Iiodos, a way, and metron, a meas-
ure.]
HOE, ho, n. an Instrument for hewing or
digging up weeds, and loosening the
earth. — v.t. to cut or clean with a hoe :
to weed. — v.i. to use a hoe : — pr.p. hoe'-
ing ; pa.p. hoed'.— n. Ho'er. [Fr. houe
— O. Ger. hoitwa (Ger. haue), a hoe, from
O. Ger. houtvan, to strike, E. Hew.]
HOG, hog, n. a general name for swine : a
castrated boar : a pig. — v.t. to cut short
the hair of:— pr.p. hogg'ing ; iw.p.
hogged'. [W. hwch ; Bret, hoc'h, houek,
swine — houd'ha, to grunt.]
HOGGEREL, hog'er-el (in Scot. HOGG), n.
a young sheep of the second year. [Dut.
hohkelinq, a beast of one year old, from
being fed in the hok or pen.]
HOGGET, hog'et, n. a boar of the second
year : a sheep or colt after it has passed
its first year.
HOGGISH, hog'ish, adj. resembling a hog ,
brutish : filthy : .selfish. — adv. HOQG'-
isHLY. — n. Hogg'ishness.
HOGGISM, hog'izm, n. same as Hoggish
NESS.
In hoggism sunk
I grot with punch, alas 1 confounded drunk.
—Wolcof
HOGHOOD, hog'hood, n. the nature oi
condition of a hog. "Tempoiary cob
version into beasthood and hoghood."—
Carlyle.
HOGMANAY, hog-ma-na', n. (in Scot.) the
old name for the last day of the year.
[Ety. unknown.]
HOG-RINGER, hog'-ring'er, n. one who
puts rings into the snouts of hogs.
HOGSHEAD, hogz'hed, n. a measiare of
capacitj'=52i imperial gallons, or' 63 old
wine gallons ; OF Claret^46 gallons : of
Beee==o4 gallons ; of Tobacco {in United
States) varies from 750 to 1200 lbs.: a
large cask. [Corr. of O. Dut. okshoofd,
ox-head ; the cask perh. was so called
from an ox's head having been branded
upon it.]
HOG'S-LARD, hogz'-iard, n. the melted fat
of the hog.
HOIDEN, hoi'dn, n. a romping, ill-bred
girl : s, flirt. — adj. rude, rustic, bold. —
v.i. to romp indelicately. [M.E. hoydon
— O. Dut. heyden, a clownish person, a
form of Heathen.]
HOIST, hoist, v.t. to lift : to raise with
tackle : to heave. — n. act of Ufting : the
height of a sail : an apparatus for lift-
ing heavy bodies to the upper stories of
a building. [Formerly noise or hoyse,
from O. Dut. hyssen, Dut. hijschen, to
hoist.]
HOITY-TOITY hoi'ti-toi'ti, int. an excla,
mation of surprise or disapprobation.—
adj. giddy, flighty, gay, noisy. [Like
hut and tut, interjections, expressive ol
disapprobation.]
HOLD, hold, v.t. to keep possession of oj
authority over : to [sustain : to defend :
to occupy : to derive title to : to bind :
to confine : to restrain : to continue : to
persist in : to contain : to celebrate : to
esteem. — v.i. to remain fixed : to be true
or unfailing : to continue unbroken or
unsubdued : to adhere : to derive right :
—pr.p. hsld'ing ; pa.t. held ; pa.p. held
{obs. hold'en). — "To hold over, to keep
possession of land or a house beyond the
term of agreement. — Hold of (Pr. Bk.),
to regard. — n. Hold'ee. [A.S. healdan ;
O. Ger. /iaKa«, Goth. 7iaWa)(, Dan. holde,
to keep.]
HOLD, hold, «., aet or manner of holding :
seizure: power of seizing : something for
support : a place of confinement : cus-
tody : a fortified place : (mtis.) a. mark
over a rest or note, indicating that it is
to be prolonged.
HOLD, hold, n. the interior cavity of a
ship between the floor and the lower
deck, used for the cargo. [Dut. hoi, a
cavity or hole, with excrescent d. See
Hole.]
HOLDEN, hold'n (B.), old pa.p. of Hold.
HOLDFAST, hold'fast, n. that which holds
fast : a long nail : a catch.
HOLDING, hold'ing, n. anything held: a
farm held of a suiJerior: hold: influence ;
(Scots law) tenure.
HOLE, hoi, n. a hollow place: a cavity: at'
opening in a .solid body: a pit: a subter-
fuge : a means of e.scape. — v.t. to form
holes in : to drive into a hole. — v.i. to go
into a hole. [A.S. Jiol, a hole, cavern ;
Dut. hoi. Dan. hul, Ger. hohl, hollow:
conn, witli Gr. koilos, iiollow.]
HOLETHNIC, hol-eth'nik, adj. pertaining
or relating to a holethnos, or parent race,
"The hoh'thnic history of the Aryans."—
Academy.
HOLETHNOS
222
HOMMOCK
HOLETHNOS, hol-eth'nos, n. a primitive
or parent stock or race of people not j'et
divided into separate tribes or branches.
"It seems liard to avoid the conckisioa
that the rarious Aryan nations of his-
torical times are, linguistically speaking,
descended from a single primitive tribe,
conveniently termed the Aryan holethnos,
in contradistinction to its later repre-
sentatives as marked off by such lines
of distinction as are found between
EUndoos and Greeks, and be'^ween the
latter and Teutons or Celts." — A'-arlemy.
[Gr. holos, entire, whole, and ethnos, na-
tionj
HOLIBUT. See Halibut.
HOLIDAY, hol'i-da, n. (orig.) holy-day
(which see) : a day of amusement.
HOLILY. See Holy.
HOLINESS, ho'li-nes, n. state of being
holj-: religious goodness : sanctitj' : a
title of the pope.
HOLLA, hol'a, HOLLO, HOLLOA, hol'6
or hol-l6', int., ho, there: attend: (naut.)
the usual response to Ahoy. — n. a loud
shout. — v.i. to crj' loudly to one at a dis-
tance. [Ger. holla is from Fr. hold — ho,
and Id—L. iliac, there ; the other forms
are due to confusion with Halloo.]
HOLLAND, hol'and, n. a kind of linen first
made in Holland.
HOLLANDS, hol'andz, n. gin made in
BoUand.
HOLLOW, hol'6, adj. vacant : not solid :
containing an empty space : sunken :
unsound : insincere. — n. a hole : a cav-
ity : any depression in a body : any
vacuity: a groove: a channel.-^-. f. to
make a hole in : to make hollow b\' dig-
ging : to excavate. [A.S. holh, a hollow
Slace— A.S. hoi, E. Hole.]
LLOW-ETED, hol'o-id, adj. having
annken eyex.
HOLLOW-HEARTED, hol'o-hart'ed, adj.
having a, hollow or untrue heart: faith-
less : treacherous.
HOLLOWNESS, hol'o-nes, n. the state of
being hollow : cavity : insincerity :
treachery.
HOLLOW-WARE, hol'o-war, n. trade
name for hollotv articles of iron, as pots
and kettles.
HOLLY, hol'i, n. an everg^reen shrub hav-
ing pricklv leaves and scarlet or yellow
berries. [M.E. holiu — A.S. fiolegn, the
hollv ; cog. vrith W. celyn, Ir. etrileann.]
HOLLYHOCK, hol'i-hok, n. a kind of mat-
low, brought into Europe from the Boly
Land. [M. E. holihoc — holi, holy, and
A.S. 7ioe, mallows ; W. hocys.}
HOLM, holm or hom, n. a river islet: rich
flat land near a river. [A.S. holm, a
movind ; in various Teut. tongues.]
HOLM-OAK, holm'- or hom'-ok, n. the ilex
or evergreen oak, so called from some re-
semblance to the holly. [Holm- is a eorr.
of holin, the M. E. form of holly, which
see.]
HOLOBLAST. hol'o-blast, n. in zool. an
ovum consisting entirely of germinal
matter : as contradistinguished from a
meroblast (wliich see), [Gr. holos, whole,
entire, and blastos, a bud or germ.]
HOLOCAUST, hol'o-kawst. n. a burnt sac-
rifice, in which the whole of tlie victim
was consumed. PL. — Gr. holokauston —
holos, whole, and Kaiistos, burnt.]
aOLOGRAPH, hol'o-graf, 7i. a document
wholly u-ritten by the person from whom
it proceeds. —ar?j. HoLOGRAPH'iC. [Gr. —
holos. wliolf , and grajpho, to write.]
HOLOJIETER. hol-om'et-er. n. an instru-
ment for taldng all kinds of measures.
[Ft. holometrc — Gr. holos, whole, and
rnetron. measur«.]
HOLOSTERIC, hol-o-ster'ik, adj. wholly
solid : speciflcally applied to barometers
constructed wholly of solid materials,
and so as to show the variations of at-
mospheric pressure without the inter-
vention of liquids. The aneroid barometer
is an example. [Gr. holos, whole, and
stereos, solid.]
HOLPEN, holp'n, old pa.p. of Help.
HOLSTER, hol'ster, n. the leathern case
carried by a horseman at the forepart of
the saddle for covering a pistol. — adj.
HoL'STERED. [Acc. to Skeat, from But.
holster, a pistol-case — hullen, to cover,
which is cog. with A.S. helan, to cover.]
HOLT, holt, n. a wood or woody hiU : a
hole, or other place of security, esp. a
deep hole in a river, where there is pro-
tection for fish. [A.S. holt, a wood ; Ice.
liolt, a copse, G«r. holz.]
HOLUS-BOLUS, hol'us-boaus, «. adv. all
.nt a gulp : altogether. [A vulgarism,
formed from zchole. and bolus, a pill.]
HOLY, ho'li, adj. perfect in a moral sense.
pure in heart : religious : set apart to
a sacred use. — adi\ Ho'LILY. [A.S. halig,
lit. whole, perfect ; healthy — hal. sound,
whole ; conn, with Hail, Heal, Whole.]
HOLY-DAY, ho'li-da. n. a holy day: a
religious festival : a day for the com-
memoration of some event.
HOLY GHOST, ho'li gost, HOLY SPIRIT,
ho'li spir'it, 71. the third person of the
Trinity. [HOLY and A.S. gro's*. See
Ghost.]
HOLY-OFFICE, ho'h-of'is, n. the holy
tribunal : tlie Inquisition. [HoLY and
Office.]
HOLY ONE, ho'li wun, n. the one who is
holy, by way of emphasis : God : Christ :
one separated to the service of God.
HOLY ORDERS, ho'li or'ders, n. ordina-
tion to the rank of minister in holj'
things : the Christian ministry. [HoLY
and Orders.]
HOLY-ROOD, ho'li-rood, n. the holy cross,
in R. Cath. churches, over the entrance
to the chancel. [Holy and Rood.]
HOLY SPIRIT. See HoLY Ghost.
HOLYSTONE, ho'li-ston, n. a stone used
by seamen for cleaning the decks. — v.t.
to scrub with a holystone.
HOLY-THURSDAY, ho'Ii-thurz'da. n. the
day on which the ascension of ourSa\iour
is commemorated, ten days before Whit-
suntide.
HOLY-WATER, hSli-waw'ter, n., water
consecrated by the priest for sprinkling
persons and things.
HOLY-AVEEK. h5'li-wek, n. the tceel' be-
fore Easter, kept holy to commemorate
our Lord's passion.
HOLY-WRIT, ho'li-rit, n. the holy urit-
ings : the Scriptures.
HOMAGE, horn aj, n. the submission and
service which a tenant promised to his
feudal superior, in these words, homo
venter devenio, I become your man : the
act of fealty: respect paid by external
action : reverence dii-ected to the Su-
preme Being : devout affection. [Fr.
hommage — Low L. homatieum — L. homo,
a man.]
HOME, hom, n. one's house or country :
place of constant residence : the seat, as
of war. — adj. pertaining to one's dwell-
ing or country: domestic : close : severe.
— adv. to one's habitation or country :
close : closely : to the point. — adj.
Home'less. — w. Home'lessness. [A.S.
ham ; Dut. and Ger. heim, Goth, haims ;
from a root lei, to rest, which appears
also in Gr. keimai, to lie, home, a %nllage,
L. ciris. a citizen, E. hive.']
HOME-BRED, hom'-bred, adj., bred at
home : native : domestic : plain : unpol-
ished.
HOME-FARM, hom'-farm, n. the farm
near the home or mansion of a gentle-
man.
HOME-FELT, hom'-felt, adj., felt in one's
own bi-east : inward : private.
HOMELY, hom'lis adj. pertaining to home:
familiar : plain : rude. — 11. Home'liness.
— adv. Home'lily.
HOMELYN, hom'el-in, n. a species of ray.
found on the south coast of England.
HOME-MADE, hom'-mad, adj., made at
home: made in one's own country :
plain.
HOMEOPATHIC, ho-me-o-path'ik, adj. of
or pertaining to homeopathy: — adv. Qo-
meopath'ically.
HOMEOPATHIST, ho-me-op'a-thist, n. one
who believes in or prattices homeopathy.
HOMEOPATHY, ho-me-op'a-thi, n. the
system of curing diseases by small quan-
tities of those drugs which excite symp-
toms similar to those of the disease. [Lit.
similar feeling or affection, from Gr.
homoiopatheia — homoios, like, pathos,
feeling.]
HOMER, ho'mer, n. a Hebrew measure con-
taining as a liquid measure about 2 bar-
rels, as a dry measure 8 bushels. [Heb.
ehomer. a heap — chamar, to swell up.]
HOMERIC, ho-mer'ik, adj. pertaining to-
Homer, the great poet of Greece : per-
taining to or resembling the poetry of
Homer.
HOME-RULE, h6m'-ro5l, n. (in Ireland) a
form of home government claimed by
the League, the chief feature of it being
a separate parliament for the manage-
ment of Irish internal affairs.
HOMESICK, hom'sik, adj., sick or grieved
at separation from home.—n. Home'-sick'-
ness.
HOilESPUN, hom 'spun, adj., spun or
wrought at home: not made in foreign
countries : plain : Inelegant. — n. cloth
made at home.
HOMESTALL, hom'stawl, HOMESTEAD,
hom'sted, n. thepZaceof a mansion-house:
the inclosures immediately connected
with it : original station. [Home and
Stall and Stead.]
HOMESTEAD. See under Homestall.
HOMETHRUST, hom'thrust, n. a well-di-
rected, effective, or telling thrust : an
action or remark which seriously affects
a rival or antagonist. "The duke . . .
felt this a homethrust." — Disraeli.
HOMEWARD, hom'ward, adv., totrard
home : toward one's habit.ation or coun-
try. — adj. in the direction of home.
[Some, and ward. sig. direction.]
HOMEWARD-BOUNC, hom'ward-bownd,
adj., bonnd homeu-ard or to one's native
land. [See Bound, adj.]
HOJIEWARDS, hom'wardz, adv., toward
home.
HOJnCIDAL, hom'i-sld-al, adj. pertaining
to homicide : murderous : bloody.
HOMICIDE, hom'i-sid, «., manslaughter:
one who kills another. [Fr — L. homi-
cidiuni — homo, a man, and ccedo, to kill.l
HOMILETICS, hom-i-let'iks, n.sing. the
science which treats of homilies, and the
best mode of preparing and delivering
them. — adjs. Homiiet'ic, Homilet'ical.
HOMILIST, hom'i-list, n. one who preacher
to a congregation.
HOMILY, hom'i-li, n. a plain seraoE
S reached to a mixed assembly : a serious
iscourse. [Gr. homiha, an assembly, a
sermon — homos, the same, cog. with E.
Same, and He. a crowd.]
HOMINY, hom'i-ni, n. maize huUed, or
hulled and crushed, boiled with water.
[American Indian, auhuminea, parched
corn.]
HOiOrOCK, hom'uk, n. a hillock or small
conical eminence. [A dim. of Hump.]
HOMOCEXTRIC
f^fvO
HOOPOE
HOMOCENTEIC, ho-ruo-sen'trik. adj. bav-
ins the same centre. [Fr. homocentrique
— Gr. homokenfros — homos, the same,
and kentron, centre.]
HOMOCERCAL, ho-mo-ser'kal, adj. ha\--
ing the upper fork of the tail similar to
the lower one, as the herring-. [Gr. Ico-
mos, the same, kerkos, tail.]
HOMOCERCY, ho-mo-ser'si, «. the state
of 1 being honiocercal: equality or sym-
metrv in the lubes of tlie tails of fishes.
HOMOEOPATHY, etc. See HOMEOPATHY.
HOMOGAMOUS, ho-mog'a-mus, adj. in
bot. a term applied to grasses when all
the florets of the spikelets of the same
individual are hermaphrodite : also ap-
plied to composite plants when all the
florets of a flower-heatl are hermaphrod-
ite. [Gr. homos, like, and gamos, mar-
riage.]
HOMOGAMY, ho-mog'a-mi, n. the state of
being homogamous : fertilization in a
Elant when the stamens and pistil of a
ermaphrodite flower mature simultane-
ously.
BOMOGENEAL. ho-mo-je'ni-al. HOMO-
GENEOUS, ho-mo-je'ni-us. adj. of the
same kiiul or nature : having the constit-
uent elements all similar. — 7is. HOMO-
ge'neousness, Homogene'ity. [Gr. ho-
mogenes — homos, one, same, and genos,
kind.]
HOMOLOGATE, ho-mol'o-gat, v.t. to say
the name : to agree : to approve : to al-
low.— n. Homologa'tion. [Low L. ho-
mologo, homologatum — Gr. nomologeo —
homos, the same, and lego, to say.]
HOMOLOGOUS, ho-mol'o-gus, adj. apree-
ing : corresponding in relative position,
proportion, value, or structure. [Gr.
homologos — homos, the same, and logos
— lequ. to say.]
HOMOLOGUE, hom'o-log, n. that which
is homologous to something else, as the
same organ in different animals under
its various forms and functions.
HOMOLOGY, ho-mol'o-ji, n. the quality of
being homologous : affinity of structure,
and not of form or use. — adj. Homolog'-
ICAL.
HOMONYM, hom'o-nim, n. a word having
the same sound as another, but a differ-
ent meaning. [Fr. homonyme — Gr. hom-
onymos — homos, the same, and onoma,
name.]
HOMONYMOUS, ho-mon'i-mus, adj. hav-
ing the same name: having different
significations : ambiguous : equivocal.—
adv. Homon'tmously.
HOMONYMY, ho-mon'i-mi, n., sameness of
name, with difference of meaning: am-
biguity : equivocation. [Fr. homunymie
— Gr. homonymia.']
HOMOPHONE, hom'o-fon, n. a letter or
character having the same sound as an-
other. [Gr. homos, the same, and phone,
sound. ]^
HOMOPHONIC, ho-mo-fon'ik, adj. same
as HOMOPHONOUS : specifically, in music,
a term applied to a composition consist-
ing of a principal theme or melody, with
accompanying parts merely serving to
strengthen it— contradistinguished from
PoLYTHOSlC (which see).
HOMOPHONOUS, ho-mof'o-nus, adj hav-
ing the same sound. — n. Homoph'oxy.
HOMOPLASMY, ho-mo-plaz'mi, n. in biol.
the condition or quality of being homo-
plastic : resemblance between certain
plants or animals in particular organs or
in general habits, not resulting from de-
scent from a common stock, but from the
influence of surrounding circumstances.
HOMOPTERA, hom-op'ter-a. n. an order of
insects having two pair of wings uni-
form throughout.— adj. Homop'terous.
[Gr. homos, the same, uniform, and
pteron, a wing.l
HOMOTAXIAL. ho-mo-taks'i-al, adj. per-
taining or relating to homotaxy or ho-
motaxis.
H0M0TA5IS, ho-mo-taks'is, a. the same
arrangement: specifically, in (/eoZ. agree-
ment in the arrangement in different lo-
calities of strata which occupy the same
place or position in the stratified systems,
but which may or may not be eontempo-
raneoas. [Gr. homos, the same, and taxis,
arrangement.]
HOMOTAXY'.'ho-mo-taks'i, n. same as Ho-
MOTAXIS. Huxley.
HOMOTYPE, hom'o-tip, 7i. that which has
the same fundamental type of structure
with something else. [Gr. homos, the
same, and typos, type.]
HOMOTYPY, ho-mot'i-pi, n. in compar.
anat. correlation or correspondence in
structure in one segment of any given
part in another segment or in the same
segment of one and the same animal :
serial homology. Oivetu
HOMUNCULE, Iio-mung'kul, n. same as
HoMUNCDLUS: a little man; a manikin ;
a dwarf. "The giant saw the homuneule
was irascible, and played upon him." — C.
Reade.
HOJIY, ho'nii, adj. pertaining to or resem-
bling home : homelike. (Rai-e.) "I saw
. . . plenty of our dear English 'lady's
smock ' in the wet meadows near here,
which looked very homy." — Kingsley.
HONE, hon, n. a stone of a fine grit for
s/ia>7Je)u')i!7 instruments. — v.t. to shai-pen
as on a hone. [A.S. han; Ice. hein; allied
to Gr. konos, a cone, Sans, cana, a whet-
stone' from a root ha, to sharpen. See
Gone.]
HONEST, on'est, adj. full of honor : just :
the oiip. of thievish, free from fraud:
frank: chaste: (B.) also, honorable. — adv.
Hon'estly. [L. honestus — honor.]
HONESTY, on'es-ti, n. the state of being
honest: integrity: candor: a small flow-
ering plant so called from its transparent
seed-pouch : (B.) becoming deportment.
HONEY, hun'i, m. a sweet, thick fluid col-
lected by bees from the flowers of plants:
anything sweet like honey. — v.t. to
sw eeten: to make agreeable: — J>r.jj. hon'-
ej'in^ ; pa.p. hon'eyed (-'id). [A.S. hunig;
Ger.honig, Ice. Jiuiiang.]
HONEYBEAH, hun'i-bSr, ?». aSouth Amer-
ican carnivorous mammal abouu the size
of a cat, with a long protrusive tongue,
which he uses to rob the nests of wild
HONEY-BUZZAED, hun'i-buz'ard, n. a
genus of buzzards or falcons, so called
from their feeding on bees, wasps, etc.
HONEYCOMB, hun'i-kom, n. a comb or
mass of waxy cells formed by bees, in
which they store their honey : anything
like a honeycomb. — adj. Hon'eycombed
(-komd), formed like a honeycomb.
[Honey, and Comb, a hoUow cell.]
HONEYDEW, hun'i-du, n. a sugary secre-
tion from the leaves of plants in hot
weather : a fine .sort of tobacco moist-
ened with moUisses.
HONEYED, HONIED, hun'id, adj. covered
with honey : sweet.
HONEYMOON, hun'i-moon, HON'EY-
MONTH, -munth. n. the honey or sweet
moon or utontli, the first month after
niarriiigp.
HONEY-MOUTHED, hun'i-mow«d, adj.
having a honeyed mouth or speech : soft
or smooth in speech.
HONEYSUCKLE, hun'i-suk-1, n. a climb-
ing shrub with beautiful cream-colored
flowers, so named because honey is readily
sucked from the flower. [A.S. hunig-
sucle.1
HON'EY-TONGUED, hun'i -tungd, adA
having a honeyed tongue or speech : soft
in speech.
HONIED. Same as Honeyed.
HONORARIUM, hon-ur-a'ri-um, n. a volun-
tary fee paid to a professional man for
his services. [L. honorarium (donum),
honorary, (gift).]
HONOR AilY, on'ur-ar-i, adj., conferring
honor : holding a title or office without
performing services or receiving a re-
ward.— n. afee. [L. TionornrMfs — honor.]
HONOR, on'ur, n. the esteem lue or paid to
worth : respect : high estimation : ven-
eration, said of God : that which right-
fully attracts esteem : exalted rank : dis-
tinction: excellence of character: noble-
ness of mind : any special virtue much
esteemed : any mark of esteem : a title
of respect :—pl. privileges of rank or
birth : civilities paid : the four highest
cards in card-plajing : academic prizes
or distinctions. — adj. Hon'ORLESS. [L.
honor.]
HONOR, on'ur, v.t. to hold in high esteem :
to respect: to adore : to exalt: to accept
and pay when due. — adj. Hon'ored.
HONORABLE, on'ur-a-bl, adj. worthy of
honor : illustrious : actuated by princi-
ples of honor : conferring honor : be-
coming men of exalted station : a title
of distinction. — adv. Hon'orably.
HONORABLENESS, on'ur-a-bl-nes, n. emi-
nence : conformity to the principles of
honor : fairness.
HOOD, hood, n. a covering for the head :
anything resembling a hood : an orna-
mental fold at the back of an academic
gown. — v.t. to cover with a hood : to
blind. — adj. Hood'ed. [A.S. hod ; Dut.
hoed, Ger. hut, conn, with Heed.]
HOODLUM, hood'lum, n. a young, hector
ing vagabond: a lounging, good-for-noth
ing, quarrelsome fellow : a rough : a
rowdv.
HOODWINK, hood'wing:k, v.t. (lit.) to
make one wink by covering the eyes with
a hood : to blindfold : to deceive. [Hood
and Wink.]
HOOF, hoof, n. the horny substance on the
feet of certain animals, as horses, etc. :
a hoofed animal : — pi. Hoofs or Hooves
— adj. Hoofed'. [A.S. hof ; Ger. huf.
Sans, capha.]
HOOK, hook, n. a piece of metal bent into
a curve, so as to catch or hold anything :
a snare : an instrument for catting grain.
[A.S. hoc ; Dut. haak, Ger. haken, allied
to Gr. kyklos, a circle.]
HOOK, hook, v.t. to catch or hold with a
hook : to draw as with a hook : to in-
snare. — v.i. to bend : to be curved. — adj.
Hooked'. — By hook ob. by crook, one
way or tlie other.
HOOKAH, hoo'ka, n. a pipe in which the
smoke is made to pass through water,
[Ar. hucjMij]
HOOK-NOSED, hook'-nozd, adj. having a
hooked or curved nose.
HOOKY, hook'i, adj. full of or pertaining
to hooks.
HOOP, lioop, n. a pliant strip of wood or
metal formed into a ring or band, for
holding together the staves of casks, etc.:
something resembhng a hoop : a ring : —
]>l. elastic materials used to expand the
skirt of a la<ly"s dress — v.t. to bind with
hoops : to encircle. [Akin to Dut. lioep ;
cf. Ice. liop, a bay, from its round form.]
HOOP, hoop, v.i. to call out. Same as
Whoop.
HOOPER, hoop'er, n. one who hoops casks:
a cooper.
HOOPING-COUGH. See under Whoop.
HOOPOE, hoop'o, HOOPOO, hoop'66, n. a
bird with a large crest. [L. upupa, Gir.
epops — imitative. ]
HOOT
224
HORSEWHIP
HOOT, hoot, v.i. to shout in contempt : to
cry like an owl. — v.t. to drive with cries
of contempt. — n. a scornful cry. [An
imitative word : cf. Scand. hut, begone ;
Fr. hiier, to call ; W. hict, off with it.]
HOP. hop, v.i. to leap on one leg: tospring:
to walk lame : to limp : — jjr.p. hopp'ing ;
pa.t. andpa.j}. hopped'. — n. aleaponone
leg : a jump : a spring. [A.S. hojopian,
to dance ; Ger. hiipfen.}
jdOP, hop, )!. a plant with a long twining
stalk, the bitter cones of which are much
used in brewing and in medicine. — v.t.
to mix with hops. — v.i. to gather hops :
— pr.p. hopp'ing; pa.t. a.adpa.p. hopped'.
[Diit. hop: Ger. hopfen.]
HOPBIND, hop'bind (corr. into hopbine),
n. the stalk of the hop. [-bind expresses
the clinging of the stalk to its support ;
cf. Bindweed.]
HOPE, hop, v.i. to cherish a desire of good
with expectation of obtaining it : to
place confidence (in). — v.t. to desire with
expectation or with belief in the prospect
of obtaining. [A.S. hopian; Dut. hopen,
Ger. hoffen, pei-haps akin to L. eup-io, to
desire.]
HOPE, hop, n. a desire of some good, with
expectation of obtaining it : confidence :
anticipation : he who or that which fur-
nishes ground of expectation : that which
is hoped for. [A.S. hopa; Ger. hoff-
nung.]
HOPE, hop, n. troop, only in the phrase
forlorn-hope. [Dut. verlorsn hoop — hoop,
a band of men, E. Heap. See also For-
lorn.]
HOPEFUL, hop'fool, adj. full of hope:
having qualities which excite hope :
promising good or success. — adv. Hope'-
FULLY. — n. HoPE'FULNESS.
HOPELESS, hop'les, adj. without hope:
giving no ground to expect good or suc-
cess : desperate. — adv. Hope'lessly. — n.
Hope'lessness.
HOPPER, hop'er, n, one who hops : a wood-
en trough through which grain passes
into a mill, so called from its hopping or
shaking motion : a vessel in which seed-
grain is carried for sowing : a hop-picker.
Dicl'ens.
HOPPLE, hop'l, v.t. to tie the feet close
together to prevent hopping or running.
—n. chiefly injil., a fetter for horses, etc.
when left to graze. [Freq. of Hop.]
HOPSCOTCH, hop'skoch, n. a game in
which children hop over lines scotched or
traced on the ground.
HOPVINE, hop'vin, n. the stalk or stem
of the hop. [See Vine, and cf. Hop-
bind.]
HORAL, hor'al, adj. relating to an hour.
HORARY, hor'ar-i, adj. pertaining to an
hour : noting the hours : hourly : con-
tinuing an hour.
HORDE, hord, /(. a migratory or wander-
ing tribe or clan. [Fr.— Turk, ordtl,
camp — Pers. orda, court, camp, horde
of Ttii'tjirs 1
HOREHOUND. See Hoaehound.
HORIZON, ho-rl'zun, n. the circle bound-
ing the view where the earth and sky
appear to meet. [Fr. — L. — Gr. horizon
(kyklos), bounding (circle), horizo, to
bound — horos, a limit.]
JHORIZONTAL, hor-i-zon'tal, adj. pertain-
ing to the horizon : parallel to the hori-
zon : level : near the horizon. — adv.
HORIZON'TALLY.— ?l. HORIZONTAX'lTY.
HORN, horn, n. the hard substance pro-
jecting from the heads of certain ani-
mals, as oxen, etc.: something made of
or like a horn : a symbol of strength :
{mits.) a wind-instrument consisting of a
coiled brass tube.— ^^;. to furnish with
horns.— od; Horned'. [A.S. horn; Scand.
and Ger. horn, Celt, corn, L. cornu, Gr.
keras.]
HORNBILL, horn'bil, n. a bird about the
size of the turkey, having a horny ex-
crescence on its bill.
HORNBLENDE, horn'blend, n. a mineral
of various colors, found in granite and
other igneous rocks that contain quartz.
[Ger., from hor7i, horn, from the shape
of its crystals, and -blende — blenden, to
dazzle, from its glittering appearance.]
HORNBOOK, horn'book, /(. a first book for
children, which formerly consisted of a
single leaf set in a frame, with a thin
plate of transparent horn in front to pre-
SCl'VG it.
HORNED-OWL. See Hornowl.
HORNED-POUT, hornd'-pout, n. a North
American fish. Called also Bull-head
and Cat-fish.
HORNET, horn'et, n. a species of wasp, so
called from its antennse or horns. [A.S.
hi/rnet, dim. of lior^i.]
HORNFOOT, horn'foot, adj. having a hoof
or liorn on the foot.
HORNING, horn'ing, n. appearance of the
moon when in its crescent form.
HORNOWL, horn'owl, H0RNT:D-0WL,
hornd'-owl, n. a species of owl, so called
from two tufts of feathers on its head,
like hor7is.
HORNPIPE, horn'pTp, n. a Welsh musical
instrument, consisting of a wooden pipe,
with a horn at each end : a lively air : a
lively dance.
HORN'STONE, horn'ston, & stone much like
flint, but more brittle. [HoEN and Stone.]
HORNWORK, horn'wurk, n. {fort.) an out-
trork having angular points or horns,
and composed of two demi-bastions joined
by a curtain.
HORNY, horn'i, adj. like horn : hard : cal-
lous.
HOROGRAPHY, hor-og'ra-fl, n. the art of
constructing dials or instruments for in-
dicating the hours. [Gr. hora, an hour,
and grapho, to describe.]
HOROLOGE, hor'o-loj, n. any instrument
for telling the hours. [O. Fr. horologe
(Fr. horloge) — L. horologium — Gr. horolo-
gion — hbra, an hour, and lego, to tell.]
HOROLOGY, hor-ol'o-ji, n. the science
which treats of the construction of ma-
chines for feZHngr the hours. — adj. HORO-
loo'ical.
HOROMETRY, hor-om'et-ri, n. the art or
practice of measuring time. — adj. HOR-
omet'rical. [Gr. hbra, an hour, and
metron, a measure.]
HOROSCOPE, hor'o-skop, n. an observa-
tion of the heavens at the hour of a
person's birth, by which the astrologer
predicted thj events of his life : a repre-
sentation of the heavens for this pur-
pose. [Fr. — L. — Gr. horoskopos — hora,
an hour, and skopeo, to observe.]
HOROSCOPY. hor-os'kop-i, n. the art of
predicting the events of a person's life
from his horoscope : aspect of the stars
at the time of birth. — adj. HOROSCOP'IC.
— n. HOROS'COPXST, an astrologer.
HORRENT, hor'eut, adj. standing on end,
as bristles. [L. horrens, -entis, pr.p. of
horreo, to bristle.]
HORRIBLE, hor'i-bl, adj. causing or tend-
ing to cause horror : dreadful : awful :
terrific. — adv. Horr'ibly. — n. Horr'i-
BLENESS. [L. horribilis — horreo.]
HORRID, hor'id, adj. fitted to produce
horror : shocking : offensive. — adv.
Horr'idly. — n. Horr'idness. [L. hor-
ridiis. orig. bristling — horreo. See Hor-
ror.]
HORRIFIC, hor-rif'ik, adj. exciting horror :
frightful.
HORRIFICATION, hor-ri-fi-ka'shun, n. the
act of horrifying : anything that causes
horror. " As the old woman and het
miserable blue light went on before us,
I could almost have thought of Sir
Bertrand or some German liorrifica-
tions." — Mi.is Edgeworth.
HORRIFY, hor'i-n, v.t. to strike with
horror :— pa.p. horr'ified. [L. horror,
and faeio, to make.]
HORROR, hor'ur, n. a shuddering : exces-
sive fear : that which excites horror,
[Lit. •' a bristling," as of hair, L. — horreo,
to bristle, to shudder.]
HORSE, hors, n. a well-known quadruped :
(collectively) cavalry : that by which
something is supported. — v.t. to mount
on a horse : to provide with a horse : to
sit astride : to carry on the back. — v.i.
to get on horseback. [A.S. hor.% Ice.
hross, O. G«r. hros (Ger. ross), perh. akin
to Sans, hresh, to neigh, but more prob.
conn, with L. cui~ro, cursus, to run ; cf.
HORSEBLOCK, hors'blok, n. a block or
stage by which to mount or dismount
from a horse.
HORSEBOAT. hors'bot, n. a boat for carry-
ing horses.
HORSE-BREAKER, hors'-brak'er.HORSE-
TAMER, hors'-tam'er, n. one whose bus-
iness is to break or tame horses, or to
teach them to draw or carry.
HORSE-CHESTNUT, hors'-ches'nut, n. a
large variety of chestnut, prob. so called
from its coarseness contrasted with the
edible chestnut : the tree that produces
it. [See Chestnut.]
HORSEFLY, hors'fli, n. a large fly that
stings horses.
HORSE-GUARDS, hors'-gardz, n. horse-
soldiers employed as guards : the 3d
heavy cavalry regiment of the British
army, forming part of the household
troops: {formerly) the official residence
in London of the commander-in-chief of
the British army.
HORSEHOE, hors'ho, HORSERAKE,hors'-
rak, etc., n. a hoe, rake, etc., drawn
by horses.
HORSELAUGH, hors'laf, n. a harsh, bois-
terous laugh. [Hoarse and Laugh.]
HORSELEECH, hors'lech, n. a large spe-
cies of leech, so named from its fastening
on horses when wading in the water.
HORSE-LITTER, hors'-lit'er, ?j. a litter or
bed borne between two horses.
HORSEMAN, hors'man, n. a rider on horse-
back: a mounted soldier.
HORSEMANSHIP, hors'man-ship, n. the
art of riding, and of training and man-
aging horses.
HORSE-POWER, hors'-pow'er, n. the
jMwer a horse can exert, or its equiva-
lent=that required to raise 33,000 lbs.
avoirdupois one foot per minute : a
standard for estimating the power of
steam-engines.
HORSERACE, hors'ras, n. a race b3' horses.
HORSERACING, hors'ras-ing, n. the prac-
tice of racing or running horses in
matches.
HORSE-RADISH, hors'-rad'ish, n. a plant
with a pungent root, used in medicine
and as a salad. [So named from a notion
of its being wholesome for Iiorses.]
HORSESHOE, hors'shoo, n. a shoe for
horses, consisting of a curved piece of
iron : anvthing shaped like a horseshoe.
HORSETAIL, hors'tal, n. a genus of leaf-
less plants with hollow rush-like stems,
so called from their likeness to a horse's
tail.
HORSE-TRAINER, hors'-tran'er, n. one
who trains horses for racing, etc.
HORSEWHIP, hors'hwip, n. a whip for
driving horses. — v.t. to strike with a
horsewhip : to lash.
HORSINESS
225
HOVEL
HORSINESS, hors'i-nes, n. the state or
quality of being horsj-; inclination to de-
vote one's attention to horses and matters
connected with them : that which per-
tains to horses, as the smell of a stable or
the like.
It shall be all my study for one hour
To rose and lavender my horsiness^
Before I dare to glance upon your Grace.
^Tennyson.
HORTATIVE, hort'a-tiv, HORTATORY,
hort'a-tor-i, adj., inciting: encouraging:
giving advice. [L. hortor, hortatus,
to incite.]
HORTICULTURAL, hor-ti-kul'tur-al, adj.
pertaining to the culture of gardens.
HORTICULTURE, hor'ti-kul-tur, n. the
art of cultivating gardens. [L. hortus, a
garden, and Culture.]
HORTICULTURIST, hor-ti-kul'tur-ist, n.
one versed in the art of cultivating
gardens.
HOSANNA, ho-zan'a, n. an exclamation of
praise to God, or a prayer for blessings.
[Lit. "save. I pray thee," Gr. hosanna
— Heb. hoshiahnnah — yasha, hoshia, to
save, and na, I pray thee.]
HOSE, hoz, n. a covering for the legs or
feet : stocldngs : socks : a flexible pipe
for conveying fluids, so called from its
shape :—/)?. HosE : (B.) Hos'en. [A.S.
ho.ia : Dnt. 7ioos. Ger. hose.]
HOSIER, ho'zhi-er, n. one who deals in
liose. or stockings and socks, etc.
HOSIERY, ho'zhi-er-i, n., hose in general.
HOSPICE, hos'pes, n. an Alpine convent
where ti-avellers are treated as guests.
[Fr.. from L. hospitium — hospes, a stran-
ger who is treated as a guest, one who
treats another as his guest.]
HOSPITABLE, hos'pit-abl, adj. pertaining
to a hoat or guest : entertaining strangers
and guests kindly and without reward :
showing kindness. — adv. Hos'pitably. —
n. HOS'PITABLENESS.
HOSPITAL, hos'pit-al or os'-, n. a building
for the reception and treatment of the
old, sick, etc., or for the support and
education of the young. [Orig. a place
for the entertainment of strangers or
guests, from O. Fr. hospital — Low L. hos-
pitale — hospes, a guest. See Hospice.]
HOSPITALITY, hos-pi-tal'it-i, n. the prac-
tice of one who is hospitable : friendly
welcome and entertainment of guests.
HOSPITALLER, hos'pit-al-er, n. one of a
charitable brotherhood for the care of
the sick in hospitals : one of an order of
knights, commonly called Knights of St.
John, who, during the Crusades, built a
hospital for pilgrims at Jerusalem.
HOSPODAR, hos'po-dar, n. (formerly) the
title of the princes of Moldavia and Wal-
lachia. [Slav.]
HOST, host, n. one who entertains a
stranger or guest at his house without
reward : an innkeeper -.—fem. Host'ess.
[O. Fr. hoste — L. hospes.]
HOST, host, n. an army : a large multi-
tude. [Orig. an enemy ; O. Fr. host —
L. hostis, an enemy.]^
HOST, host, n. in the R. Cath. Church, the
consecrated bread of the Eucharist, in
wliich Christ is offered. [L. ho.stia, a vic-
tim— hostio, to strike.]
HOSTAGE, hos'tilj. n. one remaining with'
the enemy as a i)ledge for the fulfillment
cf the conditions of a treaty. [O. Fr.
hostage. Fr. tit age — Low L. obsidaticus —
obses. obsidis, a hostage.]
HOSTEL, hos'tel, HOSTELRY, hos'tel-ri,
n. an inn. [O. Fr. hostel, hostellerie. See
Hotel.]
HOSTILE, hos'til, adj. belonging to an en-
emy: showing enmity: warlike: adverse.
— adv. Hos'TlLELY. " [L. host His — hostis.]
HOSTILITY, hos-til'it-i, w. enmity:— pi.
HOSTIL'ITIES, acts of warfare.
O
HOSTLER, os'ler, n. he who has the care
of horses at an inn. [Orig. one who kept
a house for strangers, O. Fr. hostelier —
hostel — L. hospes.]
HOT, hot, adj. having heat : very warm :
fiery: pungent: animated: ardent in tem-
per : violent : passionate : lustful. — adv.
Hot'ly.— «. HOT'NESS. [A.S. hat ; Ger.
heiss, Sw. het. See Heat.]
HOTBED, hot'bed, n. a glass-covered bed
heated for bringing forward plants rapid-
ly : any place favorable to rapid growth.
HOTBLAST, hot'blast, n. a blast of heated
air blown into a furnace to raise the heat.
nOT-BLOODED, hot'-blud'ed, adj. having
hot blood : high-spirited : irritable.
HOTCHPOTCH, hoch'poch, HOTCHPOT,
hoch'pot, HODGEPODGE, hoj'poj, n.
a confused mass of ingredients shaken or
mixed together in the same pot. [Fr.
hochepot — hocher, to shake, and pot, a
pot — O. Dut. liutsen, to shake, and Dut.
pot. a pot. See HusTLE and Pot.]
HOTEL, ho-tel', n. a superior house for the
accommodation of strangers : an inn : in
France, also a palace. [M.E. hostel — O.
Fr. hostel (Fr. hotel)—!,, hospitalia, guest-
chambers — hospes. See Hospital.]
HOT-HEADED, hot'-hed'ed, adj. hot in the
head : having warm passions : violent :
impetuous.
HOTHOUSE, hot'hows, n. a house kept hot
for the rearing of tender plants.
HOT-POT, hot'-pot, n. in cookery, a dish
consisting of small chops of mutton, sear
soned with pepper and salt, and stewed
in a deep dish between layers of sliced
potatoes. "The Colonel himself was
great at making hash mutton, hot-pot,
curry and pillau." — Thackeray.
HOTPRESS, hot'pres, v.t. to press paper,
etc., between hot plates to produce a
glossy surface.
HOTSPUR, hot'spur, n. one pressing his
steed with spurs as in hot haste : a vio-
lent, rash man.
HOTTENTOT, hot'n-tot, n. a native of the
Cape of Good Hope : a brutish individual.
[Dut., because the language of the S.
Africans seemed to the first Dutch set-
tlers to sound like a repetition of the syl-
lables hot and tot ; Dut. en = and.]
HOUDAH. See Howdah.
HOUGH, hok, HOCK, hok, n. the joint on
thehindleg of a quadruped, between the
knee and fetlock, corresponding to the
ankle-joint in man : in man, the back
part of the knee-joint : the ham. — v.t. to
hamstring : — pr.p. hough'ing ; pa.p.
houghed (hokt'). [A.S. hoh, the heel.]
HOUND, hownd, n. a dog used in hunting.
— v.t. to set on in chase : to hunt : to
urge on. [Orig. the dog generally, from
A.S. hund : akin to Gr. kyon, kynos, L.
canis. Sans, cvan.]
HOUNDFISH. Same as Dogfish.
HOUND'S-TONGUE, howndz'-tung, n. a
plant, so called from the shape of its
leaves. [A.S. hundestunge.]
HOUR, owr, n. 60 min. or the 24th part of
a day : tlie time indicated by a clock,
etc.: a time or occasion : — pi. (myth.) the
goddesses of the seasons and the hours:
in the R. Cath. Church, prayers to be
said at certain liours. [Orig. a definite
space of time fixed by natural laws ; O.
Fr. hnre, Fi\ heiire — L. hora — Gr. hora.
See Year.]
HOURGLASS, owr'glas, n. an instrument
for nii-asiu'ing the hours by the running
of sand from one glass vessel into an-
other.
HOURI, how'ri, n. a nymph of the Mo-
hammedan paradise. [Pers. huri — hura.
a black-eyed girl.]
HOURLY, owr'll, adj. happening or done
every hour : frequent. — adv. every hour:
frequentlv.
HOURPLATE, owr'plat, n. the plate of a
timepiece on which the hoursare marked:
the dial.
HOUSE, hows, n. a building for dwelling
in: a dwelling-place: an inn : household
affaii-s : a family : kindred : a trading
establishment : one of the estates of the
legislature : (astral.) the twelfth part ofi
the heavens : — pi. HOUSES (howz'ez).'
[A.S. hus ; Goth, hus, Ger. haus.]
HOUSE, howz, v.t. to protect by covering:
to shelter: to store. — v.i. to take shelter:
to reside.
HOUSEBREAKER, hows'brak-er, n. one
who breaks open and enters a house
for the purpose of stealing. — n. HousE'-
BREAKING.
HOUSEHOLD, hows'hold, n. those who
are held together in the same house, and
compose a family. — The Household, a
royal domestic establishment. — adj. per-
taining to the house and family.
HOUSEHOLDER, hows'hold - er, n. the
holder or tenant of a house.
HOUSEKEEPER, hows'kep-er, ?i. a female
servant who keeps or has the chief care
of the house.
HOUSEKEEPING, hows'kep-ing, n. the
keeping or management of a house or of
domestic affairs : hospitality. — adj. do-
mestic.
HOUSELESS, hows'les, adj. without a
house or home : having no shelter.
HOUSELESSNESS, hows'les-nes, n. the
condition of being houseless. Dickens.
HOUSEMAID, hows'mad, n. a maid em-
ploj'ed to keep a house clean, etc House-
maid's KNEE, an acute or chronic drop-
sical effusion between the skin and the
bursa or sac over the kneepan, and so
called because it was thought most com-
mon among housemaids who had much
kneeling while scrubbing floors, etc.
Acute cases may be cured by rest, and
the application of iodine, mercurials, and
tight bandages ; chronic ones by com-
pression with splints, by evacuation of
the pus in the sac, and injection of iodine
solution.
HOUSE-MATE, hows'-mat.n.one who lives
in the same house with another: a fellow
lodger or tenant. Carlyle.
HOUSE-STEWARD, hows'-stu'ard, n. a
steu-ard who manages the household af-
fairs of a great family.
HOUSE-SURGEON, hows'-sur'jun, w. the
surgeon or medical officer in a hospital
who resides in the house.
HOUSE-WARM, hows-wawrm, v.t. to give
a feast or entertainment to, as to a per-
son who is entering on the occupation of
a new house. "Resolved ... to house-
icarm my Bettv." — Pepys.
HOUSE)- WARMING, hows'-wawrm'ing. )!.
an entertainment given when a family
enters a new house, as if to warm it.
HOUSEWIFE, hows' vvlf, n. the mistress of
a house: a female domestic manager. —
adj. HOUSE'WIFELY.
HOUSEWIFE, huz'if, n. a small case for
articles of female work, properly spelt
HUSSIF (which see).
HOUSEWIFERY, hows'wif-ri, n. business
of a hoiisetrife.
HOUSING, howz'ing, n. an ornamental
covering for a horse : a saddle-cloth : —
pi. the trappings of a horse. [Fr. housse ;
prob. from O. Ger. hid.'it. a covering —
ludleu. to cover. Cf. HoLSTER, Hcsk.]
HOUSTV'. hows'ti, ?(. a soi-e throat. Kings-
ley. (Provincial English.)
HOVE. 2'a.t. and pa.2). of Heave.
HOVEL, huv'el, n. a small or mean duell-
iny: a shed. — v.t. to put in a hovel : to
HOVER
226
HUMBUG
shelter :^pr.p. hovelling ; pa.p. hov'-
elled. [Dim. of A.S. hof, a dwelling.]
HOVER, nov'er or huv'er, v.i. to remain
aloft flapping the wings : to wait in sus-
pense : to move about near. [Prob. from
A.S. hof, and therefore lit. to dwell : O.
Fris. hovia. to receive into one's house ;
cf. W. hofian, to hang over.]
HOW, how, adv., in trhat manner : to
what extent : for what reason : by wliat
means : from what cause : in what con-
dition : (New Test.) sometimes = that.
[A.S. hu, hwu, from the interrogative
u-ha, who, as L. qut, how, from quis,
who.]
HOWBEIT, how-be'it, conj., he it hoiv it
mav : notwithstanding- : yet : however.
HOWDAH, HOUDAH, how 'da, n. a seat
fixed on an elephant's back. [Ar.
hawdaj.]
HOWEVER, how-ev'er, adv. and conJ. in
irhatever manner or degree : neverthe-
less : at all events. [How, Ever.]
H0"W1TZER, how'its-er, ii. a short, Ught
cannon, used for throwing shells. [Ger.
haubitze. orig-. haufnitz — Bohem. haiif-
nice. a sling. J
HOWKER, howTcer, n. a Dutch vessel
with two masts : a fishing-boat with
one mast used on the Irish coast. [Dut.
hoeker.l
HOWL, howl, v.i. to yell or cry, as a wolf
or dog : to utter a long, loud, whining
sound: to wail: to roar. — v.t. to utter
with outcry : — pr.p. howl'ing ; pa.p.
howled'. — n. a loud, prolonged cry of
distress : a mournful cry. [O. Fr. huller ;
from L. ululare, to shriek or howl — idula,
an owl ; conn, with Grr. hulad;Ger. heulen,
E. md.]
HOWLET, how'let. Same as Owlet.
HOWSOEVER, how-so-ev'er, adv. in u-hat
way soever : although : however.
HOY, hoi, n. a large one-decked boat, com-
monly rigged as a sloop. [Dut. lieu, Flem.
hiii.]
HOY, hoi, int., Iio .' stop! [From the
sound.]
HOYDENISH, hoi'den-ish, adj. same as
HoiDENiSH. "Too hoydenish and for-
ward."— H. Kingsley.
HUB, hub, n. the ^trojecting nave of a
wheel : a projection on a wheel for tlie
insertion of a pin : the hilt of a weapon ;
a mark at which quoits, etc., are oast:
applied in pleasantrjiio Boston. [A form
of Hob.]
HUBBLE-BUBBLE, hub'l-bub'l, n. a kind
of tobacco-pipe, used in the E. Indies, in
which the smoke is drawn through water
with a bubbling sound.
HUBBUB, hub'ub, n. a confused sound of
many voices : riot : uproar. [Either
from the repetition of hoop, ivhoop
(which see), or in imitation of the con-
fused noise of numerous voices, like nnir-
mnr in Latin. Cf. Barbarian.]
HUCK, link, /(. the hip. Tennyson. (Pro-
vincial English.)
HUCKABACK, huk'a-bak, n. a coarse
variety of table-linen, having raised
figures on it. [Peril, because sold by
hucksters with their goods on their back.]
HUCKLE, huk'l, n. a hunch : the hip : one
of the small metatarsal bones in the foot
of a sheep and some other quadrupeds.
" The little square hueele-bone in the
ancle place of the hinder legs:e."—J.
Udall. [Dim. of Huck, a Prov^E. form
of Hook, from its bent or joiutad ap-
pearance.]
HUCKLE-BACKED, hukT-bakt, HUCK-
SHOULDERED, li:ik-stioi'derd, adj. hav-
ing the back or shoulders round like a
hunch.
HUCKLE-BONE, huk'l-bon. n. the hipbone.
HUCKSTER, huk'ster, n. a retailer of small
wares, a hawker or peddler : a mean,
trickish fellow:— /e»i. HCCK'STRESS. — v.i.
to deal in small articles. [Orig. and
properlj' a fem. form of an O. Low Grer.
root, of which hawker is the masculine.
This root is found in Dut. heuker, a re-
tailer, from O. Dut. hucken, to stoop or
bow, and conn, with Ice. huka, to sit on
one's hams (whence E. HuG) ; Ger. hucke,
the bent back. See Hawker, Hook,
HUCKLE.]
HUDDLE, hudl, v.i. to put up things con-
fusedly : to hurry in disorder : to crowd.
— v.t. to throw or crowd together in con-
fusion : to put on hastily. — n. a crowd :
tumult : confusion. [M.E. hodren ; perh.
conu. with root of HIDE, to conceal, and
so orig. meaning to crowd together for
concealment or shelter.]
HUDIBRASTIC, hu-di-bras'tik, adj. suni-
lar in style to Hudibras, a satire by But-
ler, 1613-80 ; doggerel.
HUE, hii, 11. appearance : color : tint :
dye. — adj. Hue'less. [A.S. hiw, heow ;
Goth, hiivi, Swed. hy, appearance, com-
plexion.]
HUE. hu, n. a shouting. — Hce and cry,
the old practice of pursuing felons with
loud hooting and crying. [Fr. huer, of
imitative origin ; cf. W. hu-a, to hoot.]
HUFF, huf, n. sudden anger or arrogance :
a fit of disappointment or anger : ;i boast-
er.— v.t. to swell : to bully : to remove a
" man " from the board for not capturing
pieces open to him. as in draughts. — v.i.
to swell : to bluster. [An imitative word,
the idea of •• puJEug " or •' blowing" being
present in it.]
HUFFISH, hufish, adj. given to huff : in-
solent : arrogant. — adv. HUFF'ISHLT. — Ji.
HrFFISHXESS.]
HUFFY, hufi. adj. given to huff: pulled
up : petulant. — n. Huff'iness.
HUG. hug, v.t. to embrace closely and
fondly : to congratulate (one's self) :
(natit.) to keep close to. — v.i. to crowd to-
gether : — 2^''-P- hugg'ing ; pa.}}, hugged'.
— n. a close and fond embrace : a partic-
ular grip in wrestling. [Scand., orig. to
squat or cower together, as in Ice. huka,
to sit on one's hams. See HUCKSTER.]
HUGE, huj, adj. (com p. Hug'er ; superl.
HUG'EST) having great dimensions, es-
pecially height; enormous: monstrous:
(B.) large in number. — adv. Hcge'ly. —
n. Hugeness. [M.E. huge; formed by
dropping a (supposed article) from O.Fr.
ahuge, the root of which may prob. be
found in Dut. hoog, Ger. hoch, E. High.]
HUGKJER-MUGGER, hug'er-mug'er, n.
secrecy : confusion. [Perh. a rhyming
extension of HuG.]
HUGUENOT, hu'ge-not or -no, n. the name
formerly given in France to an adherent
of the Reformation. [15 false etymologies
have been given of this name, which most
authorities now regard as a dim. of Fr.
Hugues, Hugh, the name of some one of
the French Calvinists, and afterwards
applied as a nickname to them all.]
HXJLK, hulk. n. the body of a ship: an
old ship unfit for serxice : anything un-
wieldy— often confounded in meaning
with ilULL. the body of a ship -.^pl. The
Hulks, old ships used as prisons. [Orig.
a large merchant-ship, from Low L.
hulka — Gr. holkas, a ship which is towed
— helko, to draw.]
HULL, hul, n. the husk or outer covering
of anj-thing. — v.t. to strip off the hull :
to husk. [A.S. hulu, a husk, as of corn
— helan, to cover ; Ger. hiille, a covering,
hehlen. to cover.]
HULL, hul, )i. the frame or body of a ship.
— v.t. to pierce the hull (as with a can-
non-ball).— v.i. to float or drive on the
water, as a mere hull. [Same word as
above, perh. modified in meaning by
confusion with Dut. hoi, a ship's hold, or
with Hulk.]
H LILLY', hul'i, adj. having husks or pods.
HUM, hum, v.i. to make a buzzing sound
like bees : to utter a low droning sound :
to suppl3' an interval in speaking by an
audible sound. — v.t. to sing in a low tone:
— pr.j). humni'ing : j:)a.j}. hummed'. — n.
the noise of bees and some other insects.
any low, dull noise. — int. a sound with a
pause implying doubt. [An imitative
word; cf. Ger. hiimmen, numsen ; Dut.
hommelen.']
HUMAN, hu'man, adj. belonging or per-
taining to man or mankind : having the
qualities of a man. — adv. Hu'maXLY.
[Fr. — L. humanus — homo, a human be-
ing.]
HUIilANE, hu-man', adj. having the feel-
ings proper to man: kind: tender:
merciful. — adv. Huhane'ly.
HUMANIST, hu'man-ist, n. a student of
poUte literature : at the Renascence, a
student of Greek and Roman literature :
a student of human nature. [L. [literce)
humaniores. polite (literature).]
HUMANTTARIAN, hu-man-i-ta'ri-an, n.
one wlio has a great regard or love for
humanity; a philanthropist: one who
denies the divinity of Christ, and believes
him to have been a mere man : a disciple
of St. Simon, from his maintaining the
perfectabilitj- of human nature without
the aid of grace : one who adopts the
doctrine or theory that man's sphere of
dutj' is limited to a benevolent interest
in, and practical promotion of the welfare
of the liuman race, apart from all con-
siderations of rehgion.
HTOLVNITARL^N, hu-man-i-ta'ri-an, adj.
pertaining to humanitarians or humani-
tarianism.
HUMANITARLA.N1SM, hu-man-i-ta'ri-an-
izm, n. humanity ; philanthropy : the
doctrine that Jesus Christ was possessed
of a human nature only : the doctrine of
St. Simon and liis disciples that mankind
may become perfect without divine aid :
the doctrine that benevolence or philan-
thropy forms the sum of man's duties,
to the exclusion of his duties to the Su-
preme Being.
HUMAKITY, hu-man'it-i, n. the nature
peculiar to a human being: the kind
*eelings of man : benevolence : tender-
ness: mankind collectively:^}?. HtTMAN'-
Ities, in Scotland, grammar, rhetoric,
Latin, Greek, and poetry, so called from
their humanizing efl'ects: the preparatory
course in Catholic ecclesiastical semi-
naries and some other institutions of
learning. — Professor of Humanity, in
Scotch universities, the Professor of
Latin. [Fr. — L. humanitas — humanus.]
HUMANIZE, hu'man-iz, v.t. to render 7jm-
man or humane: to soften. — v.i. to be-
come humane or civilized.
HUMANKIND, hu'man-kXnd, n. the human
species.
HUMANNESS, hu'man-nes, n. the state or
quality of being human : humanity. E
B. Browning.
HUMBLE, hum'bl, um'bl, adj. low: meek,
modest.— r.f. to bring down to the ground:
to lower : to mortify : to degrade. — n.
Huji'BLENESS. — ac7f. Hum'bly. [Lit. "on
the ground.'' from Fr. — L. humilis, low
— humus, the 2-round.]
HUMBLE-BEE,"' hum'bl-be, n. the hum-
in ing-bee : a genus of social bees which
construct their hives under ground.
[Hum-b-le is a freq. of Hum.]
HUMBUG, hum'bug, n. an imposition un-
der fair pretences : one who so imposes.
— v.t. to deceive : to hoax : — 2^''-P- hum'-
bugging ; pa.}), hum'bugged. [Orig. a
HUMDRUM
227
HUSSAR
false alarm, a bugbear, from Hum and
Bro. a frightful object. Approbation in
pxiblic places was formerly expressed by
ntimining, which in slang E. came to be
conn, with anything flattering, deceiv-
ing, false.]
HUMDRUM, hum'drum, adj. dull : dron-
ing : monotonous. — n. a stupid fellow.
[Compound of Hum and Droi.]
HtnUECTAISfT, hu-mek'tant, adj. pertain-
ing to remedies supposed to increase the
fluidity of the blood. [L. humectmis —
hiimeo. to be moist.]
HUMECrn^, hu-mek'tiv, adj. having the
power to moLsten.
HUMERAL, hu'mer-al, adj. belonging to
the shoulder. [Fr. — L. humerus, the
shoulderj
HUMERU3, hu'mer-us, n. the arm from
the shoulder to the elbow : the bone of
the upper arm. [L. " the shoulder."]
HUMHUM, hum'hum, n. a kind of plain,
coarse cotton cloth used in E. Indies. [?]
HUMIC, hCi'mik, adj. denoting an acid
formed by the action of alkadies on hu-
VI nx.
HUMID, hu'mid, adj., moist: damp:
rather wet. — n. Hu'midness. [L. humid-
vji — humeo, to be moist.]
HUMIDITY, liu-mid'i-ti, n. moisture : a
moderate degree of wetness.
HUMILIATE, hu-mil'i-at, v.t. to make
htiinble : to depress : to lower in condi-
tion. [L. humilio, -atum.1
HUJIILIATION, hu-mil-i-a'shun, n. the
act oi humiliating : abasement : mortifi-
cation.
HUMILITY, hu-mil'i-ti, ?!.the state or qual-
ity of being humble: lowliness of mind :
modesty. [Fr. humilite — L. hiimilitas.}
HUMMING-BIRD, hum'ing-berd, n. a
tropical bird, of brilliant plumage and
rapid flight, so called from the humming
sound of its wings.
HUMMOCK, hum uIj:. Same as Hommock.
HUMORAL, hu'mur-al, adj. pertaining to
or proceeding from the humors.
HUMORALISM, hu'mur-al-izm, n. the state
of being humoral : the doctrine that dis-
eases have their seat in the humors. — )^.
Hu'moralist, one who favors the doc-
trine of humoralism.
HUMORIST, hu'mur-ist, n. one whose con-
duct and conversation are regulated by
humor or caprice : one who studies or
portrays tlie humors of people.
HIBIORLESS, hu'mur-les, adj. without
hniuor.
HUJIOROUS, hu'mur-us, adj. governed by
humor: capricious: iri-egular : full of
humor : exciting laughter. — adi: Hu'-
MOROUSLT. — n. HU'MOROUSNESS.
HUM0RS03IENESS, hu'mur-smn-nes, 7i.
tlie state or quality of being humor-
some : capriciousness : petulance. "I
never blame a lady for her htiviorsome-
ness so much as ... I blame her mo-
tlier." — Richardson.
HUMOR, hu'niur, n. the moisture or fluids
of animal bodies : an animal fluid in an
unhealthy state : state of mind (because
once thought to depend on the humors
of the body) : disposition : caprice : a
mental qualitj- whicli delights in ludi-
crous and mirthful ideas. — t:f. to go in
with the huinor of : to "i-atifj' by com-
pliance. [O. Fr. humor (Fr. humeur) — L.
humor — humeo, to be moist.]
HUMP, hump, n. a lump or hunch upon
the back. [Prob. a form of Heap ; a
Low Ger. word, as in Dut. homp ; cf. Gr.
kyphos, a lumip. Sans, kubja, hump-
backed ; allied to HUNOH.]
HUMPBACK, hump'bak, n. a hack with a
hump or hunch : a person with a hump-
back. — adj. HuMFBACKED, having a
humpback.
HUMPH, humf, interj. an exclamation ex-
pressive of disbelief, doubt, dissatisfac-
tion, or the like : sometimes used as a
verb = to make such an exclamation.
'• Humphing and considering over a par-
ticular paragrapli." — MUs Austen.
HUMUS, hiun'us, HUMIXE, hum'in, n. a
brown or black powder in rich soils,
formed by tlie action of air on animal or
vegetable matter. [Uit. the " ground,
soil"; L., akin to Gr. chamai, on the
ground.]
HUNCH, hunsh, n. a hump, esp. on the
back: a lump. — Hunch'back, n. one
with a hunch or hump on his back. —
Hun'CH'baCKED, adj. having a humpback.
[Tlie nasalized form of HoOK ; cog. with
Ger. hucke. the bent back ; cf. Scot, to
hunker down, to sit on one's heels with
tlie knees bent vip towards the chin.]
HUNDRED, hun'dred, n. the number of
ten times ten : a division of a county
in England, orig-. supposed to contain a
hundred fa.mi\ies. [A.S. hundred — old
form hund, a hundred, with the super-
fluous addition of red or reed (E. rate), a
reckoning ; cogs, of A.S. hund are O.
Ger. hunt, Goth, hund, W. cant, Gael.
ciad, Lat. cent-um, Gv. he-kat-on. Sans.
i;ata, a hundred.]
HUNDREDFOLD, hun'dred-f old , adj. ,
folded a h undred times, multiplied by a
hundred.
HUNDREDTH, hun'dredi/i, adj. coming
last or forming one of a hundred. — n.
one of a hundred.
HUNDREDWEIGHT, hun'dred-wat, n. a
weight the twentieth part of a ton. or
112 pounds avoirdupois ; orig. a Jiundred
lbs., abbreviated cwt. (e. standing for L.
centum, wt. for weight).
HUNG, 2>a.t. and pa.jj. of Hang.
HUNGER, hung'ger, n. desire for food :
strong desire for anything. — v.i. to crave
food : to long for. [A.S. hungor (n.),
hyngran (v.) ; corresponding words are
found in all the Teut. languages.]
HUNGER-BITTEN, hung'ger-bit'n, adj.
bitten, pained, or weakened by hunger.
HUNGRY, hung'gri, adj. having eager de-
sire : greedy : lean : poor. — adv. HUNG'-
RILT.
HUNKS, hungks, n.sing. a covetous man :
a miser.
HUNT, hunt, v.t. to chase wild animals
for prey or sport : to search for : to pur-
sue.— v.i. to go out in pursuit of game :
to search. — ii. a chase of wild animals :
search : an association of huntsmen. —
Hunt down, to destroy by persecution
or \aolence. — Hunt out, ut, after, to
search for, seek. [A.S. huntian; A.S.
hentan, to seize, Goth, hinthan ; from
the same root is E. hand.']
HUNTER, hunt'er, v. one who hunts : a
horse used in the chase •.—fern. HUNT'-
RESS.
HUNTING-BOX, hunt'ing-boks, HUNT-
ING-SEAT, hunt'ing-set, n. a temporary
residence for hunting.
HUNTSMAN, hunts'man,?i. one who hunts:
a servant who manages the liounds diu--
ing the chase.
HUNTSMANSHIP, liunts'man-ship, n. the
qualifications of a huntsman.
HURDLE, hur'dl. n. a frame of twigs or
sticks interlaced: (agri.) a movable frame
of timber or iron for gates, etc. — v.t. to
inclose with hurdles. [A.S. hyrdel : Grer.
Imrde, Goth, haurds, a wicker-gate, L.
crates. See Cradle and Crate.1
HURDY-GURDY, hur'di-gur'di, n. a music-
al stringed instrument, like a rude violin,
the notes of which are produced bj- the
friction of a wheel. [Prob. a rhyming
imitation of its sound.]
BTURL, hurl, r.i. to make a noise by throw-
ing : to move rapidlj- : to whirl. — v.i. to
tlirow with violence : to utter with vehe-
mence.— n. act of hurling, tumult, con-
fusion.— n. Hurl'er. [Contr. of Hurtle,
which see.]
HURLY-BURLY, hur'li-bur'li, n. tumult ;
confusion. [Hurly is from O. Fr. Iiurler,
to yell, orig. huller, whence E. Howl.
Burly is simjjlv a rhvniing addition.]
HURRAH. HURRA, hoor-ra', int. an ex-
clamation of excitement or joy. — n. and
r./. [Dan. and Swed. hurra.]'
HURRICANE, hur'ri-kan, n. a storm with
extreme violence and sudden changes of
the wind, common in the E. and W.
Indies. [Sp. huracan ; from an Ameri-
can-Indian word, prob. imitative of the
rushing of the wind.]
HURRY, hur'i, v.t. to urge forward : to
hasten. — v.i. to move or act with haste :
— pa.p. hurr'ied. — ?). a driving forward:
haste : tumult.— adf. Hurr'yingly. [An
imitative word, to which correspond O.
Swed. hurra, to whirl round, and other
Scand. forms.]
HURRY-SKURRY. hur'i-slcur'i, n. confu-
sion and bustle. [HuRRY, with the rhym-
ing addition skurry.]
HURT, hurt, v.t. to cause bodily pain to :
to damage : to wound, as the feelings :
— 2)a.t. and j)«.j). hurt, — n. a wound : in-
juiy. [Lit. to butt oi* thrust like a. ram.
O. Fr. hurter (Fr. heurter). to knock, to
run against ; prob. from the Celtic, as in
W. hwrdd, a thrust, the butt of a ram,
Corn, hordh, a ram.]
HURTFUL, hurt'fool, adj. causing hurt or
loss : mischievous. — adv. HtTRT'FULLY. —
n. Hurt'fulness.
HURTLE, hurt'l, v.t. to dash against : to
move violently : to clash : to rattle.
[Freq. of HlTtf in its original sense.]
HURTLESS, hurfles, adj. without hurt or
injury, harmless. — adv. Hurt'lessly. —
n. Hurt'lessness.
HUSBAND, huz'band, n. a married man :
(B.) a man to whom a woman is betrothed:
one who manages affairs with prudence:
{naut.) the owner of a ship who manages
its concerns in person. — v.t. to supply
with a husband : to manage with econ-
omy. [M. E. hushonde — A.S. hvshonda.
Ice. husbondi — hus, a house, and Ice.
bondi, for buandi, inhabiting, pr.p. of
Ice. bua, to dwell, akin to Ger. batien, to
till. See Bondage.]
HUSBANTDMAN, huz'band-man. n. a work-
ing farmer : one who labors in tillage.
HUSBANDRY, huz'band-ri, 7i. the business
of a farmer: tillage: economical manage-
ment: thrift.
HUSH. hush. int. or inq). silence ! be still !
— adj. silent : quiet. — v.t. to make quiet.
[Imitative. Cf. Hist and Whist.]
HUSH-MONEY, liush'-mun'i, n.. money
given as a bribe to hush or make one
keep silent.
HUSK, husk, n. the dry, thin covering of
certain fruits and seeds. — v.t. to remove
the husks from. [Hulsk with the I
dropped, from M.E. hulen (with suflix
-.sk) — helan, to cover: cf. Ger. liUl.te. Dut.
hulse, etc., in all of which the 1 has been
retained.]
HUSKED, huskt', adj. covered witha /iiisfc:
stripped of hu.sks.
HUSKING, husk'ing, n. the stripping of
hH.iks : specifically the detaching of ears
of Indian corn or maize from the staUc
and taking off the husks.
HUSKY, husk'i, adj. hoarse, as the voice :
rough in sound. — adv. Ht'SK'lLY. — n.
HusK'iNESS. [A corr. of husty. from M.E.
host (Scot, ho.'it. a couglii — A.S. Inrosta,
a cough ; cog. with Ger. husten.]
HUSSAR, hoo'z-zfir', n. (orig.) a soldier of
the national cavaliy of Hungary: a light-
HUSSIF
228
HYMEN
armed cavalry soldier. [Hun. Imszar —
hiisz, twenty, because at one time in
Hungary one cavalry soldier used to be
levied from every twenty families.]
HTJSSIF, huz'if, ?;. a case for needles,
thread, etc., used in sewing. [Ice. husi,
a case — hus. a house. The -/ was added
through confusion with Housewife.]
HUSSY, huz'i, n. a pert girl : a worthless
female. [Contr. of HOUSEWIFE.]
HUSTINGS, hus'tingz, n.sing. the princi-
pal court of the City of London : {form-
erly) tlie booths where the votes were
taken at an election of a M.P., or the
platfoi-m from which the candidates
gave their addresses. [A.S. Inisting, a
council, but a Scand. word, and used in
speaking of tlie Danes — Ice. husthing — •
hus, a house, and thing, an assembly ;
cogs. E. House and Thing.]
HUSTLE, hus'l, v.t. to shake or push to-
S ether : to crowd with violence. [O.
lut. hutsen, hutselen. to shake to and
fro. See Hotchpotch.]
HUSTLE, hus'l, r.i. to push or crowd : to
move about in a confused crowd : to
move with difficulty and attempted
haste : to shamble hurriedly: in U.S. to
actively move about, in a good sense.
" Every theatre had its footmen's gal-
lery; an army of the liveried race hustled
round every chapel-door." — JViacfceray.
"Leaving the king, who had hustled
along- the floor with his dress wofully
ill-arrayed."^Sir W. Scott.
HUT. hut, n. a small or mean house :
(mil.) a small temporary dwelling. — v.t.
(mU.) to place in huts, as quarters : —
pr.p. hutt'ing : pa.2x hutt'ed. [Fr. hiitte
— O. Ger. hutta (Ger. hiitte).]
HUTCH, huch, n. a bo.v, a chest: a coop
for rabbits. [Fr. huche, a chest ; from
Low L. hutica. a box.]
HUZZA, hooz-za', int. and n. hurrah ! a
shout of joy or approbation. — i\t. to at-
tend with shouts of joy. — v.i. to utter
shouts of joy or acclamation -.— pr.p.
huzza'ing ; pa.p. huzzaed (-zad'). [Ger.
hussa : the same as HUKRAH.]
HYACINTH, hl'a-sinth. n. (tnyth.) a flower
which sprang from the blood of Hyakin-
thos [Gr.]. a youth killed by Apollo with
a quoit : a bulbous-rooted flower of a
great variety of colors : a precious stone,
the jacinth. [Doublet, Jacinth.]
HYACINTHINE, hl-a-sinth'in, adj. con-
sisting of or resembling hyacinth : curling
like the hyacinth.
HYADES, hl'a-dez, HYADS. hl'adz, n. a
cluster of five stars in the constellation
of the Bull, supposed by the ancients to
bring rain when they rose with the sun.
[Gr. hyades — hyein, to rain.l
HY.'ENA. See Hyena.
HYALINE, h!'a-lin,o4/., glassy: consisting
of or like glass. [Gr. hyalinos — hyalos,
glass, probably an Egyptian word mean-
ing a transparent stone.]
HYBERNATE. etc. See Hibernate, etc.
HYBRID, hi'brid, n. an animal or plant
pi'oduced from two different species : a
mongrel : a mule : a word formed of ele-
ments from different languages. [Lit.
something unnatural, from L. hibridn,
a mongrel, peril, from Gr. hybris, hy-
brirlos. outrage, insult.]
HYBRID, hrbrid, HYBRIDOUS, hib'rid-us,
adj. produced from different species :
mongrel.
HYBRIDISM, hl'brid-izm, HYBRIDITY.
hib-rid'i-ti. ?;. state of being hybrid.
HYCSOS. hik'sos. See Shepherd Kings
under Shepherd.
HYDATID, hid'a-tid, 7!. a iratery cyst or
vesicle sometimes found in animal bodies.
[Gr. hydatis. a watery vesicle — hydor,
hydatos, water.]
HYDRA, hi'dra, n. (myth.) a water-serpBnt
with many heads, which when cut off
were succeeded by others : anj' manifold
evil : a genus of fresh-water polypes i-e-
markable for their power of being mul-
tiplied by being cut or divided. [L. — Gr.
hydra — hydor, water, akin to Sans, nd-
ras, an otter, also to E. Ottee.]
HYDR^^MIA. hi-dre'mi-a, n. a state of the
blood in which the watery constituents
are in excess : autemia. [Gr. hydor,
water, and haima, blood.]
HYDRANGEA, hl-dran'je-a, n. a genus of
shrubby plants with large heads of showy
flowers, natives of China and Japan.
[Lit. the " water- vessel" ; so called from
the C(fp-shaped seed-vessel. Coined from
Gr. hydor. water, and anggeion, vessel.]
HYDRANT, hi'drant, n. a machine for dis-
charging water : a water-plug-. [Gr. hy-
dor, water.]
HYDRA-TUBA, hi'dra-tu-ba, n. in zool. a
locomotive, cOiated, trumpet - shaped
body arising from the ovum of several
groups of Hydrozoa. It develops a mouth
and tentacles at the expanded extremity,
and multiplies itself by gemmation, the
liberated segments developing- into med-
usoids of considerable size.
HYDRAULIC, hi-drawl'ik. HYDRAUL-
ICAL, hl-drawl'ik-al, adj. relating to hy-
draulics : conveying water : worked by
water. — adi\ Hydraul'icallt. [Lit.
" belonging to a water-organ " or water-
pipe, from Gr. hydor, water, anlos, a
pipe.]
HYDRAULICS, hi-drawl'iks, n.pL used as
sing, the science of hjdrodynamics in its
practical application to water-pipes, etc.
HYDROCEPHALUS, hi-dro-sef'a-lus, n.,
water in the head : dropsy of the brain.
[Gr. hydor, water, kephale, the head.]
HYDRODYNAMICS, hi - dro - di - nam'iks,
n.pl. used as sing, the science that treats
of the motions and equilibrium of a ma-
terial system partly or wholly fluid,
called Hydrost atics when the s5'stem is
in equilibrium, Hydrokinetics when it is
not. — adjs. Hydrodynaji'ic, Hydrodi-
NAM'lCAL. [Gr. hydor, water, and Dy-
NAincs.]
HYDROGEN, hl'dro-jen, n. a gas which in
combination with oxygen produces water ,
an elementary gaseous substance, the
lightest of all known substances, and
very inflammable. [A word coined b_y
Cavendish (1766) from Gr. hydor, water,
and gen-nao. to produce.]
HYDROGENOUS, hl-droj'e-nus, adj. per-
taining to or containing hydrogen :
formed or produced by water: specifi-
cally, in geol. a term applied to rocks
formed by the action of water, in con-
tradistinction to pyrogenous rocks, those
formed bv the action of fire.
HYDROGRAPHER, hi-drog'ra-fer. n. a
describer of ^caters or seas : a maker of
sea-charts.
HYDROGRAPHY, hl-drog'ra-fi, n. the art
of measuring and describing the size and
position of traters or seas : the art of
making sea-charts. — adjs. Hydrograph'-
ic, H-ydrograph'ical. — adv. Hydro-
qr.aph'ically. [Gr. 7!?/d6r, water, grapho,
to write.]
HYDROKINETICS, hi-dro-ki-net'iks, n.pl.
used as .<.'(?(£f. a branch of Hydrody-
namics, which see. [Gr. hydor, water,
and see Kinetics.]
HYDROLOGY, hl-clrol'o-ji, ii. the science
which treats of ivater. [Gr. hydor, water,
logos, a discourse.]
HYDROMANIA,hi-dro-nia'ni-a, >i. a species
of melancholia or mental disease under
the influence of which the sufferers are
led to commit suicide by drowning. It
frequently accompanies the last stages
of the skin disease called Pellagra (whicL
see). [Gr. hydor, water, and maniod
madness.] T
HYDROMETER, hi-drom'et-er, n. an in-!
strument for measuring the specific gravJ
ity of liquids, also the strength of spiritJ
uous liquors. — adjs. Hydromet'ric. Hy-J
dromet'eical. — n. Hydrom'etry. [Gr.
hydor. metron, a measure.]
HY'dROPATHIST, hl-drop'a-thist, w. one
who practices hydropathy.
HYDROPATHY, hi-drop'a-thi, n. the treatJ
ment of disease by cold irater. — adjs.
Hydropath'ic, Hydropath'ical. — adt\
Hydropath'ically. [Gr. hydor, water,
and paf/ios, suffering, trom pa^eho, path-
ein. to suffer.]
HYDROPHOBIA, hl-dro-fo'bi-a, n. an un-
natural dread of crater, a symptom of a
disease resulting from the bite of a mad
animal, hence the disease itself. — adj.
Hydrophob'ic. [Gr. hydor, water, and
pjhobos. fear.]
HYDROPSY, hi'drop-si, n. same as Dropsy.
HYDROSTATICS, hl-dro-stat'iks, n.pl.
used as sing, a branch of Hydrodynam-
ics, which see. — adjs. Hydrostat'ic,
H-vdrostat'ical. — adv. Hydrostat'ic-
ally. [Gr. hydor, water, and Statics.]
HYDROZOAL, hi-dro-z6'al. adj. pertain-
ing, relating to. or resembling a hydro-
zoon or the Hvdrozoa. H. A. Nicholson.
HYDROZOON. "hi-dro-zo'on, ?(. (pi. Hy-
drozoa, hi-dro-z6'a), in zool. one of a
class of radiated animals, forming, -with
the Actinozoa, the sub-kingdom Co-len-
terata. The Hydrozoa are divided into
four sub-classes — Hj'droida, Siphono-
phora, Di.scophora, and Lucernarida.
The genus Hydra may be taken as the
tj'pe. [Gr. hydra, a water-serpent, and
zbon, a living creature. See Hydra.]
HYEMAL, hl-e'mal, adj. belonging to win-
ter : done during winter. [L. hiemalis —
hiems, winter. See HiBERNAl..]
HYENA, HYAENA, hl-en'a, n. a bristly-
maned quadruped of the dog kind, so
named from its likeness to the sow. \ L.
— Gr. hyania (lit.) "sow-like" — hys, a
sow.]
HYETOLOGY. hi-e-tol'o-ji, n. that branch
of meteorologry which treats of all the
phenomena connected with rain. [Gr.
hyetos, rain, and logos, a discourse.]
HYGEIAN, hi-je'an, adj. relating to health
and its preservation. [Gr. hygieia, health,
the goddess of health, hygies. healthy —
root hyg. Sans. ^lg. L. i-eg. i^g.]
HYGIENE, hi'ji-en. HYGIENICS, hi-ji-en'-
iks, HYGIENISM. hl'-ji-en-izm, ■». the
science which treats of the preservation
of health. — adj. Hygien'ic. [Fr.]
HYGIENIST, hi'ji-en-ist, n. one skilled in
hygiene.
HYGROMETER, hi-grom'et-er, n. an in-
strument for measiiring the moisture in
the atmospliere. [Gr. hygros, wet, met-
I'on. a measure.]
HY^GROMETRY, hl-grom'et-ri, n. the art
of measuring the moisture in the atmos-
phere, and of bodies generally. — adjs.
Hygromet'ric, Hygeomet'rical.
HYGROSCOPE. hi'gro-skop, n. an instru-
ment for showing the moisture in the at-
mosphere.—nrfj. Hygroscop'ic. [Gr. hy
gros, skopeo. to view.]
HYK-SHOS, hik'-shos. HYKSOS. hik•^os,
)). see Shepherd Kings imder Shepherd.
HYLOGENESIS, hl-lo-jen'e-sis, HYLOG-
ENY, hl-loj'e-ni, w. the origin of matter.
[Gr. hi/le, matter, and gene.9is. birth.]
HYLOLOGY. hl-lol'o-ji, n. the doctrine or
theory of matter as unorganized. Krauth.
[Gr. fiyle. matter, and logos, a discourse.]
HYMEN, hi'nien, n. {myth.)ihe god of mar'
riage : marriage. — adjs. Htmene'ai-, Hv-
HYMN
229
IBIS
siENE'AN. [L., Gr. hymen, perh. conn,
with Gr. hymnos, a festive song, a hymn.]
HYMN, him, n. a song of praise. — v.f. to
celebrate in song : to worship by hymns.
— v.i. to sing in praise or adoration. [L.
hymnits — Gr. hymnos.]
HYMNIC, hini'nik, adj. relating to hynms.
HYMNOLOGIST, him-nol'o-jist, n. one
skilled in hymnology: a writer of hymns.
HYMNOLOGY, liim-noro-ji, n. the science
which treats of hymns : a collection of
hymns. [Gr. hymnos, a hymn, logos, a
discourse.]
HY'PALLAGE, hi-pal'a-je, n. an iiiter-
ehange : in rhetoric, a figure in which
the relations of things in a sentence are
mutually interchanged, but without ob-
scuring the sense, as he covered his hat
icith his head, instead of he covered his
head with his hat. [Fr. — L., Gr., from
hypallasso, to interchange — hypo, under,
and allasso. to change.]
HY'PERBATON, lii-per'ba-ton, n. (rhet.) a
fiirure by which words are transposed
from their natural order. [Gr. a " trans-
position," from hyperbainb — hyper, be-
yond, and baino, to go.]
HYPERBOLA, hl-per'bo-Ia, n. (geom.) one
of the conic sections or curves formed
when the intersecting plane makes a
greater angle with tlie base than the
side of the cone makes. — adjs. Hyper-
bol'ic. Htperbol'ical. — adv. Hyper-
BOL'lCAlxLY. [L. (lit.) a "throwing be-
vond " — Gr. hyperbole, from hyperballo —
hyper, bevond, ballo. to tlu-ow.]
HYPERBOLE, hl-per'bo-le, n. a rhetorical
figure which produces a vivid impression
by representing things as niucli greater
or less than they really are : an exag-
geration. — adjs. Hypeebol'ic, Hyper-
bol'ical. — adv. Hyperbol'ically. [A
doublet of the above.]
HYPERBOLIZE, hl-per'bol-iz, v.t. to repre-
sent hyperbolically. — v.i. to speak hyper-
bolicaUy or with exaggeration. — n. Hy-
per'bolisji.
HYPERBOREAN, hl-per-bo're-an, adj. be-
longing to the cvtreme north. — m. an
inhabitant of the extreme north. [Gr.
hyperboreos — hyper, beyond, and Boreas,
the north wind.]
HYPERCRITIC, hl-per-krit'ik, n. one who
is over-critical. — adjs. Hypercrit'ic, Hy-
percrit'ical, over-critical. — adv. Hyper-
crit'ically. — n. Hypercrit'icissi. [Gr.
hyper, over, and Critic]
HYPERKINESIS, hi-per-ki-ne'sis, n. ab-
normal increase of muscular movement:
spasmodic action : spasm. [Gr. hyper,
over, and kinesis, motion.]
HY'PERKINETIC, hl-per-ki-net'ik, adj. re-
luting to or characterized by hyperki-
nesis.
HYPERMETRICAL, hi-per-met'rik-al, adj.
beyond or exceeding the ordinary metre
of a line : having a syllable too much.
[Gr. hyper, and Metrical.]
HYPER'PHYSICAL, hl-per-fiz'ik-al, adj.
bevond phvsical laws : supernatural.
HYPERSTHENE, hi'per-sthen, HYPER-
STENE. liT'per-sten, n. a mineral, Labra-
dor hornblende. Its color is between
gra3'ish and greenish black, but nearly
■copper-red on the cleavage. It is usu-
ally found foliated, massive. [Gr. hyper,
beyond, and sthenos, strength : so named
from its difficult frangibility as compared
with hornblende, with which it was form-
erlv confounded.]
HYPERSTHENIA, hl-per-sthe'ni-a, «. in
med. a morbid condition characterized
bv extreme excitement of all the vital
phenomena.
HYPERSTHENIC, hi-per-sthen'ik. adj.
containing hypersthene : resembling hy-
persthene : relating to, characterized by.
or producing over-excitement : stimulat-
ing : stimulated.
HY'PERTROPHY, hl-per'tro-fi, n., over-
7iourishment : the state of an organ, or
part of the body when it grows too large
from over-nourishment. [Gr. hyper, and
trophe, nourishment — trepho, to nour-
ish.]
HYPHEN, hl'fen, n. a short stroke (-) join-
ing two sj-llables or words. [Gr. hy^M,
under, hen, one.]
HYPHOMYCETES, hl-fo-ml-se'tez, n.pl.
one of the great divisions of fungi, con-
taining those species which have naked
spores borne on free or only fasciculate
threads. The plants are microscopic,
growing as moulds over dead or living
organic substances ; and various cuta-
neous disorders of animals, as well as
many diseases of plants, are ascribed to
them. By some authorities yeast is in-
cluded in this division. [Gr. hyphao,
hyphaino, to weave, and mykes, myketos,
a fungus.]
HYPHOJfYCETOUS, hl-fo-mi-se'tus, adj.
pertaining, relating to, or characteristic
of the Hj'phomyoetes or microscopic
vegetable 'moulds ; as, hyphomycetous
fungi.
HYPNOBATE.hip'no-bat,?i. asleep-walker:
a somnambulist. [Gr. hypnos, sleep, and
baino, to go.]
HYPNOTISM, hip'no-tizra, n. a sleep-like
condition induced by artificial means : a
nervous sleep like tlie condition under
mesmerism. [Coined in 1843, from Gr.
hypnos, sleep.]
HYPOCHONDRL^, hip-o-kon'dri-a, n. a
nervous malady, often arising from in-
digestion, and' tormenting the patient
with imaginary fears. [L., Gr., from
hyjM, under, chondros, a cartilage, be-
cause the disease was supposed to have
its seat in the parts tinder the cartilage
of the breast.]
HYPOCHONDRIAC, hip-o-kon'dri-ak, adj.
relating to or affected with hypochon-
dria: melancholy. — n. one suffering from
hypochondria.
HYPOCOTYL, hi'po-kot-il, n. see extract.
"With seedlings the stem which sup-
ports the cotyledons (i.e., the organs
which represent the first leaves), has
been called by many botanists the
' hypocotyledonous stem,' but for brev-
ity sake we will speak of it merely as
the hypocotyl.''— Darwin.
HY'POCOTYLEDONOUS, hi-p6-kot-i-le'-
don-us, adj. in bot. situated under or
sutjporting tlie cotvledons. Darwin.
HYPOCOTYLOUS, hl-po-kot'il-us, adj. of
or pertaining to the hypocotyl. Nature.
HY'POCRISY, hi-pok'ri-si, )i. a feigning to
be what one is not : conceabiient of
true character. [Lit. " the acting of a
part on the stage," from Gr. hypokrisis —
hypokrinomai, to play on the stage, from
hypo, under, krino. to decide.]
HYTOCRITE, hip'o-krit, n. one who prac-
tices hypocrisy.— flrfj. Hypocrit'IC, prac-
ticing " hypocrisy. — adr. Hypocrit'ical-
LY. [Lit. "an'actor," Fr.— L., Gr. hy-
IMkrites.']
HYPODERM, hi'po-derm, ITYPODERMA,
hi-p6-der'ma, n. in bot. those layers of
tissue lying under the epidermis, and
which serve to strengthen the epidermal
tissue. [Gr. hypo, under, and derma, the
skin.]
HYPOGASTRIC, hip-o-gas'trik. adj. be-
longing to the loicer part of the nMomen.
[Gr. hi/j)0. under, gnster. the belly.]
HYPONASTY. hl-p6-nas'ti. «. in bot. a
term implying increased growth along
the lower surface of an organ or part of
a plant, causing the part to bend up-
wards. Darwin. [Gr. hypo, under, and
na.itos. close-pressed, soUd.]
HYPOSTASIS, hi-pos'ta-sis, n. a substance:
the essence or personality of the three
divisions of the Godhead. — adjs. Hypos-
TAT'ic, Hypostat'ical. — adr. Hypostat-
ICALLY. [Lit. a " standing under." L.,
Gr. hy^wstasis — Ityjihi^temi — hypo, under,
histeini. to make to stand.]
HY^POTENUSE, hi-pot'en-us or hip-, HY'-
POTHENUSE, hl-poth'en-us. n. the side
of a right-angled triangle opposite to
the right angle. [Fr. — Gr. hypoteinousa
(gramme), (lit.) (a line) " which stretches
under " — Injpo. under, teino, to stretch.]
HYPOTHEC, hi-poth'ek, n. in Scotch law.
a security in favor of a creditor over the
property of his debtor, while the prop-
erty continues in the debtor's possession.
[Fr. — L. hypotheca — Gr. hypotheke. a
pledge.]
HYPOTHECATE, hi-poth'e-kat, v.t. to
place or assign anything as security
under an arrangement : to mortgage. —
11. Hypotheca'tion. [Low L. hypotheco,
hypothecatum — hypotheca. a pledge, from
Gr. hypotheke — hyjio, under, tithemi, to
place. ]
HYPOTHESIS, hl-poth'e-sis, n. a suppo-
sition : a proposition assumed for the
sake of argument : a theory to be proved
or disproved by reference to facts: a pro-
visional explanation of anything. [Lit.
" that which is placed under," Gr. hypo,
under, tithemi. to place.]
HYPOTHETIC, hi-po-thet'ik, HYPO-
THETICAL, lii-po-thet'ik-al, adj. belong-
ing to a hypothesis : conditional. — adr.
Hypothet'ically. [Gr. hypothetikos.']
HYPSIBRACHYXEPHALI, hip-si-brak-i-
sef'a-li, n.pl. in ethn. those races of men
characterized by high broad skulls, such
as the Malayan inhabitants of Madura.
[Gr. hypsos, height, brachys, short, and
kephale, the head.]
HYSON, hi'son, n. a very fine sort of green
tea. [Chinese " first crop."]
HY'SSOP, his'up, n. an aromatic plant.
[Fr. — L. hysso2}um — Gr. hyssopos — Heb.
ezobh.]
HYSTERIC, his-ter'ik, HY'STERICAL, his-
ter'ik-al, adj. resulting from the womb :
convulsive : affected with hj-sterics. —
adr. Hyster'ically. [L. hystericus— Gr.
hysterikos — hystera, the womb.]
HYSTFJIICS, his-ter'iks. HYSTERIA, his-
ter'i-a, n. a disease resulting from an af-
fection of the ivomb, causing nervous or
convulsive fits.
HYSTERON-PROTERON, his'ter-on-prof-
er-on, n. a figure of speech in which what
should follow comes first : an inversion.
[Gr. (lit.) "the last first."]
1, 1, pron. the nominative case singular of
the first personal pronoun : the word
used by a speaker or writer in mention-
ing himself. [M.E. ich. A.S. ic ; Ger.
ich. Ice. ek, L. ego, Gr. ego. Sans, aham.]
IAMBIC, I-am'bik. IAMBUS, i-am'bus. n.
a metrical foot of two syllables, the first
short and the second long, as in L. fides ;
or the first uniiccented and the second
accented, as in deduce. [L. iambus — Gr,
iambos. from iapto, to assail, this metre
being first used by writers of satire.]
IAMBIC, I-am'bik, ~adj. consisting of iam-
bics.
IBEX, T'beks. n. a genus of goats, inhabit-
insT the Alps and other mountainous
regions. [L.]
IBIS. I'bis. ». a genus of wading birds like
the stork, one species of which was wor
ICARIAN
330
IGNIS-FATUUS
shipped by the ancient Egyptians. [L.,
Gr. ; an Egyptian word.]
ICAEIAN. I-ka'ri-an, adj. belonging to
Icarus : adventurous or unfortunate in
flight. [L. Icarius — Gr. Ikarios — Ikaros,
who fell into the sea on his flight from
Crete, his waxen wings being melted by
the sun.]
ICE. Is. )i. water congealed by freezing :
concreted sugar. — v.t. to cover with ice :
to freeze : to cover with concreted sugar:
—pr.p. ic'ing ; pa.p. Iced'. [A.S. is ; Ger.
eis. Ice., Dan. is.]
ICEBERG, Is'berg, n. a mountain or huge
mass of floating ice. [From Scand. or
Dut. the latter part bergr ^ mountain.]
ICEBLINK. Is'blingk. n. the hlink or light
reflected from ice near the horizon.
ICEBOAT, Is'bot. n. a boat used for forc-
ing a passage through or being di-agged
over ice.
ICEBOUND. Is'bownd, adj., hound, sur-
rounded, or fixed in with ice.
ICECREAil, Is'krem, ICED-CREAM, ist-
krem. n.. cream sweetened or flavored,
and artificially frozen.
ICEFIELD, is'feld, n. a large jield or sheet
of ice.
ICEFLOAT. Is'flot. ICEFLOE, Is'flo, n. a
large mass of fioatiiig ice.
ICEHOUSE, is'hows, n. a hmise for pre-
serving ice.
ICELAND-MOSS, is'land-mos, n. a lichen
found in the northern parts of the world,
esp. in Iceland and Norway, and valuable
as a medicine and as an article of diet.
ICEPACK, ts'pak, n. drifting ice packed to-
gether.
ICEPLANT, Is'plant, n. a plant whose
leaves glisten in the sun as if covered
with ice.
ICHNEUMON, ik-nu'mun, n. a small car-
nivorous animal in Egj-pt, famed for de-
stroying the crocodile's eggs : an insect
which lays its eggs on the larvte of other
insects. [Gr. {lit.) the " hunter," from
ichneuo, to hunt after — ichnos.a. track.]
ICHNOGRAPHY, ik-nog'raf-i, n. a tracing
out : (arch.) a ground-plan of a work or
building. — adjs. Ichnograph'ic, Ichxo-
graph'ical. — ctdv. Ichnogbaph'ically.
[Gr. ichnograpliia — ichnos, a track, gra-
pho. to grave/)
ICHNOLOGY, ik-nol'oj-i, n., footprint lore :
the science of fossil footprints. [Gr.
ichnos, a track, a footprint, and logos,
discourse.]
ICHOR, i'kor, n. (myth.) the ethereal juice
in the veins of the gods : a watery humor:
colorless matter from an ulcer. — adj.
I'CHOROrs. [Gr. ichor, akin to Sans, sieh,
to sprinkle. Ger. seihen, to filter.]
ICHTHYOGRAPHY, ik-thi-og'ra-fi, w. a
descrijjtion of or treatise on fishes. [Gr.
ichthys, ichthyos, a fish, grapho, to write.]
ICHTHYOLITE. ik'thi-6-lIt, n. a fish turned
into stone, a fossil fish : the impression of
a fish in a rock. [Gr. ichthys, a flsh, and
lithos. a stone.]
ICHTHYOLOGY, ik- thi-ol'o- ji, n. the
branch of zoology that treats of fishes. —
adj. Ichthyolog'ical. — n. Ichthtol'o-
GIST. one skilled in ichthyology. [Gr.
ichtliys. a flsh. logos, discourse, science.]
ICHTHYOPHAGOUS, ik-thi-of'a-gus. adj.,
eating or subsisting on fish. [Gr. ichthys,
a fish, phaqo, to eat.]
ICHTIIYOSAURUS,ik-thi-o-sawr'us.?!.the
fish-lizard, a genus of extinct marine rep-
tiles, uniting some of the characteristics
of the Saurians with those of fishes. [Gr.
ichthys. a flsh, sanros. a lizard.]
ICICLE, is'i-kl, n. a hanging point of ice
formed by the freezing of dropping water.
[A.S. isgicel, for isesgicel : ises being the
gen. of is, ice, and gicel, a dim. of a Celt.
word sig. ice (Ir. aigh). Ct Ice. jokidl,
icicle, also a dim.]
ICILY, ICINESS. See ICT.
ICING, is'ing, n. a covering of tee or con-
creted sugar.
ICONOCLASM, i-kon'o-klazm, n. act of
breaking images. — adj. Iconoclast'ic,
image - breaking : pertaining to icono-
ICONOCLAST, i-kon'o-klast, n. a breaker
of images, one opposed to idol-worship.
[Coined from Gr. eikon, an image, and
klastes, a breaker — klad. to break.]
ICONOLOGY, i-kon-ol'o-ji. n. the doctrine
of images, especiallj- with reference to
worsliip. [Gr. eikon, and logos, science,
discourse.]
ICOSAHEDEAL, I-kos-a-he'dral, adj. hav-
ing twenty equal sides or faces.
ICOSAHEDRON, I-kos-a-he'dron, ?(. (geom.)
a solid having twenty equal sides or faces.
[Gr. eikosi, twenty, liedra, base — hed-,
root of hezomai, E. Sit.]
ICY, is'i, adj. composed of, abounding in,
or like ice : frosty : cold : chilling : \vith-
out warmth of aiffection. — adv. Ic'ily. —
n. Ic'ixESS.
IDEA, I-de'a, ji. an imageof a thing- formed
by the mind: a notion: thought: opinion.
[L. — Gr. idea — idein, to see ; akin to
\VlT.]
IDEAL, T-de'al, adj. existing in idea : men-
tal : existing in imagination only : the
highest and best conceivable, the perfect,
as opp. to the real, the imperfect. — n. the
highest conception of anything. — adv.
Ide'ally.
IDEALISM, I-de'al-izra, n. the doctrine that
in external perceptions the objects im-
mediately known are ideas : any system
that considers thought or the' idea as
the ground either of knowledge or exist-
ence: tendency' towards the highest con-
ceivable perfection, love for or search
after the best and highest.
IDEALIZATION, I-de-al-i-za'shun, n. act
of forming in idea, or of raising to the
highest conception.
IDEALIZE. i-de'al-Iz. v.t. to form in idea :
to raise to the highest conception. — v.i.
to form ideas.
IDEALIST, i-de'al-ist, n. one who holds
the doctrine of idealism.
IDEALISTIC, i-de-al-ist'ik, adj. pertaining
to idealists or to idealism.
IDEALITY, i-de-al'i-ti, n., ideal state:
ability and disposition to form ideals of
beaut v and perfection.
IDENTICAL, I-den'tik-al, adj. the very
same : not different. — adv. Iden'tically.
— n. Ides'ticaUs-ess, identity. [L. as it
identicus — idem, the same.]
IDENTIFY, i-den'ti-fi, v.t. to make to be
the sam.e : to ascertain or prove to be the
same : — pa.p. Tden'tifled. — n. Identifica'-
Tiox. [Fr. identifier (It. identificare) —
L. as if identicus — idem, the same, and
faeio, to make.]
IDENTITY, i-den'ti-ti. n. state of being the
same : sameness. [Fr. — Low L. identitas
— L. idem, the same.]
IDEOGRAPHIC, id - e - o - graf'ik, IDEO-
GRAPHICAL, -'ik-al, adj. representing
ideas by jjictures instead of words. [Gr.
idea, idea, grapho. to write.]
IDEOLOGY, I-de-ol'o-ji. n. the science of
ideas, metaphysics. [Gr. idea, and logos,
discourse.]
IDES, idz, n.sing. in ancient Rome, the
1.5th day of March. May. July, Oct., and
the 13th of the other months. [Fr. — L.
idus. origin doubtful, said to be Etruscan.]
IDIOCRASY, id-i-ok'ra-si. n. same as
Idiosyncrasy. [Fr. — Gr. idiokrasia —
idios. peculiar, and krasis. See Crasis.]
IDIOCY, id'i-o-si. IDIOTCY. id'i-ut-si. n.
state of being an idiot ; imbecUity : folly.
IDIOM, id'i-una, n. a mode of expression
pecidiar to a language. [Fr. — L. — Gr.
idioma, pecuh:u-ity — idioo, make one's
own — idios, one's own.]
IDIOMATIC, id-i-o-mat'ik. IDIOMATICAL,
id-i-o-mat'ik-al, adj. conformed or per-
taining to the idioms of a language. —
adv. Idiojiat'ically. [Gr. idiomatikos
— idioma, idiomatos, peculiarity.]
IDIOPATHIC, id-i-o-path'ik, adj. [med.)
primary, not depending on or preceded
by another disease. — adv. Idiopath'io-
AXLY.
IDIOPATHY, id-i-op'a-thi. n. a peculiar
affection or state : {med.) a primai-y dis-
ease, one not occasioned by another.' [Gr.
idios, peculiar, pathos, suffering — path-
ein, to suffer.]
IDIOSYNCRASY, id-i-o-sin'kra-si, n..p€cu^
liurity of temperament or constitution:
any characteristic of a person. — adj.
Idiosysceat'ic. [Gr. idios, one's own,
peculiar, and syncrasis, a mixing together
— syn. together, and krasis, a mixing.
See Ceasis.]
IDIOT, id'i-ut. n. one deficient in intellect :
a foolish or unwise person. [Fr. — ^L. idi-
ota — Gr. idiotes, orig. a '• private man,"
then an ignorant, rude person — idios,
one's own, peculiar J
IDIOTCY. Same as Idiocy.
IDIOTIC, id-i-ot'ik, IDIOTICAL, id-i-ot'ik-
al. adj. pertaining to or like an idiot:
foolisli.— «rff. Idiot'ically.
IDIOTISM. id'i-ut-izm, n. an idiom. [L.—
Gr. — idiotizo, to put into common or
current language— fd?ofes. See Idiot.]
IDLE, I'd], adj. vain: trifling: unem-
ployed : averse to labor : not occupied :
useless : unimportant : unedifying. — v.t.
to spend in idleness. — ns. I'DLER, I'dle-
NESS. — adv. I'DLY. [A.S. idel : Dut. ij-
del, Ger. citel, conn, with Gr. itharos,
clear, aither, upper air. from aitho,
burn. The orig. sense was prob. "clear";
then pure, mere, sheer ; then vain, un-
important (Skeat).]
IDOL, I'dul, n. a figure : an image of some
object of worship : a person or thing too
much loved or honored. [L. idolum —
Gr. eidolon — eidos. that which is seen —
idein. to see. See "Wit.]
IDOLATER, i-dol'a-ter. n. a worshipper of
idols: a great admirer: — fern. Idol'a-
tress. [Fr. idoldtre, corr. of L. — Gr.
eidololatres — eidolon. ido\, /fibres. worship-
per.]
IDOLATRIZE. i-dol'a-ti-iz, r.f. to trorship
as an idol : to adore.
IDOLATROUS, I-dol'a-trus. adj. pertaining
to idolatnj. — adv. Idol'atrously.
IDOLATRY, I-dol'a-tri, n. the tvorship of
idols : excessive love.
IDOLIZE, I'dul-iz, v.t. to make an idol of,
for worship : to love to excess. — n. IDOL-
IZ'EE.
IDYL, IDYLL, i'dil, n. a short pictorial
poem, chiefly on pastoral subjects : a
narrative poem. [L. idyllium — Gr. eidyl-
lion, dim. of eidos. image — eidomai, to
seem. See WiT.]
IDYLLIC, i-dil'ik, adj. of or belonging to
idyls.
IF,if, eonj. an expression of doubt: whether:
in case that : supposing that. [A.S. gif;
cog. with Dut. of. Ice. ef. if. efa. to doubt;
O. Grer. ibu, ipu, dative caseof iba, a con-
dition.]
IGNEOUS, igr'ne-us, 0£^'. pertaining to, con-
sisting of, orlike_/(re : (greo/.) produced by
the action of fire. [L. igneus — ignis, flre,
cog. with Sans, agni.]
IGNESCENT. ig-nes'ent, adj. emitting
sparks of fire. [L. igne.icens — igjiis.]
IGNIS-FATUUS, ig'nis-fat'u-us. n. a light
which misleads travellers, often seen over
marshy places, of which the cause is not
IGNITE
231
IMBOKDER
well understood, also called " "Will-o'-the-
wisp : — pi. iGNES-FATxn, ig^'nez-faffl-i.
[L. ignis, fire, fatims, foolish.]
IGfXITE. ig-nit', v.t. to set on Jire, to
kindle : to render luminous with heat. —
I'.i'. to take fire : to burn. [See Ig-
nition.]
IGNITIBLE, ig-nlt'i-bl, adj. that may be
ignited.
IGNITION, ig-nish'un, n. act of setting on
fre: state of being kindled, and esp. of
being made red-hot. [Fr., coined from
L. igmo. ignifiis. to set on fire — ignis,
fire.T
IGNOBLE, ig-no'bl. adj. of low birth: mean
or worthless : dishonorable. — a(h\ Igno'-
BLY.—n. Igno'bleness. [Fr. — L. igno-
bilis — in, not, gnobiHs, nnoilis. noble.]
IGNOMINIOUS, ig-no-min'i-us, adj. dis-
honorable : marked with ignominy : con-
temptible : mean. — adv. IGNOMIN'IOCSLY.
— n. Ignomin'iousness.
IGNOMINY, ig'no-min-i. v. the loss of
one's good name : public disgrace : in-
famy. [Fr. — L. ignominia — in, not,
gnomen. nomen, name. See Name.]
IGNORAMUS, ig-no-ra'mus, n. an ignorant
person, esp. one making a pretence to
knowledge :—p?. Ignora'mtses. [L. "we
are ignorant," 1st pers. pi. pres. ind. of
ignoro.'l
IGNORANCE, ig'no-rans. n. state of being
ignorant : want of knowledge : — pi. in
Litany, sins committed through igno-
rance. [Fr.— L. ignoravtia.]
IGNORANT, ig'no-rant.ac?/ without knowl-
edge: uninstructed : unacquainted with.
— adv. Ig'noraxtly. [Fr. — L. ignorans,
-anfis. pr.p. of ignore. See Ignore.]
IGNORE, ig-nor'. %:t. willfully to disregard:
to set aside. [Fr.^L. ignoro, not to
know — ill, not. and gno-, root of (g)nosco,
to know. See Know.]
IGUANA, i-gwa'na. »i. a genus of tropical
lizards, ha\'ing a large dewlap under tlie
throat. [Sp., said to De a Haytian word.]
ILEX, rieks, n. the scientific name for
Holly (which see) : the evergreen or
holm oak. [L.]
ILL4.C. il'i-ak. adj. pertaining to the
lower intestines. [Fr.. through a Low
L. iliaeus — ilias. the flanks, the groin.]
ILL^D. il'i-ad, n. an epic poem b3- Homer,
gi\ing an account of the destruction of
Iliinn or ancient Troy. [L. Ilias, Iliadis
— Gr. Ilias, Hiados (jwiesis. a poem).
relating to Ilium, the city of Uos, its
fovmder.]
ILK, ilk, adj. the same. [Scot., from A.S. ylc,
from ij- or i- (base of He), and lie = like.]
ILL. il, adj. (comp. worse : superl.
WORST), evil, bad : contrary to good :
wicked: producing e\nl: unfortunate: un-
favorable: sick: diseased : improper: in-
correct : cross, a.s temper. — adv. not well:
not rightly : with difficulty. — n. evil :
wickedness : misfortune. — III, when
compounded with other words, expresses
badness of quality or condition. [From
Ice. illr. a contr. ofthe word wl)ich ap-
pears in A.S. yfel, E. Evil.]
ILLAPSE. il-laps', n. a sliding in : the en-
trance of one thing into another. [L.
illap.iiis — illabor — in, into, labor, to slip,
to slide.]
ILLATION, il-la'shnn, n. act of inferring
from premises or reasons : inference :
conclusion. [Fr. — L. illntio, a bringing
in, a logical inference — infero, illatiim —
in. in, into, fero. to bear.]
ILLATIVE, il'la-tiv, adj. denoting an in-
ference : that may be inferred. — adv. IL'-
LATITELT.
ILL-BLOOD, il'-blud, n. ill feeling: resent-
ment.
ILI^BRED. il'-bred, adj. badly bred, or
educated : uncivil. — n. Ill-BREED'ING.
ILLEGAL, il-le'gal, adj. contrary to law. —
adv. Ille'gally. [Fr. — L. in, not ; see
Lei;al.]
ILLEGALITY, il-le-gal'i-ti, n. the quality
or condition of being illegal.
ILLEGALIZE, il-le'gal-iz, v.t. to render un-
lau-fid.
ILLEGIBLE, il-lej'i-bl, adj. that cannot be
read : indistinct. — adv. Illeg'ebly. — ns.
Illeg'ibleness, Illegibll'ity. [Fr. — L.
in, not ; see Legible.]
ILLEGITIMATE, il-le-jit'i-mat, adj., not
according to law : not born in wedlock :
not properly interred or reasoned : not
genuine. — adv. Illegit'imately. — n.
Illegit'imacy. [L. in, not ; see Legiti-
mate.]
ILI^FAVORED, il-fa'vurd, afy.ill-looldng :
deformed : uglv.
ILLIBERAL, il-Iib'er-al. adj. niggardly :
mean. — adv. Illeb'erally. — n. Illiber-
al'ity. [Fr. — L. ?■)!, not, and Liberal.]
ILLICIT, il-lis'it. adj., not allowable: un-
lawful ; unlicensed. — adv. Illic'itly. — n.
Illic'itntiss. [Fr.— L. illicitus—in, not,
and licittis, pa. p. of liceo, to be allowable.
See License.]
ILLIMITABLE, il-lim'it-a-bl, adj. that
cannot be bounded : infinite. — adi: II-
lim'itably. — 7). Illim'itableness. [L.
in. not, and Luhtable.]
ILLISION, il-lizh'un, n. the act of dashing
or striking against. [L. illisio — illido,
to strike against — i7i, upon, Icedo, to
da.sli, to strike.]
ILLITERACY, il-lit'er-a-si, n. state of be-
ing illiterate : want of learning.
ILLITERATE, il-lit'er-at. adj., not learned:
uninstructed : ignorant. — adv. Ilut'er-
ately. — n. Illit'erateness. [L. in, not,
and Literate.]
ILI^NATURED. il-na'turd, adj of an ill
natui-e or temper : cross : peevish. — adv.
Ill-na'turedly.
ILLNESS, il'nes, n. sickness : disease.
ILLOGICAL, il-loj'i-kal, adj. contrary to
the rules of logic. — adv. Illog'ICAlly.
— n. Illog'icalness. [L. in, not, and
Logical.]
ILL-STARRED, il'-stard, adj. born (accord-
ing to an ancient superstition) under the
influence of an unlueky star : unluckj-.
ILLLTDE, il-lud', v.t. to play upon by arti-
fice : to deceive. [L. illudo, illusum — in,
upon. ludo. to play.]
ILLUTtfE. See Illtoitne.
ILLUMINATE, il-lu'min-at, v.t. to light
vip : to enlighten : to illustrate : to adorn
with ornamental lettering or illustra-
tions.— adj. enlightened. [L. illumino,
illnminatus — in. in, upon, and lumino, to
cast light — lumen (= lucimen) — luceo, to
sliine, light.]
ILLUIUNATI, il-lu-min-a'tl. n.pl. the en-
lightened, a name given to various sects,
and esp. to a society of German Free-
thinkers at the end of last centurv.
ILLUMINATION, il-lu-min-a'shun^ n. act
of giving light: that which gives light :
splendor : brightness : a display of
lights : adorning of books with colored
lettering or illustrations : (B.) enlighten-
ing influence, inspiration.
ILLUJHNATIVE, il-lu'rain-a-tiv, adj. tend-
ing to give light : illustrative or explana-
tory.
ILLUMINATOR, il-lu'min-a-tor, n. one who
illuminates, especially one who is em-
ployed in adorning books with colored
letters and illustrations.
ILLUMINE, il-lu'min. ILLUME, il-lum',
r.^ to make luminous or bright : to en-
lighten : to adorn.
ILLUSION, il-lu'zhun, n. a. playing tipon:
a mocking : deceptive appearance : false
show : error. [Fr. See ILLI'DE.]
ILLUSIVE, il-lu'siv, ILLUSORY, il-hVsor-i,
adj., deceiving by false appearances: false,
— adv. iLLU'sivELY.— ». Illu'siveness.
ILLUSTRATE, il-lus'trat, v.t. to make dis-
ting-uished : to make clear to the mind :
to explain : to explain and adorn by
pictui-es. — ?[. Illcs'trator. [L. illustro,
illnstratnm, to light up — 'illustris. See
Illustrious.]
ILLUSTRATION, il-lus-tra'shun, n. act of
making lustrous or clear : act of explain-
ing : that which illustrates : a picture
or diagi-am.
ILLUSTRATIVE, il-lus'tra-tiv, adj. having
the quality of TOoXi(i(/c/e((r or explaining.
— ad I'. Illus'tratively.
ILLUSTRIOUS, il-lus'tri-us, adj. morally
bright, distinguished : noble : conspicu-
ous : conferring honor. — adv. Illus'-
triously. — ?i. Illus'triousness. [L. il-
lustris, prob. for illucestris — in, in, and
lu.v, lucis, light.]
ILL-WILL, il-wil', n. unkind feeling : en-
mity.
IMAGE, im'aj, n. Likeness : a statue : an
idol : a representation in the mind, an
idea : a picture in the imagination : (op-
tics) the figure of any object formed by
rays of hght. — v.t. to form an unage of :
to form a likeness of in the mind. [Fr.
— L. imago, an image, from root of imi-
tor, to imitate. See Imitate.]
IMAGERY, im'a-jer-i or im'aj-ri, n. (orig.)
images in general : the work of the
imagination : mental pictures : figures of
speec 1 1 .
IMAGINABLE, im-aj'in-a-bl, adj. that
maybe imagined. — adr. Imao'INABLT.
— n. Imag'inableness.
IMAGINARY, im-aj'in-ar-i, adj. existing
only in the imagination : not real : (alg.)
impossible.
IMAGINATION, im-aj-in-a'shun, n. act of
imagining: the faculty of forming images
in the mind : that which is imagined :
contrivance. [See Imagine.]
IMAGINATIVE, im-aj'in-a-tiv, adJ full of
imagination : given to imagining : pro-
ceeding from the imagination. — n. Im-
ag'inativeness.
IMAGINE, im-aj'in, i\t. to form an image
of in the mind : to conceive : to think:
(B.) to contrive or devise. — v.i. to form
mental images : to conceive. — n. Ihag'-
INER. [Ft. — L. imagino — imago, an
imag'e.]
IMAGO, i-ma'go, n. the last or perfect
state of insect life, when the case cov-
ering it is dropped, and the inclosed
image or being comes forth. [L.]
IMAN, i-man', IMAM, i-mam', IMAUM,
i-mawm', n. a Mohammedan priest : a
Mohammedan prince with botli temporal
and spiritual authority. [Ar. Imam,
chief.]
IMBANK, im-bangk*. Same as Embank.
IMBECILE, im'be-sel,ad/. without strength
either of body or of mind : feeble. — n.
one destitute of strength, either of mind
or body. [Fr. imbecile — L. imbecillus ;
origin unknown. See Embezzle.]
IMBECILITY, im-be-sil'i-ti. n. state ot
being imbecile : weakness of body or
miml.
IMBED, im-bed', v.t. to lay, as in a bed:
to place in a mass of matter. [E. In
{=into) and BED.]
IMBIBE, ini-bib', v.t. to drink in: to ab-
sorb : to receive into the mind. — n. 1m-
biber. [Fr. — L. iinbibo — in, in, into,
and bibo. to drink.]
BIBITTER. im-bit'er. v.t. to make bitter :
to render more violent : to render un-
happy.— n. Imbitt'erer. [E. In and Bit-
ter.]
IMBODY. im-bod'i. Same as Embody.
IMBORDER, im-bor'der, v.t. to border.
IMBOSOM
232
IMPEACH
DIBOSOM, im-booz'um. Same as Em-
bosom.
IMBRICATE, iiu'bri-kat. IJIBRICATED,
ira'bri-kat-ed, adj. bent like a gutter-tile :
{hot.) overlapping each other like tiles
on a roof. [L. imbricatus, pa.p. of im-
brico, to cover with tiles — imbrex, a gut-
ter-tile— iniber, a shower.]
IJIBRICATION, im-bri-ka'shun, n. a con-
cave indenture as of a tile : an overlap-
ping of the edges.
MBROGLIO, im-brol'yo, ?i. an intricate
plot in a romance or drama: a perplexing
state of matters: a complicated misunder-
standing. [It.]
IMBROWN, im-brown', v.t. to make 6ro«,'» .■
to darken : to obscure. [E. IN and
Brown.]
IMBRUE, im-broo', v.t. to wet or moisten:
to soak : to drench ; causal of imbibe.
[O.Fr. embr Her— O.Vr. bevre (Fr. boire)
— L. bibere, to drink.]
IMBUE, im-bu', v.t. to cause to drink : to
moisten: to tinge deeply: to cause to im-
bibe, as the mind. [L. imbuo — in, and
root of bibo, to drink ; akin to Gr. pi, po,
root of pino. Sans, pa, to drink.]
IMITABLE, im'it-a-bl, adj. that may be
imitated or copied : worthy of imitation.
— n. Imitabil'ity.
IMITATE, im'i-tat, v.t. to copy, to strive
to be the same as : to produce a likeness
of. — n. iM'iTAToa. [L. imitor, imitatus,
etv. unknown.]
IMITATION, im-i-ta'shun, n. act of imitat-
ing : that which is produced as a copy, a
IMITATIVE, im'i-tat-iv. adj. inclined to
imitate: formed after a model. — adv.
Im'itatively.
IMMACULATE, im-mak'u-lat, adj., spot-
less: unstained: pure. — adv. Immac'u-
LATELY.— n. iMMAC'tlLATENESS. — IMMACU-
LATE Conception, the R. Cath. doctrine
that the Virgin Mary was born without
original sin. [L. immaeulatus — in, not,
and macnlo, to stain — macula, a spot.]
IMMANENT, ira'a-nent, adj., remaining
within : inherent. [L. immanens, -entis,
pr.p. of immaneo — in, in or near, maneo,
to remain.]
IMMATERIAL, im-a-te'ri-al, adj., not con-
sisting of matter : incorporeal : unimpor-
tant.— adv. Immate'blally. — v. Immate'-
RiALiZE. [Fr. — L. in, not, and Material.]
IMMATERIALISM, im-a-te'ri-al-izm, n. the
doctrine that there is no material sub-
stance.— n. Immate'rialist, one vrho be-
lieves in this.
DOIATERIALITY, im-a-te-ri-al'i-ti, n. the
quality of being immaterial or of not con-
sisting of matter.
IMMATURE, im-a-tur', IMMATURED, im-
a-turd'. adj. not ripe : not perfect : come
before the natural time. — adv. Imma-
tuke'ly. — IIS. Immature' NESS, Immatub'-
ITY. [L. in. not, and Mature.]
IMMEASURABLE, im-mezh'ur-a-bl, adj.
that cannot be measured. — adv. Immeas'-
UHABLY. — n. ImMEAS'URABLENESS. [FV. —
L. in, not, and Measurable.]
IMMEDIATE, im-me'di-at, adj. with noth-
ing ia the middle between two objects:
not acting by second causes : direct :
present : without delav.— odr. Imme'di-
ately.— «. Imme'diate'ness. [Fr.— Low
L. immediatus — in, not, and medius, the
middle.]
IMMEMORIAL, ira-me-mo'ri-al, adj. be-
yond the reach of memory.— adv. Imsie-
mo'rially. [Fr.— L. in, not, and Me-
M'miALj
IMMENSE, im-mens', adj. that eannct be
measured : vast in extent ; verv large. —
adv. Immense'ly. — ?!. Immense'ness. [Fr.
— L. immensus — in, not, mensus, pa.p.
of metier, to measure.]
IMMENSITY, im-mens'it-i, n. an extent not
to be measured : infinity : greatness.
IMMENSURABLE, im-mens'ur-a-bl, adj.
that cannot be measured. — n. Immens-
Urabil'ity. [Fr. — L. in, not, and mens-
^lrabilis — metior.l
IMMERGE, im-merj', v.t. to plunge some-
thing into. [L. in, into, and merge,
mer.-nis, to plunge.]
DIMERSE, im-mers, v.t. to immerge or
plunge something into : to engage
deeplj' : to overwhelm.
IMMERSION, im-mer'shun, n. act of im-
mersing or plunging into : state of being
dipped into : state of being deeply en-
gaged.
DIMETHODICAL, im-me-thod'ik-al, adj.
without method or order : irregular. —
adv. Immethod'ically. [L. in, not, and
Methodical.]
IMMIGRANT, im'i-grant, n. one who im-
migrates.
DIMIGRATE, im'i-grat, v.i. to migrate or
remove into a country. [L. immigro —
in, into, and migro, migratum, to re-
move.]
IMMIGRATION, im-i-gra'shun, n. act of
immigrating.
IMMINENT, im'i-nent, adj. near at hand :
threatening : impending. — adv. Imm'i-
nently'. — n. Imm'inence. [L. imminens,
-entis — in, upon, mineo, to project.]
IMMISSION, im-mish'un, n. act of immit-
ting.
IMMIT, im-mit', v.t. to sendinto: to inject:
— pr.p. immitt'ing ; pa.p. immitt'ed. [L.
immitto — in, into, mitto, missus, to send.']
IMMOBILITY, im-mo-bil'i-ti, n. the being
immovable. [Fr. — L. in, not, and Mo-
BIUTY.]
IMMODERATE, im-mod'er-at, adj. exceed-
ing proper bounds. — adv. Immod'ebaTE-
LY. [L. in, not, and Moderate.]
IMMODEST, im-mod'est, adj. wanting re-
straint : impudent : wanting shame or
delicacy. — adv. Immod'estly. — m. Immod'-
ESTY, leant of modesty. [Fr. — L. in, not,
and Modest.]
IMMOLATE, im'o-lat, v.t. to offer in sacri-
fice. [Lit. "to sprinkle meal on a vic-
tim," L. immolo, immolatus — in, upon,
niola, meal.]
IMMOLATION, im-o-la'shun, n. act of im-
molating" : a sacrifice.]
IMMORAL, im-mor'al, adj. inconsistent
with what is right : wicked. — adv. Im-
mor'ally. [Fr. — L. in, not, and Moral.]
IMMORALITY, im-mor-al'i-ti, n. quality of
being immoral : an immoral act or prac-
tice.
IMMORTAL, im-mor'tal, adj. exempt from
death: imperishable: never to be forgot-
ten (as a name, poem, etc.). — n. one who
will never cease to exist. — adv. Immor'-
tally. [Fr.— L. in, not, and Mortal.]
IMMORTALITY, im-mor-tal'i-ti, n. quaUty
of being immortal : exemption from
death or oblivion.
DIMORTALIZE, im-mor'tal-Iz, v.t. to make
immortal.
IMMORTELLE, im-mor-tel', n. the flower
commonly called everlasting. [Fr. {fleur)
immortelie, immortal (flower).]
IMMOVABLE, im-moov'a-bl, adj. stead-
fast : unalterable : that cannot be im-
pressed or made to fall. — adv. Immov'a-
BLY.— hs.Immoy'ableness, Immovabil'ity.
[Fr. — L. in. not, and Movable.]
IMMOVABLES, im-moov'a-blz, n.pl. fixt-
ures, etc., not movable by a tenant.
IMMUNITY, im-mun'i-ti, n., freedom from
any obligation or duty : privilege. [Fr.
— L. immunitas — in. not, munis, serving,
obliging.]
IMMURE, im-mur', v.t. to ivall in : to shut
up : to imprison. [Fr. — L. in, in, and
munis, a walL]
IMMUTABILITY, im-mut-a-biri-ti, DI-
MUTABLENESS, im-mut'a-bl-nes, n. un-
changeableness.
IMMUTABLE, im-mut'a-bl, adj. unchange-
able.— adv. Immut'ably. [Fr. — L. in, not,
and Mutable.]
IMP, imp, n. little devil or wicked spirit. —
v.t. (falconry) to mend a broken or de-
fective wing by inserting a feather : to
qualify for flight. — adj. IMP'ISH, like an
imp : fiendish. [Lit. and orig. a graft,
offspring ; from Low L. impotus, a graft
— Gr. emphytos, ingrafted — en, and root
phy-, to grow ; akin to Be.]
IMPACT, im'pakt, n. a striking against:
colhsion : the blow of a body in motion
impinging on another body : the impulse
resulting from collision. — Impact', v.t. to
press firmlj- together. [L. impactus, pa.p.
of impingo. See Impinge.]
UyiPAIE, im-par', v.t. to make worse: to
diminish in quantity, value, or strength:
to injure : to weaken. [M.E. empeiren —
O. Fr. empeirer (Fr. empirer), from L.
im (=in), intensive, and Low L. pejorare,
to make worse — L. pejor, worse.]
IMPALE, IMPALEMENT. Same as Em-
pale, Empalement.
IMPALPABLE, im-pal'pa-bl, adj. not per-
ceivable by touch : not coarse : not easi-
ly understood. — adv. Impal'pably. — n.
Impalpabil'ity. [Fr. — L. in, not, and
Palpable.]
IMPANEL, IMPANNEL, im-pan'l, v.t. to
enter the names of a jury in a list, or on
a piece of parchment called a panel : —
pr.p. impan'elling ; pa.p. impan'elled.
[L. in. in, and Panel.]
IMPARITY, im-par'i-ti, n.. ivant of parity
or equality : indivisibility into equal
parts. [L. in, not, and Pajiity.]
IMPARK, im-park', v.t. to inclose for a
jjark: to shut up. [L. in, in, and Park.]
IMPART, im-part', v.t. to bestow a part
of : to give : to communicate : to make
known. — v.i. to give a part. [O. Fr. — L.
impartio — in, on, and pars, partis, a
part.]
IMPARTIAL, im-par'shal, adj. not favor-
ing one more than another : just. — adv.
Impae'tially. [Fr. — L. in, not, and
"P X T? TT A T 1
IMPARTIALITY, im-par-shi-al'i-ti, n. qual-
ity of being impartial : freedom from
bias.
IMPABTIBLE, im-part'i-bl, adj. capable
of being imparted. — H. Impartibil'ity.
[From Impart.]
BIPARTIBLE, im-part'i-bl, adj. not parti-
ble : indivisible. — n. Impartibil'ity. [L.
in, not, and Partible.]
IMPASSABLE, im-pas'a-bl, adj. not capa-
ble of being passed. — adv. Impass'ably.
— ns. Impassabil'ity, Impass'ablen'ess.
[L. in, not. and Passable.]
MPASSIBLE, im-pas'i-bl, adj. incapable
of passion or feeling. — ns. Impassibil'ity,
IsrPASS'lBLENESS, quality of being impass-
ible. [Fr. — L. inqmssibilis — in, not, and
potior, x>assus, to suff'er.]
niPASSIONED,im-pash'und,IMPASSION-
ATE, im-pash'un-at, adj. moved by strong
passion or feeling : animated : excited.
[L. in. intensive, and Passion.]
DlPASSrVE, im-pas'iv, adj. not susceptible
of pain or feeling. — adv. Impass'ively. —
?!. iMPASS'rVENESS.
IMPATIENT, im-pa'shent, adj. not able to
endure or to wait : fretful : restless. —
adv. Impa'tiently.— ?i. lMPA'TIENCE,want
of patience.
IMPAWN, im-pawn', v.t. to paum or de-
posit as security. [L. in, intensive, and
Pawn.]
IMPEACH, im-pech', v.t. to charge with a
crime : to cite before a court for oflicial
misconduct: to call in question. — n. Im-
IMPEACHABLE
233
IMPORTABLE
PEACH'MENT, an accusation presented by
the House of Representatives to the
Senate, on wliich officers of tlie govern-
ment are tried for high crimes and mis-
demeanors. On such trial, the Senate is
presided over by the Chief Justice of- the
U.S. [Lit. "to hinder," Fr. empecher
(It. impacciare) ; eitlier from L. impin-
gere, to strike against, or impedicare, to
fetter. See Impinge and Impede.]
IMPEACHABLE, im-pech'a-bl, adj. liable
to impeachment : chargeable with a
crime.
IMPEAEL, im-perl', v.t. to adorn with or
as with pearls : to make like pearls. [L.
ill. in, and Peael.]
IMPECCABLE, im-pek'a-bl, adj. not liable
to sin. — n^. Impeccabil'itt, Impecc'ahct.
[L. in. not. and PECCABLE.]
IMPECUNIOUS, im-pe-ku'ni-us, adj. hav-
ing no money: poor. — n. Impecunios'itt.
[L. in, priv., ani jiemnia. money.]
IMPEDE, im-ped', v.t. to hinder or ob-
struct. [Lit. "to entangle the feet,"
from L. impedio — in, in, and 2;e«, j'edis,
a foot.]
DIPEDBIENT, im-ped'i-ment, n. that
wliii-h impedes : ninderance : a defect
prfventing fluent speech.
niPEDITIVE, im-ped'i-tiv, adj. causing
hiiiderance.
IMPEL, im-pel', v.t. to drive or urge for-
ward : to excite to action : to instigate :
—pr.p. impeWing ; pa. p. impelled'. — n.
Impeix'er. [L. "impello, impulsus — in,
on. and pello, to drive.]
IMPELLENT, im-pel'ent, adj. having the
quality of impelling or driving on. — n. a
power that impels.
IMPEND, im-pend', v.i. to hang over: to
threaten : to be near. [L. in, on, and
pendeo. to hang.l
IMPENDENT, im-pend'ent, UNENDING,
ira-pend'ing, adj., hanging over: ready
to act or happen.
IMPENETRABLE, im-pen'e-tra-bl, adj. in-
capable of being pierced : preventing an-
other bod J' from occupying the same
space at the same time : not to be im-
pressed in mind or heart. — adv. Impen'-
ETRABLY. — n. IJrPEN'ETRABILITY, quality
of being impenetrable. [Fr. — L. in, not,
and Penetrable.]
IMPENITENT, im-pen'i-tent, adj. not re-
penting of sin. — n. one who does not
repent : a hardened sinner. — adv. IirpEN'-
ITENTLY. — n. Impen'itence. [Fr. — L. in,
not. and Penitent.]
IMPENNATE, im-pen'at, IMPENNOUS,
im-pen'us, adj. wingless : having very
short wings useless for flight. [L. in,
not. and Pennate.]
IMPERATIVE, im-per'a-tiv, adj. expressive
of command : authoritative : obligatory.
— adi: Imper'atively. [Fr. — L. imper-
atimts — impero, to command — in, and
paro, to prepare.]
IMPERCEPTIBLE. im-per-.sep'ti-bl, adj.
not discernible : insensible : minute. — ».s.
Impercep'tibleness, Imperceptibil'ity.
—adv. Impercep'tibly. [L. in, not, and
Perceptible.]
IMPERFECT, im-per'fekt, adj. incom-
plete : defective : not fulfilling its de-
sign : liable to err. — ns. Ijiper'fectness,
Imperfec'tion. — adv. Imper'fectly. [Fr.
--L. in, not, and Perfect.]
IMPERFORABLE, im-per'for-a-bl, adj.
tliat cannot be perforated or bored
through.
IMPERFORATE, im-per'fo-rat, IMPER-
FORATED, im-per'fo-rat-ed, adj. not
pierced through: having no opening. — n.
Imperfora'tion. [L. in, not, and Per-
forate.]
IMPERIAL, im-pe'ri-al, adj. pertaining to
an empire or to an emperor : sovereign :
supreme : of superior size or excellence.
— n. a tuft of hair on the lower lip : a
kind of dome, as in Moorish buildings :
an outside seat on a diligence. — adv. IM-
pe'rially. [Fr. — L. imperialis — impe-
rium, sovereignty. See Empire.]
IMPERIALISM, mi-pe'ri-al-izm, n. the
power or authority of a,n emperor: the
spirit of empire.
IMPERIALIST, im-pe'ri-al-ist, n. one who
belongs to an emperor : a soldier or par-
tisan of an emperor.
IMPERIALITY, im-pe-ri-al'i-ti, n. imperial
power, right, or privilege.
IMPERIL, im-per'il, v.t. to put in peril: to
endanger. [L. Mi, in, and Peril.]
IMPERIOUS, im-pe'ri-us. adj. assuming-
command: haughty: tj'rannical: authori-
tative.—adi'. Impe'eiously.— n. Impe'ri-
OUSNESS. [L. imperiosus.'\
IMPERISHABLE, im-per'ish-a-bl, adj. in-
desti'uctible : everlasting. — ns. Imper'-
ISHABLENESS. Ijiperishabil'ity. — adv. Im-
PER'isHABLY. [Fr. — L. m=not,and Per-
ishable.]
IMPERMEABLE, im-per'me-a-bl, adj. not
permitting passage : impenetrable. — ns.
Impermeabil'ity, Imper'meableness. —
adv. Imper'jieably. [Fr. — L. in, not,
and Permeable.]
IMPERSONAL, im-per'sun-al, adj. not rep-
resenting a person : not having person-
ality : (gram.) not varied ace. to the
persons. — adv. Imper'sonally. — n. Im-
PEESONAL'iTY. [Fr.— L. in, not, and Per-
sonal.]
BIPERSONATE, im-per'sun-at. v.t. to in-
vest with personality or the bodily sub-
stance of a person : to ascribe the quali-
ties of a person to : to personify. — n.
Impersona'tion. [L. in, in, and Per-
sonate.]
IMPERSUASIBLE, im-per-swa'zi-bl, adj.
not to be moved by persuasion or argu-
ment. [L. in, not, and Persuasible.]
IMPERTINENCE, im-per'ti-nens, n. that
which is impertinent, out of place, or of
no weight : intrusion : impudence.
IMPERTINENT, im-per'ti-nent, adj. not
pertaining to the matter in hand : tri-
fling : intrusive : saucy : impudent. — adv.
Imper'tinently. [Fr.— L. in, not, and
Pertinent.]
IMPERTURBABLE, im-per-tur^a-bl, adj.
that cannot be disturbed or agitated :
permanently quiet. — n. Imperturbabil'-
ITY. [L. impertiirbabilis — in, not, and
perturbo, to disturb.]
IMPERTURBATION. im-per-tur-ba'shun,
n. freedom from agitation of mind.
BIPERVIABLE, im-per'vi-a-bl, IMPER-
VIOUS, im-per'vi-us, adj. not to be pene-
trated.—)!.<{. Imper'viableness, Impervi-
abil'ity, Imper'viousness.— adc. Imper'-
tiously. [L. in, not, and PERVIOUS.]
IMPETIGO, im-pe-tT'go, n. a skin disease
characterized bj' thickly-set clusters of
pustules. [L. impeto, to attack.]
BIPETUOUS, im-pet'u-us, adj. rushing
upon with impetus or violence : vehe-
ment in feeling : furious : passionate. —
ns. Impet'cousness, Impetuos'ity. — adv.
Impet'uously.
BIPETUS, im'pe-tus, n. an attack : as-
sault : force or quantity of motion : vio-
lent tendency to any point : activity.
[L.— ('((. andpeto. to fall upon.]
BIPIETY. See Impiousness.
IMPINGE, im-pinj', v.i. to strike or fall
against : to touch upon. [L. impingo—
in. against, and pango, to strike.]
BIPINGEMENT, im-ping'ment, n. act of
impinging.
IMPINGENT, ua-pinj'ent, adj. striking
against.
IMPIOUS, im'pi-us, adj. irreverent : want-
ing in veneration for God : profane. — adv
Im'piously. [Fr.— L. in, not, and Pious.]
BIPIOUSNESS, im'pi-us-nes, IMPIETY,
im-pl'e-ti, n. want of piety : irreverence
towards God : neglect of the divine pre-
cepts.
IMPLACABLE, im-plak'a-bl, adj. not to be
appeased : inexorable : irreconcilable.—
adv. Impla'cably. — ns. Impla'cableness,
Implacability. [Fr. — L. in, not and
Placable. J
BIPLANT, im-plant', v.t. to jAant or fix
into : to plant in order to grow : to in-
sert : to infuse. [Fr. — L. in, into, and
Plant.]
IMPLANTATION, im-plan-ta'shun, n. the
act of implanting or infixing, esp. in the
mind or heart.
IMPLEAD, im-pled, v.t. to put in or urge a
pilea : to prosecute a suit at law. — n. Im-
plead'er. [Fr. — L. in, in, and Plead.]
IMPLEMENT, im'ple-ment, n. a tool or
instrument of labor. — v.t. to give effect
to. [Low L. implementum, an accomplish-
ing— L. im-p)leo. to fill, to discharge; akin
to ple-nus. See Full.]
IMPLETION, im-pleshun, n. a filling: the
state of being full. [From impleo. See
Implement.]
IMPLEX, im'pleks, adj. not simple : com-
plicated. [L. implexus — implecto — in. in-
to, waAj>lecto, akin to Gr. pleko, to twine.]
IMPLICATE, im'pli-kat, v.t. to infold: to
involve : to entangle. [L. implico, impli-
catui, implicitiis — im (^m), in, and plica,
a fold. See Ply. Imply and Employ are
doublets.]
IMPLICATION, im-pli-ka'shun, n. the act
of implicating: entanglement: that which
is implied.
BIPLICATIVE, im'pli-ka-tiv, adj. tendingr
to implicate. — adv. Im'plicatively.
IMPLICIT, im-plis'it, adj. implied : resting
on or trusting another : relying entirely,
— adv. Implicitly. — n. Impuc'itness.
[Lit. infolded, from L. implicitus — im-
plico. See Implicate.]
BIPLORE, im-pl6r', v.t. to ask earnestly ;
to beg. [Fr.— L. imploro — in, and ploro,
to weep aloud.]
IMPLORINGLY, im-plor'ing-li, adv. in an
imploring or very earnest manner.
BIPLY, im-pir, v.i. to include in reality :
to mean : to signify : — pa.p. implied'.
[Lit. to infold — L. implico. Cf. Impli-
cate.]
IMPOLICY, im-pol'i-si, n. imprudence.
IMPOLITE, im-po-lit', adj. of unpolished
manners : uncivil. — adv. Impolite'ly. —
n. Impolite' NESS. [L. in, not, and Polite.]
IMPOLITIC, ini-pol'i-tik, adj. imprudent :
unwise: inexpedient. — adv. Impol'iticlt.
[L. in. not, and POUTIC]
IMPONDERABLE, im-pon'der-a-bl, adj.
not able to be weighed : without sensi-
ble weight. — Impon'derables, n.2)l. fluids
without sensible treight, the old genei-al
name given to heat, light, electricity,
and magnetism, when they were sup-
posed to be material. — ns. Impon'dera-
bleness, Imponderabil'ity. [L. in, not,
and Ponderable.]
IMPONDEROUS, im-pon'der-us. Same as
Imponderable.
IMPORT, im-port', v.t. to carry into: to
bring from abroad : to convey, as a word :
to signify : to be of con.sequence to : to
interest. [Fr. — L. importo, -attis — in, in,
and porta, to carry.]
IMPORT, im'port, n. that which is brought
from abroad : meaning : importance :
tendencv.
IMPORTABLE, im-port'a-bl, adj. that may
be imported or brought into a country ;
(obs.) not to be borne or endured : Insup-
portable.
mPORTANT
234
IMPUTABLE
IMPORTAJNT. im-port'ant, adj. of great
/miiort or consequence : momentous. —
adv. Import'a>tly. — n. Import' ance.
IMPORTATION, im-p6v-ta'shun. n. the act
of importing : the commodities imported.
DIPORTER. im-p6rt'er, n. one who brings
in goods from abroad.
LMPORTUXATE. im-port'u-nat, adj. troub-
lesomely urgent : over-pressing in request.
— adi: Luport'O'ately. — n. Import'c-
KATENESS. [Coined from the word fol-
lowing.]
IMPORTUNE, im-por-tun', v.t. to urge
with troublesome application : to press
urgently. [In M. E. and adj.. and sig.
"troublesome," through the Fr., from
L. importunus, orig. " difficult of access."
from (■/(. not, and portus, a harbor. Cf.
Opportune.]
IMPORTUNITY, im-por-tun'i-ti, n. the
quality of being importunate : urgent
request. [L. importnnitas.]
DIPOSABLE, im-poz'a-bl, adj. capable of
being imposed or laid on.
IMPOSE, im-poz', v.t. to j^^dce upon : to
lay on : to enjoin or command : to put
over by authority or force : to obtrude
unfairly : to palm off. — i:i. to mislead or
deceive. [Fr. imposer — im (= L. in),
on. and poser, to place. See Pose.]
DIPOSING. im-poz'ing, adj. commanding :
adapted to impress forcibly. — adv. Iil-
POS'INGLY.
IMPOSITION, im-po-zish'un, n. a laying
on : laying on of hands in ordination : a
tax, abui-den : a deception. [Fr. — L. —
impono. impositus, to laj' on — in, on, and
pono, to place.]
IMPOSSIBLE, im-pos'i-bl, adj. that which
cannot be done : that cannot exist : ab-
surd.—?i. Impossibility. [Fr. — L. in,
not. and Possible.]
IMPOST, im'post. n. a tax, esp. on im-
ports : (areh.) that part of a pillar in
vaults and arches on wliich the weight
of the building is laid. [O. Fr. impost,
Fr. impot — L. impono. to lav on.]
DIPOSTHUMATE. im-pos'tum-at, v.i. to
form an imposthume or abscess. — v.t. to
affect with an imposthume. — n. Ijipos-
thuma'tion, the act of forming an ab-
scess : an abscess.
IMPOSTHUME, im-pos'tum, n. an abscess :
a gathering of corrupt matter in a cav-
ity in the tissues. [A corr. of L. apos-
temu — Gr. aphistemi. to separate — opo,
away, histemi, to make to stand.]
IMPOSTOR, im-pos'tur, n. one who prac-
tices imposition or fraud. [L. — iiupiono,
to lay on.]
DIPOSTXJRE, im-pos'tur. n. imposition or
frauil.
IMPOTENT, ini'po-tent, adj. powerless :
unable : imbecile : useless : wanting the
power of self-restraint. — adv. IM'POTEST-
LY. — U.S. Im'potence, Im'potexcy. [Fr.
— L. in. not. and POTENT.]
DIPOUNT), ini-pownd', v.t. to confine, as
in a pound: to restrain within limits:
to take possession of. — n. Impound' age,
the act of impounding cattle. [E. IN
and Pound, an inclosure.l
BIPOVERISH. im-pov'er-ish. f.f. to make
poor: to exhaust the resources (as of a
nation), or fertility (as of the soil). — n.
Impov'erishment. " [A corr. of apporriss-
ant. pr.p. of O. Fr. appovrir (Fr. appavv-
rir) — Fr. prefix ap- (=L. ad), towards,
and O. Fr. povre (Fr. panvre), poor— L.
pauper.]
IMPRACTICABLE, im-prak'tik-a-bl, adj.
not able to be done : unmanageable :
stubborn. — odi: ImpraC'ticaBLY. — n.f.
IJIPRAC'TICABILITY. IMPRAC'TICABLENESS.
[L. in. not. and PRACTICABLE.]
IMPRECATE, im'pre-kftt, v.t. (lit.) to pray
for good or evil ?«>07i ; to curse. — n.
Impkeca'tion, the act of imprecating :
a curse. [L. imprecor, imprecatus — in,
upon, precor. precatum, to prav.]
BIPRECATORY, ira'pre-ka-tor-ii^ adj. curs-
ing.
IMPREGNABLE, im-preg'na-bl, adj. that
cannot be taken or seized : that cannot
be moved or shaken : invincible. — adv.
Impreg'nably. — n. Impreg'nability. [Fr.
imprenahle — L. in, not, and pn-ehendo, to
take. See Get.]
IMPREGNATE, im-preg'nat, v.t. to make
pregnant : to come into contact with an
ovrmi. so as to cause it to germinate : to
impart tlie particles or qualities of one
thing to another. [Low L. imprcegno,
-atus — in, a,nd pircegnans, pregnant. See
Pregnant.]
IMPREGNATION, im-preg-na'shun, n. the
act of impregnating : that with which
anything- is impregnated.
IMPRESS, im-pres', v.t. to press upon: to
mark by pressure: to produce by pressure:
to stamp : to fix deeply (in the mind): to
force into service, esp. the public service.
— n. Im'press, that which is made by
pressure : stamp, likeness : device, mot-
to. [L. in, in, premo. pressMS, to press.]
IMPRESSIBLE, im-pres'i-bl, adj. capable of
being impressed or made to feel : suscep-
tible.— fidi-. Impress'ibly. — n. Impressi-
BIL'ITY.
IMPRESSION, im-presh'un, n. the act of
impressing : that which is produced by
pressure : a single edition of a book : the
effect of any object on the mind : idea :
slight remembrance. — adj. Impress'iona-
BLE, able to receive an impression.
IMPRESSIVE, im-pres'iv, adj. capable of
making an impression on the mind :
solemn. — adv. Impress'ively. — n. Im-
PRESS'rVENESS.
IMPRESSMENT, im-pres'ment, n. the act
of impressing or seizing for service, esp.
in the na\'y. [A word coined from press,
in Pressgang.]
IMPRIMATUR, im-pri-ma'tur, n. a license
to print a book. etc. [Lit. "let it he
printed '' ; from L. imprinio — in, on, and
premo. to press.]
IMPRINT, im-print', v.t. to print in or
upon: to print; to stamp: to impress:
to fix in the mind.— ». Im'print, that
which is imprinted : the name of the
publisher, time and place of publication
of a book, etc., printed on the title-page:
also the printer's name on the back of the
title-page, and at the end of the book.
[L. in, in or upon, and Prikt.]
IMPRISON, im-priz'n, v.t. to put inprison :
to shut up : to confine or restrain. — n.
ISIPRIS'ONMENT, the act of imprisoning
or state of being imprisoned : confine-
ment or restraint. [Fr. — L. in, into,
and Prison.]
IMPROBABLE, im-prob'a-bl, adj. unlikely.
— adv. ImPROB'ABLY. — n. IjrPROBABIL'lTY.
[Fr. — L. in. not. and Probable.]
BIPROBITY. ini-prob'i-ti, v.. ivant of prob-
ity or integritv : dishonesty. [L. in, not,
and Probity.]
IMPROMPTU, mi-promp'tu, adj., prompt,
ready: olf-hand. — adv. readily. — n. a
short witty saying expressed at the mo-
ment: any composition produced at the
moment. [Fr. — L. — in, and promptus,
readiness. See PROMPT.]
IMPROPER, im-prop'er, adj. not suitable :
unfit: unbecoming: incorrect: wrong.
— adv. Improp'erly^. [Fr. — L. in, not,
and Proper.]^
BIPROPRLA.TE, im-pro'pri-at, v.t. (lit.) to
appropriate io private use: to place ec-
clesiastical property in the hands of a
layman. — n. Impropria'tion. the act of
appropriating: the property impropri-
ated. [L. in, in. a\iApropi-io,propriatum,
to appropriate — proprius, one's own,
proper.]
IMPROPRIETY, im-pro-pri'e-ti, n. that
which is improper or unsuitable : want
of propriety or fitness. [L. in, not, and
Propriety."]^
BIPROVABLE, im-proov'a-bl, adj. able to
be improved : capable of being used to
advantage. — adv. Improt'ably. — ns. Im-
peovabil'ity, Improv'ableness.
BIPROVE, im-pro6v', v.t. to make better:
to advance in value or excellence : to
correct : to employ to good purpose.—
v.i. to grow better: to make progress: to
increase : to rise (as prices). — n. Improv'-
EK. [Prefix in- and O. Fr. prover — L.
probare, to try, to consider as good.]
niPEOVEMENT, im-proov'ment, n. the
act of improving : advancement or prog-
ress : increase, addition, or alteration :
the turning to good account : instruc-
tion.
IMPROVIDENT, im-prov'i-dent, adj. not
pro\'ident or prudent : wanting foresight:
thoughtless. — adv. Improv'idently. — n.
Impeov'idence. [L. in, not, and Provi-
dent.]
IMPROVINGLY', im-proov'ing-li, adv. in an
improving manner.
BIPROVISATE, im-prov'i-sat, BIPRO-
VISE, im-pro-viz', v.t. to compose and
recite, esp. in verse, without prejmration:
to bring about on a sudden: to do anything
off-hand. — n. iMPRO^as'ER. [Fr. impro-
viser — It. improvisare — L. in, not, and
provisiis, foreseen. See PROVIDE.]
IMPROVISATION, im-prov-i-sa'shun, n.
act of improvising : that which is impro-
vised.
BIPROVISATORE. im-pro-\-iz-a-t6'ra, n,
one who improvises : one who comiioses
and recites verses without preparation :
—pL Improvisato'ri (-re). [It. See IM-
provisate.]
BIPRUDENT, im-pro6'dent, adj. wanting
foresight or discretion : incautious : in-
considerate. — adv. Impru'dently. — n.
Impru'dence. [Fr. — L. in, not, and Pru-
dent.]
IMPUDENT, im'pu-dent, adj., wanting
shame or modesty : brazen-faced : bold:
rude : insolent. — adr. Im'pudently. — n.
Im'pudence. [Fr. — L. in. not, pndens,
-entis, from pudio, to l)e ashamed.]
BIPUGN. im-ptin', v.t. to oppose : to attack
by words or arguments : to call in ques-
tion.— n. Impugn'er. [Fr. — L. impugno
— in, against, pngno, to fight.]
BIPUGNABLE, im-pun'a-bl, adj. able to be
impugned'or called in question.
BIPULSE, im'puls. IMPULSION, im-pul'-
shun, n. the act of impelling or driving
on : effect of an impelling force : force
suddenly communicated : influence on
the mind. [From Impel.]
IMPULSIVE, im-puls'iv. adj. having the
power of impelling or dri\-ing on : act-
uated by mental impulse : (mech.) acting
by impulse : not continuous. — adv. Im-
PULS'rVELY. — n. IMPI^LS'IVENESS.
BIPUNITY. im-pun'i-ti. n. freedom or
safety from punishment : exemption from
injury or loss. [Fr. — L. impntnitas — in,
not, pnna, punishment.]
BIPtfRE, im-pur', adj. mixed witli other
substances : defiled by sin : unholy : un-
chaste : unclean. — adv. Impure'ly. — ns.
I:mpur'ity, Impure'ness, quality of being
impure. [Fr. — L. in. not, and Pure.]
BIPURPLE, im-pur'pl. S.ame as Empur-
ple.
BIPUTABLE, im-put'a-bl, adj. capable of
being imputed or charged : attributable.
— adv. Imput'ably.— 7is. Imput'ableness,
Impttabil'ity.
IMPUTATION
235
INCESTUOUS
IMPUTATION, im-pu-ta'shun, n. act of
imputing or charging- : censure : re-
proach : the reckoning as belonging to.
IMPUTATIVE, im-pufa^-tiv, adj. that may
be imputed. — adv. IJlPrT'ATTV'ELY.
IMPUTE, im-put', v.t. to reckon as belong-
ing to — in a bad sense: to charge. — n. Ill-
PUT'ER. [Fr. imputer — L. imputo, -atum
— i/i. andputo, to reckon.]
IN. in. prep, denotes presence or situation
in place, time, or circumstances — within,
during : by or through. — adi: within :
not out. [A.S. in : Dut.. Grer.. and Goth.
in. Scand. i: W. yn, Ir. in; L. in. Gr.
en : Sans, ana.]
INABILITY, in-a-bil'i-ti, n. want of suffi-
cient power : incapacity. [Fr. — L. in,
not. and Ability.]
INACCESSIBLE, in-ak-ses'i-bl, adj. not to
be reached, obtained, or approached. —
adv. IXACCESS'IBLT. — ns. IXACCESS'IBIII-
TT. INACCESS'IBLEXESS. [Fr. — L. i»i, not,
and Accessible.]
INACCURACY, in-ak'kur-a-si, Ji. want of
exactness : mistake.
INACCURATE, in-ak'kur-at, adj. not ex-
act or correct : erroneous. — adv. Inac'-
crKATELY. [L. in. not, and Accurate.]
INACTION, in-ak'shun. n. want of action :
idleness : rest. [Fr. — L. in, not, and Ac-
tios.]
INACTIVE, in-akt'iv, adj. having no power
to move : idle : lazy : (chem.) not show-
ing any action. — adv. Inact'itely. [L.
in. not. and Active.]
INACTIVITY, in-akt-iv'i-ti, n. want of ac-
tivity : inertness : idleness. [L. in, not,
and Activity.]
INADEQUATE, in-ad'e-kwat. adj. insuffi-
cient.—arfr. Ixad'equately.— ns. Ixad'-
EQUACT, Ixad'equatexess. insufficiency.
[L. in. not, Adequate.]
INADJUSSIBLE, in-ad-mis'i-bl. adj. not ad-
missible or allowable. — n. Inadmissibil'-
ITY. [Fr. — L. in, not. Admissible.]
INADVERTENCE, in-ad-vert'ens. INAD-
VERTENCY, in-ad-vert'en-si, n. lack of
advertence or attention : negligence :
oversig-ht.
INADVERTENT, in-ad-vert'ent, adj. inat-
tentive.— adv. Inadvert'ently. [L. in,
not. Advertent.]
INALIENABLE, in-al'yen-arbl. adj not
capable of being transferred. — n. Inal'-
lESABLE>rESS. [Fr. — L. in, not, .iVxiena-
ble.]
INAMORATO, in-am-o-ra'to, n. one who is
enamored or in love : — pi. Inamora'ti
j-te). [It. See Enamor.]
INANE, in-an', adj., empty : void : void of
ordinar\' intelligence: useless. [L. inanis.]
INANIMATE, in-an'im-at. adj. without ani-
mation or life : dead. [L. in, not, ANI-
MATE.]
INANIMATION, in-an-im-a'shun, n. want
of animation : lifelessness. [L. in, not,
and AsiMAnON.]
INANITION, in-a-nish'un. n. state of being
inane : emptiness : exhaustion from
want of food. [Fr.. from root of Inane.]
INANITY, in-an'i-ti, n. empty space :
senselessness.
INAPPLICABLE, in-ap'plik-a-bl, adj. not
applicable or suitable. — n. Inapplic.^bil'-
ITY. [L. in. not, Appucable.]
INAPPLICATION. in-ap-plik-a'shun. n.
want of application or attention. [L. in,
not. Application.]
INAPPOSITE, in-ap'poz-it, adj. not appos-
ite or suitable. — adv. Inap'positely. [L.
m. not. Apposite.]
INAPPRECIABLE, in-ap-pre'shi-a-bl, adj.
not appreciable or able to be valued. [L.
in. not. Appreciable.]
INAPPROACHABLE. in-ap-proch'a-bl,af7/.
inaccessible. [L. in, not, Approacha-
ble.]
INAPPROPRIATE, in-ap-pro'pri-at, adj.
not suitable.— odr. Inappro'priately. —
n. Ixappro'priateness. [L. in, not. Ap-
propriate.]
INAPT, in-apt', adj. not apt: unfit. — adv.
Inapt'ly. — n. Inapt'itude, unfitness. [L.
in. not. Apt.]
INARCHING, in-arch'ing. n. a method of
grafting by which branches are united
together, generally in the form of an
arch, before being separated from the
original stem. [L. in. and Arch.]
INARTICULATE, in-ar-tik'ul-at. adj. not
distinct : (zool.) not jointed. — adv. Inar-
tic'ulately.— ns. Inahtic'ulateness. In-
articula'tion, indistinctness of sounds
in speaking. [L. in, not, and Articu-
late.]
INARTIFICIAL, in-ai-t-i-fish'yal, adj. not
done by art: simple. — adv. Inartific'xajl-
LY. [L. in. not, and Artificial.]
INASMLTCH, in-az-much'. adv. since : see-
ing that : this being the case. [In, As,
and Much.]
INATTENTION, in-at-ten'shun, n. want of
attention : neglect : heedlessness. [Fr.
— L. in. not. and Attention.]
INATTENTIVE, in-at-tent'iv, adj. careless.
— adv. Inattent'ively.
INAUDIBLE, in-awd'i-bl, adj. not able to
be heard. — adv. Inaud'ibly. — ns. Inaud-
ibil'ity. Inaud'ibleness. [L. in, not,
and Audible.]
INAUGURAL, in-aw'gur-al. adj. pertain-
ing to, done, or pronounced at an inaug-
uration.
INAUGURATE, in-aw'gur-at. v.t. to induct
into an office in a formal manner : to
cause to begin : to make a public ex-
hibition of for the first time. [L. in^
angnro. -atum. See AuGUE.]
INAUGURATION, in-aw-gur-a'shun, n. act
of inaugurating (in its different mean-
ings).
INAUGURATOR. in-aw'gur-a-tor, n. one
who inaugurates.
INAUSPICIOUS, in-aw-spish'us. adj. not
auspicious : ill-omened : unlucky. — adv.
Inauspi'ciously. — n. Inauspi'ciouskess.
[L. in, not, and Auspicious.]
INBORN, in'bawrn, af(/.. bom in oricith:
implanted by nature. [E. IN and BORN.]
INBREATHE, m-'bveth'. v.t. to breathe into.
[E. In and Breathe.]
INBRED, in'bred, adj., bred mthin: in-
nate : natural.
INBREED, in-bred', v.t. to breed or gener-
ate within : to breed from animals of the
same parentage or otherwise closely
related : to breed in-and-in. [E. In and
Breed.]
INBURST, in'burst, n. a bursting in from
without : an irruption : an inbreak :
opposed to outburst. " Let but that
accumulated insurrectionarj' mass find
entrance, like the infinite iiibnrst of
water." — Carlyle.
INCA, ing'ka. n. a name given to the an-
cient kings and princes of Peru : — pi.
INCAS. ing'kaz.
INCAGE. in-ka.i'. Same as Engage.
INCALCULABLE, in-kal'ku-la-bl, adj. not
calculable or able to be reckoned. — adv.
lNc.\L'crLABLY. [L. «!, not. and Calcu-
lable.]
INCANDESCENT.in-kan-des'ent.afT?'. white
or glowing with heat. — n. Incandes'-
CENCE, a white-heat. [L. incandescens —
in. and candesco. inceptive of candeo, to
glow. Cf. Candle.]
INCANTATION, in-kan-ta'shun. n. a magi-
cal charm uttered by singing : enchant-
ment. [L. incantatio. from root of En-
chant.]
INCAPABLE, in-kap'a-bl. adj. not capable :
insufficient : unable : disqualified. — adv.
Incap'ably.— n. Incapabil'ity. [Fr. —
L. in, not, and Capable.]
INCAPACIOUS, in-kap-a'shus, adi. not
capacious or large : narrow. [L. m, not,
and Capacious.]
INCAPACITATE, in-kap-as'i-tat, v.t. to
deprive of capacity : to make incapable :
to di.si|iialify. [L. in, not, and Capaci-
tate.]
INCAPACITY, in-kap-as'i-ti. n. want of
capacity or power of mind : inability :
disqualification. [Fr. — L. in, not, and
Capacity. See Capacious.]
INCARCERATE, in-kar'ser-at. v.t. to im-
prison: to confine. — n. Incarcera'TION,
imprisonment. [L. in, and carcer-o. -atus
— career, a prison, a word of doubtful
origin.]
INCARNADINE, in-kar'na-din. v.t. to dye-
of a red color. [Fr., from root of Incar-
nate.]
INCARNATE, in-kar'nat. v.t. to embody io
flesh. — adj. invested with flesh. [Low L.
incur~i}-o,-atus — in, and caro, carnis. flesh.
Cf. Carnal.]
INCARNATE, in-kar'nat, adj. not in the
flesh : tlivested of a bodj' : disembodied.
" I fear nothing . . . that devil carnate
or incarnate can fairly do against a virtue
so established." — Richardson. [In, priv.,
and L. caro, cai-nis, flesh.]
INCARNATION, in-kar-na'shun. n. act of
embodying in flesh : act of taking a humart
body and the nature of a man : an incar-
nate form : manifestation : (.t^irg.) the-
process of healing, or forming new flesh.
INCARNATIVE, in-kar'na-tiv, adj. causibg-
new flesh to grow. — n. a medicine whicb
causes new flesh to grow.
INCASE, in-kas', v.t. to put in a ease : to
surround with something solid. [Fr. en-
caisser — L. in, in. and Case.]
INCASEMENT, in-kas'ment, n. act of in-
closing with a ease: an inclosing sub-
INCAUTIOUS, in-kaw'shus. adj. not cau-
tious or careful.— adr. Incau'TIOUSLY. —
n. I>:cau'tiousness. want of caution.
[L. in. not. and Cautious.]
INCENDIARY, in-sen'di-ar-i, n. one that
sets fire to a building, etc.. maliciously t
one who promotes quarrels. — adj. will-
fully setting fire to : relating to incendi-
arism : tending to excite sedition or
quaiTels. — n. Incen'diarism. [L. ineendi-
arius — incendinm, a burning — incendo,
incensus, to kindle, allied to candeo. to
glow.]
INCENSE, in-sens', v.t. to inflame witb
anger. [See above word.]
INCENSE, in'sens, n. odor of .spices burned
in religious rites : the materials so
burned. [Fr. encens — L. incensum. w-hat
is burned. See Incendiary.]
INCENTIVE, in-sent'iv. adj. inciting : en-
couraging.— Ji. that which incites to ac-
tion or moves the mind : motive. [L.
incevtivns, striking up a tune, hence pro-
vocative, from incino — in, and eawo. to
sing. Cf. Chant, Enchant.]
INCEPTION, in-sep'shun. n. a beginning.
— (((//. Incep'THE. beginning or marking-
the beginning. [L. incipio, inceptns. to
begin — in. on. and capio. to seize.]
INCERTITUDE, in-ser^ti-tfid. n. want of
certainty : doubtfulness. [From L. in-
certns — in. not. and certtis, certain.]
INCESSANT, in-ses'ant. adj. not cea.sing :
uninterrupted : contiiuial. — adv. ISCESS'-
antly. [L. incesa-ans, -antis — in, not,
and cesso. to cease.]
INCEST, in'sest. n. sexual intercourse with-
in the prohibited degrees of kindred. [Fr.
inceste — L. ince.'itits, unchaste — in. not,
and cnsfiis. chaste. Cf. Chaste.]
INCESTUOUS. in-sest'u-u.s, adj. guilty of
incest. — adv. Incest'uocslt.
INCH
336
INCONSTANT
INCH, insh, n. the twelfth part of a foot :
proverbially, a small distance or degree.
— By inches, by slow degrees. [A.S.
ynce, an inch — L. uncia, the twelfth part
of anything, an inch, also an ounce
(twelfth of a pound). Doublet OUNCE.]
INCH, insh, INCHED, insht, adj. contain-
ing inches.
INCHOATE, in'ko-at, adj. only begun : un-
finished.— n. iNCHOa'TiON, beginning. —
adj. Incho'ath'E, inceptive. [L. inchoo,
inchoatus. to begin.]
INCIDENCE, in'si-dens, n. a falling upon :
the meeting of one body with another. —
Angle of Incidence, the angle at which
a ray of light or radiant heat falls upon
a surface. [See INCIDENT.]
ENCIDENT, in'si-dent, adj., falling upon:
fortuitous: liable to occur: naturally be-
longing.— n. that which falls out or hap-
pens: an event: a subordinate action: an
episode. [Fr. — L. incidens.}
INCIDENTAL, in-si-dent'al, adj., falling
out: coming without design: occasional:
accidental. — adv. Incident'ally. — n. In-
cident'alness.
INCIPIENT, in-sip'i-ent, adj. beginning.—
adv. Incip'iently. — ns. Incip'ience, In-
ciP'iENCY. [Pr.p. of L. incipio. See
Inception.]
INCIRCLE, in-serM. Same as Encircle.
INCISE, in-.slz', v.t. to cut into : to cut or
gash : to engrave. [Fr. inciser — L. itv-
cTdo. incisus — in, into, and ccedo, to cut.
Cf. C.a:suRA and Excision.]
INCISION, in-sizh'un, n. the act of cutting
into a substance : a cut : a gash.
INCISIVE, in-si'siv, adj. having the quali-
ty of cutting into, or penetrating as witli
a sharp instrument : trenchant : acute :
sarcastic. [Fr. incisif — L. incisus.]
INCISOR, in-sl'zor, n. a cutting or fore
tooth.— rrdj. Inci'SORY'. [L.]
iNCITATION, in-si-ta'shun, 7i. the act of
inciting or rousing : that which stimu-
lates to action : an incentive. [Fr. — L.
See Incite.]
LNCITATIVE, in-sit'a-tiv, n. a provocative :
a stimulant : an incitant. " They all
carried wallets, wliich, as appeared af-
terwards, were well provided with incit-
ative.'i, and such as provoke to thirst at
two leagues' distance." — Jarvis.
INCITE, in-sit', v.t. to rouse ; to move the
mind to action : to encourage : to goad.
—adv. Incit'ingly. — n. Incit'er. [Fr. —
L. iiicito — in, and dto, to rouse — cieo, to
put in motion.]
INCITEMENT, in-slt'ment. Same as IN-
citation.
nrciVILITY. in-si-vil'i-ti, n. want of civil-
ity or courtesy : impoliteness : disre-
spect: an act of discourtesy (in this sense
has a, pi. , Inctvtl'ities). [L. in, not, and
Civility.]
INCLEJIENT, In-klem'ent, adj. unmerci-
ful : stormy : very cold. — adv. InCLEM'-
ently-.— ?!. Inclem'ency. [Fr. — L. in,
not, and Clement.]
INCLINABLE, in-klin'a-bl, adj. that may
be inclined or bent tovjards : leaning :
tending : somewhat disposed. — n. &-
*"tlin'ableness
INCLINATION,' in-kli-na'shun, n. the act
of inclining or bending toicards : ten-
dency : natural aptness : favorable dis-
position : affection : act of bowing : angle
between two lines or planes.
CNCLINE, in-klln', v.i. to lean toicards : to
deviate from a line toward an object : to
be disposed : to have some desire. — v.t.
to cause to bend towards : to give a lean-
ing to : to dispose : to bend. — n. an in-
clined plane : a regular ascent or descent.
[Fr. — L. inelino — in, towards, clino ; cog.
with Gr. klino, to bend, and E. lean.]
INCLOSE, ln-kl6z', v.t. to close or shut in:
to confine : to surround : to put within
a case : to fence. [Fr. — L. includo, in-
clusus — in, in, and claudo, to shut.]
INCLOSURE, in-kl6'zhur, n. act of inclos-
ing : state of being inclosed : that which
is inclosed : a space fenced off : that
which incloses : a barrier.
INCLUDE, in-klo6d', v.t. to close or shut
in : to embrace within limits : to con-
tain : to comprehend. [L. includo, in-
clusus- in, in, and claudo, to shut. See
Close.]
INCLUSION, in-kl6o'zhun, n. act of in-
cluding.
INCLUSIVE, in-kloo'siv, adj., shutting in:
inclosing : comprehending the stated
limit or extremes. — adv. Inclu'sively.
INCOGNITO, in-kog'ni-to, adj., unknoum:
disguised. — adv. in concealment: in a
disguise : under an assumed title. [It.
— L. incognitus — in, not, and cognitus,
known — cognosco, to know.]
INCOGNIZABLE, in-kog'niz-a-bl or in-
kon'iz-a-bl, adj. that cannot be known
or distinguished. [Prefix in-, not. Cog-
nizable.]
INCOHERENCE, in-ko-her'ens, n. want of
coherence or connection ; looseness of
parts : want of connection : incongruity.
[Fr. — L. Mi, not, and Coherence.]
INCOHERENT, in-ko-her'ent, adj. not
connected: loose: incongruous. — adv.
Incohee'ently.
INCOMBUSTIBLE, in-kom-bust'i-bl, adj.
incapable of being consumed by fire. —
ns. Incombustibil'ity-, Incombust'ible-
NESS. — adv. Incombust'ibly. [L. in, not,
and Combustible.]
INCOME, in'kum. ?i. the gain, profit, or
. interest resulting' from anything: reve-
nue. [E. In and Cojie.]
INCOMMENSURABLE, in-kom-en'su-ra-bl,
adj. having- no common measure. — ns.
Incommensurabil'ity, Incommen'suea-
BLENESS. — adv. Incommen'surably. [Fr.
— L. in, not, and Commensurable.]
INCOMMENSURATE, in-kom-en'su-rat ,
adj. not admitting of a common meas-
ure : not adequate : unequal. — adv. IN-
commen'sueately.
INCOaiMODE, in-kom-od', v.t. to cause
trouble or inconvenience to : to annoy :
to molest. [Fr.— L. incommodo — incom-
modiis, inconvenient — in, not, and cowi-
modus. See Comjiodious.]
INCOMMODIOUS, in-kom-o'di-us, adj. in-
convenient: annoying. — 7i. Incommo'-
DIOUSNESS. — adv. Incosimo'diously. [L.
in, not, and Commodious.]
INCOIMIMUNICABLE, in-kom-un'i-ka-bl,
adj. that cannot be communicated or im-
parted to others. — ns. Incommunicabil'-
iTY, Incommun'icableness. — adv. Incom-
mu"n'icably. [Fr. — L. in, not, and COM-
ml-nicable.]
INCOMMUNICATIVE, in-kom-un'i-ka-tiv,
adj. not disposed to hold communion
with: unsocial. — adv. iNCOMMtra'lCA-
TIVELY".
INCOMMUTABLE, in-kom-ut'a-bl, adj.
that cannot be commuted or exchanged.
— ns. Incommutabil'ity, Incommut'able-
NESS. — adv. Incommut'ably. [Fr. — L.
in, not, and Commutable.]
INCOMPARABLE, in-kom'par-a-bl, adj
matchless. — n . Incom'parableness.— adv.
Incom'parably. [Fr. — L. in, not, and
Comparable.]
INCOMPATIBLE, in-kom-pat'i-bl, ad), not
consistent: contradictory: — pi. things
which cannot co-exist. — n. Incompati-
bil'ity. — adv. Incompat'lbly. [Fr. — L.
in. not, and Comp.\tible.]
INCOMPETENCE, in-kom'pe-tens, IN-
COMPETENCY, in-kom'pe-ten-si, n. state
of being incompetent : want of sufficient
power : want of suitable means: insuffi
ciencv.
INCOMPETENT, in - kom'pe - tent, adj.
wanting adequate powers : wanting the
proper qualiflcatious: insufficient. — adv.
Incom'petently-. [Fr.— L. in, not, and
Competent.]
INCOMPLETE, iu-kom-plet', adj. imper
feet. — n. Incomplete'ness. — adv. Incom
plete'ly. [L. in, not, and Complete.]
INCOMPLIANT. in-kom-pli'ant, INC05I-
PLIABLE, iu-kom-pli'a-bl, adj. not dis-
posed to compl}' : unyielding to request.
— n. Inco.mpli'ance. — adv. Incompli'ant-
LY. [L. in, not, and COMPLIANT.!
INCOMPREHENSIBLE, in-kom-pre-hen'-
si-bl, adj. (Pr. Bk.) not to be compre-
hended or contained within limits : not
capable of being understood: inconceive-
able. — ns. Incomprehensibil'ity, Incom-
prehen'sibleness, Incomprehen'sion. —
adv. Incomprehen'sibly. [Fr. — L. in,
not, and Comprehensible.]
INCOMPREHENSIVE, in-kom-pre-hen'-
siv, adj. limited. — n. Incomprehen'sivk-
NESS.
INCOMPRESSIBLE, in-kom-pres'i-bl, adj.
not to be compressed into smaller bulk.
—n. Incompressibil'ity. [L. in, not,
and Compressible.]
INCOMPUTABLE, in-kom-put'a-bl, adj.
that cannot be computed or reckoned.
[L. in, not, and COMPUTABLE.]
mcONCEIVABLE, in-kon-sev'a-bl. adj.
that cannot be conceived by the mind :
incomprehensible. — n. Inconcetv'able-
NESS. — adv. Inconc'Eiv'ably. l[Fr.— L.
in, not, and Conceivable.]
INCONCLUSIVE. in-kon-kl66s'iv, adj. not
settling a point in debate. — adv. INCON-
CLUs'n-ELY.— H. Inconclus'iveness. [L.
in, not, and Conclusive.]
INCONDENSABLE, in-kon-dens'a-bl, adj.
not to be condensed or made more dense
or compact. — n. Incondensabil'ity. [L.
in. not. Condensable.]
INCONGENIAL, in-kon-je'ni-al, adj. un-
suitable : unsympathetic. — n. Inconge'-
NiALiTY. [See Congeni.yl.]
INCONGRUOUS, in-kong'groo-us, adj. in-
consistent: unsuitable. — n. Incongru'ITY.
— adv. Incon'gruously. [L. in, not, and
CONGRUOUSj
INCONSEQUENT, in-kon'se-kwent, adj.
not following from the premises. — n.
Incon'sequence. [L. in, not, and Con-
sequent.]
INCONSEQUENTIAL, in - kon - se - kwen'-
shal, adj. not regularly following from
the premises: of little importance. — adv.
Inconsequen'ti.vlly.
INCONSIDERABLE, in-kon-sid'er-a-bl, adj.
not worthy of notice : unimportant. —
adv. Inconsid'erably. [Fr. — L. in, not,
and Considerable.]
INCONSIDERATE, iu-kon-sid'er-at, adj.
not considerate : thoughtless : inatten-
tive. — adv. Inconsid'erately'. — n. IN-
consid'erateness.
INCONSISTENT, in-kon-sist'ent, adj. not
consistent: not suitable or agi-eeing with:
contrary: not uniform : irreconcUable. —
IIS.INCONSIST'ENCE, INCONSIST'ENCY'. — adv.
Inconsist'ently'. [L. in, not, and Con-
sistent.]
INCONSOLABLE, in-kon-sol'a-bl, adj. not
to be comforted. — adv. Inconsol'ably.
[Fr. — L. in. not, and Consolable.]
INCONSPICUOUS, in-kon-spik'u-us, adj.
not conspicuous : scarcely discernible. —
adv. Inconspic'uously.— )i. Inconspic'-
UOUSNESS.
INCONSTANT, in-kon'stant, adj. subject
to change : fickle. — n. Incon'stancy. —
adv. Incon'stantly. [Ft.— L. hi, not, aad
Constant.]
INCONSUMABLE
237
INDELICACY
a. [L
INCONSUMABLE, in-kon-sum'a-bl,
that cannot be consumed or wasted,
in, not, Consumable.]
INCONTESTABLE, in-kon-test'a-bl, adj.
too clear to be called in question : unde-
niable.—adi.'. Incontest'ably. [Fr.— L.
in, not. and Contestable.]
(NCONTIKENT, in-kon'ti-nent, adj. not
restraining the passions or appetites :
unchaste. — ns. IncON'TINENCE, Incon'ti-
NENCY. — adv. Incon'tinently. [Fr. — L.
in. not, and CoxTrNENT.]
INCONTINENTLY, iii-kon'ti-nent-li, adv.
imiiiediatelv. [Same root as above.]
INCONTROLLABLE, in-kon-trol'a-bl, adj.
that cannot be controlled. — adv. INCON-
troll'ably. [L. in, not, and CONTROLL-
ABLE.]
INCONTROVERTIBLE, in-kon-tro-vert'i-
bl. adj. too clear to be called in question.
— n. Incontrovertibil'ity. — adv. Incon-
trovert'ibly. [L. in, not, and Contro-
vertible.]
INCONVENIENCE, in-kon-ven'yens, IN-
CON VENIENCY, in-kon-ven'yen-si, n.
the being inconvenient : want of con-
venience : that which causes trouble or
uneasiness. — v.t. Inconven'ience, to
trouble or incommode.
INCONVENIENT, in-kon'ven'yent, adj. un-
suitable : causing trouble or uneasiness :
increasing difficulty : incommodious, —
adv. Inconven'iently. [Fr.— L. in, not,
and Convenient.]
INCONVERTIBLE, in-kon-vert'i-bl, adj.
that cannot be changed. — n. Inconvert-
IBIL'ity. [L. in. not, and CONVERTIBLE.]
INCONVINCIBLE, in-kon-vins'i-bl, adj. not
capable of conviction. — adv. Inconvinc'-
IBLY. [L. in, not, and Convincible.J
QiCORPORATE, in-kor'po-rat, v.t. to form
into a body : to combine into one mass :
to unite : to form into a corporation. —
v.i. to unite into one mass : to become
part of another body. — adj. united in one
body : mixed. [L. ineorporo, -atum — in,
into, corpora, to furnish with a body.
Sgp CjORPORATE 1
INCORPORATION, in-kor-po-ra'shun, n.
act of incorporating : state of being in-
corporated : formation of a legal or polit-
ical body : an association with capital
stock and under State supervision.
INCORPOREAL, in-kor-p6're-al, adj. not
having a body : spiritual, — adv. IncORPO'-
really. [L! in, not, and Corporeal,]
INCORRECT, in-kor-ekt', adj. containing
faults : not accurate : not accordintc to
the rules of duty. — adv. Incorrect'ly. —
n. Incorrect' NESS. [Fr. — L. in, not, and
COPRKPT "I
INCORRIGIBLE, in-kor'i-ji-bl, adj. bad be-
yond correction or reform. — n,9. Incorr'-
igibleness, Incorrigibil'ity. — adv. IN-
corr'igibly.
INCORRODIBLE, in-kor-od'i-bl, adj. not
able to be rusted. [L. in, not, and COR-
rodible.]
INCORRUPT, in-kor-upt',adj. sound: pure :
not depraved : not to be tempted by
bribes.— adt'. Incorrtjpt'ly. [L. in, not,
and Corrupt.]
INCORRUPTIBLE, in-kor-upt'i-bl, adj. not
capable of decay : that cannot be bribed:
inflexibly just. — adv. Incorrxjpt'ibly. —
n . Incorrupt'ibleness.
INCORRUPTION, in-kor-up'shun, n. state
of being incorrupt or exempt from cor-
ruption.
INCORRUPTNESS, in-kor-upt'nes, n. a
being exempt from corruption or decay :
purity of mind.
mCRA'SSATE. in-kras'at, v.t to make
thick. — v.i. (med.) to become thicker. —
adj. made thick or fat : {hot.) thickened
towards the flower. — n. Inceassa'tion.
[L. incrasso, -atum — in, into, crasso, to
make thick — erasstis, thick. See Crass.]
INCRASSATIVE, in-kras'a-tiv, adj., thick-
ening.— n. that which has power to
thicken.
INCREASE, in-kres', v.i. to grow in size :
to become greater : to advance. — v.t. to
make greater : to advance ; to extend :
to aggravate. — In'cbease, n. growth:
addition to the original stock : profit :
produce: progeny. [Through Norm. Fr.
from L. ineresco — in, in, creseo, to grow.]
INCREDIBLE, in-kred'i-bl, adj. surpassing
belief. — adv. Incred'ibly. — n. Incredi-
bil'ity. [Fr.^L, in, not, and Credible.
See Creed,]
INCREDULOUS, in-kred'u-lus, adj. hard
of belief : also, not easy to be believed ;
incredible. "No dram of a scruple.no
scruple of a scruple, no obstacle, no in-
crednlous or unsafe circumstance."—
Shak. — adv. Incred'ulously. — n. In-
CREDU'lity.
INCREMENT, in'kre-ment, n. act of in-
creasing or becoming greater : growth :
that by which anything is increased :
(math.) the finite increase of a variable
quantity : (rhet.) an adding of particu-
lars without climax (see 3 Peter i. 5-7).
[L. incremetitum — ineresco. See In-
crease.]
INCRESCENT, in-kres'ent, adj. increasing:
growing. [L. in, and CRESCENT.]
INCRIMINATE, in-krim'in-at. Same as
Criminate.
INCRUST, in-krust', v.t. to cover with a
crust or hard case : to form a crust on
the surface of. [Fr. — L. incrust-o, -atus
— in, on, and crusta. See Crust.]
INCRUSTATION, in-krus-ta'shun, n. act
of incrusting : a crust or layer of any-
thing on the surface of a body : an in-
laying of marble, mosaic, etc.
INCUBATE, in'ku-bat, v.i. to sit on eggs
to hatch them. [L. innd>o, -atum — in,
upon, cuho. to lie down.]
INCUBATION, in-ku-ba'shun, n. the act of
sitting on eggs to hatch them : {med.)
the period between the implanting of a
disease and its development : the act of
sleeping for oracular dreams. "This
place was celebrated for the worship of
..SIsculapius, in whose temple innd>ation,
i.e. sleeping for oracular dreams, was
practiced." — E. B. Tylor.
INCUBATOR, in'ku-ba-tor, n. a machine
for hatcliing eggs by artificial heat.
INCUBUS, in'ku-bus, n. a sensation during
sleep as of a weight lying on the breast,
nightmare : any oppressive or stupefy-
ing influence :— p?. In'cubuses, Incubi
(in'-ku-bi). [L, — inc^tho.'\
INCULCATE, in-kul'kat, v.t. to enforce by
frequent admonitions or repetitions. — n.
Incul'cator. [Lit. to iread or press in ;
L. incrdco, inculcatum — in, into, calco,
to tread — calx, the heel.]
INCULCATION, in-kul-ka'shun, n. act of
impressing by frequent admonitions.
INCULPABLE, in-kul'pa-bl, adj. blame-
less. — adv. Incul'pably. [L. in, not,
and Culpable.]
INCULPATE, in-kul'pat, v.t. to bring into
blame : to censure. — n. Inculpa'tion.
[Low L. inculpo, inculpatum — L. in, into,
culpa, a fault.]
INCULPATORY, in-kul'pa-tor-i, a<y. im-
puting blame.
INCUIMBENCY, In-kum'ben-si, n. a lying
or resting on : the holding of an office :
an ecclesiastical benefice. [See INCUM-
BENT.]
INCUMBENT, in-kumlDent, adj.. lying or
resting on : lying on as a duty : indis-
pensable.— n. one who holds an eccle-
siastical benefice (in England or Ireland).
— adv. Incum'bently. [L. incumbent,
-entis, pr.p. of incumbo, incubo, to lie
upon. See Incubate.]
INCUMBER, INCUMBRANCE. Same an
Encumber, Encumbrance.
INCUNABULA, in-ku-nab'u-la, n.pl. books
printed in the early period of the art,
before the year 1.500. [L. incunabula,
(lit.) " swaddling-clothes, hence " begins
nings."]
INCUR, m-kur', v.t. to become liable to !
to bring on : — ^pr.p mcurr'ing ; pa.p, in-
curred'. [Lit. to run into, to fall upon ;
L. ineurro, incursum — in, into, curro. to
run.]
INCURABLE, :n-kur'a-bl, adj. not admit-
ting of correction. — n. one beyond cure.
— ns. Incur' ABLENEss, Incurabil'ity. —
Incur' ABLY. [Fr. — L. in, not, and Cur-
able.]
INCURSION, in-kur'shun, n. a hostile in-
road. [Fr. — L. incursio — ineurro.]
INCURSrVE, in-kur'siv, adj. pertaining to
or making an incursion or inroad.
INCURVATE, in-kur'vat, v.t. to curve or
bend. — adj. curved inward. — n. Incurva'-
tion. [L. incurvo, incurvatum — in, in,
and curvus, bent. See Curve.]
INDEBTED, in-det'ed, adj. being in debt :
obliged by something received. — )i. IN-
debt'edness. [Fr. — L. in, in, and Debt,]
INDECENT, in-de'sent, adj. offensive to
common modesty. — adv. Inde'cently. —
n. Inde'cency. [Fr. — L. in, not, and
Decent.]
INDECISION, in-de-sizh'un, n. want of de-
cision or resolution: hesitation. [Fr. — L.
in, not, and Decision.]
INDECISIVE, in-de-si'siv, adj. unsettled:
wavering. — adv. Ittdech'sivelt. — ?;. IN-
DECI'SIVENESS.
INDECLINABLE, in-de-klin'a-bl, adj.
(gram.) not varied by inflection. — adv.
Indeclin'ably. [L. in, not, and Declin-
able.]
INDECOMPOSABLE, in-de-kom-poz'a-bl,
adj. that cannot be decomposed. [L. in,
not. and Decomposable.]
INDECOROUS, in-de-ko'rus, adj. not be-,
coming : violating good manners. — adv.
Indeco'rously. [L. in, not, and De-
corous.]
INDECORUM, in-de-ko'rum, n. want of de-
corum or propriety of conduct. [L. in,
not, and Decokum",]
INDEED, in-ded', adv. in fact: in truth: in
realitv. [E. In and Deed.]
INDEFATIGABLE, in-de-fat'i-ga-bl, adj.
that cannot be fatigued or wearied out :
unremitting in efi'ort : persevering. — adv.
INDEFAT'IGABLY, — j(.InT)EFAT'IG ABLENESS.
[Fr. — L. indefatigabilis — in, not, de,
down, and fatigo, to tire.]
INDEFEASIBLE, in-de-fezM-bl, adj. not
to be defeated or made void. — adv. IN-
DEFEAs'iBLY. — n. Indefeas'ibility. [Fr.
— L. in, not, and Defeasible.]
INDEFECTIBLE, in-de-fekt'i-bl, adj. inca-
pable of defect: unfailing. [L. m, not,
and Defectlble.]
INDEFENSIBLE, in-de-fens'i-bl, adj. that
cannot be maintained or justified. — adv.
Indefens'ibly. [L. in, not, and De-
fensible.]
INDEFINABLE, in-de-fln'a-bl, adj. that
cannot be defined. — adi\ Indefin'aBLY.
[L. in, not, and Definable.]
I^rDEFINITE, in-def'i-nit, adj. not limited,
not precise or certain. — adv. Indef'INITE-
LY. — n. Indef'INITENESS. [L. t«, not, and
Definite,]
INDELIBLE, in-del'i-bl, adj. that cannot
be blotted out or effaced.— odr. Indel'i-
BLY.— ». Indel'ibility. [Fr.— L. in, not,
and delebilis — deleo. to destroy,]
INDELICACY, in-del'i-ka-si. n. want of
delicacy or refinement of taste and man-
ners : rudeness.
INDELICATE
238
INDIVIDUATE
INDELICATE, iu-del'i-kat, adj. offensive
to good manaers oi' purity of mind :
coarse.— adi'. Int)El'icatelt. [Fr. — ^L. in,
not, and BelicateJ
INDEMNIFICATION, in-dem-ni-fl-ka'shun,
n. act of indemnifying: tiiat wliich in-
demnifies;^
INDEMNIFY, in-dem'ni-S, v.t. to make
good for damage done : to save harm-
less ■.—pa.p. indem'nifled. [Fr. — L. i?i-
demnis, unharmed — in, not, and dam-
num, loss ; and/acjo, to make.]
INDEMNITY, in-dem'ni-ti, n. security from
damage, loss, or punishment : compensa-
tion for loss or injury. fFr. — L. indein-
n itas.]
INDEMONSTRABLE, in -de- mon'stra-bl,
adj. that cannot be demonstrated or
proved. [L. in, not, and Demonstrable.]
INDENT, m-dent', v.t. to cut into points
like teeth: to notch: (print.) to begin
further in from the margin than the rest
of a paragraph. — n. a cut or notch in
the margin : a recess hke a notch. [Low
L. indentu — L. in, dens, dentis, a tooth.]
INDENTATION, in-den-ta'shun, n. act of
indenting or notching : notch : recess.
INDENTURE, in -dent 'Or, n. a written
agreement between two or more parties:
a contract. — v.t. to bind by indentures :
to indent. [Indentures were originally
duplicates indented so as to correspond to
each other.]
INDEPENDENT, in-de-pend'ent, adj. not
dependent or relying on others : not sub-
ordinate : not subject to bias : affording
a comfortable livelihood : said of coun-
tries not subject to any other govern-
ment : self governing. — adv. Independ'-
EXTLT. — ns. Independ'ence, Independ'-
EXCT. [L. in, not, and Dependent.]
•INDEPENDENT, in-de-pend'ent, n. one
who in ecclesiastical affairs holds that
every congregation is independent of
every other and subject to no superior
autliority.
CNDESCRiBABLE, in-de-sktfb'a-bl, adj.
that cannot be described. [L. in, not,
and Describable.j
INDESTRQCTIBLE, in-de-struk'ti-bl, adj.
that cannot be destroyed. — adv. Inde-
struc'tibly.— >i. Indesteuctibil'ity. [L.
in, not, and Destructible.]
INDETERMINABLE, m - de - ter'min-a^bl,
adj. not to be ascertained or fixed. — adv.
Indeter'junably. [L. in, not, and De-
terminable.]
INDETERMINATE, in-de-ter'min-at, adj.
not determinate or fixed : uncertain. —
adv. Indeter'jiinately.
INDETERJIINATION, in - de - ter - min - a'-
sliun, n. want of determination : a waver-
ing state of the mind : want of fixed
direction.
INDETERMINED, in-de-ter'mind, adj. not
determined : unsettled.
INDEX, in'deks, n. (pi. Indexis, in'deks-ez,
and in math.. Indices, in'di-sez), anything
that indicates or p)oints out : a hand that
directs to anytliing, as the hour of the
day, etc. : the forefinger : alphabetical
list of subjects treated of in a book :
(math.) the exponent of a power. — v.t.
to provide with or place in an index. [L.
index, indicts — indico, to sliow.]
CNDIAMAN, in'di-a-mau or ind'j'a-man, n.
a large ship employed in trade with
British India.
^DIAN, in'di-an, adj. belonging to the
Indies, East or West, or to the abo-
rigines of America. — n. a native of the
Indies : an aboriginal of America. — In-
dian CORN, maize, so called because
brought from W. Indies. — Indian file,
following" one another in single file, like
Indians through a wood. — Indian ink, a
substa.uce used in water-colors, composed
of lampblack and animal glue, orig. used
ill India, or ratlier in China. — INDIAN or
India rubber, caoutchouc, so named
from its rubbing out pencil-mai-ks.
[From the river Lidits. and appUed by
mistake to the W. Indies by their first
discoverers, wlio tliought they had ar-
rived at India. See Hindu.]
INDICAN, in'di-kau, n. a colorless sub-
stance found in plants wliich j'ield in-
digo-blue, in hiuiian blood and urine,
and also in the blood and urine of tlie
ox, and which forms indigo when in a
state of decomposition.
INDICATE, in'di-liat, v.t. to point out: to
show. [L. indico, -atum — in, and dico,
to proclaim.]
INDICATION, in-di-ka'shun, n. act of in-
dicating : that which indicates : mark :
token : symptom.
INDICATIVE, in-dik'a-tiv, adj., pointing
out : giving intimation of : (gram.) ap-
plied to the mood of the verb which in-
dicates, i.e. affirms or denies. — adv. IN-
dic'atively.
INDICATOR, in'di-ka-tor, n, one who in-
dicates : an instrument on a steam-en-
gine to show the pressure. — adj. In'dica-
tory, showing.
INDICT, ia-dit', v.t. to charge with a crime
formally or in writing, esp. by a grand
jury. [L. in, and dicto, freq. of dico, to
say.J
INDICTABLE, in-dlt'a-bl, adj. liable to be
indicted.
INDICTION, in-dik'shun, n. (lit.) a proo-
lamation: a cycle of fifteen years insti-
tuted by Constantine the Great. [L.
indictio.\
INDICTMENT, in-dit'ment, n. the written
accusation against one who is to be tried
by jury.
INDIFFERENT, in-dif'er-ent, adj. without
impoi'tance : of a middle quality : neu-
tral : unconcerned. — ns. Inditf'erence,
Indiff'erency. [Lit. " without a differ-
ence '■; L. in, not, and Different.]
INDIFFERENTISM, in-dif'er-ent-izm, n. in-
difference, esp. in matters of beUef : un-
concern.
INDIFFERENTLY, in-dif'er-ent-li, adv. in
an indifferent manner: tolerably, pass-
ably : (Pr. Bk.) without distinction, im-
partially.
INDIGEl^CE, in'di-jens, n., want of means :
extreme poverty.
INDIGENOUS, in-dij'en-us, adj., native
born or originating in : produced natu-
rally in a country. [L. indigenTis — indu
or in, in, and gen, root of gigno, to pro-
duce.]
INDIGENT, in'di-jent, adj., in need of anj--
thing : destitute of means of subsistence :
poor. — adv. In'digently. [Fr. — L. indi-
getis, -entis, pr.p. of indigeo—indu or in,
in, and egeo, to need.]
INDIGESTED, in-di-jes'ted, adj. not di-
gested : unarranged : not methodized.
JTi. in. not, and Digested. See Digest.]
INDIGESTIBLE, in-di-jest'i-bl, adj. not
digestible : not easily digested : not to be
received or patiently endured. — adi'. In-
DIGest'ibly.
INDIGESTION, in-di-jest'yun, n. want of
digestion : painf id digestion. [L-in, not,
and Digestion.]
INDIGNANT, in-dig-nant, adj. affected
with anger and disdain. — adv. INDIG'-
Nantly. [Lit. "considering as un-
worthy "or "improper," from L. indig-
nans, -antis, pr.ji. of indignor — in, not,
dignus, wortliy.]
INDIGNATION." in-dig-na'shun, n. the
feeling caused by what is unu'orthy or
base : anger mixed with contempt. [Fr.
— L. indignatio.]
INDIGNITY, in-dig'ni-ti, n. unmerited
contemptuous treatment : inci\'ility with
contempt or insult. [Lit. " unworthi-
uess," Fr. — L. indignitaa.]
INDIGO, iu'di-go, n. a blue dye obtained
from the stalks of the indigo or Indian
plant. [Fr. — Sp. indico — L. indicum,
from Inaicus, Indian.]
INDIRECT, in-di-rekt', adj. not direct or
straight : not tending to a result by the
plainest course : not straightforward or
honest. — adr.IxDiEECT'LY. — >i. iNDncECT'-
NESS. [Fr. — L. in, not, and Direct.]
INDISCERNIBLE, in-diz-ern'i-bl. adj. not]
discernible. — adv. Ixdiscern'ibly." [L.
in, not, and DISCERNIBLE.]
INDISCOVERABLE,in-dis-kuv'er-a-bl.afr/.
not discoverable. [L. in, not, and Dis-J
COverableJ
INDISCREET, in-dis-kret', adj. not dis-
creet : imprudent : injudicious. — adv.
Indisceeet'ly. — n. Indiscreet'ness. [Fr. j
— L, in, not. and Discreet.] 1
INDISCRETION, in-dis-kresh'un, v. want
of discretiou : rashness : an indiscreet |
act.
INDISCRIMINATE, in-dis-krim'i-nat, adj.
not distinguishing : confused. — adv. In-J
discrim'inately. [L. in, not, and Dis-I
CRnnNATE.] '
INDISPENSABLE, in-dis-pens'a-bl, adj.
that cannot be dispensed with : abso- 1
lutely necessary. — adv. Intjispens'ably.
— n. Indispens'ableness. [L. in, not, |
and Dispensable.]
INDISPOSE, in-dis-p6z', v.t. to render in-]
diftposed or unfit : to make averse to.
[Fr. — L. in. not, and Dispose.] I
INDISPOSED, in-dis-pozd'. adj. averse :
disinclined : slightly disordered in health. I
— )). Indispos'edness.
INDISPOSITION, in-dis-po-zish'un, n.
state of being indisjiosed : disinclination :
slight illness.
INDISPUTABLE, in-dis'pu-ta-bl, adj'. too ]
evident to be called in question : certain.
— adv. INDIS'PUTABLY. — n. iNDIS'FriABLE-
KESS. [Fr. — L. in, not, and DISPUTABLE.] ^
INDISSOLUBLE, in-dis'ol-u-bl, adj. that
cannot be broken or violated : insepar-
able : binding for ever. — adv. Indiss'-
olubly. — )).s. Indiss'olubleness, Indiss-
OLUBiL'iTY. [Fr.— L. in, not, and Dissol-
uble.]
INDISTINCT, in-dis-tingkt', adj. not plainly
marked: confused: not clear to the mind.
—adv. Indistinct'ly.— Ji. Indistinct'ness.
[L. in, not, and DISTINCT.]
INDISTINGUISHABLE, in-dis-ting'^wish-
a-bl, adj. that cannot be distinguisued. —
adv. Indistin'guishably.
INDITE, in-dit', v.t. to dictate what is to
be uttered or written : to compose or
write.— ns. Indit'er, iNDITE'MENr. [O.
Fr. enditer. endieter, from root of Indict.]
INDIVIDUAL, in-di-vid'ii-al, adj. not di-
vided: subsisting as one; pertaining to
one only. — n. a single person, animal,
plant, or thing. — adv. Inditid'ually.
[L. individuus, and suffix -al — in, not,
dividmis. divisible — dicido, to divide.]
INDIVIDUALISM, in-di-vid'u-al-izm. n. the
state of regard to individual interests
instead of those of societv at large.
INDIVIDUALISTIC, in-di-vid'u-al-is'tik,
adj. of, pertaining" to, or characterized
by individualism : caring supremely for
one's self. Prof. W. R. .Smitli.
INDI^^DUALITY, in-di-vid-u-al'it.i, n.
separate and distinct existence : one-
ness : distinctive cliaracter.
INDmDUALIZE, in-di-vid'u-al-Iz, v.t. to
distinguish each individual from all
others ; to particularize. — n. iNDrviDU-
aliza'tion.
INDIVIDUATE. in-di-%-id'u-at, v.t. to i»-
dividualize : to make single. — n. iNDI*
vidua'tion.
INDIVISIBLE
239
INEXCUSABLE
INDIVISIBLE, in-di-Wz'i-bl, adj. not 'di-
visible.— n. (math.) an indefinitely small
quantity. — adv. Lnditis'IBLY. — n. IXDI-
vis'lBLENESS. [Fr. — L. ill, not, and Dl-
TISIBLE.l
INDO-CHIXESE, in-do-chl'nez, adj. of or
pertaining to Indo-China, the south-
eastern peninsula of Asia, or to its peo-
ple or their languages.
INDOCILE, in-do'sil or in-dos'il, adj. not
docile : not disposed to be instructed. —
n. Ixdocil'ity. [Fr. — L. in, not, and
Docile.]
INDOCTRINATE, in-dok'trin-at, v.t. to in-
struct in any doctrine : to imbue with
any opinion.— H. Indoctrina'TIOM. [L.
in' into, doctriua, doctrine. See Doc-
trine.]
INDOLENT, in'do-lent, adj. indisposed to
activity. — adv. In'dolentlt. — n. In'do-
LEJJCE. [Lit. and orig. " free from pain "
or " trouble," from L. in, not, dolens,
-€»ifis, pr.p. ot doleo, to suffer pain.]
INDOMITABLE, in-dom'it-a-bl, adj. that
cannot be tamed : not to be subdued. —
adv. Indom'itably. [L. indomitus, un-
tamed— in, not, domo, to tame.]
INDORSE, in-dors', v.t. tc write ujjon the
back of : to assign by writ.ng on the back
of: to give one's sanction to. — n. ISDORS'-
ER. [Through an old form endosse. from
Fr. endosser — Low L. indorso — L. in,
upon, dorsum, the back.]
INDORSEE, in-dor-se', n. the person to
whom a bill, etc., is assigned by indorse-
ment.
INDORSEMENT, in-dors'ment, «. act of
writing on the bach of a bill, etc., in order
to transfer it : that which is written on a
bill. etc. : sanction given to anything.
INDUBIOUS, in-du'bi-us, adj. not dubious :
certain. [L. in, not. and DrBlous.l
INDUBITABLE, in-du'bit-a-bl, adj! that
cannot be doubted : too plain to be called
in question: certain. — adv. Indu'bitably.
— H. Indu'BITABLENESS. [Fr.— L. indubi-
tabilis — in, not, dubito, to doubt. See
Doubt.]
INDUCE, in-diis', v.t. to prevail on : to
cause : (jfliysicn) to cause, as an electric
state, by mere proximity ^' surfaces. —
n. Induc'er. [L. induco, inductum — iti,
into, duco, to lead.]
INDUCED, in-diist', p. and adj. caused by
Induction. — Induced current, in elect.
one excited by the presence of a primary
current. — Induced magnetism, magnet-
ism produced in soft iron when a magnet
is held near, or a wire, through which a
current is passing, is coiled round it.
INDUCEMENT, in-dus'ment, n. that which
induces or causes : {luw) a statement of
facts introducing other important facts.
INDUCIBLE, in-dus'i-bl, adj. that may be
induced : offered by induction.
INDUCT, in-dukt', i'.t. (lit.) to bring in :
to introduce : to put in possession, as of
a benefice. — n. Induct'or. [See IN'DUCE.]
INDUCTILE, in-duk'til. adj. that cannot
be drawn out into wire or threads. — n.
'Inductil'ity.
INDUCTION, in-duk'shun, n. introduction
to an office, esp. of a clergyman : the
act or process of reasoning from particu-
lars to generals : ( physics) the produc-
tion by one body of an opposite electric
state in another by proximity. — adj. In-
duc'tional. [See Induce.]
INDUCTIVE, in-dnk'tiv, adj., leading or
dratving : leading to inferences : proceed-
ing by induction in reasoning. — adv. IN-
duc'tively.
INDUE, in-du', v.t. to put on, as clothes:
to invest or clothe with : to supply with:
— jir.p. indu'ing ; pa.}}, indued'. — n. In-
DUe'ment. [L. indue, indnere, to put on.]
INDUE, in-du', v.t. a corr. of Endue (which
see), which has been very generally con-
fused with In'DUE, to invest with.
INDUTiGE, in-dulj', v.t. to j-ield to the
wishes of : to allow, as a favor : not to
restrain, as tlie will, etc. — v.i. to allow
one's self. — n. Indulg'er. [See INDUL-
GENT.]
INDULGENCE, in-dul'jens, n. permission :
gratification : in R. Catholic Church, a
remission, to a repentant sinner, of pun-
ishment which would otherwise await
him in purgatory. [Fr.]
INDULGENT, in-dufjent, adj. j-ielding
to the wishes of others : compliant : not
severe. — adv. Indul'GENtly. [Fr. — L. in-
dulgens, -entis, pr.p. of indalgeo, which
perh. is from in, towards, and dulcis,
SWGPt 1
INDURATE, in'du-rat, v.t. to harden, as
the feelings. — v.i. to grow hard: to hard-
en.^n. Indura'tion. [L. induro, indu-
ratum — in, in, duro, to harden — durus,
hard.]
INDUSIAL, in-du'zi-al, adj. (geol.) com-
posed of indusia, or the petrified larva-
cases of insects.
INDUSIUM, in-du'zi-um, n. (bot.) a sort of
hairj- cup inclosing- the stigma of a
flower : the scale covering the fruit-spot
of ferns. [Lit. " an under garment ;" L.
— induo."]
INDUSTRIAL, in-dus'tri-al, adj. relating
to or consisting in industry. — adv. Indus-
trially.
INDUSTRIALISM, in-dus tri-al-izm, n. de-
votion to labor or industrial pursuits :
that system or condition of society in
which industrial labor is the chief and
most characteristic feature, opp. to feu-
dalism and the military spirit.
INDUSTRIOUS, in-dus'tri-us. adj. diligent
or active in one's labor : laborious : dili-
gent in a particular pursuit. — adv. Indus'-
TRIOUSLY. [Fr. — L. ; perh. from indu,
old form of in, within, and struo, to build
up, to arrange.]
INDUSTRY, in'dus-tri, n. quality of being
industrious : steady application to labor :
habitual diligence : applied also to oc-
cupations and various classes of manu-
facturing ; as, the iron and steel industry,
etc.
INDWELLING, in'dwel-ing, adj., dwelling
within. — n. residence within, or in the
heart or soul. [E. In, within, and Dwell-
ing.]
INEBRIATE,in-e'bri-at, v.t. to make drunk:
to intoxicate. [L. inebrio, inebriatum
— in, inten., ebrio, to make drunk — ebri-
us, drunk. See Ebriety.]
INEBRIATION, in-e-bri-a'shun, INEBRI-
ETY, in-e-bri'e-ti, n. drunkenness : in-
toxication.
INEBRIOUS, in-e'bri-us, adj. drunken or
causing drunkenijess : intoxicating.
"With inebrious fumes distract our
brains.'' — Tom Brown.
INEDITED, in-ed'it-ed, adj. not edited: un-
published. [L. in. not, and Edited.]
INEFFABLE, in-ef'a-bl, adj. that cannot
be spoken or de.scribed. — adv. INEFF'-
ABLY. — )i. Ineff'ablen'Ess. [Fr.— L. in-
effaltilis — in, not, effabilis — effor, to
speak, to utter — ef, for ex, out, fari, to
speak.]
INEFFACEABLE, in-ef-fas'a-bl, adj. that
cannot be rubbed out. — adv. InefFaCe'-
ably. [Fr. — L. in, not, and Efface-
ABLE.]
INEFFECTn'E, in-ef-fek'tiv, adj. ineffi-
cient: useless. — adv. Ineffec'tively'. [L.
in, not, and Effective.]
INEFFECTUAL, in-ef-fek'tu-al, adj. fruit-
less.— adv. Ineffec'tually. — n. Inef-
fec'tualness.
INEFFECTUALITY, in-ef-fek-tu-al'i-ti, n.
something powerless or unable to px'o-
duce the proper effect. "A vague aurora-
borealis, and brilliant ineffectuality." —
Carlyle.
INEFFICACIOUS, in-ef-fi-ka'shus, adj. not
having power to produce an effect. — adv.
Ineffica'ciously.
ES'EFFICACY, in-ef'fi-ka-si, n. want of
effieacv or power to produce effect.
INEFFICIENT, in-ef-fish'ent, adj. effecting
nothing. — adv. Ineffic'iently. — n. Is-
efficiency.
INELEGANCE, in-el'e-gans, INELE-
GANCY, in-el'e-gan-si, n. want of ele-
gance : want of beauty or polish.
INELEGANT, in-el'e-gant, adj. wanting
in beauty, refinement, or ornament. —
adv. Inel'egantly. [L. in, not, and
Elegant.]
INELIGIBLE, in-el'i-ji-bl, adj. not capable
or worthy of being chosen. — adv. iKEh'-
igibly.— "(i. Ineligibil'ity. [Fr. — L. in,
not. and Eligible.]
INELOQUENCE, iu-el'o-kwens, n. the state
or quaUty of being ineloquent : want of
eloquence : habit of not speaking much.
'• To us, as already liinted, the Abbot's
eloquence is less admirable than his in-
eloquence, his great invaluable talent of
silence." — Carlyle.
INELOQUENT, in-el'o-kwent, adj. not
fluent or persuasive. [Fr. — L. in, not,
and Eloquent.]
INEPT, in-ept', adj. not apt or fit : unsuit-
able : foolish : inexpert. — adv. Inept'LY.
— n. Inept' itude. [Fr. — L. ineptus — in,
not, aptus, apt. See Apt.]
INEQUALITY, iu-e-kwol'i-ti, n. want of
equality : difference : inadequacy : in-
competency: unevenness : dissimilarity.
[Fr.— L. in, not, and Equality,]
INEQUITABLE, in-ek'wi-ta-bl, adj. un-
fair, unjust. [L. in, not, and Equita-
ble.]
INEQUITY, in-ek'wi-ti, li. unfairness ; in-
justice. •Habitually, if we trace party
feehng to its sources, we find on the one
side maintenance of and on the other
opposition to some form of inequity."
— H. Spencer.
INERADICABLE, in-e-rad'i-ka-bl, adj. not
able to be eradicated or rooted out. —
adv. In'ERad'icably". [L. in, not, and
root of Eradicate.]
INERT, in-ert', adj. dull : senseless : inac-
tive : slow : without the power of mov-
ing itself, or of active resistance to mo-
tion : powerless. — adv. Inert'ly. — n.
Inert'ness. [Lit. without art or skill,
from L. iners, inertis — in, not, and ars,
artis. art. See Art.]
INERTIA, ia-er'shi-a, n., inertness: the
inherent propertj- of matter by which it
tends to remain forever at rest wlien
still, and in motion when moving.
INESCAPABLE, in-es-kap'a-bl, adj. not
to be eluded or escaped from : inevitable.
'■ Within the clutch of inescapable an-
guish."— George Eliot.
INESSENTIAL, in-es-sen'shal, adj. not es-
sential or necessary. [L. in, not, and
Essential.]
INESTIMABLE, iu-es'tim-a-bl. adj. not
able to be estimated or valued : price-
less.— adv. Int:s'ti.mably. [Fr. — L. in,
not. and ESTIMABLE.]
INEVITABLE, in-ev'it-a-bl, adj. not abl«
to be evaded or avoided : that cannot
be escaped : irresistible. — adv. Inev'ita-
BLY.— ?i. Inev'itableness. [Fr.— L. in-
evitabilis — in. not, and evitabilis, avoid-
able— evito, to avoid — e, out of, and vito,
to avoid.]
INEXACT, in-egz-akt', adj. not precisely
correct or true. — n. Inexact'ness. [L.
in. not, and Exact.]
INEXCUSABLE, in-eks-kuz'a-bl, adj. not
justifiable : unpardonable. — adv. INEX-
INEXHAUSTED
240
INFLEXIBLE
CCS' ABLY. — n. Inexctjs'ableness. [Fr.—
L. -in, not, and EXCUSABLE.]
INEXHAUSTED, in-egz-hawst'ed, adj. not
exhausted or spent. [L. in, not, and Ex-
hausted.]
INEXHAUSTIBLE, in-egz-hawst'i-bl, adj.
not able to be exhausted or spent : un-
faihng.— arfr. Inexhaust'ibly.— ?i. Inex-
haustibil'ity.]
tNEXORABLE, in-egz'or-a-bl, adj. not to
be moved by entreaty : unrelenting : un-
alterable.— adi: Inex'orably. — ns. Inex'-
orableness, Inexorabil'ity. [Fr. — L.
•ine.vorahilix—in, not, and exorabilis, from
exoro—e^i; and oro, to entreat, from os,
oris, the mouth.]
iNEXPANSIBLE, in-eks-pans'i-bl. adj. in-
capable of being expanded, dilated, or
diffused. Prof Tyndall.
INEXPECTABLE, in-eks-pekt'a-bl, adj. not
to be expected : not to be looked for.
" What inexpectable, unconceivable mer-
cv."—Bp. Hall.
INEXPECTANT, in-eks-pekt'ant, adj. not
expecting : not waiting : not looking for.
"Loverless and ine-vpectant of love."
— Charlotte Bronte.
INEXPEDIENT, in-eks-pe'di-ent, adj. not
*«nding to promote any end : unfit : in-
convenient.— adv. Inexpe'diently. — ns.
Inexpe'dience, Inexpe'diency. [Fr.— L.
in, not. and EXPEDIENT.]
INEXPENSIVE, in - eks - pens ' iv, adj. of
slight expense.
INEXPERIENCE, in-eks-pe'ri-ens, n. want
of experience. [Fr. — L. in, not, and EX-
PERIENCE.]
INEXPERIENCED, ineks-pe'ri-enst, adj.
not having experience : unskilled or un-
practiced.
(INEXPERT, in-eks-pert', adj. unskilled.—
ji. Inexpert'n'ess. [L. in, not, and Ex-
pert.]
INEXPIABLE, in-eks'pi-a-bl, adj. not able
to be expiated or atoned for. — adv. Inex'-
PIABLY. — n. Inex'piablen-ess. [Fr. — L.
in, not. and Expiable.J
INEXPLICABLE, in-eks'pli-ka-bl, adj. that
cannot be explained : unintelligible. —
adv. Inex'pucably. — ns. Inexpucabil'-
ITY, Inex'pucableness. [Fr. — L. in, not,
and Explicable.]
INEXPLICIT, in-cks-plis'it, adj. not clear.
[L. in. not, and Explicit.]
INEXPRESSIBLE, in-eks-pres'i-bl, adj.
that cannot be expressed : unutterable :
indescribable —rtdv. Inexpress'ibly. [L.
in. not, and Expressible.]
INEXPRESSIVE, in-eks-pres'iv, adj. not
expressive or significant. — n. Inexpress'-
fY Ji'MTTCC
ENEXTINGUISHABLE, in-eks-ting'gwish-
a-bl, adj. that cannot be extinguished,
quenched, or destroyed. — adv. Inextin'-
guishably. [Prefix in-, not, and Extin-
GtnSHABLE.]
INEXTRICABLE, in-eks'tri-ka-bl, adj not
able to be extricated or disentangled. —
adv. Inex'tricably. [Fr. — L. in, not,
and Extricable.]
INFALL, in'fawl, n. an incursion : an in-
road. Carlyle.
INFALLIBLE, in-fal'i-bl, adj. incapable of
error : trustworthy : ce"tain. — adv. IN-
fall'ibly.— H. Infallibil'ity. [Fr. — L.
in, not, and I?allible.]
INFAMOUS, in'fa-mus, adj., of ill fame or
bad report : having a reputation of the
worst kind: publicly branded with guilt:
notoriously ^^le : disgraceful. — adv. In*-
famouslyI [Prefix in-, not, and Fa-
MOUSj
INFAMY, in'fa-mi, n., ill fame or repute :
public disgrace: extreme vileness.
INFANCY, in'fan-si, n. the state or time of
being an infant : childhood : the begin-
ning of anything: inexpressiveness: want
of utterance: inability to speak. "So
darkly do the Saxon Annals deliver their
meaning with more than wonted in-
fancy. " — Milton .
INFANT, in'fant, n. a babe: in tote, a person
under 21 years of age, though for many
purposes both boys and girls attain their
majority at 18. — adj. belonging to infants
or to infancy : tender : intended for in-
fants. [L. iiifans, -antis, that cannot
speak — in, not. and/<()is. pr.p. olfari, to
speak, Gr. phemi. See Fame.]
INFANTA, in-fan'ta, n. a. title given to a
daughter of the kings of Spain and Por-
tugal, except the heiress-apparent. [Sp.,
from root of Infant.]
INFANTE, in-fan'ta, n. a title given to any
son of the kings of Spain and Portugal
except the heir-apparent. [Sp., from root
of Infant.]
INFANTICIDE, in-fant'i-sTd, n., infant or
child murder : tlie murderer of an infant.
— adj. Infant'icidal. [Fr.^ — L. infantici-
diuni — in fans, and ccedo, to kill.]
INFANTILE. in'fant-Il or-il, INFANTINE,
in'fant-In or -in, adj. pertaining to infancy
or to an infant.
INFANTRY, in'fant-ri, n. foot-soldiers.
[Fr. infanterie — It. infanteria — infante,
fante, a, child, a servant, a foot-soldier,
foot-soldiers being formerly the servants
and followers of knights.]
INFATUATE, in-fat'ii-at. v.t. to roeike fool-
ish : to affect with folly : to deprive of
judgment : to inspire with foolish pas-
sion : to stupefy. — n. Infatua'tion. [L.
infatiio, -aium — in, and fatmis, foolish.]
INFATUATE, in-fat'u-at, adj., infatuated
or foolish.
INFECT, in-fekt', v.t. to taint, especially
with disease: to corrupt: to poison. [Lit.
"to dip anything into," from Fr. infect
— L. infieio,'infectum — in, into, and /acio,
to make.]
INFECTION, in-fek'shun, n. act of infect-
ing : that which infects or taints.
INFECTIOUS, in-fek'shus, INFECTIVE,
in-fek'tiv, adj. ha^^ng the quality of in-
fecting : corrupting : apt to spread. —
adv. Infec'tiously" — n. lNFEC''nousNESs.
INFELICITOUS, in-fe-lis'i-tus, adj. not
felicitous or happy. [L. in, not, and
Felicitous.]
INFELICITY, in-fe-lis'i-ti, n. want of fe-
licity or happiness : misery : misfortune:
unfavorableness.
INFER, in-fer', v.t. to deduce: to derive, as
a consequence : — pr.p. inferr'ing ; pa.p.
inferred'. [Fr. — L. infero — in, into, and
fero. to bring.]
INFERABLE, in-fer'a-bl, INFERRIBLE,
in-fer'i-bl, adj. that may be inferred or
deduced.
INFERENCE, in'fer-ens, n. that which is
inferred or deduced : conclusion : conse-
quence.
INFERENTIAL, in-fer-en'shal, adj. dedu-
cible or deduced by inference. — adv. In-
feren'tially.
INFERIOR, in-fe'ri-ur, adj., lotcer in any
respect : subordinate : secondary. — n,
one lower in rank or station : one
younger than another. [Fr. — L. infe-
rior, conip. of inferus, low.]
INFERIORITY, in-fe-ri-or'i-ti, n. the state
of being inferior : a lower position in any
respect.
INFERNAL, in-fcr'nal. adj. belonging to
the lower regions or hell : resembling or
suitable to hell : devilish. — adv. Infer'-
nally. [Fr. — L. inferniis — inferus.]
INFERTILE, in-fer'til. adj. not productive:
barren. — n. Intertil'ity. [L. ii2, not, and
Fertile.]
INFEST, in-fest', v.t. to disturb : to harass.
[Fr. — L. infesto, from infestus, hostile.
from in and an old verb fendere, to
strike, found in of-fendere, de-fendere.]
INFIDEL, in'fi-del, (((//.. unbelieving : scep-
tical: disbelieving Cliristianity: heathen.
— n. one who withholds belief, esp. from
Christianity. [Fr. — L. injidelis — in, not,
fidelis. faithful— _/ides, faith.]
INFIDELITY, in-fi-del'i-ti, »i., want of
faith or belief : disbelief in Christianity :
unfaithfulness, esp. to the marriage con-
tract : treachery.
INFILTRATE, in-fil'trat, v.t. to enter a
substance by filtration, or through its
pores. — n. Infiltra'tion, the process of
infiltrating, or the substance infiltrated.
[L. in, in, and Filtrate.] '
INFINITE, in'fin-it, adj. without end or
limit : without bounds : (math.) either
greater or smaller than any quantity
that can be assigned. — adv. In'finitely.
— ?(,'In'finite, that which is infinite : the
Infltiite Being or God. [L. in, not, and
Ft NTT B.]
INFINITESIMAL, in-fin-i-tes'im-al, adj.
infinitely small. — n. an inflnitelj' small
quantity. — adv. Infinites'imally.
INFINITIVE, in-fin'it-iv, adj. (lit.) unlim-
ited, unrestricted : (gram.) the mood of
the verb which expresses the idea with-
out person or number.— adt". Infin'itite-
LY. [Fr. — L. infinitivus.]
INFINITUDE, in-fin'i-tud, INFINITY, in-
fin'i-ti, n. boundlessness: immensity:
countless or indefinite number.
INFIRM, in-ferm'. adj. not strong : feeble :
sickly : weak : not solid : irresolute : im-
becile. [L. in, not, and Firm.]
INFIRMARY, in-ferm'ar-i. n. a hospital or
place for the infirm. [Fr. — Low L. in-
firmaria.]
INFIRMITY, in-ferm'it-i, n. disease: fail-
ing : defect : imbecility.
INFIX, in-flks', v.t. to fix in: to drive or
fasten in : to set in by piercing. [L. in,
in, and Fix.]
INFLAME, in-flam', v.t. to cause to flame:
to cause to burn : to excite : to increase :
to exasperate. — v.i. to become hot, pain-
ful, or angry. [Fr. — L. in, into, and
Flame.]
INFLAMMABLE, in-flam'a-bl. adj. that
may be burned : combustible : easily
kindled.— n. Inflamslibil'ity.— adr. Ix-
flamm'ably.
INFLAMMATION, in-flam-a'shun, n. state
of being in flame : heat of a part of the
body, with pain and swelling: violent
excitement : heat.
INFLAMMATORY, in-flam'a-tor-i, adj.
tending to inflame: inflaming : exciting.
INFLATE, in-fiat', r.f. to swell with air:
to puff up. — adv. Inflat'ingly. [L. inflo,
inflatum — in, into, and^o, to blow, with
which it is cog.]
INFLATION, in-fla'shun, n. state of being
puffed up : in finance, the increased is-
sue of a paper currency, not warranted
bv the security and other circumst.nnces.
INf'LATUS, in-fla'tus, n. a bloiring or
breathing into : inspiration. [L.]
INFLECT, in-flekt', v.t. to bend m : to turn
from a direct line or course : to modu-
late, as the voice : (gram.) to vary in the
terminations. [L. inflecto — in, in, and
fleeto,fle.rum, to bend.]
INFLECTION, in-flek'shun, n. a bending
or deviation : modulation of the voice :
(gram.) the varying in termination — adj.
Inflec'tional. *
INFLECTIVE, in-flekt'iv, adj. subject to
inflection.
INFLEXED, in-flekst', adj., bent inward:
bent : tiu-ned.
INFLEXIBLE, in-fleks'i-bl, adj. that can-
not be bent : unyielding : unbending.—
ns. Inflexibil'ity, Intlex'ibleness.—
INFLEXION
241
INITIAL
adv. Intlex'ibly. [Fr. — L. in, not,
Flexible.]
INFLEXION. Same as Inflection.
iNFLEXTUEE, in-fleks'ur, n. a bend or
foUI.
iNFLICT, in-flikt', v.t. to lay on : to im-
|)cl^e, as punishment. jXit. " to strike
ajrainst," L. in, against, and fligo, to
strike. J
.NFLICTION, in-flik'shun, n. act of in-
tli. ting- or imposing: punishment ap-
jilied.
INKLICTIVE, in-flikt'iv, adj. tending or
able to inflict.
INFLORESCENCE, in-flor-es'ens. n. char-
acter or mode of flowering of a plant.
[Fr. — ^L. inflorescens — infloresco. to begin
to blossom. See Florescence.]
INFLUENCE, in'floo-ens, n. power exerted
on men or things : power in operation :
authority. — v.t. to affect : to move : to
direct. [Orig. a term in astrology, the
power or virtue supposed to flow from
Elanets upon men and things : Fr. — Low
I. infliientia — L. in, into, and fliio, to
flow.]
INFLUENTLA-L, in-floo-en'shal, adj. hav-
ing or exerting influence or power over.
— adv. Intxuen'tially.
INFLLTENZA, in-floo-en'za, n. a severe
epidemic catarrli, accompanied with
weakening fever. [It. — L., a by-form of
Influence, which see.]
INFLUX, iu'fluks, n. a floiving in : infu-
sion : abundant accession. [L. injluxus
— influo.']
INFOLD, in-fold', v.t. to inwrap : to in-
volve : to embrace. [E. In, into, and
Fold.]
INFORM, in-for.-n', v.t. to give/o7*m to : to
animate or give life to : to impart knowl-
edge to : to tell. [Fr. — L. in, into, and
Form.]
INFORMAL, in-forn^'al, adj. not in proper
form : irregular.— adr. Inform' ally. — n.
Informal'ity. [L. in, not, and Formal.]
INFORMANT, in-form'ant, n. one who in-
forms or gives intelligence.
INFORMATION, in-for-ma'shun, n. intel-
ligence given : knowledge : an accusa-
tion given to a magist- ite or court.
INFORMER, in-form'e"-, n. one who in-
forms against another for the breaking
of a law.
INFRACTION, in-frak'shun, n. violation,
esp. of law. [Fr. — L. infraetio — in, in,
and frango, fractus, to break. See
Fraction.J
INFRANGIBLE, in-fran'ji-bl, a(^. that
cannot be broken: not to be violated.
— ?!S. INFRANGIBIL'ITY, iNTRAN'aiBLENESS.
[See Infraction.]
I^IFREQUENT, in-fre'kwent, adj. seldom
occurring : rare : uncommon. — adv. In-
fre'qtje.ntly. — n. Infre'quenoy. [L. in,
not, and Frequent.]
INFRINGE, in-frinj', v.t. to violate, esp.
law : to neglect to obey. [Lit. to " break
into," from L. infringo — in, and/rowgro.]
INFRINGEMENT, iu-frinj'ment, n. breach:
violation : non-fulflllnaent.
INFURIATE, in-fu'ri-at, v.t. to enrage : to
madden. [L. in, and furio, -atutn, to
;iiadden—/M ro, to rave.]
INFUSE, in-fuz', v.t. to pour into: to in-
spire with : to introduce : to steep in
liquor without boiling. [Fr. — L. in, into,
fundo, fiisum, to pour.]
INFUSIBLE, in-fuz'i-bl, adj. that cannot
be dissolved or melted. [L. in, not, and
Fusible.]
INFUSION, in-fu'zhun, .i. the pouring of
water, whether boiling or not, over any
substance, in order to extract its active
qualities : a solution in water of an
organic, esp. a vegetable substance : the
liquor so obtained: inspiration: instilling.
P
INFUSORIA, in-fQ-so'ri-a, n.pl. microscopic
animalcula found in infusions of animal
or vegetable material exposed to the at-
mosphere. [L.]
INFUSORLAL, in-fu-so'ri-al, INFUSORY,
in-fu'sor-i, adj. composed of or containing
infusoria.
INGATHERING, in'gsith-ev-ing, n. the
collecting and securing of tiie fruits of
the earth : harvest. [E. In and Gather-
ing.]
INGENIOUS, in-je'ni-us, adj. of good nat-
ural abilities : skillful in inventing :
showing ingenuity : witty. — adv. Inge'-
NIOUSLY. — n. Inge'NIOUSNESS. [Fr.— L.
ingeniosus — ingeniuni, mother-wit, from
in, and gen, root of gigno, to beget.]
INGENUITY, in-jen-u'i-ti, n. power of
ready invention : facility in combining
ideas : curiousness in design. [Orig.
meant "ingenuousness ;" L. ingenuitas
— ingenuiis.']
INGENUOUS, in-jen'u-us, adj. frank:
honorable : free from deception. — adv.
Ingen'uously. — n. Ingen'uousness. [Lit.
"free-born, of good birth ;" L. ingenmis.]
INGLORIOUS, in-glo'r-i-us, adj. not glori-
ous ; without honor : shameful. — adv.
Inglo'riously. — n. Inglo'eiousness. [Ft.
— L. in, not, and Glorious.]
INGOT, in'got, n. a mass of unwrought
metal, esp. gold or silver, cast in a
mould. [Lit. "something poured in,"
from A.S. in, in, and goten, pa.p. of
geotan, to pour ; cog. with Ger. giessen,
Goth, gjidan, and L. fu-n-do, fud-i, to
pour. The Ger. ein-guss is an exact
parallel to ingot.']
INGRAFT, in-graff, v.t. to graft or insert
a shoot of one tree into another : to in-
troduce something foreign : to fix deeply.
[Fr. — L. in, into, and Graft.]
INGRAFTMBNT, iu-graft'ment, n.,ingraft-
ing: the thing ingrafted : a scion.
INGRAIN, in-gran', v.t. (orig.) to dye in
grain (meaning with grain), that is, coch-
ineal : hence, to dye of a fast or la.sting
color : to dye in the raw state : to infix
deeply. [L. in, into, and see Grain.]
INGRATE, in'grat, adj. unthankful. [Fr.
— L. ingratus.']
INGRATIATE, in-gra'shi-at, v.t. to com-
mend to grace or favor (used reflexively,
and followed by ivith) : to secure t&e
good-will of another. [L. in, into, and
gratia, favor. See Grace.]
INGRATITUDE, in-grat'i-tud, n. unthank-
f ulness : the return of evil for good. [Fr.
— L. in, not, and Gratitude.]
INGREDIENT, in-gre'di-ent, n that which
enters into a compound : a component
part of anything. [Fr. — L. ingrediens,
-entis, pr.p. of ingri-dioi — in, into, and
gradior, to walk, to enter. See Grade
and Ingress.]
iNGRESS, in'gres, n., entrance : power,
right, or means of entrance. [L. Ingres-
sus — ingredior.]
INGUINAL, ing^gwin al adj. relating to
the groin. [L. inyuiunlis — inguen, in-
guinis, the groin.]
INGULF, in-gulf, v.t. to swallow up whol-
ly, as in a gulf: to cast into a gulf : to
overwhelm. — n. InguLF'ment. [E. IN
and Gulf.]
INGURGITATE, in-gur'ji-tat, v.t. to swal-
low up greedily, as in a gulf. [L. ingur-
gito, -atum — in, into, and gurges, a gulf,
whirlpool.]
INHABIT, in-hab'it, v.t. to dwell in : to
occupy. [Fr. — L., from in, in, and Jiab-
ito, to have frequently, to dwell — habeo,
to have. Cf. Habit.]
INHABITABLE, in-hab'it-a-bl, adj. that
may be inhabited. [Late L. inhabita-
bilis.l
INHABITANT, in-nab'it-ant, Inhab'iter
(B.), n. one who inhaoits : a resident,
[L. inhabitans.]
I^lHALATION, in-ha-la'shun, n. the draw-
ing into the lungs, as air, or fumes.
INHALE, in-hal', v.t. to draiv in the breath:
to draw into the lungs, as air. — j!. Inhal'-
ER. [L. inhalo, to breathe upon — in, \v^
on, and halo, to breathe.]
INHARMONIOUS, u. har-mS'ni-us.arfj. ais
cordant : unmusical. — adv. Inharmo'ni
ously. — n. Inharmo'niousness. [P.-efla
in-, not, Harmonious.]
INHERE, in-her'. v.i. to stich fast : to re-
main firm in. [L. inha:reo — in . and hcereo,
to stick.]
INHERENCE, in-her'ens, INHERENCY,
in-her'en-si, n. a sticking fast : existence
in something else : a fixed state of being
in another bodv or substance.
INHERENT, in-fier'ent, adj., sticking fast .
existing in and inseparable from some-
thing else : innate : natural. — adv. Iv
her'ently. [L. inhareiis.']
INHERIT, in-her'it, v.t. to take as heir or
by descent from an ancestor : to possess.
— v.i. to enjoy, as property. [L. in, and
Fr. heriter — L. heredito, to inherit. See
Heir.]
INHERITABLE. Same as Heritable.
INHERITANCE, in-her'it-ans, n. that
which is or may be inherited : an
estate derived from an ancestor : he-
reditary descent : natural gift : posses-
sion.
INHERITOR, in-her'it-or, n. one who in-
herits or may inherit : an heir : — fern.
Inher'itress, Inhes'itrls.
INHESION, in-he'zhun. Same as Inher-
ence.
INHIBIT, in-hib'it, v.t. to hold in or back :
to keep back : to check. [L. inlnbeo,
-hibitum — in, in, and habeo, to have, to
hold. Cf. Habit.]
INHIBITION, in-hi-bish'un, n. the act of
inhibiting or restraining : the state of
being inhibited : prohibition : a writ
from a higher court to an inferior judge
to st;iy proceedings.
INHIBITORY, in-hib'it-or-i, adj. prohibi-
tory.
INHOSPITABLE, in-hos'pit-a-bl, adj. af-
fording no kindness to strangers. — adv.
Inhos'pitably'. — n. Inhos'pitableness.
[Fr. — L. in, not, and Hospitable.]
INHOSPITALITY, in - hos - pi - tal'i - ti, n.
want of hospitality or courtesy to stran-
gers.
INHUMAN, in-hu'man, adj. barbarous :
cruel : unfeeling. — adv. Inhu'MANLY.
[Fr. — L. in, not, and Human.]
INHUMANITY, in-hu-man'i-ti, n. the
state of being inhuman : barbarity :
crueltv.
INHUMATION, in-hu-ma'shun, v. the act
of inhuming or depositing- in the ground:
burial.
INHUME, in-hum', v.t. to inter. [Fr.— L.
inhumo — in, in, and humus, the g^round.]
INIMICAL, in-im'i-kal, adj. like an enemy,
not friendly: contrary: repugnant. —
adv. Inim'ically. [L. inimicalis — ini-
viicus — in, not, and amicus, friendly—
amo, to love.]
INiraTABLE, m-im'it-a-bl, adj. that can
not be imitated : surpassingly excellent.
— adv. Inim'itably. [Fr. — L. in, not, and
Imitable.]
INIQUITOUS, in-ik'wi-tus, adj. unjust
unreasonable : wicked. — adv. Iniq'ui
TOUSLY.
INIQUITY, in-ik'wi-ti, 7i. want of equity
or fairness : injustice : wickedness : a
crime. [Fr. — L. inicniitas — iniquus, un-
equal — m, not, and cequus, equal or
fair.]
INITIAL, in-ish'al, adj. commencing :
placed at the beginning. — n. the letter
INITIATE
242
INOSCULATE
beginning a word, esp. a name. — v.t. to
put the initials of one's name to. [L.
initialis — initium, a beginning, ineo,
initus — in, into, eo, itum, to go.]
INITIATE, in-ish'i-at, v.t. to make a begin-
ning : to instruct in principles: to ac-
quaint with : to introduce into a new
state or society. — v.i. to perform tiie first
act or rite. — n. one who is initiated. —
adj. fresh : unpracticed. [See Imttat,.]
INITIATION, in-ish-i-a'shun, n. act or proc-
ess of initiating or acquainting one with
principles before unknown : act of ad-
mitting to any society, by instructing in
its rules and ceremonies.
INITIATIVE, in-ish'i-a-tiv, adj. serving to
initiate : introductory. — n. an introduc-
tory step.
INITIATORY, in-ish'i-a^tor-i, adj. tending
to initiate : introductory. — n. introduc-
tory rite.
INJECT, in-iekt', v.t. to throw into : to
cast on. [L. injicio, injectiim — in, into,
jaeio, to tiirow.]
INJECTION, in-jek'shun, n. act of inject-
ing or throwing in or into . the act of fill-
ing the vessels of an animal body with
any liquid : a liquid to be injected into
any part of the body. '
INJUDICIAL, in-joo-dish'al, adj. not ac-
cording to law-forms. [L. in, not, and
Judicial.]
INJUDICIOUS, in-joo-dish'us, adj. void of
or wanting in judgment : inconsiderate.
—adv. Injudi'ciously.— n. Injudi'cious-
NESS. [Fr.— L. in, not, and Judicious.]
INJUNCTION, in-jungk'shun, n. act of en-
joining or commanding: an order: a pre-
cept : exhortation : a writ of prohibition
granted by a court of equity. [L. injunc-
tio — in, and jungo, juncttim, to join.]
INJURE, in'joor, v.t. to act with injustice
or contrary to law : to wrong : to dam-
age : to annoy. [Fr. injurier — L. ire-
jtirior — injuria, injury — in, not, and jus.
Juris, law.]
INJURIOUS, in-j66'ri-us, adj. tending to
injure : unjust : wrongful : mischievous:
damaging reputation. — adv. iNJCfRIOUS-
LY. — n. Inju'riousness.
INJURY, in'joor-i, m. that which injures :
wrong : mischief: annoyance : {Jhr. Bk.)
insult, offence.
INJUSTICE, in-jus'tis, n. violation or with-
holding of another's rights or dues :
wrong : iniquity. [Fr. — L. injusiitia, in,
not, and Justice.]
INK, ingk, n. a colored fluid used in writ-
ing, printing, etc. — v.t. to daub with ink.
[O. Fr. enque (Fr. eiicre) — L. encaustum,
the purple-red ink used by the later
Roman emperors — Gr. engkauston — en-
gkaio, to burn in. See Encaustic]
INK-BERRY, ingk'-be-ri, n. the popular
name of an elegant shrub (Ilex glabra)
found on the Atlantic coast of North
America. It grows from 2 to 4 feet high,
has slender and flexible stems, brilliant,
evergreen leaves, leathery and shining
on the surface and of a lanceolate form,
and produces small black berries.
INKHOLDER, ingk'hold-er, INKSTAND,
ingk'stand, 7i. a vessel for holding ink.
INKHORN, ingk'horn, n. {obs.) an ink-
holder, formerly of horn : a portable case
for ink, etc.
INKING-ROLLER, ingk'ing-rol'er, n. a
roller covered with a composition for ink-
ing printing types.
INKING-TABLE, ingk'ing-ta'bl, n. a table
or flat surface used for supplying the
inking-roller with ink during the proc-
ess of printing.
INKLE, ingtl, v.t. to guess : to conject-
ure. "She turned as pale as death, . . .
and she inkled what it was." — R. D.
, Blaekmore,
INKLING, ingkling, n. a hint or whisper:
intimation. [From the M.E. verb to
inkle (for im-k-le, cog. with Ice. ym-ta,
to mutter, from ytn-r, a humming sound),
a freq. formed from an imitative base
-um (Sw. luim, E. Hum).]
INKY, ingk'i, adj. consisting of or resem-
liling ink : blackened with ink. — n. Ink'-
INESS.
INLAID, in-lad', pa. p. of Inlat,
INLAND, in'land, n. the interior part of a
country. — adj. remote from the sea : car-
ried on or produced within a country :
confined to a country. [A.S. inland, a
domain — in, and landT]
INLANDER, in'land-er, n. one who lives
inland.
INLAY, in-la', v.t. to ornament by laying
inov inserting pieces of metal, ivory, etc.:
—pa.p. Inlaid'. — n. pieces of metal,
ivory, etc., for inlaying. — ns. Inlay'ing,
Inlat'er. [E. In and Lay.]
INLET, in'let, n. a passage by which one
is let in : place of ingress : a small bay.
[E. In and Let.]
INLY, inii, adj., inward: secret. — adv.,
inwardly: in the heart. [A.S. inlic — in,
and lie, like.]
IN5LATE, in'mat, n. one who lodges in the
same house with another : a lodger : one
received into a hospital, etc. [IN and
Mate.]
INMEATS, in'mets, n.pl. the interna! parts
of animal bodies ; the viscera : the en-
trails : the guts.
Get thee gone.
Or I shall try six inches of my knife
On thine own innieats first. — Sir H. Tayiof.
INMOST. See Innermost.
INN, in, n. a house for the lodging and en-
tertainment of travellers : a hotel : (B.) a
lodging : the word is seldom used in this
country. — Inns of Court, four societies
in London for students-at-law, qualifying
them to be called to the bar. [A..S. in,
inn, an inn, house — in, inn, withm, from
the prep, in, in ; Ice. inni, a house, inni,
within.]
INNATE, in'at or in-nat', adj., inborn : nat-
ural : inherent. — n. Inn'ateness. — adv.
Inn'ately. [L. innatus — innascor — in,
in, nascor, to be born.]
ESnSTAVIGABLE, in-nav'i-ga-bl, adj. im-
Jia-ssable by ships. — adv. Innav'iqablt.
Fr.— L. in, not. and Navigable.]
NER, in'er, adj. (comp. of In), further
in : interior. [A.S.]
INNER, in'er, n. m rifle practice, that part
of a target immediately outside the bull's-
eye, inclosed by a ring varjdng in breadth
according to the distance fired from ;
called also the Centre : a shot striking
that part of a target.
INNERMOST, in'er-most, DJMOST, in'-
most, adj. (superl. of In), furthest in :
most remote from the outer part. [A.S.
innemest : for the termination -most, see
AFTER3I0ST, FOREXIOST.]
INNERVE, in-er\'', v.t. to supply with force
or nervous energy. — n. Inner va'tion,
special mode of activity inherent in the
nervous structure, whereby the organism
maintains relations with external media:
nervous activity. [Fr. — L. in, in, and
Nerve.]
INNING, in'ing, n. thewigathering of grain:
turn for using the bat in base-ball and
cricket (in this sense used only in the
pi.) •.~pl. lands recovered from the sea.
[A verbal noun from old verb to inn, i.e.
to house corn, which is from noun Inn.]
INNKEEPER, in'kep-er, n. one who keeps
an inn.
INNOCENCE, in'o-sens, INNOCENCY, in'-
o-sen-si, n. liarmlessness: blamelessness:
puritv : integrity.
INNOCENT, in'o-sent, adj. not hurtful:
inoffensive : blameless : piu-e . lawful.—
n. one free from harm or fault. — adv.
Inn'ocently. [Fr. — L. innocens, -enti8~
in, not, and noceo, to hurt. Cf. Noxious.)
INNOCUOUS, in-nok'u-us, ady'. not hurtful:
harmless in effects. — adv. Innoc'uouslYc
— n. Innoc'uousness. [L. innocuus.]
INNOMINABLES, in-nom'in-a-blz, w.pi. a
humorous euphemism for trousers : un-
mentionables: inexpressibles. "The lower
part of his dress represented iniioniinO'
bles and hose in one." — Southey.
INNOVATE, in 'o- vat, v.t. to introduct
something neiv. — t\i. to introduce novel-
ties : to make changes. — ns. Inn'ovator,
Innova'tion. [L. innovo, -novatum — in,
and novels, new.]
INNOXIOUS. Same as Innocuous.— ad».
Innox'iously. [L. in, not, and Noxious.]
INNUENDO, in-u-en'do, n. a side-hint : an
indirect reference or intimation. [Lit. a
suggestion conveyed by a nod ; L. ; it is
the gerund ablative of innuo — in, and
nuo, to nod.]
INNUMERABLE, in-nu'mer-a-bl, adj. that
cannot be numbered : countless. — adv.
iNNTfMEEABLY. — n. INNU'MERABLENESS.
[Fi-. — L. 171, not, and Numerable.]
INNUTRITION, in-nu-trish'un, n. want of
nutrition : failure of nourishment.
INNUTRITIOUS, in-nu-trish'us, adj. not
nutritious : without nourishment. [L,
in, not. Nutritious.]
INOBSERVANT, in-ob-zerVant, adj. not
observant : heedless, jjj- *i> lot, and
ObservantJ
INOBTRUSIVE, in-ob-tro6'siv, adj. not ob-
trusive.— adv. Inobtru'sively. — Ji. Inob-
tru'siveness. [L. in, not, and Obtbu-
SITE.]
INOCULATE, in-olf'u-lat. v.t. to insert a,n
eye or bud : to ingraft : to communicate
disease by inserting matter in the skin
— v.i. to propagate by budding : to prao
tice inoculation. [L. inocido, -atinn —
in, into, and oculus, an eye. See Ocu-
lar.]^
INOCULATION, in-ok-u-la'shun, n. act or
practice of inoculating : insertion of the
buds of one plant into another : the com*
municating of disease by inserting matter
in the skin.
INODOROUS, in-o'dur-us, ac^'. without
smell. [L. in, not, and ODOROUS.]
INOFFENSIVE, in-of-fen'siv, adj. giving
no offence : harmless. — adv. Inoffen-
sively.—n. Inoffen'siveness. [Fr.— I*
in, not, and Offensive.]
INOFFICIAL, in-of-fish'al, adj. not pro-
ceeding from the proper officer : without
the usual forms of authority. — adi\ IN-
offic'ially. [Fr.— L. in, not, and Offi-
cial.]^
ESrOl'ERATIVE, in-op'er-a-tiv, a<^: not in
action : producing no effect. [Fr. — L.
in, not, and OPERATIVE.]
INOPPORTUNE, in-op-por-tun', adj. un-
seasonable in time. — adv. Inopportune'-
LY. [Fr. — L. in, not, and OPPORTUNE.]
INORDINATE, in-or'di-nat, adj. beyond
usual bounds : irregular : immoderate.-
adv. Inor'dinately. — n. Inor'dinatb-
NTESS. [L. in, not, and Ordinate.]
INORDINATION, in-or-di-na'shun, 7i. de
viation from rule : irregularity.
INORGANIC, in-or-gan'ik, adj. without
life or organization, as minerals, etc-
adv. Inorgan'ically. [Fr. — L. in^ not,
and Organic]
INORGANIZED, in-or'gan-izd, adj. same
as Inorganic.
INOSCULATE, in-os'ku-lat, v.t. and v.i. to
unite by mouths or ducts, as two vessels
in an animal body : to blend. — n. INOS-
cula'tion [L. in, and oscular, -atuin, to
kiss.]
INQUEST
243
IXSPECTOK
IJJQUEST, in'kwest, n. act of inquiring :
search : judicial inquiry : a jurj- for in-
quiring into any matter, esp. anj' case
of violent or sudden death. [O. Fr. en-
queste. : see iNQtHRE. Doublet Inquiry.]
DfQUIETUBE, in-kwi'et-iid, n. disturbance
or uneasiness of body or mind. [Fr. — L.
in. not, and Quietude.]
INQUIRE, in-kwir', v.i. to ask a question :
to make an investigation. — vA. to ask
about : to make an examination regard-
ing.— n. Inquib'er. [L. inquiro — in, and
qucero, quoesitum, to seek.]
INQUIRING, in-kwTr'ing, adj. given to in-
quiry.— adv. iNQUm'lNGLY.
INQUIRY, in-kwl'ri, n. act of inquiring :
search for knowledge : investigation : a
question. [Doublet Inquest.]
INQUISITION, in-kwi-zish'un, n. an in-
quiring or searching for : investigation :
judicial inquiry : formerly a tribunal in
some Catholic countries for examining
and punishing hei-etics. [Fi'. — L. in-
qitisitio ; see INQUIRE.]
NQUISITIONAL, in-k\vi-zish'un-al, adj.
making inquiry : relating to the Inqui-
sition.
INQUISITIVE, in-kwiz'i-tiv, adj., searching
into : apt to ask questions : curious.^
adv. Inquis'itively. — n. Inquis'itive-
NESS.
INQUISITOR, in-kwiz'i-tur, n. one who
inqni>'es : an official inquirer : a member
of the Court of Inquisition. — adj. InqUI-
sito'rial. — adv. Inquisito'mally. [L.]
INROAD, in'rod, n. a riding into an enemy's
country : a sudden or desultory invasion:
. attack : encroachment. [E. In, into, and
RoadJ^
INRUSH, in'rush, n. a sudden Invasion or
incursion : an irruption. " The ceaseless
inru.ih of new images." — Kingsley. "Mor-
decaiwasso possessed by the new inrush
of belief that he had forgotten the ab-
sence of any other condition to the fulfill-
ment of his hopes." — George Eliot.
INSAJUVATION, in-sal-i-va'shun, n. the
process of mixing the food with the saliva.
INSALUBRIOUS, in-sa-l6o'bri-us, adj. not
healthful : unwholesome. — n. InsaLU'-
brity. [L. in, not, and Salubrious.]
INSANE, iu-san', adj. not sane or of sou7id
mind : mad : pertaining to insane persons:
utterly unwise. — adv. Insake'ly. [L. in,
not, and Sane.]
INSANITY, in-san'i-ti, n. want of sanitj' :
state of being insane : madness.
INSATIABLE, in-sa'shi-a-bl, INSATIATE,
in-sa'shi-at, adj. that cannot be satiated
or satisfied. — adv. Insa'tiably. — ns. In-
sa'txableness, Insatiabil'ity. [Fr. — ^L.
in. ncft, Satiable, Satiate.]
INSCRIBE, in-skrib', v.t. to ivrite upon : to
engrave, as on a monument : to address:
to imprint deeply : (geom.) to draw one
figure within another. — n. Inscrib'er.
[L. in.icribo, inscriptus — in, upon, and
.^cribo. to write.]
INSCRIPTION, in-skrip'shun, n. a writing
upon: that which is inscribed : title : ded-
ication of a book to a person. [See In-
scribe.]
INSCRIPTrVE. in-skrip'tiv, adj. bearing an
inscription : of the character of an in-
scription.
INSCRUTABLE, in-sln-oot'a-bl, adj. that
cannot be scrutinized or searched into
and understood : inexplicable. — adv. In-
scrut'ably. — ns. Inscrutabil'ity, In-
scrut'ableness. [Fr.— L. inserutabilis —
in, not, and scrutor, to search into.]
INSECT, in'sekt, n. a small animal, as a
wasp or fly, with a body as if cut in the
middle, or divided into sections : anj'-
thing small or contemptible. — adj. like
an insect : small : mean. [Fr. — L. in-
seotum, pa.p. of inseco — in, into, and
seco, to cut.]
INSECTILE, in-sek'tU, adj. having the
nature of an insect.
INSECTION, in-sek'shun, n. a cutting in :
incision.
INSECTIVOROUS, in-sek-tiv'or-us, adj.,
devouring or living on insects. [L. mi-
.'iectum, and voro, to devour.]
INSECURE, in-se-ktir', adj. apprehensive
of danger or loss : exposed to danger or
loss. — adv. Insecuee'ly. — n. Insecur'-
ity. [L. in, not, and Secure.]
INSENSATE, in-sen'sat, adj. void of sense :
wanting sensibility : stupid. [L. insen-
satus — in, not, and sensatus, from sensus,
feeling.]
INSENSIBLE, in-sen'si-bl, adj. not having
feeling : callous : dull : imperceptible by
the senses. — adv. Insen'sibly. — n. Insen-
sibil'ity. [Fr.— L. in, not, and Sen-
sible.]
INSENSIBLIST, in-sens'i-blist, n. one in-
susceptible of emotion or passion : one
who is apathetic or who affects apathy.
"Mr. Meadows . . . since he commenced
insensiblist, has never once dared to be
pleased." — Miss Bumey.
INSENTIENT, in-sen'shi-ent, adj. not hav-
ing perception. [L. in, not, and Senti-
ent.]
INSEPARABLE, in-sep'ar-a-bl, adj. that
cannot be separated. — adv. Insep'ar-
A3LY. — ns. Insep'arableness, Insepar-
abil'ity. [Fr. — L. in, not, and Separa-
ble.]
INSERT, in-sert', v.t. to introduce into : to
put in or among. [L. in, and sero, sertum,
to join.]
INSERTION, in-ser'shun, n. act of insert-
ing : condition of being inserted : that
which is inserted.
INSESSORIAL, in-ses-so'ri-al, adj. having
feet (as birds) formed for perching or
climbing on trees. [L. insessor, from in-
sideo. insessum — in, on, and sedeo. to sit.]
INSEVERABLE, in-sev'er-a-bl, adj. that
cannot be severed or separated. [L. in,
not, and Severable.]
INSHEATHE, in-she<7i', v.t. to put or hide
in a sheath. [E. In and Sheathe.]
INSHORE, in-shor', adv., on or near the
shore. [E. In and Shore.]
INSHRINB, in-shrin'. Same as Enshrine.
INSICCATION, in-sik-ka'shun, n. act of
drying in. [L. in, in, and sicco, siccatum,
to dry.]
INSIDfe, in'sid, n. the side or part mthin.
— adj. being within : interior. — adv. or
prep, within the sides of : in the interior
of. [E. In and Side.]
INSIDIOUS, in-sid'i-us, adj. watching an
opportunity to insnare : intended to en-
trap: treacherous. — adv. Insid'iously. —
n. Insid'iousness. [Lit. " sitting in
wait," from Fr. — L. insidiosus — insidice,
an ambush — insideo — in, sedeo, to sit.]
INSIGHT, in'sit, n., sight into: view of the
interior : thorough knowledge or skill :
power of acute observation. [E. IN and
Sight.]
INSIGNIA, in-sig'ni-a, n.pl., signs or
badges of office or honor : marks by
which anything is known. [L., pi. of
insigne, from in, and signum, a mark.]
INSIGNIFICANT, in-sig-nifi-kant, adj.
destitute of meaning : without effect :
unimportant : petty. — adv. Insionif'i-
cantly. — ns. Insignif'icance, Insignif'i-
cancy. [L. in, not, and Significant.]
INSIGNIFICATIVE, in-sig-nif'i-ka-tiv, adj.
not significative or expressing by exter-
nal signs.
INSINCERE, in-sin-ser', adj. deceitful: dis-
sembling : not to be trusted : unsound. —
ad r. Insincere'ly. — n. Insincer'ity. [Fr.
— L. t'w, not, SlNCEEK.]
INSINUATE, in-sin'u-at, v.t. to introdime
gently or artfully : to hint, esp. a fault :
to work into favor. — v.i. to creep or flow
in : to enter gently : to obtain access by
flattery or stealth. — n. Insin'uator. [L.
insinuo, -atuni — in, and sinus, a curve,
bosom.]
INSINUATING, in-sin'u-at-ing, adj. tend-
ing to insinuate or enter[gently : insensi-
bly winning confidence. — adv. Insin'uaT'
INPLY.
INSINUATION, in-sin-u-a'shun, n. act of
insinuating : power of insinuating : that
which is insinuated : a hint, esp. convey-
ing an indirect imputation.
INSINUATIVE, in-sin'fl-a-tiv, adj., insiniu-
ating or stealing on the confidence : using
insinuations.
INSIPID, in-sip'id, adj., tasteless: wanting
spirit or animation : dull. — adv. Insip^
idly. — ns. Insip'idness, Insipid'ity, want
of taste. [Fr. — L. insipidus — in, not,
sapidus, well-tasted — sapio, to taste.]
INSIST, in-sist', v.i. to dwell on in dis-
course : to persist in pressing. — n. IN-
sist'ence. [Fr. — L. in, upon, sisto, to
stand.]
INSNARE. in-snar*, v.t. to catch in a
snare : to entrap : to take by deceit : to
entangle. [E. In, and Snare.]
INSOBRIETY, in-so-brl'e-ti, n. want of
sobriety : intemperance. [Prefix in-,
not, and Sobriety.]
INSOLATE, in'so-lat, v.t. to expose to the
sun's rays. [L. in, in, and sol, the sun.]
INSOLATION, in-so-la'shun, n. the act or
condition of being heated by the sun.
"The comparative calmness of the at-
mosphere, the clearness of the skj', the
dryness of the air, and the strong in-
solation which took place under these
circumstances." — Eiicyc. Brit. [L. Pre-
fix in. and sol, the sun.]
INSOLENT, in'so-lent, adj. haughty and
contemptuous : insulting : rude. — adv.
In'solently. — n. In'solence. [Lit. "un-
usual," Fr. — L. insolens — in, not, solens,
pr.p. of soleo, to be accustomed.]
INSOLIDITY, in-so-hd'i-ti, n. want of so-
lidity : weakness. [Prefix in-, not, and
SOUDITY.]
INSOLUBLE, in-sol'u-bl, adj. not capable
of being dissolved : not to be solved or
explained. — ns. Insolubil'ity, Insol'u-
bleness. [Fr. — L. in, not, and Soluble.]
INSOLVABLE, in-solv'a-bl, adj. not solva-
ble : not to be explained. [L. in, not,
and Solvable.]
INSOLVENT, in-solVent, adj. not able to
pay one's debts : pertaining to insolvent
persons. — n. one who is unable to pay
his debts.— »i. Insolv'ency. [L. in, not,
and Solvent.]
INSOMNIA, in-som'ni-a, n. sleeplessness. —
adj. Inso.m'nious. [L. insoninis, sleep-
less.]
INSOMNOLENCE, in-som'n5-lens, w. sleep-
lessness : insomnia. Southey. [L. in-
somnia, sleeplessnsss.]
INSOJIUCH, in-so-much', adi\ to such a
degree : so. [IN, So, MUCH.]
INSPAN, in-span', v.t. to yoke draught-
oxen or horses to a vehicle. [E. In, and
Span, a yoke of oxen.]
INSPECT, in-spekt', v.t. to look into: to
examine : to look at narrowly : to super-
intend. [L. inspecto, freq. of inspicio,
inspectum — in, into, and specio, to look
or see.]
INSPECTION, in-spek'shun, n. the act of
inspecting or looking into : careful or
official e.xamination.
INSPECTOR, in-spekt'ur, n. one who looks
into or oversees : an examining officer :
a superintendent. — n. Insfect'oeship,
the office of an inspector.
INSPIRABLE
INSPIRABLE, in-splr'a-bl, adj. able to be
inhaled.
INSPIRATION, in-spi-ra'shun, n. the act
of inspiriDg or breathing into : a breath :
the divine influence by which tlie sacred
writers were instructed : superior elevat-
ing or exciting influence.
INSPIRATORY, in-splr'a-tor-i or in'spir-a-
tor-i, adj. belonging to or aiding inspira-
tion or inhalation.
INSPIRE, in-spir', v.t. to breathe into: to
draw or inhale into the lungs : to iilfuse
by. breathing, or as if by breathing : to
infuse into the mind : to instruct by
diNine influence : to instruct or affect
with a superior influence. — v.i. to draw
in the breath. — n. Inspie'er. [Fr.— L.
inspiro — in, into, and spiro, to breathe.]
INSPIRIT, in-spir'it, v.t. to infuse spirit
into : to give new life to : to in%'igorate :
to encourage. [IN and Spirit.]
INSPISSATE, in-spis'at, v.t. to thicken by
the evaporation of moisture, as the
juices of plants. — n. Inspissa'tion. [L.
inspisso, -atum — in, and spissus, thick.]
INSTABILITY, in-sta-bil'i-ti, n. want of
stability or steadiness: want of firmness:
inconstancy: fickleness: mutability. [Fr.
— L. in, not, and Stability.]
INSTALL, mSTAL, in-stawl', v.t. to place
in a stall or seat : to place in an office or
order: to invest with any charge or ofl3ce
with the customary ceremonies. [Fr. —
Low L. — L. in, in, and Low L. stallurn, a
stall or seat — O. Ger. stal (Ger. stall, E.
Stall).]
INSTALLATION, in-stal-a'shun, n. the act
of installing or placing in an office with
ceremonies.
INSTALMENT, in-stawl'ment, n. the act
of installing : one of the parts of a sum
paid at various times : that which is pro-
duced at stated periods.
INSTANCE, in'stans, n. quality of being
instant or urgent : soUcitation : occur-
rence : occasion : example. — v.t. to men-
tion as an example or case in point. [Fr.
— L. instantia — instans.']
INSTANT, in'stant, adj. pressing, urgent :
immediate : quick : without delay : pres-
ent, current, as the passing month. — n.
the present moment of time: any mo-
ment or point of time. — adv. In'stantly,
on the instant or moment: immediately:
(B.) importunately, zealously. [L. in-
stans, -antis, pr.p. of insto, to stand upon
— in, upon, sto, to stand.]
INSTANTANEOUS, in-stan-tan'e-us, adj.
done in an instant : momentary : occur-
ring or acting at once : very quickly. —
adv. Instantan'eously.
INSTANTER, in-stan'ter,adf. immediately.
[L. See Instant.]
INSTATE, in-stat', v.t. to put in posses-
sion : to install. [In and State.]
INSTEAD, in-sted', adv., in the stead,
place, or room of. [M.E. in stede — A.S.
on stede, in tlie place. See Stead.]
INSTEP, in'step, ?i. the prominent upper
part of the human foot near its junction
with the leg : in horses, the hindleg from
the ham to the pastern joint. [Prob.
from In and Stoop, as if sig. the "in-
bend " (Skeat).]
INSTIGATE, in'sti-gat, v.t. to urge on : to
set on : to incite. [L. instigo — in, and
root stig, Gr. stizo, Sans, tij, to prick.
See Stioma and Sting.]
INSTIGATION, in-sti-ga'shun, n. the act
of instigating or inciting : impulse, esp.
to evil.
INSTIGATOR, in'sti-gat-ur, n. an inciter
to ill.
INSTIL, in-stil', v.t. to dro]> into : to in-
fuse slowly into the mind : — pr.j). instill'-
ing ; pa.p. instilled'. [Fr. — L. instillo —
in, and stillo. to drop. See Distil.]
Hi
INSTILLATION, in-stil-a'shun, INSTIL-
MENT, in-stil'ment, n. the act of in-
stilling or pouring in by drops : the act
of infusing slowly into the mind : that
which is instilled or infused.
INSTINCT, in'stingkt, n. impulse : an in-
voluntary or unreasoning prompting to
action : the natural impulse by which
animals are guided apparently independ-
ent of reason or experience. [L. instinc-
tus, from instinguo, to instigate — in, and
stinguo — stig.']
INSTINCT, in-stingkt', adj., instigated or
incited : moved : animated.
INSTINCTIVE, in-stingkt'iv, adj. prompted
by instinct: involuntary: acting' accord-
ing to or determined by natural impulse.
— adv. Instinct'ively.
INSTITUTE, in'sti-tut, v.t. to set up in:
to erect : to originate : to establish : to
appoint : to commence : to educate. — n.
anything instituted or formally estab-
lished: established law : precept or prin-
ciple : a book of precepts or prin-
ciples : an institution : a literary and
philosophical society. [Lit. to "cause"
to "stand up," L. instituo — in. and
statuo, to cause to stand — sto, to stand.]
INSTITUTION, in-sti-tu'shun, n. the act
of instituting or establishing: that which
is instituted or established : foundation :
established order : enactment : a society
established for some object : that which
institutes or instructs : a system of prin-
ciples or rules.
INSTITUTIONAL, in-sti-tu'shun-al, IN-
STITUTIONARY, in-sti-tu'shun-ar-i, adj.
belonging to an institution : instituted
by authority: elementary.
INSTITUTISt, in'sti-tut-ist, n. a writer of
institutes or elementary rules.
INSTITUTIVE, in'sti-tut-iv, adj. able or
tending to institute or establish : depend-
ing on an institution.
INSTRUCT, in-strukt', v.t. to prepare : to
inform : to teach : to order^or command.
— n. Instrcct'or :— /e/H. Instruct'ress.
[Lit. to " put in order," L. instruo, in-
structum — in, and striio, to pile up, to set
in order.]
INSTRUCTIBLE, in-strukt'i-bl, adj. able to
be instructed.
INSTRUCTION, in-struk'shun, n. the act
of instructing or teaching : information :
command.
INSTRUCTIVE, in-strukt'iv, adj. contain-
ing instruction or information : convey-
ing knowledge. — adv. Instruct'ively. —
1!. Instruct'iveness.
INSTRUMENT, in'stroo-ment, n. a tool or
utensil : a machine producing musical
sounds : a writing containing a contract :
one who or that which is made a means.
[Lit. " that which instructs " or " builds
up," Fr. — L. instrumentum — instruo. See
Instruct.]
INSTRUMENTAL, in-stroo-ment'al, adj.
acting as an instrument or means : serv-
ing to promote an object : helpful : be-
longing to or produced by musical instru-
ments.— adi: Instrument' ALLY. — n. In-
strumental'ity", agency.
INSTRUMENTALIST, in-stroo-ment'al-ist,
n. one who plays on a musical instrument.
INSTRUMENTATION, in - stroo - men - ta'-
shun, )i. (music) the arrangement of a
composition for performance by different
instruments : the playing upon musical
instruments.
INSUBJECTION, in-sub-jek'shun, n. want
of subjection or obedience. [Prefix in-,
not, and Subjection.]
INSUBORDINATE, in-sub-or'din-at, adj.
not subordinate or submissive : disobe-
dient.— n. Insubordina'tion. [In, not,
and Subordinate.]
INSUFFERABLE, in-suf'er-a-bl, adj. that
INTACTIBLE
cannot be suffered or endured : uubear*
able: detestable. — adv. Insuff'erably.
[In, not, and Sufferable.]
INSUFFICIENT, in-suf-flsh'ent, adj. not
sufficient : deficient : unfit : incapable. —
((du.lNSUFFl'CIENTLY. — ?i . InSUTFI'CIENCY.
[In. not, and Sufficient.]
INSULAR, in'su-lar, adj. belonging to an
island : surrounded by water. — adv. In'-
suLARLY-.— «. Insulak'ity, the state of
being insular, .[Fr. — L. insudaris — in-
sula, an island. See IsLE.]
INSULATE, in'su-lat, v.t. to place in a de-
tached situation : to prevent connection
or communication : (electricity) to sep-
arate by a non-conductor. — n. Insula'-
TiON. [Lit. to make an island of : from
L. insida.']
INSULATOR, in'su-lat-ur, n. one who or
that which insulates : a non-conductor of
electricity.
INSULT, in-sult', v.t. to treat with indig-
nity or contempt : to abuse : to affront.
— In'sult, ?(. abuse : affront : contumely.
[Fr. — L. insulto — insilio, to spring at —
%n, upon, and salio, to leap.]
INSULTINGLY, in-sult'ing-h, adv. in an
insulting or insolent manner.
INSUPERABLE, in-su'per-a-bl, adj. that
cannot be passed over : insurmountable :
unconquerable. — adv. Insu'PERABLY. — n.
Insuperabil'ity. [Fr.— L. insuperabilis
— in, not, sutperabilis — supero, to pass
over — .super, above.]
INSUPPORTABLE, in-sup-port'a-bl, adj.
not supportable or able to be supported
or endured : unbearable : insufferable. —
adv. Insupport'ably.— n. Insupport'a-
bleness. [Fr. — L. in, not, and Support-
able.]
INSUPPRESSIBLE, in-sup-pres'i-bl, adj.
not to be suppressed or concealed. [L.
in, not, and Suppressibi' "*
INSURABLE, in-shoor'a-b'i, .^dj. that may
be insured.
INSURANCE, in-shoor'ans, n. the act of
insuring, or a contract by which one
party undertakes for a payment or pre-
mium to guarantee another against risk
or loss : the premium so paid.
INSURE, in-shoor', v.t. to make sure or se-
cure : to contract for a premium to make
good a loss, as from fire, etc., or to pay
acertain sum on a certain event, as death.
— v.i. to practice making insurance. [Fr.
— L. in. intensive, and Sure.]
INSURER, in-shoor'er, n. one who insures.
INSURGENCY, in-sur'jen-si, n. a rising up
or against : insurrection : rebellion.
INSURGENT, in-sur'jent, adj.. rising up
or against : rising in opposition to au-
thority : rebellious. — n. one who rises in
opposition to established authority : a
rebel. [L. insurgens, -entis — insurgo, to
rise upon — in, upon, and surgo, to rise.]
INSURMOUNTABLE, in-sur-mownt'a-bl,
adj. not surmountable : that cannot be
overcome. — adv. Insurmount'ablY'. [Fr.
— L.. ill, not. and Surmountable.]
INSURRECTION, in-sur-rek'sliun, n. a ris-
ing lip or against : open and active oppo-
sition to the execution of the law : a re-
bellion.—at/js. Insurrec'tional, Insur-
rec'tionary. [L. insurrectio— insurgo.
See Insurgent.]
INSURRECTIONIST, in-sur-rek'shun-ist,n.
one who favors or takes part in an insur-
rection.
INSUSCEPTIBLE, in-sus-sep'ti-bl, adj. not
susceptible : not capable of feeling or of
being affected.— n. Insusceptibil'ity. [L,
in, not, and Susceptible.]
INTACT, in-takt', adj., untouched: unin-
jured. [L. intactus — in, not, tango, tac-
tus, to touch. See Tangent and Tact.]
INTACTIBLE, in-takt'i-bl, ad;.=lNTANGI-
ble.
»
INTAGLIATED
245
INTERCONNECTION
IMTAGLIATED, in-tal'yat-ed, eujy. formed
ill intaglio : engraved.
INTAGLIO, in-tal'j-o. ((. a flgxire cut into
any substance : a stone or gem in which
the desigrn is hollowed out, the opposite
of a cameo. [It. — intagliare — in, into,
tagliare, to cut — Low L. taleo, to cut
twigs — L. talea, a rod, twig. See Tally
and De'Jail.]
INTANGIBLE, in-tan'ji-bl, ac^. not tangible
or perceptible to touch. — Ji-s. Intan'giblb-
NEss, Lntangibil'ity. — adv. Intan'oibly.
rSee Intact. 1
INTEGER, in'te-jer, n. that which is left
untouched, or undiminished, a whole :
{arith.) a whole number. [L. — in, not,
and tag, root of tango, to touch. Doublet
Entire.]
INTEGRAL, in'te-gral, adj., entire or whole:
not fractional. — n. a whole: the whole as
made up of its parts. — adv. In'teqrally.
— n. Integral calcxilus, a branch of the
higher mathematics.
INTEGRANT, in'te-grant, adj. making part
of a ivhole : necessary to form an integer
or an entire thing. [L. integrans, -antis,
pr.p. of integro.']
INTERGRATE, in'te-grat, v.t. to make up
as a u-hole : to make entire : to renew. —
n. Inteqra'tion. [L. integro, integratum
— integer. See Integer.]
INTEGRITY, in-teg'ri-ti, n. {lit.) entire-
ness, wholeness : the unimpaired state of
anything : uprightness : honesty : pur-
ity. [See Integer.]
INTEGUMENT. in-teg'Q-raent, n. the ex-
ternal protective covering of a plant or
animal. — adj. Integumentary. [L. irv-
tegumentum — intego — in, upon, tego, to
cover.]^
INTELLECT, in'tel-lekt, n. the mind, in
reference to its rational powers : the
thinking principle. [Fr. — ^L. intellectus
— intelligo, to choose between — inter, be-
tween, lego, to choose.]
INTELLECTION, in-tel-lek'shun, n. the
act of understanding : (phil.) apprehen-
sion or perception.
INTELLECTIVE, in-tel-lekt'iv, adj. able to
understand: produced or perceived by
the understanding.
INTELLECTUAL, in-tel-lekt'u-al, adj. of
or relating to the intellect or mind : per-
ceived or performed bj' the intellect :
having the power of understanding. —
adi: Intellect'ually.
INTELLECTUALISM, in-tel-lekt'u-al-izm,
n. system of doctrines concerning the in-
tellect : the culture of the intellect.
INTELLECTUALIST, in-tel-lekt'u-al-ist, n.
one wiio overrates the human intellect.
INTELLIGENCE, in-tel'i-jens. n., intelleet-
tial skill or knowledge : information com-
municated : news : a spiritua ' being.
INTELLIGENT, in-tel'i-jent. adj. having
intellect : endowed with the faculty of
reason : well-informed. — adv. Intell'-
igently. [L. intelligens, -entis, pr.p. of
intellif/o.]
INTELLIGENTIAL, in-tel-i-jen'shal, adj.
pertaining to the intelligence : consisting
of spiritual being.
INTELLIGIBLE, in-tel'i-ji-bl, adj. that
maybe understood : clear. — adi: Intell'-
IGIBLY. — n.$. InTELL'IOLBLENESS, INTELLI-
gibil'ity.
INTEMPERANCE, iu-tem'per-ans, n. want
of due restraint : excess of any kind :
habitual indulgence in intoxicating liq-
uor. [Fr.— L. in, not, and Te.MPERANCE.J
iNTEMPERANT, in-tem'per-ant, n. one
who is intemperate, especially one who
intemperately indulges in the use of al-
coholic liquors. Dr. Richardson.
INTEMPERATE, in-tem'per-at, adj. in-
duigmgto excess any appetite or passion:
given to an immoderate use of intoxicat-
ing liquors : passionate : exceeding the
usual degree. — adv. Intem'perately. —
n. Intem'perateness.
INTEND, in-tend', v.t. to fix the mind
upon : to design : to purpose. — v.i. to
have a design : to purpose. [Orig. "to
stretch " out or forth, M. E. entend — FV.
entendre — L. intendo, intent um and in-
tensum — in, towards, tendo, to stretch.]
INTEND ANT, in-tend'ant, n. an officer who
superintends. — n. Intend' ANCY, his office.
INTENDED, in-tend'ed, adj. purposed : be-
trothed.— ?!.an affianced lover.
INTENSATION, ;n-tens-a'shun, n. the act
of intensifying : a stretch : a strain.
" Successive intensations of their art." —
Carlyle.
INTENSE, in-tens', adj. closely strained :
extreme in degree : very severe. — adv.
Intense'ly. — ns. Intense'NESS. Intense'-
ITY. [See In'tend.]
INTENSIFY, in-tens'i-fi, v.t. to make
more intense. — v.i. to become intense : —
p^.p. intens'lfled.
Intension, In-ten'shun, n. a straining or
bending : increase of intensity : (logic)
the sum of the qualities implied by a
general name.
INTENSIVE, in-tens'iv, adj., stretched:
admitting of increase of degree : unre-
mitted : serving to intensify : (gram.)
giving force or emphasis. — adv. Intens'-
rVELY. — n. iNTENS'lYENESS.
INTENSIVE, in-tens'iv, n. something serv-
ing to give force or emphasis : specifl-
cally, in gram, an intensive particle,
word, or phrase.
INTENT, in-tent', adj. having the mind
intense or bent on : fixed with close
attention: diligently applied. — n. the
thing aimed at or intended : a design :
meaning. — adi\ Intent'LY. — n, Intent*-
NESS. JSee Intend.]
INTENTION, in-ten'shun,w. (lit.) a stretch-
ing of the mind towards any object :
fixed direction of mind : the object
aimed at : design : purpose.
INTENTIONAL, in-ten'shun-al, INTEN-
TIONED, in-ten'shund, adj., u-ith in-
tention : intended : designed. — ^Well (or
III) Intentioned, ha\iug good (or ill)
designs. — adv. Inten'tioxally.
INTER, in-ter', v.t. to bury -.—pr.p. interr'-
ing ; j)a,p. interred'. [Fr. interred — Low
L. interro — L. in, into, terra, the earth.]
INTERACT, in'ter-akt, v.i. to act recipro-
cally : to act on each other. Prof. Tyn-
dall. "The two complexions, or two
styles of mind — the perceptive class, and
the practical finality class — are ever in
counterpoise, interacting mutually." —
Emerson.
INTERACTION, in-ter-ak'shun, n., action
befnren bodies, mutual action. [L. in-
ter, between, and ACTION.]
INTERBRACHIAL, in-ter-bra'ki-al, adj.
situated between the arms or brachia.
" The reproductive organs . . . open by
orifices on the ventral surface of tlie
body or in the interbrachial areas." — H.
A. Nicholson. [L. prefix inter, and bra-
chium, the arm.J
INTERCALARY, in-ter'kal-ar-i, INTER-
CALAR. in-ter'kal-ar, adj. inserted be-
tween others.
INTERCALATE, in-ter'kal-at, v.t. to in-
sert between, as a day in a calendar. — n.
Intercala'tion. [L.* intercalo, -atum —
inter, between, calo, to call. See Cal-
ends 1
INTERCEDE, in-ter-sed', v.t. to act as
peacemaker between two : to plead for
one. — n. Interced'er. [Fr. — L. intercedo,
-cessum — inter, between, cedo, logo. See
Cede.]
INTERCEDENT, in-ter-sed'ent, adj. going
between : pleading for. — adv. Interced'
ently.
INTERCELLULAR, in-ter-sel'u-lar, adj
lying between cells. [L. inter, between
and Cellulae.]
INTERCEPT, in-ter-sept', v.t. to stop and
seize on its passage: to obstruct, check,
to interrupt communication with : to
cut off : (math.) to take or compre
hend between. — ns. Inteecept'er, In
tercept'or, Inteecep'tion. — adj. I.\
tercept'ive. [Fr. — L. iniercipio, -ce2riun,
— inter, between, capio, to seize.]
INTERCESSION, in-ter-se.sh'un, n. act of
interceding or pleading for another.
INTERCESSIONAL, in-ter-sesh'un-al, adj.
containing intercession or pleading for
otliers.
INTERCESSOR, in-ter-ses'ur, n. one who
goes between: one who reconciles two
enemies : one who pleads for another : a
bishop who acts during a vacancj' in a
see. — adj. Intercesso'elal.
INTERCESSOEY, in-ter-ses'or-i, adj. inter-
ceding.
INTERCHANGE, in-ter-clianj', v.t. to give
and take mutually: to exchange: to suc-
ceed alternately. — n. mutual exchange:
alternate succession. [Fr. — L. inter, be-
tween, and Change.]
INTERCHANGEABLE, in-ter-chanj'a-bl,
adj. that may be interchanged : follow-
ing each other in alternate succession.
- adv. Interchange' ably. — ns. Inter-
change'ableness, Inteechangeabil'ity.
INTERCIPIENT, in-ter-sip'i-ent, adj., in-
tercepting.— n. the person or thing tiiat
intercepts. [L. interdpiens, -entis, pr.p,
of intercitiio,^
INTERCLUDE, in-ter-klood', v.t. to sh^it
out from anything by something coming
between: to intercept : to cut off. — n. In-
teeclu'sion. [L. tntereludo — inter, be-
tween, claudo, to shut.]
INTERCOLONIAL, in-ter-kol-6'ni-al, adJ
pertaining to the relation existing between
colonies. [L. inter, between, and Colo-
nial.]
INTERCOLUMNIATION.in-ter-ko-lum-ni-
a'shun, n. (arch.) the distance between
columns, measured from the lower part
of their shafts. [L. inter, between, and
root of Column.]
INTERCOMMUNE, in-ter-kom-Qn'. v.t. to
comriune between or together. [L. inter,
between, and COMMUNE.]
INTERCOMMUNICABLE, in-ter-kom-un'i-
ka-bl, adj. that maj' be communicated
between or mutually.
INTERCOMMUNICATE, in-ter-kom-un'i-
kat, v.t. to commiinicate between or mu-
tual ly. — n. Intercommunica'tion.
INTERCOMMUNION, in-ter-kom-un'yun,
n., communion between or mutual com-
munion.
INTERCOMMUNITY, in-ter-kom-uu'i-ti, n.
mutual communication : reciprocal in-
tcrcoursG.
INTERCOMPLEXITY, in-ter-kom-pleks'i-
ti, n. a mutual involvement or entangle-
ment. " Intercomplexities had arisen
between all complications and inter-
weavings of descent from three original
strands." — De Quincey.
INTERCONNECT, in-ter-kon-nekt', v.t. U
conjoin or unite closely or intimately
" So closely interconnected and so mutu
ally dependent." — H. A. Nichoho)i.
INTERCONNECTION, in-ter-kon-nek shun,
71. the state or condition of being inter-
connected : intimate or mutual connec-
tion. " There are cases where two .'itars
dissemble an interconnection wliich they
reallv have, and other cases where they
simulate an interconnection which they
have not." — De Quincey.
INTERCOSTAL
246
INTERNMENT
INTERCOSTAL, in-ter-kost'al, adj. (anat.)
lying between the ribs. [Fr. — L. inter,
between, and Costal.]
INTERCOUESE, in'ter-koi-s, h. connection
by dealings : couimunication : com-
merce : communion. [Fr. — L. inter,
between, and COXIRSE.]
INTERCURRENT, in-ter-kur'ent, adj., run-
ning between: intervening. — n. Inter-
curr'ence. [L. inter, between, and Cur-
rent.]
INTERDEPENDENCE, in-ter-de-pend'ens,
n. mutual dependence : dependence of
parts one on another. [L. inter, be-
tween, and Dependence.]
INTERDICT, in-ter-dikt'. v.t. to prohibit:
to forbid : to forbid communion. — n.
Interdic'tion. [L. interdico, -dictum —
inter, between, and dico, to say, pro-
nounce.]
INTERDICT, in'terdikt, n. prohioition : a
prohibitory decree : a prohibition of the
Pope restraining the clergy from per-
forming divine service.
INTERDICTIVE, in-ter-dikt'iv, INTER-
DICTORY, in-ter-dikt'or-i, adj. contain-
ing interdiction : prohibitory.
INTEREST, in'ter-est, n. advantage : pre-
mium paid for the use of money (in Com-
pound Interest, the interest of each
period is added to its principal, and the
amount forms a new principal for the
next period) : any increase : concern :
special attention : influence over others :
share : participation : a collective name
for those interested in any particular
business, measure, or the like ; as, the
landed interes* of the country, the ship-
ping interest of our principal ports. [O.
Fr. interest (Fr. interet) — L. interest, it is
profitable, it concerns — inter, between,
and es.se, to be. See Essence.]
INTEREST, in'ter-est, v.t. to engage the
attention : to awaken concern in : to ex-
cite (in behalf of another). [From obs.
interess — O. Fr. interesser, to concern — L.
i'nteresse.l
INTERESTED, in'ter-est-ed, adj. having an
interest or concern : liable to be affected.
— adv. In'terestedly.
INTERESTEDNESS, in'ter-est-ed-nes, n.
the quality or state of being interested,
or of having a personal interest in a
question or event : a regard for one's
own private views or profit. " I might
give them whaudegree of credit I pleased,
and take them with abatement for Mr.
Solmes's interestedness, if I thought fit."
— Richardson.
INTERESTING, in'ter-est-ing, adj. engag-
ing the attention or regard : exciting
emotion or passion. — adv. In'terest-
INGLT.
INTERFERE, in-ter-fer', v.i. to come in
collision : to intermeddle : to interpose :
to act reciprocally — said of waves, rays
of light, etc.— ns. Interfer'er, Inter-
Fer'ence. |Xit. " to strike between,"
through O. Fr., from L. inter, between,
and ferio, to strike.]
INTERFLUENT, in-ter'floo-ent, INTER-
FLUOUS, in-ter'floo-us, adj., flowing
between. [L. interfluens — inter, between,
and /?!(o, to flow.]
INTERFOLLACEOUS, in-ter-fS-li-a'shus,
adj. placed between leaves. [L. inter,
between, and FOLIACEOUS.]
INTERFRETTED, in-ter-fret'ed, adj.,fret-
ted between or interlaced. [L. uUer,
between, and Fretted.]
INTERFUSED, in-ter-fuzd', adj., poured or
spread between. [L. interfusus — inter,
between, oxiA fimdo, to pour.]
INTERFUSION, in-ter-fu'zhun, n. a.pour-
ing or spreading between.
INTERIM, in'ter-im, «. time bettceen or in-
tervening : the mean time. [L. — inter,
between.]
INTERIOR, in-te'ri-ur, adj., inner: inter-
nal : remote from the frontier or coast :
inland. — n. the inside of anything : the
inland part of a country. — adv. Inte'-
RiORLT. [L. — comp. of interns, inward.]
INTERJACENCY, in-ter-ja'sen-si, ?(. a ly-
ing between : a space or region between
others.
INTERJACENT, In-ter-ja'sent, adj., lying
between : intervening. [L. inter, between,
and jaceo, to lie.]
INTERJECT, in-ter-jekt', v.t. to thrmv be-
tween : to insert. — v.i. to throw one's self
between. [L. inter, between, and jacto,
freq. of jacio, to throw.]
INTERJECTION, in - ter - jek'shun. n. a
throwing between : {gram.) a word thrown
in to express emotion. — adj. Interjec'-
tional. [Fr. — L. interjectio.]
INTERJUNCTION, in-ter-jungk'shun, n. a
junction or joining between. [L. inter,
between, and Junction.]
INTERKNIT, in-ter-nit', v.t. to knit to-
gether: to unite closely. [L. inter, be-
tween, and Knit.]
INTERLACE, in-ter-las', v.t. to lace to-
gether : to unite : to insert one thing
witiiin another : to intermix. — n. Inter-
liACE'MENT. [L. inter, between, and
Lace.] >
INTERLARD, in-ter-lard', v.t. to mix in,
as fat with lean : to diversify by mixt-
ure. [L. inter, between, and Lard.]
INTERLAY, in-ter-la', v.t. to lay among or
between. [L. inter, between, and Lat.]
INTERLEAVE, in-ter-lev', v.t. to put a
leaf between : to insert blank leaves in a
book. [L. inter, and Leaf.]
INTERLINE, in-ter-lln', v.t. to write in al-
ternate lines : to write between lines.
[L. inter, between, and Line.]
INTERLINEAR, in-ter-lin'e-ar, adj. writ-
ten between lines. [L. inter, between,
and Linear.]
INTERLINEATION, in-ter-lin-e-a'shun, n.
act of interlining : that which is inter-
lined.
INTERLINK, in-ter-lingk', r.<. to connect
by uniting links. [L. inter, between,
and Link.]
INTERLOBULAR, in-ter-lob'u-lar, adj.
being between lobes, [L. inter, between,
and Lobular.]
INTERLOCATION, in-ter-lo-ka'shun, n. a
placing between. [L. inter, between, and
Location.]^
INTERLOCUTION, in-ter-lo-ku'shun, n.
conference : an intermediate decree be-
fore final decision. [Fr. — L. interlocutio,
from interloquor — inter, between, and
loquor, locuttis, to speak.]
INTERLOCUTOR, in-ter-lok'u-tur, n. one
who speaks between or in dialogue :
(Scotch latv) an intermediate decree be-
fore final decision. — adj. Intemloc'UTORY.
INTERLOPE, in-ter-lop', v.t. to intrude in-
to any matter in whicli one has no fair
concern. — n. Interlop'er. [L. inter,
between, and Dut. loopen, to fun ; Scot.
loup; E. leap.}
INTERLUDE, in'ter-lood, n. a short dra-
matic performance or play between the
play and afterpiece, or between tlie acts
of a play : a short piece of music played
between the parts of a song. [From L.
inter, between, Indus, play.]
INTERLUDED, in-ter-lood'ed, adj inserted
as an interlude : having interludes.
INTERLUNAR, in-ter-l6o'nar, INTERLU-
NARY, in-ter-lou'nar-i, adj. belonging to
the time when the moon, about to cliange,
is invisible. [Lit. " between the moons ; "
L. inter, between, and LCXAR.]
INTERMARRY, in-ter-mar'i, v.i. lo marry
bettceen or among : to marry reciprocally
or take one and give another in mar-
riage.— n. Intermarr'iage.
INTERMAXILLARY, in-ter-maks'il-ar-i,
adj. situated between the jawbones. [L.
inter, between, and MAXILLARY.]
INTERMEDDLE, in-ter-med'l, v.i. to med-
dle or mix with : to interpose or inter-
fere improperly. — n. Intermedd'ler. [Fr.
— L. inter, among, and Meddle.]
INTERMEDIATE, in-ter-me'di-at. INTER
MEDLARY, in-ter-me'di-ar-i, INTERME.
DIAL, in-ter-me'di-al, adjs. in tlie mid-
dle between : intervening. — adv. Inter-
me'diately. [L. inter, between, and
Mediate, Mediary, Medial.
INTERMEDIUM, in-ter-me'di-um, n. a me-
dium between : an intervening agent or
instrument.
INTERMENT, in-ter'ment, n. burial. [From
Inter.]
INTERMIGRATION, in-ter-ml-gra'shun, n.
reciprocal migration. [L. inter, among,
and Migration.]
INTERMINABLE, in-ter'min-a-bl, INTER-
MINATE, in-ter'min-at, adj., without ter-
mination or limit: boundless: endless. —
adv. Inter'jonably. — n. Inter'aonable-
NESS. [L. interminabilis — in, not, and
terminus, a boundary.]
INTERMINGLE, in-ter-ming'gl, v.t. or v.i.
to mingle or mix together. [L. inter,
among, and MiNGLE.]
INTERMISSION, in-ter-mish'un, n. act of
intermitting : interval : pause. — adj. In-
TERMlss'rvE, coming at intervals.
INTERMIT, in-ter-mit', v.t. to cause to
cease for a time : to interrupt. [L. iti-
termitto, -missum — inter, between, and
viitto, to cause to go.]
INTERMITTANCE, in-ter-mit'ens, n. tht
act or state of intermitting : intermis-
sion. Prof. Tyndall.
INTERMITTENT, in-ter-mit'ent, adj., in-
termitting or ceasing at intervals, as a
fever. — adv. InTERJUTT'INGLY.
INTERMIX, in-ter-miks', v.t. or v.i. to mix
among or together. [L. intsr, among,
and_SIlsJ_
in-ter-mlks'tur, n. a
mixture ; something
in-ter-mun'dan, adj.,
[L. inter, between, and
INTERMIXTURE,
mass formed by
intermixed.
INTERMUNDANE,
between worlds.
Mundane.]
INTERMURAL, in-ter-mu'ral, adj. lying
beticeen ivalls. [L. inter, between, and
Mural J^
INTERMUSCULAR, in-ter-mus'ku-lar, adj.
between the muscles. [L. inter, between,
and Muscular.]
INTERMUTATION, in-ter-mu-ta'shun, n.,
mutual change: interchange. [L. inter,
between, and Mutation.]
INTERN, in-tern', v.t. {mil.) to disarm and
quarter in a neutral country such troops
as have taken refuge within its frontier.
[Fr. interner. See'lNTERNAL.]
INTERNAL, in-ter'nal, adj. being in the
interior: domestic, as opposed to foreign:
intrinsic : pertaining to the heart : — op-
Jiosed to External. — adv. Inter'nally.
L. internus — inter, within.]
TERNATIONAL, in-ter-nash'un-al, adj.
pertaining to the relations between na-
tions.— adv. Interna'tionally. [L. inter.
between, and National.]
INTERNECINE, in-ter-ne'sin, adj., nmtu.
ally destructive : deadly. [L. inter neco--
inter, between, and neco, to kill, akin to
Sans, root nak.}
INTERNITY, in-tern'i-ti, n. the state or
condition of being interior : inwardness.
"Tl\e inteniity of His ever-living light
kindled up an externity of corporea! irra-
diation."— Henry Brooke.
INTERNMENT, iu-tern'ment, n. the ?tat«
or condition of being interned : confio*
INTERNODE
247
INTIMIDATE
ment, as of prisoners of war, in the in-
terior of a country.
INTERNODE, inter-nod, n.(bot.)ihe space
between two noden or points of the stem
from which the leaves arise. — adj. Inter-
no'dial. [L. internodium, from inter, be-
tween, and nodus, a knot.]
INTERNUNCIO, in-ter-nun'shi-o, n. a mes-
senger between two parties : the Pope's
representative at republics and small
courts. — acy. Internun'cial. [Sp. — L.
inteniuncius — inter, between, and nim-
cius. a messeneer.]
INTEROCEANIC, in-ter-o-she-an'ik, adj.,
betu-een oceans. [L. inter, between, and
Oceanic. 1
INTEROCULAR, in-ter-ok'u-lar, adj., be-
ticeen the eyes. [L. inter, between, and
OCITLAR.l
DSTEROSSEAL, ia-ter-os'e-al, INTEROS-
SEUS, in-ter-o.s'e-us. adj. situated between
bones. [L. inter, between, and Ossblal,
Osseous.]
INTERPELLATION, in-ter-pel-a'shun, n.
a question raised during the cour.se of a
debate : interi'uptioQ : intercession : a
summons: an earnest address. — i\t. In-
ter'pellate, to question. [Fr. — L. in-
terpellatio, from interpello, interpella-
tum. to disturb by speaking- — inter, be-
tween, and petio, to drive.]
INTERPETALARY, in-ter-pet'al-ar-i, adj.
{bot.) between tlie petals. [L. inter, be-
tween, and Petal.]
INTERPETIOLAE, in-ter-pet'i-o-lar, adj.
{bot.) between the petioles. [L. inter, be-
tween, arid Petiole.]
INTERPILASTER, in - ter - pi - las'ter, n.
(arcli.) space between, two j)ilasters. [L.
inter, between, and PilaSTER.J
INTERPLANETARY, in-ter-plan'et-ar-i,
adj., between the planets. [L. inter, be-
tween, and Planet.]
INTERPLEAD, in-ter-pled', v.i. {laic) to
plead or discu.ss a point, happening- be-
tween or incidentally, before the princi-
pal cause can be tried.
INTERPLEADER, in-ter-pled'er, n. one
who interpleads : {law) a biD in equity
to determine to which of the parties a
suit, di'bt, or rent is due.
INTERPLEDGE, in-ter-plej', v.t. to pledge
mutually : to give and take a pledge.
[L. inter, between, mutually, and
Pledoe.]
CNTERPOLABLE, in-ter-pol'a-bl, adj. ca-
pable of being interpolated or inserted :
suitable for interpolation. De Morgan.
INTERPOLATE, in-ter'po-lat, v.t. to in-
sert unfairly, as a spurious word or pas-
sage in a book or manuscript : to cor-
rupt : {math.) to fill up tlie intermedi-
ate terms of a series. — ns. Inter'polator,
Interpola'tion. [L. interpolo, inter-
polatum. from inter, between, and polio,
to polisli.J
INTERPOLITY, in-ter-pol'i-ti, n. inter-
course of one city witli another : inter-
change of citizenship. "An absolute
sermon upon emigration, and the trans-
plantirig and interpolity of our species."
— Lord Lytton.
INTERPOSAL, in-ter-poz'al. Same as In-
terposition.
INTERPOSE, in-ter-poz', v.t. to place be-
tween ■ to thrust in: to offer, as aid or
services. — v.i. to come between : to medi-
ate : to put in by way of interruption :
to interfere. — n. Interpos'er. [Fr. — L.
infer, between, and Fr. poser, to place.
See Pose, n.]
INTERPOSITION, in-ter-pO-zish'un, n. act
of interposing: intervention : mediation:
anything interposed. [Fr. — inter, and
Position.]^
INTERPRET, in-ter'pret, v.t. to explain
the meaning of : to translate into intel-
ligible or familiar terms. [Fr. — L. inter-
pretor, -pretatus — interjtres, from inter,
between, the last part of the word being
of uncertain origin.]
INTERPRETABLE, in-ter'pret-a-bl, adj.
capable of interpretation.
INTERPRETATION, in-ter-pre-ta'sliun, n.
act of interpreting : the sense given by
an interjjreter : the power of explaining.
INTERPRETATIVE, in-ter'pre-ta-tiv, adj.
collected by or containing- interpretation.
— adv. Inter'pretati v ely.
INTERPRETER, in-ter'pret-er, n. one who
explains betiveen two parties : an ex-
pounder : a translator.
INTERREGNUM, in-ter-reg'num, n. the
time between two reigns : the time be-
tween the cessation of one and the estab-
lisliment of another government : used
chiefly witli reference to monarchies.
[L. inter, between, regnum, rule.]
ESITERRELATION, in-ter-re-la'shun, n.
mutual, recij^rocal, or corresponding re-
lation: correlation. Fitzedward Hall.
INTERREX, in'ter-reks, n. one who rules
during an interregnum : a regent. [L.
inter, between, and rer, a king.]
INTERROGATE, in-ter'o-gat, v.t. to ques-
tion : to examine by asking questions. —
v.i. to ask questions : to inquire. — n.
Interr'ogator. [L. interrogo, interro-
gatum, from inter, between, and rogo,
to ask.]
INTERROGATION, in-ter-o-ga'shun, n. act
of interrogating : a question put : the
mark of a question (?), orig. the first and
last letters of L. queestio, a question.
INTERROGATIVE, in-ter-rog'a-tiv, adj.
denoting a question: expressed as a ques-
tion.— n. a word used in asking a ques-
tion.— adv. Interroo' All \' ELY.
INTERROGATORY, in-ter-rog'a-tor-i, n. a
question or inquiry. — adj. expressing a
question.
INTERRUPT, in-ter-rupt', v.t. to break in
between : to stop or hinder by breaking
in upon : to divide : to break continu-
ity. [L. interrumpo — inter, between, and
rumpo, ruptum, to break.]
INTERRUPTEDLY, in-ter-rup'ted-li, adv.
with interruptions.
INTERRUPTION, in-ter-rup'shun, n. act
of interrupting : hinderance : cessation.
INTERRUPTIVE, in-ter-rup'tiv, adj. tend-
ing to interrupt. — adv. Interrup'ttvely.
INTERSCAPULAR, in-ter-ska'pii-lar, adj.
{atiat.) between the shoulder-blades. [L.
inter, between, and SCAPULAR.]
INTERSCRIBE, in-ter-skrib', v.t. to write
between. [L. interscribo — inter, between,
and scribo. to write.]
INTERSECANT, in-ter-se'kant, adj. divid-
ing into parts : crossing.
INTERSECT, in-ter-sekt', v.t. to cutbetween
or asunder : to cut or cross mutually : to
divide into parts. — v.i. to cross each
other. [L. inter, between, and seco, sec-
tiini, to cut.]
INTERSECTION, in-ter-selr'shun, n., inter-
secting : {geom.) the point or line in which
two lines or two planes cut each other.
INTERSIDEREAL, in-ter-si-de're-al, adj.
situated between or among tlie stars ; as,
intersidereal space.
INTERSPERSE, in-ter-spers'.r.f. to scatter
or set here and there. — n. Intersper'sion.
[L. interspergo, interspersnni — inter,
among, xpargo, to scatter, akin to Gr.
speiro. to sow-.]
INTERSTELLAR, in-ter-stcl'ar, INTER-
STELLARY, in-ter-stel'ar-i. adj. situated
beyond the solar sy.stem or among the
stars : in the intervals between the stars.
[L. inter, between, and stella, a star.]
INTERSTICE, in'ter-stis or in-ter'stis, n. a
small space between things closely set, or
between the parts which compose a bodr,
— adj. Interstit'ial. [Fr.— L. intersti
tiuni— inter, between, and sisto, stitum,
to .stand.]
INTERSTRATIFIED, in-ter-strat'i-f!d, adj.
stratijied bettceen other bodies. [L. in-
ter, between, and STRATIFIED.]
INTERTEXTURE, 5n-ter-teks'iur, n. a.
being interwoeen. [L. inter, between,
and Texture.]
INTERTROPICAL, in-ter-trop'ik-al, acy.,
beticeen the tropics. [L. inter, be-tween,
and Tropical.]
INTERTWINE, in-ter-twin', v.t. to tmne
or twist together. — v.i. to be twisted to-
gether : to become mutually involved. —
adv. Intertwin'ingly. [L. inter, to-
gether, and Twine.]
INTERTWIST, in-ter-twist', v.t. to tunst
together. — adv. Intertwist'ingly. [L.
inter, together, and Twist.]
INTERVAL, in'ter-val, n. time or space be-
tween : the distance between two given
sounds in music. [Lit. the space between
the rampart of a camp and the soldiers'
tents. Fr. — L. intervallum — inter, be-
tween, and vallum, a rampart.]
INTERVENE, in-ter-ven', v.i. to come or
be between : to occur between points of
time : to happen so as to interrupt : to
interpose. — v.t. to separate. [Fr. — L. in-
ter, between, and venio, to come.]
INTERVENTION, in-ter-ven'shun, n., in-
tervening: interference: mediation: in-
terposition.
INTERVIEW, in'ter-vu, n. a mutual view
or sight : a meeting : a conference : a
conversation with a journalist for publi-
cation in a newspaper. — v.t. to visit a
person with a view to publishing- a ro-
port of his conversation in the news
papers. [Fr. entrevue — L. inter, between
and View.]
INTERVITAL, in-ter-vi'tal, a<y., between
lives, between death and resurrection,
[L. inter, between, and t-ita, life.]
INTERWEAVE, in-ter-wev', v.t. to weave
together : to intermingle. [L. inter, to-
getlier, and Wea^ve.]
lOTESTACY, in-tes'ta-sy, n. the state of
one dying without having made a valid
will.
INTESTATE, in-tes'tat, adj. dying without
having made a valid xeill: not disposed
of by will. — n. a per.son who dies without
making a valid will. [L. intestatns — in,
not, and testatus — testor, to make a will.]
INTESTINAL, in-tes'tin-al, adj. pertaining
to the intestines of an animal body.
INTESTINE, in-tes'tin, adj., internal: con-
tained in the animal body : domestic :
not foreign. — ;;. (usually in jj?.) the part
of the alimentary canal that lies between
the stomach and the anus. [Fr. — L. in-
testiniis — intus, within, on the inside.]
INTHRAL, in-thrawl', v.t. to bring into
thraldom or bondage : to en.slave : to
shackle : — Jir.p. inthrall'ing ; 2^o.p. in-
thralled'. JE. In, into, and Thrall.]
INTHRALMENT, in-thrawl'ment, n. act of
intliralling or enslaving : slavery.
INTIM.VCY", in'ti-ma-si. n. state of being
intimate : close familiarity.
INTIMATE, in'ti-mat, adj. , Innermost : in-
ternal : close : closely acquainted : fa-
miliar.— n. a familiar friend : an associ
ate. — adv. In'timately. [L. ititimus. in
nerniost — intus, witliin.J
INTIMATE, in'ti-mat, v.t. to hint : to an-
nounce. [Lit. to make one intimate with,
L. intimo. -atnm — intus.']
INTIMATION, in-ti-ma'sliun. n. obscure
notice : hint : announcement.
INTIMIDATE, in-tim'i-dst, v.t. to make
timid or fearful : to dispirit. [L. in, and
timidus, fearful — timeo, to fear.]
USTTIMIDATIUN
248
INVALID
4
INTDnDATTOX, in-tim-i-da'shun, n. act
of intimidating : state of being intimi-
dated.
INTITULED, in-tit'uld. Same as Entiti^ed.
INTO, in'too, prep, noting passage inwards:
noting tlie passage of a thing from one
state to anottier : (B.) often used for
Unto. [Lit. coming to and going in, IN
and To.]
VNTOLERABILITY, in-tol-er-a-bil'i-ti, n.
tlie state or quality of being intolerable ;
unbearableness: excessive badness. "The
goodness of your true pun is in the direct
ratio of its intolerdbility." — Poe.
INTOLERABLE, in-tol'er-a-bl, adj. that
cannot be endured.— ?j. Intol'erabieness.
— adv. Intol'erably. [Fr. — L. in, not,
and Tolerable.]
INTOLERANT, in-tol'er-ant, adj. not able
or willing to endure : not enduring differ-
ence of opinion, esp. on questions of relig-
ious dogma: persecuting. — n. one opposed
to toleration. — adv. Intol'erajttly. — ns.
Intol'erance. Intolera'tion. [L. in,
not, and Tolerant.]
ENTOMB, in-toom'. Same as Entomb.
INTONATE, in'ton-at, v.i. to sound forth :
to sound the notes of a musical scale : to
modulate the voice. [Low L. intono,
-atum — L. in tonum, according to tone.
See Tone.]
INTONATION, in-to-na'shun, n. act or
manner of sounding musical notes : mod-
ulation of the voice.
INTONE, in-ton', v.i. to utter in ton^ : to
give forth a low protracted sound. — v.t.
to chant : to read (the church service) in
a singing, recitative manner. [See In-
tonate.]
ENTORSION, in-tor'shun, n. a tinsting,
winding, or bending. [L. in, and Tor-
sion.]
INTOXICABLE, in-toks'i-ka-bl, adj. capa-
ble of being intoxicated or made drunk :
capable of being highly elated in spirits.
'• If . . . the people (were) not so intoxi-
cable as to fall in with their brutal as-
sistance, no good could come of any false
plot." — Roger North.
INTOXICATE, in-toks'i-kat, v.t. to poison.
" Meat, I say, and not poison. For the
one doth intooneate and slay the eater,
the other feedeth and nourisheth him."
— Latimer. ■
INTOXICATE, in-toks'i-kat, v.t. to make
drunk : to excite to enthusiasm or mad-
ness. [Lit. to drug or poison, from Low
L. into.vico, -atum — toxicum — Gr. toxi-
ko)i, a poison in which arrows were
dipped — toxon, an arrow.]
INTOXICATION, in-toks-i-ka'shun, n. state
of being drunk : high excitement or ela-
tion.
INTRACTABLE, in-trakt'a-bl, adj. un-
manageable : obstinate. — ns. Intracta-
bil'ity, Intract'ableness. — adv. In-
tract'ablt. [Fr.— L. in, not, Tract-
able.]
INTRA-MERCURIAI,, in-tra-mer-ku'ri-al,
adj. situated between Mercurj' and the
sun : applied to the hjrpothetical planet
Vulcan.
ESTTRAMURAL, in-tra-mu'ral, adj., tmtJiin
the walls, a-s of a citv. [L. intra, within,
and Mural.]
INTRANSIGENT, in-trans'i-jent, adj. re-
fusing to agi'ee or come to an understand-
ing : uncompromising : irreconcilable :
used especially of some extreme politi-
cal party. [:^r. intransigeant, from L.
in, not. and transigo, to transact, to come
to a settlement.]
ENTRAXSIGENT, in-trans'i-jent, n. an ir-
reconcilable person : especially one who
refuses to agree to some political settle-
ment.
INTRANSIGENTES,in-trans-i-jen'taz,n.p?.
the name given to the extreme left in the
Spanish Cortes, and afterwards to a very
advanced republican party, correspond-
ing to the extreme Communists of France
and elsewhere. The name was first used
in its latter sense in the Spanish troubles
consequent upon the resignation of King
Amadeus, in 1872.
INTRANSITIVE, in-tran'si-tiv, adj. not
passing over or indicating passing over :
(gram.) representing action confined to
the agent.— odr. Intran'sitivelt. [L.
in. not, and Transitive.]
INTRANSinSSIBLE, in-trans-mis'i-bl, adj.
that cannot be transmitted. [L. in, not,
and Transmissible.]
INTRANSMUTABLE, in-trans-mut'a-bl,
adj. that cannot be changed into another
substance. — n. Intransitotabil'ity. [L.
in. not, Transitutable.]
INTRANT, in'trant, adj., entering: pene-
trating.— n. one who enters, esp. on
some public duty. [L. intrans, -antis
— intra, to enter.' See Enter.]
INTRAPARIETAL, in-tra-pa-rl'et-al, adj.
situated or happening within walls or
within an inclosure : shut out from
public view: hence, private; as, intra-
parietal executions. [L. intra, and
paries, parietis, a wall.]
INTRENCH, in-trensh', v.t. to dig a trench
around : to fortify with a ditch and para-
pet : to furrow. — v.i. to encroach. [E.
In and Trench.]
INTRENCHMENT, in-trensh'ment, n. act
of intrenching : a trench : a ditch and
parapet for defence : any protection or
defence : an encroachment.
INTREPID, in-trep'id, adj. without trepi-
dation or fear: undaunted: brave.-^— ».
iNTREPlD'rrY, firm, unshaken courage. —
adv. iNTREP'roLY. [L. intrepidus — in,
not, and root of Trepidation.]
INTRICATE, in'tri-kat, adj. involved : en-
tangled : perplexed. — Jis. In'tricacy, In'-
tricaten-ess. — adv. In'tricately. [L.
intricatus — in, and tricar, to make diffi-
culties— tricce, hinderances.]
INTRIGLTE, in-treg*, n. a complex plot : a
private or party scheme : the plot of a
play or romance: secret illicit love. — v.i.
to form a plot or scheme: to carry on
illicit love : — pr.p. intrigu'ing ; pa.p. in-
trigued'. [Ft. intriguer — root of fijTRl-
cate.]
INTRIGUER, in-treg'er, n. one who in-
trigues, or pursues an object by secret
artifices.
INTRINSIC, in-trin'sik, INTRINSICAL, in-
trin'sik-al, adj. inward : essential : gen-
uine : inherent. — n. Intrinsical'ity. —
adv. Intrin'sically. [Fr. — L. intrinse-
ens — intra, within, and secus, following.]
INTRODUCE, in-tro-dus', v.t. to lead or
bring in : to conduct into a place : form-
ally to make known or acquainted : to
bring into notice or practice: to com-
mence : to preface. fL. introduco, -duo-
turn — intro, within, duco, to lead. See
DCTvE.]
INTRODUCTION, in-tro-duk'shun, n. act
of conducting into : act of making per-
sons known to each other : act of bring-
ing into notice or practice : preliminary
matter to the main thoughts of a book :
a treatise introductory to a science or
course of studv. [See INTRODUCE.]
INTRODUCTORY, in-tro-duk-tor-i, IN-
TRODUCTIVE, in-tro-duk'tiv, adj. serv-
ing to introduce: preliminary: prefatory.
— adv. Introduc'torily.
INTROinSSION, in-tro-mish'un, n.,sending
within or into : {Scot, law) intermeddling
with another's goods. [See INTROMIT.]
INTROMIT, in-tro-mit', v.t. to send with-
in : to admit : to permit to enter -.—pr.p.
intromitt'ing ; pa.p. intromitt'ed. [1»
intro. within, mitto, missiim, to send.]
INTROSPECTION, in-tro-spek'shun, «. a
sight of the inside or interior: self-ex-
amination. — adj. Introspec'tiye. [I*
intro, within, specio, to see.]
INTROSPECTIONIST,in-tro-spek'shun-ist,
n. one given to introspection : one who
studies the operations of his own mind,
INTROVERT, in-tro-vert', v.t. to turn iw
u-ard. [L. intro, within, and verto, to
turn.]^
INTRUDE, in-trood'. v.i. to thrust one's
self in : to enter unin\'ited or unwelcome.
— v.t. to force in. — ?i. Intrud'er. [L. in,
in, trudo, to thrust.]
INTRUSION, in-troo'zhun, n. act of intrud-
ing or of entering into a place without
welcome or invitation : encroachment.
INTRUSIVE, in-troo'siv, adj. tending or
apt to intrude : entering- without Wel-
come or right. — adv. Intru'sively. — n,
Intru'siveness.
INTRUST, in-trust', v.t. to give in trust:
to commit to another, trusting his fidel-
ity. [E. In, in, and Trust.]
INTUITION, in-tu-ish'un, n. the power of
the mind by which it immediately per-
ceives the truth of things without rea-
soning or analysis : a truth so perceived.
— adj. Intci'tional. [Lit. a looking
upon or into, L. in, into or upon, and
tuitio — tueor, tuitus, to look. See Tui-
tion and Tutor.]
INTUI'TIVE, in-tu'i-tiv, adj., perceived or
perceiving by intitition : received or
known by simple inspection. — adv. In-
tu'ittvely.
INTUMESCENCE, in-tu-mes'ens, n. the
action of swelling : a swelling : a tumid
state. [Ft. — L. in, and tumesco, -cens-
tumeo. to swell.]
Same as Entwinb
Same as Extwist.
INTWINE. in-twin'.
[In and Twine.]
INTWIST, in-twist',
[In and Twist.]
ESlUMBRATE, in-um'brat, v.t. to cast a
shadoiv upon : to shade. [L. inumbro,
inumbratum — in, and umbra, to shade —
■umbra, a shadow.]
INUNDATE, in-un'dat or in'-, v.t. to jlow
vpoii or over in u-aves (said of water) :
to flood : to fill with an overflowing
abundance. — n. Inunda'tion, act of in-
undating : a flood : an overflowing. [L.,
from inundo, -atum — in, and undo, to
rise in waves — undo, a wave.]
INURE, in-Qr', v.t. to use or practice hab-
itually: to accustom : to harden. — v.i,
{laic) to come into use or effect : to
serve to the use or benefit of. [From
in, and an old word ure (used in the
phrase, "to put in ure" — i.e. in opera-
tion), which is from O. Fr. ovre. cure
(Fr. oeurre, work) — L. opera, work : the
same word ure is found in mamire, which
see.]
INUREMENT, in-ur'ment, n. act of ium--
ing : practice.
INURN. in-urn', v.t. to replace in an urn:
to entomb, to bury. [L. in, in. and
Urn.]
DnjTILITY, in-fi-til'i-ti, n. want of util'ty:
uselessness: unprofitableness. [Fr — I*
in, not, and Utility.]
INVADE, in-vad', v.t. to enter a country
as an enemy : to attack : to encroach
upon : to violate : to seize or fall upon.
— n. Invad'er. [Fr. — L. invado, invasum
— in, and vado, to go. See Wade.]
INVALID, in'va-lid, adj. not valid or
strong : infirm : sick. — n. one wlio is
weak : a sickly person : one disabled for
active serxnce, esp. a soldier or sailor. —
v.t. to make invalid or affect with dis-
ease : to enrol on the list of invalids.
INVALID
249
IOTA
[Ft. iiivalide — L. iitvalidus — in, not, and
I'alidus. strong. See Valid.]
IXVALID, in-vai'id, adj. not sound: weak:
without value, weight, or cogency: hav-
ing no effect: void: null. [Fr. — L. in,
not, and Valid.]
INVALIDATE, in-val'id-at, v.t. to render
invalid : to weaken or destroy the force
of.— li. Ijtvalida'tion.
tNVALIDITY, in-val-id'i-ti, n. want of co-
gency : want of force.
INVAiiUABLE, in-val'u-arbl, adj. that can-
not be valueil . priceless. — adi\ Inval'U-
ABLY. [Fr. — L. in, not, and Valuable.]
INVARIABLE, in-va'ri-a-bl, adj. not vari-
able : without variation or change : un-
alterable : constantly in the same state.
— arfl'.lNTA'RIABLY. — ((.INVa'RIABLENESS.
[Fr. — L. in, not. and VARIABLE.]
INVASION, in-va'zhun, n. the act of in-
vading : an attack : an incursion : an at-
tack on the rights of another : an en-
croachment : a violation. See Invade.]
INVASIVE, in-va'siv, adj. making inva-
sion : aggressive : infringing another's
rights.
INVECTIVE, in-vek'tiv, n. a severe or re-
proachful accusation brought against a.ny
one : an attack with words : a violent
utterance of censure : sarcasm or satire :
— adj. railing: abusive: satirical. [See
Inveigh.]
[NVECTIVENESS, in-vek'tiv-nes, n. the
quahi,y of being invective or vituperar
tive : abusiveness. "Some wonder at his
ini-eetiveness ; I wonder more that he in-
veigheth so little." — Fuller.
INVEIGH, in-va, v.i. to attack with words :
to rail against : to revile. [Lit. to carry
or bring against, L. inveho, inrectum — in,
and veho. to carry. See Vehicle.]
i(NVEIGLE, in-ve'gl, v.t. to entice: to se-
duce : to wheedle. [Ety. dub. ; prob. a
corr. of Fr. areugle, blind — L. ab, with-
out, oculus, the eye ; therefore perh. {lit.)
" to hoodwink."]
INVEIGLEMENT, in-ve'gl-ment, n. an en-
ticing' : an enticement.
INVENT in-vent', I'.t. to devise or contrive:
to make: to frame: to fabricate: to forge.
[Lit. to come upon : Fr. — L. invenio, in-
ventum — in, upon, andi'enio, to come.]
INVENTION, in-ven'shun, n. that which
is invented: contrivance: a deceit: power
or faculty of inventing : ability displayed
by any invention or effort of the imagi-
nation.
INVENTIVE, in-vent'iv, adj. able to invent:
ready in contrivance.— adf. Invent'IVELY.
— n. "Invent'iveness.
INVENTOR. INVENTER, in-vent'ur, n.
one who ini^ents or finds out something
new : — fern. Invent'ress.
INVENTORY, in'ven-tor-i, n. a catalogue
of furniture, goods, etc. — v.t. to make an
inventory or catalogue of. [Fr. invent-
aire — L. inventarium, a list of the things
found. See Invent.]
INVERSE, in-vers', adj., inverted: in the
reverse or contrary order : opposite. —
adv. Inverse'ly.
INVERSION, in-ver'shun, n. the act of
ini-erting ; the state of being inverted : a
change of order or position.
INVERT, in-vert', v.t. to twn in or about :
to turn upside down : to reverse : to
change the customary order or position.
[L. inverto. inversum — in, and verto, to
turn. See Verse.]
INVERTEBRAL. in-vert'e-bral, INVERT-
EBRATE, in-vert'e-brat, adj. without a
vertebral column or backbone. — n. IN-
vert'ebrate, an animal destitute of a
skull and vertebral column. [L. in, not,
and Vertebrate.]
INVERTEDLY, in-vert'ed-li, adi). in an
inverted or contrary manner.
INVEST, in-vest', v.t. to put vesture on, to
dress : to confer or give : to place in of-
fice or authority: to adorn : to surround :
to block up : to lay seige to : to place, as
property in business : to lay out money
on. [L. investio, -itum — in, on, unAvestio,
to Clothe. See Vest.]
ESrVESTIGABLE, in-vest'i-ga-bl, adj. able
to be investigated or searched out.
INVESTIGATE, in-vest'i-gat, v.t. {lit.) to
trace the vestiges or tracks of : to search
into : to inquire into with care and ac-
curacy. [L. investigo, -aium — in, and
vestigo. to track. See Vestige.]
ESIVESTiGATION, in-vest-i-ga'shun, n.
act of investigating or examining into :
research : study.
INVESTIGATIVE, in-vest'i-ga-tiv, IN-
VESTIGATORY, in-vest'i-ga-tor-i, adj.
promoting or given to investigation.
INVESTIGATOR, in-vest'i-ga-tur, n. one
who investigates or examines into.
INVESTITURE, in-vest'i-tur, n. the act or
the right of investing or putting in pos-
session : specifically, in the Old World,
the right claimed by temporal rulers of
investing bishops with authority within
their dominions. The word is little used
in the affairs of this country, in any
sense.
INVESTMENT, in-vest'ment, n. the act of
investing : a blockade : the act of sur-
rounding or besieging : laying out money
on : that in which anything is invested.
INVETERATE, in-vet'er-at, adj. firmly
established by long continuance : deep-
rooted : violent. — adv. Invet'erately.
— ns. Invet'erateness, Invet'eracy,
firmness produced by long use or con-
tinuance. [Lit. groirn old, L. im^etero,
-atum, to grow old — in, and vetus, veteris,
old. See Veteran.]
XNVIDIOUS, in-vid'i-us, adj. likelj; to incur
or provoke iU-will : likely to excite envy,
enviable. — adv. Invid'iously. — n. Invid'-
lOUSNESS. [L. invidiosus — invidia. See
Envy.]
INVIGORATE,' in-vig'or-at, v.t. to give
vigor to : to strengthen : to animate. — n.
Invigora'tion, the act or state of being
invigorated. [L. in, in, and Vigor.]
INVINCIBLE, in-vin'si-bl, adj. that cannot
be overcome : insuperai)le. — adv. Invin'-
Cibly. — ns. Invin'cibleness, Invincibil'-
ity. [Fr.— L. in, not, and Vincible.]
INVIOLABLE, in-vT'ol-a-bl, adj. that can-
not be profaned : that cannot be injured.
—adv. Invi'olably.— )!. Inviolabil'ity.
[Fi'. — L. in, not, and Violable.J
INVIOLATE, in-vl'o-lat, INVIOLATED,
in-vi'o-lat-ed, adj. not violated : unpro-
faned : uninjured. [L.]
INVISIBLE, in-viz'i-bl, adj. not visible or
capable of being seen. — adi\ Invis'IBLY.
— ns. Invisibil'ity, Invis'ibleness. [Fr.
— L. in, not, and Visible.]
INVITATION, in-vit-a'shun, n. the act of
inviting : an asking or solicitation.
INVITE, in-vit', v.t. to a.sk : to summon:
to allure : to attract. — v.i. to ask in in-
vitation.— n. Invit'er. [Fr. — L. invito,
-«/?/?«.]
INVITINGLY, in-vlt'ing-li, adv. in an in-
viting or tempting manner.
INVOCATE, in'vo-kat, v.t. to invoke or
call on solemnly or with prayer : to im-
plore. [See Invoke.]
INVOCATION, in-vo-ka'sliun, n. the act or
the form of invocating or addres.sing in
prayer : a call or summons, especially a
judicial order.
INVOICE, in'vois, n. a letter of advice of
the despatch of goods, with particulars of
their price and quantity. — i\t. to make
an invoice of. [Prob. a corr. of envois,
English plur. o'.Yr. envoi. See Envoy.]
INVOKE, in-vok', v.t. to call upon earnest-
ly or solemnly : to implore assistance :
to address in prayer. [Fr. — L. inivco,
-atum — in, on, voco, to call, conn, with
vox, vocis, the voice.]
INVOLUCRE, in-vol-u'ker. n. {bot.) agroup
of bracts in tlie form of a whorl around
an expanded flower or umbel. [Lit, an
envelojje or m-apper, L. involucrum—in
voh-o. See In\'0Lve.]
INVOLUNTARY, in-vol'un-tar-i, adj. not
voluntary : not having the power of will
or choice: not dene willingly: not chosen.
— n. Invol'untariness. — adv. Invol'uk-
tamly. [L. in, not, and Voluntary.]
INVOLUTE, in'vo-lut, n. that whicli is in-
volved or rolled inward : a curve traced
by the end of a string unwinding itself
from another curve.
INVOLUTB, in'vo-lut, INVOLUTED, in'-
vo-lut-ed, adj. {bot.) rolled spirally in-
ward: {conchology) turned inward :'also,
twisted ; involved ; confusedly mingled.
"The style is so involute that one cannot
help fancying it must be falselj' con-
structed."— Poe. [See Involve.]
INVOLUTION, in-vo-lu'shun, n. the action
of involving : state of being involved or
entangled : {arith.) act or process of rais-
ing a quantity to any given power.
INVOLVE, in-volv', v.t. to wrap vip : to
envelop : to implicate : to include : to
complicate : to overwhelm : to catch :
{arith.) to multiply a quantity into itself
any given number of times. [Fr. — L. in-
volvo — in, upon, i-olvo, volutum, to roll.]
INVOLVEMBNT, in-volv'ment, Ji. act of
involving : state of being involved or en-
tangled.
INVULNERABLE, in-vul'ner-a-bl, adj.
that cannot be wounded. — ns. Invulneb-
abil'ity, Invul'nerableness.— odr. IN'
vul'Nerably. [Fr. — L. in, not, and VuL
NERABLE.]
INWARD, in'ward, adj. placed or being
unthin : internal : seated in the mind or
.soul : {B.) intimate. — n.pl. (B.) the in-
testines.— adv. toward the inside : toward
the interior : into the mind or thoughts.
[A.S. inneweard — ni.and j/;ard,direction.]
Inwardly, in'ward-ll, adv. in the parts
unthin : in the heai-t : privately : toward
the centre.
INWARDS, in'wardz, adv. same as In-
ward.
INWEAVE, in-wev*, v.t. to weave into : to
entwine : to complicate. [E. In and
Weave.]
INWRAP, in-rap', v.t. to cover by wrap-
ping : to perplex : to transport. " [E. IN
and Wrap.]^
INWREATHE, iu-reth', v.t. to encircle as
with a u-reatli, or the form of a wreath.
IE. In and Wreathe.]
INWROUGHT, in-rawt\ adj., lerought in
or among other things : adorned with
figures. [E. IN and Wrought. See
Work.]
lODATE, I'o-dat, n. a combination of iodic
acid with a salifiable base.
IODIDE, I'o-did, n. a combination of iodine
with a simple body.
IODINE, T'o-din, n. one of the elementary
bodies, so named from the violet color of
its vapor. — adj. Iod'ic. [Gr. ioeides,
violet-colored — ion, a violet, and eidoB,
form, appearance.] *
lOLITE, I'o-llt, n. a transparent gem which
presents a violet-blue color when looked
at in a certain direction. [Gr. ion, a
violet, and lithos, a stone.]
IONIC, I-on'ik, adj. relating to Ionia in
Greece : denoting an order in architect-
ure distinguished bj- the ram's horn
volute of its capital.
IOTA, i-o'ta, n. a jot : a very small quan-
tity or degree. [Gr., the smallest letter
IPECACUANHA
250
IRRESPONSIBLE
in the alphabet, corresponding' to the
English 1. See JOT.]
IPECACUANHA, ip-e-kak-u-an'a, n. a
West Indian plant, whose root affords a
useful emetic. [Brazilian, roadside-sick-
making { plant).]
IRADE, i-ra'de, «. a decree or proclama-
tion of the Sultan of Turkey. [Turk.]
IRASCIBLE, I-ras'i-bl, adj. susceptible of
ire or anger : easily provoked : irritable.
— n. Ieascibil'ity. — adv. Iras'cibly.
[Fr. — L. irascibilis — irascor, to be angry
— ira.l
IRATE, i-rat', adj. enraged : angry. [L.
iraliis, pa.p. of irascor, to be angry.]
IRE. ir, n., anger : rage : keen resentment.
[Fr.— L. ira.]
IREFUL, Ir'fool, adj., full of ire or wrath :
resentful. — adv. Ire'fuult.
IRID. i'rid, n. the circle round the pupil of
the eye : the iris. "Many a sudden ray
levelled from the irid under his well-
charactered brow." — Charlotte Bronte.
IRIDESCENT, ir-i-des'ent. IRISATED, i'-
ris-iit-ed, adj. colored like the iris or
rainbow. —M. Irides'cence. [See IRIS.]
IRIS, I'ris, n. the rainbow : an appearance
resembling the rainbow : the contractile
curtain perforated by the pupil, and
forming the colored part of the eye : the
flem--de-lis or flagflower : — -p?. I'rises.
[L. iris, iridis — Gr. iris, iridos, the mes-
senger of the gods, the rainbow.]
BRISH. I'rish, adj. relating to or produced
in Ireland. — n. language of the Ii-ish, a
form of Celtic : — pi. the natives or in-
habitants of Ireland.
IRITIS, i-ri'tis, n. inflammation of the iris
of the eye.
IRK. erk, v.t. to weary : to trouble : to
distress (now used only impersonally).
[From a Teut. root found in A.S. iceorc-
snm, painful, Sw. yrka, to urge press ;
L. nrgere. See URGE.]
IRKSOME, erk'sum, adj. causing uneasi-
ness : tedious : unpleasant. — adv. Irk'-
SOMELT. — n. IRK'SOMENESS.
IRON, Turn, n. the most common and use-
ful of the metals : an instrument or uten-
sil made of iron : strength : — pi. fetters :
chains. — adj. formed of iron: resembling
iron : rude : stern : fast-binding : not to
be broken : robust : dull of understand-
ing.— v.t. to smooth with an iron instru-
ment : to arm witli iron : to fetter. —
Cast-iron, a compound of iron and car-
bon, obtained directly from iron ore by
smelting. [A.S. ireii ; Ger. eisen. Ice.
jaryi. W. haiarn.'\
IRONBOUND, furn-bownd, adj., hound
witli iron : rugged, as a coast.
LRONCLAD, I'urn-klad, adj., clad in iron:
covered or protected with iron. — n. a
vessel defended by iron plates.
IRON-FOUNDER, i'urn-fownd'er, n. one
who founds or makes castings in iron.
IRON-FOUNDRY, I'urn - fownd'ri, n. a
place wliere iron Ls founded or cast.
IRONGRAY, I'urn-gra, adj. of a gray color,
like that of iron freshly cut or broken. —
n. this color.
IRON-H.\NDED, i'urn-hand'ed, adj. hav-
intr ha>ids hard as iron.
IRON-HEARTED, I'urn-hart'ed, adj. hav-
iug a heart liard as iron: cruel.
IRONICAL, I-ron'ik-al, adj. meaning the
opposite of what is expres.sed : satirical.
—adv. Irojj'icai.lt. [See Irony.]
IRON-MASTER, I'urn-mas'ter, n. a master
or proprietor of jrojiworks.
IRONMONGER, I'urn-numg-ger, n. a mon-
ger or dealer in articles made of iron.
[Bdtish.]
IRONMONGERY, furn-raung-ger-i, n. a
general name for articles made of iron:
hardware. [British.]
IRONMOULD, I'urn-mold, n. the spot left
on wet cloth after touching rusty iron.
[See MoriD, dust or earth.]
IRONWARE, i'urn-war, n., wares or goods
of iron.
' IRONWOOD, I'urn-wood, Ji. appUed to the
timber of various trees on account of
their hardness.
IRONWORK, I'urn-wurk, n. the parts of a
building-, etc., made of iron : anything of
iron : a furnace where iron is smelted, or
a foundry, etc., where it is made into
heavy work.
IRONY, I'urn-i, adj., made, consisting, or
partaking of iron : like iron : hard.
IRONY, I'run-i, n. a mode of speech con-
veying the opposite of what is meant :
satire. [Fr. — L. ironia, Gr. eironeia,
dissimulation — eiron, a dissembler — eiro,
to talk.]
IRRADIANCE,ir-ra'di-ans, IRRADIANCY,
ir-ra'di-an-si, n. the throwing of rays of
light on (any object) : that which irradi-
ates or is irradiated : beams of light
emitted : splendor.
IBRADIANT, ir-ra'di-ant, adj., irradiating
or shedding beams of light.
IRRADL4.TE, ir-ra'di-at, v.t. to dart rays
of light upon or into : to adorn with lus-
tre: to decorate with shining ornaments:
to animate with light or heat : to illu-
minate the understanding. — r.;. to emit
rays : to shine. — adj. adorned with rays
of light or with lustre. [L. irradio, tr-
radiatum — in, on, and Radiate.]
IRRADIATION, ir-ra-di-a'shun, n. act of
irradiating or emitting beams of Mght :
that which is irradiated : brightness : in-
tellectual light.
IRRATIONAL, ir-rash'un-al, adj. void of
reason or understanding : absurd. — n.
Irrational'ity. — adv. Ibea'tionally.
[L. in. not, and Rational.]
IRREALIZABLE, ir-re-al-Iz'a-bl, adj. inca-
pable of being realized or defined. " That
mighty, unseen centre, incomprehen-
sible, irrealizahle, with strange mental
effort only divined." — Chttrlotte Bronte.
ntRECLAIIHABLE, ir-re-klam'a-bl, adj.
that cannot be reclaimed or reformed:
incorrigible. — adv. Irreclaim'ably. [Fr.
— L. in, not, and Reclaimable.]
IRRECOGNITION, ir-rek-og-ni'shun.7!. the
act of ignoring, or the withholding of
recognition. Carlyle.
IRRECONCILi\:BLE, ir-rek-on-sil'a-bl, adj.
incapable of being brought back to a
state of friendship : inconsistent. — n. Ir-
reconcil'ableness. — adv. Irreconch,'-
ABLY. [Fr. — L. in, not, and Reconcil-
able.]
IRRECOVERABLE, ir-re-kuVer-a-bl, adj.
irretrievable. — n. Ireecov'erableness. —
adv. Irbecov'erably. [Fr. — L. in, not,
and Recoverable.]
IRREDEEMABLE, ir-re-dem'a-bl, adj. not
redeemable : not subject to be paid at the
nominal value. — lis. Irredeem'ableness,
IrREDEEMABIL'ITY.— ndr.lRREDEEJi'ABLY.
rPi-efix in-, not, and REDEEMABLE.]
IRREDUCIBLE, ir-re-dus'i-bl, adj. that
cannot be reduced or brought from one
form or state to another. — n. Irreduc'-
ibleness.— adt. Irreduc'ibly. [L. in,
not, and REDUCIBLE.]
IRREFLECTIVE, ir-re-flekt'iv, adj. not re-
flective. [L. in. not, and REFLECTIVE.]
IRREFRAG.VBLE, ir-ref'ra-ga-bl, adj. that
cannot be refuted or overthrown : un-
answerable.— ns. Irrefraoabil'ity, Ir-
EEF'RAGABLENESS.— adr. IRREF'RAGABLY.
[L. that cannot be broken or bent, from
Fr. — L. in. not, re. backwards, and frag,
root of frango, to break.]
IRREFUTABLE, ir-re-fut'a-bl or ir-ref'u-
ta-bl. adj. that cannot be refuted or
proved false. — adv. Ikrefdt'ably or
Irref'utably. [Fr.— L. in, not, and
Refutable.]
IRREGULAR, ir-reg'u-lar, adj. not accord-
ing to rule : unnatural : unsystematic :
vicious : (gram.) departing from the ordi-
nary rules in its inflection : variable :
not synnnetrical. — n. a soldier not in
regular service. — adv. Irreg'ularly.
[L. in, not, and Regular.]
IRREGULARITY, ir-reg-ii-lar'i-ti, n. state
of being irregular : deviation from a
straight line, or from rule : departure
from method or order : vice.
IRRELATIVE, ir-rel'a-tiv, adj. not rela/.
tive : unconnected. — adv. Irrel'aTTVELY.
[L. in, not, and Relative.]
IRRELEVANT, ir-rel'e-vant, adj. not bear-
ing directly on the matter in hand. —
n. lRREL'EVA>-CY.~adr. Ierel'etantly.
ITrefix in-, not, and Relevant.]
IRRELIGION, ir-re-lij'un, n. want of re-
ligion.
IRRELIGIOUS, ir-re-lij'us, adj. destitute
of religion : ungodly. — adv. Irrelig'ious-
LY. — n. Irreliq'iousness. [Fr.— L. in,
not. and RELIGIOUS.]
IRREMEDIABLE, ir-re-me'di-a-bl, adj.
that cannot be remedied or redressed. —
n. Irreiie'diableness. — adv. Irreme'-
diably. [Fr.— L. in, not, and Remedi-
able.]
IRREMISSIBLE, ir-re-mis'i-bl, adj. not to
be remitted or forgiven. — n. Ibremiss'i-
bleness. [Fr. — L. in, not, and Remissi-
ble.]
IRREMOVABLE, ir-re-moov'a-bl, adj. not
removable: steadfast. — ns. Ireemovabil'-
ITY, Irremov'ableness. — adv. Irkemov'-
ably. [Prefix in-, not, and Removable.]
IRREPARABLE, u--rep'ar-a-bl, adj. that
cannot be recovered. — n. Irreip'arable-
NESS. — adv. Irrep'aeably. [Fr.— L. in.
not, and Reparable.]
IRREPEALABLE, ir-re-pel'a-bl, adj. that
cannot be repealed or annulled. — adv. Ir-
repeal'ably. [L. in, not, and Repeal-
able.]
IRREPREHENSIBLE, ir-rep-re-hens'i-bl,
adj. that cannot be blamed. — adv. Ir-
reprehens'ibly. — n. Irreprehens'ible
NESS. [Fr. — L. in, not, and Reprehensi-
ble.]
IRREPRESSIBLE, ir-re-pres'i-bl, adj. not
to be restrained. — adv. Ierepress'LBLY.
[Fr. — L. in, not, and Repressible.]
IRREPROACHABLE, ir-re-proch'a-bl, adj.
free from blame : upright : innocent. —
adv. Irreproach'ably. [Fr. — L. in, not,
and Reproach a ble. ]
IRREPROVAELE, ir-re-proov'a-bl, adj.
blameless. — adv. Irrepeov'ably. — n. IH-
reprov'ableness. [Fr.— L. in, not, and
Reprovable.]^
IRRESISTANCE, ir-re-zist'ans, n. want of
resistance : passive submission. [L. in,
not, and Resistance.]
IRRESISTIBLE, ir-re-zist'i-bl, adj. not to
be opjjosed with success. — adv. IKEE-
SIST'LBLY.— ilS. IRRESIST'IBLENESS, IRRE-
sistabil'ity.
IRRESOLUTE, ir-rez'o-lut, adj. not firm in
purpose. — adv. Irres'olutely. [L. in,
not, and Resolute.]
IRRES0LUTENT:SS, Ir-rez'o-lut-nes, IR-
RESOLUTION, ir-rez-o-lu'shun, n. want
of resolution, or of firm determination of
purpose.
IRRESOLVABLE, ir-re-zoh-'a-bl. adj. that
cannot be resolved. [L. in. not, and Re-
solvable.]
IRRESPECTIVE, ir-re-spekt'iv, adj. not
having regard to. — adv. Irrespect'ive-
LY. [Fr.— L. in. not, and Respective.]
IRRESPONSIBLE, ir-re-spous'i-bl. adj. not
responsible or liable to answer (for). —
adv. Irrespons'ibly.— H. Irresponsibil'-
iTY. [L. in, not. Responsible.]
IRRETENTION
251
ITCHY
lERETEXTIOX. ir-re-ten'sliun, n. the state
or quality of being irretentive : want of
retaining power. " From irretention of
memory he (Kant) could not recollect
the letters which composed his name." —
De Quincey.
IRRETRIEVABLE, Ir-re-trev'a-bl, adj. not
to be recovered or repaired. — adv. Irre-
TRIEV ' ABLY. — n. IRRETRIEV ' ABLENESS.
[Fr.— L. in, not, and Retrievable.]
IRREVERENCE, ir-rev'er-ens, n. want of
reverence or veneration : want of due
regard for the character and authority
of the Supreme Being.
IRREVERENT, ir-rev'er-ent, adj. not rev-
erent : proceeding from irreverence. —
adv. Irreverently. [Fr. — L. in, not,
and Reverent.]
IRREVERSIBLE, ir-re-vers'i-bl, adj. not
reversible : that cannot be recalled or
annulled. — adv. Irrevers'ibly. — n. Irre-
VERs'iBLENESS. [L. in, not, and Re-
versible.]^
IRREVOCABLE, ir-rev'o-ka-bl, adj. that
cannot be recalled. — adv. Irrev'ocably.
—n. Irrev'ocablen'ess. [Fr. — L. in,
not, and Revocable.]
IRRIGATE, ir'i-gat, v.t. to water : to wet
or moisten : to cause water to flow upon.
[L. irrigo, -atum — in, upon, rigo, to wet;
akin to Ger. regen, E. rain.]
IRRIGATION, ir-i-ga'shun, n. act of water-
ing, es|). of watering lands artificially;
as is done in the Great Basin of tlus
country, by means of canals.
IRRIGUOUS, ir-rig'u-us, adj., watered :
wet : moist.
IRRISION, ir-rizh'un, n. act of laughing
at another. [Fr. — L. irrisia — in, against,
rideo. risum, to laugh.]
IRRISORY, ir-rl'zo-ri, adj. addicted to
laugliing or sneering at others. "I
wish that, even there, j-ou had been
less irrisory, less of a pleader." — Landor.
[L. irrisorius. See Irrision.]
IRRITABILITY, ir-i-ta-bil'i-ti, n. the qual-
ity of being easily irritated: the peculiar
susceptibility to stimuli possessed by the
living tis.sues.
IRRITABLE, ir'i-ta-bl, adj. that may be
irritated: easily provoked: (med.) suscep-
tible of excitement or irritation. — adv.
Irr'itably. — H. Irr'itableness. [L. ir-
ritahiiiji. See IRRITATE.]
IRRITANT, ir'i-tant, adj., irritating.— n.
that which causes irritation. [L. irri-
tans. -antis, pr.p. of irrito.}
IRRITATE, ir'i-tat, v.t. to make angry: to
firovoke : to excite heat and redness in.
L. irrito, -atum, prob. freq. of irrio, to
snarl, as a dog.]
IRRITATION, ir-i-ta'shun, n. act of irri-
tating or exciting : excitement : {med.)
a vitiated state of sensation or action.
IRRITATrVE, ir'i-tat-iv, IRRITATORY,
ir'i-ta-tor-i, adj. tending to irritate or
excite : accompanied with or caused by
irritation.
IRRUPTION, ir-rup'shun, ?;. a breaking or
bursting in : a sudden invasion or incur-
sion. [Fr. — L. irruptio — in, and rumpo,
ruptnm, to break.]
IRRUPTIVE, ir-rupt'iv, adj., rushing sud-
denly in or upon. — adv. Irrupt'ively.
IS, iz, tliird person sing. pres. of Be. [A.S.
is : Ger. ist, L. est, Gr. esti, Sans, asti —
as. to be.]
ISAGON, i'sargon, n. a figure having equal
atigles. [Fr. isagone — Gr. isos, equal,
gonia, an angle.]
ISCHIADIC, isk-i-ad'ik, ISCHIATIC, isk-i-
at'ik, ad), relating to the region of the
hip. [Fr. — L. — Gr., from is-chion, the
hip-ioint.]
ISINGLj\JSS, I'zing-glas, n. a glutinous
substance, chiefly prepared from tlie air-
bladders of the sturgeon. [A corr. of
Dut. hnizenhlas — huizen, a kind of stur-
geon, bias, a bladder ; Ger. hausenblase.
See Bladder.]
ISLAM, iz'lam, ISLAMISM, iz'lam-izm, n.
the ■ Mohammedan religion. — adj. Isla-
mit'ic. [Lit. complete submission to the
will of God, from Ar. islam — salama, to
submit to God.]
ISLAND, riand, n. land surroimded ^vith
water : a large floating mass. [M.E.
Hand, A.S. igland — ig, an i-sland, and
land, land ; Dut. and Ger. eiland. Ice.
eyland, Swed. and Dan. oland. A.S. ig=
Ice. ey, Swed. and Dan. 6, and is from a
root which appears in A.S. ea, L. aqua,
water, so that it orig. means water-land.
The s in island is due to a confusion with
isle, from L. in.^ula.}
ISLANDER, T'land-er, n. an inhabitant of
an island.
ISLE, II, n. an island. [M. E. He, yle — O.
Fr. isle (Fr. tie) — L. insula, considered to
be so called because lying in salo, in the
main sea, L. salum being akin to Gr. salos,
the main sea, while both are allied to E.
swell, Ger. schwellen,&nd mean the "swell-
ing " or " billowing," the higli sea ; Celt.
inuis, ennis, Scot, inch.]
ISLET, i'let, n. a little isle.
ISOCHEUIAL, I-so-kI'mal, ISOCHEIMEN-
AL, i-so-ki'men-al, adj. having the same
mean winter temperature. [Lit. having
equal winters, Gr. isos, equal, cheinia,
winter.]
ISOCHROMATIC, I-so-kro-mat'ik, adj. (op-
tics) having the same color. [Gr. isos,
equal, and chroma, color.
ISOCHRONAL, I-sok'ron-al, ISOCHRON-
OUS, I-sok'ron-us, adj. of equal time : per-
formed in equal times. [Gr. isochronos
— isos. equal, chronos, time.]
ISOCHRONISM, i-sok'ron-izm, n. the qual-
ity of being isochronous or done in equal
times.
ISOLATE, I'so-lat, is'o-lat, or iz'-, v.t. to
place in a detached situation, like an
island. — li. Isola'tion. [It. isolare —
isola — L. insida, an island.]
ISOLATING, i'so-lat-ing, adj. in philol. ap-
plied to tliat class of languages in which
each word is a simple, uninflected root :
monosyllablic. A. H. Sayce.
ISOMERIC, I-so-mer'ik, adj. applied to
compounds which are made up of the
same elements in the same proportions,
but having different properties. — n.
Isom'erism. [Lit. having .qual parts,
Gr. isos, equal, meros, part.]
ISOMETRIC, I-so-met'rik, ISOMETRIC AL,
I-so-met'rik-al, adj. having equality of
measure. [Gr. isos, equal, metron, meas-
ure.]
ISOMORPHISM, I-so-morf'izm, n. the prop-
ertv oE being isomorphous.
LSOMORPHOUS, I-so-morf'us, adj. having
the same crystalline form, but composed
of different elements. [Gr. isos, equal,
and morphe, form.]
LSONOMY, i-son'o-mi, n., equal laic,
rights, or privileges. [Gr. isonomia —
isos, equal, nomos, law — nemo, to deal
out, distribute.]
ISOPOLITY, i-s6-pol'i-ti, n. equal rights
of citizenship, as conferred by the peo-
ple of one city on those of another.
" Niebuhr . . . establishes the principle
that the cen.sus comprehended all the
confederate cities [in Ancient Rome]
which had the right of isopolity." — Mil-
man. [Gr. isos, equal, a.nApoliteia, gov-
ernment, from polls, a city.]
ISOSCELES, I-sos'e-lez, adj. (r/fOJH.) having
two equal sides, as a triangle. [Lit. hai^
ing equal legs, Gr. iso.fkeles — isos, equal,
skelos, a leg.]
ISOSEISMAL, I-s6-sis'mal. ISOSEISMIC,
i-s6-sis'mik, adj. applied to lines of equal
seismal disturbance on the earth's surface,
"It is generally possible after an earth-
quake to trace a zone of maximum dis-
turbance, where the damage to the
shaken country has been greatest. The
line indicating this maximum is termed
the meizoseismic curve, whilst lines
along which the overthrow of objects
may be regarded as practically the same
are known as isoseismic curves." — Ency,
Brit. [Gr. isos, equal, and »eismos, a
shaking, an earthquake, from seio, to
ISOTHERAL, I-soth'er-al, adj. having the
same mean summer temperature. [Lit.
having equal summers, Gr. isos, equal,
theros, summer — thero, to be warm.]
ISOTHERMAL, I-so-ther'mal, adj. having
an equal degree of heat. [Fr. isotherme
— Gy. isos, equal, therme, heat — thermos,
hot.]
ISOTONIC, i-so-ton'ik, adj. having equal
tones. [Gr. isos, equal, tonos, tone.]
ISRAELITE, iz'ra-el-It, n. a descendant of
Israel, or Jacob : a Jew. [Gr. Israelites
— Israel, Heb. Yisrael, contender, soldier
of God — sara, to fight, and El, God,]
ISRAELITIC, iz-ra-el-it'ik, ISRAELITISH,
iz'rarel-It-ish, adj. pertaining to the Isra-
elites or Jews.
ISSUE, ish'Q, v.i. to go, flow, or come out :
to proceed, as from a source : to spring :
to be produced : (laic) to come to a point
in fact or law : to terminate. — v.t. to
send out : to put into circulation : to
give out for use. — n. Iss'der. [Fr. issue
— O. Fr. issir, to go or flow out — L. exire
— e.v, out, ire, to go.]
ISSUE, ish'u, n. a going or flowing out :
act of sending out : that which flows or
passes out : fruit of the body, children :
produce, profits : circulation, as of bank-
notes : publication, as of a Ijook : a giv
ing out for use : ultimate result, conse-
quence : political question for discussion :
(law) the question of fact submitted to a
jury : (med.) an ulcer produced artifi-
cially.
ISSUELESS, ish'66-les, adj. without issue :
chikllrss.
ISTHMUS, ist'mus, n. a neck of land con-
necting two larger portions of land. [L.
— Gr. isthmos, a passage, an isthmus,
allied to ithma, a step, from root of
eimi, to go.]
IT, it, pron. the thing spoken of or referred
to. [M.E. and A.S. hit, neut. of he ; Ice.
hit, Dut. het, Goth, ita ; akin to L. id.
Sans. (, pronominal root^here. The t \a
an old neuter suffix, as in tha-t, rvha-t,
and cognate with d in L. illu-d, istu-d,
quo-d.]
ITALIAN, i-tal'yan, ITALIC, i-tal'ik, adj.
of or relating to Italy or its people. — «.
a native of Italy : the language of Italy.
[It. Italiano, lialico—L. Italia — Gr. ifa-
los, a bull. L. vitulus, a calf.]
ITALIANIZE, i-talyan-iz, v.t. to make
Italian. — v.i. to play the Italian: to
speak Italian.
ITALICIZE, i-tari-siz,f.f. to print in ItaUcs.
ITALICS, i-tal'iks, n.pl. a kind of tj'pes
whicli slope to the right (as in the last
four words), so called because first used
by an Italian printer, AldoManuzio, about
1500.
ITCH, ich, n. an uneasy, irritating sen=
sation in the skin : an eruptive disease
in the skin, caused by a parasitic animal :
a constant teasing desire. — v.i. to have an
uneasj-, irritating sensation in the skin :
to have a constant, teasing desire. [A.S.
gictha, gicenes. an itching — giccfin, to
itch ; Scot, youk, yuck, Ger. jUcken, to
itch.]
ITCHY, ich'i, ac{;. pertaining to or affected
with itch.
ITEM
252
JAWBONE
ITEM, I'tem, adv. (lit.) liketeise : aJso. — n.
a separate article or particular. — v.t. to
make a note of. [L. — id. that, akin to
Sans, ittham, thu.s.J
ITERATE, it'er-at, v.t. to do again: to re-
peat, in modern usage replaced by the
verb reiterate. — n. Itera'tion, repetition.
[L. itero, -atiim — iterum {is, this, and
comparative affix terum), beyond this,
again ; alrin to Sans, itara, otl'ier.]
ITERATIVE, it'er-at-iv, adj., repeating.
[L. iterativus.l
ITINERANT, I-tin'er-ant, adj., making
joxirneys from place to place : ti-avel-
linir. — ». one who travels from place to
pla*e, esp. a preacher : a wanderer. —
adv. ITIN ERANTLY. — ns. ItIN'ERACY, ItIN'-
ERANCY. [L. itinerans, -antis, part, of
obs. v. itinera, to travel — L. iter, itineris,
a journey — eo, itum, to go.]
ITINERARY. I-tin'er-ar-i, adj., travelling:
done on a journey. — n. a book of travels :
a guide-book for travellers : a rough
sketch and description of tlie country
through which troops are to march. [U.
ITINERATE, I-tin'er-at, v.i. to travel from
place to place, esp. for the purpose of
preaching or lecturing. [Xi. itinera — iter,
itineris — eo, itum, to go.]
ITS, its, pass, ^yron., the possessive of It.
[The old form was his, its not being older
than the end of the 16th century. Its
does not occur in the English Bible of
1611 or in Spenser, rarely in Shakespeare,
and is not common until the time of Dry-
den.]
ITSELF, it-self. pron. the neuter reciprocal
pronoun, applied to things. [IT and Self.]
rvlED, IVYED, I'vid, IVY-MANTLED,
r%i-man'tld, ac^'. overgrown or mantled
with ivy.
'TORY, i'vo-ri, to. the hard, white sub-
stance composing the tusks of the ele-
phant and of the sea-horse. — adj. made
of or resembling ivory. [O. Fr. iimrie,
Fr. ivaire — L. elmr, eboris, ivory — O.
Egyptian ebon, Sans, ibha, an elephant.]
rVORY-BLACK, i'vo-ri-blak, n. a black
powder, orig. made from burnt ivary, but
now from bone.
IVORY-NUT, I'vo-ri-nut, n. the md of a
species of palm, containing a substance
like ivory.
IVY, Tvi, a creeping evergreen plant on
trees and walls. [A.S. ijig ; O. Ger. ebah ;
Brob. conn, with L. apium, parsley.]
JABBER, jab'er, v.i. to gabble or talk rap-
idly and indistinctly: to chatter. — v.t. to
utter indistinctly : — p?\p. jabb'ering ;
pa.p. jabb'ered. — n. rapid indistinct
speaking. — n. Jabb'eeer. [From root of
Gabble.]
JACINTH, ja-sinth, to. (B.) a precious stone,
a red variety of zircon, now called hya-
cinth : a dark-purple color. [Contr. of
Hyacinth.]
4"ACK, jak, n. used as a familiar name or
diminutive of John ; a saucy or paltry
fellow : a sailor : any instrument serving
to supply the place of a boy or helper, as
a bootjack for taking off boots, a contriv-
ance for turning a spit, a screw for rais-
ing heavy weights : the male of some
animals : a young pike : a support to
saw wood on : a miner's wedge : a flag
displayed from the bowsprit of a ship :
a coat of mail. [Fr. Jacques, the most
common name in France, hence used as
a substitute for John, the most common
name in England : but it is really =-
James or Jaccf) — ^L. Jacobus. See Jaoo-
binJ
JACK, JAK, jak, n. a tree of the E. Indies
of the same genus as the b' ead-fruit-
tree.
JACK AT/, jak'awl, to. a wUd, gregarious
animal closely allied to the dog. [Pers.
shaghal ; Sans, erigfila.']
JACKANAPES, jak'a-naps, ?!. an impu-
dent fellow : a coxcomb. [For Jack o'
apes, being one who exhibited monkeys,
with an n inserted to avoid the hiatus.]
JACKASS, jak'as, n. the 7»a?e of the ass:
a blockhead. [Jack — the male, and
Ass 1
JACKBOOTS, jakTDoots, n.pl. large boots
reaching above the Icnee, to protect the
leg, formerly worn by cavalry, and cov-
ered with plates of iron. [Jack — coat
of mail, and Boots.]
JACKDAW, jak'daw, n. a species of crow.
[Jack and Daw.]
JACKET, jak'et, n. a short coat. [O. Fr.
jaquette, a jacket, or sleeveless coat, a
dim. of O. Fr.jaque, a coat of maU.]
JACKETED, jak'et-ed, adj. wearing a
jacket.
JACKSCREW, jaVskrOO, n. a screw for
raising heavy weights.[jACK and Screw.]
JACOBIN, jaro-bin, m. one of an order of
monks, so named from their orig. estab-
lishment in the Hue St. Jacques (St
James's Street), Paris ; one of a society
of revolutionists in France, so called from
their meeting in a Jacobin convent : a
demagog-ue : a hooded pigeon. [Fr. — L.
Jacobus, James — Gr. Jacobos — Heb. Ja'-
akob.l
JACOBINICAL, jak-o-bin'l-kal, adj. per-
taining to the Jacobins or revolutionists of
France: holding revolutionary principles.
JACOBINISM, jak'o-bin-izm, n. the prmci-
plesof the Jacobins or French revolution-
ists.
JACOBITE, jak'o-bit, n. an adherent of
James II. and his descendants. — adj. of
or belonging to the Jacobites. — adj.
Jacobit'ical,— ?j. Jac'obitism.
JACOB'S-LADDER,ja'kobs-lad'er,«.(TOattf.)
a ladder made of ropes with wooden
steps: a garden plant \\nth large blue
flowers. [From the ladder which Jacob
saw in his dream.]
JACQUERIE, zhak'e-re, n. name given to
the revolt of the French peasants in the
14th century. [From Jaques (Bonhomme),
Jack (Goodfellow), a name applied in de-
rision to the peasants.]
JADE, jad, TO. a tired horse : a worthless
nag : a woman — in contempt or irony. —
v.t. to tire : to harass. [Ety. dub. ; Sc.
yad, yaud.]
JADE, jad, TO. a dark-green stone used for
ornamental purposes. [Fr. — Sp. ijada,
the flank — L. ilia. It was believed to
cure pain of the side.]
JAG, jag, n. a notch : a ragged protuber-
ance : (bot.) a cleft or division. — v.t. to
cut into notches : — pr.p. jagg'ing ; pa.p,
jagg'ed. [Celt, gag, a cleftJ
JAGijrED, jag'ed, adj., notched: rough-
edged. — adv. Jagg'edly. — to. Jagg'ed-
NESS.
JAGGER, jag'er, to. a brass wheel with a
notched edge for cutting cakes, etc., into
ornamental forms.
JAGKjY, jag'i, adj., notched: set with
teeth : uneven.
JAGUAR, jag'ii-ar or jag-war', to. a power-
ful beast of prey, allied to the leopard,
found in South America. [Braz. janou-
ara.'^
JAH, ja, to. Jehovah. [HebJ
JAIL, JAILER. Same as Gaol, Gaoler.
JALAP, jal'ap, w. the purgative root of a
plant first brought from Jalapa or Xal-
apa, in Mexico.
JAM, jam, n. a conserve of fruit boiled
vrith sugar. [Ety. dub. ; perh. from Jam,
to squeeze.]
JAM, jam, v.t. to press or squeeze tight : —
pr.p. jamm'ing: pa.p. jammed'. [From
the same root as champ.']
JAMB, jam, n. the sidepiece or post of a
door, fireplace, etc. [Fr. jambe, O. Fr.
gaynbe. It. gcrmba a leg — Celt. cam.
bent.]
JANGLE, jang'l, v.i. to sound discordant-
ly as in tvrangling : to wrangle or quarrel.
— v.t. to cause to sound harshly. — n. dis-
cordant sound : contention. — ns. Jang'-
LER, Jang'ung. [O. Fr. jangler, from
the sound, like JiNGLE and Chin'k.]
JANITOR, jan'i-tor, to, a doorkeeper : a
porter ■.—fern. Jan'ttrix. [L., from jan-
■ua, a door.]
JANIZAEY, jan'i-zar-i, JANISSARY, jan'-
i-sar-i, to. a soldier of the old Turkish
foot-guards, formed oiiginally of a trib-
ute of children taken from ChristiaB
subjects. — adj. Janiza'rlan. [Fr. Janis-
saire — Turk, yefiii, new, and askari, a
soldier.]
JANTILY, JANTINESS, JANTY. See
Jaunty, etc.
JANUARY, jan'u-ar-i, to. the first month
of the year, dedicated by the Romans to
Janus, the god of the sun. [L. Janvar'
ius — Janus, the sun-god.]
JAPAN, ja-pan', v.t. to varnish after the
manner of the Japanese or people of Ja-
pan : to make black and glossy : — pr.p.
japann'ing ; pa.p. japanned'. — to. work
japanned : the varnish or lacquer used in
japanning. — n. Japann'ek.
JAR, jSr, x:i. to make a harsh discordant
sound : to quarrel : to be inconsistent.^
v.t. to shake: — pr.p. jarr'ing ; pa.p,
jarred'. — to. a harsh rattling sound : ola^b
of interests or opinions : discord. — adv.
Jarr'ixgly. [From an imitative Teut.
root, kar, found also in Care, and ■onn.
with Jargon, and L. garrire, to prattle.]
JAE, jar, 7i. an earthen or glass bottle
with a wide mouth : a measure. [Fr.
Jarre — Pers. jarrah, a water-pot.]
JARGON, jar'gun, n. confused talk : slang.
[Fr. jargon. See Jar, to quarrel.]
JARGONELLE, jar-go-nel', to. a kind of
pear. [Fr.]
JASMINE, jas'min, JESSAMINE, jes'a-
min, TO. a genus of plants, many species
of which nave very fragrant flowers.
[At. and Pers. jOsmin.']
JASPER, jas'per, n. a precious stone, being
a hard siliceous mineral of various colors.
[Fr. jaspe — L. and Gr. iaspis — Arab.
yasb.]
JAUNDICE, jaii'dis, «. a disease, charac-
terized bj' a yellowness of the ej-es, skin,
etc., caused by bile. [Fr. jaunisse, from
jaune, yellow — L. galbamis, yellowish,
galbus, yellow.]
JAUNDICED, jan'dist, adj. affected with
jaundice : prejudiced.
JAUNT, jant, v.i. to go from place to
place : to make an excursion. — n. an ex-
cursion : a ramble. [Old form ja'.oice—
O. Fr. jancer, to stir (a horse).]
JAUNTING, jan t'ing, acy.,s^ro?m!g'.- ni;.k
ing an excursion.
JAUNTY, JANTY, jant'i, adj. airy: show7!
dashing: finical. — adv. Jacnt'ily.— Jt,
Jaunt'iness. [From Jal-nt.1
JAVELIN, jav'Iin, n. a speorabout six feet
long, anciently used by both infantry and
cavalry. [Fr. javeline, of uncertain ori-
gin-]
JAW, jaw, TO. the bones of the mouth m
which the teeth are set: the mouth;
anything like a jaw. [Old spelling chaw,
akin to Chew.]
JAWBONE, jaw'bon, n. the bone of the
jaw, in which the teeth are set.
JAWED
253
JOCUND
JAWED, jawd, adj. hamngjaws : denoting'
the appearance of the jaws, as lantern-
jawed.
JAWFALL, jaw'fawl, n. a falling of the
jaw : {fig.) depression of spirits. [Jaw
and Fall.]
JAY. ja, n. a bird of the crow family with
guy plumage. [O. Fr. jay, Fr. geai ; from
■.•oot of Gay.]
'EALOUS, jel us, adj. suspicious of or in-
censed at rivalry : anxious to defend the
honor of. — adv. Jeal'ouslt. — n. Jeal'-
OUST. [Fr. jaloux — L. zelus — Gr. zelos,
emulation.]
JEAX. jan, n. a twilled cotton cloth. [From
Jaeii, in Spain.]
JEER, jer, v.t. to make sport of : to treat
with derision. — v.i. to scoff: to deride:
to make a mock of. — n. a railing remark:
biting- jest: mockery. — adv. Jeee'ingly.
[Ace. to Skeat, from the Dut. phrase den
gek scheeren, lit. to shear the fool, to mock,
the words gek scheeren bei ng run together,
and corr. into^eer.]
JEHOVAH, je-ho'va, n, the eternal or self-
existent Being, the chief Hebrew name of
the Deity. [Heb. Yehovah, from hayah,
to be.]
JEJUNE, je-joon' adj. empty : void of in-
terest : barren. — adv. Jejune'LY. — n.
Jejtne'ness. [L. jejunus, abstaining
from food, hungry.]
JEJUNTTJf, je-joo'num, n. a part of the
smaller intestine, so called because gen-
erallj' found empty after death. [L. —
jejiinus.'\
JELLIED, jel'id, adj. in the state ot jelly.
JELLY, jel'i, n. anything gelatinous : the
juice of fruit boiled with sugar. [Any-
thing congealed or frozen, Fr. gelie, from
geler — L. gelo, to freeze.]
1)ELLY-FISH, jel'i-fish, n. marine radiate
animals ]ike jelly. [Jelly and Fish.]
JENNET, also spelt GENNET, GENET,
jen'et, n. a small Spanish horse. [Fr.
genet — Sp. giiiete, a na^^, orig. a horse-
soldier: of Moorish origin.]
JENNETING, jen'et-ing, n, a kind of early
apple. [?]
lENN'Y', jenl, n. a gin or machine for spin-
ninir. [From root of GlK, a machine.]
JEOPARD, jep'ard, JEOPARDIZE, jep'-
ard-Iz, v.t. to put in jeopardy.
i**;OP.\RDOUS, jep'ard-iKs, adj. exposed to
daneer or loss. — adv. Jeop'ardously.
JEOPARDY, jep'ard-i, n. hazard, danger.
[Fr. jeu parti, lit. a divided game, one in
which the chances are even — Low L.
jociixpartitus — Ij.jocus, a g'Mxie, partitus,
divided^jar^jor, to divide.]
JERBOA, jer'bo-a or ier-bo'a, n. a genus
of small rodent quadrupeds, remarkable
for the length of their hindlegs and
their power of jumping. [Ar. yerboa,
yarbua.]
JEREMIAD, jer-e-ml'ad, n. a lamentation :
a tale of grief: a doleful story. [From
Jeremiah, the prophet, author of the
book of Lamentations.]
JERFALCON. Same as GyepaLCON.
JERK, jerk, v.t. to throw with a quick
effort : to give a sudden movement. — n.
a short, sudden movement : a striking
asuinst with a sudden motion. [Orig.
to sitrike, Scot, yerk, by-forms being Jer<
and gird, and conn. %vith yard, a rod.]
iERICED-BEEF, jerkt'-bef, n., beef cut
into thin pieces and dried in the sun.
[Chilian charguL]
JERKIN, jer'kin, n. a jackftt, a short coat
or close waistcoat. [Dut., dim. of jurk,
a frock.]
JER.SEY, jer'zi, n. the finest part of wool :
combed wool : a kind of close-fitting
woollen shirt worn in rowing, etc.
[From the island Jersey.]
JERUSALEM ARTICHOKE, je-ro6'sa-
lem ar'ti-chok, n. a plant of the same
genus as the common sunflower, the
roots of which are used as food. [A.
corr. of It. girasole (L. gyrare, to turn,
and sol, the sun), sunflower, and Arti-
choke, from the similarity in flavor of
its root to that of this plant.]
JESS, jes, n. a short strap round the legs
of a hawk, by which she is held and let
go. [Lit. a throiv, O. Fr. ject—jecter, to
throw — li.jactare, to throw.]
JESSAMINE, jes'a-min. See Jasmine.
JESSE, jes'i, »i. a large branched candle-
stick used in churches. [From its like-
ness to the genealogical tree of Jesse,
tile father of David, formerly hung up
in churches.]
JESSED, jest, adj. halving jesses on.
JEST, jest, n. something- ludicrous : joke :
fun : something uttered in sport : object
of laughter. — v.i. to make a jest or mer-
riment.— adv. Jest'ingly. [Orig. a deed,
a story, M. E. geste — O. Fr. geste—h. ges-
turn — gero, to do.]
JESTER, jest'er, n. one who jests : a buf-
foon. [Orig. a story-teller.]
JESUIT, jez'u-it, n. one of the Society of
Jesus, founded in 1584 by Ignatius
Loyola, the members of which are re-
putedly celebrated for craftiness. — adjs.
Jesuit'ic, Jesuit'ical. — ad?;. Jesuit'i-
CALLY.
JESUITISM, jez'u-it-izm, n. the principles
and practices of the Jesuits: cunning:
deceit.
JESUS, je'zus, the Saviour of mankind.
[Gr. lesous — Heb. Jo'^ma — Jehoshua,
help of Jehovah, the Saviour — yasha, to
save.]
JET, jet, n. a mineral very compact and
black used for ornaments. [Fr. jaiet —
L., Gr. gagates, from Gagas, a town and
river in Lycia, in Asia Minor, wnere it
was obtained.]
JET, jet, v.i. to throw or shoot forward ; to
jut. — v.t. to emit in a stream : — pr.p.
jett'ing ; pa.p. jett'ed. [Fr. jeter — L.
jacto, freq. of jaeio, to throw.]
JET, jet, n. a spouting stream : a short
pipe emitting a flame of gas. [Fr., It.
geto — L. jactus, from jacio, to throw.]
JET-BLACK, jet'-blak, adj., black as jet,
the deepest black color.
JETSAM, jet'sam, JETSON, jet'sun, JET-
TISON, jet'i-sun, n. the throwing of
goods overboard in a case of g^eat peril
to lighten a vessel : the goods so thrown
away which remain under water.
JETTY, jet'i, adj. made of jet, or black as
jet. — n. Jett'INESS.
JETTY, jet'I, n. a projection : a kind of
pier. [Fr. jetee, thrown oat— jeter.]
JEW, joo, n. an inhabitant of Judea : a
Hebrew or Israelite •.—fern. Jew'ess. [O.
Fr. Juis — L. Judceus, Gr. lottdaios —
Itnidaia, Judea.]
JEWEL, joo'el, n. an ornament of dress : a
precious stone : anything highly valued.
— V. t. to dress or adorn with jewels : to
fit with a jewel:— pr.p. jew'elliug; pa./i.
jew'elled. [O. Fr. jouel, Fr. joyau ; either
a dim. of Fr. joie, joy, from L. gaudium,
joy — gaudeo, to rejoice (see Joy'), or de-
rived through Low L. jocale, from L.
JQcari. to jest.]
JEWELLER, joo el-er, n. one who makes or
de.als in jeirels.
JEWELRY, joo'el-ri, JEWELLERY, j55'el-
er-i, n., jewels in general.
JEWISH, joo'ish, adj. belonging to the
Jews. — adv. Jew'ishly. — n. Jew'ishness.
JEWRY, jSo'ri, n., Judea: a district in-
haliited by Jews.
JEW'S-HARP, jooz'-hfl,rp, n. a small harp-
shaped musir.il instrument played be-
tween the LCeth by striking a spring with
the finger. [From Jew, and Harp ; »
name prob. given in derision.]
JIB, jib, n. a triangular sail borne iu front
of the foremast in a ship, so called from
its shifting of itself. — v.t. to shift a boom
sail from one tack to the other.— t'.j". to
move restively. [Dan. gibbe, Dut. gijpen
to turn suddenly.]
JIB-BOOM, jib'-boom, n. a boom or exten
siou of the bowsprit, on which the jib i*
spread.
JIBE. Same as Gibe.
JIG, jig, n. a quick, lively tune : a quick
dance suited to the tune. — v.i. to dance
a. jig:— pr.p. jigg'ing ; pa.p. jigged'.
[Fr. gigue, a stringed instrument — Ger.
geige : conn, with Gig.]
JILT, jilt, n. a woman who encourages a
lover and then neglects or rejects him :
a flirt. — v.t. to encourage and then dis-
appoint in love. [Scot, jillet, dun. of
Jill (L. Juliana — Julius), a female name,
used in contempt.]
JINGLE, jing'l, n. a jangling or clinking
sound : that which makes a rattling
sound : a correspondence of sounds. — v.i.
to sound with a jingle. [Formed from
the sound, Uke Jangle.]
JINGOISM, jing'o-izm, n. nickname for a
phase of the military spirit in England.
[Jingo is said to be the Basque name foi
" lord."]
JOB, job, n. a sudden stroke or stab with a
pointed instrument \\ke a,beak.— v.t. to
strike or stab suddenly : — pr.p. jobb'ing ;
pa.p. jobbed'. [Gael, goh, W. gyb, a beak;
conn, with Gobble, Job.]
JOB, job, n. any piece of work, esp. of t.
trifling or temporary nature : any under-
taking- with a view to profit : a mean
transaction, in which private gain is
sought under pretence of public service
— v.i. to work at jobs : to buy and sell,
as a broker : to hire or let out for a short
time, esp. horses. [Lit. "a lump" or
"portion," and formerly spelt gob, M. E.
gobet — O. Fr. gob, a mouth fu' ; from the
same Celtic root as Gobble.]
JOBBER, job'er, n. one who jobs ; one who
buys and sells, as a broker : one who
turns official actions to private advan-
tage : one who engages in a mean, lu-
crative affair.
JOBBERY, job'er-i, n., jobbing : unfair
means employed to procure some private
end.
JOB'S-NEWS, jobz'-nuz, n. evil tidings:
bad news, such as Job's servants brought
him. " Poverty escorts him ; from home
there can nothing come except Job's-
netvs." — Carlyle.
JOB'S-POST, jobz'-post, n. a bearer of Ul
news : a messenger carrying evil tidings.
"This Job's-post, from Dumouriez, thick-
ly preceded and escorted by so many
other Job's-posts, reached the conven-
tion."— Carlyle.
JOCKEY, jok-i, n. a man (orig. a bo3') who
rides horses in a race : a liorsedealer : one
who takes undue advantage in business.
— v.t. to jostle by riding agiiinst : to
cheat. [Dim. of Jock, northern E. for
.lack, which see.]
JOCKEYISM, jok'i-izm, JOCKEYSHIP,
jok'i-ship, n. the art or practice of s
jock<!V.
JOCOSE, jo-k5s', adj. full of jokes: humor
ous : merry. — adv. Jocose'ly. — 71. Jo-
cose'ness. [L. jocosus—joeus, a joke.
See Joke.]
JOCULAR, jok'u-lar, adj. given to jolces :
humorous: droll: laughable. — adv. Joc'-
tJLARLY.— n. JoctTLAK'lTY. [L. jocularts
— jocus.]
JOCUND, jok'und, adj. in a jocose humor :
merry : cheerful : pleasant. — adv. Joo'-
JOG
254
JUDICIARY
UNTLY. — n. Jocr>'D'iTT. [L. jocundiis —
jOCliS.}
JOG, jog, r.(. to shock or shake: to push
with the elbow or hand. — v.i. to move
by small shocks : to travel slowly : — pr.p.
jogg'ing; pa.p. jogged'.— «. a slight
shake : a push. [A weakened form of
Shock.]
JOGGLE, jog'l, v.t. to jog or shake slightly:
to jostle. — v.i. to shake : — pr.p. jogg'-
lin«: ; pa.p. jogg'led. [Dim. of JoG.]
JOGTROT, jog'trot, n. a, slow jogging trot.
JOHN DOREE. See Doeee.
JOIN, join, t'.f. to connect: to unite: to as-
sociate: to add or annex. — v.i. to be con-
nected with : to grow together : to be in
close contact: to unite (with). [Fr.joindre,
It. giugnere — h.jungere,junctum; conn,
with Gr. zevgnumi, Sans, y^lj, to join.
See Yoke.]
JOINER, join'er, n. one who joins or
unites : a carpenter.
JOINERY, join'er-i, the art of the joiner.
JOINT, joint, n. a. joining : the place where
two or more things join : a knot : a
hinge : a seam : the place where two
bones are joined : (cook.) the part of the
limb of an animal cut off at the joint. —
adj. joined, united, or combined : shared
among more than one. — v.t. to unite by
joints : to fit closely : to provide with
joints : to cut into joints, as an animal.
— v.i. to fit like joints. [Fr., O. Fr.joinet
— Fr. joindre. See Join.]
JOINTLESS, joint'lcs. adj. having no joint:
hence, stiff, rigid. " ' Let me die here,'
were her words, remaining jointless and
immovable."' — Richardson.
JOINTLY, joint'li, adv. in a joint manner :
unitedlv or in combination : together.
JOINT-STOCK, joint'-stok, n., stock held
jointly or in company.
JOINTURE, joint'ur, n. property Joined to
or settled on a woman at marriage to be
enjoyed after her husband's death. — v.t.
to settle a jointure upon. [Fr., O. Fr.
joincture — h. junctura. See Join.]
JOINTURESS, joint'ur-es, JOINTRESS,
joint'res, n. aw-omau on whom a. jointure
is settled.
JOIST, joist, n. the timbers to which the
boards of a floor or the laths of a ceihng
are nailed. — v.t. to fit with joists. [Lit.
"that on which anytliing lies," Scot.
geist — O. Fr. giste, from Fr. gesir — L. ja-
cere. to lie. See Gist.]
JOKE, jok, n. a jest : a witticism : some-
thing witt3' or sportive : anything said
or done to excite a laugh. — v.t. to cast
jokes at : to banter : to make merry
with. — v.i. to jest: to be merry: to
make sport. [L. jocus.]
JOKER, jok'er. n. one who jokes or jests,
an additional card in the pack of 53, used
in certain games as the highest.
JOKESMITH, jok'smith, n. a professional
joker : one who manufactures jokes. " I
feai-ed to give occasion to the jests of
newspaper jofcesmitts." — Southey.
JOKINGLY, j6k'ing-li, adv. in a joking
manner.
JOLE, another form of Jowl.
JOLLIFICATION, jol-i-fi-ka'shun, n. a
making jolly : noisy festivity and merri-
ment. [Jolly, and L. facio, to make.]
JOLLY, jol'i, adj., merry: expressing or
exciting mirth : comely, robust. — adt\
JOLL'ILY. — ns. JOLL'ITY, JOLL'INESS. [Fr.
joli — Ice. jot, a Christmas feast. E. ynle.'\
JOLLYBOAT, jol'i-bot, n. a small boat
belonging to a ship. [JOLLY (a corr. of
Dan. jolle, a boat, a vawl) and Boat. See
Yawl]
JOLT, jolt, I'.?', to shake with sudden jerks.
— v.t. to shake with a sudden shock. — n.
a sudden jerk. [Old form joll, prob. conn,
with Jowl, and so orig. meaning to
knock one h?ad against another, as in the
phrase, jolthead.]
JOLTINGLY, j6lt'ing-li, adv. in a jolting
manner.
JONQUIL, jon'kwil, JONQUILLE, jon-
kwel', n. a name given to certain species
of narcissus with Jtts/i-like leaves. [Fr.
jonquille — h.juncus, a rush.]
JOSS, jos, n. a Chinese idol. '• Those pagan
josses." — Wolcot.
Critick in jars and josses, shows her birth.
Drawn, like the brittle ware itself, from earth.
— Coteman.
[Chinese joss, a deity, corrupted from
Port, deos, from L. deiis, a god.]
JOSS-HOUSE, jos'-house, n. a Chinese tem-
ple. [See Joss.]
JOSS-STICK, jos'-stik, n. in China, a stick
of gum burned as incense to their gods.
[Chinese joss, a god.]
JOSTLE, jos'l, v.t. to Jo«sf or strike .against:
to drive against. [Freq. of Joust!]
JOT, jot, n. the least quantity assignable. —
v.t. to set down briefly : to make a mem-
orandum of •.—pr.p. jott'ing ; pa.2i. jott'-
ed. [L. — Gr. iota — Heb. yod, the smallest
letter in the alphabet, E. i.]
JOTTING, jot'ing, n. a memorandum.
JOURNAL, jur'nal, n. a diurnal or daily
register or diary : a book containing an
account of each day's transactions : a
newspaper published daily or otherwise:
a magazine : the transactions of any
society. [Fr. — L. diumalis. See DruE-
nal.]
JOURNALISM, jur'nal-izm, n. the keeping
of a journal : the profession of conduct-
ing public journals.
JOURNALIST, jur'nal-ist, n. one who
writes for or conducts a Journal or
newspaper.
JOURNALISTIC, jur-nal-ist'ik, adj. per-
taining to journals or newspapers, or to
journalism.
JOURNEY, jur'ni, n. any travel : tour :
excursion. — v.i. to travel -.—pr.p. jom-'-
neying ; pa.p. jour'neyed (-nid). [Lit. a
day'strarel, Fr. Joiirnee— jour, It, giorno,
a day — L. diumus.']
JOURNEYMAN, jur'ni-man, n. one who
vvforks by the day : any hired workman :
one whose apprenticeship is completed.
JOUST, just or joost, n. the encounter of
two knights on horseback at a tourna-
ment.— i\i. to rim in the tilt. [Lit. a com-
ing together, O. Fr.jouste, juste — li.juxta,
nigh to.]
JOVIAL, jo'vi-aJ, adj. joyous : full of mirth
and happiness. — adv. Jo'vially. — «^. Jo-
vial'ity, Jo'vtalness. [L. Jovialis— Ju-
piter, Joi'is, Jupiter, the star, which, ac-
cording to the old astrology, had a happy
influence on human affairs.]
JOVIALIZE, j6'vi-al-Iz, v.t. to make jovial:
to cause to be merry or jolly. " An ac-
tivity that jovialized us all." — Miss
BuTniey.
JOVIAN, j6'vi-an, adj. of or pertaining to
Jove, the chief divinity of the Romans,
or to the planet Jupiter. [See Jovial.]
JOWL, JOLE, jol, n. the jau- or cheek.
[M.E. forms are choul, chaul, corr. from
chavel, and this again from A.S. ceajl,
the jaw.]
JOY, joy, n. gladness : rapture : mirth :
the cause of joy. — v.i. to rejoice : to be
§-lad : to exult -.—pr.p. joy'ing ; pa.p.
joyed'. [Fr. joic. It. gioja—L,. gaiulium
— gaudeo, to rejoice, allied to Gr. gethed.'\
JOYFUL, joy'fool, adj. full of joy : very
glad, happy, or merry. — adv. Joy'fully.
— n. JOTFULNESS.
JOYLESS, joy'les, adj. without joy : not
giving joy. — adv. Joy'lessly.— n. JoY*-
LESSNESS.
JOYOUS, joy'us, adj. full of joy, happi-
ness, or merriment.
n. Joy'ocsness.
<idv. Joy'ously.—
JUBILANT, joo'bi-lant, adj. shouting for
joy : rejoicing : uttering songs of tri.
umph. [L. jubilo, to shout for joy, nol
conn, with Jubilee.]
JUBILATE, joo'bi-la'te, n. the third Sun.
day after Easter, so called because the
Church Service began on that day with
the 66th Psalm, '^ Jubilate Deo," etc.
[From root of Jubilant.]
JUBILATE, joo'bi-lat, i\t. to rejoice : to
exult: to triumph. "Hope jubilating
cries aloud.'" — Carlyle. "The hurralis
were yet ascending from our jubilating
lips."' — De Quincey.
JUBILATION, j6o-bi-la'shun, n. a shouting
for joy : the declaration of triumph.
[See Jubilant.]
JUBILEE, joo'bi-le, n. the year of release
among the Jews every fiftieth year, pro-
claimed bj' the sound of a trumpet : any
season of great public joy and festi\nty.
[Fr. jubile — L. jubilceus — Heb. yobel, "a
trumpet, the sound of a trumpet.]
JUDAIC, joo-da'ik, JUDAICAL. joo-da'-
ik-al, adj. pertaining to the Jeus. — adv.
Juda'ically. [L. Judaicus — Jitda. Ju-
dah, one of the sons of Israel.]
JUDAISE, joo'da-Iz, v.i. to conform to or
practice Judaism.
JUDAISM, joo'da-izm, n. the doctrines
and rites of the Jews : conformity to the
Jewish rites.
JUDEAN, joo-de'an. adj. belonging to
Judea. — n. a native of Judea.
JUDGE, juj, v.i. to point out or declare
what is Just or laic: to hear and decide :
to pass sentence : to compare facts to
determine the truth : to form or pass an
opinion : to distinguish. — v.t. to hear and
determine authoritatively : to sentence .
to be censorious towards : to consider :
(B.) to condemn. [Fr. juger — L. Judico
— jus, law, and dico, to declare.]
JUDGE, juj, n. one who judges : acivilofli'
cer who hears and settles any cause,
either in connection with a jury or with-
out one : an arbitrator : one who can
decide upon the merit of anything : in
Jewish history', a magistrate having ci^nl
and militarj' powers : — pi. title of 7th
book of the Okl Testament. [Fr. Juge,
L. judea'— Judico.]
JUDGESHIP, juj'ship, n. the office of a
judge.
JUDGMENT, juj'ment, n. act of judging:
the comparing of ideas, to elicit truth :
faculty by which this is done, the rea-
son : opinion formed : taste : sentence :
condemnation : doom.
JUDGMENT-DAY. juj'ment-da, n. the dap
on which God will pronounce final judg-
ment on mankind.
JUDGMENT-SEAT, juj'ment-set, n., seat
or bench in a court from -mhich judgment
is pronounced.
JUDICABLE, j5o'di-ka-bl, adj. that may
be judged or tried. [L. judicabilis.]
JUDICATIVE, joo'di-ka-tiv, adj. having
power to Judge.
JUDICATORY, jo6'di-ka-tor-i, adj. per-
taining to a Judge : distributing justice.
— n. distribution of justice : a tribunal.
JUDICATURE, j66'di-ka-tur, n. profession
of a Judge : power or svstem of dispens-
ing justice by legal trial : jm-isdiction : a
tribunal.
JUDICIAL, joo-dish'al, adj. pertaining to
a Judge or court : practiced in, or pro-
ceeding from a court of justice : estab-
lished by statute. — adv. Judi'cially. [O.
Fr. — h. Judieialis.]
JUDICIARY, j66-dish'i-ar-i, n. the judges
taken collectivelj' : one of the depart-
ments of the Federal and State Govern-
JUDICIOUS
255
JUXTAPOSITION
zoents. — cnlj. pertaining to the courts of
law: passing judgment. \\j. judiciarius.'\
JUDICIOUS, joo-dish'us, adj. according to
sound Judgment : possessing sound judg-
ment : discreet. — n. Judi'CIOUSNess. —
adv. Jr-DI'CIOUSLY.
JUG. jug, n. a large vessel with a swelling
body and narrow mouth for liquors. — v.t.
to boil or stew as in a jug :—pr.j}. jugg*-
ing; pa.p. jugged'. [Prob. a familiar
equivalent of Joan or Jenny, and jocularly
applied to a drinking-vessel; cf. Jack and
Jill in a like sense.]
JUG, jug, v.i. to utter the sound jug, as
certain birds, esp. the nightingale. [From
the sound.]
JUGGLE, jug'l, t'.J. to joke or jest : to amvise
by sleight-of-hand : to conjure : to prac-
tice artifice or imposture. ~7i. a trick by
sleight-of-hand : an imposture. [O. Fr.
joiigler — L. joenlor, to jest— jocms, a jest.]
fuGGLER, jug'ler, n. one who performs
tricks by sleight-of-hand, a trickish fellow.
[M..E. jogelour—Fv. jongleur— L. joeidator,
a j'sster.]
JUGGLERY, jug'ler-i, n. art or tricks of a
juggler : legerdemain : trickery.
JUGLANDINE. jug-Ian'din, n. a substance
contained in tlie juice expressed from the
green shell of the walnut {Juglans regia).
It is used as a remedy in cutaneous and
scrofulous diseases, also for dyeing the
hair black.
JUGULAR, j66'gu-lar, adj. pertaining to
the collar-bone, which yot»s the neck and
shoulders. — n. one of the larg-e veins on
eacli side of the neck. [L. jugtdiim, the
collar-bone— jitnyo, to join.]
JUICE, joos, n. the sap of vegetables : the
fluid part of animal bodies. — adj. Juioe'-
LESS. [Fr. — "L.jus. lit. mi.vture.\
JUICY, joos'i, adj., full of juice. — n. Jcic'-
INESS.
JUJUBE, joo'joob, n. a genus of spiny
shrubs or small trees, the fruit of which
is dried as a sweetmeat : a lozenge made
of sugar and gum. [Fr. — L. zizyphus —
Gr. zizyphon — Pers. zizfun, the jujube-
treej
JULEIP, joo'lep, JULAP, joo'lap, n. a
pleasant liquid medicine in which other
nauseous medicines are taken. [Liit. rosc-
water, Fr. — Ar. jidab — Pers. gid, rose, db,
water.]
JULIAN, jool'yan, adj. noting the old ac-
count of time established by Julius
Caesar, and used from 46 B.C. till 1753.
JULIENNE, zhii-le-en, n. a kind of soup
made with various lierbs or vegetables
cut in very small pieces. [Fr.]
JULY, jo6-U', n. the seventh month of the
year, so called from Caius Julius Caesar,
who was born in this month.
JUilBLE, jum'bl, v.t. to mix confusedly :
to throw together without order. — v.i.
to be mixed together confusedly: to be
agitated. — )i. a confused mixture. [M.E.
jombre. prob. a freq. of Jusrp, in the
sense of to stamp or shake about.]
JUMBLINGLY. jum'bling-li, adv. in a
jumbled or confused manner.
JUMP, jump, v.i. to spring upward, or for-
ward, or both: to bound: to pa-sstoas by
a leap. — v.t. to pass by a leap : to skip
over : — pr.p. jump'ing ; pa.p. jumped'.
— )J. act of jumping : a bound. [From a
Teut. root seen in Sw. gtimpa, O. Ger.
gumpcn. to jump.]
JUNCTION, juugk shun, n. a joining, a
union or combination : place or point of
union : a place, not in a town or city,
where two or more railroads meet or
cross one another ; when such a place
becomes a town or city it sometimes re-
tains the word junction in its title of in-
corporation. [See Join.]
JUNCTURE, jungk'tur, n. a joining, a
union : a critical or import ant point of
time. \lu. junctura.'\
JUNE, joon, n. the sixth month, orig. of
26 days, but since Julius Cffisar's time of
30. [L. Junius, the name of the sixth
montli, and also of a Roman gens or
clan, prob. from root of L. juvenis,
junior. Sans, juu-an, yoimg, and so =■
the month of growth.']
JUNGLE, jung'gl, n. land covered with
thick brushwood, etc. — adj. Jcng'LY.
\Ba.ns. jaiigala, desert.]
JUNIOR, joon'yur, adj., younger: less ad-
vanced.— n. one j'ounger or less ad-
vanced. [Contr. of L. juvenior, younger
— juvenis, young.]
JUNIORITY, joo-ni-or'i-ti, JUNIORSHIP,
joo'ni-ur-ship, n. state of being junior.
JUNIPER, j66'ni-per, ri. an evergreen
shrub, the Ijerries of which are used in
making gin. [L. juniperus — juvenis,
young, and pario, to bring forth ; Ut.
young-bearing, from its everg^'een ap-
pearance.]
JUNK, jungk, n. a Chinese vessel, hav-
ing three masts. [Port, junco — Chinese
chiv'an, a boat.]
JUNK, jungk, n. pieces of old cordage,
used for making mats, etc., and when
picked to pieces forming oakum for the
seams of ships : salt meat suppUed to ves-
sels for long voyages, so called because it
becomes as haril as old rope. [L. juneus,
a rush, of which ropes used to be made.]
JUNKET, jung'ket, n. any sweetmeat, so
called from being carried in little baskets
made of rusJies : a stolen entertainment.
— v.i. to feast in secret. — i\t. to feast : —
jir.p. jun'keting ; jia.j). jim'keted. [It.
giuncata — L,. juneus, a rush.]
JUNTA, jun'ta, n. a body of men joined or
united : a Spanish grand council of state:
a word used in the Spanish-American
States for various political combinations,
revolutionary and other. [Sp., a fem.
form of Junto.]
JUNTO, jun'to, n. a body of men joined or
united for some secret intrigue : a con-
federacy : a cabal or faction : — -jsZ. JUN'-
TOS. [Sp. — L. junclus—jungo.]
JUPITER, joo'pi-ter, n. the chief god
among the Romans : tlie largest, and,
next to Venus, tlie brightest of tlie
Slanets. [Contr. from Jovis pater or
Hespiter, "Jove-father" or "Heaven-
father," from Jovis (= Gr. Zeus, Sans.
Dyaus, A.S. Tiir, O. High Ger. Zio, L.
dies, divum, and sig. light, heaven), and
pater, father.]
JURIDICAL, joo-rid'ik-al, adj. relating to
the distribution of justice : pertaining to
a judge : used in courts of law. — adv. Ju-
eid'icaixy. [L. juridicus—jiis, juris, law,
and dico, to declare.]
JURISCONSULT, j66-ris-kon'sult, n. one
who is consulted on the law: a lawyer
who gives opinions on cases put to him :
a jurist. [L. jus, juris, law, and consultus
—con.tido, to consult.]
JURISDICTION, j66-ris-dik'.shun, n. the
distribution of justice : legal authority :
e.xtent of power : distr'^t over whicli any
authority extends.— ady. Jtxrisdic'tionai..
[Fr. — L. jurisdictio. See Just and Dic-
tion.]
JURISPRUDENCE, joo-ris-proo'dens, n.
the scienee or knomedge of lau: [Fr. —
L. jurisprudentia—jus, juris, law, and
prudentia, knowledge. See Just and
Prudence.]
JURIST, joo rist, n. one who professes or
is versed in the science of law, especially
the Roman or civil law : a civilian. [Fr.
juriste.]
JUROR, joo'rur, JURYMAN, joo'ri-man,
n. one who serves on a jury. [Fr.
jureur.]
JURY, joo'ri, n. a body of nor ^iass than
twelve men, selected and su-orn, as pre-
scribed bj' law, to declare the truth on
evidence before them : a committee for
deciding prizes at a pubhc exhibition,
though in this sense confined to England
chiefly — in U.S., such a committee re-
ceives the more dignified and scriptural
title of judges. [Fr. jure, sworn— jurer
— L. jwro, to swear.]
JURYMAST, joo'ri-mast, n. a temporary
mast erected in a ship instead of one
lost or destroyed. [Ety. dub., by some
thought to be an abbrev. of injury-
mast.]
JURY-RUDDER, joo'ri-rud'er, n. a tem-
porary rudder for one lost.
JUSSIEUAN, jus-su'an, adj. in bat. applied
to the natural sj'stem of classifying
plants originally promulgated by J((.s-
sieu, a French botanist, which superseded
the artificial system of Linneeus. The
system has been improved bj' De Can-
dolle, Lindley, the Hookers, and others,
though the broad principles are the same
as originally sketched ovit by its founder.
JUST, n. a tilt. Same as Joust.
JUST, just, adj., lauful : upright : exact :
regular: true: rigliteous.— adr. accurate-
ly : barely. [Fi\ — L. Justus — jus, law.]
JUSTICE, jus'tis, J?, quality of being just :
integrity : impartialitj' : desert : retribu-
tion: a judge : a magistrate : in the U.S.
the term is applied to the lowest order of
the judiciary — the local magistrates or
Justices of the Peace, and to the highest
— the Justices of State and Federal Su-
preme Courts ; the intermediate county,
circuit and district courts being presided
over by judges. [Fr. — L. justitia.]
JUSTICESHIP, jus'tis-ship, n. office or
dignity of a justice or judge.
JUSTICIARY, jus-tish'i-ar-i. JUSTICIAR,
jus-tisli'i-ar. n. an administrator of jus
tice : a chief-justice.
JUSTIFIABLE, jus-ti-fi'a-bl, adj. that may
be justified or defended. — n. Justifi'able-
NESS.— adr. Justifi'ably.
JUSTIFICATION, jus-ti-C-ka'shun, n. vin-
dication : absolution : a plea of sufficient
reason for.
JUSTIFICATIVE, jus'ti-fi-ka-tiv, JUSTI-
FICATORY, jus'ti-fi-ka-tor-i, adj. having
power to justify.
JUSTIFIER, jus'ti-fl-er, n. one who de-
fends, or vindicates : he who pardons and
absolves from guilt and punishment.
JUSTIFY, jus'ti-fl, v.f. to make just: to
prove or sliow to be just or right : to vin-
dicate: to absolve: in printing, to adjust
and cause to fit as type in tlie forms : —
pr.]}. jus'tifj'ing; j>o.p. jus'tified. [Fr. — L.
justijico — Justus, just, and f ado, to make.]
JUSTLE, v.t. Same as Jostle.
JUSTLY, just'Ii, adv. in a just manner :
equitably : uprightly : accuratelj' : by
right.
JUSTNESS, just'nes, n. equity : propriety:
exactness.
JUT, jut, i\i. to shoot forward : to project :
— pr.}}. jutt'ing ; pa.p. jutt'ed. [A form
of Jet.]
JUTE, joot, n. the fibre of an Indian plant
resembling hemp, used in the manufac-
ture of coarse bags, mats, etc. [Orissa
jhot. Sans, jhat.]
JUVENESCENT, joo-ven-es'ent, adj. be-
coming young. — n. Jutenes'cence. [L,
JHvencscens—juvenesco, to grow young.]
JUVENIIiE, joo've-nll or -nil, adj., young:
pertaining or suited to youth : puerile. —
r!.s. Ju'venii.eness, Juvenii/ity. [Fr. —
L. juveuilis — juvenis, j'oung ; akin to
S.ans. j'lnci/n. young.and djuna, sportive.]
JUXTAPOSITION, juks-ta-po-zish'un, n. a
placing or being placed near : contigu-
ity. [L. ju.vta, near, and Position.]
KAFFIR
256
KINDERGARTEN
K
KAFFIR, kafir, n. one of a native race of
S. E. Africa. [Ar. Kafir, unbeliever.]
KAIL, KALE, kal, n. a cabbage with open
curled leaves. [The Nortliern E. form
of Cole.]
KALEIDOSCOPE, ka-ll'do-skop, n. an op-
tical toy in which we see an endless vari-
ety of beautiful colors and forms. [Gr.
Jcalos. beautiful, eidos, form, and skopeo,
to see.]
KALENDAR. KALENDS. Same as Cal-
ENDAB, Calends.
KAMPTULICON, kamp-tu'li-kon, n. a
floorcloth made of gjound cork and
caoutchouc. [Gr. kampto, to bend.]
KANGAROO, kang-gar-oo', n. an Austra-
lian quadruped, remarkable for the
length of its hindlegs and its power of
leaping. [The native name.]
KEDGE, kej, n. a small anchor for keeping
a ship steady and for warping the ship.
— v.t. to move by means of a kedge, to
warp. — ». Kedg'er, a kedge. [Ice. kaggi,
a cask fixed to an anchor as a buoy.]
KEEL, kel, n. the part of a ship extending
along the bottom from stem to stern, and
supporting the whole frame : a low flat-
bottomed boat : (bot.) the lowest petals
of the corolla of a papilionaceous flower.
— v.t. or v.t. to plough with a keel, to nav-
igate : to turn keel upwards. [A.S. ceol,
a ship : Ger. and Dut. kiel : prob. con-
fused with Ice. kiolr, the keel of a ship.]
KEELAGE, kel'aj, n. dues for a free/ or ship
in port.
KEELED, keld, adj. (bot.) keel-shaped:
having a prominence on the back.
KEELHAUL, kel'hawl, v.t. to punish by
hauling under the keel of a ship by ropes
from tihe one side to the other : to treat
a subordinate in a galling manner.
KEELSON, KELSOlir, kel'sun. n. an inner
keel placed right over the outer keel of
a ship, and securely fastened thereto.
[Swed. kolsvin, Norw. kjolsvill, the latter
syllable=Ger. schwelle, E. Sill.]
KEEN, ken, adj. eager: sharp, ha\'ing a
fine edge: piercing: acute of mind: pene-
trating.— adv. Keen'ly. — ??. Keen'ness.
[A.S. cene ; Ger. kiihn, bold ; Ice. A-cerew,
wise. It is from the same root as ken
and can, the orig. sense being able or
knoii}ing.'\
KEEP, kep, v.t. to have the care of : to
guard : to maintain : to have in one's
service : to remain in : to adhere to : to
practice : not to lose : to maintain hold
upon : to restrain from departure : to
preserve in a certain state. — v.i. to re-
main in any position or state : to last
or endure : to a.ihere : — pr.p. keep'ing ;
pa.t. and pa.p. kept.—?;, that which
keeps or protects : the innermost and
strongest part of a castle, the donjon :
a stronghold.— n. Keep'er.— «,. Keep'er-
SHIP, office of a keeper. [A.S. cepan,
orig. to traffic, hence to store up, keep —
ceap. price. See Cheap.]
KEEPING, kep'ing, n. care : just propor-
tion, harmony : (paint.) due proportion
of light and shade.
KEEPSAKE, kep'sak, n. something given
to be kept for the sake of the giver.
KEG. keg, n. a small cask or barrel. [Ice.
kaggi, a cask.]
KELP, kelp, n. the calcined ashes of sea-
weed, once used in making glass. [Ety.
unknown.]
KELPIE. KELPY, kel'pi, n. a water-sprite
in the form of a horse. [Etv. dub.]
KELSON. Same as KEELSO^f.
KEN. ken, v.t. to know: to see and recog-
nize at a distance. — n. reach of knowl-
edge or sight. [Ice. henna, orig. to
cause to know. See Can and Know.]
KENDAL-GREEN, ken'dal-gren, «., green
cloth made at Kendal in Westmoreland.
KENNEL, ken'el, n. a house for dogs: a
pack of hounds : the hole of a fox, etc. :
a haunt. — v.t. to keep in a kennel. — v.i.
to live in a kennel: — pr.p. kenn'elling ;
pa.]}, kenn'elled. [Norm. Fr. keiiil, Fr.
chenil — L. canile — canis, a dog.]
KENNEL, ken'el, n. the water-course of a
street : a gutter. [A form of Canal.]
KENNEI^COAL. Same as Cannel-coal.
KEPT, past tense and past participle of
Keep.
KERBSTONE, kerb'ston, n. a form of CtmB-
STONE.
KERCHIEF, ker'chif, n. (orig.) a square
piece of cloth worn by women to cover
the head: any loose cloth used in dress.
[M.E. couerchef, Fr. couvrechef — cotivrir,
to cover, chef, the head. See Cover and
KERN. ' See QuERN.
KERN, KERNE, kern, n. an Irish foot-sol-
dier. [Ir. cearn, a man.]
KERNEL, kern'el, n. anything in a husk
or shell : the substance in the shell of a
nut : the seed of a pulpy fruit. [Lit. a
grain of corn, A.S. cyrnel, from A.S.
corn, grain, and dim. suffix -el ; Ger.
kern, a grain. See Corn and Grain.]
KERNELLY. kern'el-i, adj. full of or re-
sembling kernels.
KEROSENE, ker'o-sen. n. an oil obtained
from bituminous coal, used for lamps,
etc. [Gr. keros, wax.]
KERSEY, ker'zi, n. a coarse woollen cloth.
[Perh. from Kersej' in Suffolk, where a
woollen trade was once carried on.]
KERSEYMERE, ker-zi-mer' or ker'-, n. a
twilled cloth of the finest wools. [A corr.
of Cassimere, Cashmere.]
KESTREL, kes'trel, n. a small species of
falcon like the sparrow-hawk. [Fr. cres-
serelle, of unknown origin.]
KETCH, kech, n. a small two-masted ves-
sel, generally used as a yacht or as a
bomb-vessel. [Corr. from Turk, qaiq, a
boat, skiff, whence also FV. ca'iqueT]
KETCHUP. Same as Catchup.
KETTLE, ket'l, n. a vessel of metal, for
heating or boiling liquids. [A.S. eetel ;
Ger. Jcessel, Goth, katils ; all conn, with
and perh. borrowed from L. catillus,
dim. of catinus, a deep cooking-vessel.]
KETTLEDRUM, ket'l-drum, n. a drum
made of a metal vessel like a kettle, and
covered with parchment : a tea-party.
[See Drum.]
KEY, ke, n. an instrument for shutting or
opening a lock : that by which some-
thing is screwed or turned : (arc7(.) the
middle stone of an arch : a piece of wood
let into another piece crosswise to pre-
vent warping : (mus.) one of the small
levers in musical instruments for pro-
ducing notes : the fundamental note of
a piece of music : that which explains a
mystery : a book containing answers to
exercises, etc. [A.S. coeg, a key; O. Fris.
kei, kai."]
KEYBOARD, ke'bord, n. the keys or levers
in a piano or organ arrang-ed along a flat
hoard.
KEYHOLE, ke'hol, n. the hoU in which a
key of a door, etc., is inserted.
KEYNOTE, ke'not, n. the key or funda-
mental note of a piece of music.
KEYSTONTE, ke'ston, n. the same as Key,
in arch.
KHAN, kan, n. in N. Asia, a prince or
chief : in Persia, a governor. — n. Khan'-
ATE, the dominion or jurisdiction of a
khan. [Pers. khan, lord or prince, which
is a modification of a Tartar word.]
KHEDIVE, ked'iv, n. the title of the ruler
of Egypt. [Persian khid'iv, prince or
sovereign.]
KIBE, kib, n. a chilblain. [W. cibu-st, from
cih, a cup, expressive of the swollen or
rounded appearance of the disease, and
gwst, a disease.]
KICK, kik, v.t. to hit with the foot.— v.i.
to thrust out tlie foot with violence : to
show opposition. — n. a blow with the
foot. [M.E. kiken — ^W. cicio — eic, the
foot.]
KICKSHAW, kik'shaw, n., something un-
common or fantastical that has no name:
(coofc.) a fantastical dish. [Corr. of Fr.
quelque chose, something.]
KID, kid, n. a young goat. — v.t. or v.i. to
bring forth a goat : — pr.p. kidd'ing ;
pa.p. kidd'ed. [Scand., as in Ice. kidh;
Ger. kitze, a young kid.]
KIPLING, kid'ling, n. a young kid.
KIDNAP, kid'nap, v.t. to steal, as a human
being: — pr.p. kid'napping ; pa.t. and
ja.p. kid'napped. — n. Kid'napper. [Vul-
gar kid (see Km), a child, and vulgar
nab, to steal.]
KIDNEY, kid'ni, n. one of two flattened
glands, on each side of the loins, which
secrete the urine. [M.E. kidn£re—A.S.
cieid, Scot, kijte, Ice. kvidr, the womb,
the belly, and Ice. nyra, Ger. niere, a
kidnev.]
KIDNE'YBEAN, kid'ni-ben, n. a kind of
bea7i shaped like a kidney.
KILDERKIN, kil'der-kin, n. a small barrel;
a liquid measure of 18 gallons. [Old
Dut. kindeken, kinneken. Scot, kitiken,
dim. of Dut. kind, a child.]
KILL, kil, v.t. to put to death : to slay. —
n. Kill'er. [M.E. killen or ctdlen-^lce.
kolla, to hit on the head — kollr, the head ;
or perh. a doublet of Quell.]
KILN, kil, 71. a large oven in which corn,
bricks, etc., are dried : bricks piled for
burning. — v.t. Kiln'-dry, to dry in a kOn.
[A.S. eyln ; Ice. kylna, a drying-house
for corn : ace. to Skeat from" L. eulina,
KILOGRAMME, kil'o-gram, n. a French
measure of weight = 1000 grammes, or
2^ lbs. avoirdupois. [Lit. 1000 grammes,
Gr. chilioi, 1000, and Gramme.]
KILOMETRE, kil'o-me-tr, n. a French
measure, being 1000 metres, or nearly i
of a mile. [Fr.— Gr. chilioi, 1000, and
Metre.]
KILT, kilt, n. a kind of short petticoat,
worn by the Highlandmen of Scotland.
[Northern E. kilt, to tuck up, from Dan.
kilte, to tuck up, cf. Ice. kilting, a skirt.]
KIN, kin, n. persons of the same family :
relatives : relationship : affinity. [A.S.
cyn : Ice. kyn, Goth, kuni, family, race,
from a root gan, to beget, found in L.
genus, Gr. genos. See Genus, also Kind.
Kindred, King.]
KIND, kind, n. those of kin, a race : sort
or species: natiu'e: style: character: prod-
uce, as distinguished from money. — adj.
having the feelings natural for those of
the same family : disposed to do good
to others. — n. "Kind'ness. — adj. KmD'-
hearted. [A.S. cynd — cyn. kin. See
Kin.]
KINDERGARTEN, kin'der-gar-tn, ?i. a kind
of infant's school, intermediate between
the nursery and the primary school, in
which pla3' is combined with a certain
amount of educational training, the latter
being based especially on object lessons,
and in teaching the child to produce
simple articles or objects of an elementary
kind so as to develop the thinking faculty
and mduce habits of order. The name was
given b3' the originator of the system.
Friedrich Froebel. [Ger., lit. children-
garden.]
KINDLE
25?
KNOT
KINDLE, kin'dl, v.t. to set Are to : to light :
to inflame, as the passions : to provolve :
to excite t'y action. — v.i. to take fii-e : to
begin to be excited: to be aroused. — n.
Kin'dler. [Ice. kynda, to set fire to,
kiindyll, a torch, conn, with Candle.]
KIXDLY, kind'li, adj. (orig.) belonging to
tlie Icind or race: natural: benevolent.
—adv. KiND'LY.— ?i. KinD'LINESS.
KINDRED, kin'dred, n. (lit.) state of being
of the same /amiZ^; relatives: relation-
ship:— pi. {B.) families. — adj. related:
congenial. [M. E. kinrede — A. S. cyn,
kin. and the suffix rcBden, expressing
n)ode or condition.]
KIXE, kin, n.pl. (B.) cows. [M. E. ky-en,
a doubled plur. of A. S. cu, a cow, the
plur. of which is cy ; cf. Scotch kye.]
KINEMATICS, kin-i-mat'iks, n. the science
of pure motion without reference to
;orce. — adj. Ktnemat'ical,. [Gr. hinema,
-ritos. motion - -A-'i'neo to move.]
KINETICS, :.-: net'ik.s, n. the science of
motion viewed with reference to its
causes. — adj. Kinet'ic. [Gr. kinetikos,
putting in motion — kineo, to move.]
KING, king, n. the chief ruler of a nation :
a monarch : a card having the picture of
a king : the most important piece in
chess:— /em. QuEEN. — adjs. KlNG'UESS,
King'like. [A.S. cyning — cyn, a tribe ;
Sa.ns. janaka, father — root gan, to beget,
therefore meaning " father," the father
of a tribe, the " king of his own kin ; "
but ace. to Skeat, cyning^cyn (as above)
and suffix -ing, meaning " belonging to,"
son of" the " tribe," the elected chief
of the people. See Kin.]
KING-AT-ARMS, king-at-armz', n. one of
the three chief officers of the Herald's
College.
KTNCJCRAB, king'krab, «. the chief or
largest of the crah genus, most common
in the Molucca Islands.
KINGCRAFT, king'kraft, n. the art of
governing, mostly in a bad sense.
KINGCUP, king'kup, n. the buttercup or
•jpright meadow crowfoot.
KINGDOM, king'dum. n. the state or at-
tributes of a king: the territory of a
king : government : a region : one of the
three g^and divisions of Nat. Hist., as
the animal, vegetable, or mineral.
KINGFISHER, king'fish-er, n. a bird with
very brilliant or kingly plumage, which
feeds on fish, the halcyon.
KINGLET, king'let, n. a httle or petty
king : the golden-crested wren.
KlNGLY. kingli, adj. belonging or suitable
to a king : royal : noble. — adv. Kino'lt.
— n. King'liness.
KING'S BENCH, kingz" bensh, n. the bench
or seat of the king: one of the high courts
of law, so called because the king used to
sit there, called Queen's Beni'i -^-iTag ?,
queen's reign.
KING'S-EVIL, kingZ-e'vI, n. a scrofulo-j.i
disease or evil formerly supposed to be
healed by the touch of the king.
KINSFOLK, kinz'fok, n., folk or people
kindred or related to one another.
KINSMAN, kinz'man, n. a 7nanoi the same
kin or race with another -.—fern. KlNs'-
WOMAN.
BLIOSK, ki-osk', n. an Eastern garden pa-
vilion. [Turk, kieiichk.']
KIPPER, kip'er, n. a salmon in the state
of spamiing : a salmon split open, sea-
.soned, and dried. — v.t. to cure or pre-
serve, as a salmon. [Lit. spaumer — Dut.
kipj^en, to hatch, to seize; Norw. kij^a.]
KIRK, kerk, n. in Scotland, a church. [A
Northern E. form of Church.]
KIRTLE, ker'tl, n. a sort of gown or outer
petticoat: a mantle. [A.S. cyrtel ; D.an.
kiortel: Ice. kyrtill; perh. conn, with
Skirt and Shiet.]
Q
KISS, kis, v.t. to salute by touching with
the lips : to treat with fondness : to touch
gently. — v.i. to salute with tlie lips. — n.
a salute with the lips. — n. Kiss'er. [A.S.
cyssan. to kiss, coss, a kiss ; Ger. kiissen,
Van. kys ; allied to CHOOSE.]
KIT, kit, n. a small wooden tub: asoldiei"'s
outfit. [Dut. kit, kitte, a hooped beer-
can.]
KIT, kit, n. a smail pocket violin. [Con-
tracted from A.S. cytere ; see Cithern ;
Guitar.]
KITCAT, kit'kat, adj. the name of a Lon-
don club in the reign of Queen Anne,
which met at the house of Christopher
Kat : a portrait 28 by 36 inches in size,
so called from the portraits of the Kitcat
Club painted by Sir G. KneUer.
KITCHEN, kich'en, n. a room where food
is cooked : a utensil with a stove for
dressing food, etc. [A^-S. cicen ; Ger.
kilche, Fr. cuisine, all from L. coqaina —
coquor. to cook.]
KITCHEN-GARDEN, kioh'en-gar'dn, n. a
garden where vegetables are cultivated
for the kitchen.
KITCHEN-MAID, kich'en-mad, n. a maid
or servant whose work is in the kitchen.
KITE, kit, n. a rapacious bird of the hawk
kind : a rapacious person : a paper toy
for flving in the air. [A.S. eyta ; cf. w.
cud, Bret, kidel, a hawk.]
KITTEN, kit'n, n. a young caX.—v.i. to
bring forth young cats. rai. E. kyton,
dim. of Cat, Scot, kitting ; L. catulus, a
whelp.]
KLEPTOMANIA, klep-to-ma'ni-a, n. a
mania for stealing: a morbid impulse
to secrete things. [Gr. klepto, to steal,
and mania, madness.]
KLICK. Same as Click.
KNACK, nak, n. a petty contrivance : a
toy : a nice trick : dexterity. [Orig. an
imitative word ; cf. Gael, ewac, Dut. knak,
a crack, Ger. knacken, to crack.]
KNACKER, nak'er, n. a dealer in old
horses and dog's-meat. [From Ice.
knakkr, a saddle.]
KNAG, nag, n. a knot in vi'ood : a peg.
[From a root found in Dan. knag, CJer.
knagge, Ir. and Gael, cnag, a knot in
wood, a knob.]
KNAGGY, nag'i, adj., knotty: rugged.
KINAP, nap, (obs.) v.t. to snap or break
with a snapping noise : — pr.p. knapp'ing ;
pa.p. knapped'. [Perh. from Dut. knap-
pen, to crack or crush ; but cf. Celtic
root cnap.J
KNAPSACK, nap'sak, n. a provision-sack :
a case for necessaries borne by soldiers
and travellers. [Dut. knappen, to crack,
eat, and zak, a sack.]
KNAVE, nav, n. a false, deceitful fellow :
a villain : a card bearing the picture of a
servant or soldier. — n. Knav'ery, dis-
honesty. [A.S. cnafa, cnapa, a boy, a
youth, Ger. knabe, knappe, Gael, kna-
pach,]
KNAVISH, nav'ish, adj. fraudulent : vil-
lainous.— adv. Knav'ishly.
KNEAD, ned, v.t. to work and press to-
gether into a mass, as flour into dough.
— n. Knead'er. [A.S. cncdan; Ice. knoda,
Ger. kneten, to knead.]
KNEADING-TROUGH, ned'ing-truf, n. a.
tnnigh for kneading.
KNEE, ne, n. the joint between the thigh
and shin bones : a piece of timber like a
bent knee. [A.S. cneow, cneo ; G«r. knie,
L. genu, Gr. genu. Sans. j&mi.'\
KNEED, ned, adj., having knees: (bat.)
having angular joints like the knee.
KNEEL, nel, v.i. to bend the knee : to rest
or fall on the knee : — pa.t. and jia.p.
kneeled', knelt. [Formed from Knee.]
KNELL, nel, n. the stroke of a bell : the
sound of a bell at a death or funeral. —
v.i. to sound as a bell : toll. [A.S. eiiyl-
lan, to beat noisily ; Sw. and Ger. knaU,
loud noise ; Ice. gnella, to scream. Low
L. nola, a bell.]
KNEW, nu, past tense of Know.
KNICKERBOCKERS, nik-er-bok'erz, n.pl.
loose breeches gathered in at the knee.
fFrom the wide-breeched Dutchmen in
'■Knickerbocker's" (Washington Irv-
ing's) humorous History of Neiv YorkA
KNICK-KNACK, nik-nak," ??. a trifle ori
toy. [A doubling of Knack.]
KNIFE, nif, n. an instrument for cutting .
a sword or dagger -.^pl. Knives, nJvz.
[A.S. cnif ; Ger. kneif, knife, kneifen, to
ip.]
riFE-i
KNIFE-EDGE, nif-ej, n. (mech.) a sharp
piece of steel like a knife's edge serving
as the axis of a balance, etc.
KNIGHT, nit, n. a man-at-arms : cham=
pion : one admitted in feudal times to a
certain military rank : the rank of gen-
tlemen next below baronets ; a piece
used in the game of chess. — i\t. to cre-
ate a knight. — adj. and adv. Knight'ly.
— Knight op the Shire, a member of
parliament for a county. [Lit. a youth,
a hcrvant, A.S. cniht ; Ger. and Dut.
knecht, Dan. knegt, a servant.]
KNIGHT-ERRANT, nit-er'ant, n. a knight
who travelled in search of adventures. —
n. Knight-ebe'antry.
KNIGHTHOOD, nlt'hood, n. the character
or privilege of a knight: the order or
fraternity of knights.
KNIGHT-MARSHAL, nit-mar'shal, n. aa
officer of the royal household.
KNIGHT-SERVICE, nit-ser'vis, n. tenure
by a knight on condition of military ser-
vice.
KNIT, nit, v.t. to form into a knot : to
tie together : to unite into network by
needles : to cause to grow together : to
unite closely : to draw together, to con-
tract.— v.i. to interweave with needles :
to grow together : — p>r.p>. knitt'ing ; pa.t,
and pa.p. knitt'ed or knit. — «. Knitt'ee.
[A.S. cnyttan : from A.S. cnotta, a knot.]
KNITTING, nit'ing, n. the work of a knit-
ter : union, junction : the network formed
by knitting.
KNIVES, plural of Knife.
KNOB, nob, n. a hai-d protuberance : a hard
swelling : a round ball. [A later form of
E[JNOP.]
KNOBBED, iiobd, adj. containing or set
with knobs.
KNOBBY, nob'i, adj. full of knobs: knotty.
— H. Knobb'iness.
KNOCK, nok, v.i. to strike with something
hard or heavy : to drive or be driven
against : to strike for admittance : to
rap. — v.t. to strike : to drive against. — »j,
a sudden stroke : a rap. [A.S. cntician
— Gael, and Ir. oiag, a crack; Ger. knack-
en, to crack or snap, like Knack and
Crack, orig. imitative of the sound.]
KNOCKER, nok'er, n. the hammer sus-
pended to a door for making a knock.
KNOCK-KNEED, nok'-ned, adj. having
knees that knock or touch in walking.
[Knock and Knee.]
KNOLL, nol, n. a round hillock : the top
of a hill. [A.S. cnol : Ger. knollen, a
knob, lump ; perh. a dim. of Gael, cnoc-
a hill.]
KNOLL, nol. Same as Knell.
KNOP, nop, n. (B.) a knob, a bud. [A.S
ejicpp, Dut. knop, Ger. knojrf'; conn, witli
and ne-'-i 'Isrived from the Celt., as Gael.
enap.]
KNOT, not, n. a wading bird much resem-
bling a snipe, said in Drayton's Polypi
bion to be named from king Canute, with
whom it was a favorite article of food.
KNOT, not, n. anything confusedly fafU
ened or twisted, as threads, etc.: a figura
KNOT-GKASS
the lines of which are interlaced : a bond
of union : a diflScuIty : a cluster : the
part of a tree where a branch shoots
out : an epaulet : pad for supporting-
burdens carried on the head : (naut.) a
division of the log-hne, a mile. — v.t. to
tie in a knot : to unite closely. — v.i. to
form knots or joints : to knit knots for
a fringe -.—pr.p. knott'ing ; pa.t. and
•pa.p. knott'ed. [A.S. ciiotta ; Ger. knot-
en. Dan. knude, L. nodus for gnodus.]
KNOT-GRASS, not'-gras. n. a common
weed or grass, so called from the joints
or knots of its stem.
KNOTTY, not'i, adj. containing- knots :
hard, rugged: difficult, intricate. — n.
Kxott'iness.
KNOUT, nowt, n. a whip formerlj' used as
an instrument of punishment in Russia :
punish ment inflicted by the knout. [Russ.
knute.]
KNOW, no, i:t. to be informed of : to be as-
sured of: to be acquainted with: to recog-
nize: (B.) to approve :-^jr.j>. know'ing;
pa.t. knew (nu) ; 2M.p. known (non). — n.
Know'ableness. [A.S. cnairan: Ice. k7m,
Russ. znate, L. nosco for gnoseo, Gr. gig-
noskO, Sans. j>ia.]
KNOWING, no'ing, adj. intelligent : skill-
ful: cunning. — adv. Know'inglt.
KNOWLEDGE, nol'ej, n. assured belief:
that which is known : information, in-
struction: enlightenment, learning: prac-
tical skill. [M.E. knoideche, where -leche
is the Northern form of the sufiix in ived-
lock. being A.S. lac, gift, sport. See
Lakk, a game.]
KNUCKLE, nuk'l, n. projecting joint of
the fingers : (cook.) the knee-joint of a
calf or pig. — v.i. to bend the fingers: to
yield. [M.E. knokil ; prob. from a (not
found) A.S. form, like Dut. and Dan.
knokel. ]
KOBOLD, ko'bold, n. same as Goblin.
KOPECK, ko'pek, n. a Russian copper coin
about the size of a cent.
KORAN, ko'ran, n. the Mohammedan
Scriptures : Alcoran. [Lit. reading, the
book — Ar. quran, reading— root qara-a,
he read.]
KRAAL, kral, n. a Hottentot -sallage or
hut, so named by the Dutch settlers from
the huts being arranged like a coral, or
string of beads.
KRAKEN, kra'ken, n. a fabled sea-animal
of enormous size. [Scand.]
KREATIN, KREOSOTE. See Creatin,
Creosote.
KREESE. See Ceease, a Malay dagger.
KYANIZE, ki'an-Iz, v.t. to preserve wood
from dry-rot by Immersing it in a solu-
tion of corrosive sublimate. [Kyan, the
inventor.]
KYRIE, kir'i-e, n. (lit.) O Lord : the first
word of all masses : (music) a part of a
mass. [Voc. case of Gr. kj/rios. Lord.]
KYTHE, kith (Scot.), v.t. to make known.
— v.i. to show one's self, to appear. [Scot.
— A.S. cythan, to make known. See Un-
OOCTH.]
LA, la, int., lo! seel behold I ah I indeed I
[A.S.]
jLABARUM, lab'a-rum, n. a Roman mili-
tary standard, adopted as the imperial
standard after Constantine's conversion.
It bore the Greek letters XP (Chr), joined
in a monogram, to signify the name of
Christ. [Gr.]
LABEL, la he\, n. a small slip of writing
affixed to anything to denote its contents,
ownership, etc.: (law) a paper annexed
to a will, as a codicil : (her.) a fillet with
258
pendants : (arch.) the dripstone over a
Gothic window or doorway arch. — v.t. to
affix a label to: — pr.p. la'belling ; pa.t.
and pa.p. la'belled. [O. Fr. label (Fr.
lambeau) ; perh. from O. Ger. lappa (Ger.
lappen).]
LABELLUM, la-bel'um, Ji. the lower petal
of a flower, esp. an orchis. [L. dim. of
labium, a lip.]
LABIAL, la'bi-al, adj. pertaining to the
lips: formed by the lips. — n. a sound
formed by the lips: a letter representing
such a sound as b, p. — adv. La'bially.
[Fr. — L. labium, a lip. See Lip.]
LABIATE, la'bi-at, LABIATED. hVbi-at-ed,
adj. (bot.) having two unequal divisions,
as in the monopetalous corolla of the
mints. [See LabIAL.]
LABIODENTAL, la-bi-o-dent'al. adj. pro-
nounced both by the ^?ps and teeth. [L.
labium, a lip. Dental.]
LABORATORY, lab'or-a-tor-i, n. a chem-
ist's workroom: a place where scientific
experiments are systematically carried
on : a place for the manufacture of arms
and war-material : a place where any-
thing is prepared for use. [L. laborare —
labor, work.]
LABOR, la'bur. n. toil or exertion, esp.
wlien fatiguing: work : pains: duties: a
task requiring hard work: the pangs of
childbirth. — v.i. to undergo labor: to
work : to take pains : to be oppressed :
to move slowly: to be in travail : (naut.)
to pitch and roll heavily. [Fr. labeui —
L. labor.1
LABORED, la'burd, adj. beai'ing marks of
labor or effort in tiie execution.
LABORER, la'bur-er, n. one who labors:
one who does work requiring little skill.
LABORIOUS, la-bo'ri-us, adj. full of labor :
toilsome : wearisome : devoted to labor :
industrious. — adv. Labo'riously. — n. La-
bo'eiousness. [Fr. laborieiuc — L. labori-
osus — labor.'\
LABURNUM, la-bur'num, n. a small tree
with beautiful yellow flowers, a native
of the Alps. [L.]
LABYTIINTH, lab'i-rinth, n. (orig.) a build-
ing consisting of halls connected by in-
tricate passagres : a place full of inextri-
cable windings: an inexplicable dilhculty:
(anat.) the cavities of the internal ear.
[Fr. labyrinthe — L. labyrinthus — Gr.
labyrinthos ; akin to laura, a passage.]
LABYRINTHIAN, lab-i-rinth'i-an, LABY-
RINTHINE, lab-i-rinth'in, adj. pertain-
ing to or like a labyrinth : winding : in-
tricate : perplexing.
LABYRINTHIFORM, lab - i - rinth'i - form,
adj. having tlie form of a labyrinth: in-
tricate.
LAC,'lak, n. the term used in the E. Indies
for 100,000, primarily applied to money.
At the exchange of 50c. for the rupee, a
lac=$50,000. [Hind, lak. Sans, laksha,
100,000, a mark.]
LAC, lak, 71. a resinous substance, pro-
duced on trees in the East by the lac
insect, used in dyeing. [Pers. lak ; Sans.
laksha — ranj, to dye.]
LACE, las, 11. a plated string for fastening :
an ornamental fabric of fine thread
curiouslj- woven. — v.t. to fasten with a
lace : to adorn with lace. [Fr. lacer, to
lace — L. kiqueus, a noose.]
LACERABLE, las'er-a-bl, adj. that may be
lacerated or torn.
LACERATE, las'er-at, v.t. to tear: to
rend : to wound : to afflict. [L. lacero,
-atum, to tear — lacer, torn ; akin to Gr.
lakis and rakoi, a rent.]
LACERATION, las-er-a'shun, n. act of lac-
erating or tearing : the rent or breach
made bv tearing.
LACERATrVE, las'er-a-tiv, adj., tearing:
having power to tear.
LADE *
LACHRYMAL, lak'ri-raal, adj. pertainiug
to tears : secreting or conveying tears. —
n. same as Lachrymatory. [L. lachryma
(properly laerima), a tear ; akin to Gr.
dukru. E. Tear.]
LACHRYMARY, lak'ri-mar-i, adj. contain-
ing tears.
LACHRYMATORY, lak'ri-ma-tor-i, n. a
vessel anciently Interred with a deceased
person, symbolizing the tears shed foi- his
loss. [LowL. laci-ym.atorium—lachryma.\
LACHRYMOSE, lak'ri-mos, adj. full of
tears : generating- or shedding tears. —
adv. Lach'rymosely.
LACING, las'ing, n. a fastening with a
lace or cord through eyelet-holes: a
cord used in fastening.
LACK, lak, r.t. and v.i. to want : to be in
want : to be destitute of. — n. want : des-
titution. [From an O. Low Ger. root
found in Dut. lak, blemish ; Ice. lahr,
defective ; akin to Lax and Slack.]
LACKADAISICAL, lak-a-da'zi-kal, adj.
affectedly pensive, sentimental. [Alack-
a-day. See Alack.]
LACK-A-DAY, lak-a-da', int. see Alack-
A-DAY.
L4CKER. See I^cquer.
Lackey, lak'i, n. a menial attendant : a
footman or footboy. — v.t. »nd v.i. to pay
servile attendance : to act as a footman.
[O. Fr. laquay, Fr. laquais — 8p. lacayo,
a lackey ; of uncertam origin, perh.
Arab.]
LACONIC, la-kon'ik, LACONICAL, la-kon'-
ik-al, adj. expressing in few words after
the manner of the Laeones or Spiaiians :
concise : pithy. — adv. Lacon'ically. [I*
— Gr. Lakoni'kos — Lakon, a Laconian.J
LACONISM, lak'on-izm, LACONICISM, lap
kon'i-sizm, n. a laconic or concise style!
a short, pithy phrase.
LACQUER, LACKER, lak'er, n. a varnish
made of lac and alcohol. — v.t. to covet
with lacquer : to varnish. [Fr. laqtie —
Lac]
LACQUERER, lak'er-er, n. one who var-
nishes or covers with lacquer.
LACTATION, lak-ta'shun. n. the act of
giNnng milk : the period of suckling. [See
Lacteal.]
LACTEAL, lak'te-al, adj. pertaining to or
resembhng milk: conveying chyle. — «.
one of tlie absorbent vessels of the in-
testines which convey the chyle to the
thoracic ducts. [L. lac, lactis, akin to
Gr. gala, galaktos. milk.]
LACTESCENT, lak-tes'ent, adj. turning ta|
milk : producing milk or white juice
milkj'. — ?i. Lactes'cence. [L. lacteeco,
to turn to milk — lac]
LACTIC, lak'tik, adj. pertaining to nn'Zfc.—
Lactic Acid, an acid obtained from milk.
LACTIFEROUS, lak-tif'er-us, adj. produc-
ing milk or white juice. [L. lac, and fero,
to bear.]
LACUNA, la-ku'na, n. a gap or hiatus. [LI;
LACUSTRAL, la-kus'tral. LACUSTRINl^
la-Uus'trin, adj. pertaining to lakes.
J From L. lacus, a lake.]
D, lad, n. a boy: a youth -.—fern. Lass.
[W. llawd ; Ir. lath, a youth, champion,
perh. cognate with Goth, lautlis, from
liudan, to grow, and so akin to Ger. lodt
or latte. a shoot.]
LADANUM, lad'a-num, n. a resinous exuda-
tion from the leaves of a shrub growing
round the Mediterranean. [L. — Gr. led
anon — Pers. ladan. See Laudakum. ]
LADDER, lad'er, n. a frame made with
steps placed between two upright pieces,
by which one may ascend a building,
etc. : anj-thing by which one ascends : a
gradual rise. [A.S. hlceder ; O. Ger.
Ideitra. Ger. leiter.]
LADE, lad, v.t. a form of Load. [See
Load.]
LADE
25^
LAND-TAX
LADE, lad, v.t. to throw in or out, as a
fluid, with a ladle or dipper. [A.S.
hkidan.]
LADEN, lad'n, adj., laded or loaded : op-
pressed.
LADING, lad'ing, 7i. that which lades or
loads: load : cargo : freight. [See Load.]
LADLE, lad'l, n. a large spoon for lading
or lifting out liquid from a vessel : the
receptacle of a mill-wheel which receives
the water that turns it. [See Lade, to
throw in or out.]
LADY, la di, n. the mistress of a house :
a wife : a title of the wives of knights,
and all degrees above them, and of the
daughters of earls and all higher ranks :
a title of complaisance to any woman of
refined manners. [A.S. hlcef<Uge — Jdcef,
a loaf, bread, and dcegee, a kneader, and
thus lit. a bread-k Header, or = hldf-
weardige {i.e. loaf-keeper, bread-distribu-
ter, see "Ward), and thus a contr. fem. of
Lord.]
LADYBIRD, lii'di-berd, n. a genus of little
beetles, usually of a brilliant red or yellow
color, called also Ladybug, Ladycow.
[Lit. " Our Lady's " bug ; Lady = Vii-gin
Sdarv, and Bird, a corruption of BUG.J
LAD"^-CHAPEL, la'di-chap'el, n. a chapel
dedicated to " Our Lady," the Virgin
MaiT.
LADYDAY. la'di-da. n. the 25th March,
the day of the Annunciation of " Our
Lady," the Virgin Mary.
lADYFERN, la'di-fern, n. one of the pretti-
est varieties of British ferns.
LADYLIKE, la'di-llk, adj., like a lady in
manners : soft, deUcate.
LADYLOVE, la'di-lu"', n. a lady or woman
loved : a sweetheart
LADYSHIP, laMi-ship, :.. the title of a
lady. [See Lady.)
LAG, lag, adj., slack: sluggish: coming
behind. — n. he who or that which comes
behind: the fag-end. — v.i. to move or
walk slowly: to loiter: — pr.p. lagg'ing;
pa.p. lagged'. [From the Celt., as in W.
Hag, loose, sluggish, Gael, lag, feeble ;
akin to Gr. lagaros, slack, L. la.rus, loose.]
LAGGARD, lag'ard, adj., lagging : slow;
LAGGAED,' lag'ard, LAGGER, lag'er, n.
one who lags or stays behind : a loiterer:
an idler.
LAGGINGLY, lagg'ing-!!, adv. in a lagging
manner.
LAGK)ON, LAGUNE, la-goon', n. a shallow
lake or pond into which the sea flows.
[It. lagiina — L. lacuna, from root of
Lake.]
LAIC, LAICAL. See Lay, adj.
LAID, jpn.t. andpa.j). of Lay.
LAIN, pa.p. of Lie, to rest.
LAIR, lar, n. a lying-place, esp. the den or
retreat of a. wild beast. [A.S. leger, a
couch — licgan, to lie down ; Dut. leger,
Ger. lager. "^
LAITY, la'i-ti, n. the people as distinct
from the clergy. [See Lay, Laic]
LAKE, lak, n. a color Uke lac, generally of
a deep red. [Fr. laque. See Lac, a res-
inous substance.]
LAKE, lak, n. a large body of water within
land. — Lake dwellings were settlements
in prehistoric times, which were built on
piles driven into a lake, and of which
many remains have bee. discovered in
late years. [A.S. lac — L. lacus, akin to
Gr. lakkos. a pit. a pond.]
LAKELET, lak'let, n. a little lake.
LAKH, n. See Lac, term used for 100,000.
LAKY, lak'i, adj. pertaining to a lake or
lakes.
LAMA, n. an animal. See Llama.
LAMA, la'ma, n. a Buddhist priest in Tibet.
[Tib. llama, spiritual teacher or lord.]
LAMAISM, la'ma-izm, n. the religion pre-
vailing in Tibet and Mongolia, a develop-
ment of Buddhism, the object of worship
being the Grand Lama.
LAMB, lam. n. the young of a sheep : one
innocent and gentle as a lamb : the Sav-
iour of the world. — v.i. to bring forth
young, as sheep. [A.S.]
LAJIBENT, lam'bent, adj. moving about
as if licking, or touching lightlj' : play-
ing about : gliding over : flickering. [L.
lambens—lambo, to lick.]
LAMBKIN, lam'kin, n. a little lamb.
LAMBLIKE, lam'Uk, adj. like a lamb:
gentle.
LAME, lam, adj. disabled in the limbs:
hobbling : unsatisfactory : imperfect. —
v.t. to make lame : to cripple : to render
imperfect. — adv. Lame'ly. — n. Lame'-
NESS. [A.S. lama, lame ; Ice. lami,
broken, enfeebled, from lama, to break.]
LAMEN'T, la-ment', i\i. to utter grief in
outcries: to wail: to mourn. — v.t. to
mourn for : to deplore. — ii. sorrow ex-
•pressed in cries : an elegy or mournful
ballad. [Fr. lamenter — L. Wmenfor, akin
to clamc , to crj' out.]
LAIVIENTAB^.E. laru'ent-a-bl, adj. deserv-
ing or expressing sorrow : sad : pitiful,
despicable. — adv. Lam'eni'aBLY.
LAIMENTATION, lam-en-tashun, n. act
of lamenting : audible expression of grief .
wailing : — jjl. (B.) a book of Jeremiah, so
called from its contents.
LAMENTINGLY, la-raent'ing-li, adv., vrith
lamentation.
LAMINA, lam'i-na, n. a thin plate . a thin
layer or coat lying over another : — pi.
Lamin.e, lan-.i-ce. — adj. LAtfiNABLE.
L<oilNAIl, lam'i-nar, adj. in lamince or
thin plates : consisting of or resembling
thin plates.
LAMINATE, lam'i-nat, LAMINATED,
lam'i-nat-ed, adj. in laminae or thin
plates : consisting of scales or layers,
one over another. — n. Lamina'tion, the
arrangement of stratified rocks in thin
lamince or layers.
LAMINIFEROtrS, lam-in-if'er-us, adj. con-
sisting of laminse or layers. [L. lamina,
and /pro, to bear.]
LAMISH, iam'ish, adj. a little lame : hob-
bling.
LAMJIAS, lam'as, n., loaf-mass or feast of
first-fruits, on 1st August. [A.S. hlaf-
moesse and hlammcesse — hlaf, loaf, and
mcesse. feast.]
LAMP, lamp, n. a vessel for burning oil
with a wick, and so giving light: a light
of any kind. [Fr. lampe — Gr. lampas —
lampo, to shine.]
LAMPBLACK, lamp'blak, ?i. the btacA; sub-
stance formed by the smoke of a lam,p :
a fine soot formed of the smoke of pitcn,
etc.
LAMPOON, lam-poon', 7i. a personal satire
in writing : low censure. — v.t. to assail
with personal satire : to satirize ■.—ipr.x>.
lampoon'ing ; pa.p. lampooned'. [O. Fr.
lampon, orig. a drinking-song, with the
refrain lampons=\et us drink — tamper (or
taper, to lap), to drink.]
LAMPOONER, lam-poon'er, ?!. one who
writes a lampoon, or abuses with per-
sonal satire.
LAMPOONRY, lam-p55n'ri, n. practice of
lampooning: written personal abuse or
satire.
LAMPREY, lam'pre. )i. a genus of cartilagi-
nous fishes resembling the eel, so called
from their attaching themselves to rocks
or stones by their mouths. [Fr. tamproie
— Low L. lampreda, lampetra — L. lambo,
to lick, am.] petra, rock.]
LANCE, lans, n. a long sliaft of wood, with
a spear-head, and bearing a small flag. —
v.t. to pierce with a lance : to open with
a lancet. [Fr. — L. laneea, akin to Gr.
longche, a lance.]
LANCEOLATE, lan'se-o-lat, LANCEO-
LATED, lan'se-o-Iat-ed, adj. (bat.) hav-
ing the form of a lance-head : tapering
toward both ends. [L. lanceolatits-^
laneeola, dim. of lanceaT]
LANCER, lan'ser, n. name given to a kind
of cavalry armed with a lance :—pl. a
kind of dance.
LAJNCET. lan'set, n. a surgical instrument
used for opening veins, etc. : a high and
narrow window, pointed like a laace.
[Fr. lancette, dim. of lance.]
LANCH. Same as Launch.
LAND, land, n. earth, the solid portion of
the surface of the globe : a country : a
district: soil : real estate : a nation or
people. — v.t. to set on land or on shore.
— v.i. to come on land or on shore. [A.S.;
found in all the Teut. languages.]
LANDAU, lan'daw, n. a coach or carriage
with a top which may be opened and
thrown back, so called from Landau in
Germanj'.
LANDBREEZE, land'brez, n. a breeze set-
ting from the land towards the sea.
LANDCRAB, land'krab, n. a family of
crabs wliich Uve much or chiefly on land.
LANDFLOOD. land'flud, n. a flooding or
overflowing of land by water • inunda-
tion.
LANDFORCE. laadfors, n. a military /orce
serving on land, as distinguished "from a
naval force.
LANDGRAVE, land'grav, n. a German
earl. — ns. Landgra'viate, the territory
of a landgrave. Landgravine, land'gra-
ven, the wife of a landgrave. [Lit.
" land-earl," Land, and Grer. graf, earl,
fem. griifiti.l
LANDHOLDER, land'hold-er, n. a holder
or proprietor of land.
LANDING, land'ing, n. act of going on
land from a vessel : a place for getting
on shore : the level part of a staircase
between the flights of steps. — adj. relat-
ing: to the unloading of a vessel's cargo.
LANDLADY, land'la-di, n. a lady or wo-
man who has property in lands or houses:
the mistress of an inn or lodging-house.
LANDLOCK, landlok, v.t. to lock or in-
close by la7id.
LANDLORD, land'lord, n. the lord or own-
er of land or houses : the master of an
inn or lodging-house.
LAND-LUBBER, land'-lub'er, n. a lands-
man, a term used by sailors.
LANDMARK, land'mark, n. anj-thing- serv-
ing to mark the boundaries of lancl : any
object on land that serves as a guide to
seamen.
LANDRAIL, land'ral, n. the crake or corn-
crake, so named from its cry. [Lard and
Rail.]
LANDSCAPE, land'skap. n. the shape or
appearance of that portion of land which
the eye can at once view: the aspect of
a country', or a picture representing it.
[Borrowed from the Dutch artists, Dut.
landschap, lit. the form or fashion of the
land, from land and -schap, a suffix =
A.S. -scipe, and the mod. E. -ship.]
LANDSLIP, land'slip, n. a portion of land
that falls down, generally from the side
of a hill, usually due to the underrain-
intr eff'ect of water.
LA>JDSMAN, landz ' man, LANDMAN,
land'man, n. a man who lives or serves
on land : one inexperienced in sea-far-
LAl?b-STEWARD, land' - stu'ard, n. a
steward or person who manages a landed
estate.
LAND-TAX, land'-takSjM. a tax upon land.
LAND WAITER
260
LATCHET
LAND-WAITER, land'-wat'er, n. a cus-
tom-house officer who ivaits or attends
on the landing ot goods from ships.
[Land and Waiter.]
Landward, land'ward, adv. towards
the land.— adj. lying toward the land,
away from the seacoast: situated in or
forming part of the country, as opposed
to the town: rural.
LANE. Ian, n. an open space between
corn-fields, hedges, etc. : a narrow pas-
sage or road): a narrow street. [A.S.
lane : Scot, loan. North E. Zonnira, Dut.
laan.]
LANGUAGE, lang'gwaj, n. that which is
spoken by the tongue: liuman speech;
speech peculiar to a nation : style or ex-
pression peculiar to an individual : dic-
tion : any manner of expressing- thought.
[Fr. langage — langue — L. lingua (old form
aingua), the tongue, akin to L. lingo,
Gr. leicho, Sans, lih, to lick.]
LANGUID, lang'gwid, adj., slackor feeble :
flagging : exhausted : sluggish : spiritless.
— adv. LAN'GniDLY. — n. Lan'ouidness.
[L. languidus — langueo, to be weak, conn,
with LagJ
LANGUISH, lang'gwish, v.i. to become
languid or enfeebled : to lose strength
and animation : to pine : to become dull,
as of trade. [Fr. languii — L. langueseo —
langtieo.]
LANGUISHINGLY, lang'gwish-ing-li, adv.
in a languishing, weak, dull, or tender
manner.
LANGUISHMENT, lang'gwish-ment, n.
the act or state of languishing : tender-
ness of look.
LANGUOR, lang'gwur, n. state of being
languid or faint : dullness : listlessness :
softness.
LANIARD. Same as LANYARD.
LANIFEROUS,lan-if'er-us,LANIGEROUS,
lan-ij'er-iis, adj., wool-bearing. [L. lani-
fer. laniger — lana, wool, and fero, gero,
to bear.]
Lank, langk, adj. (lit.) faint or weak:
languid or drooping: soft or loose : thin.
— adv. Lank'ly.— /t. Lank'ness. [A.S.
hlanc ; Dut. slank, Ger. schlank, slender,
conn, with Lag and SLACK.]
LANSQUENET, lans'ke-net, n. a German
foot-soldier: a game at cards. [Fr.^
Ger. landsknecht — land, country, and
knecht, a soldier.]
LANTERN, lant'ern, it. a case for holding
or carrying a light: a drum-shaped
erection surmounting a dome to give
light and to crown the fabric : the upper
square cage whicli illuminates a cori'idor
or gallery. — v.t. to furnish witli a lantern.
[Fr. lanterne — L. lanterna — Gr. lampter
— lampo. to give light.]
LANTHORN, n. an obsolete spelling of
Lantern, arising from the use of horn
for the sides of lanterns.
LANYARD, LANIARD, lan'yard, n. the
lanyards are short ropes used on board
ship for fastening or stretching. [Fr.
lani&re, perh. from L. lanarius, made of
wool — lana, wool.]
LAP, lap, v.t. or v.i. to lick up with the
tongue: — pr.p. lapp'ing; pa.t. a,nA pa.p.
lapped'. [A.S. lapian; Fr. taper, Gr. /oyj-
to, allied to L. lambo. Sans, lih, to lick.]
LAP, lap, n. the loose or overhanging^a/)
of anything : the part of the clothes Ijing
on the knees when a person sits down :
the part of the body thus covered : a fold.
— v.t. to lay over or on. — v.i. to be spread
on or over : to be turned over or upon.
[A.S. la;ppa, a loosely hanging part; Ice.
lapa. to hang loose, Ger. lappen. any-
thing hanging loose ; conn, with Flap.]
LAP, lap, v.i. to wrap, fold, involve. [M.E.
tclappen. l)eing a form of Wrap. See
Envelope.]
LAPEL, la-pel', n. the part of tlie breast
of a coat which folds over like a lap. —
adj. Lapelled'. [Dim of Lap.]
LAPFUL. lap'fool, M. as much sisjillsa, lap.
LAPIDARY, lap'i-dar-i, adj. pertaining to
the cutting of stones. — n. a cutter ot
stones, esp. precious stones: a dealer in
precious stones. [L. lapidarius — lapis,
lapidis, a stone.]
LAPIDESCENT, lap-id-es'ent, adj. becom-
ing stone: having the quality of petrify-
ing or turning to stone. — n. Lapides'-
CENCE. [L. lapidesco, to become stone.]
LAPIDIFY, la-pid'i-fi, v.t. to 7nake into
stone. — v.i. to turn into stone: — pr.p.
lapid'ifying ; pa.p. lapid'ified. — n. Lapid-
ifica'tion. [L. lapis, nadfacio, to make.]
LAPIDIST, lap'id-ist, n. Same as Lapi-
dary.
LAPPER, lap'er, n. one who laps, wraps,
or folds.
LAPPET, lap'et, n. a little lap or flap.—
adj. Lapp'eted. [Dim. of Lap.]
LAPSE, laps, v.i. to slip or glide : to pass
by degrees : to fall from the faith or from
virtue : to fail in duty : to pass to an-
other proprietor by the negligence of
a patron, etc. : to become void. — n. a
slipping or falling : a failing in duty : a
fault: a gliding, a passing. [L. labor,
lapsus, to slip or fall, akin to Lap and
Flap.]
LAPWING, lap'wing, n. the name of a bird
of the plover family, also called peewit,
from its peculiar cry. [M.E. lappewinke
— A.S. hleapewince — hleapan, to leap or
run, and root of wink, which like Ger.
wanken orig. meant to move from side to
side ; the name is descriptive of the move-
ment of the bird.]
LAR, lar, n. among- the ancient Romans,
a household god, supposed to be animated
by the soul of a deceased ancestor •.—pi.
Lares, la'rez. [L.]
LARBOARD, lar'liord. n. an obsolete naval
term for tlie left side of a ship looking
from the stern, now substituted by the
term port, to prevent the mistakes
caused bv its resemblance in sound to
starboard. — adj. pertaining to the lar-
board side. [Ety. dub.]
LARCENIST. lar'sen-ist, n. one who com-
mits larceny : a thief.
LARCENY, lar'sen-i, n. the legal term for
stealing : theft. [Fr. larcin — L. latrocin-
ium — latro, Qr. latris, a robber.]
LARCH, larch, n. a cone-bearing kind of
pine-tree. [L. and Gr. larix.l
LARD, lard, n. tlie melted fat of swine. —
v.t. to smear with lard: to stuff with
bacon or pork : to fatten : to mix with
anything. [Fr. — d. laridum or lardum ;
akin to Fr. larinos, fat — laros, sweet or
dainty.]
LARDACEOUS, lard-a'shus, adj. of or like
lard.
LARDER, lard'er, n. a room or place where
meat, etc., is kept. [Lit. a place where
lard is kept.]
LARDY, lard'i, adj. containing lard: full
of lard.
LARGE, l§.rj, adj. great in size : extensive :
bulky: wide: long: abundant. — adv.
Large'ly. — n. Large'ness. — At large,
without restraint or confinement : fully.
[Fr. — L. ZargfM.sJ
LARGE-HEARTED, larj'-hart'ed, adj hav-
ing a large heart or lil)eral disposition :
generous.
LARGESS, larj'es, n. a present or donation.
[Fr. largesse — L. largitio—largior, to give
freely — largus.]
LARIAT, lar i-at, n. a lasso. [Sp.]
L.\RK, lark, n. a well-known singing-bird.
— v.t. to catch larks. [Scot, and M. E.
laverock— A.S. laicerce; Dut. leeuverik,
lercke, Ger. lerclui.}
LARK, lark, n. a game, frolic. [A, S. lac,
which appears as suffix in kaow-ledge,
and wed-lock.]
LARKSPUR, lark'spur, 7t. a plant with
showy flowers.
LARUM, lar'um, n., alarm: a noise giving
notice of danger. [A contr. of Alarm.]
LARVA, lar'va, n. an insect in its first
stage after issuing from the egg, i.e. in
the caterpillar state:— jjZ. Larv.*; (lar'-
ve). — adj. Lar'val. [L. larva, a spectre,
a mcsk, a fanciful name applied to the
caterpillar, because it hides as in a mask
its higher life.
LAR\NGITIS, lar-in-ji'tis, ?i. inflammation
of the larynx.
LARYNGOSCOPE, la-ring'go-skop, m. a
kind of reflecting mirror for examining
the larynx and the throat. [Gr. larynx,
and skopeo. to behold.]
LARYNX, lar'ingks or lar'ingks, n. the
upper part of the windpipe : the throat.
— adjs. Laryn'geal, Laryn'gean. [Gr.
larynx, laryngos.]
LASCAR, las'kar, n. a native East Indian
sailor. [Hind. — Pers. lashkar, an army,
from which lashkari, a camp-follower.]
LASCIVIOUS, las-siv'i-us, adj. lustful:
tending to produce lustful emotions. —
adv. Lasciv'iously. — n. Lasciv'iousness.
[L. lascivus; Sans, lash, to desire.]
LASH, lash, n. a thong or cord : the flexible
part of a whip : a stroke with a whip or
anything pliant : a stroke of satire, a
sharp retort. — v.t. to strike with a lash:
to whip : to dash against : to fasten or
secure with a rope or cord : to censure
severely : to scourge with sarcasm or
satire. — v.i. to use the whip: to attack
severely. [From a Teut. root, seen in O.
Low Ger. laske, a flap, Ger. lasche, a
stripe or flap, influenced perh. by Fr.
forms from L. laqueus, a snare, and laX'
us, loose.]
LASHER, lash'er, n. one who lashes or
whips.
LASHING, lash'iag, n. a whipping with a
lash : a chastisement : a rope for making
anything fast.
LASS, las, n. {fern, ot Lad) a girl. esp. a
country girl. [Prob. a contr. of ladaess,
formed from Lad ; or directly from W.
llodes. fem. of llawd, a Lad.]
LASSITUDE, las'i-tud, n.,/aiHfness; weak-
ness : weariness: languor. [Fr. — L. lasa-
itudo — lassiis, faint : akin to Languid.]
LASSO, las'6. ?(. a rope with a noose for
catching wild horses, etc.:— pi. LaSS'OS.
— v.t. to ciitch with the lasso: — pr.p.
lass'oing; jm.p. lass'oed. [Port. lafO,
Sp. lazo — L. laqueus, a noose. See
Latch.]
LAST, last, n. a wooden mould of the foot
on which boots and shoes are made. — v.t.
to fit with a last. [A.S. last, Goth, laists,
a footm.ark.]
LAST, last, v.i. to continue, endure. [Same
word as above, and lit. meaning to fol-
low a trace or footmark, and so to follow
out. to continue.]
LAST, Last, n. a weight generally estimated
at 4000 lbs., but varying in different ar-
ticles : a ship's cargo. [A.S. hlcest —
hladan, to load; Ger. last, Ice. hlass.]
LAST, last, adj.. latest: coming after all
the others : final : next before the pres-
ent: utmost: meanest — advs. Last,
Last'ly. [A contr. of Latest.]
LASTINGLY, last'ing-li, adv. in a lasting
or enduring manner.
LATCH, lach, n. a small piece'of wood or
iron to fasten a door.— v.t. to fasten with
a latch. [A.S. Iceccan, to catch ; akin to
L. laqueus. See Lace.
LATCHET, lach'et, n. a lace or buckle for
fastening a shoe. [Dim. of Latch.]
LATCHKEY
261
LAY
LATCHKEY, lach'ke, n. a key to raise the
lateh of a door.
LATE, lat, adj. (comp. Lat'er ; superl.
Lat'EST), slow, tardy : behindhand :
coming after the expected time : long
delayed : far advanced towards the
close : last in any place or character :
deceased : departed : out of office : not
long past. — advs. Late, Late'ly. — n.
Late'ness, state of being late. [A.S.
lat. slow; Dut. laat, Ice. latr, Ger. lass,
weary : L. lasstis, tired.]
LATEEN, la-ten', adj. applied to a tri-
angular sail, common in the Mediter-
ranean. [Lit. Latin or Roman sails, Fr.
— L. Latinus, Latin.]
LATENCY, la'ten-si, n. state of being
latent.
LATENT, la'tent, adj., lying hid: con-
cealed : not visible or apparent : not
making itself known by its effects. —
adv. La'tently. [L. latens, pr.p. of la-
teo, to lie hid ; akin to Gr. lanthano, to
hide.]
LATERAL, lat'er-al, adj. belonging to the
side : proceeding from or in the direction
of the side. — adv. Lat'erally. [L. lat-
eralis— lat/iis, lateris, a side.l
LATERITIOUS. laterish'ns, adj.. brick-
colored. [L. lateritius — later, lateris, a
brick.]
LATH. lath. n. a thin cleft slip or wood
used in slating, plastering, etc. -.—pi.
Laths (\a,thz). — v.t. to cover with laths.
[A. S. Imttu : Dut. lat, Ger. latte. a lath,
W. U&th, a rod.]
LATHE, laf/i, n. a machine for turning
and shaping articles of wood, metal, etc.
[Ice. loth, root uncertain.]
LATHER. la</t'er, n. a foam or froth made
with water and soap : froth from sweat.
— v.t. to spread over with lather. — v.i. to
form a lather : to become frothy. [A.S.
leathor, lather ; Ice. liidr, foam or the
sea.l
LATIN, lat'in, adj. pertaining to Latin or
to the Latins or Romans : written or
spoken in Latin. — n. the language of the
ancient Romans. [L. Latinus, belong-
ing to Latium, the district in which Rome
was built.
LATINISM, lat'in-izm, n. a Latin idiom.
LATINIST, lat'in-ist, n. one skilled in
Latin.
LATINITY, la-tin'i-ti, w. purity of Latin
style : the Latin tongue, style, or idiom.
LATINIZE, lat'in-iz, v.t. to give Latin ter-
minations to. — v.i. to use words or
phrases from the Latin.
LATISH, lat'ish, adj. somewhat late.
LATITUDE, lat'i-tud, n. the distance of a
place north or south from the equator :
the angular distance of a celestial body
from the ecliptic : fig. extent of signifi-
cation : freedom from restraint : scope.
fPV. — L. latitudo, -inis — latiis, broad.]
LATITUDINAL, lat-i-tud'i-nal, adj. per-
taining to latitude: in the direction of
latitud.'.
LATITUDINARIAN, lat - i - tud-i-nil'ri-an.
adj., broad or liberal, esp. in religious
belief: not orthodox: lax: not restricted
by ordinary rules or limits. — n. one who
io principle or practice departs from or-
thodox rule. — 71. Latitudina'rianism.
LATITUDINOUS, lat-i-tud'i-nus, adj. hav-
ing latitude or large extent.
LATRINE, lat'rin, n. a place of convenience
for soldiers in camp or barracks. [Fr. —
L lavatrina — lavo, to wash.]
LATTEN, lat'en, n. brass or bronze used
for crosses : sheet tin, tinned iron-plate.
[O. Fr. laton, Fr. laiton : from Fr. latte,
a lath, the metal being wrought into thin
plates. See Lath.]
LATTER, lat'er, adj., later: coming or ex-
isting after : mentioned the last of two :
modem: recent. [An irreg. comp. of
Late.]
LATTERLY, lat'er-li, adv. in latter time :
of late.
LATTICE, lat'is, n. a network of crossed
laths or bars, called also Lattice-work :
anything of lattice-work, as a window. —
v.f. to form into open-work: to furnish
with a lattice. [Fr. lattis — latte, a lath,
from Ger. latte, cog. with E. Lath.]
LAUD, lawd, v.t. to praise in words, or
with singing : to celebrate. — n. Ladd'er.
[L. laudo — laus. laudi^, praise, probably
akin to Gr. kluo. Sans, gru, to hear.]
LAUDABLE, lawd'a-bl, adj. worthy of be-
ing p)-o?sed. — adv. Laud'ably. — n. Laud'-
ablej^ess.
LAUDANUM, lawd'a-num, w. a preparation
of opium : tincture of opium. [Orig. the
same word as Ladantjm, transfen-ed to a
different drug.]
LAUDATORY, lawd'artor-i, adj. containing
praise ; expressing praise. — n. that which
contains praise.
LAUGH, laf, v.i. to make the noise showing
or caused by mirth : to be gay or lively.
— n. the sound caused by merriment. —
Laugh at, to ridicule. [A.S. hlihan ;
Ger. lachen, Goth, hlahjan; prob. from
the sound J
LAUGHABLE, lafVbl, adj. fitted to cause
laughter : ludicrous. — adv. La ugh' ably.
— n. Laugh'ableness.
LAUGHING-GAS, laf'ing-gas, n. a gas
which excites laughter, called nitrous
oxide.
LAUGHINGLY, laf ing-li, adv. in a laugh-
ing or merry way : with laughter.
LAUGHING-STOCK, laf'ing-stok, n. an
object of ridicule, like something stuck
up to be laughed at.
LAUGHTER, iaf'ter, n. act or noise of
laughing.
LAUNCH. LANCH. lansh. v.t. to throw as
a lance or spear : to .send forth : to cause
to slide into the water. — v.i. to go forth,
as a ship into the water : to expatiate in
language. — n. act of launching or moving
a ship into the water : the largest boat
carried bj' a man-ofwar. [Fr. lancer —
lance, a lance. See Lance.]
LAUNDER, lawn'der, n. (mining) a trough
used in washing ore. [Orig. a washer-
ivoman, M. E. lavandre — Fr. lavandiere
■ — L. lavarc]
LAUNDRESS, lawn'dres, n. a ivasherico-
man.
LAUNDRY, lawn'dri, n. a place or room
where clothes are washed and dressed.
[See Lave.]
L.4URE.\TE, law're-at, adj. crowned with
laureL — n. one crowned with laurel : the
poet - laureate or court poet. — v.t. to
crown with laurel, in token of literary
merit : to confer a degree upon. [See
Lai'Rel.]
LAUREATESHIP, law're-at-ship, n. office
of a laureate.
LAUREATION, law-re-a'shun, n. act of
laureatihg or conferring a degree.
LAUREL, law'rel, n. the bay-tree, used
by the ancients for making honorary
wreaths. [Fr. laurier — L. laurus.]
LAURELLED, law'reld, adj. crowned with
laurel.
LAVA, la'va or la'va, n. the melted matter
discharged from a burning mountain, and
that flows down its sides. [It. lai^a, a
stream — L. lavare, to wash.]
LAVATORY, lav'a-tor-i, n. a pJace for
washing: a place where gold is got by
washing. [See Lave.]
LAVE, lav, v.t. and v.i. to wash : to bathe.
[Fr. laver — L. lavo, lavatum, akin to Gr.
Imio. to wash.]
LAVE, lav, v.t. (obs. and prov.) to lift or
jade or throw out (as water from a boat).
[Perh. Fr. lever — L. levo, to lift.]
LAVENDER, lav'en-der, n. an odoriferous
plant, so called from its being laid with
newly washed clothes. [Fr. lavande.
See Lave.]
LAVER, la'ver, n. a large vessel for laving
or washing.
LAVISH, lav'ish, v.t. to expend profusely:
to waste. — adj. lavishing or besto^ving
profusely : prodigal : extravagant : wild :
unrestra"ined. — adv. Lav'ishly. [From
Lave, to throw out.]
LAVISHMENT, lav'ish-ment, LAVISH-
NESS. lav'ish-nes, n. state of being lav-
ish : profusion : prodigality.
LAW. law, n. a rule of action laid domi or
established by authority : edict of a gov-
ernment : statute : the rules of a com-
munity or state : a rule or principle of
science or art : the whole jurisprudence
or the science of law : established usage:
that which rules : conformity to law :
that which is lawful : a theoretical prin-
ciple educed from practice or observa-
tion : {theol.) the Mosaic code or the
books containing it : (B.) the word of
God, the Old Testament. [M. E. lawe—
A.S. lagu, lah, from lecgan, to lay, or
licgan, to lie ; Ice. lag ; akin to L. lex,
law, Gr. lego, to lay.l
LAWFUL, law'fool.'ao/. according to law :
legal : constituted by law : rightful. —
adv. Law'fully. — »i.'Law'fulness.
LAWGIVER, law'giv-er, n. one who gives
or enacts laws: a legislator. [Law and
Giver.]
L.\WLESS, law'les, adj. unrestrained by
law : illegal. — adv. Law'lessly. — Ji.
Law'lessness.
LA WMONGER, law'mung-ger, n. a monger
or low dealer in law.
LAWN, lawn, n. a sort of fine linen or cam-
bric.— adj. made of lawn. [Prob. Fr.
linon — L. Unum. modified perh. by con-
fusion with L. lana, wool. See Linen.]
LAWN, lawn. n. an open space between
woods : a space of ground covered with
grass, generally in front of or around a
house or mansion. [M.E. laund — O. Fr.
lande, from Ger. land (see Land), or from
Bret, lann.}
LAWN-TENNIS, lawn'-ten'is, n. a kind of
tennis generally played on an open laum.
LAWSUIT, law'sut, n. a suit or process in
la w.
LAWYER, law'yer, n. one versed in or
who practices laiv: (B.) a Jewish divine
or expounder of the law. [Law, and suf-
fix -yer.}
LAX, laks, adj., slack : loose : soft, flabby:
not crowded : not strict in discipline or
morals : loose in the bowels. — adv. Lax'-
LY. [L. laxus, loose, kia-o, -atum, to un-
loose ; prob. akin to LANGUID.]
LAXATION, laks-a'shun, n. act of loosenr
ing : state of being loose or slackened.
LAXATIVE, laks'a-tiv, adj. having the
power of loosening the bowels. — n. a
purgative or aperient medicine. — n. h\x'-
ATivENESS. [Fr. laxatif^L. laj^o.]
LAXITY, laks'i-ti, LAXliESS, laks'nes, n.
state or quality of being lax: want of
exactness.
LAY, pa.t. of Lie, to lay one's self down.
LAY, la, v.t. to cause to lie down : to place
or set down : to beat down : to spread
on a surface : to calm : to appease : to
wager : to bring forth ; to impose : to
charge: to present. — v.i. to produce
eggs: — pr.p. lay'ing; pa.t. a.nd pa.p. laid.
— Lay to (Pr. Bh.) to apply with vigor.
[It is the causal of lie, from A.S. lecgan;
Ice. leggja, Ger. legen ; Gr. lego. See
Lie.]
LAY. la, n. a song: a lyric or narrative
poem. [O. Fr. lai, of Celtic orig-in. aa
LAY
26S
LED
W. llais, a sound, Gael, laoidh, a verse,
sacred poem ; perh. conn, with Ger.
liedA
LAY, la, LAIC, la'ik, LAICAL, la'ik-al,
adj. pertaining to the people : not cleri-
cal. [Fr. lai — L. laieus — Gr. laikos —
laos. the people.]
LAYER, la'er, n. a bed or stratum : a
• shoot laid for propagation. [See Lay,
v.f.]
IxAYERING, la'er-ing, n. the propag'ation
of plants by layers.
LAY-FIGURE, la'-fig'ur, or LAYMAN, la'-
man, n. a wooden figure used by artists
to represent the human bod3', and which
serves as a model for attitude and drap-
ery. [Dut. leeman, a jointed image —
leaf, lid, a joint.]
LAYMAN, la'man, n. one of the laity : a
non-professional man. [See Lay, Laic]
LAZAR, la'zar, n. one afflicted with a
filthy and pestilential disease like Laz-
anis. the beggar. [Fr. lazare, from Laz-
ar>is of the parable in Luke xvi.]
LAZARETTO, laz-a-ret'o, LAZARET, laz'-
a-ret, n. a public hospital for c' . sase.'
persons, esp. for such as have i'; iCtioiiS
disorders. [It- lazzeretto , Fr. lazx: ?i.
See LazaR, r
LaZAR-HOUSE, la'zar-hows, n. a laza-
retto : a hospital lor quarantine. [Lazab
and House.]
LAZARLIKE, la'zar-lik, adj., like a lazar:
full of sores : leprous.
LAZY, la'zi, adj. disinclined to exertion :
averse to labor : sluggish : tedious. —
adv. La'zily. — n. La'ziness, state or
quahty of being lazy. [M.E. lasche — O.
Fr. lasche (Fr. Idche), slack, weak, base —
L. lojcus, loose.]
LAZZARONI, laz-arro'ni, n. name given to
the lowest classes in Naples, who used to
live an idle outcast life. [It., from Laza-
rus.]
LEA or LEY, le (obs. Lay), n. a meadow:
grassland, pasturage. [A.S. leak ; of.
prov. Ger. lohe, lok, found also in place-
names, as Waterloo = water-lea.]
LEAD, led, n. a well-known metal of a blu-
ish-white color : the plummet for sound-
ing at sea : a thin plate of lead separat-
ing lines of type :— p/. a flat roof covered
with lead. — v.t. to cover or fit with lead :
(print.) to separate lines mth leads. — n.
Lead-pois'oning, poisoning by the ab-
sorption and diffusion of lead in the sys-
tem. [A.S.; Ger. loth.]
LEAD, led, v.t. to show the iray by going
first : to guide by the hand : to direct :
to precede : to allure. — v.i. to go before
and show the way : to have a tendency :
to exercise dominion: — pr.p. lead'ing;
pa.t. and pta.p. led. — n. first place : pre-
cedence : direction : guidance. [A.S.
Icedan, to make to go, causal form of
lidan. to go ; Ice. leida, Ger. leiten, to
lead.]
LEADEN, led'n, adj. made of lead : heavy :
dull,
LEADER, led'er, n. one who leads or goes
first : a chief : the leading editorial ar-
ticle in a newspaper : principal wheel in
anv machinerv.
LEA"pERSHIP,"led'er-ship, n. state or con-
dition of a leader or conductor.
LEADING-STRINGS, led'ing-stringz, n.pl.
strings used to lead children when be-
ginning to walk.
LEAD-PENCIL, led'-pen'sil, n. a pencil or
instrument for drawing, etc., made of
blackZead.
LEAF, lef, 11. one of the thin, flat parts of
plants : anything beaten thin like a leaf :
two pages of a book : one side of it win-
dow-shutter, etc.:— pi. Lea^-es, levz. —
v.i. to shoot out or produce leaves : —
pr.p. leafing ;pa.p. leafed'. [A.S.; Ger.
laiib, Dut. loof, a leaf.]
LEAFAGE, lef'aj, n., leaves collectively:
abundance of leaves : season of leaves
or leafing.
LEAFLESS, lef'les, adj. destitute of leaves.
LEAFLET, lef let, n. a little leaf.
LEAFY, lef'i, adj. full of leaves. — Ji. Leaf'-
DfESS.
LEAGUE, leg, n. a distance of about three
English miles, but varying greatly in
different countries. — A Sea-league eon-
tains 3i Eng. miles nearly. [Fr. lieue —
L. leuca, a Gallic mile of 1500 Roman
paces ; from the Celt., as in Bret, leo,
Gael, ieig. a league.]
LEAGUE, leg, n. a bond or alliance: union
for the promotion of mutual interest. —
v.i. to form a league: to unite for mutual
interest:— ^r.p. leag'uing; pa.t. and pa.ji.
leagued'. [Fr. ligiie — Low L. liga — L.
ligo, to bind.]
LEAGUER, leg'er, n. a camp, esp. of a
besieging army. [Dut. leger, a lair. See
Beleaguer.]
TjEAK, lek, n. a crack or hole in a vessel
through which liquid may pass: the ooz-
ing of any fluid through an opening. —
v.i. to let any fluid into or out of a vessel
through a leak. [Ice. leka, Dut. leJcken,
to drip.]
LEAKAGE, lek'aj, n. a leaking : that
which enters or escapes by leaking : an
allowance for leaking.
LEAKY, lek'i, adj. having a leak or leaks :
letting any liquid in or out. — n. Leak'i-
ness.
LEAL, lei, adj. true-hearted, faithful. [M.
E. lei — Norm. Fr. leal, same as LoyalT]
LEAN, len, v.i. to incline or bend : to turn
from a straight line : to rest against : to
incline towards : — pr.p. lean'ing ; pa.t.
and pa. p. leaned' or leant (lent). [A.S.
hlinian and causal form hlcenan ;l)ut.
leuiicn; akin to Gr. kliiio, L. in-clino, to
bend.]
LEAN, len, adj. thin, wanting flesh : not
fat. — n. flesh without fat. — adv. Lean'ly.
— n. Leanness. [A.S. hlcene ; Low Ger.
leen ; from Lean, to bend, from want of
substance or support.]
LEAP, lep, v.i. to move with springs or
bounds : to spring upward or forward :
to jump: to rush with vehemence. — v.t.
to spring or bound over i—pr.p. leap'ing ;
pa.t. leaped' or leapt (lept) ; pa.p. leaped',
rarely leapt. — n. act of leaping : bound :
space passed bv leaping : sudden transi-
tion. [A.S. hteapan; Ice. hlaupa, to
spring, Ger. laufen, to run.]
LEAP-FROG, lep'-frog, ;;. a play in which
one boy Zeaps over another like a frog.
LEAP-YEAR, lep'-yer, n. every fourth
year which leaps forward or adds one day
in Februarj', a j-ear of 366 da3S.
LEARN, lern, v.t. to acquire knowledge of,
to get to know : to gain power of per-
forming.— v.i. to gain knowledge : to im-
prove bj' example. [A.S. leornian ; Ger.
lern en.]
LEARNED, lern'ed, adj. having learning :
ver.sed in literature, etc. : skillful. — adv.
LE-UiyEDLY. — n. Leahn'ed>t:ss.
LEARNER, lern'er, n. one who learns : one
who is yet in the rudiments of any sub-
ject.
LEARNING, lern'ing, j;. what is karnfrf •
knowledge : scholarsliip : skill in lan-
guages or science.
LEASE, les, n. a letting of tenements for a
terra of years : the contract for such let-
ting: any tenure. — v.t. to let for a term
of years : — pr.j). leas'ing : pa.t. a.ndpa.p.
leased'. [O. Fr. le.iser.Fr. laisser, to let,
leave, relinquish— L. laxo, to loose, laxus,
loose.]
LEASEHOLD, les'hold, adj., held hy lease
or contract. — n. a tenure held bj' lease.
LEASH, lesh, 71. a lash or line by which a
hawk or hound is held : a brace and a
half, three. — v.t. to hold by a leash: to
bind. [O. Fr. lesse. Fr. laisse, a thong to
hold a dog by, a thong held loosely— L,
laxus, loose.]
LEASING, lez'ing, 11. (J5.) falseJiood : lies
fA.S. leasung — leas, false, loose, Goth
laus. Ice. los.]
LEAS'!, lest, adj. (serves as superl. of Lit-
tle), little beyond all others : smallest.
— adv. in the smallest or lowest degree.
[A.S. lest, contr. from Icesest, from root
of Less.]
LEATHER, lei/t'er, 11. the prepared skin of
an animal. — adj. consisting of leather.
[A.S. lether, leather ; Dut. and Ger.leder.]
LEATHERN, leWi'ern, adj. made or consist-
ing of leather.
LEATHERY, lef/i'er-i, adj. resembling
leather: tough.
LEAVE, lev, ?;., permission: liberty grant-
ed : formal parting of friends : farewell.
[A.S. leaf ; Ice. leyfa, to permit ; conn,
with LiEF, Love, Believe, Furlough.]
LEAVE, lev, v.t. to allow to remain : to
abandon, resign : to depart from : to have
remaining at death : to bequeath : to
refer for decision. — v.i. to desist : to
cease -.-pr-p. leav'ing ; pa.t. and pa.p.
left. [A.S. loefan ; Ice. leifa, L. linquo,
Gr. leipo. to leave. The primarj- meaning
is to let remain : the root is seen in A.S.
liflan. Ice. Ufa, to be remaining, to Live,
also in Ger. bleiben (=he-leiben), to re-
main.]
LEAVED, levd, adj. fm-uished with leaves:
having a leaf, or made with leaves or
folds.
LEAVEN, lev'n, n. the ferment which
makes dough rise in a spongy form :
anything that makes a general change
whether good or bad. — v.t. to raise witli
leaven : to taint. [Fr. levain — L. leva-
men — leva, to raise — levis, light.]
LEAVES, levz, pi. of Leaf.
LEAVINGS, lev'irigz, n.jil., things left:
relics : refuse.
LECHER, lech'er, n. a man addicted to
lewdness: [Fr. lecheur — lecher, to
lick ; from O. Ger. lecehon, Ger. leckeii,
E. Lick ; L. ligurio, to lick up what is
daintv.]
LECHEROUS, lech'er-us, adj. lustful:
provoking lust. — adv. Lech'erously. —
lis. Lech'erousness, Lech'ery.
LECTERN, lek'turn, n. a reading-desk in
churches from which the Scripture les-
sons are read. [Corr. from Low L. lectri-
num. a reading-desk — Low L. lecinim, a
pulpit — Gr. lektron. a couch, and so a
sup])ort for a book.]
LECTION, lek'shun, «. a reading: a, va-
riety in a manuscript or book : a portion
of Scripture read in divine service. [L.
lectio — lego, lectnm, to read.]
LECTIONARY, lek-'shun-ar-i, n. the R. C.
service-book, containing lections or por-
tions of Scripture.
LECTOR, lek'tor, n. a reader : a reader of
Scripture in the ancient churches.
LECTURE, lek'tur. 7i. a discourse on any
subject : a formal reproof. — v.t. to in-
struct by discourses : to instruct authori-
tatively : to reprove. — v.i. to give a lec-
ture,or lectures. [See LECTION.]
LECTURER, lek'tur-er, ;;. one -^ho lectures:
one who instructs by giving set dis-^^
courses.
LECTURESHIP, lek'tur-ship. n. the office
of a lecturer.
LECTURN, lek'turn, LETTERN, let'em, n.
same as Lectern.
LED. led. pa.f. and^a.^. of Leas, to show
the way.
LEDGE
263
LEOPARD
LEDGE, lej, n. a shelt on which articles
may be laid : that which i-esembles such
a shelf: aridgeor shelf of rocks: a layer:
a sinall mouTding-. [A.S. lecgan, to lay.
See Lay, t'.<.]
LEDGER, lej'er, n. the principal book of
accounts among merchants, in which the
entries in all the other books are laid up
or entered.
LEDGER-LINE. See Leoer-Line.
LEDGY, lej'i, adj. abounding- in ledges.
LEE, le, n. the part toward which the
wind blows. — adj. as in Lee-side, the
sheltered side of a ship : Lee-shoee, the
shore opposite to the lee-side of a ship.
[Lit. a sheltered place, A.S. hleow, shel-
ter : Ice. hie, Low Ger. lee ; cf. Goth.
hlija, a tent, prov. E. lew, a shelter.]
LEECH, lech, n. a physiciaii : a blood-
sucking worm. — v.t. to apply leeches to.
[A.S. Icece ; Goth, lekeis, a phj-sician,
found also in Celt, and Slav, languages.]
LEEK, lek, n. a kind of onion : the na-
tional emblem of Wales. [A.S. leac, a
leek, a plant, which is present also in
Char-lock. Gar-lic, Hem-lock,]
LEER, ler, n. a sly, sidelong look. — v.i. to
look askance : to look archly or oblique-
ly. [A.S. hleor, face, cheek ; Ice. hlyr.'\
LEERINGLY, ler'ing-li, adv. with a leer-
imi look.
LEES, lez, n.pl. sediment or dregs that
settle at the bottom of liquor. [Fr. lie,
ety. dub.]
LEET. let, n, (Scot.) a selected list of can-
didates for an office.
'^EEWAJRD, le'ward, adj. pertaining to or
in the direction of the lee, or the part
toward which the wind blows. — adv.
toward the lee.
LEEWAY, le'wa, 11. the way or distance a
ship is driven to leeivard of her true
cour.se. [Lee and Way.]
LEFT, left, jKi.t. a.nd pa.p. of Leave.
LEFT, left, adj. the weaker as opposed to
the stronger, heavier right : being on
the left side. — n. the side opposite to the
right. [M.E. lift, luft, prob. a contr. of
lefcd, p. of A.S. Ufan, to weaken — lif,
weak : Dut. loof, weak.]
LEFT-HANDED, left-hand'ed, adj. having
the left hand .stronger and readier than
the right: awkwuril: unlucky. — )is. Left-
HANDE0NESS, Leet-han-d'iness, awkward-
ness.
CiEG, leg, n. one of the limbs by which ani-
mals walk: a long, slender support of any-
thing, as of a table. — adj. Legged', hav-
ing legs. [Ice. leggr, a stalk, Dan. liig,
Sw. liigg.'X
LEGACY, leg'a-si, n. that which is left to
one by icill: a bequest of ])ei-.sonal prop-
erty. [L. as if legatia, for legatum — lego,
to leave by will.]
LEGACY-HUNTER, leg'a-si-hunt'er, n.
one who hunts after legacies by courting
thos.» likely to leave them.
LEGAL, le'gal, adj. pertaming to or accord-
ing to Itxw : lawful: created by law. — adv.
Legally.— ». Legal'ity. [Fr. — L. legalis
— le.v, legis, law.]
LEGALIZE, le'gal-iz, v.t. to make legal or
lawful : to authorize : to sanction.
LEGATE, leg'at, n. an ambassador, esp.
from the Pope. — n. Leg'ateship, tlie
office of a legate. [Fr. legal. It. legato —
L. legatus — lego, to send with a commis-
sion.1
LEGATEE, leg-a-te', n. one to whom a
legacy is left.
LEGATINE, leg'a-tln, adj. of or relating to
a legate.
LEGATION, le-ga'shun, n. the person or
persons sent as legates or ambassadors :
a deputation.
LEGEND, lej'end or le'-, n. a marvellous or
romantic story from earlv times : the
motto on a coat of arms, medal, or coin.
[Fr. — Low L. legenda, a book of chronicles
of the saints read at matins — L. legendus,
to be read — lego, to read.]
LEGENDARY, lej'end-ar-i, n. a book of
legends : one who relates legends. — adj.
consisting of legends : romantic : fabu-
lous.
LEGERDEMAIN, lej-er-de-man', n., light-
ness or nimbleness of hand: sleight-of-
hand : jugglery. [O. Fr. legier (Fr. leger)
de main, " light of hand " — L. as if leviar-
ius — levis, light, and Fr. de, of, main, L.
manus, hand.]
LEGER-LINE, lej'er-lin, n. (nius.) one of
the short lines added above or below the
staff to extend its compass. [Fr. leger,
light, and LlNE.]
LEGGING, leg'ing, n. a covering for the
leg.
LEGIBLE, lej'i-bl, adj. that may be read :
clear and distinct : that may be under-
stood. — adv. Leg'ibly*. — ns. Leg'ible-
NEss, Legibil'ity. [L. legibiUs—lego.]
LEGION, le'jun, n. in ancient Rome, a
body of soldiers of from three to six thou-
sand : a military force : a great number.
[Fr. — L. legio — lego, to choose, to levy.]
LEGIONARY, le'jun-ar-i, adj. relating to
or consisting of a legion or legions : con-
taining a great number. — n. a soldier of
a legion. [L. legionarius.]
LEGISLATE, lej'is-lat, v.i. to bring for-
ward, propose, or make laws. — n. Legis-
la'tion. [L. lex. legis, law, /ero, latum,
to bear, propose.]
LEGISLATIVE, lej'Ls-lat-iv, adj., giving or
enacting lairs : pertaining to legislation.
LEGISLATOR, lej'is-la-tor, n. one who
makes laws : a lawgiver:— /ej/i. Leg'isla-
TRESS.
LEGISLATURE, lej'is-lat-ur, n. the body
of men in a state who have the power of
making laws.
LEGIST, le'jist, n. one skilled in the laws.
[Fr. legiste — Low L. legista — L. lex.l
LEGITIMACY, le-jit'i-ma-si, n. state of be-
ing legitimate or according to law : law-
fulness of birth : genuineness : regular
deduction.
LEGITIMATE, le-jit'i-mat, adj. lawful:
lawfully begotten : genuine : fairly de-
duced : following bj* natural sequence :
authorized by usage. — v.t. to make law-
ful : to give the rights of a legitimate
child to an illegitimate one. — adv. Legit'-
imately. [Low L. legit imo, -atum — L.
lev.]
LEGITIMATION, le-Jit-i-ma'shun, ii.actof
rendering legitimate, esp. of conferring
the privileges of lawful birth.
LEGITIMIST, le-jit'i-mist, n. one who sup-
ports legitimate authoritj-: in France, an
adherent of the Bourbons deposed in 1830.
LEGLESS, leg'les, adj. witliout legs.
LEGUilE. leg'um, LEGUMEN, le-gu'men,
n. (bot.) a seed-vessel which splits into
two valves, having the seeds attached to
the ventral suture only: a pod, as of the
pea, bean. etc. : — jj?. Legit mens, Legi?-
MiN.\. [Fr. — L. legumen — lego, to gather;
so called because gathered for food.]
LEGUMINOUS, le-gu'min-us, adj. bearing
legumes aa seed - ve.ssels : consisting of
pul.se.
LEISURE, le'zhoor or lezh'-, n. time free
from emiiloyment : freedom from occu-
pation.— adj. unoccupied. [M. E. leyser
— O. Fr. leisir, " to be permitted " — L.
licet, it is permitted.]
LEISURELY, le'zhoor-li, a(i/. done at lei-
sure: .slow: deliberate. — adi\ in a leisure-
ly manner.
LEMAN, le'man, n. a sweetheart. [M.E.
leminan, earlier form leofmon — A.S. leof,
loved, and Man.]
LEMMA, lem'a, n. (math.) a proposition
demonstrated for the purpose of being
used in a subsequent proposition. [L.
— Gr. lemma — lambano, to receive, as-
sume.]
LEMMING, lem'ing, n. a species of rat in
northern countries, remarkable for mi-
grating southward in great numbers.
[Norw. lemming, Sw. lemel, Lap. loumik.]
LEMON, lem'un, n. an oval fruit, resem-
bling the orange, with an acid pulp : the
tree that bears lemons. [Fr. limon —
Pers. limun.]
Z_EMONADE, lem-un-ad', n. a drink made
of lemon-juice, water, and sugar.
LEMUR, le'mur, n. an animal in Madagas-
car, allied to the monkey, which goes
about at night, whence its name. [L.
lemur, a ghost.]
LEND, lend, v.t. to give for a short time
something to be returned : to afford or
grant, in general : to let for hire -.^pr.p.
lend'ing ; pa.t. and jja.jj. lent. — n. Lend'-
er. [M.E. lene}i — A.S. kenan ; Ger. leilien.
See Loan.]
LENGTH, length, 7!. quality of being long:
extent from end to end : the longest
measure of anything : long continuance :
detail. [A.S. length — lung, long.]
LENGTHEN, length'n, v.t. to increase in
length, : to di'aw out. — v.i. to grow longer.
LENGTHWISE, length'wlz, adv. in the
way or direction of the length. [For
Lengthways.]
LENGTHY', lengtli'i, adj. of great length :
rather long. — adv. Length'ily. — n.
Length'lness.
LENIENT, le'ni-ent, adj., softening or miti-
gating: mild: merciful. — n. (ined.) that
which softens : an emollient. — n. Le'ni-
ENCY. [L. leniens, -entis, pr.p. of lenio,
to soften — lenv!, soft.]
LENITIVE, len'it-iv, adj., softening or miU
igatiug : laxative. — n. (med.) an appli^
cation for easing pain : a mild pui'gativ&
LENITY, len'i-ti, »(. mildness : clemency.
LENS, lenz, n. (optics) a piece of glass or
other transparent substance with one or
both sides convex, so called from its like-
ness to a lentil seed : the crystalline
humor of the eye. [L. lens, lenlis, the
lentil.]
LENT, lent, n. a fast of forty days, ob-
served in commemoration of the fast of
our Saviour, beginning with Ash-Wed-
nesday and continuing till Easter. [M.E.
lenten — A.S. lencten, the spring; Dut.
lente, Ger. hmz ; ace. to some derived
from root of LONG, because in spring the
days grow long.]
LENTEN, leut'en, adj. relating to or used
in Lent : sparing.
LENTICULAR, len-tik'u-lar, LENTIFORM,
lea'ti-forni, adj. resembling a lens or len-
til seed : double-convex. — adv. Lentic'U-
Larly. [L. lentieularis — lenticula, dim.
of lens, a lentil.]
LENTIL, len'til, 11. an annual plant, com-
mon near the Mediterranean, bearing
pulse used for food. [Fr. lentille — L. lens,
lenfis, the lentil.]
LENTISK, len'tisk, n. the mxstic-ti-ee.
[Fr.lentisque — 'L.lentiseus — ?en<Hs. stickj-;
so called from the stickiness of its gum.]
LENTOUS, len'tus, adj., sticky: viscid
[See Lentisk.]
LEO, le'o, ft. (astr.) the Lion, the fifth sign
of tlio zodiac. [L.]
LEONINE, lo'o-nin, adj. of or like a lion.
LEONINE, le'o-nlii. adj. a kind of Latin
verse which rhymes at the middle and
end, much in use among the Latin hymn-
writ'-rs of the Middle Ages. [Said "to be
named from Leoninus. a canon in Paris
in the 12th century ; or from Pope Leo II.,
who was a lover of music]
LEOPARD, lep'ard. n. an animal of the cat-
kind, with a spotted skin. £0. Fr. — L.
LEPER
264
LIBEL
■ leopardus — Gr. i eopa rdos — lean , lion ,
pardos, pard ; ! ecause supposed by the
ancients to ' e a mongrel between the
pard or paniner and lioness.]
LEPER, lep'ar, n. one affected with leprosy,
whicli covers the skin «ith scales. [L. —
Gr. lepra, leprosy — lepras, scaly — lepos,
a scale— ?epo, to peel off.]
LEPIDOPTERA, lep-i-dop'ter-a, n.pl. an
order of insects, with four wings covered
with very fine scales like powder, as the
butterfly, moth, etc. [Gr. lepis, lepidos,
a sca\e, pternn, a wing.J
LEPIDOPTERAL. lep-i-dop'ter-al, LEPI-
DOPTEROUS, lep-i-dop'ter-us, adj. per-
taining to the lepidoptera.
LEPORINE, lep'o-rin, adj. pertaining to
or resembling the hare. [L. leporirms —
lepus, leporis, the hare.]
LEPROSY, lep'ro-si, n. a disease of the
skin marked bv scales or scurfy scabs.
LEPROUS, lep'rus. adj. affected with lep-
rosy.— adv. Lep'rously. — n. Lep'rous-
NESS. [See Leper.]
LESION, le'zhun, n. a hurt: (med.) an in-
jury or wound. [Fr. — L. Icesio — loedo,
Icesum, to hurt.]
LESS, les, adj. (serves as comp. of Litt'LE),
diminished : smaller. — adv. not so much:
in a lower degree. — n. a smaller portion :
(B.) the inferior or younger. [A.S. Ices,
Icessa ; comparative form from a root
las, feeble, found also in Goth, lasivs,
weak, Ice. las, weakness, and which is
not conn, with the root of little.}
LESSEE, les-se', n. one to whom a lease is
granted.
LESSEN, les'n, v.t. to make less, in any
sense : to weaken : to degrade. — v.i. to
bGcoruG Igss
LESSER, les'er, adj. (B.) less : smaller : in-
ferior. [A double comp., formed from
Less.]
LESSON, les'n, n. a portion of Scripture
read in divioe service : that which a pu-
pil learns at a time : a precept or doc-
trine inculcated : instruction derived
from experience : severe lecture. [Fr.
le^on — L. lectio — lego, to gather, to read.
See Lection.]
LESSOR, les'or, n. one who grants a lease.
LEST, lest, conj. that not : for fear that.
[From the A.S. phrase thy Ices the (that
the less = L. quominus), the first word
being dropped, while the third joined to
the second made lesthe, leste. See Less.]
LET, let, v.t. to slacken or loose restraint
ytpon : to give leave or power to : to al-
low, permit, suffer : to grant to a ten-
ant or hirer -.^pr.p. lett'ing ; pa.t. and
pa.p. let. [A.S. Icetan, to permit — Icet,
Ice. latr, slow, lazy, slack ; Ger. lassen,
Fr. laisser, to let, permit. See Late.]
LET, let, v.t. (B.) to prevent : to hinder.—
n. (laic) hinderance, obstruction : delay.
[A.S. lettan, to make late — ket, slow,
slack, being same root as above.]
LETHAL, le'thal, adj., death-dealing, blot-
ting out : deadly : mortal. [L. lethalis —
lethum, letum, death ; akin to leo. simple
form of deleo, to blot out, or to Sans, li,
to melt, dissolve.]
LETHARGIC, le-thar'jik,LETHARGICAL,
le-thar'jik-al, adj. pertaining to lethargy :
unnaturally sleepy : dull. — adv. Lethar'-
GlCAT.T.Y. [L. leihargicus — Gr. lethar-
gikos.]
LETHAJIGY, leth'ar-ji, n. heavy unnatural
slumber : dullness. [Fr. — L. — Gr. lethar-
gia, drowsy forgetfulness — lethe, forget-
fulness.]
LETHE, le'the, n. (myth.) one of the rivers
of hell said to cause forgetfulness of the
past to all who drank of its waters : ob-
livion. [Gr. — letho, old form of lanthano,
to forget.]
LETHEAN, le-the'an, adj., of Lethe: ob-
livious.
LETHIFEROUS, le-thif'er-us, adj., carry-
ing death : deadly. [L. lethifer — lethum,
death, and fero, to bear.]
LETTER, let'er, n. a conventional mark to
express a sound : a written or printed
message : literal meaning : a printing-
type :^p/. learning. — v.t. to stamp let-
ters upon.— H. Lett'erer. [Fr. lettre —
L. iitera — lino, lituni, to smear; so called
because smeared or scrawled on parch-
ment.]
LETTERED, let'erd, adj. marked with let-
ters : educated : versed in literature : be-
longing to learning.
LETTER -FOUNDER, let'er-fownd'er, n.
one who founds or casts letters or types.
LETTERING, let'er-iag, n. the act of im-
pressing letters : the letters impressed.
LETT'ER-OF-CRED'IT, n. a letter author-
izing credit or cash to a certain sum
to be paid to the bearer. — Lett'er-of-
MAEQUE (mark), n. a commission given
to a private ship by a government to
make reprisals on the vessels of another
state. [See Marque.]
LETTERPRESS, let'er-pres, n., letters im-
pressed or matter printed from type, as
distinguished from engraving.
LETTERS-PATENT, let'erz-pat'ent, n. a
writing conferring a patent or authoriz-
ing a person to enjoy some privilege,
so called because written on open sheets
of parchment. [See Patent.]
LETTUCE, let'is, n. a plant containing a
nu7A'2/ white juice, the leaves of which are
used as a salad. [O. Fr. laictuce, Fr.
laitue — L. laetuca—lac. milk.]
LEVANT, le-vant', n. the point where the
sun rises : the East : the coasts of the
Mediterranean east of Italy. — adj. Lev'-
ant or Le'vant, eastern. [It. levante — L.
levare, to raise.]
LEVANTER, le-vant'er, n. a strong easter-
ly wind in the Leva7it or eastern part of
the Mediterranean.
LEVANTINE, le-vant'in, adj. belonging to
the Levant.
LEVEE, lev'e, n. a morning assembly of
visitors : an assembly received by a sov-
ereign or other great personage : a bank
along the river, to prevent inundation.
[Fr. levee, a rising — leivr.]
LEVEL, lev'el, n. a horizontal line or sur-
face : a surface without inequalities :
proper position : usual elevation : state
of equality: the line of direction : an in-
strument for showing the horizontal. —
adj. horizontal: even, smooth: even with
anything else: in the same line or plane:
equal in position or dignity. — v.t. to make
horizontal : to make flat or smooth : to
make equal: to take aitn-.^pr.p. lev'el-
ling ; pa.t. and pa.p. lev'elled. [O. Fr.
livel, liveau (Fr. niveau) — L. libel/a, a
plummet, from libra, a level, a balance.]
LEVELLER, lev'el-er, n. one who levels or
makes equal.
LEVELLING, lev'el-ing, n. the act of mak-
ing uneven surfaces level : the process
of finding the differences in level between
different points on the surface of the
earth.
LE^^;LNESS, lev'el-nes, n. state of being
level, even, or equal.
LEVER, le'ver, n. a bar of metal or other
substance turning on a support called the
fulcrum or prop, for raising weights.
[Lit. that which lifts or raises, Fr. Uvier
— lever — L. lei'o. to raise.]
LEVERAGE, le'ver-aj, n. the mechanical
potver gained by the use of the lever.
LEVERET, lev'er-et, n. a young hare : a
hare in its first year. [O. Fr. levrault,
Fr. lievre — L. lepus, leporis, a hare.]
LEVIABLE, lev'i-a-bl, adj. able to be levied
or assessed and collected.
LEVIATHAN, le-vl'a-than, n. (B.) a huge
aquatic animal, described in the book of
Job : anything of huge size. [Heb. tirf-
y&tliAn — Vv'yah, a wreath, Ar. lau-a'. to
bend or twist ; so called from its twisting
itself in folds.]
LEVIGATE, lev'i-gat, v.t. to make sjhoo^/i;
to grind to a fine, impalpable powder. — n.
Leviga'tion. [L. lerigo, levigatum — levis,
Gr. leios, smooth, akin to Level.]
LEVITATION, lev-i-ta'shun, n. act of ren-
dering light. [L. levis, light.]
LEVITE, le'vit, n. a descendant of Levi:
an inferior priest of the ancient Jewish
Church. — adjs. Levit'ic, Levit'ical. —
adv. Levit'ically. [Heb. Levi, a son of
Jacob, whose descendants were priests.]
LEVITICUS, le-\'it'i-kuK, n. the name of
one of the books of the Old Testament,
so called from its containing the laws,
etc., relating to the Levites.
LEVITY, lev'it-i, ?i.. lightness of weight:
lightness of temper or conduct: thought-
lessness : disposition to trifle : vanity.
[L. levitas — levis. light.]
LEVY, lev'i, v.t. to raise : to collect by au-
thority, as an army or a tax -.—pr.p. lev-
ying ; pa.t. and pa.p. lev'ied. — n. the act
of collecting by authority : the troops
so collected. [Fr. lever — L. leva, to make
light or raise — levis, light.]
LEWD, lud or lood, adj. ignorant, vicious,
or bad, so in B. : lustful : licentious : un-
chaste : debauched. — adv. Lewd'ly. — n.
Lewd'ness. [A.S. loewed, lay, belonging
to the laity, either the pa.p. of the verb
laeican, to weaken, and so meaning weak,
simple, untaught, or from leod, the peo-
ple. See Laity.]
LEXICOGRAPHER, leks-i-kog'ra-fer. n.
one skilled in lexicography or the art of
compiling dictionaries.
LEXICOGRAPHY, leks-i-kog'ra-fl, n. the
art of u-riting a dictionary. — adjs. Lexi-
cograph'ic, Lexicograph'ical. [Gr.
lexikon, and grapho, to write.]
LEXICOLOGIST, leks-i-kol'o-jist, n. one
skilled in lexicology.
LEXICOLOGY, leks-i-kol'o-ji, n. that
branch of philology which treats of the
proper signification and use of words.
[Gr. lexis, and logos, a discourse or treat-
ise.]
LEXICON, leks'i-kon, n. a word-book or
dictionary. — adj. Lex'ical, belonging to
a lexicon. [Gr. lexikon — levis, a word —
lego, to speaK.]
LEY, le, n. Same as Lea.
LIABILITY, ll-a-bil'i-ti, n. state of being
liable or responsible.
LIABLE, li'a-bl, adj. able to be bound or
obliged : responsible : tending : subject :
exposed. [Fr. Her — L. ligare, to bind.]
LIAISON, lea-zong, n. union, or bond of
union: connection, esp. an illicit intimacy
between a man and woman. [Fr. — Her,
from L. ligare, to bind.] .
LIAR, U'ar, ?;. one who lies or utters false-
hood.
LIAS, ll'as, n. (geol.) a formation of argil-
laceous limestone, etc., underlying the
oolitic system. — adj. Liassic. li-as'ik. per-
taining to the lias formation. [Fr., of
uncertain origin, perh. from Bret, liach,
a stone.]
LIBATION, ll-ba'shun, n. the pouring forth
wine or other liquid in honor of a deity:
the liquid poured. [L. libatio — libo. Gr.
leibo, to pour.]
LIBEL, li'bel, n. a written accusation : any
malicious defamatory publication : {law)
the statement of a plaintiff's grounds of
complaint against a defendant. — v.t. to
defame by a libel : to satirize unfairly :
{laiv) to proceed against by producing a
I
I
LIBELLER
265
LIGHT
written complaint: — pr.p. li'belling; pa.t.
and pa.p. li'belled. [Lit. a " little book,"
from L. libeUus, dim. of liber, a book.]
LIBELLER, li'bel-er, n. one who defames
by libels.
LIBELLOUS, ll'bel-us, adj. containing a
libel : defamatory.— adr. Li'bellouslt.
LIBERAL, lib'er-al, adj. becoming a gentle-
man : generous : noble-minded : candid :
free : free from restraint : general, ex-
tensive.— n. one who advocates greater
freedom in political institutions. — adv.
LiB'ERAliY. [Lit. "belonging or suit-
able to a free-born man," Fr. — L. liberalis
— liber, free, doing as one pleases — libet,
hibet, to please, akin to Gr. eleutheros,
free. Sans, lubh, to desire. See Lief,
Love.]
LIBERALISM, lib'er-al-izm, n. the princi-
ples of a liberal in politics or religion.
LIBERALITY, lib-er-al'i-ti, n. the quality
of being liberal : generosity : largeness
or nobleness ot mind : candor : impar-
tiality.
LIBERALIZE, iib'er-al-Iz, v.t. to make lib-
eral, or enlightened : to enlarge.
LIBERATE, lib'er-at, v.t. to set free : to
release from restraint, confinement, or
bondage.— 7i. Libera'tion. [L. libera,
liberatum.J
LIBERATOR, lib'er-at-or, n. one who lib-
erates or frees.
LIBERTINE, Ijb'er-tin or -tin, n. formerly,
one w*io professed free opinions, esp. in
religion : one who leads a licentious life,
a rake or debauchee. — adj. belonging to
a freedman : unrestrained : licentious.
[L. libertimts, a freedman.]
LIBERTINISM, lib'er-tin-izm. n. the con-
duct of a libertine : licentiousness of
opinion or practice : lewdness or de-
baucherj'.
LIBERTY, lib'er-ti, n. freedom to do as one
pleases : freedom from restraint : the un-
restrained enjoyment of natural rights :
privilege : exemption : leave : relaxation
of restraint : the bounds within which
certain privileges are enjoyed : freedom
of speech or action beyond ordinary civil-
ity. [Fr. — L. libertas.]
LIBIDINOUS, li-bid'in-us, adj., lustful:
given to the indulgence of the animal
passions. — adv. Libid'inously. — /;. Ll-
bid'inousness. [Fr. — L. libidinosus —
libido, desire, lust — lubet.]
LIBRA, li'bra, n. the balance, a sign of the
zodiac. [L.]
LIBRARIAN, li-bra'ri-an, ?i. the keeper of
a library. — n. Libra'riajs'SHIP. [L. libra-
rius, a transcriber of books.]
LIBRARY, li'brar-i, n. a building or room
containing a collection of books : a col-
lection of books. [L. librarium — liber, a
book.]
LIBRATE, li'brat, v.t. to poise: to balance.
— v.i. to move slightly, as a balance : to
be poised. — n. Libra'tion, balancing : a
state of equipoise: a slight swinging mo-
tion. [L. libro, Itbratum — libra, a level,
a balance. See under Level.]
LIBRATORY, li'bra-tor-i, adj. swaying like
a balance.
LIBRETTO, li-bret'o, n. a book of the words
of an opera or other musical composition.
[It., dim. of libro — L. liber, a book.]
LICE, lis, plural of Louse.
LICENSE, LICENCE, li'sens, n. a being
alloiced: leave: grant of permission: the
document by which authority is con-
ferred : excess or abuse of freedom. —
Li'CENSE, v.t. to grant license to : to
authorize or permit. [Fr. — L. licentia
— licet, to be allowed.]
LICENSER, li'sens-er, ?i. one who grants
license or permission : one authorized to
license.
LICENTIATE, li-sen'shi-at, n. one who has
a license or grant of permission to exer-
cise a profession.
LICENTIOUS, ll-sen'shus, adj. indulging in
excessive freedom : given to the indul-
gence of the animal passions : dissolute.
— adv. Licen'tiously. — ?). Licen'tiods-
NESS. [Fr. — L. licentiosus.]
LICHEN, li'ken or lich'en, n. one of an or-
der of cellular flowerless plants : an erup-
tion on the skin. [L. — Gr. leichen, from
leicho. Sans. Hh, to lick ; from its lick-
ing up or encroaching on the soil. See
Lick.]
LICHGATE, lich'gat, n. a churchyard gate
with a porch to rest the bier under.
[M. E. lich—A.S. lie (Ger. leiche, Goth.
leik, a corpse), and Gate. See Like, adj.]
LICHWAKE, lich'wak, n. the u-ake or
watch held over a dead body. [M. E.
lich, a body, a corpse (see Like, adj.), and
Wake.]
LICK, lik, v.t. to pass the tongue over :
to take in by the tongue : to lap. — n.
Lick'er. [A.S. liccian ; Ger. lecken, L.
lingo, Gr. leicho. Sans. lih. See Tongce
and Language.]
LICKERISH, lik'er-ish, adj. dainty : eager
to taste or enjov. [From Lick.]
LICKSPITTLE, lik'spit-1, n. a mean servile
dependent.
LICORICE. Same as Liquorice.
LICTOR, lik'tor, n. an officer who attended
the Roman magistrates, bearing an axe
and bundle of rods. [L., conn, with ligare,
to bind.]
LID, lid, n. a cover : that which shuts a
vessel : the cover of the eye. [A.S. Mid ;
Dut. iid ; akin to L. eliims, Gr. klino, E.
Lean.]
LIE, 11, n. anything meant to deceive : an
intentional violation of truth : anything
that misleads. — v.i. to utter falsehood
with an intention to deceive : to make a
false representation : — pr.p. ly 'ing ; pa. t.
and pa.p. lied'. [A.S. leogan {lyga, a
falsehood), prov. E. lig; Dut. liegen, Goth.
liugan, G«r. liigen, to lie. Cf. Lett, leeks,
" crooked," and L. ob-liqu-us, slanting.]
LIE, ll, v.i. to rest in a reclining posture :
to lean : to press upon : to be situated :
to abide : to consist : (late) to be sustain-
able : — pr.p. ly'ing ; pa.f. lay ; pa.p. lain,
(B.) Wen. — 7is. Li'er, Lie-a-bed, one who
lies long in the morning (also adj.). — To
LIE IN, to be in childbed. [A.S. licgan ;
Grer. liegen : Goth, ligan ; Ice. liggja ; Ir.
luighim ; Gr. lechos, a bed, L. lectus.]
LIEF, lef , adj. ( poetry) loved, dear. — adv.
lovingly : willingly, now chiefly used in
the plirase, " I had as lief." [A.S. leof ;
Ger. lieb, loved.]
LIEGE, lej. adj. true, faithful: subject;
under a feudal tenure: .sovereign or hav-
ing lieges. — n. one under a feudal tenure:
a vassal: a lord or superior or one who
has lieges. [Fr. lige, which prob. is de-
rived from O. Ger. ledec. Ger. ledig, free,
unfettered. Tlie word was orig. applied
to the free bands in the German tribes
that overturned tlie Roman empire. But
as the free bands settled on the conquered
territory and formed the Feudal System,
the meaning of the word gradually
changed ; thus it orig. meant " free,"
then " true to their chief," " loyal,"
" bound " by a feudal tenure ; but the
sense of " bound " was also due to con-
fusion with L. ligatus. bound.]
LIEN, ll'en or le'en, n. (law) a right in one
to retain the property of another to pay
a claim. [Fr., tie, band — L. ligamen —
ligo. to bind.]
LIEN, ll'en. {B.) pa.p. of Lie, to lie down.
LIETH, ll'eth, (B.) 3d pers. sing, of LlE, to
lie down.
LIEU, lu, n., place, stead. [Fr.— L. locus,
place.]
LIEUTENANCY, lil-ten'an-si or lef-, «.,
o_^ce or commission of a lieutenant : the
body of lieutenants.
LIEUTENANT, lu-ten'ant or lef-, n. an offi-
cer holding the place of another in his
absence : a commissioned officer in the
army next below a captain, or in the
navy next below a commander : one
holding a place next in rank to a su-
perior, as in the compounds lieutenant-
colonel, lieutenant-general. [Fr., from
lieu, a place, and tenant, holding — tenir,
to hold. See LlEU and Tenant.]
LIFE, lif, n. state of living : animate ex-
istence : union of soul and body : the
period between birth and death : present
state of existence : manner of living :
moral conduct : animation : a living
being : system of animal nature : social
state : human affairs : narrative of a
life : eternal happiness, also He who be-
stows it : a quickening principle in a
moral sense : — pi. Lives, livz. [A.S.,
Ice., and Sw. lif; Dut. liif, body, life;
Ger. leben. to live. See Live.]
LIFE - ASSURANCE, ilf- ash - shoor'ans.
Same as Life-insurance.
LIFEBOAT, llt'bot, n. a boat of peculiar
construction for saving shipwrecked per-
sons.
LIFE-ESTATE, lif'-es-tat', n. an estate held
during the life of the possessor.
LIFE-GUARD, lif-gard, n. a guard of the
life or person : a guard of a prince or
other dignitarv.
LIFEHOLD, llf'hold, n. land held by lease
for life.
LIFE-INSURANCE, lif'-in-shoor'ans, n. a
contract by which a sum of money is .
insured to be paid at the close of a per-
sons life. [Life and Insurance.]
LIFELESS, lif'les, adj. dead: without vigor:
insipid : sluggish. — adv. Life'lessly. — n.
Life'lessness.
LIFELONG, llf'long, adj. during the length
of a life.
LIFE-PRESERVER, iTf'-pre-zerv'er, w. an
invention for the preservation of life, in
cases of fire or shipwreck : a cane with a
loaded head.
LIFERENT, iTfrent, n. a rent that con-
tinues for life.
LIFT, lift, v.t. to bring to a higher position:
to elevate : to elate : to take and carry
away. — v.i. to try to raise. — n. act of
lifting: tliat which is to be raised: that
which assists to lift. [Lit. "to raise into
the air," from M.E. lift or luft. the air,
sky. It is simpl}' a form of LoFT, which
.see.]
LIGAMENT, lig'a-ment, n. anything that
binds: (anat.) the membrane connecting
tlie movable bones : a bond of union.
[Fr. — L. ligamentum — ligo, ligatum, to
bind.]
LIGAMENTAL, lig - a - ment'al, LIGA-
MENTOUS, lig-a-ment'us, adj. compos-
ing or resembling a ligament.
LIGATION, li-ga'shun, n. act of binding :
state of being bound.
LIGATURE, lig'a-tur, n. anything that
biiuls : a bandage : (wfMA'.) a line connect-
ing notes : ( p)■^H^) a type of two letters :
{tned.)a, cord for tying the blood-vessels,
etc. [See Ligament.]
LIGHT, lit, n. that which shines or is bril-
liant: the agent by which objects are
rendered visible : the power of vision ;
day : dawn of day : that which gives
light, as the sun, a candle : the ilhirai-
nated part of a picture : (fig.) mental or
spiritual illumination : enlightenment :
knowledge : public view : point of view :
a conspicuous person : an aperture for
admitting light : (B.) prosperitj', favor.
— arf/. not dark: bright: whitish. — v.t. to
give light to : to set fire to : to attend
LIGHT
266
LINCHPIN
with a light i—pr.p. light'ing ; pa.t. and
pci.p. liglit'ed or lit. — n. Light'er. [A.S.
leolit, lyht : Ger. licht, Goth, liiihath, W.
llug, L. lux, light, Gr. leukos; aUiu to
Sans, lok, loch, to see, to shine, ruch, to
shine.]
LIGHT, lit, adj. not hea\'y : easily suifered
or performed: easily digested: not heav-
ily armed: active: not heavily burdened:
unimportant : not dense or copiou.s :
gentle : easily influenced : gay, lively :
amusing: unchaste: not of legal weiglit:
loose, sandy : {B.) idle, worthless. — adv.
Light'lt, cheaply: (B.) easily, carelessly.
— u Liqht'ness' (B.) levity, ficklenes's.
[A.S. leoht ; Ger. leicht, loe. lettr ; L.
leris, Gr. elachys ; akin to Sans, laghu,
light.]
LIGHT, lit, v.i. (followed by on, upon) to
stoop from flight : to settle : to rest : to
come to by chance : (fol. by down, from)
to descend, to alight : — pr.p. light'ing ;
pa.t. and I3a.p. Ught'ed or lit. [From
Light, not heavy, as "to light from a
horse," to relieve hira of his burden.]
LIGHTEN, lit'n, v.t. to make light or
dear: (fig.) to illuminate with knowl-
edge: (B.) to free from trouble. — v.i.
to shine like hghtning : to flash: to be-
come less dark.
LIGHTEN, Ilt'n, v.t. to make %/i^er or less
heavv : to alleviate : to cheer.
LIGHTEN UPON, v.i. (Pr. Bk.) to aUght
or descend upon.
LIGHTER, llt'er, n. a large open boat used
in lightening (unloading) and loading
ships. — )i. LiGHT'ERMAN.
LIGHTERAGE lit'er-aj, n. price paid for
unloading ships bj' lighters : the act of
thus unloading.
LIGHT-FINGERED, lit'-fing'gerd, adj.,
light or active with oae's fingers: thievish.
LIGHT-HEADED, lit'-hed'ed, adj. giddy
in the head : thoughtless : unsteady.
[Light and Head.]
LIGHT-HEARTED, llt'-hart'ed, adj., light
or merry of heart : free from anxiety :
cheerful. — adv. Light'-heakt'edly. — n.
Light'-heart'edness.
LIGHTHORSE, lit'hors, n., light-armed
cavalry.
LIGHTHOUSE, lit'hows, n. a tower or
hotise with a light at the top to guide
mariners at night.
LIGHT-INFANTRY, Ilt'-in'fant-ri, n., in-
fantry lightly or not heavilv armed.
LIGHT-MINDED, lit'-mind'ed, adj. having
a Uglit or unsteady mind : not considerate.
LIGHTNING, lit'ning, n. the electric flash
usuallv followed bv thunder.
LIGHTNING-ROD, "Ufning-rod, n. a me-
tallic rod for protecting buildings from
lightning.
LIGHTS, llts, n.pl. the lungs of animals.
[So called from their light weight.]
LIGHTSOME, ITt'sum, adj., light, gay, live-
Iv. cheering. — n. Light'someness.
LIGN-ALOES, lln-al'oz, LIGNALOES, lig-
nal'oz, n. (B.) aloes-wood. [L. lignum,
wood, and Aloes.]
LIGNEOUS, lig'ne-us, adj., wooden : woody:
made of wood. [L. ligneus — lignum,
wood.]
LIGNIFEROUS, lig-nif'er-us, adj., produc-
ing wood. [L. lignum, wood, and fero,
to bearj
LIGNIFY; lig'ni-fi, v.t. to turn into wood.
— v. i. to become wood or woody : — pr.j).
lig'nifying ; pa.p. lig'nified. — n. LlGNIFl-
cation. [Fr. lignijier — L. lignum, wood,
and facio. to make.]
LIGNINE, lig'nin, n. pure woody fibre.
LIGNITE, lig'nit. n. coal retaining the
texture of wood. — adj. Lignit'ic.
LIGNUM-VIT^, lig'num-ve'ta, n. popular
name of a South American tree with very
hard wood.
LIGULE, lig'ul, n. (hot.) the flat part of the
leaf of a grass : a strap-shaped petal in
certain flowers. [Lit. "a little tongue,"'
L. ligula. dim. of lingua, a tongue.]
LIGURE, li'gur or lig'ur, n. (B.) a precious
stone. [Gr. ligurion.']
LIKE, Ilk, adj. equal in quantity, quality,
or degree: similar: likely. — it. the like
thing or person: an exact resemblance:
a liking. — adv. in the same manner :
probably. [A.S. lie, oftener ge-lic. Ice.
likr, Dut. ge-lijk, Ger. gleich (^geleich).
Ace. to Bopp, the simple forms, as in
Ice., A.S., etc., are abbreviations of the
full form, as seen in Goth, ga-leik-s ;
Goth, leik, A.S. lie means body, shape
(see Lichgate), and ga-, ge- -= with, L.
cum : so that ge-lic means ■■ having body
or shape in common with another " =
L. conforynis. A.S. lie appears in the
suffix -ly (godly), and the same root may
be traced in L. ta-li-s, Gr. te-lik-os.'\
LIKE, Ilk, v.t. to be pleased u-ith: to ap-
prove: to enjoy: (obs.) to please. [Orig.
the verb meant " to be pleasing," and
was used impersonally, as "it likes me,"
i.e. it pleases me, A.S. lician, to be
pleasing- — lie, like, similar, conformable,
suitable, pleasing.]
LIKELY llk'li, adj., like the thing re-
quired : credible : probable : having rea-
son to expect. — adv. probably. — ns. Like'-
LINESS, LIKE'LIHOOD.
LIKELY, lik'li, adj. that may be liked :
pleasing.
LIKEN, lik'n, v.t. to represent as like or
similar : to compare.
LIKENESS, llk'nes, n. resemblance : one
who resembles another : that which re-
sembles : a portrait or picture : eflfigy.
LIKEWISE, lik'wiz, adv. in like wise or
manner : also : moreover : too. [Like,
adj. and Wise.]
LIKING, lik'ing, n. state of being pileased
with : inclination : satisfaction in : (B.)
condition, plight. — adj. (B.), as in Good-
liking, Well-liking, in good condition.
LILAC, ll'lak, n. a pretty flowei-ing shrub.
[Sp. — the Pers. lilaj.]
LILLA.CEOUS, lil-i-a'shus, adj. pertaining
to lilies.
LILIED. lil'id, adj. adorned with lilies.
LILLIPUTIAN, lil-i-pu'shi-an, n. an inhab-
itant of the island of Lilliput, described
by Swift in his Gullix^er's Travels : a per-
son of small size, a dwarf. — adj. of small
size : dwarfish.
LILT, lilt, v.i. to do anything cleverly or
quickly, as to hop about : to sing, dance,
or play merrUy. — n. a cheerful song or
air. [Ety. dub.]
LILY, lil'i, n. a bulbous plant, with showy
and fragrant flowers. — T.TT.Y OF the Val-
ley, a well - known and much - loved
flower of the lily genus. [A.S. lilie — L.
liliiim — Gr. leirion, lilj'.]
LIMB, lim, n. a jointed part in animals : a
projecting pavt : a branch of a tree. — v.t.
to supply with limbs : to tear off the
limbs. [A.S. Ii7n ; perh. from A.S.
lemian (hence Lame), to break, and so
orig. " a part broken off, fragment."]
LIMB, lim, Ji. an edge or border, as of the
sun, etc.: the edge of a sextant, etc. [L.
limbus.]
LIMBER, lim'ber, 71. the part of a gun-car-
riage consisting of two wheels and a
shaft to which the horses are attached.
— v.t. to attach to the limbers, as a gun.
[Prov. E. limbers, shafts — Ice. limar,
boughs, cart-shafts orig. being onlj-
boughs of trees ; cf. LniB, a branch of a
tree.]
LIMBER, lim'ber, adj. pliant, flexible.
[See Limp, adj.]
LIMBO, lim'bo, LIMBUS, lim'bus, n. in
the creed of the R. Cath. Church, a place
on the borders of hell, in which the soula
of the pious who died before the time of
Christ await his coming, and where the
souls of unbaptized infants remain : a
place of confinement. [It. li7nbo, L. lim-
bus. border.]
LIME, lim, n. any slimy or gluey material ;
birdlime ; the white caustic earth from
limestone, and used for cement. — v.t. to
cover with lime : to cement : to manure
with lime : to insnare. [A.S. lim ; cog.
with Ger. leim, glue, L. limus, slime ;
from a baseZi' seen in L. li-nere, to smear,
and Sans, li, to be viscous.]
LIME, lim, n. a kind of citron or Ze»no» tree \
and its fruit. [Fr. See Lemon.]
LIME-JUICE, Um'-jus, n. the acid juice of
the lime, used at sea as a specific against
scurvy.
LIMEKILN, llm'kil, n. a kiln or furnace in
which limestone is burned to lime.
LIMESTONE, lim'ston.Ji., stone from wliich
lime is procured bv burning.
LIME-TREE, llm'-tre, ?;. the linden tree,
common in Europe, with heart-shaped
leaves and panicles of yellowish flowers.
[Lime is a corr. of line, and line of lind,
which is=lindeu tree. See LiNDEX.]
LIMETWIG, lim'twig, n. a twig smeared
with bird-Z('me.
LIMIT, lim'it, ?i. boundary: utmost extent:
restriction. — v.t.Xo confine within bounds:
to restrain. [Fi . — L. limes, limitis — limus,
transverse.] ,
LIMITABLE, Um'it-a-bl, adj. that may be
limited, bounded, or restrained.
LIMITARY, lim'it-ar-i, adj. placed at the
boundai'j', as a guard, etc. : confined with-
in limits.
LIMITATION, lim-it-a'shun, n. the act of
limiting, bounding, or restraining : the
state of being limited, bounded, or re-
strained : restriction.
LIMITED, lim'it-ed, adj. within limits.
narrow : restricted.— Limited Liability,
in a joint-stock company, means that
the members are liable only in a fixed
proportion to each share. — adv. Lim'-
ITEDLY. — M. Lni'lTEDNESS.
LIMITLESS, lim'it-les, adj. having no lim-
its : boundless : immense : infinite.
LEMN, lim, v.t. (orig.) to illuminate with
ornamental letters, etc. : to draw or paint,
esp. in water-colors. [Contr. of Fr. enlu-
miner — L. illumino, from root of Lumin-
ary.]
LIMNER, lim'ner, n. one who limns, or
paints on paper or parchment : a portrait-
painter.
LIMOUS, llm'us, adj., gluey: slimy: mud-
dy. [See Lime, any slimy material.]
LIMP, limp, adj. wanting' stUTness, flex-
ible : weak, flaccid. [A nasalized form
of Lap, seen also in W. llibin, lleipr,
drooping, Ice. limjja, weakness.]
LIMP, limp, v.i. to halt : to walk lamely.
— n. act of limping- : a halt. [A.S. limp-
healt, lame; O. Ger. limphin, to limp:
prob. a form of LajNIE.]
LBIPET, lim'pet, n. a small shell-fish,
which clings to bare rocks. [Prob.
through the Fr., from L. and Gr. lepas,
a limpet — Gr. lepas, a bare rock — lepo,
to peel.]
LIMPID, limpid, adj., clear : shining ;
transparent : pure. — ns. Limpid'itY,
Lim'pidness. [Fr. — L. limpidus. perh. a
form of liquidus. See Liquid.]
LIMPINGLY, limp'ing-Ii, adv. in a limping
manner.
LIJIY. lim'i, adj., glutinous : sticky : con-
taining, resembling, or Iiaving the quali-
ties of lime.
LINCHPIN, linsh'pin, n. a pin used to keep
the wheel of a carriage on the a,vle-tree.
[A.S. lynis, an axle-tree; cog. with Dut.
tuns, O. G«r. lun, peg, bolt, and Pin.]
LINDEN
LINDEN, lin'den, n. the lime-tree. [A.S.,
Sw., Ice. lind, Grer. linde, O. Ger. linta.]
LINE, Un, n. a thread of linen, or flax : a
slender cord : (math.) that which has
length without breadth or thickness : an
extended stroke : a straight row : a cord
extended to dii-ect any operations : out-
line : a series, succession of : a mark or
lineament, hence a characteristic : a
row : a rank : a verse : a short letter or
note : a trench, in pi. military works of
defence : limit : method : the equator :
Uneage : direction : occupation : the
regular infantry of an army : the twelfth
part of an inch. [L. lined— linum, flax.]
LEJE, lln, v.t. to mark out with lines : to
cover with lines : to place along by the
side of for guarding : by a g^ard within
or by anything added.
LINE, Un, v.t. to cover on the inside with
linen or other material : to cover.
LINEAGE, lin'e-aj, n. descendants in a line
from a common progenitor: race: family.
LINEAL, lin'e-al, adj. of or belonging to a
line : composed of lines : in the direction
of a line : descended in a direct line from
an ancestor. — adi\ Lin'eallt.
LINEAMENT, lin'e-a-ment, n. feature: dis-
tinguishing mark in the form, esp. of the
face. [Lit. "a drawing;" Fr.— L. lineo,
to draw aline.]
LINEAR, lin'e-ar, adj. of or belong^ing to a
line : con.sisting of or having the form of
lines : straight. — adv. Lin'EARLY.
LINEATION, lin-e-a'shun, n. same as De-
lineation.
LINEN, lin'en, n. cloth made of lint or flax:
underclothing, particularly that made of
linen. — adj. made of flax : resembling
linen cloth. [Properly an adj. with suf-
fix -en — A.S. Hn — L. linum, flax ; Gr.
linon.'\
LINER, lln'er, n. a vessel belonging to a
regular line or series of packets.
LING, ling, n. a fish resembUng the cod,
so called from its lengthened form. [A.S.
lang. long.]
LING, ling, n. heather. [Ice. lyng.']
LINGER, ling'ger, v.i. to remain long in
any state : to loiter : to hesitate. [A.S.
lengan, to protract — lang, long.]
LINGERING, ling'ger-ing, adj., lengthened
(ltd in time: protracted. — n. a remaining
LINGET, Ung'get, LINGOT, ling'got, n.
same as INGOT. [Fr. lingot, from root of
Ingot.]
LINGUADENTAL, ling-gwa-den'tal, adj.
uttered by the joint action of the tongue
und teeth, as of the letters d and /. — n. a
'-Quad thus produced. [L. lingua, the
tongue, and Dental..]
LINGUAL, ling'gwal, adj. pertaining to
the tongue. — n. a letter pronoiniced
mainly by the tongue, as I. — adv. LlN"-
QUALLY. [From L. lingua (old form din-
gun), the tongue.]
UNGUIST, ling'gwLst, n. one skilled in
tonqnex or litnguages.
LINGUISTIC, ling-gwist'ik, LINGUISTIC-
AL, ling-gwist'ik-al, adj. pertaining to
langimges and the affinities of languages.
LINGUISTICS, ling-gwist'iks, n.xing. the
science of language,'! and words, the gen-
eral or comparative study of languages.
LINIMENT, lin'i-ment, n. a kind of thin
ointment. [L. Knimentum — lino, to be-
smear.]
LINING, lln'ing, n. act of drawing lines
upon, or of marking with lines : an in-
side covering.
LINK, lingk. n. something bent so as to
form a, joint: a ring ot a chain: anvthing
connecting: a single part of a series. —
v.t. to connect as by a link : to join in
confederacy . to unite in a series. — v.i. to
267
be connected. [A.S. hlence; Ice. hlekkr,
Grer. gelenk {lenken, to bend).]
LINK, Ungk, n. a light or torch of pitch
and tow. — n. Llnk'boy, boy wlio carries
such to light travellers. [Prob. corr.
from Dut. lont, a gunner's match of tow ;
Scot, lunt, Dan. hinte.]
LINKS, liugks, n.jjl. a stretch of flat or
gently undulating ground along a sea-
shore,ou which the game of golf is playSd.
[Scotch.]
LlNN^AN, LINNEAN, lin-ne'an, adj. per-
taining to Linnaeus, the Latinized form
of the name of Linne, the celebrated
Swedish botanist (1707-78), or to the artifi-
cial system of classification introduced by
liira into Botany.
LINNET, lin'et, n. a small singing-bird, so
called from feeding on the seed of flax.
[Fr. linot — Un, flax — L. linum. See
Linen.]
LINOLEUM, lin-o'le-um, n. a prepai-ation
used as a floorcloth, linseed -oil being
greatly used in the making of it. [L.
linum, flax, oleum, oil.]
LINSEED, lin'sed, LINTSEED, lint'sed, n.,
lint oTfla.v seed. [From Lint.]
LINSEED-CAKE, lin'sed-kak, n. the cake
remaining when the oil is pressed out of
lint or Jiax seed.
LINSEED-OIL, lin'sed-oU, n., oil iromflax-
LINSEY-WOOLSEY, lin'ze-wool'ze, adj.
made of linen and wool mixed: mean : of
unsuitable parts. — n. a thin coarse stuff •
of linen and wool mixed.
LINSTOCK, lin'stok, n. a staff to hold a
lighted match for firing cannon. [Also
lintstoek, lint being a mistaken form of
lunt, due to confusion with lint, scraped
linen, from Dut. lontstok — lont, a match,
and stok, a stick. See LINK.]
LINT, lint, 71., ^oar; linen scraped into a
soft wooUy substance to lay on wounds.
[See Linen.]
LINTEL, lin'tel, n. the piece of timber or
stone over a doorway : the headpiece of
a door or casement. [O. Fr. liittel (Fr.
linteau) — Low L. lintellus for limitellus,
dim. of L. limes, a boundary, border.
See Limit.]
LION, IJ'un, n. a large and fierce quadru-
ped, remarkable for its roar : (astr.) Leo,
a sign of the zodiac : anj- object of inter-
est -.—fern. Li'ONESS. [O. Fr. lion — L. leo
— Gr. leCm : Ger. lOwe; A.S. leo, borrowed
directly from L.]
LION-HEARTED, li'un-hart'ed, adj. hav-
ing the heart or courage of a lion.
LIONIZE, ll'un-iz, v.t. to treat as a lion or
object of interest.
LIP, lip, n. the muscular border in front of
the teeth by which things are taken into
the mouth : the edge of anything. [A.S.
lippe : Dut. lip, Ger. lijilte, L. labium,
akin to L. lanibo, E. laj), expre.seive of
the sound of lapping.]
LIPPED, lipt, adj. having lips: having a
raised or rounded edge like the lip.
LIQUATION, li-kwa'shun, n. the act of
making liquid or melting : the capacity
of being melted. [L. liquo. liquatum,
to make liquid, to melt.]
LIQUEFACTION, lik-we-fak'shun. n. the
act or process of making liquid : the
state of being melted.
LIQUEFY, lik'we-fi, ».«. to make liquid:
to dissolve. — v,i. to become liquid: — j)a.t.
and pa. p. liq'uefied. [L. liqnefacio —
liqueo. to be fluid or liquid, and faeio, to
make.]
LIQUESCENT, li-kwes'ent, adj., becoming
liquid : melting. — n. LiQUES'CENCY. [L.
liqueseens. -entis, pr.p. of liquesco, to be-
come liquid — liqueo.'\
XIQUEUR, lik-er', n. a flavored spirit : a
cordial. [Fr.]
LITERATE
LIQUID, lik'wid, adj., flowing: fluid: soft:
smooth : clear. — n. a flowing substance :
a letter of a smooth flowing sound, as /
and r in pla, pra. — ns. Liqcid'ity, Liq'-
UIDNESS. [L. liquidus, fluid, clear — liqueo,
to be fluid or liquid.]
LIQUIDATE, lik'wi-dat, v.t. to make ctear,
esp. to clear or settle an account : to ar-
range or wind up the affairs of a bank-
rupt estate. [See LiQOD.]
LIQUIDATION, lik-wi-da'shun, »i. the
clearing up of money affairs, esp. the
adjustment of the affairs of a bankrupt
LIQUIDATOR, lik-wi-dat'or, n. one en-
gaged in a liquidation.
LIQITOR, lik'ur, n. anything liquid : strong
drink.
LIQUORICE, lik'ur-is, n. a plant with a
stveet root which is used for medicinal
purposes. [Through an O. Fr. form,
from L. liquiritia, a corr. of Gr. glykyr-
rhiza — glykys, sweet, and rhiza, root.]
LISP, lisp, v.i. to speak with the tongue
against the upper teeth or gums, as in
pronouncing th for s or z : to articulate
as a child : to utter imperfectly. — v.t. to
pronounce with a lisp. — n. the act or
liabit of lisping. [A.S. uiisp. lisping ;
Dut. lispen, Ger. lispieln : from the sound.]
LISPING, lisp'ing, adj. pronouncing- with
a lis}). — n. the act of speaking with a
lisp. — adv. Lisp'ingly.
LISSOME, lis'um, adj. same as Lithesoiie.
LIST. list. n. a stripe or border of cloth.
[A.S. ; Ice. lista, Ger. leiste, border.]
LIST, list, n. an edge or border : a cata-
logue or roll. — v.t. to place in a list or
catalogue : to engage for the pubhc ser-
vice, as soldiers. [Orig. a strip, as of
parchment, hence a roll, a list of names,
Fr. liste — O. G«r. lista, Ger. leiste, stripe,
border ; A.S. list, and orig. the same
word as the above.]
LIST, list, n. a line inclosing a piece of
ground, esp. for combat:^}/. LISTS, the
ground inclosed for a contest. — To ENTER
THE lists, to engage in contest. [Fr.
lice. It. lizza — Low L. licioe, barriers ; of
unknown origin.]
LIST, list, v.i. to have pleasure in : to de-
sire : to like or please : to choose. [A.S.
lystan, to desire — lust, pleasure ; Dut.
and Ger. lust, pleasui-e.]
LIST, list, v.t. or v.i. dim. of Listen.
LISTEN, lis'n, v.t. to hear or attend to.
— v.i. to give ear or hearken : to follow
advice. [A.S. hlistan — hlyst. hearing,
fi'om hhtst, the ear ; Ice. hlusta, L. duo,
Gr. kluo, to hear, W. dust, an ear. See
LOLT).]
LISTENER, lis'n-er, n. one who listens or
hearkens.
LISTLESS, list'les, adj. having no desire
or wish : careless: uninterested: weary:
indolent. — adv. List'LESSLY. — n. List'-
u:8SNESs. [From Lust and suffix -less.}
LIT. jM.t. and jw.p. of LIGHT, to lighten,
and Light, to alight.
LITANY", lit'a-ni, n. a praying: a form of
supplication in public worship. [Fr. —
L. lifavia—Gr, litaneia — lite, a prayer.]
LITERAL, lit'er-al, adj, according to the
letter : plain : not figurative or meta-
phorical : following the letter or exact
meaning, word for word. — adv, Lit'eraI/-
LY. — n. Lrr'ERALNESs. [Fr.f— L. literalis
— litera. a letter.]
LITERARY, lit'er-ar-i, adj. belonging to
letters or learning : pertaining to men of
letters : derived from learning : skilled
in learning : consisting of written or
printed compositions. [L. literarius.]
LITERATE, lit'er-at, adj. acquainted with
letters or leaiiiing : learned. — n. one
educated but not having taken a univer-
sity degree. [L literatus.]
LITERATI
268
LOBSTER
LITERATI, lit-er-a'ti, n.pl. men of letters,
the learned.
LITERATURE, lit'er-a-tur, n. the science of
letters or what is written : the whole
body of literary compositions in any lan-
guage, or on a given subject : all literary
productions except those elating to
positive science and art, usually confined,
however, to the belles-lettres. [Fr. — L.
lit erat lira — litera.]
LITHARGE, lith'ai-j, n. the semi-vitrified
oxide of lead separated from silver in re-
fining. [Lit. "stone-silver," Fr. — Gr.
lithargyros—lithos, a stone, and argyros,
silver.]
LITHE, \\th, adj. easily bent, flexible,
active. — ». Lithe'ness. [A.S. lithe (for
linthe) ; Ger. ge-lind, Ice. linr, akin to L.
lenis, soft, tender.]
LITHESOME, llf/i'sum, adj. lithe, supple,
nimble.— ?i. Lithe'someness.
LITHOGRAPH, lith'o-graf. v.t. to tcrite or
engrave on stone and transfer to paper
by printing. — n. a print from stone. [Gr.
lithos. a stone, and grapho, to write.]
LITHOGRAPHER, lith-og'ra-fer, n. one
who practices the art of lithography.
LITHOGRAPHIC, lith-o-graf'ik, LITHO-
GRAPHICAL. lith-o-graf'ik-al, adj. be-
longing to lithography. — adv. Litho-
graph'ically.
LITHOGRAPHY, lith-og'raf-i, n. the art
of writing or engraving on stone and
printing therefrom.
LITHOLOGY, lith-ol'o-ji, n. a department ■
of geology treating of the structure of
rocks. — adj. Litholog'ical. — n. Lithol'-
OGIST, one skilled in lithology. [Gr.
lithos. a stone, and logos, discourse.]
LITHOPHYTE, lith'o-flt, n. an animal
production apparently both stone and
plant, as coral. [Gr. lithos, stone, phyton,
plant — phyo, to grow.]
LITHOTOMY, lith-ot'o-mi, n. the opera-
tion of cutting for stone in the bladder.
— n. LiTHOT'OMiST, one who practices
lithotomy. [Gr. lithos, a stone, and
tome, a cutting — temno. to cut.]
UTHOTRIPSY, lith-ot'rip-si. LITHOT-
RITY, llth-ot'ri-ti, n. the operation of
breaking a stone in the bladder. [Gr.
lithos, stone, and tribo, cog. with L.
tero, to grind.]
LITIGABLE, lit'i-ga-bl, adj. that may be
contested in law.
LITIGANT, lit'i-gant, adj. contending at
law : engaged in a lawsuit. — n. a person
engaged in a lawsuit.
LITIGATE, lit'i-gat, v.t. to contest in law.
— i\i. to carry on a lawsuit. — w. Litiga'-
TION. [L. litigo. -atum — lis, litis, a strife,
and ago. to do.]
LITIGIOUS, li-tij'yus, adj. inclined to en-
gage in lawsuits : subject to contention.
—adv. LlTIG'lOUSLY.— Jl. LiTIG'lOUSNESS.
LITMUS, lit'mus, n. a purple dye obtained
from certain lichens ; known also as
turnsole. [For lakmose — Dut. lakmoes —
lak, lac, and moes, pulp.]
LITOTES, lit'o-tez or 11'-, n. (rhet.)a soften-
ing of a statement for siviplicity and
sometimes for emphasis. [Gr. litotes,
simplicity — litos, plain.]
LITRE, le'tr, n. a French liquid measure,
about If E. pints.
LITTER, lifer, n. a heap of straw, etc., for
animals tp lie upon : materials for a bed :
any scattered collection of objects, esp.
of little vaiue : a vehicle containing a
bed for carrying about : a brood of small
quadrupeds. — v.t. to cover or supply with
litter : to scatter carelessly about : to
give birth to (said of small animals). —
v.i. to produce a litter or brood. [Fr.
litiere — Low L. hctaria — L. lecius, a bed,
from root of Lis.]
LITTLE, lit'l. adj~ (comp. Less; superl.
Least) small in quantity or extent :
weak, poor: brief. — n. that which is
small in quantity or extent : a small
space. — adi\ in a small quantity or de-
gree : not much. — n. Litt'leness. [A.S.
lytel : Ice. litill, O. Ger. luzil, Goth.
leitils.]
LITTORAL, lit'or-al, adj. belonging to the
_ sea-shore. — n. the strip of land along the
' shore. [L. littus, -oris, the shore.]
LITURGICS. li-tur'jiks, n. the doctrine or
theory of liturgies.
LITURGIST, lit'ur-jist, n. one who adheres
to or has a knowledge of liturgies.
LITURGY, lit'ur-ji, n. the form of service
or established ritual of a church. — adjs.
Litue'gic, Litur'gical. [Fr. — Gr. lei-
tourgia — leitos. public — laos, the people,
and ergo, to work, do.]
LIVE, liv, v.i. to have life : to continue in
life : to be exempt from death : to last :
to subsist : to enjoy life, to be in a state
of happiness : to be nourished or support-
ed : to dwell. — v.t. to spend : to act in
conformity to : — pr.p. liv'ing ; pa.t. and
pa.p. lived'. — n. Lit'er. [A.S. liflan,
lybban ; Dut. leven, Ger. leben ; orig.
meaning to remain, to continue. See
Leave, v.t.]
LIVE, llv, adj. having life: alive, not dead:
active: containing fire: burning: vivid. —
-Lived, Uvd, used in compounds, as Long-
lived.
LIVELIHOOD, llv'li-hood, n. means of liv-
ing : support. [For M. E. lijlode, lijiade,
from A.S. lif, life, and lad, a leading,
way, lit., life-leading.]
LIVELONG, liv'long, adj. that lives or lasts
long.
LIVELY, llv'li, adj. having or showing life:
vigorous, active: sprightly: spirited:
strong : vivid. — adv. vivaciously, vigor-
ously.— n. Live'liness.
LIVER, liv'er. n. the largest gland in the
body, which secretes the bile. [A.S.
lifer: Ger. leber. Ice. lifr.]
LIX'ER-GROWN, liv'er-gron, adj. having
a swelled or overgrou-n liver.
LIVERIED, liv'er-id, adj. having or wear-
ing a livery.
LIVERWORT.liv'er-wurt.n. Iceland-moss.
[From A.S. %mirt, plant.]
LIVERY, liv'er-i, n. (orig.) the distinctive
dress worn by the household of a king or
nobleman, so called because delivered or
given at regular periods: the uniform
worn by servants: a dress peculiar to
certain persons or things, as in the trade-
guilds of London : any characteristic
dress : the being kept and fed at a certain
rate, as horses at livery : the whole body
of liverymen in London. [Fr. lii-rie —
livrer — Low L. libero, to give or hand
over. See Deuver.]
LIVERYMAN, liv'er-i-man, n. a man who
wears a livery : a freeman of the city of
London entitled to wear the livery and
enjov other privileges of his Company.
LIVERY-STABLE, liv'er- i-sta'bl, w. a
stable where horses are kept at livery.
LIVESTOCK, liv'stok, n. the animals em-
ployed or reared on a farm.
LIVID, hv'id, adj. black and blue : of a
lead color : discolored. — ?i. Liv'idness.
[Fr. — L. lividus — liveo, to be of a lead
color, or black and blue.]
LIVING, liv'ing, adj. ha\ing life : active,
lively : producing action or vigor : run-
ning or flowing. — n. means of subsist-
ence : a property : the benefice of a
clergyman. — T'HE LIVING, those alive.
LrVRE, le'vr, n. an old French coin, about
the value of a franc, by which it was su-
perseded. [Fr. — L. Ultra, a pound.]
LIZARD, liz'ard, n. a genus of four-footed
scaly reptiles. [Fr. lizard, It. liicerta —
L. lacerta.]
LLAMA, la'ma or la'ma, n. a small speciM
of camel peculiar to South America.
[Peruvian.]
LLANO, lan'o, n. one of the vast steppes
or plains in the northern part of South
America -.—pi. Llan'os. [Sp., from L.
planus, plain.]
LLOYD'S, loidz, n. a part of the London
Royal Exchange frequented by ship-
owners, underwriters, etc., to" obtain
shipping intelligence, and transact ma-
rine insurance. [So called from their
orig. meeting in Lloyd's Coffee-house.]
LO, 16, int. look : see : behold. [A.S. la,
an imitative word.]
LOACH. LOCHE, loch, n. a small river
fish. [Fr. loche, Sp. loja.]
LOAD, lod, v.t. to /adc or burden : to put
on as much as can be carried : to heap
on : to put on overmuch : to confer or
give in great abundance: to charge, as a
gun. — n. a lading or burden : as much as
can be carried at once : freight or cargo :
a measure : any large quantity borne : a
quantity sustained with difficulty : that
which burdens or grieves : a weight or
encumbrance. [A.S. liladan, to load.]
LOADING, lod'ing, n. the act of loading or
lading : a charge, cargo, or lading.
LOADSTAR. Same as Lodestab.
LOADSTONE. Same as Lodestone.
LOAF, lof, n. a regularly shaped mass of
bread : a mass of sugar : any lump : —
pi. Loaves (lovz). [A.S. hlaf; Goth.
hlaifs, Ger. laib, Russ. khlieb.]
LOAF, lof, v.i. to loiter, pass time idly. —
n. Loaf'er. [Pro v. Ger. lof en, Ger. lauf-
en, to run about.]
LOAF-SUGAR, lof'-shoog'ar, n. refined
sugar in the form of a loaf or cone.
LOAM, lom, n. a muddy soil, of clay, sand,
and animal and vegetable matter. — v.t,
to cover with loam. [A.S. lam ; Ger.
lehm. akin to E. LlME.]
LOAMY, lom'i, adj. consisting of or re-
sembling loam.
LOAN, Ion, n. anything lent: the act of
lending : permission to use : monej- lent
for interest. — v.t. to lend. [A.S.' Icen;
Ice. Ian, Dan. laan. cf. Ger. lehen, a fief.]
LOATH or LOTH, loth, adj. disliking : re-
luctant, unwilling. — adv. LOATH'LT. — M,
Loath'ness. [A.S. lath ; Ger. leiden, to
suffer.]
LOATHE, ]oth, v.t. to dislike greatly, to
feel disgust at. [A.S. lathian.]
LOATHFUL, \dth'loo\, adj. full of loathing,
hate, or abhorrence : exciting loathing or
disgust.
LOA'THING, loffe'ing, n. extreme hate or
disgust : abhorrence. — adj. hating. — adv.
Loath'inoly.
LOATHSOME,]6<;i'sum,arfy.exciting loath-
ing or abhorrence: detestable. — adv.
Loath'somely. — n. Loath'someness.
LOAVES, lovz, n.. pi. of LoAF.
LOBATE, lob'at, LOBED, lobd', adj. having
or consisting of lobes.
LOBBY, lob'i, n. a small hall or waiting
room : a passage serving as a common
entrance to several apartments. [Low
L. lobia — O. Ger. loube, Ger. laube. a por-
tico, arbor — laub, E. leaf. See Lodge.]
LOBE, lob, n. the lower part of the ear :
(anat.) a division of the lungs, brain,
etc. : {bot.) a division of a leaf. — adj.
Lob'ULAB. [Fr., prob. through Low L.
from Gr. lobos ; akin to Lap, to fold.]
LOBELET, lob'let, LOBULE, lob'ul, n. a,
small lobe.
LOBELIA, lob-e'li-a, n. an ornamental
flower, the roots of which are used in
medicine. [Lobel, a Flemish botanist.]
LOBSTER, lob'ster, n. a shellfish with
large claws, used for food. [A.S. lop-
pestre, lopystre ; a corr. of L. loeusta, a
lobster.]
LOBWORM
269
LOO
LOBWOEM, lob'wurm, n. a large worm
used as bait. [So called from its clumsy
form. See Lubbakd.]
LOCAL, lo'kal, adj. of or belong-ing- to a
place: confined to a spot or district. —
adi: Lo'CALLY. [Fr. — L. localis — locus,
a place.]
LOCALITY, lo-kal'i-ti, n. existence in a
place : position : district.
LOCALIZE, lo'kal-iz, v.t. to make local : to
put into a place. — n. Locauza'tion.
LOCATE, l6-kat' or lo'kat, v.t. to place . to
set in a particular position : to designate
tlie place of.
LOCATION, l6-ka'shun, ti. act of locating
or placing : situation : (law) a leasing on
rent.
LOCATIVE, 16'ka-tiv, adj. (gram.) indicat-
ing place.
LOCII. loch, n. a lake or arm of the sea.
[Gael, and Ir. loch, W. llwch, L. lacus,
E. Lake.]
LOCHE. n. See Loach.
LOCK, lok, n. an instrument to fasten
doors, etc. : an inclosure in a canal for
raising or lowering boats : the part of
a firearm by which it is discharged : a
grapple in wrestling : a state of being
immovable : any narrow confined place.
— v.t. to fasten with a lock : to fasten so
as to impede motion : to shut up : to
close fast : to embrace closely: to furnish
with locks. — v.i. to become fast: to unite
closely. [A.S. loca, a lock ; Ice. loka, a
bolt, (xer. loch, a dungeon.]
LOCK, lok, n. a tuft or ringlet of hair : a
flock of wool, etc. [A.S. locc; Ice. lokkr,
Ger. locke, a lock.]
LOCKAGE, lok'aj, n. the locks of a canal :
the difference in their levels, the materi-
als used for them, and the tolls paid for
passing through them.
LOCKER, lok'er, n. any closed place that
mar be locked.
LOCKET, lok'et, n. a frmall lock : a little
ornamental case of gold or silver, usually
containing a miniature.
LOCK-JAW, lok' -jaw, LOCKED-JAW,
lokt'-jaw, n. a contraction of the mus-
cles of the jaw by which its motion is
suspended. [LOCK and Jaw.]
LOCK-KEEPER, lok'-kep'er, n. one who
keeps or attends the locks of a canal.
LOCKRAM, lok'ram, n. a kind of coarse
linen, so called from Locrenan, in Bre-
tagne, where it is made.
LOCKSMITH, lok'smith, n. a smith who
makes and mends locks.
LOCKSTITCH, lok'stich, n. a .stitch formed
by the locking of two threads together.
LOCKUP, lok'up, 71. a place for locking
up Oi confining persons for a short time.
LOCOMOTION, l6-ko-m6'shuii, a. act or
power of moving from place to place.
LOCOMOTIVE, lo-ko-mo'tiv or lo'-, adj.,
moving from place to place : capable of
or assisting in locomotion. — n. a loco-
motive machine : a railway engine. — n.
LocoJiOTrv'iTY. [L. locus, a place, and
7noveo. motum. to move.]
LOCULOUS, lok'u-lus, adj. (bot.) divided
internally into cells. [L. loculiis, a cell,
dim. of locus.]
LOCUS, lo'kus, 11., place : (math.) the curve
described by a point, or the surface gen-
erated by a line, moving in a given man-
ner. [L.]
LOCUST, lo'kust, n. a migratory winged
insect, in shape like the grasshopper,
highly destructive to vegetation : a
name' of several plants and trees. [L.
locusta.]
LODE, lod, n. (mining) a course or vein
containing metallic ore. [A.S. lad, a
course — lithan, to lead. See Lead, to
show the way.]
LODESTAR, lod'star, Ji. the star that leads
or guides : the pole-star.
LODESTONE, lod'ston, n. a stone or ore of
iron that leads or attracts other pieces
of iron. [Made up of LODE and STONE.
See Magnet.]
LODGE, loj, n. a small house in a park (B.,
a hut) : the cottage of a gatekeeper : a
retreat : a secret association, also the
place of meeting. — r.^. to furnish with a
temporary dwelling : to infix, to settle :
to drive to covert : to lay flat, as grain.
— v.i. to reside : to rest : to dwell for a
time {B., to pass the night) : to lie flat,
as gi-ain. [Fr. loge, from root of Lobby.]
LODGER, loj'er, n. one who lodges or lives
at board or in a liired room : one who
stays in any place for a time.
LODGING, loj'ing, n. temporary habitar
tiou : a room or rooms hired in tlie house
of another (often in pi.) : harbor.
LODGMENT, loj'ment, «., act of lodging,
or state of being lodged : accumulation of
something that remains at rest : (mil.)
the occupation of a position by a be-
sieging party, and the works thrown up
to maintain it.
LOFT, loft, n. the room or space immedi-
ately under a roof : a gallery in a hall or
church: (B.) an upper room. [From the
Scand., as in Ice. loi>t (pronounced loft),
the sky or air, an upper room ; A.S. lyft,
G«r. luft, the air. See Lift.]
LOFTY, loft'i, adj. high in position, char-
acter, sentiment, or diction: high: state-
ly: haughty. — adv. Loft'ily. — n. Loft'i-
NESS.
LOG, log, n. a Hebrew liquid measure^
or f of a pint. [Heb., a basin — lug, to be
hollow.]
LOG, log, n. a bulky piece of wood : (naut.)
a piece of wood, with a line, for measur-
ing the speed of a ship. [Scand., as in
lee. lag, Dan. log.]
LOGARITHM, log'a-rithm, ?!. (of a number)
the power to which another given num-
ber must be raised in order that it may
equal the former number. [Lit. " the
number of the ratios," Gr. logos, ratio,
and arithmos. number.]
LOGARITHMIC, log-a-rith'mik, LOGA-
RITHMICAL, log-a-rith'mik-al. adj. per-
taining to or consisting of logarithms. —
adv. Logarith'mically.
LOGBOARD, log'bord, LOGBOOK, log'-
book, ns. (naut.) a board and book on
which the fogr-reckoning is kept.
LOG-CABIN, log' - kab'in, LOGHOUSE,
log'hows. LOGHUT, log'hut, n.i. a cabin,
house, or hut built of logs.
LOGGERHEAD, log'er-hed, n. a blockhead:
a dunce : (naut.) a round piece of timber,
in a whale-boat, over which the line is
passed : a species of sea-turtle : — pi. quar-
rel : dispute. [LoG, a piece of wood, and
Head.]
LOGIC, loj'ik, n. the science and art of
reasoning correctly: the science of the
necessary laws of thought. [Gr. logike,
from logos, speech, reason.]
LOGICAL, loj'ik-al, adj. according to the
rules of logic : skilled in logic : discrimi-
nating.— adv. LOG'ICALLT
LOGICIAN, lo-jish'an, m. one skilled in
logic.
LOGISTIC, lo-jis'tik, LOGISTICAL, lo-jis'-
tik-al, adj. (lit.) skilled in calculating :
(math.) made on the scale of si.xty. [Gr.
logistikos — logizomai, to calculate —
logos, a number.]
LOGLINE, log'lTn, n. the line fastened to
tlie log, and marked for finding the speed
of a vessel.
LOGOGRAPHY, lo-gog'ra-fi, n. a method
of printing with whole words cast in
a single type. [Gr. logographia, word-
writing — logos, word, and grapM, to
write.]
LOGOMACHY, lo-gom'a-ki, n., contention
about words or in words merely. [Gr.
logomachia — logos, word, and mache^
fight.]
LOGREEL, log'rel, n. a reel for the ?ogline.
LOGWOOD, log'wood, n. a red u-ood much
used in dyeing. [LoG and WoOD.]
LOIN, loin, n. the back of a beast cut for
food : — pi. the reins, or the lower part of
the back. [O. Fr. logne, Fr. longe, loin—
L. lumbus, loin.]
LOITER, loi'ter, v.i. to delay : to be slow
in moving: to linger. — n. Loi'tereb.
[Dut. leuteren, to trifle ; Ger. lottem, to
waver ; from root of Lout.]
LOLL, lol, v.i. to lie lazily about, to lounge:
to hang out from the mouth. — v.t. to
thrust out (the tongue). ([M. E. lollen,
prob. from O. Dut. lollen, to sit over the
fire ; Ice. lalla, to move slowly. See
Lull.]
LOLLARDS, lol'ards, n.pl. a sect of re-
formers in Germany, arising about 1300
A.D.: the followers of Wycliffe in En-
gland. [Prob. from Low Ger. lollen, to
sing, to hum, the name having arisen
from the manner of singing peculiar to
them ; cf. Lull.]
LONE, Ion, LONELY, lon'li, adj., alone:
having no company : solitary : retired ;
standing by itself .—?i. Lone'liness. [Con-
traction of Alone.]
LONESOME, lon'sum, adj. solitary: dismal.
— adv. Lone'somely. — n. Lone'someness,
LONG, long, adj. (comp. Lonq'er ; superl.
Long'est) extended: not short: extended
in time : slow in coming : tedious : far-
reaching. — adv. to a great extent in space
or time : through the whole : all along.
— v.i. to desire earnestly : to have an
eager appetite. — adv. Lonq'ingly. [A.S.
lang : found in all the Teut. languages,
as in Ger. lang, also in L. longus.]
LONGBOAT, long'bot, n. the longest boat
of a ship.
LONGEVAL, lon-je'val, LONGEVOUS,
lon-je'vus, adj. of long or great age.
[L. longus. long, aevum, age.]
LONGEVITY, lon-jev'i-ti, n., long life : old
age.
LONGIMANOUS, lon-jim'a-nus, adj., long-
handed. [L. longus, long, and nianus, a
hand,]
LONGISH. long'ish, adj. somewhat long.
LONGITUDE, lon'ji-tud, n. distance of a
place east or west of a given meridian :
distance in degrees from the vernal equi-
nox, on the ecliptic. [Lit. "length,"
Fr.— L. longitude.']
LONGITUDINAL, lon-ji-tud'i-nal, adj. per-
taining to longitude or length : extend-
ing lengthwise.— adi'. Longitud'inally.
LONG-MEASURE, long'-mezh'ur, n. the
measure of length.
LONGRUN, long'run, n. the long or whole
run or course of events : the ultimate
result.
LONGSHORE-MAN, long'shor-man, n. a
man employed along the s/iore*or about
wharves in loading and unloading vessels.
LONG-SIGHTED, long'-slt'ed, adj. able to
see at a long distance : sagacious. — n.
Long'-sight'ednes.s.
LONG-SUFFERING, long'-suf'er-ing, adj.,
suffering or enduring long. — n., long en-
durance or patience.
LONG-VACATION, long[-va-ka'shun, n.
(law), in autumn, the period during which
judicial proceedings are intermitted.
LOO. 156, n. a game at cards.— ^'.^ to beat
in the game of loo -.—pr.p. loo'ing ; pa.p.
looed'. [Formerly lanterloo — Fr. lan-
turrlu. nonsense, fudge, a game at cards,
orig. the refrain of a famous vaudeville
of the time of Cardinal Richelieu.]
LOOF
270
LOW
LOOF, loot, n. the after-part of a ship's
bow where the planks begin to curve in
towards the cut-water. [See Lctp.]
LOOK, look, r.i. to turn the eye toward
so as to see: to direct the attention to :
to watch : to seem : to face, as a house :
(S.) to expect. — v.t. to express by a
look: to influence by look. — Look after,
to attend to or take care of: (B.) to e.\-
pect. — Look into, to inspect closely —
Look on, to regard, view, think. — Look
OUT, to watch : to select. — Look to. to
take care of : to depend on. — Look
through, to penetrate with the eye or
the understanding. — n. Look'er-on.
[A.S. loeian, to see; O. Ger. luogen.^
LOOK, look, n. the act of looking or see-
ing : sight : air of the face : appearance.
LOOK, look. imp. or int. see : behold.
LOOKING, look'ing, n., seeing : search or
searching. — Look'inq-for, (B.) expecta-
tion.— Look'ing-glass. a glass which re-
flects the image of the person looking
into it, a mirror.
LOOKOUT, look'owt, n. a careful looking
out or watching for : an elevated place
from which to observe : one engaged in
watching.
LOOM, loom, n. the frame or machine for
weaving cloth : the handle of an oar, or
the part within the rowlock. [A.S. gelo-
via. furniture, utensils.]
LOOM, loom, v.L to shine or appear above
the horizon : to appear larger than the
real size, as in a mist : to be seen at a
distance in the mind's eye, as something
in the future. [A.S. leomian, to shine —
leoma. a beam of light. Allied to Light.]
Looming, loOm'lng, n. the indistinct and
magnified appearance of objects seen in
certain states of the atmosphere : mi-
rage.
LOON, loon, n. a low fellow, a rascal. [O.
Dut. loen.]
LOON (also LOOJD, loon, n. a genus of
web-footed aquatic birds, with short
wings, and legs placed very far back,
also called Divers from their expertness
in diving. [Ice. loinr, prob. influenced
by loon, as above, from their awk^vard
manner of walking.]
LOOP, loop, n. a doubling of a cord through
which another may pass : an ornamental
doubling in fringes. — v.f. to fasten or
ornament with loops. [Prob. from Celt.
lub. a bend, a fold.]
LOOP, loop, LOOPHOLE, loop'hol, n. a
small hole in a wall, etc., through which
small-arms may be fired : a means of
escape. — adj. Loop' holed.
LOOPERS. loop'erz, n.pl. the caterpillars
of certain moths, which move by draw-
ing up the hindpart of their body to the
head, thus forming a loop.
LOOSE, loos, adj., slack, free: unbound:
not confined: not compact: not strict:
unrestrained : licentious : inattentive. —
adv. Loose'ly. — n. Loose'ness. — Break
loose, to escape from confinement. —
Let loose, to set at liberty. [A.S. leas,
loose, Weak ; from the same root as
Loose, v.t. and Lose, seen also in Goth.
/(IKS, Ger. las, loose.]
LOOSE, loos, v.t. to free from any fasten-
ing : to release : to relax. — v.i. (B.) to set
sail. [A.S. losian ; Ger. liisen. Goth.
lausjcui, to loose. From root of LoSE.]
LOOSEN, loos' n, v.t. to make loose : to re-
lax anj'thing tied or rigid : to make less
dense : to open, as the bowels. — v.i. to
become loose : to become less tight.
LOOT, loot, H. act of plundering, esp. in a
conquered city: plunder. — v.t. or v.i. to
plunder. [Hindi hit — Sans, lotra, loptra,
stolen goods.]
LOP. lop, v.t. to cut off the top or extreme
parts of, esp. of a tree : to curtail by
cutting away the superfluous parts : —
pr.j). lopp'ing ; po.f. anApa.p. lopped'. —
n. twigs and small bi-anches of trees cut
off. [Dut. liibben, to cut ; perhaps con-
nected with Leaf.]
LOQUACIOUS, lo-kwa'shus, adj.. talkative.
— adv. Loqua'ciously. — ns. Loqca'cious-
N^ESS. LOQUAC'ITT, talkativeness. [L. lo-
qua.c, -ads — loquor, to speak.]
LORD, lawrd, n. a master : a superior : a
husband : a ruler : the proprietor of a
manor : a baron : a peer of the realm :
the son of a duke or marquis, or the
eldest son of an earl : a bishop, esp. if a
member of parliament: (B.) the Supreme
Being, Jehovah (when printed in capitals).
— v.t. to raise to the peerage. — r.)'. to act
the lord : to tjTannize. — Lord's Day,
the first day of the week. — LORD'S SuPPER,
the sacrament of the communion, insti-
tuted at our Lord's last supjjer. [M.E.
loverd, laverd — A.S. hlaford — hlaf, a loaf,
bread, and either ii-eard, warder, or ord,
origin ]
LORDLING, lawrd'ling, n. a little lord : a
would-be lord.
LORDLY, lawrd'li, adj.. like, becoming or
pertaining to a lord : dignified: haughty:
tyrannical. — adv. Lord'ly. — n. Lord'li-
KESS.
LORDSHIP, lawrd'ship, n. state or con-
dition of being a lord : the territory
belonging to a lord: dominion: authority.
LORE, lor, '/(. that which is learned or
taught: doctrine: learning. [A.S. lar,
from root of Learx.]
LOEICA, lo-rl'ka, n. in ancient Rome, a
cuirass made of thongs. [L. — lorum, a
thong.]
LORICATE, lor'i-kat, v.t. to furnish with a
lorica or coat of mail : to plate or coat
over. [L. lorico, -atum — loricu.'\
LORICATION, lor-i-ka'shun, n. a coating
or crusting over, as with plates of mail.
[L. loricatio.]
LORIOT, lo'ri-ut, n. the oriole. [Fr. le, the,
and oriol — L. anreolus, dim. of aureus,
golden — aurum, gold. See Oriole.]
LORRY, lor'i, n. a four-wheeled wagon
without sides. [Perh. from prov. E. Iwry,
to pull or lug.]
LORY, lo'ri, n. a small bird allied to the
parrot. [Malay luri.]
LOSE, looz, v.t. the opposite of keep or
gain : to be deprived of : to mislay : to
waste, as time : to miss : to bewilder : to
cause to perish: to ruin: to suffer waste :
— P>'-1^- losing (lobz'ing); pa.t. and pa.p.
lost. — adj. Los' ABLE. — 11. Los'er. [A.S.
losian — leosan ; cog. with Ger. ver-?!eren,
to lose, Gr. luo, to loose ; pei-h. akin to
Less. See Loose.]
LOSING, looz'ing, adj. causing loss. — adv.
Los'ingly.
LOSS, los, n. the act of losing : injury :
destruction : defeat : that which is lost :
waste. [A.S. los — leosan, to lose. See
Lose.]
LOST, lost, adj. parted with : no longer
possessed : missing : thrown away :
squandered : ruined.
LOl", lot, n. one's fate in the future : that
which falls to any one as his fortune :
that which decides by chance : a separate
portion. — v.t. to allot : to separate into
lots : to catalogue : — pr.p. lott'ing ; pa.p.
lott'ed. [A.S. Idot, a lot, hleotan. to cast
lots ; Ice. hhitr, lot, hljota, to cast lots.]
LOTE, lot, LOTUS, lo'tus, LOTOS, lo'tos,
n. the water-lily of Egypt : a tree in N.
Africa, fabled to make strangers who ate
of its fruit forget their home : a genus
of leguminous plants. — Lo'tus-eat'er, n.
an eater of the lotus: one given up to
sloth. [L. lotus — Gr. lotos.l
LOTH, loth, adj. same as Loath.
LOTION, lo'shun, n. (med.) a fluid for ex-
ternal application to a wound, bruise,
etc. [Fr. — L. lotio — lavo, lotvm, to wash.]
LOTTERY, lot'er-i, n. a distribution o!
prizes by lot or chance: a game of chance.
LOTUS, n. See Lote.
LOUD, lowd, adj. making a great sound :
striking the ear with great force : noisy :
clamorous. — advs. LouD. Loud'ly. — n.
Loud'ness. [Lit. "heard," A.S. hhtd :
Ice. hliod, Ger. laut, sound ; L. inclytus,
much heai'd of, Gr. klytos, heard — klyo.
Sans. Aj'm, to hear.]
LOUGH, loch, n. the Irish form of LoCH.
LOUIS-D'OR, loo'e-dor'. v. a French gold
coin, superseded in 179.5 by the 20-franc
piece. [Fr. Lords, king's name, and or —
L. aurum. gold.]
LOUNGE, lownj, v.i. to recline at one's
ease : to move about listlessly. — n. the
act or state of lounging : an idle stroll :
a place for lounging : a kind of sofa. — n.
Loung'er. [Fr. longis. one that is long
in doing anything, formed (but with a
pun on L. longus, long) from L. Longius
or Longinus, the legendary name of the
centurion who pierced the body of Christ.]
LOUSE, lows, n. a common wingless para-
sitic insect : — -p?. Lice (lis). [A.S. lus, pi.
lys ; Ger. laiis : from the root of Goth.
liusan, to destroy, to devour.]
LOUSY, lowz'i, adj. swarming with lice. —
n. Lous'iNESS.
LOUT, lowt, n. a clown : a mean, awlrward
fellow. [From old verb lout — A.S. hv-
tan, to stoop.]
LOUTISH, lo\rt'ish, adj. clownish : awk-
ward and clmnsy. — adv. Lout'ishi.y. — ?(.
Lout'ishness^
L01TV;ER, LOUVEE, 166'ver, n. an open-
ing in the roofs of ancient houses serv-
ing for a skyliglit, often in the form of
a turret or small lantern. — Louver- WIN-
DOW, an open window in a church tower,
crossed by a series of sloping boards,
[O. Fr. louvert for Vouvert, the open
space. See 0^'EET.]
LOVABLE, luv'a-bl, adj. worthy of love :
amiable.
LO'VE, luv, n. fondness: an affection of
the mind caused by that which delights :
pre-eminent kindness: benevolence: rev-
erential reganl : devoted attachment to
one of the opposite sex : the object of
affection : the god of love, Cupid : noth-
ing, in billiards and some other games.
— v.t. to be fond of : to regard with affec-
tion : to delight in with exclusive affec-
tion : to regard with benevolence. [A-S.
lufu, love ; Ger. Hebe ; aldn to L. libet,
lubet, to please. Sans, lubh, to desire.]
LOVEBIRD, luv'berd, n. a genus of small
birds of the parrot tribe, so called fi-oni
their tore or attachment to each other.
LOVEKJSrOT, luv'not, n. an intricate knot,
used as a token of loi-e.
LO'VELOCK, luv'lok, n. a lock or curl of
hair hanging at the ear, worn by men of
fashion in the reigns of Elizabeth and
James I.
LOVELORN, luv'lorn, adj. forsaken by
one's love. [See Forlorn.]
LOVELY, luv'li, adj. exciting love or ad-
miration : amiable : pleasing : delight-
ful.—». Love'liness.
LOVER, luv'er, n. one who loves, esp. one
in love with a person of the opposite
sex : one who is fond of anything : (B.)
a friend.
LGVING, luv'ing, adj. having love or kind-
ness: affectionate: fond: expressing love.
— adv. LOT'INGLY.- n. Lov'ingness.
LO"VING-KINDNESS, luv'ing-klnd'nes, n.,
kindness full of love : tender regard :
mercy : favor.
LO'W, lo, v.i. to make the loud noise of
oxen: to bellow. [A.S. hlou-an ; Dut.
loeijen : formed from the sound.]
LOW
LUNCH
XX)W, lo. adj. (comp. Low'er ; superl.
Low'est), lying oa an inferior place or
position: not hiffh: deep: shallow: small:
moderate: cheap: dejected: mean: plain:
in poor circumstances : humble. — adv.
not aloft : cheaplj' : meanly: in subject-
tiou, poverty, or disgrace : in times near
our own; not loudly: {astr.) near the
equator. — n. Low'ness. [Ice. lagr. Dut.
laag. low : allied to A.S. iicgan. to lie.]
LOW- CHURCH, 16'-chiu-ch. a. a party
within the Protestant Episcopal Cliurch
who do not attach anj' great importance
to ecclesiastical constitutions, ordi-
nances, and forms : — opposeii to HlGH-
CHUKCH.
LOWER, lo'er, v.t. to bring loir : to de-
press : to degrade : to diminish. — v.i. to
fall : to sink : to grow less.
LOWER, low'er, v.i. to gather and appear
gloomy, as the clouds : to threaten a
storm : to frown. [M. E. louren — Dut.
loeren, to frown ; or from M. E. lure, lere,
the cheek, allied to A.S. hleor, and thus
another form of Leee.]
LOWERING, lo'er-ing. n. the act of bring-
ing low or reducing. — adj. letting down :
sinking : degrading.
LOWERING, low'er-ing, adj., looking md-
len : appearing dark and threatening. —
adv. LOW'ERINGLY.
LOWERMOST, lo'er-most, adj. lowest. [See
Foremost.]
LOWING, lo'ing, adj. bellowing, or making
the loud noise of oxen. — n. the bellowing
or crv of cattle.
LOWLAND, lo'land, n., land Ion-, with
respect to higher land. — n. Low'lander,
a native of lowlands.
LOWLY, 16'li, adj. of a low or humble mind:
not high : meek : modest. — n. Low'li-
NESS.
LOW-PRESSURE, lo'-presh'ur, adj. em-
ploying or exerting a loiv degree of press-
ure (viz., less than 50 lbs. to the sq. inch),
said of steam and steam engines.
LOW-SPIRITED, lo'-spir'it-ed, adj. having
the spirits lotc or cast down : not lively :
sad. — n. Low'-spir'itedness.
LOW-WATER, lo'-waw'ter, n. the lowest
point of the tide at ebb.
LOYAL, loy'al. adj. faithful to one's sover-
eign : obedient : true to a lover. — adv.
Loy'aixy. — n. Loy'altt. [Orig. faithful
to law, Fr. — L. legalis, pertaining to the
law — lex, legis, law.]
LOYALIST, loy'al-ist, n. a loyal adherent
of his sovereign, esp. in English history,
a partisan of the Stuarts: in the Revolu-
tionary War, one that sided with the
British troops.
LOZENGE, loz'enj, n. an oblique-angled
parallelogriim or a rhombus : a small
cake of flavored sugar, orig. lozenge or
diamond shaped: (/ier.)the rhomb-shaped
figure in which the arms of mtuds,
widows, and deceased persons are borne.
[Fr. losange. of uncertain origin.]
LUBBER, lub'er, LUBBARD, lub'ard, n.
an awkward, clumsy fellow : a lazj',
sturdy fellow. — adj. and adv. Lubb'erly.
[W. llob, a dolt, llabbi. a stripling, perh.
conn, with lleipr, flabby.]
LUBRICATE, loo'bi-i-kat, v.t. to make
smooth or slippery. — us. Ld'bricator,
Lubrica'tion, Lu'bricant. [L. lubrico,
-at urn — Inbricus, slippery.]
LUBRICITY, loo-bris'i-ti, n., slipperiness:
smoothness : instability : lewdness.
LUCE, loos, n. a fresh-water fish, the pike.
[0. Fr. Ills — L. lucius.]
LUCENT, 166'sent, adj., shining: bright.
[L. lucens — Itieeo, to shine — lux, hicis,
light.]
LUCERNE, 166-sern', n. a well-known fod-
der-plant. [Fr. luzerne, from the Gael.
llysian, a plant.]
LUCID, loo'sid, adj.. shining: transpar-
ent: easily understood: intellectually
bright: not darkened with madness. —
adv. Lu'cidly. — ns. Lucid'ity, Lu'cid-
NESS. [L. lucidus — lux, lucis, lisrlit.]
LUCIFER, loo'si-fer, n. (lit.) light-bringer :
tiie planet Venus when it appears as the
morning-star: Satan: a match of wood
tipped with a combustible substance
which is ignited by friction. [L. lux,
lucis, light, and fero, to bring.]
LUCK, luk, n. fortune, good or bad: chance:
lot : good fortune. [From a Low Ger.
root, seen in Dut. luk, also in Ger. gluck,
prosperity, fortune.]
LUCKLESfe, luk'les, adj. without good-
luck : unhappy. — adv. Luck'lessiA'. — n.
Luck'lessness.
LUCKY, luk'i, adj. having good-luck :
fortunate : auspicious. — adv. Luck'ily.
— n. Luck'iness.
LUCRATIVE, loo'kra-tiv, adj. bringing
lucre or gain : profitable. — adv. Lu'-
cratitely.
LUCRE, loo'ker, n., gain (esp. sordid gain) :
profit : advantage. [Fr.- -L. lucrum, gain,
akin to Gr. leia, booty, Jr. luach, wages,
Ger. lolin, pay, Sans, lotra for loptra,
booty. See Loot.]
LUCUBRATE, loo'ku-brat, v.i. to work or
study by lumplight or at night. [L. lu-
cubro, -afunt—lu.r.]
LUCUBRATION, loo-ku-bra'shun, w. study
by \a.m\>light : that which is composed
by night : any composition produced in
retirement.
LUCUBRATORY, loo'ku - bra - tor - i, adj.
composed by candle-light.
LUCULENT,l6o'ku-lent, adj. lucid : clear :
transparent : evident. [L. lucidentus —
lu.i:]
LUDICROUS, loo'di-krus, adj. that serves
for sj)ort : adapted to excite laughter :
laughable : comic. — adv. Lu'dicrously.
— ((.Lu'dicrousness. [L. ludicrus — ludo,
to play.]
LUFF, luf, n. the vnndivard side of a ship :
the act of sailing a ship close to the wind:
the loof. — i:i. to turn a ship towards the
wind. [Orig. the palm of the hand (Scot.
loof), then a fixed paddle (like the palm
of the hand) attached to a ship's side,
and which being placed to suit the wind,
gave its name to the windward side of a
ship ; found in M.E. lof, which is cog.
with and (in this sense) perh. borrowed
from Dut. loef.']
LUG, lug, v.t. to pull along: to drag: to
pull with difficulty: — pr.i^. lugg'iug ;
pa.t. nwiXpa.p. lugged'. [From aScand.
root, found in Sw. lugga, to pull by the
hair — lugg, the forelock ; from a base luk,
to pull, present in Scot, lug, the ear.]
LUGGAGE, lug'aj, n. the trunks and other
baggage of a traveller, so called from
their being lugged or dragged along.
LUGGER, lug'er, n. a small vessel with
two or three masts, a running bowsprit,
and long or lug sails.
LUGSAIL, lug'sal, w. a square sail bent
upon a yard that hangs obliquely to the
mast.
LUGUBRIOUS, loo-gu'bri-us, adj., mourn-
ful : sorrowful. — adv. LuGU BEIOUSLY.
JX. lugnbris — lugeo, to mourn.]
LUGWORM, lug'wurm, n. a sluggish irorm
found in the sand on the sea-shore, nmch
used for bait by fishermen, also called
Lob' WORM. [From root of Lag, Loo,
and Worm.]
LUKEWARM, look'wawrm, adj., partially
or moderately warm : indifferent. — adv.
L u K e'w arm ly. — n. Luke'waemness.
[M. E. leak, luke, an extension of lew,
cog. with the A.S. hleo, the source of
Lee, or from A.S. wkec, warm ; cf. Dut.
leuk, Ger. lau,]
LULL, lul, v.t. to soothe : to compose : to
quiet. — v.i. to become calm : to subside.
— n. a season of calm. [Scand., as in Sw.
hdla ; an imitative word, like Ger. lallen,
Gr. laleo.]
LULLABY, lul'a-bi, ?i. a song to lull chil-
dren to sleep.
LUMBAGO, lum-ba'go, n. a rheumatic
pain in the loins and small of the back.
\Lj.—himbus, a loin.]
LUMBAR, lum'bar, LUMBAL, lum'bal,
adj. pertaining to or near the loins. [See
Lumbago.]
LUMBER, Ivun'ber, n. anything cumber-
some or useless : timber sawed or split
for use. — v.t. to fill with lumber : to heap
together in confusion. [Fr. — Ger. Lang-
bart : the lumber-room being orig. the
Lombard-room or place where the Lom-
bards, the medicBval bankers and pawn-
brokers, stored their pledges.]
LUMBER, lum'ber, v.i. to move heavily
and laboriously. [From a Scand. root
seen in prov. Sw. lomra, to resound, Ice.
hljomr, a sound.]
LUMBERING, lum'ber-ing, adj. filling with
lumber : putting in confusion (See LuM^
BEE, n.) : moving heavily. (See Lumber,
v.i.)
LUMINARY, loo'min-ar-i, n. any body
which gives light, esp. one of the heavenly
bodies : one who illustrates any subject
or instructs mankind. [L. lumen, lumi-
nis, light — luceo, to shine.]
LUMINIFEROUS, lo6-min-if'er-us, adj.,
transniittiiig light. [L. lumen, luminis,
light— /ct'O, to carry.]
LUMINOUS, 166'min-us, adj. giving light :
shining: illuminated: clear: lucid. —
adv. Lu'minously. — ns. Lu'minousness,
LUMTNOS'ITY.
LUMP, lump, n. a small shapeless mass :
the whole together : the gross. — v.t. to
throw into a confused mass : to take in
the gross. [From a Scand. root seen in
Norvv. lump, Dut. lomp.^
LUMPER, lump'er, n. a laborer employed
in the lading or unlading of ships, [From
Lump, v.t.'\
LUMPFISH, lump'fish, n. a clumsj' sea-
fish ■with a short, deep, and thick body
and head, and a ridge on its back, also
called LUMP'SUCKER, from the power of
its sucker. [Lump and Fish.]
LUMPING, lump'ing, adj. in&himp: heavy:
bulky.
LUMPISH, lump'ish, adj. like a lump:
heavj' : gross: dull. — adv. LuMP'iSHLY.
— 7). LUMP'ISHNESS.
LUMPY, lump'i, <idj. full of lumps.
LUNACY, loo'na-si, n. a kind of madness
formerly supposed to be affected by the
moon : insanity.
LUNAR, loon'ar. LUNARY, loon'ar-i, adj.
belonging to the moon : mea.sured by the
revolutions of the moon : caused by the
moon : like the moon. — LtTNAR CAUSTIC,
fused crystals of nitrate of silver, applied
to ulcers, etc. [L. iunaris — luna, the
moon — I'tceo, to shine.]
LUNATE, loon'at, LUNATED, loon'at-ed,
adj. formed like a half-»ioon; crescent-
shaped.
LUNATIC, loo'na-tik, adj. affected with
lunacy. — n. a person so affected : a mad-
man.
LUNATION, loo-na'shun, n. the time be-
tween two revolutions of tiie moon: a
lunar month.
LUNCH, lunsh. LUNCHEON, lunsh'un, n.
a slight repast between breakfast and
dinner. — v.i. to take a lunch. [Our word
lunch is a contr. of luncheon, and the
latter is prob. from prov. E. lunch, a
lump of bread, which again is simply a
form of Lump.]
LUNE
272
MACERATE
LUNE, looD, n. anything in the shape of a
half-Hioon. [Fr. lune — L. luna.]
LUXETTE, loo-net', n. a little moon: {fort.)
a detached bastion : a hole in a concave
ceiling to admit light: a watch-glass flat-
tened more than usual in the centre.
[Fr., dim. of ifwree.]
LUNG, lung, n. one of the organs of
breathing, so called from its light or
spongy texture. — adj. LCNGED. [A.S.
Itaigan, the lungs ; from a root seen in
Sans, laghu, light.]
LUNGE, lunj, n. a sudden thrust in fenc-
ing.— i:i. to give such a thrust. [A
clipped form of Fr. allonger, to lengthen
— L. ad, and loiigus, long, the arm being
extended in delivering a thrust.]
LUNGWORT, lung'wurt. n. an herb with
purple flowers, so called from a fancied
likeness of its spotted leaves to the lungs:
a lichen that grows on tree trunks.
[LuxG. and A.S. mirt, plant.]
LUPINE, loo' pin, adj. like a trolf: wolfish.
[L. lupiniis — lupus, Gr. lykos, a wolf.]
LUPINE, loo'pin, n. a kind of flowering
pulse. [Fr. — L. lupinus, same word as
the above.]
LUPUS, loo'pus, n. a malignant corroding
skin-disease, often affecting the nose. [L.
lupus, a wolf ; so called from its eating
away the flesh.]
LURCH, lurch. To leave in the, to leave
in a difficult situation, or without help.
[O. Fr. lourche, a game at tables, also
used when one party gains every point
before the other makes one.]
LURCH, lurch, v.i. to evade by stooping,
to lurk : to roll or pitch suddenly to one
side (as a ship). — n. a sudden roll of a
ship to one side. [From root of Luek.]
LURCHER, lurch'er, n. one who lurks or
lies in wait : one who watches to steal,
or to betray or entrap : a dog for game
^a cross between the greyhound and
collie).
LURE, loor, n. any enticement : bait, de-
coy.— i\t. to entice. [Orig-. an object
dressed up like a bird to entice a hawk
back, O. Fr. loerre, Fr. feurre— Ger. luder,
bait.]
LURID, loo'rid, adj. ghastly pale : wan :
gloomy. [L. luridus.}
LURK, lurk, v.i. to lie in wait : to be con-
cealed. [Prob. from Scand., as in Sw.
lurka.]
LURKING, lurk'ing, adj. lying hid : keep-
ing out of sight.
LUSCIOUS, lush'us, adj. sweet in a great
degree : delightful : fulsome as flattery.
— adv. Lus'ciousLY. — 71. Lus'ciousness.
[Old form lushious, from Lusty.]
LUSH, lush, adj. rich and juicy, said of
grass. [A contr. of lushious, old form of
Luscious.]
LUST, lust, n. longing desire: eagerness to
possess: carnal appetite: (B.) any violent
or depraved desire. — v.i. to desire eagerlj*:
to have carnal desire : to have depraved
desires. [A.S. lust, orig. meaning pleas-
ure; found in all the Teut. languages. See
List, to have pleasure in.]
LUSTFUL, lust'fool, adj. ha\'ing lust : in-
citing to lust: sensual. — adv. Lust'fully.
—n. LuST'FULNESS.
LUSTRAL, lus'tral, adj. relating to or
used in lustration or purification. [See
Lustre, a period.]
LUSTRATION, lus-tra'shun, n. a purijlca-
tioH by sacrijice : act of purifying. [L.
— htstro, to purifj' — lu.itrum. See Lustre,
a period.]
LUSTRE, lus'ter, n. brightness : splendor:
(fig.) renown : a candlestick ornamented
with pendants of cut-glass. [Fr. ; either
from L. lustro, to purify — lustrum (see
below), or from the root of L. luceo, to
shine.]
LUSTRE, lus'ter, LUSTRUM, lus'trum, n.
a period of five years : (orig.) the solemn
offering for the purification of the Roman
people made by one of the censors at the
conclusion of the census, taken every five
years. [L. lustrum — luo, to wash, to pur-
ify.]
LUSTRELESS, lus'ter-les, adj. destitute of
lustre.
LUSTRING, lus'tring, n. a kind of glossy
silk cloth. [Fr. lustrine — It. lustrino.
See Lustre, brightness.]
LUSTROUS, lus'trus, adj. bright: shining :
luminous, — adv. Lus'trously.
LUSTY, lust'i, adj. vigorous : healthful :
stout: bulky. — adv. LusT'lLY. — ns. Lust'-
IHOOD, Lust'iness, [From LuST, mean-
ing pleasure.]
LUTARIOUS, 166-ta'ri-us, adj. of or like
mud. [See LuTE, composition like clay.]
LUTE, loot, 11. a stringed instrument of
music like the guitar. — ns. Lut'er, Lut'-
IST. a player on a lute. [O. Fr. leut, Fr.
luth : like Ger, laute, from Ar. al-'ud —
al, the, and ud, wood, the lute.]
LIjTE, loot, LUTING, loot'ing, n. a com-
position like clay for making vessels air-
tight, or protecting them when exposed
to fire. — v.t. to close or coat with lute. —
n. Luta'tion, [Lit. mud, what is washed
down, L. lutum, from luo, to wash.]
LUTESTRING, loot'string, n. the string of
a lute.
LUTESTRING, n. a lustrous silk. [A
blunder for Lustring.]
LUTHERAN, I66'ther-an, adj. pertaining
to Luther, the German Protestant re-
former (1483-1546), or to his doctrines : a
follower of Luther. — n. Lu'THERANISM,
his doctrines.
LUXATE, luks'at, v.t. to put out of joint :
to displace. — n. Luxa'tion, a dislocation.
[L. lu^o, luxatum — luxus, Gr. loxos,
slanting.]
LUXURIANT, lug-zu'ri-ant, adj. exuber-
ant in growth : overabundant. — adv.
LUXU'RIANTLY. — nS. LuXU'RIANCE, LUX-
U'RIANCY'.
LUXURIATE, lug-zu'ri-at, v.i. to be luxu-
riant : to grow exuberantly : to live lux-
uriously : to expatiate with delight.
LUXURIOUS, lug-zu'ri-us, adj. given to
luxury : administering to luxury : fur-
nished with luxuries : softening by pleas-
ure.— adv. Luxu'riously, — n. Luxu'Ri-
OUSNESS.
LUXURY, luks'ii-ri or luk'shii-ri, n. free
indulgence in rich diet or costly dre.ss or
equipage : an^'thing delightful : a dainty.
[Lit. " excess, extravagance," from L.
luxuria, luxury — luanis, excess.]
LYCANTHROPY, ll-kan'thro-pi, n. a form
of madness, in which the patient imagines
himself to be a wolf. [Gr. lykos, a wolf,
and anthropos, a man.]
LYCEUM, U-se'um, n. a place devoted to
instruction by lectures : an association
for literary improvement. [Orig. the
place where Aristotle tlie Greek philoso-
pher taught. L. — Gr. lykeion. from the
tem])le of Apollo Lykeios, the Wolf-Slayer
—h/kos. a wolf.]
LYCHGATE. Same as Lichgate.
LYE, ir, n. a mixture of ashes and water
for washing. [A.S. leah ; Ger. lauge;
allied to lavo, to wash.]
LYING, ll'ing, adj. addicted to telling lies.
— n. the habit of telling lies. — adv. Ly'-
INGLY.
LYMPH, limf, n. water : a colorless nutri-
tive fluid in animal bodies. [L. lympha.]
LY'MPHATIC, lim-fat'ik, adj. pertaining
to lymph. — n. a vessel which conveys the
lymph.
LYNCH, linch, v.t. to judge and punish
without the usual forms of law. [From
Lynch, a farmer in N. Carolina, who so
cLctsd 1
LYNCH -LAW, linch'-law, n. a kind of
summary justice exercised by the people
in cases where the regular law is thought
inadequate.
LYNX, lingks, n. a wild animal of the cat-
kiud noted for its sharp sight. [L. and
Gr. lyn.v : prob. from Gr. lyke, light, and
so called from its bright eves.]
LYNX-EYED, lingks'-Id.adj. sharp-sighted
like the lynx. [Lynx and Eye.J
LYON COURT, li'un kort, n. the Heralds'
College of Scotland, the head of which
is the Lyon King-at-arms. [From the
heraldic lion (O. Fr. lyon) of Scotland.]
LYRATE, ll'rat, adj. (bot.) lyre-shaped.
LYRE, llr, 71. a musical instrument like
the harp, anciently used as an accom-
paniment to poetry : Lyra, one of the
northern constellations. — 71. Lyr'ist, a
plaver on the lyre or harp. [Fr. — L.
lyr'a—Qi:]
LYREBIRD, lir'berd, n. an Australian bird
about the size of a pheasant, having the
16 tail-feathers of the male arranged in
the form of a lyre.
LYRIC, lir'ik, LYRICAL, lir'ik-al, adj. per-
taining to the lyre : fitted to be sung to
the lyre : written in stanzas : said of
poetry which expresses the individual
emotions of the poet : that composes
lyrics. — n. Ltk'ic, a lyric poem.
M
MAB, mab, n. the queen of the fairies.
[W. j?iaf>, a male child.]
MACADAMIZE, mak-ad'am-iz.r.^ to cover,
as a road, with small broken stones, so as
to form a smooth, hard surface. — 71. Mac-
adamiza'tion. [From Macadam, the in-
ventor, 1756-1836.]
MACARONI, mak-a-ro'ni, 71. a preparation
of wheat-flour in long slender tubes : a
medley : something fanciful and extrava-
gant : a fool : a fop. [O. It. 7nacca7-o7ii —
maccare, to crush, prob. from the root
of Macerate.]
MACARONIC, mak-a-ron'ik, adj. pertain-
ing to or like a 77iacaroni, medley, or fool :
trifling : affected : consisting of modern
words Latinized, or Latin words modern-
ized, intermixed with genuine Latin
words.- — 71. a jumble : a macaronic com-
position.
MACAROON, mak-a-ro6n', w. a sweet bis-
cuit made chiefly of almonds and sugar.
[Fr. — It. macarone, sing, of Macaroni.]
MACASSAR- OIL, ma-kas'ar-oil, n. an oil
much 'used for the hair, imported from
India and other Eastern countries. [So
called b( cause orig. exported from Ma-
cassar, the Dutch capital of the island of
Celebes.]
MACAW, ma-kaw', 7!. a genus of large and
beautiful birds of tropical America, close-
ly allied to the parrots. [Said to be the
native name in the W. India Islands.]
JLiCE, mas, n. a staff used as an ensign of
authority : the heavier rod used in bill-
iards : formerly, a weapon of offence,
consisting of a staff headed with a heavy
spiked ball of iron. [O. Fr. 7nace (Fr.
7na,'<se) — obs. L. matea, whence L. dim.
mateola. a mallet.]
MACE, mas, «. a spice, the second coat of
the nutmeg. [Fr. mads — L. macer — Gr.
7naker ; cf. Sans. makar-a7ida, nectar of
a flower.]
MACER, mas'er, ?i. a ?uace-bearer.
MACERATE, mas'er-at, v.t. to steep : to
soften by steeping. [L. macero, -atus, to
steep.]
MACERATION
273
MAGNOLIA
MACERATION, mas-er-a'shun, n. act of
softening by steeping : mortification of
the flesh by fasting and other austerities.
MACHIAVELIAN, niak-i-a-vel'yan,Of(;'- po-
litically cunning : crafty: perfidious. — ?(.
one who imitates MacHiavel. — n. IVIachi-
avel'ianism. [Lit. " pertaining to 3ioc/w-
avel." a Florentine .statesman and polit-
iccd writer (1469-1537), who expounded a
peculiar sj'stem of statecraft.]
MACHICOLATION, mach-i-ko-la'shun, n.
{arcJi.) a projecting parapet with aper-
tures for pouring molten substances upon
assailants. — adj. IMachic'OLATED, having
viachicolations. [Fr. machecouUs, from
meche, a match, and couler, to flow — L.
eolo, to filter.]
MACHINATE, mak'i-nat, t\t. to contrive
skillfidly : to form a plot or scheme.
[L. machinor, -atus — macliina. See ]Ma-
CHINE.]
MACHINATION, mak-i-na'shun, n. act of
machinating or contriving a scheme for
executing some purpose, esp. an evil one:
an artful design deliberately formed.
MACHINATOR, mak'i-na-tur, n. one who
machinates.
MACHINE, ma-shen', n. any artificial
means or contrivance : an instrument
formed by combining two or more of
the mechanical powers : an engine : {fig.)
supernatural agency in a poem : one who
can do only what he is told. [Fr. — L.
machina — Gr. mechane, akin to jncc/i-os,
contrivance, and to the root of May,
v.i. to be able, and Make.]
MACHINERY, ma-slien'er-i, n., machines
in general : the parts of a machine :
means for keeping in action : supernat-
ural agency in a poem.
MACHINIST, ma-shen'ist. n. a constr\ictor
of machines : one well versed in machin-
erv : one who works a machine.
MACKEREL, mak'er-el, w. a sea-fish
largely used for food. [O. Fr. maker cl
(Fr. maquereau), prob. from L. macula,
a stain, and so meaning the "spotted"
one.]
MACKINTOSH, mak'in-tosh, n. a water-
proof overcoat. [From Mackintosh, the
inventor.]
MACROCOSM, mak'ro-kozm, n. the whole
universe : — opposed to Microcosm. [Lit.
the "great world," Gr. makros, long,
great, and kosmos, the world.]
MACULA, mak'u-la, ii. a spot, as on tlie
skin, or on the surface of the sun, moon,
or planets -.—pi. Mactjl-E, mak'u-le. [L.]
MACULATE, mak'u-lat, v.t. to spot, to de-
I file. — n. Macula'tion, act of spotting, a
T spot. [L. maculo, -atus — macula, a spot.]
MAD. mad, adj. {comp. Madd'er ; superl.
Madd'est) disordered in intellect: insane:
proceeding from madness : troubled in
mind : excited with any violent passion
or appetite : furious with auger. — adv.
Mad'lt. — n. Mad'ness. [Prob. lit. " hurt,"
" weakened," A.S. ge-mced ; cog. with O.
Sax. ge-med. foolish. Ice. meidd-r, hurt.]
MADAM, mad 'am, n. a courteous form of
address to a lady : a ladj'. [Fr. madame
— ma, my — L. mea, and Fr. dai
L. domi7ia.']
X7ne, lady —
MADCAP, mad'kap, n. a wild, rash, hot-
headed person. [Mad and Cap.]
MADDEN, mad'n, v.t. to make mad: to
enrage. — v.i. to become mad : to act as
one mad.
MADDER, mad'er. n. a plant whose root
afl'ords a red dye. [A.S. mtedere; cog.
with Ice. madhra, and Dut. meed, mad-
derj
MADE, mad, pa.t. and pa.jj. of Make.
MADE CONTINUALLY, {Pr. Bk.) estab-
lished for ever.
MADEIRA, ma-de'ra, n. a rich wine pro-
duced in Madeira.
R
MADEMOISELLE, mad-mwa-zel', n. a
courteous form of address to a young
lady : Miss. [Fr. ma, my, and demoiselle.
See Damsel.]
MADHOUSE, mad'h'ows, n. a honse for
mad persons.
J\L4^DMAN, mad'man, n. a maniac.
MADONNA, MADONA, ma-don'a, n. a
name given to the Virgin Mary, esp. as
represented in art. [It. madonna, lit.
" my lady" — L. mea domina.]
MADREPORE, mad're-por, n. the common
coral. [Lit. "mother-stone," Fr. — It.,
from madre, mother, and -pora — Gr.
poros. tufa.]
MADRIGAL, mad'ri-gal, n. (mus.) an elab-
orate vocal composition in five or six
parts : a short poem expressing a grace-
ful and tender thought. [Lit. "pastoral,"
It. madrigale, from manara, a sheepfold
— L. and Gr. ma^idra, a fold ; the affix
-gal — L. -calls.']
]\l4.DWORT, mad'wurt, n. & plant heWeveA
to cure canine madness. [From A.S.
inirt. plant.]
MAELSTROM, mal'strom, n. a celebrated
whirlpool off the coast of Norway.
[Norw. " grinding stream."]
MAGAZINE, mag-a-zen', n. a storehouse :
a receptacle for military stores : the
gunpowder-room in a ship : a pamphlet
published periodically, containing mis-
cellaneous compositions. [Fr. magasin
— It. magazzino — Ar. makhzan, a store-
house.]
MAGDALEN, mag'da-len, n. a reformed
prostitute. [From Mary Magdalene of
Scriptvire.]
MAGENTA, ma-jen'ta, n. a delicate pink
color. [From the battle of Magenta in
N. Italy, 1859.]
MAGGOT, mag'ut, n. a worm or grub : a
whim. — adj. Magg'Oty, full of maggot.'!.
[Lit. "something bred," W. maceiad, akin
to magiaid, worms — niagv, to breed.]
MAGI, ma'ji, n.pl. priests of the Persians :
the Wise Men of tlie East. [L.— Gr.
magos, orig-. a title equivalent to "Rev-
erend," "Doctor," given by the Akka-
dians, the primitive inhabitants of Chal-
dea, to tlieir wise men, whose learning
was chiefly in what we should now call
astrology and magical arts. The word
is found in cuneiform inscriptions ; it
was adopted by the Semitic inhabitants
of Babylon, and from them by the Per-
sians and Greeks.]
MAGIAN, ma'ji-an, adj. pertaining to the
Magi. — ?i. one of the Magi. — n. Ma'giajj-
ISM, tlie philosophj' or doctrines of the
Magi.
MAGIC, maj'ik, n. the science of the Magi :
the pretended art of producing marvel-
lous results contrary to nature, generally
by evoking spirits : enchantment : sor-
cery. [Fr. See Magi.]
MAGIC, maj'ik, MAGICAL, maj'ik-al, adj.
pertaining to, used in, or done by magic :
imposing or startling in performance. —
adv. Mag'ically. — Magic-Lanterx, an
optical instrument which produces strik-
ing effects by throwing a magnified
image of a picture on a screen.
MAGICIAN, ma-jish'an, n. one skilled in
magic.
MAGISTERIAL, maj-is-te'ri-al, adj. per-
taining or suitable to a master : au-
thoritative : proud: dignified. — adv.
Magiste'rially.— jj. Magiste'rialxess.
[L. magisterius — magister, a master —
mag, root of L. mag-7ius, great. See
May, v.i. to be able.]
MAGISTRACY, maj'is-tra-si, n. the office
or dignity of a magistrate : the body of
magistrates.
MAGISTRATE, maj'is-trat, n. a public civil
officer invested with authority, as a
president, a governor, or a justice of
the peace. — adj. Magistrat'ic. [Fr. —
L. magistraius, magister. See Magis-
terial.]
MAGNA CHARTA, mag'na kfir'ta. ». the
Great Charter obtained from King John,
1215 A.D. [L.]
MAGNANIMITY, mag-na-nim'i- ti. n.,
greatness of sovl : mental elevation or
dignity : generosity. [Fr. — L. magnani-
mitas — magniis, great, and animus, the
mind.]
MAGNANIMOUS, mag-nan'i-mus, adj.,
great-souled : elevated in soul or senti-
ment : noble or honorable : brave : un-
selfish.— adv. Magnan'imously. [L.]
MAGNATE, mag'nat, n. a great man : a
noble : a man of rank or wealth. [Fr.
magnat, a title of nobles of Hungary and
Poland — L. magnas, niagnatis, a prince
— magniis. great.]
MAGNESIA, mag-ne'shi-a or -si-a, n. the
single oxide of magnesium, occurring as
a light, white powder. (^So called from
some resemblance to tne Magnet or
" Magnesian " stone.]
MAGNESIAN, mag-ne'shi-an or -si-an. adj.
belonging to, containing, or resembling
m agnesia.
MAGNESIUM, mag-ne'shi-um or-si-um, n.
the metallic base of magnesia.
MAGNET, mag'net, n. the lodestone, an
iron ore which attracts iron, and, when
freely suspended, points to the poles : a
bar or piece of steel to which the prop-
ei'ties of the lodestone have been im-
parted. [Through O. Fr., from L. mag-
nes, a magnet — Gr. magnes, properly
"Magnesian" stone, from Magnesia, a
town in Lydia or Thessaly.]
MAGNETIC, mag-net'ik, MAGNETICAL,
mag-net'ik-al, adj. pertaining to the mag-
net : having the properties of the mag-
net : attractive. — adv. Magnet'ically.
MAGNETISM, mag'net-izm, n. the cause
of the attractive power of the magnet :
attraction : the science which treats of
the properties of the magnet.
MAGNETIST, mag'net-ist, n. one skilled
in magnetism.
MAGNETIZE, mag'net-Iz, v.i. to render
magnetic : to attract as if by a magnet.
— v.i. to become magnetic.
MAGNETIZER, mag'net-Iz-er, n. one who
or that which imparts magnetism.
MAGNIFIC, mag-nif'ik, MAGNIFICAL,
mag-nif'ik-al, adj. great : splendid : no-
ble. [L. magnificus — magnits, great, and
facio, to do.]
MAGNIFICAT, mag-nif'i-kat, n. the song
of the Virgin Mary, Luke i. 46-55, begin-
ning in the Latin Vulgate with this \vord,
[L. "(my soul) dotli magnify," 3d pera.
sing. pres. itid. of magnifico.']
MAGNIFICENT, mag-nif'i-sent, adj. grand:
noble : pompous : displaying grandeur.
— adv. Magnif'icently.' — n. Magnif'-
icexce. [Lit. "doing great things."
See Magnify.]
JLA.GNIFY, niag'ni-fl, r.^ to make great
or greater : to enlarge : to inci-ease the
apparent dimensions of : to exaggerate :
to praise highly : — pa.p. mag'nified. [Fr,
— L. magnifico. See Magnific]
MAGNILOQUENT, mag-nil'o-kwent. adj.
.ipeaking in a grand or pomjjous style ;
bombastic— ndr. Magntl'oquently'.— w.
Magnil'oquence. [L., from magnus.
great, and loqnor, to speak.]
MAGNITUDE, mag'ni-tud, n., greatness:
size : extent : importance. [L. magnitu-
do — magnus.]
MAGN0LL4, mag-nol'i-aor-ya, »i. a species
of trees of beautiful flower and foliage
found chiefly in N. America. [Named
after Pierre Magnol, once professor of
botany at Montpellier.]
MAGNUM
MAGNTTM, luag-'nirm, n. a bottle holding
two quarts. [L.]
MAGPIE, mag-'pl, n. a chattering- bird of a
genus allied to the crow, with pied or
colored feathers. [Mag, a familiar contr.
of Margaret (cf. Robin-Iiedbreast, Jenny-
Wren), and Pie, from L. jnca, a magpie,
irora pingo. pictum, to paint.]
MAHOGANY, ma-hog'a-ni, n. a tree of
tropical America : its wood, of great
value for making furniture. [Mahogon,
the native South American name.]
MAHOMEDAISf, MAHOMETAN. See Mo-
hammedan.
MAID, mad, MAIDEN, mad'n, n. an unmar-
ried woman, esp. a young one : a virgin :
a female servant. [A.S. mceden, mcegdm
— mceg or moege, a " may," a maid — root
mag. See May, v.i. to be able.]
MAIDEN, mad'n, n. a maid : in Scotland, a
machine like the guillotine, formerly
used for a like purpose. — adj. pertaining
to a virgin or young woman : consisting
of maidens: (fig.) unpolluted: fresh: new:
unused : first.
MAIDENHAIR, mad'n-har, n. a name
given to a fern, from the fine hair-like
stalks of its fronds.
MAIDENHOOD, mad'n-hood, MAIDEN-
HEAD, mad'n-hed, n. the state of being
a, maid: virginity: purity: freshness.
MAIDENLY, mad'n-li, adj., maiden-like:
becoming a maiden : gentle : modest. —
11. Maid'enliness.
MAIL, mal, n. defensive armor for the body
formed of steel rings or network : armor
generally. — v.t. to clothe in mail. [Fr.
inaille (It. maglia) — L. macula, a spot or
a mesh.]
MAIL, mal, n. a bag for the conveyance
of letters, etc.: the contents of such a
bag : the person or the carriage by
which the mail is conveyed. [Fr. malle,
a trunk, a mail— O. G«r. malaha, a sack ;
akin to Gael, mala, a sack.]
MAIM, mam, n. a bruise: an injury: a
lameness : the deprivation of any essen-
tial part. — i\t. to bruise : to disfigure : to
injure : to lame or cripple : to render de-
fective. [O. Fr. mehaing, a bruise or de-
fect, of uncertain origin.]
MAIMEDNESS, mam'ed-nes, n. the state
of being maimed or injured.
MAIN, man, n. might : strength. [A.S.
mcegen — mag, root of May, v.i. to be able.]
MAIN, man, adj. chief, principal : first in
importance: leading. — n. the chief or
principal part : the ocean or main sea : a
continent or a larger island as compared
with a smaller. — adv. Main'ly, chieflj',
principall}-. [O. Fr. maine or magne,
gi-eat — magnus, great.]
MAINDECK, man'dek,)!. the j3n'n«paZ deck
of a ship. So in other compounds, Main'-
mast, IMain'sail, Main'spring, Main'-
STAY, MaIN'TOP, MaIN'YABD.
MAINLAND, man'land, n. the principal or
larger land, as opposed to a smaller por-
tion.
MAINTAIN, men-tan', v.t. to keep in any
state : to keep possession of : to carry
on : to keep up : to support : to make
good : to support by argument : to affirm :
to defend. — v.i. to" affirm, as a position :
to assert. [Fr. maintenir — L. manu
te.nere, to hold in the hand — manus, a
I hand, and teneo, to hold.]
'MAINTAINABLE, men-tan'a-bl, adj. that
can be supported or defended.
MAINTENANCE, man'ten-ans, n. the act
of maintaining, supporting, or defend-
ing : continuance : the means of sup-
port : defence, protection.
MAIZE, maz, n. a plant, and its fruit,
called also Indian corn or wheat. [Sp.
maiz (Fr. ma'is) — Haitian mahiz, maliis.}
274
MAJESTIC, ma-jes'tik, adj. having or ex-
hibiting majesty : stately : sublime.
MAJESTY, maj'es-ti, n., greatness: grand-
eur : dignity : elevation of manner or
style : a title of kings and other sover-
eigns. [Fr. majeste — L. majestas — majus,
comp. of mag-nus, great.]
MAJOLICA, ma-jol'i-ka, n. name applied
to painted or enamelled earthenware.
[So called from tlie island of Majorca,
where it was first made.]
MAJOR, ma'jur, adj., greater: (logic) the
term of a syllogism which forms the
predicate of the conclusion. — n. a per-
son of full age (21 years) : an officer in
rank between a captain and a lieutenant-
colonel. — Major-General, ma'jur-jen'-
eral, n. an officer in the army next in
rank below a lieutenant-general. [L.,
comp. of mag-nus, great.]
MAJORATE, ma'jur-at, MAJORSHIP, ma'-
jur-ship, n. the office or rank of major :
majority'.
MAJOR-DOMO, ma'jur-do'mo, n. an official
who has the g-eneral management in a
large household : a general steward : a
chief minister. [Sp. mayor - dome, a
house - steward — L. major, greater, and
domus, a house.]
MAJORITY, ma-jor'i-ti, n. the greater
number : the amount between the
greater and the less number : full age
(at 21) : the office or rank of major.
MAKE, mak, v.t. to fashion, frame, or form:
to produce : to bring about : to perform :
to force : to render : to represent, or
cause to appear to be : to turn : to oc-
casion : to bring into any state or con-
dition : to estabUsh : to prepare : to
obtain : to ascertain : to arrive in sight
of, to reach : (B.) to be occupied with, to
do. — v.i. to tend or move : to contribute:
(B.) to feign or pretend : — jia.t. and pa.^i.
made. — Make a\vay, to put out of the
way, to destroy. — Make for, to move
toward : to tend to the advantage of, so
in B. — Make of, to understand bj- : to ef-
fect : to esteem. — JIake OCT, to discov-
er : to prove : to furnish : to succeed. —
Make over, to transfer. — Make cp to,
to approach : to become friendly.— Make
crp FOR, to compensate. [A.S. macian,
cog. with Ger. maclien, A.S. and Goth.
niagan, all from mag, root of L. mag-nus,
Gr. meg-as, great. See May, v.i. to be
able, and Match, «.]
MAKE, mak, n. form or shape : structure,
texture.
MAKER, mak'er, 7i. one who malces: the
Creator.
MAKESHIFT, mak'shift, n. that which
serves a shift or turn : a temporary ex-
pedient.
MAKEWEIGHT, mak'wat, n. that which
is thrown into a scale to make up the
u-eight : something of little value added
to supply a deficiency.
MALACHITE, mal'a-klt, n. a. green-colored
mineral, composed essentially of carbon-
ate of copper, much used for inlaid-
work. [Formed from Gr. malache, a
mallow, a plant of a green color.]
MALADJUSTMENT, mal-ad-just'ment, n.
a bad or wrong adjustment. [Fr. mal —
L. inaUis. bad, and Adjustment.]
MALADMINISTRATION, mal-ad-mia-is-
tra'shun, n. bad management, esp. of
public affairs. [Fr. mal — L. malus, bad,
and ADjnxisTRATiox.]
MALADY, mal'a-di. «., illness : disease,
bodily or mental. [Fr. maladie — malade,
sick — L. male habitus, in ill condition —
male, badly, and habitus, pa. p. of habeo,
have, hold.]
MALAPERT, mal'a-pert, adj. saucy : im-
pudent.—adr. Mal'apertly.— H. " Mal'-
apertness. [O. Fr. mal—L. mains, bad.
MALL
and apert, well-bred — L. apertus, open.
See Aperient.]
MALARL\, ma-la'ri-a, )!. the noxious ex-
halations of marshy districts, producing
fever, etc.: miasma. — adjs. Mala'rious,
Mala'riajl. [-'Bad air;" It. mala aria
— L. malus, bad. and aer. See Air.]
MALCONFORMATION, mal-kon-for-ma'.
shnu, n., bad conformation or form : im*;
perfection or disproportion of parts. [Fr.'
mal — L. mcdus, bad. and Conformation.]
MALCONTENT, MALECONTENT, maV-
kon-tent, adj. discontented, dissatisfied,
esp. in political matters. — n. one who is
discontented. — n . Malcontent'edness.
[Fr. — L. mcde, ill, and Fr. content. See
Content.]
MALE, mal. adj.. masculine : pertaining to
the sex that begets (not bears) young :
(bot.) bearing stamens. — n. one of the
male sex : a he-animal : a stamen-bearing
plant. [Fr. male — L. mascidus, male —
mas (for mcdi-s), a male. cog. with Man.]
MALEDICTION, mal-e-dik'shun. ?i., evil-
S2}eakitig : denunciation of evil : curse :
execration or imprecation. [Fr. — L.
maledictio — male, badly, dice, aictus, to
speak.]
MALEFACTOR, mal'e-fak-tur or mal-e-
fak'tur, ?i. au. evil-doer : a criminal. [L.,
from male, badly, and factor, a doer —
facio, to do.]
MALEVOLENT, mal-ev'o-lent, adj., wish-
ing evil: ill-disposed towards others : en-
vious : malicious. — adv. JIalev'olently.
— n. SIalet'olence. [L. male, badly,
volens, pr.p. of volo, to wish.]
MALFORMATION, mal-for-ma'shun, «.,
bad or wrong formation : irregular or
anomalous structure. [Fr. mal — L.
malus, bad, and Formation.]
MALICE, malls, n. (lit.) badness — so in
B. : ill-will : spite : disposition to harm
others : deliberate mischief. [Fr. — L.
malitia — malus, bad, orig. dirty, black
= Gr. melas.]
MALICIOUS, ma-lish'us, adj. bearing ill-
will or spite : prompted by hatred or
ill-will : with mischievous intentions. —
adv. Malic'iously. — n. Malic'iocsness.
[See Malice.]
MALIGN, ma-uu', adj. of an evil nature or
disposition towards others : malicious :
unfavorable. — i:t. (orig.) to treat with
malice : to speak evil of. — adv. Malign'-
ly. — n. Maugn'er. [Fr. malin, fem. ma-
ligne — L. malignus, for maligenus,oi e\'\\
disposition — malus, bad, and gen, root of
Gents.]
MALIGNANT, ma-lig'nant, adj., malign:
acting maliciously : actuated by extreme
enmity: tending to destroy Ufe. — n. (Eng.
Hist.) a name applied by the Puritan par-
ty to one who had fouglit for Charles I.
in the Ci\-il War.— adr. JIalig'nantly. —
n. Malig'nancy, state or quality of being
malignant. [L. malignans, pr.p. of ma-
ligno. to act maliciously. See Maugn.]
MALIGNITY, ma-hg'ni-ti, n. extreme mal-
evolence : virulence : deadlj- quality.
5L\LINGER. ma-hng'ger, v.i. to feign sick-
ness in order to avoid duty. [Fr. ma-
lingre, sickly, from mal, badly — L. mains.
bad, and O. Fr. heingre, emaciated — L
ceger. sick.]
5LALI.S0N, mal'i-zn, n. a curse— opposed to
Benison. [O. Fr., a doublet of Maledio-I
TiON ; cf. Benison and Benediction.]
MALL, mawl or mal, n. a large wooden
beetle or hammer. — v.t. to beat with a
mall or something heavy : to bruise.
[Fr. mail — L. malleus, prob. akin to Ice.
Mjiil-nir, Thor's hammer.]
MALL, mal or mel, n. (orig.) a place for
playing in with malls or mallets and
balls : a level shaded walk : a public
walk. [Qontr. through O. Fr. of O. ItaL
fl
MALLARD
275
MANIPULATE '
■poUamaglio — It. palla, a ball, and maglio,
a mace, or hammer.]
MALLARD, mal'ard, n. a drake : the com-
mon duck in its wild state. [O. Fr. mal-
ard (Fr. malart) — m&le, male, and suffix
-ard.}
MAIXEABLE, mare-a-bl, adj. that may
be malleated or beaten out by hammer-
ing.—»js. Mall'eableness, Malleabil'-
ITT, quality of being malleable. [O. Fr.
See Mat.t.f'ate.]
JIALLEATE, mal'e-at, v.t. to hammer: to
extend by hammering. — n. Mallea'tion,
[L. mallens. See Mall, a hammer.]
MALLET, mal'et, »;. a wooden hammer.
[Dim. of Mall, a hammerj
MALLOW, mal'6, MALLOWS, mal'oz, n.
a plant having soft downy leaves and
relaxing properties. [A.S. malwe (Ger.
malve) ; borrowed from L. vialua, akin
to Gr. malache, from malasso, to make
soft.]
MALMSEY, mam'ze, n. a sort of grape : a
strong and sweet wine. [Orig. malvesie
—Fv. malvoisie, from Malvasia, in the
Morea.]
BLALPRACTICE, mal-prak'tis, 71. e\'il prac-
tice or conduct : practice contrary to
established rules. [L. male, evil, and
Practice.]
MALT, mawlt, n. barley or other grain
steeped in water, allowed to sprout, and
dried in a kiln. — v.t. to make into malt.
— v.i. to become malt. — adj. containing
or made with malt. [A.S. mealt, pa.t.
of melt a II (see Melt) ; cog. with Ice.
malt. Ger. malz. See also Mild.]
MALTREAT, mal-tret', v.t. to abuse : to
use roughly or unkindh'. — n. Maltreat'-
MENT. [Fr. maltraiter — L. 7nale, ill, and
tractare. See Treat.]
MAISTER, mawlt'ster, n. one whose trade
or occupation it is to make malt, [ster
was up to the end of the 13th centurj' a
fern, affix. Cf. Spinster.]
MALVACEOUS, mal-va'shus, adj. (bot.)
pertaining to mallows. [See Mallow.]
MALVERSATION, mal - ver - sa'shun, n.
fraudulent artifices : corruption in otBoe.
(_Fr. ; from L. male, badlj', and versor, ver-
sattis, to turn or occupy one's self.]
MAMALUKE, mam'a-look, MAJNIELUKE,
mam'e-look, );. (formerly) one of a force
of light horse in Egypt formed of Circas-
sian slaves. [Fr. Mamelue — Ar. mamlfik,
a purchased slave — malaka, to possess.]
MAMMA, mam-ma', n., mother — used chief-
ly by young children. [Ma-ma, a repeti-
tion of 7na, the first syllable a child nat-
urallv utters.]
MAMMAL, mam'al, n. (zool.) one of the
mammalia : — pi. Mammals, mam'alz.
[See Mammalia.]
MAMMALIA, niam-ma'li-a, n.pl. [zool.) the
whole cla.ss of animals that suckle their
young. — arf/. Mamma'lian. [Formed from
L. mammalis (neut. pi. mammalia), be-
longing to the breast — L. mamma, the
breast.]
MAMMALOGY, mam-mal'o-ji, n. the .sci-
ence of mammals. [Mammal, and logos,
discourse.]
MAMMIFER, mam'i-fer, 11. an animal hav-
ing breasts or jxips. — adj. Mammip'erous.
[L. )Ha»i?na, breast, and /ero, to bear.]
WAMMILLARY, mam-il'ar-i or mani'il-
ar-i, adj. pertaining to or resembling
the breasts. [L., from mammilla, dim.
of mamma, breast.]
MAIDIILLATED, mam'il-lat-ed, adj. hav-
ing small -nipples or paps, or little globes
like nipples.
MAMMO>i, mam'un, 71., riches : the god of
riches. [L. mammona — Gr. mambnas —
Svriac 7na)ndna. riches.]
MAMMONIST, mam'un-ist, IVIAMMONITE,
mam'un-It, n. one devoted to mammon
or riches : a woi'ldling.
MAMMOTH, mara'utli, n. an extinct spe-
cies of elephant. — adj. resembling the
mammoth in size : verj' large. [Russ.
mamanf, from Tartar mamma, the earth,
because believed by the Tartars to have
worked its way in the earth like a mole.]
MAN, man, n. a human being : mankind :
a grown-up male : a male attendant :
one possessing- a distinctively masculine
character : a husband : a piece used in
playing chess or draughts : — j^^- Men. —
v.t. to supply with men : to strengthen
or fortify: — pr.j). mann'ing ; jia.t. and
pa. p. manned'. [Lit. "the fhinlcing
animal," A.S. mann — root ma7i. to think ;
cog. with Ger. and Goth. 7nan, Ice. 7nadhr
(for 7na7inr). See Mind.]
MANACLE, man'a-kl, 71. a handcuff. — v.t.
to put manacles on : to restrain the use
of the limbs or natural powers. [Tlu-ough
O.Fr., from L. manictda, dim. oivianica,
a sleeve — manus, the hand.]
MANAGE, man'aj, v.t. to conduct with
economy: to control: to wield: to handle:
to have under command : to contrive :
to train, as a horse. — v.i. to conduct
affairs. — n. Mas'agee. [Fr. 7nanege, the
managing of a horse — It. 7naneggio (lit.)
a handling — L. 7na7ius, the hand.]
MANAGEABLE, man'aj-a-bl, a(^}. that can
be 7nanaged: governable. — n. Man'age-
ABLENESS.
MANAGEMENT, man'aj-ment, n. manner
of directing or using- anjiihing: adminis-
tration : skillful treatment.
MANATEE, man-a-te', n. an aquatic ani-
mal, also called the sea-cow or Dugon^
(which see). [Sp. 7nanati — West Indian.]
MANCHET, man'chet, «. a small loaf or
cake of fine white bread.
MAN-CHILD, man'-chlld, 71. a viale child.
MANDARIN, man-da-ren', «. a European
name for a Chinese official, whether civil
or military. [Port, mundarim — Malayan
viantri, counsellor — Sans. 7nantra, coun-
sel— root ma7i. See Man.]
MANDATARY, man'da-tar-i, MANDA-
TORY, man'da-tor-i, w. one to whom a
mandate is given.
MANDATE, man'dat, 7i. a charge : an
authoritative command : a rescript of
the Pope. [Lit. "something put into
one's hands," Fr. mandat — L. 7nandatum,
from 7nando — manus, the hand, and do,
to give.]
MANDATORY, man'da-tor-i, adj. contain-
ing a 7nandate or command : preceptive :
directory.
MANDIBLE, man'di-bl, 71. (zool.) a jaw. —
adj. Mandib'ular, relating to the jaw.
[Lit. " that whieli chews," L. 7nandibula
— mando, to chew.]
MANDRAKE, man'drak, 71. a narcotic
plant. rA corr. of A.S. mandragora,
through L., from Gr. 7nandragoras.]
MANDSEL. man'drel, Ji. the revolving
shank to which turners fix their work in
the lathe. [A. corr. of Fr. 7nandrin ;
prob. throug-li Low L. from Gr. 7nandra,
an inclosed space. See Madeigal. ]
MANDRILL, man'dril, n. a large kind of
baboon. [Fr.]
MANE, man, 91. the long hair flowing from
the neck of some quadrupeds, as the
horse and lion. [Ice. 7ndn ; cog. with
Ger. 7n(ihne.1
MANEGE, man-azh', 71. the managing of
horses : the art of horsemanship or of
training horses : a riding-school. [Fr.
See Manage.]
MANFUL, man'fool, adj. full of manliness:
bold : courageous. — adv. Man'fully. — n.
Man'fulnes's.
MANGANESE, mang-ga-nez' or mang'ga-
nez, n. a hard and brittle metal of a red-
dish-white color. — adj. Mangane'siait.
[O. Fr. 7nanganese, a matei-ial used in
making glass— It.]
MANGE, manj, n. the scab or itch which
eats the skin of domestic animals. [From
the adj. Mangy.]
MANGEL-WURZEL, mang ' gl - wur ' 2I,
MANGOLD-WURZEL, mang'gold-wur'-
zl, 71. a plant of the beet kind cultivated
as food for cattle. [Lit. "beet-root,"
Ger. 7na7igold, beet, and ivurzel. root.]
MANGER, manj'er, «. an eafj?(g - trough
for horses and cattle. [Fr. 7nangeoire —
manger, to eat — L. 7nanducus, a glutton
— mando, to chew.]
MANGLE, mang'gl, v.t. to cut and bruise :
to tear in cutting : to mutilate : to take
by piecemeal. — 71. Mang'lee. [Freq. of
li.E. manken, to mutilate — A.S. mancian
— L. nianmis, maimed.]
MANGLE, mang'gl, ?(. a rolling-press for
smoothing- linen. — i-.f. to smooth with a
mangle : to calender. — ?!. Mang'ler.
[Dut. maiigelen, to roll with a i-olling-
pin (It. 7nanga7io, a calender), through
Low L., from Gr. 7nanggano7i, the axis
of a pulley.]
MANGO, mang'go, 71. the fruit of the
mango-tree of the East Indies : a green
musk-melon pickled. [Malay 7nangga.'\
MANGROVE, man'grov, n. a tree of the
E. and W. Indies, whose bark is used for
tanning. [Malayan.]
MANGY, manj'i, adj. scabby. — n. Maxg'i-
NESS. [Anglicized form of Fr. mange,
eaten, pa.p. of manger, to eat. See E.
Manger.]
MANHOOD, man'hood, ?i. state of being a
man : manly qualitj- : human nature.
MANIA, ma'ni-a, ?i. violent madness: in-
sanity : excessive or unreasonable desire.
[L. — Gr. 7nania — root 7naii, to think.]
MANIAC, ma'ni-ak, 71. one atiected with ■
7nania: a madman. — adj. SIaniacal, ma^
ni'a-kal. [Fr. 7naniaque — Mania.]
MANIFEST, man'i-fest, adj. clear: ai>.
parent : evident. — v.t. to make mani-
fest .- to show plainly : to put beyond
doubt : to reveal or declare. — adv. Man'-
IFESTLY. — n. Man'ifestness, state of be-
ing 7nanifest. [Lit. " hand-struck,'' i.e.
palpable, Fr. — L. 7na7iifestus — 7na7ms. the
hand, and -festus, pa.p. of obs. fendo, to
dash against.]
MANIFEST, man'i-fest, 71. a list or invoice
of a ship's cargo to be exhibited at the
custom-house.
MANIFESTABLE, man-i-fest'a-bl, MANX-
FESTIBLE, man-i-fest'i-bl, adj. that can
be man ifested.
MANIFESTATION, man-i-fest-a'shun, n.
act of disclosing : display : revelation.
MANIFESTO, man-i-fest'6, n. a public
written declaration of the intentions of
a sovereign oi- state. [It. — L. See Mani-
fest, adj.]
MANIFOLD, man'i-fold, adj. various in
kind or quality : many in number :
multiplied. — adv. Man'IFOLDLY. [A.S.
7nanig-feald. See Many and Fold.]
MANIKIN, man'i-kin, n. {orig.) a little
7nan : a pasteboard model, exhibiting
the different parts and organs of tlie
human body. [O. Dut. mann-ek-en, a
double dim. 'of 7nan, E. Man.]
MANIPLE, man'i-pl, n. a company of foot-
soldiers in the Roman army : a kind of
scarf worn bv a R. Cath. priest on the
left arm, a* .stole. — nf?/. MANlp'tXAR.
[Lit. a " handful," L. manipnliis — manus,
the hand, pleo, to fill.]
MANIPL'LATE, ma-nip'u-l.at, v.t. to 7rork
trifh the hands. — v.i. to use the hands,
esp. in scientific experiments : to handle
or manage. [LowL. 7nanipulo,7nanipu-
latum.]
MANIPULATION
276
MARINE
MANIPULATION, ma-nip-u-la'shun, n. act
of mauipidating or working by hand:
use of the hands, in a skillful manner, in
science or art.
MANIPUL.\Tm;, ma-nip'u-lat-iv, MA-
NIPULATORY, ma-nip'u-la-tor-i, adj.
done b3' manipulation.
MANIPULATOR, ma-nip'u-lat-ur, n. one
who manipulates or works with the
hand.
MANKIND, man-kind', n. the kind or race
of man.
MANLY, man'li, adj., manlike: becoming
a man : brave : dignified : noble : per-
taining to manhood : not childish or
womanish. — n. Man'lixess.
MANNA, man'a, n. the food supplied to
the Israelites in the wilderness of Arabia:
a sweetish exudation from many trees,
as the ash of Sicily. [Heb. man hu,
what is it? or from man, a gift.]
MANNER, man'er, n. mode of action : way
of performing anything : method : fash-
ion : peculiar deportment : habit : cus-
tom : style of writing or thought : sort :
style i^jjl. morals : behavior : deport-
ment : respectful deportment. — In A
MANNER, to a certain degree. ^Ix or with
THE MANNER, (B.) in the very act, " man-
ner " here being a corr. of manuopere, as
in the legal phrase, cum manuopere cap-
tus. [Ft. maniere — main — L. mamis, the
hand.]
MANNERISM, man'er-izm, n. peculiarity
of manner, esp. in literary composition,
becoming wearisome by its sameness. —
n. Mann'erist, one addicted to manner-
ism.
MANNERLY, man'er-li, adj. showing good-
man7iers : decent in deportment : com-
plaisant: not rude. — adi: with good
manners: civilly: respectfully : without
rudeness. — n. itAXN'ERLlNESS.'
MANCEir\^RE, ma-noo'ver or ma-nia'-, n. a
piece of dexterous management : strata-
gem : an adroit movement in military or
naval tactics. — v.t. to perform a manoeu-
vre : to manage with art : to change the
position of troops or ships. — n. Manceu'-
VRER. [Lit. " hand-work," Fr. — main —
L. manus, the hand, and (eui-re — L. opera,
work. See Mantre.]
MAN-OF-WAR. man-of-wawr', n. a ship-
of-war : (B.) a warrior.
MANOR, man'or, n. the land belonging to
a, nobleman, or so much as he formerly
kept for his own use : jurisdiction of a
court baron. [Fr. manoir — L. maneo,
mansum. to stav. See Mansion.]
MANOR- house; man'or-hows, MANOR-
SEAT, man'or-set. n. the house or seat
belonging to a manor.
MANORIAL, ma-no'ri-al, adj. pertaining to
a manor.
MANSE, mans, n. the residence of a clergy-
man (Scot.). [Low L. mansa, a farm—
maneo, mansus. to remain.]
MANSION, man'shun, n. a house, esp. one
of some size: a manor-house. [Lit. "a
resting-place," so in B.: O. Fr.— L. man-
sio, -onis, akin to Gr. meno, to remain.]
MANSION-HOUSE, man'shun-hows, n. a
mansion : the official residence of the
Lord Mayor of London. [Mansion and
HorsE.] '
MANSLAUGHTER, man'slaw-ter, n. the
slaying of a man : (laic) the killing of any
one unlawfully, but without malice or
premeditation." [Man and Slaughter.]
MANSLAYER. man'sla-er. n. one who slays
a nutn.
MANTEL, man'tl, )i. the shelf over a fire-
place (w-hich in old fireplaces was formed
like a liood. to intercept the smoke) : a
narrow shelf or slab above a fireplace :
also Man'tel-piecse, Man'tel-shelf.
[Doublet of Mantle.]
MANTELET. See Mantlet.
MANTLE, man'tl. n. a covering : a kind of
cloak or loose outer garment : (zool.) the
thin fleshy membrane lining the shell of
a moUusk. — v.t. to cover, as with a man-
tle : to hide : to disguise. — v.i. to expand
or spread like a mantle : to revel : to
joy : to froth : to rush to the face and
impart a crimson glow, as blood. [O.
Fr. mantel, Fr. manteau — L. mantellum,
a napkin.]
MANTLET, man'tlet, MANTELET, man'-
tel-et, n. a small cloak for women :
(fort.) a movable parapet to protect
pioneers. [Dim. of Mantle.]
MANTLING, man'tling, n. {her.) the repre-
sentation of a mantle, or the drapery of
a coat-of-arms.
MANTUA, man'ti5-a, n. a lady's cloak or
mantle : a lady's gown. — n. Man'tua-
mak'er, a maker of mantuas or ladies'
dresses. [Prob. arose through confusion
of Fr. manteau {It. manto), with Mantua,
in Italy.]
MANUAL, man'ii-al, adj. pertaining to the
hand : done, made, or used by the hand.
— adr.MAN'uALLT. [L.manualis — manus,
the hand.]
MANUAL, man'u-al, Ji. a 7inn(ft)ook : a
handy compendium of a large subject or
treatise : the service-book of the Roman
Catholic Church.
MANUFACTORY, man-u-fakt'or-i, n. a
factory or place where goods are manu-
factured.
MANUFACTURE, man-u-fakt'ur, v.t. to
make from raw materials by any means
into a form suitable for use. — i:i. to be
occupied in manufactures. — n. the proc-
ess of manufacturing : anything manu-
factured.— adj. Manueact'uiial. [Lit.
" to make by the hand," Fr. — L. manus,
the hand, and factura, a making, from
facio. factum, to make.]
SIANUFACTURER. man-u-fakt'iir-er, n.
one who mannfactures.
MANUMISSION, man-u-mish'un, n. act of
manumitting or freeing from slavery.
MANUMIT, man-u-mit', v.t. to release from
slavery : to set free, as a slave : — pr.p.
manumitt'ing ; pa.t. and pa.p, manu-
mitt'ed. [Lit. "to send away or free
from one's hand or power," L. nianumit-
to — manus, the hand, and mitto, missum,
to send.]
MANURE, man-ur', v.t. to enrich land with
any fertilizing substance. — n. any sub-
stance used for fertilizing land. — n. Man-
rR'ER. [Orig. " to work with the hand,"
contr. of Fr. mancem-rer. SeeMANCEfVRE.]
MANURING, man-ur'ing, n. a dressing or
spreading of manure on land.
MANUSCRIPT, man'u-skript, adj., u-ritten
by the hand. — n. a book or paper written
by the hand. [L. man us, the hand, scribo,
scriptum. to write.]
SIANX. nianks. n. the language of the
Isle of Man, a dialect of the Celtic. — adj.
pertaining to the Isle of Man or its in-
habitants.
MANY, men'i, adj. — comp. More (mor) ;
superl. Most (most) — comprising a great
number of individuals : not few : nimier-
ous. — n. many persons : a great number:
the people. [A.S. manig : cog. forms
are found in all the Teut. languages ;
allied to L. magnus.'\
MAP, map, n. a representation of the sur-
face of the earth, or of part of it on any
plane surface : a representation of the
celestial sphere. — v.t. to draw, as the
figure of any portion of land : to de-
scribe clearly: — pr.p. mapp'ing ; pa.t.
and pa.p. mapped'. [L. mappa, a nap-
kin, a painted cloth, orig. a Punic word.]
MAPLE, ma'pl, n. a tree of several species,
mar-
marmaros, from
flash.]
in the manner of
from one of which, the rock-maple, sugar
is made. [A.S. mapul, maple.]
MAR, mar, v.t. to injure by cutting off a
part, or by wounding : to damage : to in-
terrupt : to disfigure : — pr.p. marr'iug ;
j)a.t. and pa.p. marred'. [A.S. merran,
mirran, from a widely diffused Aryan
root mar. to crush, bruise, found in" L.
molo. to grind, morior, to die, Gr. mar-
ainri. to wither. Sans, mri, to die ; also
in E. Meal. Mill. See Mortal.]
MARANATHA, mar-a-na'tha or mar-a-
nath'a, n. {lit.) our Lord cometh to take
vengeance, part of a Jewish curse.
[Syriac]
MARAUD, ma-rawd', v.i. to rove in quest
of plunder. [Fr. maraxider — maraud,
vagabond, rogue.]
MARAUDER, ma-rawd'er, n. one who
roves in quest of booty or plunder.
MARAVEDI, mar-a-ve'dl, n. the smallest
copper coin of Spain. [Sp. — Arab. Miira-
bitin. the dynasty of the Almoravides.]
Marble, mar'bl, n. any species of lime-
stone taking a high polish : that which
is made of marble, as a work of art. or a
little ball used by boys in play. — adj.
made of marble : veined like marble :
hard : insensible. — v.t. to stain or vein
like marble. — n. Mak'bler. [Lit. '■ the
sparkling stone," Fr. marbre — L.
mor ; cog. with Gr.
niarmairo. to sparkle,
MARBLY, mar'bli, adv.
marble.
MARCESCENT, mar-ses'ent, adj. {bot.)
withering, decaying. [L. marcescens,
-entis. pr.p. of marcesco—marceo. to fade.]
MARCH, march, n. the third month of tlie
year, named from Mars, the god of war.
[L. Martins (mensis), (the month) of
MarSj]
MARCH, march, n. a border : frontier of a
territory : — used chiefly in 2)1 ■ SlARCHES.
[A.S. m'eare ; doublet of Mark.]
I^LARCH, march, i:i. to move in order, as
soldiers : to walk in a grave or stately
manner. — v.t. to cause to march. — n. the
movement of troops: regular advance:
a piece of music fitted for marching to:
the distance passed over. [Fr. marcher.
Ety. dub.; ace. to Scheler, prob. from L.
marcus, a hammer (cf. "to beat time"');
others suggest root of March, a frontier.]
MARCHIONESS, mar'shun-es, n., fem. of
Marquis.
MARE, mar, n. the female of the horse.
[A.S. mere, fem. of mearh, a horse ; cog.
with Ger. mdhre. Ice. mar, "W. march, a
horse.]
MARESCHAL, mar'shal. Same as Mar-
shal.
MARGE, marj, n. edge, brink. [Fr. — L.
margo. See Margin.]
MARGIN, mar'jin, n. an edge, border: the
blank edge on the page of a book. [L.
margo. marginis: cog. with E. Mark.]
MARGINAL, mar'jin-al. adj. pertaining to
a margin : placed in the margin. — adv.
Mar'ginallt.
MARGINATE. mar'jin-at, iMARGINATED,
mar'jin-at-ed, adj. ha^^ng a margin. [L. ,
marginatus, pa.p. of margino, to border.] J,
MARGRAVE, miir'grav, n. {oriK^.) a.lord or «
keeper of the marches : a German noble-
man of the same rank as an English mar-
quis : — fem. Margravine, mfir'gra-ven.
[Dut.m'arkgraaf (Ger.markgraf ) — mark,
a border, and graaf. a count, which is
cog. with Ger. graf, A.S. gerefa. E.
Reeve and She-iuff. See March, a bor
der.]
MARIGOLD, mar'i-gold, n. a plant bearing
a yellow flower. [From the Virgin Jiari/,
and GOU). because of its yellow color.]
MARINE, ma-ren', adj. of or belonging to
the sea : done at sea : representing the,
MARINER
277
MARVELLOUS
sea: near the sea. — n. a soldier serving
on sliipboard : the whole navy ot a coun-
try or state : naval affairs. [Fr. — L.
marinus — mare, sea ; akin to E. Mere.]
MARINER, mar'i-ner, n. a seaman or sailor:
one who assists in navigating: ships. [Fr.
marinier.]
MARIOLATRY, ma-ri-ol'a-tri, ?i. the tcor-
ship of the Virgiu Mary. [Formed from
L. Maria, Mary, and Gr. latreia, wor-
ship.]
MARISH, mar'ish, n. (B.). Same as Mabsh.
MARITAL, mar'i-tal, adj. pertaining to a
liusband. [Fr. — L. maritalis — iiiaritus,
a husband — mus, maris, a male. See
Male.]
MARITIME, raar'i-tim, a(^'. pertaining to
the«ea; relating to navigation or naval
attairs : situated near the sea : having a
n;ivy and naval commerce. [L. mari-
tiin'us — mare. See Marine.]
MARJORA5I, miir'jo-rara, n. an aromatic
plant used as a seasoning in cookery.
[Fr. marjolaine — Low L. majoraca — L.
aiiiaraciis — Gr. amarakos ; prob. an
Eastern word.]
MAJiK, mark, n. a visible sign : any ob-
ject serving as a g-uide : that by which
anything is known: badge: a trace:
proof : any visible effect : symptom : a
thing aimed at : a character made by one
who cannot write: distinction. — v.f. to
make a mark on anything : to impress
with a sign : to take notice of : to re-
gard.— v.i. to take particular notice. — n.
Mark'er, one who marks the score at
games, as billiards. [A.S. mearc, a
boundary ; found in all the Teut. lan-
guages, as Ger. mark, and Goth, marka ;
also akin to L. mar go, and perh. to Sans.
marga, a trace.]
MARK, mark, n. an obsolete English coin,
value about $3.23 : a coin of the present
German Empire, value about 25c.: a
silver coin of Hamburg, value about 32c.
[A.S. mare, another form of the above
word.]
MARKET, mar'ket, n. a public place for
the purposes of buying and selling : the
time for the market : sale : rate of sale :
value. — v.i. to deal at a market : to buy
and sell. [Through the O. Fr. (Fr. mar-
che. It. mercato), from L. mercatus, trade,
a market — merx, merchandise.]
MARKETABLE, mar'ket-a-bl. adj. fit for
the market : salable. — n. Mar'ketable-
XESS.
MARKET-CROSS, mar'ket-kros, n. a cross
anciently set up where a market was
held.
MARKET-TOWN, niar'ket-town, n. a tonm
having the privilege of holding a public
7ii(irket.
MARKING-INK, mark'ing-ingk, n. indeli-
ble ink, used for marking clothes.
MARKSMAN, marks'man, ?i., one good at
hitting a mark : one who shoots well.
[M.UIK and Man.]
MARL, marl, Jt. a fat or rich earth or clay
often used as manure.— i'.^ to cover or
manure with marl. [O. Fr. marie (Fr.
marne), from a Low L. dim. of L. marga,
marl.]
MARLACEOUS, marl-a'shus, adj. having
the qualities of or resembling marl.
MARLINE, mar'lin, n. a small line for
winding round a rope. — i\t. Marline,
mar'lin. Marl, marl, to bind or wind
round with marline. [Dut. marlijn, mar-
ling— marren, to bind. E. MooR (a ship),
and lijn. lien. ,a rope, E. Line.]
MARLINESPIKE, mar'lin-splk, n. an iron
tool, like a spike, for separating the
strands of a rope.
MARLITE, mar'lit, n. a variety of marl. —
adj. Maelit'IC.
MARLY, marl'i, adj. having the qualities
of or resembling marl: abounding in marl.
MARMALADE, mar'ma-lad, 7i. a jam or
preserve generally of oranges, orig. of
quinces. [Fr., from Port, inarmelada —
mannelo, a quince, L. melimelum, Gr.
melimelon, a sweet apple, an apple graft-
ed on a quince — meli, honey, melon, an
apple.]
MAR]\IORACEOUS. mar-mo-ra'shus, adj.
belonging to or like marble. [From L.
marmor. marble.]
MARMOREAL, mar-mo're-al, MARMORE-
AN, mar-mo're-an, adj. belonging to or
like marble: made of marble. [L. mar-
mor eus.']
MARMOSET, mar'mo-zet, n. a small
variety of American monkey. [Fr. mar-
mouscf. a little grotesque figure (hence
applied to an ape), a figure in marble —
L. murmor, marble.]
MARMOT, mar'mot, n. a rodent animal,
about the size of a rabbit, which inhabits
the higher parts of the Alps and Pyrenees.
[Lit. "the mountain mouse," It. mar-
motto — L. mus, mnrin, a^ mouse, and
mons. montis. a mountain.]
MAROON, ma-roon',orfj. brownish crimson.
[Lit. " chestnut-colored," Fr. marron, a
chestnut — It. marrone.'\
MAROON, ma-roon', n. a fugitive slave
living on the mountains, in the W. Indies.
— v.t. to put on shore on adesolate island.
[Fr. marron, a shortened form of Sp. Cim-
arron, wild — cima, a mountain-summit.]
MARQUE, mark, n. a license to pass the
marches or limits of a country to make
reprisals : a ship commissioned for mak-
ing captures. [Fr., from root of Mark
and March.]
MARQUEE, mar-ke', n. a large field-tent.
[Fr. marquise, ace. to Littre, orig. a
marchiones.s's tent. See Marquess.]
MARQUIS, mar'kwis, MARQUESS, mar'-
kwes, 11. (orig.) an officer who guarded
the marches or frontiers of a kingdom:
a title of nobility next below that of a
duke: — fern. M'ar'chioness. [Fr. (It.
marchese), from the root of March,
Mark, a frontier.]
MARQUISATE, miir'kwis-at, n. the dig-
nity or lordship of a marquis.
MARRIAGE, mar'ij, n. the ceremony by
which a man and woman become hus-
band and wife : the union of a man and
woman as husband and wife. [See
Marry.]
MARRIAGEABLE, mar'ij-a-bl, adj. suit-
able for marriage : capable of union. —
n. Marr'iageablen'e;ss.
MARROW, mar'o, n. the soft, fattj' matter
in the cavities of the bones : the pith of
certain plants : the essence or best part.
— adj. Marr'owy. [A.S. mearh ; Ice.
mergr, Ger. mark, W. mer.]
MARROW-BONE, mar'o-bon. n. -t bone
containing marrow.
MARROWI'SH, mar'o-ish, adj. of the na-
ture of or resembling marrow.
MARRY, mar'i, v.t. to take for husband or
wife : to unite in matrimony. — v.i. to en-
ter into the married state : to take a hus-
band or a wife :— ^H'.p. marr'ying ; jja.f.
and pa.p. marr'ied. [Fr. marier — L.
marito — maritns. a husband— J/ttt.s, maris,
a male. See Male.]
MARSALA, mar'sa-la, n. a light wine re-
.sembling sherry, from Marsala in Sicily.
MARSEILLAISE, mar'sfd - yaz, 7i. the
French revolutionary hymn, first sung
by men of Marseilles brought to Paris to
aid in the Revolution in 1792.
MARSH, miirsh, n. a tract of low tret land:
a morass, swamp, or fen. — adj. pertain-
ing to wet oi boggy places. [A.S. mersc,
for mer-isc. ns if •■ niere-ish," full of
meres. See " JiRE, a pool.]
MARSHAL, mar'shal, n. (orig.) a title
g^iven to various officers, who had the
care of horses, esp. those of a prince :
a title of honor applied to the holder of
various high offices : the chief officer who
regulated combats in the lists : a master
of ceremonies : a pursuivant or harbin-
ger : a herald : in France, an officer of
the highest military rank : in the United
States, the civil officer of a district, cor
responding to the sheriff of a countj' in
England. — v.t. to arrange in order : to
lead, as a herald : — pr.p. mar'shalling ;
pa.t. and pa.p. mar'shalled. [Lit. "horse
servant," Fr. marechal ; from O. Ger.
murah, a horse, and sehalh (Ger. schalk), a
servant.]
MARSHALLER, mar'shal-er, n. one who
marshals or arranges in order.
MARSHALSHIP, mar'shal-ship, n. office of
marshal.
MARSH-MALLOW, marsh'-mal'o, n. a
species of mallow common in meadows
and marshes.
MARSHY, marsh'i, adj. pertaining to or
produced in marshes : abounding in
marshes. — n. Marsh'INESS.
MARSUPIAL, mar-su'pi-al, adj. carrying
young in a j)0uch.—n. a marsupial ani-
mal. [L. marsupixim — Gr. marsupion, a
pouch.]
MART, mart, n. a market or place of trade,
[A contraction of Market.]
MARTELLO, mar-tel'o, n. a circular fort
erected to protect a coast. [Orig. a tower
(on the Italian coast), from which warn-
ing against pirates was given by striking
a bell with a hammer. It. martello, a
hammer — L. martellus, dim. of marcus,
a hammer.]
MARTEN, mar'ten, n. a destructive kind
of weasel valued for its fur. [Fr. niartre,
also marte — Low L. marturis, from a
Teut. root seen in Ger. marder, and A.S.
mearth, a marten.]
MARTIAL, miir'shal, adj. belonging to
3Iars, the god of war : belonging- to war .
warlike : brave.— adr. Mar'tially. [Fr,
— L. martialis — Mars, j\[artis.]
MARTIN, mar'tin, MARTINET, mar'tin-et,
n. a bird of the swallow kind. [Named
after St. Martin.]
MARTINET, mar'tin-et, n. a strict disciplin-
arian. [From Martinet, a very strict offi-
cer in the army of Louis XIV. of France.]
MARTINGALE, mar'tiu-giil or -gal, MAR-
TINtjrAL, mar'tin-gal, ?;. a strap fastened
to a horse's girth to hold his head down :
in ships, a short spar under the bowsprit.
[Fr., a kind of breeches, so called from
Martigiies in Provence, where tliey were
worn.J
MARTINMAS, mar'tin-mas, n. the mass or
feast of St. Martin: 11th November. [See
M.\ss.]
MARTLET, mart'let. ?;. martin, the bird,
[From Fr. martinet, dim. of Martin.]
MARTYR, raar'ter, n. one who by liis death
bears witness to the truth : one who
suffers for his belief. — v.t. to put to death
for one's belief. [A.S., L., Gr., a witness,
from the same root as MEMORY.]
MARTY'RDOM, mar'ter-dum, )(. the suffer-
ings or death of a martvr.
MARTYROLOGY, mar-ter-ol'o-ji, n. a his-
tori/ of marti/rs : a discoiu'se on martyr-
doiii. — n. Martyrol'ooist. [Martyr,
and Gr. logos, a discourse.]
MARVEL, miir'vel, n. a iconder : anything
astonishing or wonderful. — o.j.towoi^r:
to feel astonishment : — pr.p. mar'velhng ;
pa.t. and pa.p. mar'velled. [Fr. merveule
— L. mirabilis, wonderful — miror, to
won<ler. ]
MARVELLOUS, miir'vel-us, adj. astonish-
ing : heyoiul belief: improbable. — adv.
Mar' vellovsly. —n . M ar'vellousnbss.
MARYBUD
2T8
MATRIMONY
MARYBUD, ma'ri-bud. n. the marigold.
MASCULINE, mas'ku-lin, adj. having the
quahties of a man : resembling a man :
robust : bold : expressing' the male gen-
der.—flrfi'. ilAS'crxiXELY.— )i. Mas'CC-
LixESESS. [Fr. — L. mascuHiius — masmt-
Ins. male — mas, a male.]
MASH, mash, v.t. to beat into a muved
mass: to bruise: in brewing, to mix malt
and hot water together.— «. a mixture of
ingredients beaten together : in brewing,
a mixture of crushed malt and hot water.
[Prob. from root of ^lix.]
MASHY, mash'i, adj. of the nature of a
jtHtsh .
JLVSK. MASQUE, mask, n. anything dis-
guising or concealing the face : anything
that disguises : a pretence : a masquer-
ade : a dramatic performance in which
the actors appear masked. — v.t. to cover
the face with a mask : to disguise : to
hide. — v.i. to join in a mask or masquer-
ade : to be disguised in any way : to
revel. [Fr. masque — Sp. mascara, Ar.
maskharat, a jester, a man in masquer-
adej
MASKER, masVer, n. one who wears a
mask:
MASON, ma'sn, n. one who oi.f't, prepares,
and lays stones : a builder in stone : a
freemason. [Fr. magon — Low L. macio ;
cf. O. Ger. meizan, to hew, cut, from
which are Grer. messer, aknife, stein-metz,
a stone-mason.]
MASONIC, ma-son'ik, adj. relating to
freemasonry.
MASONRY, ma'sn-ri, n. the craft of a
mason : the work of a mason : the art of
building in stone : freemasonrj'.
MASQUE. See 'Mask.
MASQUERADE, mask-er-ad', n. an assem-
bly of persons wearing masks, generally
at'aball : disguise. — v.t. to put into dis-
guise.— v.i. to join in a masquerade : to
go in disguise. [Fr. mascarade. See
Mask.]
MASQUERADER, mask-er-ad'er, n. one
wearing a mask : one disguised.
MASS, mas, n. a lump of matter : a quan-
tity : a collected bodj- : the gross body :
magnitude : the principal part or main
body : quantity of matter in any body. —
v.t. to form into a mass : to assemble in
masses. [Fr. masse — L. massa — Gr. maza
— masso, to squeeze together.]
MASS, mas, n. the celebration of the Lord's
Supper in R. Cath. churches. [Fr. messe,
It. messa, said to be from the Latin words
ite, missa est (ecclesia), "g-o, the congre-
gation is dismissed," said at the close of
the service.]
MASSACRE, mas'a-ker, n. indiscriminate
killing or slaughter, esp. with cruelty :
carnage. — v.t. to kill with violence and
cruelty: to slaughter. [Fr.; from the
Teut.,'as in Low Ger. matsken, to cut,
Ger. metz-ger, a butcher.]
MASSIVE, mas'iv, adj. bulkj' : weighty. —
adv. Mass'iately. — n. Mass'iteness.
JiLVSSJ", mas'i, adj., massive. — n. JIass'-
INF.SS.
MAST, mast, n. a long upright pole for
sustaining the yards, rigging, etc., in a
ship. — v.t. to supply with a mast or
masts. [A.S. mcest, the stem of a tree ;
Ger. mast, Fr. mdt ]
MAST, mast, ji. the fruit of the oak, beech,
chestnut, and other forest trees, on which
Bwine feed : nuts, acorns. [A.S. nicest ;
Ger. mast, whence masten, to feed ; akin
to JlEAT.]
MASTER, mas'ter, n. one who commands :
a lord or owner : a leader or ruler : a
teacher : an employer : the commander
of a merchant-ship:"the officer who navi-
gates a ship-of-war under the captain :
a degree in universities : one eminently
skilled in anything: the common title of
address to a young gentleman. — adj. be-
longing to a master, chief, principal. —
v.t. to become master of : to overcome :
to become skillful in : to execute with
skill. [O. Fr. niaistre (Fr. maitre) — L.
magister, from mag, root of magnus,
great.]
MASTER, in many compounds^ehief, as in
Mas'ter-build'er, Mas'ter-ma'son, etc.
MASTER -HAND, mas'ter-hand, n. the
hand of a master: a person highly
skilled.
MASTERKEY, mas'ter-ke, n. a key that
masters or opens many locks : a clue out
of difficulties.
MASTERLESS, mas'ter-les, adj. without
a master or owner : ungoverned : un-
subdued.
MASTERLY, mas'ter-li, adj. like a master:
with the skill of a master : skillful : ex-
cellent.— adv. \\"ith the skill of a master.
MASTERPIECE, mas'ter-pes, n. a piece or
work worthy of a master: a work of
superior skill : chief excellence.
MASTERSHIP, mas'ter-ship, n. the office
ot master: rule or dominion: superioritj*.
MASTERSTROKE, mas'ter-strok, n. a
stroke or performance worthy of a mas-
ter : superior performance.
MASTERY, mas'ter-i, n. the power or au-
thority of a master : dominion : victory :
superiority : the attainment of superior
power or skill.
MASTIC, JL\STICH, mas'tik, n. a species
of gum-resin from the lentisk-tree : a
cement from mastic : the tree producing
mastic. [Fr. — L. mastiche — Gr. mas-
ticlie — masaomai, to chew ; so called be-
cause it is chewed in the East.]
MASTICATE, mas'ti-kat, v.t. to cheiv : to
grind with the teeth. — adj. Mas'TICABLE.
— n. Mastica'tion. [L. mastico, -atum—
7nastiche. See SIastic]
MASTICATORY'", mas'ti-ka-tor-i, adj.,
chewing: adapted for chewing. — n. (med.)
a substance to be chewed to increase the
saliva.
MASTIFF, raas'tif, n. a large and strong
variety of dog much used as a watchdog.
[M.E. and O.Fr. mestif (Fr. m&tin) — Low
L. masnada, a family — L. mansio, a
house. See MA^•SIO^f.]
MASTODON, mas'to-don, n. an extinct
animal, resembling the elephant, with
nipple-like projections on its teeth. [Gr.
tnastos, the breast of a woman, odous,
odontos, a tooth.]
MAT, mat, n. a texture of sedge, etc., for
cleaning the feet on : a web of rope-yarn.
— v.t. to cover with mats : to interweave :
to entangle : — jir.p. matt'ing; pa.t. and
jM.p. matt'ed. [A.S. meatta — L. matta.]
MATADORE, mat a-dor, n. the man who
kills the bull in bull-fights. [Sp. mata-
dor — malar, to kill — L. macio, to kill, to
honor by sacrifice — mactus, honored,
from root mag in magntis.]
MATCH, mach, n. a piece of inflammable
material used for obtaining fire easily : a
prepared rope for firing artillery, etc. : a
lucifer. [Fr. meche — Low L. mj/xus — Gr.
myxa, the snuff or wick of a lamp, dis-
charge from the nose (which the snuff of
a wick resembles), from root of Mucus.]
MATCH, mach, n. anything wliich agrees
with or suits another thing : an equal :
one able to cope with another : a contest
or game : a marriage : one to be gained
in marriage. — v.i. to be of the same make,
size, etc. — v.t. to be equal to : to be able
to compete with : to find an equal to : to
set against as equal : to suit : to give in
marriage. — n. >LiTCH'ER. [A.S. mceca,
gemaca, earlier maca, a mate, a wife.
See Make and JIaTE.]
MATCHLESS, '.iach'les, ac(j. having no
match or equal. — adv. Match'Lesslt. — n.
Match'lessxess.
MATCHLOCK, mach'lok, n. the lock ot a
musket containing a match for firing it:
a musket so fired.
MATE, mat, n. a companion : an equal :
the male or female of animals that go
in pairs : in a merchant-ship, the second
in command : an assistant. — v.t. to be
equal to : to match : to marry. [A.S.
ge-maca, lit. "having make or shape in
common with another ; " Ice. niaki, an
equal, from the same root as Make. See
Match, and cf. Like.]
MATE, mat, n. and v.t. in chess. Same as
Checkmate.
MATELESS. mat'les, adj. without a mate
or companion.
MATERIAL, ma-te'ri-al, adj. consisting of
matter: corporeal, not spiritual: sub-
stantial: essential: important. — n. esp.
in pi. that out of which anything is to be
made. — adv. Mate'riaixy. — ns. Mate'-
rialness, Materiax'ity. [Fr. — L. mate-
rialis— materia.]
MATERIALISM, ma-te'ri-al-izm. n. the
doctrine that denies the independent ex-
istence of spirit, and maintains that there
is but one substance — viz. matter.
MATERIALIST, ma-te'ri-al-ist. n. one who
holds the doctrine of materialism.
MATERIALISTIC, ma-te-ri-al-ist'ik, MA-
TERIALISTICAL, ma - te - ri-al-ist'ik-al,
adj. pertaining- to materialism.
MAfERIALIZEtma-te'ri-al-Iz.^'.^ to i-ender
material : to reduce to or regard as mat-
ter : to occupy with material interests.
MATERNAL, ma-ter'nal, adj. belonging to
amother: motherly. — adv. Mater'xally.
[Fr. matemel. It. matemale — L. matenutt
— mater, mother.]
MATERNITY, ma-ter'ni-ti, n. the state
character, or relation of a mother.
MATHEMATIC, math-e-mat'ik, MATHE
JLA.TICAL. math-e-mat'ik-al, adj. per-
taining to or done by mathematics : very
accurate. — adv. Mathemat'ically.
MATHEMATICIAN, math-e-ma-tish'an, n.
one versed in mathematics. [L. mathe-
maticiis.]
MATHEJIATICS, math-e-mat'iks, n.sing.
the science ot number and space, and of
all their relations. [Fr. mathimatiqnes —
L. mathematica — Gr. mathematike (epis-
time, skill, knowledge), relating to learn-
ing or science — mathema — inanthano, to
learn.]
MATIN, mat'in, adj.. morning: used in the
morning. — n. in pi. morning prayers or
service : in R. Cath. Church the earliest
canonical hours of prayer. [Fr. — L.
matntinus, belonging to the morning —
Matuta, the goddess of the morning,
prob. akin to maturus, early. See Ma-
ture.]
MATRICE, ma'tris or mat'ris, n. same a»
JLiTRLS.
MATRICIDE, mat'ri-sld, n. a murderer of
his mother: the murder of one's mother.
— adj. Mat'ricidal. [Fr.— L. matricida,
one who kills his mother, mafricidinm,
the killing of a mother — mater, mother,
ccedo. to kill.]
MATRICULATE, ma-trik'u-lat. v.t. to ad-
mit to membership by entering one's
name in a register, esp. in a college:
to enter a university b-v being enrolled
as a student. — n. one atiniitted to mem-
bership in a society. — n. Matricl"L.\'tion.
[L. matricula, a register, dim. of matrix.^
MATRIMONIAL, mat-ri-mo'ni-al. adj. re-
lating to or derived from marriage. —
adv. Matruio'niaixy.
MATRIMONY, mat'ri-mun-i, n. marriage :
the state of marriage. [O. Fr. matrimo'
nie — L. matrimonium — mater.]
MATRIX
279
MEANING
ALA.TRIX, ma'triks or mat'riks, «. (anat.)
the cavity in which an animal is formed
before its birth, the \vonib : the cavity
in which anything' is formed, a mould :
(mining) substances in which minerals
are found imbedded : {dyeing) tlie five
simple colors (black, white, blue, red,
and yellow) from which all the others
are formed -.^pl. Matrices, ma'tri-sez or
mat'ri-sez. [Fr. — L. matrix, -ids — mater,
mother.]
MATRON, ma'trun, n. an elderly married
woman : an elderly lady : a female su-
perintendent in a hospital. [Fr. — L.
motrona. a married ladv — mater, mother J
MATROXAGE, ma'trun aj, JIATRON-
HOOD, ma'trun-hood, n. state of a
matron
MATROXAL, ma'trun-al or niat'run-al,
adj. pertaining- or suitable to a matron :
motherlv : grave.
MATRONiZE. ma'trun-Iz or mat'-, v.t. to
render matronly : to attend a lady to
public places, as protector.
MATRONLY, ma'trun-li, adj. like, becom-
ing, or belonging- to a matron : elderly :
sedate.
MATTER, mat'er, n. fluid in abscesses or
on festering sores, pus. [An application
of the word below.]
MATTER, mat'er, n. that which occupies
space, and with which we become ac-
quainted by our bodily senses : that out
of which anj'thing is made : the subject
or thing treated of : that with which oae
has to do: cause of a thing: thing of con-
sequence: importance: indefinite amount:
— i:i. to be of importance : to signify. —
pr.p. matt'ering : jia.p. matt'ered. — adj.
Matt'erless. — Matter-of-fact, adj. ad-
hering to the matter of fact : not fanci-
• ful : di-y. [Lit. " building stuff," Fr.
matiere — L. materia, from a root ma, to
measure, to build or construct ; akin to
Mother ]
MATTING, mat'ing, n. a covering with
mats : a texture like a mat, but larger :
material for mats.
MATTOCK, mat'uk, n. a kind of picka.re
having the iron ends broad instead of
pointpd. [A.S. mattiic — "W. madog.]
^LA.TTRESS, mat'res, n. a sort of quilted
bed stuffed with wool, horse-hair, etc.
[O. Fr. materas (Fr. matelas) — Ar. 7?ia^-
j'fl/i.]
MATURATE, mat'u-rat, v.t. to make ma-
tvre : imed.) to promote the suppuration
of. — r.i. (med.) to suppurate perfectly. —
n. Matuka'tion. [L. maturo — matu'rus,
MATLTIATIVE, mat'u-rat-iv, adj.. matur-
ing or ripening : (med.) promoting sup-
puration.— n. a medicine promoting sup-
puration.
MATURE, ma-tur', adj.. gromi to itx full
size: perfected: ripe: (ni«?.) come to sup-
puration : fully digested, as a plan. — i:t.
to ripen : to bring to perfection : to pre-
pare for use. — i:i. to become ripe : to be-
come paj'able, as a bill. — adv. Matcre'-
LY. — n. Mature'n'ess. [L. matitru.?. ripe.]
M.\TURESCEN1', mat-u-res'ent, adj., be-
coming ripe: approaching maturity. [L.
mat'iresco, to become ripe — maturus.']
Maturity, ma-tiir'i-ti, n. ripeness: a state
of completeness. [L. mattiritas — matur
nix. ripe.]
MATUTINAL, raat-u-tl'nal, MATUTINE,
mat'u-tln, adj. pertaining to the morn-
ing ■ early. [L. matutinalis, matutimta.
See Matin.]
MAUDLIN, mawd'lin, adj. sillv. as if halt
drunk : sickly sentimental. fContr. from
M.E. Maudeleyne. which comrs through
O. Fr. and L. from Gr. Magdalene, the
orig. sense being "shedding tears of
penitence," hence " mth eyes red and
swollen with weeping," like Mary Mag-
dalenej
MAUGER, MAUGRE, maw'ger. prep, in
spite of. [Lit. " not agreeable to," or
"against one's will," Fr. malgre — L.
male gratttm — male, badly, grattim,
agreeable.]
MAUL, mawl. Same as Mall, to beat
with a mall.
MAULSTICK, mawl'stik. n. a stick used by
painters to steady their hand when worlc-
ing. [Ger. malerstock — maler, painter,
and stock, stick.]
MAUNDER, mawn'der, i:i. to grumble :
to mutter. [Fr. mendier. to beg — L.
mendicare. See Mendicant.]
MAUNDY-THURSDAY, mawn'di-thurz'-
da, 71. the Thursday in Passion-week,
when royal charity is distributed to the
poor at Wliitehall, in London. Eng.
[M,E. maundee, ' a command — O. Fr.
mande (Fr. inande) — L. mandatum, com-
mand, i.e. the "new Commandment." to
love one another, mentioned in John
xiii. 34.]
MAUSOLEAN, maw-so-le'an, adj. pertain-
ing to a mausoleum. : monumental.
MAUSOLEUM, maw-so-le'um, n. a mag-
nificent tomb or monument. [L. — Gr.
Mausoleion , from Mausolus, king of Caria,
to whom his widow erected a splendid
tomb.]
MAUVE, mawv, n. a beautiful purple dye
extracted from coal-tar. so called from its
likeness in color to the flowers of the mal-
low : this color. [Fr. — L. malva, the
mallow.]
MAVIS, ma' vis, n. the song-thrush. [Fr.
mauvis; prob. from Bret, miljid. a mavis.]
MAW, maw, n. the stomach, esp. in the
lower animals : the craw, in birds. [A.S.
maga : Ger. magen.]
MAWKISH, mawk'ish, adj. loathsome, dis-
gusting, as anything beginning to breed
maivks or maggots. — adv. Mawk'ishlt.
—71. Mawk'ishness. [With suffix -ish
from M.E. mauk, from same root as Mag-
got.]
MAW~WORM, maw'wurra, n. a worm that
infests the stomach, the threadw^orm.
[See Maw.]
MAXILLAR, maks'il-ar, MAXILLARY,
maks'il-ar-i, adj. pertaining to the jau--
bone or jaw. [L. maxillaris — maxilla,
jawbone, dim. from root of Macerate.]
MAXIM, maks'im, n. a general principle,
usually of a practical nature : a proverb.
[Fr. tnaxiine — L. ma.rima (sententia, an
opinion), superl. of magnns, great.]
MA!XIMUJI, maks'i-mum. adj. the greatest.
— n. the greatest number, quantity, or
degree : (math.) the value of a variable
when it ceases to increase and begins to
decrease ■.—pi. Max'ima. [L., superl. of
magnus, great.]
MAY, ma, v.i. to be able : to be allowed :
to be free to act : to be possible : to be by
chance: — j3(if.f. might (mlt). [A.S. mceg,
pr.t. of mugan, to be able, pa.t. meahte,
mihte; cog. with Goth, magan, Ger.
mogen ; also with L. mag-nns. great, Gr.
mech-anS, contrivance ; all from a root
mag or magh, to have power.]
MAY, ma, n. the fifth month of the year :
the early or gay part of life. — v.i. to
gather May (prov. E. the blossom of the
hawthorn, which blooms in May) : — pr.pi.
May'ing. [Fr. Mai — L. Mains [mensis, a
month), sacred to Maia, the mother of
Mercury ; prob. from root mag. Sans.
mah. to grow, and so May = the month
of growth.]
MAYDAY, ma'da, n. the first day of May.
MAY-FLOWER, ma'-flow'er, n. the haw-
thorn, which blooms in May.
MAYFLY, ma'fli.n. an ephemeral ^y which
appears in May.
MAYOR, ma'ur, 7i. the chief magistrate of
acitj-or borough. [Fr. maire — L. major,
comp. of magnus. great.]
MAYORALTY, ma'ur-al-ti, JL4Y0RSHIP,
ma'ur-ship, 7i. the ofiice of a mayor.
MAYPOLE, ma'pol, n. a pole erected for
dancing round on Mayday.
MAY-QUEEN,ma'-kwen,)i.a young woman
crowned with flowers as queen on May-
day.
5IAZE, maz, n. a place full of intricate
windings : confusion of thought : per-
plexity.— v.t. to bewilder : to confuse.
[Prov. E. to mazle, to wander, as if stupe-
fied, from the Scand., as in Ice. ma.ia, to
jabber.]
MAZURKA. ma-z66r'ka, n. a lively Polish
dance, or music such as is played to it.
MAZY, maz'i, adj. full of inazesor windings:
intricate. — adv. Maz'ily. — n. Maz'iness.
ME, me. personal pron. the objective case
of I. [A.S. ; L., Gr. me. Sans. md.'\
MEAD, med, w., honey anA water fermented
and flavored. [A.S. medo: a word
common to the Aryan languages, as
Ger. mefh, W. medd, mead, Gr. niethu,
strong drink, Sans, madlm, sweet, honey
(which was the chief ingredient of the
drink).]
MEAD, med. MEADOW, med'6, n. a place ,
where grass is mown or cut down: a rich
pasture-ground. [A.S. meed — mawan, to
mow ; Ger. mahd. a mowing. Qwiss matt,
a meadow. See Mow, to cut down.]
MEADOWY, med'o-i, adj. containing niead-
oivs.
MEAGRE, SEE AGER, me'ger, adj., lean:
poor: ban-en: scanty: without strength.
— adv. Mea'grely. — 11. Mea'greness.
[Fr. maigre — L. macer, lean ; cog. with
Ger. mager.}
MEAL mel, n. the food taken at one time:
the act or the time of taking food. [A.S.
ntcel, time, portion of time ; Dut. maal,
Ger. mahl.l
MEAL, mel, n. grain ground to powder.
[A.S. melu ; Ger. vielil, Dut. meel, meal,
from tlie root of Goth, malan, L. molo,
to grind.]
MEALY, mel'i, adj. resembling ineal : be-
sprinkled as with meal. — n. Meal'iness.
MEALY-MOUTHED, mel'i-mow«Kl. adj.
smooth-tongued : unwilling to state the
truth in plain terms.
MEAN, men. adj. low in rank or birth :
base : sordid : low in worth or estima-
tion : poor : humble.— arh\ Mean'ly. — n.
Mean'kess. [A.S. mcene, wicked ; perh.
conn, with A.S. gemane, Ger. gemein,
common, Goth, gamains. unclean.]
MEAN, men, adj., middle: coming be-
tween : moderate. — n. the middle point,
quantitj', value, or degree : instrument :
— 2)1. income : estate : instnmient. [O.
Fr. mcien (Fr. moyen) — L. medianus, en-
larged form of medius : cog. with Gr.
mesas. Sans, madhya, middle.]
MEAN, men, v.t. to have in the mind or
thoughts : to intend : to sigrnify. — v.i. to
have in the mind : to have meaning : —
pr.p. mean'ing ; pa.t. and pa.p. meant
(ment). [A.S. ma'nan ; Ger. meinen, to
think : from a root man, found also in
Man and MiND.]
MEANDER, me-an'der, n. a winding
course: a maze: perplexity. — v.i. to
flow or run in a winding course : to be
intricate. — i:t. to wind or flow round.
[L. — Gr. the name of a irinding river in
Asi.-i Minor.]
MEANDERING, me-an'der-ing, adj., wind-
ing in a course. — n. a winding course.
MEANING, men'ing. n. that which is in
the mind or thoughts : signification : the
sense intended : purpose. — adj. signifi-
cant.— adv. MEAN'iNGtY. [See Mean, f.(.]
MEANINGLESS
280
MEGRIM
MEANINGLESS, men'ing-les, adj. without
meaning.
MEANLY, MEANNESS. See SIeax. low
in rank.
MEANT, ^ja.f. aadpo.p. of Mean, to have
in the mind.
MEASLED, me'zld, MEASLY, me'zU, adj.
infected with measles.
MEASLES, me'zlz, n.sing. a contagious
fever accompanied witli small red spots
upon the skin. [Dut. maselen, measles,
from masa, a' spot, cog. with O. Ger.
masa. a spot, Ger. masern, measles.]
MEASURABLE, mezh'ur-a-bl, adj. that
may be measured or computed : moder-
ate : in small quantity or extent. — adv.
SIeas'uhably.
MEASURE, mezh'ur, n. that bj- which ex-
teat is ascertained or expressed : the ex-
tent of anything : a rule by which any-
thing is adjusted : proportion : a stated
quantity : degree : extent : moderation :
means to an end : metre : musical time.
— v.t. to ascertain the dimensions of : to
adjust : to mark out : to allot. — v.t. to
have a certain extent : to be equal or
uniform. [Fr. mesure — L. merisura, a
measure — metior, to measure, akin to Gr.
metrov, a measure. Sans, root ma, mdd,
to measure.]
MEASURED, mezh'urd, adj. of a certain
}i>easuve : equal : uniform : steady : re-
stricted.
MEASURELESS, mezh'ur-les, adj. bound-
less : immense.
MEASUREMENT, mezh'ur-ment, n. the
act of measuring : quantity found by
measuring.
MEAT, met, n. anything eaten as food :
the flesh of animals \ised as food. [A.S.
mete ; Goth, mats, food, Dut. met, Dan.
mad; prob. from a root seen in L. mando,
to chew, as in SLiUDlBLE.]
MEAT-OFFERING, met'-of'er-ing, n. a
Jewish offering of meat or food in their
religious services.
MECHANIC, me-kan'ik, MECHANICAL,
me-kan'ik-al, adj. pertaining to machines
or mechanics : constructed according- to
the laws of mechanics : acting by phj'si-
cal power : done by a machine : pertain-
ing to artisans : done simply by force of
habit : vulgar. — n. Mecham'ic, one en-
gaged in a mechanical trade: an artisan.
— adv. Mechan'icallt. [O. Fr.— L. me-
chaniciis ; Gr. mechanikos — mechane —
mCchos. a contrivance.]
MECHANICIAN, mek-an-isli'an, MECH-
ANIST, mek'an-ist, n. a machine-maker :
one skilled in mechanics.
MECHANICS, me-kan'iks, n. the science
which treats of machines : the science
which determines the efifect produced by
forces pn a body.
MECHANISM, mek'an-izm, n. the construc-
tion of a machine : the arrangement and
action of its parts, by which it produces
a given result.
MEDAL, med'al, n. a piece of metal in the
form of a coin bearing some device or in-
scription : a reward of merit. [Fr. me-
daille — It. medaglia; through a Low L.
form medalla or medalia, a small coin,
from L. metallum. a metal. See Metal.]
MEDALLIC, me-dal'ik, adj. pertaining to
medals.
MEDALLION, me-dal'j-un, n. a large an-
tique medal: a bass-relief of a round
form : an ornament of a circular form,
in which a portrait or hair is inclosed.
[See Medal.]
MEDALLIST, MEDALIST, med'al-ist, n.
one skilled in medals: an engraver of
medals : one who has gained a medal.
MEDDLE, med'l, u.i. to interfere officiously
(with or in) : to have to do {with). [O.
Fr. medler, a corr. of mesler (Fr. mSler) —
Low L. misculare — L. misceo, to mix.]
MEDDLER, med'ler, n. one who meddles
or interferes with matters in which he
lias no concern.
MEDDLESOME, med'1-sum, adj. given to
meddling. — n. Medd'lesomeness.
MEDDLING, med'ling. adj. interfering in
the concerns of others: officious. — n.
officious interposition.
MEDLEVAL. Same as Medieval.
MEDIAL, me'di-al, adj. noting a mean or
average. [Low L. medialis — L. medius,
middle, cog. with root of Sin).]
MEDIATE, me'di-at, adj., middle: between
two extremes : acting by or as a means.
— v.i. to interpose between parties as a
friend of each: to intercede. ^ — v.t. to
effect by mediation. — adv. JIe'dlatei^t. —
n. ME'DLkTENESs. [Low L. mediatus—
L. medius. Cf. Medial.]
MEDLi.TION, me-di-a'shun, n. the act of
mediating or interposing: entreaty for
another.
MEDIATIZE, me'di-a-tlz, v.t. to annex as
a smaller state to a larger neighboring
one.
MEDIATOR, me'di-at-ur, n. one who medi-
ates or interposes between parties at
variance.
MEDIATORIAL, me-di-a^to'ri-al, adj. be-
longing to a mediator or intercessor. —
adv. SIediato'riallt.
MEDIC, med'ik, n. a genus of leguminous
plants, with leaves like those "of clover.
[L. medica — Gr. medike{poa), lit. " medi-
an " (grass), orig. brought from Media,
in Asia.]
MEDICABLE, med'i-ka,-bl, adj. that may
be healed.
MEDICAL, med'i-kal, adj. relating to the
art of healing diseases : containing that
which heals : intended to promote the
study of medicine. — adv. SIed'ically.
[Low L. medicalis — L. medieus, pertain-
ing to healing, a physician — medeor to
heal.]
MEDICAMENT, med'i-ka-ment, n. a medi-
cine or healing application.
MEDICATE, med'i-kat, v.t. to treat with
medicine : to impregnate with anything
medicinal. [L. mecHeo, toheal — medieus.
See Medical.]
MEDICATED, med'i-kat-ed, adj. tinctured
or impregnated with medicine.
MEDICATION, med-i-ka'shun, 7i. the act
or process of medicating or of tincturing
with medicinal substances : the use of
medicine.
MEDICATFVT:, med'i-ka-tiv, adj. , healing :
tending to heal.
MEDICINAL, me-dis'in-al, adj. relating to
medicine : fitted to cure or lessen disease
or pain. — adv. Medic'inally,
MEDICINE, med'i-sin or med'sin, n. any-
thing applied for the cure or lessening
of disease or pain. [Fr. — L. medicina —
medieus. See 5Iedical.]
MEDIEVAL. MEDIEVAL, me-di-e'val,
adj.. relating to the middle ages. [L.
viedius, middle, and oei^ini, an age. See
Medial and Age.]
MEDIEVALIST, MEDIEVALIST, me-di-
e'val-ist, n. one versed in the history of
the middle ages.
MEDIOCRE, me'di-o-ker, adj, middling.
moderate. [Fr. — L. mediocris — mediiis,
m.ddle.]
MEDIOCRITY, me-di-ok'ri-ti. n. a middle
state or condition : a moderate degree.
MEDITATE, med'i-tat, v.i. to consider
thoughtfully : to purpose. — v.t. to think
on : to revolve in the mind : to intend.
[L. meditor, a freq. form from root med,
seen in L. mederi and Gr. manthano, to
learn.]
MEDFIATED, med'i-tat-ed, adj. thought
of : planned.
MEDITATION, med-i-ta'shun, n. the act of
meditating : deep thought: serious con-
templation.
MEDITATIVE, med'i-tat-iv, adj. given to
meditation : expressing design. — adv.
Med'itatively. — n . Med'itativeness.
MEDITERRANEAN, med - i - ter - ra'ne-an
MEDITERRANEOUS,med-i-ter-ra'ne-usi
adj. situated in the middle of the earth or
land : inland.— Mediterraxeas Sea, so
called from being, as it were, in the mid-
dle of the land of the Old World. [L.,
from medius, middle, and terra, earth,
land.]
MEDIUM, me'di-um, n. the middle: the
middle place or degree : anything inter-
vening : means or instrument : the sub-
stance in which bodies exist, or throuo-h
which they move : in spiritualism, the
person through whom spirits are alleged
to make their communications : — -jj/. Me'-
diums or jVIe'dia. [L. See Medial and
Mid.] —I
MEDLAR, med'lar, n. a small tree, common "'B
in Gt. Britain and Europe, with fruit like
a pear. [O. Fr. meslier, a medlar-tree —
L. me.'ipilum — Gr. mesjiilon.]
MEDLEY, med'li. /;. a mingled and con-
fused mass : a miscellany. [Orig. pa.p.
of O. Fr. medler, to mix,'thus tlie same
word with mod. Fr. milee. See Meddle.]
MEDULLAR, me-diil'ar, SIEDULLARY,
me-dul'ar-i, adj. consisting of or resem-
bling marrow or pith. [L. meduUaris—
medulla, marrow — medius. middle.]
MEDUSA, me-du'sa, n. (rnyth.) one of the
Gorgons, whose head, cut off by Perseus
and placed in the a?gis of Minerva, had
the power of turning beholders into
stone : the name given to the commoir
kinds of jelly-fishes, prob. from the like'
ness of their tentacles to the snakes on
Medusa's head -.—pi. Medu's^. [Gr. m»
dousa, fem. of medon, a ruler — medo, to
rule.]
MEED, med, n.. icages: reward: that which
is bestowed for merit. [A.S. med ; cog.
with Goth, mizdo, reward, Ger. miethe,
hire; allied to Gr. misthos, hire, wages.]
MEEK, mek, adj., mild: gentle: submis-
sive. — adv. Meek'ly. — n. Meek'ness,
[Ice. mjukr. Dut. niuik. Dan. myg.]
MEERSCHAIBI, mer'shawm, n. a P.ne
white clay used for making tobacco-
pipes, so called because once supposed
to be the petrified scum or foam of the
sea. [Ger. meer, tlie sea (E, Mere), and
schaum, foam (E. Sccjl).]
MEET, met, adj. fitting: qualified: adapted.
— 0(ii7. Meet'ly. — h.JIeet'kess. [A.S. ge-
met, fit — metan, to measure. See Mete.]
MEET, met, v.t. to come face to face : to
encounter : to find : to receive, as a wel-
come. — v.i. to come together : to as-
semble: to have an encounter: — pa.t.
and jm.}). met. — n. a meeting, as of
huntsmen. [A.S. metan. to meet — mot,
ge-mot. a meeting. Cf. Moot.]
MEETING, met'ing, n. an interview : an
assemblv.
MEETINCj- HOUSE, met'inghows, n. a
house or building where people meet for
public worship.
MEGALOSAURUS, meg-a-lo-saw-rus, n.
the great saurian or lizard, a gigantic
fossil found in England. [Gr. niegas, me-
gale, great, sauros, a lizard.]
MEGATHERIUM, meg-a-the'ri-um, n. a
gigantic fossil quadruped found in the
pampas of S. America. [Gr. megas, great,
therion, wild beast.]
MEGRIM, me'grim, n. a pain affecting one
half of the head or face. [Fr. migraine,
corr. of Gr. hemicrania — hemi, half, and
kranion, the skull. See Cranium.]
MEIOCENE
281
MERCHANT
MEIOCENE. Same as Miocene.
MEIOSIS, ml-o'sis, n. (rhet.) a species of
hyperbole representing a tiling as less
than it is. [Gr. meiosis — meio-u, to lessen.]
MELANCHOLIC, mel'an-kol-ik or -kol'ik,
udj. affected with melancholj' : dejected :
mournful.
MELANCHOLY, mel'an-kol-i, n. a disease
causing gloomy groundless fears, and
general depression of spirits, so called
because it was supposed to be occasioned
by an excess of black bile : dejection. —
adj. gloomy : producing- grief. [Fr. — L.
melancholia — Gr. melangcholia — melari,
black, and chole, bile, E. Gaul,.]
MELIORATE, me'li-or-at, v.t. to make bet-
ter : to improve. [L. melioro, -atus, to
make better — melior, better.]
MELIORATION, me-li-or-a'shun, n. the act.
of making better : improvement.
MELLAY, mel'a, n. confusion. [Fr. melee.
See Medley.]
MELLIFEROUS, mel-if'er-us. adj., honey-
producing. [L. mel, honey, and fero, to
produce.]
MELLIFLUENT, niel-if'loo-ent, MELLIF-
LUOUS, mel-if'16o-us, adj., flowing with
/(0«ey or sweetness : smooth. — advs. Mel-
uf'luently, Mellif'luously. — n. Mel-
uf'luence. [L. mel, and flitens—fluo, to
flow.]
MELLOW, mel'o, adj., soft and ripe : weU
matured: soft to the touch. — v.t. to soft-
en by ripeness or age : to mature. — v.t.
to become soft : to be matured. [A.S.
meant, soft, cog. with Dut. muno and
mollig, L. mollis, Gr. malakos. See Mae-
row.]
MELLOWNESS, mel'6-nes, n., softness:
maturity.
MELLOWY, mel'o-i, adj., soft: oily.
MELODIOUS, me-lo'di-us, adj. full of mel-
ody: harmonious. — adv. Melo'diodsly.
— »(. Melo'diousness.
MELODRAMA, mel-o-dram'a, MELO-
DRAME, mel'o-dram. n. a kind of sensa-
tional drama, formerly largely inter-
mixed with songs. [Gr. melos, a song,
and drama, a drama.]
MELODRAMATIC, mel-o-dra-mat'ik, adj.
of the nature of melodrama : over-
strained : sensational.
MELODRAMATIST, mel-o-dram'a^-tist, n.
one skilled in melodramas, or who pre-
pares them.
MELODY, mel'o-di, n. an air or tune :
music: an agreeable succession of a single
series of musical sounds, as distinguished
from "harmony" or the concord of a
succession of simultaneous sounds. — n.
Mel'odist. [Fr. — L. — Gr. melodia — m,elos,
a song, and ode, a lay.]
MELON, mel'un, n. a kind of cucumber and
its fruit, which resembles an apple. [Fr.
— L. melo — Gr. melon, an apple.]
MELT, melt, v.t. to make liquid, to dis-
solve : to soften : to waste away. — v.i.
to become liquid: to dissolve: to become
tender or mild : to lose substance : to be
discouraged. [A.S. mcltan, prob. conn,
with Marrow, Mellow.]
MELTING, melt'ing, n. tlie act of making
liquid or of dissolving : the act of soften-
ing or rendering tender. — adv. Melt'-
INOLY.
MEMBER, memTjer, n. a limb of an animal:
a clause : one of a communitj' : a repre-
sentati /e in a legislative bodj': (B., injjl.)
tlie appetites and passions. — adj. Mem'-
BERED, having limbs. [Fr. membre—Ij.
iiK'iiihnim.]
, MEMBERSHIP, mem'ber-ship. n. the state
of Ijeing a member or one of a society : a
community.
MEMBRANE, mem'bran, n. the thin tissue
which covers the members or parts of the
body : the film containing the seeds of a
plant. [Fr. — L. membrana — membrum.'\
MEMBRANEOUS, mem-bran'e-us, MEM-
BRANOUS, mem'bran-us, MEMBRANA-
CEOUS, mem-bran-a'shus, adj. relating
to, consisting of, or like a membrane.
MEMENTO, me-men'tc n. a suggsstJou oi
notice to awaken memory : — pi. Memen'-
TOS. [L. imper. of memini, to remember,
from root of Mention.]
MEMOIR, mem'wor or me-moir', n. a
famiUar notice of anything as remem-
bered by the writer : a short biographical
sketch : a record of researches on any
subject : the transactions of a society.
[Fr. memoire — L. memoria, memory —
memor, mindful, akin to Sans, root srnri,
to remember.]
MEMORABLE, mem'or-a-bl, adj. deserving
to be remembered : remarkable. — adv.
Mem'orably.
MEMORANDUM, mem-or-an'dum,w. some-
thing to be remembered : a note to assist
the memory :— p?. MEMORAiJ'DUMS, Mem-
ORan'da.
MEMORIAL, me-mo'ri-al, adj. bringing to
memory : contained in memory. — n. that
which serves to keep in remembrance : a
monument : a note to help the memory :
a written statement with a petition,
laid before a legislative or other body :
(B.) memory.
MEMORIALIST,me-mo'ri-al-ist, n. one who
writes, signs, or presents a memorial.
MEMORIALIZE, me-mo'ri-al-Tz, v.t. to pre-
sent a memorial to : to petition by me-
morial.
MEMOR"i , mem'o-ri, n. a having or keeping
in the mind: the faculty of the mind by
which it retains the knowledge ot pre-
vious thoughts or events : retention :
remembrance. [See Memoir.]
MEN, plnral of MxN.
MENACE, men'as, v.t. to threaten. — n. a
threat or threatening. [Fr. — L. minor,
to threaten — mince, the overhanging
points of a wall.]
JIENACING, men'as-ing, adj., overhanging:
threatening. — adv. Men'acingly.
5IENAGERIE, ]\IENAGERY, raen-azh'e-ri
or men-aj'er-i, n. a place for managing
and keeping wild animals : a collection
of such animals. [Fr., from root of Man-
age.]
JIEND, mend, v.t. to remove a, fault: to
repair : to correct, imjjrove. — v.i. to grow
better. — «. JIend'ee. [Short for Amend.]
MENDACIOUS, men-da'shus, adj., lying:
false. — adv. Menda'ciously'. [L. mendax,
mendacis — mentior, to lie.]
MENDACITY, men-das'i-ti, Ji.,Z2/ijigf; faLse-
hood.
MENDICANCY, men'di-kan-si, n. the state
of being a mendican t or beggar : beggarv.
MENDICANT, men'di-kant, adj. poor to
beggary: practicing beggary. — n. one who
is in extreme want, a beggar : one of the
begging fraternity of the R. Cath. Church.
[L. mendicans, -antis, pr.p. of mendico,
to beg — mendicus. a beggar, perh. conn,
with L. menda, a want.]
MENDICITY, men-dis'i-ti, n. the state of
being a mendicant or beggar : the life of
a beggar.
MENDING, mend'ing, n. the act of repair-
ing.
MENIAL, me'ni-al, adj. servile . low.— Ji.
a domestic servant : one performing ser-
vile work : a person of servile disposition.
[Orig. an adj. from M.E. meine, a house-
hold^ through O. Fr. from Lovy L. man-
sion-aia, maisnada — L. mansio, -onis.
See Mansion.]
MENINGITIS, men-in-ji'tis, Ji. inflamma-
tion of the membranes of the brain. [Gr.
meninx, meninggos, a membrane.]
MENIVER, men'i-ver, MINEVER, MIN-
IVER, min'i-ver, n. the ermine : its fur.
[O. Fr. menu ver — menu, small — L viin-
utus, and vair, fur — L. varius, chaa^ing,
mottled.]
MENSES, men'sez, n.pl. the montidy dis-
charge from the womb. [L. mmisis, a
month.]
MENSTRUAL, men'stroo-al, adj., monthly
belonging to a menstruum. [L. menr
strualis.]
MENSTRUANT, men'stroo-ant, adj. sub
ject to menses. [L. meiistruans, -antis,
pr.p. of menstruoTl
MENSTRUATE, meu'stroo-at, v.i. to dis-
charge the menses. — n. Meh'struation.
[L. menstruo, -atmn.']
MENSTRUOUS, men'stroo-us, adj. having
or belonging to menses. [L. menstruus7\
MENSTRUUM, men'stroo-um. n. a solvent
or dissolving substance : — pi. Men'strca,
the menses. [L., from a fancy of the old
chemists that dissolvents could be pre-
pared only at certain stages of the moon.]
MENSURABLE, mens'u-ra-bl, of?;', that
ca.n he measured : measurable. — ?(. Mens-
UEABIL'ITY, quality of being mensurable.
[L. mensurabilis — mensuro, to measure.
See Measure.]
MENSURAL, mens'Q-ral, adj. pertaining
to measure.
MENSURATION, mens-u-ra'shun, n. the
act, process, or art of measuring : art of
finding the length, area, or volume of
bodies : the result of measuring.
MENTAL, men'tal, adj. peitaining to the
mind: intellectual. — adv. Men'tally.
[From L. mens, mentis, the mind — Sans,
root man, to think.]
MENTION, men'shun, n. a brief notice of
remark : a hint. — v.t. to notice briefly :
to remark: to name. — adj. Men'tion-
ABLE. [L. mentio, mentionis, from root
men. Sans, man, to think.]
MENTOR, men'tor, n. a wise and faithfui
counsellor or monitor. — adj. Mentor'IAI,.
[From Gr. Mentor, the friend of Ulysses
— root of Mental.]
MENU, men'oo, «. list of things compos-
ing a repast. [Lit. "detailed," "minute,"
Fr. — L. minutus, small. See Mintjte.]
MEPHISTOPHELEAN, mef-is-tof-e'le-an,
adj. cynical, sceptical, malicious. [From
Mephistopheles, a character in Goethe's
Faust.']
MEPHITIC, me-fit'ik, adj. pertaining to
mephitis: offensive to the smell: nox-
ious : pestilential.
MEPHITIS, me-fl'tis, MEPHITISM. mef'i-
tizm, n. a foul, pestilential exhalation
from the ground. [L. mejihitis.]
MERCANTILE, mer'kan-tll, adj. pertain-
ing to merchants : commercial. [Fr. and
It. — Low L. mercantilis — L. mercans,
-antis, pr.p. of mercor. to trade — merx,
mercis. merchandise — mereo, to gain.]
MERCENARY, mer'se-nar-i, adj. hired for
money : actuated by the hope of reward:
greedy of gain : sold or done for money,
— Ji. one who is hired : a soldier hired
into foreign service. [Fr. — L. mercen-
arius — mcrces, hire.]
MERCER, mer'ser, n. a merchant in silks
and woollen cloths. [Fr. mercicr, from
root of Merchant.]
MERCERY, mer'ser-i, n. the trade of a
mercer : the goods of a mercer.
MERCHANDISE, mer'chand-Iz, o.the goods
of a merchant : anything traded in. [Fr.
111.(1 rchandise — marchand, a merchant.]
MERCHANT, mer'chant, n. one wlio carries
on trade, esp. on a large scale : one who
buys and sells goods : a trader. — adj.
pertaining to trade or merchandise. [Fr.
marchand— L. mercans, -aiitis, pr.p. ol
mercor, to trade.]
MERCHANTMAN
MERCHANTMAN, mer'chant-man, n. a
tracling-ship : (B.) a merchant: — pi. Mek'-
CHAXTMEN. [Merchast and 3Iax.]
MERCIFLTL. mer'si-fool, mlj- full of or ex-
ercising mercy : willing to pity and spare:
compassionate: tender: humane. — adv.
AIer'cifully. — n. JIer'cifulness.
ttERCILESS, mer'si-les, adj. without mercy:
unfeeling : hard-hearted : unsparing :
cruel.— adr. Mer'cilessly. — )i. JIee'ci-
LESSXESS, want of mercy.
MERCURIAL, mer-ku'ri-al, adj. having
the qualities said to belong to the ^ou
Mercury : active : sprightly : containmg
or consisting of mercury. [L. mercurv-
alls. See Mercuet.]
MERCURIALIZE, mer-ku'ri-al-Iz, v.t. to
make mercurial: {med.) to affect with
mercury : to expose to the vapor of
mercury.
MERCURY, mer'ku-ri, n. the god of mer-
chandise and eloquence, and the messen-
ger of the gods : the planet nearest the
sun : a white, liquid metal, also called
quicksilver : a messenger : a newspaper.
[Fr. — L. Mercurius — merx, mercis, mer-
chandise. See ilERCHAJIT.]
MERCY, mer'si, n. a forgiving disposition :
clemency : leniency : tenderness : an act
of mercy. [Fr. 7nerci. g^ace, favor — L.
merces, mercedis, pay, reward, in Low L.
also pitv, favor.]
MERCY-SEAT, mer'si-set, w. Qit.) the seat
or place of mercy : the covering of the
Jewish Ark of the Covenant : tlie throne
of God. _
MERE, mer, n. a pool or lake. [A.S. mere ;
Grer. and Dut. meer : akin to L. mare,
the sea, Fr. mer and mare, pool ; prob.
conn, with Sans, maru, desert, mri, to
die, and with the root of MORTAL. See
Marsh and Marine.]
HERE, mer, adj. unmixed : pure : only
this and nothing else : alone : absolute. —
ulv. !Mere'ly, purely, simply : only : thus
and no other way : solely. [L. mertis,
unmixed (of wine).]
MERE, mer, n. a boundary. [A.S. mcere,
ge-mcere.]
MERESTEAD, mer'sted. n. the land with-
in the boundaries of a farm. [From
Mere, a boundarv, and Stead.]
MERETRICIOUS, mer-e-trisli'us, adj. allur-
ing by false show : gaudy and deceitful :
false. — adv. Meretri'ciously. — n. Mer-
etri'CIOCSNESS. [L. meretricius — mere-
trix. meretricis, a harlot — mereo, to earn.
See MERCANnLE.]
MERGANSER, nier-gan'ser, n. a diving
bird or sea-duck. [L. mergus, a diver,
and anser, a goose.]
MERGE, merj, v.t. to dip or plunge in : to
sink: to cause to be swallowed up. — v.i.
to be swallowed up, or lost. — n. Merg'er
(law) a merging. [L. mergo, mersuiii,
akin to Sans, mcijj, to dive, to sink.]
MERIDIAN, me-rid'i-an, adj. pertaining to
mid-day : being on the meridian or at
mid-dav : raised to the highest point. —
?j., mid-day : the highest point, as of
success : an imaginary circle on the
earth's surface passing through the poles
and any given place: (astr.) an imaginai-y
circle, passing through the poles of the
heavens, and the zenith of the spectator,
which the sun crosses at mid-day. [Fr.
- L. m.eridianus. pertaining to mid-day,
from meridies (corr. for medidies), mid-
dav —mediiis. middle, and dies, dav.]
MERIDIONAL, me-rid'! un-al. adj. pertain-
ing to the meridian: southern: having a
southern aspect. — adv. SIerid'ioxally,
in the direction of the meridian. — ». Me-
RIDIOXAL'ITY. [Fr. — L. meridionali.'^.]
MERINO, nie-re'no, vi. a variet}- of sheep
ha%-ing very fine wool, orig. from Spain :
a fabric of merino wool. — adj. belonging
282
to the merino sheep or their wool. [Sp.,
and meaning " moving from pasture to
pasture"' — merino, inspector of sheep-
walks — Low L. majorinus, from root of
Major.]
MERIT, mer'it, n. excellence that deserves
honor or reward : worth : value : tliat
which is earned. — v.t. to earn : to have a
right to claim as reward ; to deserve.
[Fr. — L. tnerituvi — mereo, meritum, to
obtain as a lot or portion, to deserve ; cf.
Gr. meiromai, to divide. See Mercan-
TII.E.]
MERITORIOUS, mer-i-to'ri-us, adj. possess-
ing merit or desert: deserving of reward,
honor, or praise. — adv. Merito'riously.
— }). Merito'riousness.
MERK, merk, n. an old Scotch silver coin
worth 13s. 4d. Scots, or 13id. sterling.
[Same word as English tnark.^
SIERLE, raerl, n. the blackbird. [Fr.— L.
merida.'\
MERLIN, merlin, n. a species of small
hawk : a wizard. [Fr. emerHlon, prob.
same as Merle. J
MERLON, mer'lon, n. {fort.) the part of
a parapet which lies between two embrar
sures. fFr.; ety. dub.]
MERMAID, mer'mad, w., iremdof the sea, a
fabled marine animal, having the upper
part like a woman and the lower like a
fish: — «iase. ilER'iiAN. [A.S. mere, a lake
(influenced by Fr. mer, the sea), and
mccgd, a maid.]
SIERRIMENT, mer'i-ment, MERRINESS,
mer'i-nes, n. gaiety with laughter and
noise : mirth : hilarity.
MERRY, mer'i, adj., sportive: cheerful:
noisily gay : causing laughter .■ lively. —
adv. Mere'ily. [A.S. merg, from the
Celtic, as in Gael, and Ir. mear, tvommir,
to sport. See Mirth.]
MERRY-ANDREW, mer'i-an'drOS, n. a
bufl'oon : one who attends a mountebank
or quack doctor. [Mekry, and perhaps
Andrew Borde, a phjrsician in the time
of Henrv VIII. , noted for his facetious
sayings.]
MERRY -MAKING, mer'i-mSk'ing, ». a
mem/ entertainment, a festival.
MERRY-THOUGHT, mer'i-thawt, n. the
forked bone of a fowl's breast, which two
persons pml at in play, the one who
breaks off the longer part being thought
likely to be first married. [Merey and
Thought.]
MERSION, mer'shun, n. same :is Immer-
sion.
MESEE5IS, me-semz', v.inqiers. it seems to
me (used only in poetrj-). [Me, the da-
tive of I, and' Seems used impersonally.]
MESEMBRY'ANTHEMIIM, me-zem-bri-
an'the-mum, n. a genus of succulent
plants, mostly belonging to South Africa.
[Gr. mesembna, mid-dav — me-ws, middle,
hemera, day, and antfiema — antlteb, to
blossom, so called because their 'flowers
usuallv expand at mid-dav.]
MESENTERY, mes'en-ter-i or mez'-, n. a
membrane in the cavity of the abdomen,
attached to the vertebrre, and serving to
support the intestines. — adj. Mesenter'-
IC. [L. — Gr. mesenteron — mesas, middle,
cnteron. intestines — entos, within.]
MESH, mesh, >i. the opening between the
tlireads of a net : network. — v.t. to catch
in a net. — adj. Mesh'y, formed like net-
work. [M.E. maske — A.S. max, a net ;
MESJIERIC, mez-mer'ik, MESMERICAL,
mez-mer'ik-al, adj. of or relating to mes-
meinsm.
MES5IERISM, mez'mer-izm, n. art of mes-
mcrizing.
MES5IERIZE, mez'mer-Iz, v.t. to induce an
extraordinary state of the nervous sys-
tem, in which the operator is supposed
METALLOID
to control the actions of the subject. —
n. Mes'merizer or Mes'merist, one who
mesmerizes. [From Mesmer, a German
phj;gician (1733-1815), who brought mes-
merism into notice.]
MESNE, men, adj., intermediate: applied
to a writ issued between the beginning
and end of a suit. [Norm, Fr. mesne
middle.]
MESS, mes, n. a mixture disagreeable tc
the siglit or taste : a medley : disorder
confusion. [A form of Mash.]
MESS, mes, n. a dish or quantity of food
served up at one time : a number of per-
sons who eat together, esp. in the army
and navy. — v.t. to supplj- with a mess.—
v.i. to eat of a mess : to eat at a common
table. [O. Fr. mes (Fr. mets), a dish, a
course at table — L. mitto, missnm, to
send, in Low L. to place.] ^
MESSAGE, mes'aj, n. any communication
sent from one to another : an errand : an
official communication. [Fr. — Low L.
missaticum, from mitto, missus, to send.]
MESSENGER, mes'en-jer, n. the bearer or
a message: a forerunner.
MESSIAH, mes-sl'a, MESSLiS. mes-sl'as,
n. the anointed one, the Christ. — n. Mes-
si'ahship. [Heb. mashiach — mashach, to
anoint.]
MESSIANIC, mes-si-an'ik, aclj. relating to
the Messiah.
MESS3L1TE, mes'mat, n. one who eats at
the same table. [Mess and Mate.]
MESSUAGE, mes'waj, n. {late) a dwelling
and offices with the adjoining lands ap-
propriated to the use of the household.
[O. Fr. — Low L. messuagium — L. mansa,
pa.p. of maneo, to remain. See JIan-
SION.]
MESTEE, u>es-te', n. the offspring of a
white person and a quadroon. [W^est
Indian.]
MESTIZO, mes-tez'o, n. the offspring of £
Spaniard or Creole and a^ native Ameri-
can Indian. [Sp. — L. mixtus — misceo, tc
mix.]
MET, pa.i. andpo.j). of jMeet.
METACARPAL, met-a-kar'pal, adj. per
taiuing to the part of the hand between
the ivrist and the fingers. [Gr. meta,
after, and karjjos, wrist.]
METACHRONISM, me-tak'ron-izm, 7u the
placing of an event after its real time.
[Fr. — Gr. metachronos — meta, beyond,
and clironos, time.]
METAGE, met'aj, n., measurement of coal:
price of measurement. [See Mete.]
METAL, met'al, n. a solid, shining, opaque
body, such as gold, etc.: broken stone
used for macadamized roads. [Fr. — L.
metallum — Gr. ?Hefa?7on, amine, a metal,
prob. from metallao, to search after. Cf.
Mettle.]
METALLIC, me-tal'ik, adj. pertaining to or
like a metal: consisting of metal. [L.
metal! icus.l
METALLIFEROUS, met-al-if'er-us. adj.,
jyroducing or yielding metals. [L. metal-
lifer — metallum, metal, and /ero, to bear,
to produce.]
METALLIFORM, me-tal'i-form, adj. hav-
ing the form ot metals : like metal.
METALLINE, met'al-in, adj. pertaining te
a metal: consisting of or impregnated
with metal.
METALLIST,. met'al-ist, n. a worker in
metals: one skilled in metals.
METALLIZE, met'al-Tz. v.t. to form into
metal : to give to a substance its metallio
properties. — n. JIetalliza'tion.
METALLOID, met'al-oid, n. that which
has a form or appearance like a metal : ■
usually, any of the non-metallic inflam-
mable' bodies, as sulphur, phosphorus,
etc. [Gr. vietallon, a metal, and eidos,
form.]
I
METALLOID
263
MICROSCOPIC
METALLOID, met'al-oicl, METALLOIDAL,
niet-al-oid'al, adj. pertaining to the met-
alloids.
1IETALLUEGIST, met'al-ur-iist, n. one
who works metals : one skilled in metal-
lurgy.
ICETALLUEGY, met'al-ur-ji, n. the art of
working metals : the art of separating
metals from their ores. — aclj. Metaixxje -
6IC, pertaining to metallurgy. [Or.
.' metallon, a metal, ergon, work.]
METAATORPHIC, met-a-mor'fik, adj. sub-
ject to change of form: (geol.) applied to
rocks, which, though of aqueous origin,
have been greatly altered by heat. — n.
Meta51or'phism, state or quauty of being
metainorphie.
METAMORPHOSE, met-a-morToz, v.t. to
change into another /or?» : to transform.
^Gr. metamorphoo — meta, expressing
change, morphe. form.]
METAMORPHOSIS, met-armor'fo-sis, n.,
change of form or shape : transforma-
tion : the change living beings undergo
in the coiu-se of their growth •.—pi. Met-
amor'phoses.
METAPHOR, met'a-fur, n. (rhet.) a trans-
fereace (of meaning) : the putting of one
thing for another which it only resem-
bles, as when knowledge is calle(i a lamp,
or icords are said to be bitter. [Fr. — Or.
metaphora — metaphero — meta, over,
phero, to carry.]
METAPHORIC, met-a-for-ik, METAPHOR-
ICAL, met-a-for'i-kal, adj. pertaining to
or containing metaphor : figurative. —
adv. JfETAPHOR'iCAIXY.
METAPHRASE, met'a-fraz, n. a transla-
tion from one language into another
word for irord. [Gr. metaphrasis — msta,
denoting change, and phrasis, a speaking
^phrazo, to speak.]
aiETAPHRAST, mefarfrast. n. one who
translates word for word. — adj. Meta-
PHRAS'TIC.
METAPHYSICAL, met-a-flz'ik-al, a4}. per-
taining to metaphysics: abstract.— ady.
Metaphys'icaixy.
METAPHYSICIAN, met-a-fl-zish'an, n. one
versed in metaphysics.
METAPHYSICS, raet-a-flz'iks, n.ging. the
science which investigates the first prin-
ciples of nature and thought : ontology
or the science of beinfr- [So called from
certain works of Aristotle which follmced
or were studied after his physics — Gr.
meta, after, and lihysika, physics, from
physi.% natui-e.]
METATARSAL, met-artSr'sal, ac^: belong-
iu]^ to the front part of the foot, just
behind the toes. [Gr. meta, beyond, and
tamos, the flat of the foot.]
METATHESIS, me-tath'es-is, n. (gram.)
transposition of the letters of a word.
[Gr. — metatithSiyii, to transpose — meta,
over, tithSmi, to place.]
METAYER, me-tiiyer, n. a farmer who
pays, instead of other rent, a half, or
other fixed proportion, of the crops. [Fr.
— Low L. medietarius — L. medietas, the
half — mediuM, middle.]
METE, met, v.t. to measure. [A.S. metan;
Ger. messen, Goth, mitan, L. metier. Sans.
Wirt J
«IETE>IPSYCHOSIS, me-temp-si-kO'.Ms, n.
the transmigrationot the 80?(? after death
into some other body :—pl. Metempsy-
CHO'SES. [Gr. — meta, exprtssing change,
»nd einpsychosis, an animating — en, in,
psyciie. soul.]
dETEOR, me'te-or, n. a body which, in
passing through the earth's atmosphere,
becomes incandescent and luminous, as a
shooting-star or fire-ball : formerly used
of any appearance in the atmosphere, as
clouds, rain : (fig.) anything tliat tran-
siently dazzles or strides with wonder.
[Lit. " that which is suspended in the air,"
Gr. metebron — meta, beyond, and ebra,
anything suspended, from aeiro, to lift.]
METEORIC, me-te-or'it. adj oertamma; to
or consisting of meteom ; proceeding from
a meteor : influenced by the weather.
METEOROLITE, me-te-or'o-lit, METEOR-
ITE, me'te-or-It, n. a meteoric stone
[Gr. meteoros, lithos, stone.]
METEOROLOGIST, me-te-or-ol'o-jist, ».
one sldlled in meteorology.
METEOROLOGY, me-te-br-ol'o-ji, n. the
science which treats of the atmosphere
and its phenomena, esp. of the weather.
— adjs. METEOROLOG'IC, MeTEOROLOG'IO-
AI. JGr. vieteoros, and logos, discourse.]
METER, me'ter, n. one who or that which
measures, esp. an apparatus for measur-
ing gas. [See Metre.]
METEYARD, met'yard, n. (B.) a yard or
rod for meting or measuring.
METHEGLIN, meth-eg'Un, n. mead, a fer-
mented liquor made from honey. [W.
meddyglyn, from medd, mead, and uyn,
liquor.]
METHINKS, me-thingks', (B.) METHINK'-
ETTH, v.impers., it seems to me : I think :
—pa.t. Methought, me-thawt'. [A.S.
me thynceth — me, dative of I, and zhyn-
can, to seem (impersonal). Not from
thencan, to think. Cf. Ger. diinken, to
seeraj
METHOD, meth'ud, n. the mode or rule of
accomplishing an end: orderly procedure:
manner : arrangement : system : rule :
classification. [Lit. " the way after any-
thing," Fr. — ^L. methodus — Gfr. methodos
— Tneta, after, and hodos, a way,]
METHODIC, me-thod'ik, METHODICAL,
me-thod'ik-al, adj. arranged with metlwd :
disposed in a just and natural manner :
formal. — adv. Method'icaixy.
METHODISM, meth'ud-izm, n. the prin-
ciples and Practice of the Methodists.
METHODIST, meth'ud-ist, n. (orig.) one
who observes method : one of a sect of
Christians founded by John Wesley (1703
— 1791), noted for tne strictness of its
discipline: one strict or formal in rehgion.
[The name first applied in 1729, in derision,
by their fellow students at Oxford, to
John Weslev and his associates.]
METHODISTlC, meth-ud-ist ik, METHOD-
ISTICAL, metli-ud-ist'ik-al, adj. resem-
bUng the Methodists : strict in religious
matters. — adv. Methodist'ICALLY.
METHODIZE, meth'ud-Iz, v.t. to reduce to
method : to dispose in due order.
METHOUGHT. See Uethinks.
METHYLATED SPIRIT, meth'il-St-ed
spir'it, n. a mixture of pure alcohol with
10 per cent of naphtha or wood-spirit, to
grevent people drinking it.
TONIC, me-ton'ik, adj. pertaining to the
lunar cycle of nineteen years. [From
Melon, an Athenian, tne discoverer,
about 480 B.C.]
METONYMIC, met-o-nlm'ik, METONYM-
ICAL, met-o-nim'ik-al, adj. used by way
of metonitmy. — adv. Metoxtm'ically,
METONYJiY, me-ton'i-mi or niet'o-nim-1,
n. (rhet.) a trope in which one word is
put for another related to it, as the effect
for the cause. [Lit. "a change of name,"
L. — Gr, metdnj/mia — meta, expressing
change, and onoma, a name.]
METRE, me'ter, n. poetical incamire or ar-
rangement of syllables: rhythm : verse:
a Frpnch measure of length equal to
nearly 39i inches. [Fr. — L. metrum —
Gr. metron. See Mete.]
METRIC, met'rik, METRICAL, met'rik-al,
adj. pertaining to metre or to metrology:
consisting of verses. The Metrical sys-
tem is the French system of weights and
me.asures.whioh is founded on the French
Ttiitre; it divides or multiplies by ten.
and is therefore a decimal system.- -a<fo>
Met'ricat.t.y.
METROLOGY, me-trol'o-ji, n. the scieiu»
of weights and measures. [Gr. metron,
rneasure, and logos, discourse.]
METRONOME, met'ro-nom, n. an instriv
nient which measures musical time
[Gr. metron, measure, and nemo, to dis
tribute.]
METRONO.AIY, me-tron'o-ml, n. measure
nient of time by a metronome.
METROPOLIS, me-trop'o-Us, n. the chie«
city or capital of a country : (properly)
the chief cathedral city, as Canterbury
of England '-—pi- Metrop'OUSES. [Lit.
" mother city,^ L. — Gr. meter, mother
- ^vjQjyg Q citv 1
METROPOLIT'AN, met-ro-pol'it-an, adj.
belonging to a metropolis: pertaining
to the mother-church. — n. (oricj.) the
bishop of a metropolis or chief city : the
bishop who presides over the other bish-
ops of a province. [L. metropolitanvs.
See MetrOPOUS.]
METTLE, met!, n. ardor or keenness of
temperament: spirit: sprighthness: cour-
a^. [A metaphor from the metal of a
blade.]
METTLED, met'ld, METTLESOME, met!-
sum, adj. high-spirited : ardent.
MEW, mu, n. a sea-fowl : a gull. [A.S*
mceio ; cog. with Dut. meeuw. Ice. mar,
Ger. mowe — all imitative.]
MEW, mu, v.i. to cry as a cat. — n. the «ry
of a cat. [Imitative.]
MEW, mu, v.t. to shed or east : to cop fine,
as in a cage. — v.i. to change : to cait the
feathers : to moult. — n. a place for meii>
ing or confining : a cage for hawks while
mewing : generally in p?. a stable be-
cause the royal .stables were built wliere
the king's nawks were meiced or con-
fined : a place of confinement. [Fr. vnie:
a changing, esp. of the coat or skin—
miter, to mew — L. muto, to change.]
MIASM, mfazm, MIASMA, nii-az'ma, w.
infectious matter floating in the air ads'
ing from putrefying bodies : — nl. Mi-
asms, MlASlLATA, mi-az'ma-ta. [Gr. mi-
asma— miaino, to stain.]
MIASMAL, mi-az'mal. MIASMATIC, ml-
az-mat'ik, adj. pertaining to or contain-
ing mias)na.
MICA, mi'ka, n. a glittering mineral which
cleaves into thin transparent plates,
sometimes used as glass. — adj. AIica'-
CEOUS. [L. mica, a crumb.]
MICE, mis, pi. of Mouse.
MICHAELMAS, roik'el-nias, n. the mass or
feast of St. Michael, a R. Cath. festival
celebrated Sept. 29.
MICROCOSM, mrkro-kozm, p. man. wh&
was regarded by ancient philosophers a»
a model or epitome of the nnirer.se. — adjs,
MicRocos'inc, MiCROCOS'MiCAL, pertain-
ing to the microcosm. [Lit. the "little
world," Fr. — L.— Gr., from mikros, little;
kosmos, world.]
MICROGRAPHY, niT-krog'ra-fi. n. the de-
scription of small or microscopic objects.
[Gr. mikros, little, and grapho, to write.]
MICROMETER, ml-krom'e-ter, n. an in-
strunient used with a telescope or micro-
scope for 7tieasuring verv small spaces. •
adj. JIicromet'rical. [tfr. mikros. liti.e
and metron. measure.]
MICROPHONE. mi'kro-fSn, n, an instru-
ment which, by means of an electric cur
rent, renders "the faintest soinul.i di»
tinetly audible. [Gr. mikros, little, and
phoni, sound.]
MICROSCOPE, mi'kro-skop. n. an optical
instrument for vieiring small or minute
ob,iocts. — n. MiCROS'cOFY. [Gr. mikros,
litth'. and skopeo, to look at.]
MICROSCOPIC, ml-kro-skop'ik, MICRO
SCOPICAL, mi-kro-skop'ik-al, adj. per*
MICROSCOPIST
taiaing to a microscope: made by or
resembling a microscope : visible only by
the aid of a microscope. — adv. MlCKO-
SCOPICAIXY.
MICROSCOPIST, ml'kro-skop-ist, n. one
skilled ic the use of the microscope.
VID, mid, ad/., middle :' ntnated between
extremes. [A.S. mid, midd ; cog. with
Ger. mitte Cind mittel, L. medius, Gr. me-
SOS, Sans. madhyaJ]
dlD-DAuY, mid'-da, n. the middle of the
day : noon.
MIDDEN, mid'en, n. a heap of ashes or
dung. [From Soand., asD;in. moddiiig —
mug, dung ; cf. MUD and MuCK.]
MIDDLE, mid'l, adj. equally distant from
the extremes : intermediate : interven-
ing.— n. the middle point or part : midst :
central portion. [A.S. middel — mid (see
Mid); cog. with Dut. middel, Ger. mittel.]
dllDDLE-MAN, mid'1-man, 7i. one who
stands in the middle betwe',^ two per-
sons : an agent between t<vo parties : in
Ireland, one who rents land of proprie-
tors in large tracts, and lets it in portions
to the peasantry. — n. Middle Ages, the
period from the overthrow of the Roman
Empire in the 5th century to the Revival
of Learning at the end of the loth cen-
tury.— adjs. Middlemost, Midmost, (S.)
nearest the middle. — n. Middle-passage,
in the slave-trade, the voyage across the
Atlantic from Africa. — n. Middle term
(logic) that term of a syllogism with
which the two extremes are separately
compared.
MIDDLING, midTin^, adj. of middle rate,
state, size, or quahty: about equally dis-
tant from the extremes : moderate.
lODGE, mij, n. the common name of sev-
eral species of small dipterous insects,
resembling gnats, but having a shorter
proboscis. [A.S. tnicge, cog. with Ger.
miXeke, a gnat, and Dut. vmg.]
^DLAND, mid'land. adj. in the middle of
or surrounded by land: distant from the
coast : inland.
MIDNIGHT, mid'nlt, n. the middle of the
night: twelve o'clock at night.— adj.
being at midnight : dark as midnight.
MIDRIB, mid'rib, n. (hot.) the continuation
oi the leaf-stalk to the jjoint of a leaf.
MIDRIFF, mid'rif, n. the diaphragm. [Lit.
the •' middle of the belly," A.S. mid,
middle, and hrif, the belly.]
MIDSHIP, mid'ship. adj. being in the mid-
dle erf a ship. — adv. Mid'ships.
MIDSHIPMAN, mid'ship-man, n. a naval
cadet or officer whose rank is intermedi-
ate between the common seamen and the
superior officers.
MIDST, midst, n. the middle. — adv. in
the middle. [From the M. E. phrase in
viidde-s. in the midst, with excrescent t
(cf. tchil-s-n. See MiD.]
MIDSUMMER, mid'sum-er, n. the middle of
summer : the summer solstice about the
21st of June.
MIDWAY, mid'wa, n. the middle of the
way or distance. — adj. being in the mid-
dle of the way or distance. — adv. half-
way.
MIDWIFE, mid'wit n. a woman who
assists others in jhildbirth -.—pi. MlD-
WIVES (mid'wTvz). [Lit. " helping- wo-
man," A.S. mid, together with (cog. with
Ger. mit, Gr. met-a), and ivif, woman.]
4IIDWIFERY, mid'wif-ri or mid'wif-ri, n.
iiit or practice of a midwife or accouch-
euse.
MID\VINTER, mid'win-ter, n. the middle
of icinter: the winter solstice (21st De-
cember), or the time about it.
MIEN, men, n. the look or appearance, esp.
of the face : manner : beaming. [Fr. mine
— Wiener, to lead, conduct ; Prov. se
menar, to behave one's self — L. viino, in
284
Lovi- L., to drive cattle. See AmenabLiB
and Demeanor.]
MIGHT, mIt, pa.t. of May.
MIGHT, mit. n., powei': ability: strength:
energy or intensity of purpose or feeling.
— JIlGHT AND JlAlN, utniost strength.
[A.S. meaht, miht ; Goth, mahts, Ger.
macht ; from root of May.]
MIGHTINESS, mit'i-nes, n. power : great-
ness : a title of dignity : excellency.
MIGHTY, mit'i. adj. having great power :
strong: valiant: very great: important:
exhibiting might : wonderful. — adv.
Might'ilt.
MIGNONETTE, min-yo-net', n. an annual
plant, bearing sweet-scented flowers.
[Fr., dim. of mignon, darling. See
lIlNIONj
MIGRATE, mfgrat, v.i. to remove for resi-
dence from one country to another. [L.
migro, migratus, akin to meo, to go.]
MIGRATION, ml-gra'shun, n. a change of
abode from one country or climate to
another. [Fr. — L.]
MIGRATORY, mfgra-tor-i, a<^"., migrating
or accustomed to migrate : wandering.
MILCH, mOch, adj. giving milk. [AnoHier
form of MiLK.J
MILD, mild, adj. gentle in temper and dis-
position : not sharp or bitter : acting
gently : gently and pleasantly affecting
the senses: soft: calm. — adv. Mn.n'i.v. —
n. MiLD'NESs. [A.S. milde, mild, merci-
ful ; a word common to the Teut. lan-
guages, as Ger. mild. Ice. mildr, gracious,
etc.T
MILDEW, mil'du, n. a disease on plants,
marked by the growth on them of minute
fungi. — v.t. to taint with mildew. [A.S.
mele-dedw, prob. sig. " honey-dew ; "
mele- being prob. cog. with L. md, honey,
Gr. meli. See DewT]
MILE, mil, n. 1760 yards. [A.S. mil ; Fr.
mille ; both a contr. of L. mille jJossuum,
a thousand paces, tlie Roman mile.]
MILEAGE, mll'aj, w. fees paid by the mile
for travel or conveyance: length in miles.
MILESTONE, mil'ston, n. a stone set to
mark the distance of a mile.
MILFOIL, mil'foil, n. the herb yarrow, re-
markable for the numerous divisions of
its leaf. [L. millefolium — mille, thousand,
and folium, a leaf.]
MILIARY, mil'yar-i, adj. resembling a wii7-
fei-seed : attended with an ei-uption of
small red pimples, like millet-seeds, as
fever. [L. milium.]
MILITANT, mil'i-tant, a^j. fighting : en-
gaged in warfare. [L. mUitans, -antis,
pr.p. of milito.]
MILITARISM, mil'i-tar-izm, n. an excess
of the military spirit.
MILITAKY, mil'i-tar-i, adj. pertaining to
sohliers or warfare : warlike : becoming
a soldier : engaged in the profession of
arms : derived from service as a soldier.
— n. soldiery : the .army. [L. militaris —
miles, a soldier.]
MILITATE, mil'i-tat, v.i. (lit.) to be a sol-
dier, to fight : to contend : to stand op-
posed.
MILITIA, mi-lish'a, n. a body of men en-
rolled and drilled as soldiers, but only
liable to home service. [L. militia, war-
fare, soldieiy — miles, militis.]
MILITIAMAN, mi-lish'a-man, n. a man or
soldier in the militia force.
MILK, milk, v.t. to squeeze or draw milk
from : to supply witli milk. — n. a white
fluid secreted by female maiuiiials for the
nourishment of their young : a mUk-
like juice of certain plants. — n. Md^ER.
[A.S. meolc, milk ; Ger. milch, niUk, L.
mulgeo, to milk ; ong. meaning to
"stroke," "squeeze," as in Sans, marj,
to rub, stroke.]
MILK-FEVER, milk'-fe'ver. n. a fever ac-
a woman who
piece of bread
an effeminate.
MILLION
companying the secretion of milk after
bearing.
MILKilAID, mUk'mad, 71.
milks : a dairymaid.
MILKSOP, milk'sop, n. a
sopped or soaked in viilh :
silly fellow.
MILK-TEEE, milk'-tre, m. a tree jnelding
a milk-liku, nourishing juice, as the cow
tree of S. America.
MILKY, milk'i, adj. made of, full of, like
or yielding milk : soft : gentle. — adv.
Milk'ily.— (i. Milk'iness.— ?i. Milk'y-
WAY (flstr.) a broad, luminous or whitish
zone in the sky, supposed to be the light
of innumerable fixed stars.
MILL, mU, n. a machine for grinding any
substance, as grain, by crushing it be-
tween two hard, rough surfaces : a place
where grinding or manufacture of some
kind is carried on. — v.t. to grind : to
press or stamp in a mill : to stamp, as
coin: to clean, as cloth. [A.S. miln,
which like Ger. miihle, is from L. mola, a
mUl — molo, to grind, akin to Sans, mrtd,
to bruise. See Mae.]
MILLCOG, mil'kog, n. a cog' of a miU-
wheel.
MILLDAM, mil'dam, MILLPOND, mU'-
pond, n. a dam or pond to hold water for
driving a mill.
MTTJ.ENARIAN, mil-le-na'ri-an, adj. last-
ing a thousand years: pertaining to the
millennium. — n. one believing in the
millennium. — ns. Millena'rlanism, Mil'-
LENARISM, the doctrine of millenarians.
MILLENARY, mil'e-nar-i, adj. consisting
of a thousand. — n. a thousand years.
[L. millenarius — milleni, a thousand eack
— mille, a thousand.]
MILLENNIAL, mil-len'i-al, adj. pertaining,
to a thousand years: pertaining to the-,
millennium.
MILLENNLINISM, mil-len'i-an-izm, MUr
LENNIARISM, mil-len'i-ar-izui. n. belief
in the millennium. — n. Millekn'Ialist, a
believer iu the millennium.
MrLLENNTLTM, mil-len'i-um, n. a tliousand
years : the thousand years during which,
as some believe, Christ will personally
reign on the earth. [L. mille, a thousand!,
annus, a yeai-.]
MILLEPED, mire-ped, n. a small worm-
like animal, with an uumense number of
legs:— pi. Mn,T/EfU)ES (-pedz). [L. mille-
peda — mUle, a thousand, and pes, pedis,
a loot.]
MILLER, mU'er, n. one who attends a corn-
mill.
MILLERS -THUMB, mil'erz-thum, n. a
small fresh-water fish with a large, broad,
and rounded head like a miller's thumb,
the river bull-head.
MILLESDIAL, mil-les'im-al, adj., tlioU'
sandth: consisting of thousandth parts.
— adv. MiLLES'DiALLY. [L. millesimus—
mille, a thousand.]
MILLET, mil'et n. a grass yielding grain
used for food. [Fr. millet — L. milium;
from mille, a thousand, from the number
of its seeds.]
MILLIARD, rnil'yard, n. a thousand mill-
ions. [Fr. — L. mille, a thousand.]
MILLINER, mil'in-er, n. one who makec
head-dresses, bonnets, etc., for women.
[Prob. from Milaner, a trader in Milan
wares, esp. female finery.]
MILLINERY, mil'in-er-i, n. the articles
made or sold by milliners. 1
MILLING, mil'ing, ?;. the act ol passing
through a mill: the act of fulling cloth :
the process of indenting coin on the edge.
MILLION, mil'yun, n. a thousand thou-
sands (1,000,000): a very great number.
[Fr. — Low L. millio—L. milk, a thou-
sand.]
5
MILLIONAIRE
285
MINTER
MILLIONAIRE, mil'yun-ar. n. a man
worth a million of money or enormously
rich. [Fr.]
MILLIONARY, mil'yun-ar-i, adj. pertain-
ing- to or consisting- of millions.
MILLIONTH, mil'yunth, adj. or 7i. the ten
hundred thousandth.
MILLRACE. mil'ras, n. the current of
water that turns a mJHwheel, or the
canal in which it runs.
MILLSTONE, niil'ston. n. one of the two
stones used in a ??i(7Z for grinding grain.
MILLSTONE-GRIT, mil'ston-grit, ?i. (geol.)
a. hard gritty variety of sandstone suit-
able for millstones.
MILLWRIGHT, mil'rit. n. a u-right or
mechanic who builds and repairs mills.
MILT, milt, n. the soft roe of fishes: (anat.)
the spleen. — I'.f. to impregnate, as the
spawn of the female fish. — n. Milt'er. a
male fish. [A.S. milte : Ger. milz : from
the root of Melt, or corr. from Milk, as
in Sw. mjiilk, milk, mjolke, milt of fishes,
and Ger. milch, milk, milt of fishes.]
MIME, mlm, n. a kind of farce, in which
scenes from actual life were represented
by action and gesture : an actor in such
a farce. [Gr. mimos.^
MIMETIC, ml-met'ik, MIMETICAL, ml-
met'ik-al, adj. apt to mimic or imitate.
[Gr. mimetikos — mimos, an imitator ; cf.
L. i-mi-to, to imitate.]
MIMIC, mim'ik, MIMICAL, mim'ik-al, adj.,
imitative : apt to copy : consisting of
ludicrous imitation : miniature.
MIMIC, mim'ik, v.t. to imitate for sport: —
pr.p. mim'icking ; pa.p. mim'icked. — n.
one who mimics or imitates: a buffoon: a
servile imitator.
MIMICRY, mim'ik-ri, n. act or practice of
one who mimics.
MIMOSA, mi-mo'za, n. a genus of legu-
minous plants, including the sensitive
plant, said to be so called from its imi-
tating animal sensibility. [From Gr.
mimos, an imitator ; cf. L. i-mi-to.'\
MINA, mT'na, n. (B.) a weight of money
valued at fifty shekels. [L. mina, Gr.
noia.]
MINARET, min'a-ret, n. a turret on a
Mohammedan mosque, from which the
people are summoned to prayers. [Sp.
minarete — Ar. manarat, lighthouse —
nar, fire J
MINATORY, min'a-tor-i, adj. threatening:
menacing. [L. minor, minutus, to threat-
en.]
MINCE, mins, v.t. to cut into small pieces:
to chop fine : to diminish or suppress a
part in speaking : to pronounce affect-
edly.— v.i. to walk with affected nicety :
to speak affectedly : — pr.p. minc'ing ;
pa.p. minced (minsf). [A.S. minsian —
min, small ; prob. from same Teut. base
as Fr. mince, thin.]
MINCED -PIE, minst'-pl, MINCE -PIE,
mins'-pl, n. a pie made with minced
meat, etc.
MINCING, mins'ing, adj. not giving fully:
speaking or walking with affected nicety.
— adv. MlNC'lNGLY.
MIND, mind, n. the faculty by which we
think, etc. : the understanding : the
whole spiritual nature : choice : inten-
tion : thoughts or sentiments : belief :
remembrance : {B.) disposition. — v.t.
{orig.) to remind : to attend to : to obey:
[Scotch) to remember. — v.i. (B.) to intend.
[A.S. ge-mynd — munan. to think ; Ger.
meinen. to think ; L. mens, the mind,
Gr. menos, mind. Sans, manas, mind, all
from root man, to think.]
MINDED, mind'ed, adj. having a mind:
disposed: determined. — n. Mind'edness.
MINDFUL, mind'fool, adj., bearing in
mind: attentive: observant. — adv. Mind'-
FULLY. — n. MIND'FULNESS.
MINDLESS, mind'les, adj. without mind:
stupid.
MINE, min. adj.pron. belonging to me: my.
[A.S. min ; Ger. 7nein. See SlE, My.]
MINE, min, v.t. to dig for metals : to ex-
cavate : to dig underground in order to
overturn a wall : to destroy by secret
means. — n. a place from which metals
are dug : an excavation dug under a for-
tification to blow it up with gunpowder :
a rich source of wealth. [Lit. to " lead "
or form a passage underground, Fr.
miner — Low L. minare, to lead, drive
(cattle) by threats — L. minor, to threaten
— mince, "threats. See Amenable and
Menace.]
MINER, min'er, n. one who digs in a mine.
MINERAL, min'er-al, n. an inorganic sub-
stance found in the earth or at its sur-
face : any substance containing a metal.
— adj. relating to minerals : impregnated
with minerals, as water : a term applied
to inorganic substances. [Fr. — Low L.
minerale — minera, a mine. See Mine ]
MINERALIST, min'er-al-ist, n. one versed
in or employed about minerals.
MINERALIZE, min'er-al-iz, v.t. to make
into a mineral : to give the properties of
a mineral to : to impregnate with min-
eral matter. — v.i. to collect minerals. — n.
Mineraliza'tion.
MINERALOGICAL, min-er-al-oj'ik-al, adj.
pertaining to mineralogy. — adx\ Miner-
ALOO'ICALLY.
MINERALOGIST, min-er-al'o-jist, n. one
versed in mineralogy.
MINERALOGY, min-er-al'o-ji, n. the science
of minerals: the art of describing and
classifying minerals. [Mineral, and Gr.
logos, discourse, science.]
MINEVER, min'e-ver, n. same as Meni-
VER.
MINGLE, ming'gl, v.t. to mix: to unite
into one mass : to confuse : to join in
mutual intercourse. — v.i. to be miyed or
contused. — n. Ming'ler. [A.S. mengan ;
Dut. mengelen, Ger. mengen; conn, with
Among, Many.]
MINGLING, ming'gling, n., mixture: a
mixing or blending together. — adr.MlNG'-
lingly.
MINIATURE, min'i-a-tQr or mln'i-tiir, n.
a painting on a small scale : a small or
reduced copy of anything. — adj. on a
small scale : minute. — v.t. to represent
on a small scale. [Fr. — It. miniatura, a
painting like those used to ornament
manuscripts — minio, to write with red
lead — L. tninium, vermilion.]
MINIKIN, min'i-kin, n. a little darling : a
small sort of pin. — adj. small. [Dim. of
Minion.]
MINIM, rain'im, n. (med.) the smallest
liquid measure, a drop, ^ drachm :
(mils.) a note equal to two crotchets.
[Fr. minime — L. minimus, the least, the
smallest.]
MINIMIZE, min'i-mlz, v.t. to reduce to the
smallest po.ssible proportion: to diminish.
[From Minim.]
MINIMUM, min'i-mum, n. the least quan-
tity or degiee possible : a trifle : — pi.
Min'ima. l^L.]
MINING, min'ing, n. the art of forming or
working mines.
MINION, min'yun, n. a. darling, a. favorite,
esp. of a prince : a flatterer : (2irint.) a
small kind of type. [Fr. mignon, a dar-
ling— O. Ger. minni, minne, love, from
the root of Man and Mind.]
MINISH, min'ish, v.t. (B.) to make little or
less : to diminish. [Fr. memiiser. to cut
small, said of a carpenter — L. minuo, to
lessen — minor, less. See MINOR.]
MINISTER, min'is-ter, n. a servant : one
serving at the altar : a clergyman : one
transacting business under another :
one intrusted with the management of
state affairs : the representative of a
government at a foreign court. — v.i. to
attend, as a servant : to perform duties :
to give things needful. — v.t. to furnish':
—pr.p. min'istering ; pa.p. min'istered.
[L. — minor, less. See Minor. See Mag-
istrate.]
MINISTERIAL, min-is-te'ri-al, adj. pei>-
taining to attendance as a servant : acting
under superior authority : pertaining to
the office of a minister : clerical : exec-
utive.— adv. Ministe'rially.
MINISTRANT, min'is-trant, adj. adminis-
tering : attendant. [L. ministrans, -an-
tis, pr.p. of ministro, to minister — min-
ister. ]
MINISTRATION, min-is-tra'shun, n. art of
ministering or performing service : office
or service of a minister. [L. ministratio
—ministro.']
MINISTRATIVE, min'is-trat-iv, adj. serv-
ing to aid or assist.
MINISTRY, min'is-tri, n. act of minister-
ing : .service : office or duties of a minis-
ter : the clergy : the clerical profession :
the body of persons employed to admin-
ister the government ; cabinet ; ad-
ministration.
MINIYER. Same as Meniter.
MINK, mingk. n. a small quadruped of the
weasel kind, valued for its fur. [A form
of Minx.]
MINNOW, min'o, n. a very smatl fresh-
water fish : the young of larger fish.
[A.S. myne, prob. from A.S. min, small,
and therefore from the same root as
Mince and Minute.]
MINOR, ml'nor, adj., smaller : less: inferior
in impoi-tance, degree, bulk, etc.: incon-
siderable: lower: (wmsic) lower by a semi-
tone : (logic) the term of a syllogism
which forms the subject of the conclu-
sion.— 71. a person under age (21 years).
[L. — root, 7nin. small.]
MINORITE, mi'nor-It. n. name for the
Franciscan friars, adopted in humility by
St. Francis the founder. [L. Fratrea
Minores, "lesser brethren."]
MINORITY, mi-nor'i-ti, n. the being under
age : the smaller number : — opposed to
Majority.
MINOTAUR, min'o-tawr, n. the Imll of
Minos, a fabulous monster, half man
half bull. [L. 7ninotaurus — Minos, an
ancient king of Crete, and <CH(n(s, a bull.]
MINSTER, min'ster, n. the church of a
monastery or one to which a monastery
has been attached : sometimes a cathe-
dral church. [A.S. mynster — L. monas-
terium, a monastery. See Monastery.]
MINSTREL, min'strel, ?(. one who minis-
tered to the amusement of the rich by
music or jesting : one of an order of men
who sang to the harp verses composed
by themselves or others : a musician.
[O. Fr. menestrel — Low L. ministralis,
from L. mini.'iter. See Minister.]
MINSTRELSY, min'strel-si, n. the art or
occupation of a minstrel : the collective
body of minstrels : a body of song : in-
strumental music.
MINT. mint. n. the place where money is
coined by authority : a place where any-
thing is invetitec"! or fabricated : any
source of abundant supply. — v.t. to coin:
to invent. [A.S. myiiet, monej' — L.
moneta (the "warning" one), a surname
of Juno, in whose temple at Rome money
was coined — moneo, to remind.]
MINT, mint, jj. an aromatic plant produc-
ing a highly odoriferous oil. [A.S. mints
— L. miiitha — Gr. mintha.]
MINTAGE, mint'aj, )i. that which is minted
or coined : the duty paid for coining.
MINTER, mint'er, n. one who mints or
coins : an inventor.
MINUEND
MINUEND, min'u-end, n. the number to
be lessened by subtraction. [L. viinu-
endiim — minuo, to lessen, from i-oot of
Minor.]
^IINUET, min'u-et, n. a slow, graceful
dance with short steps : the tune regu-
lating such a dance. [Fr. menuet — menu,
small— root of Minor.]
WINUS, mrnus, a(ij. , less : the sign ( — ) be-
fore quantities requiring to be sub-
tracted. [L., neuter of minor, less.]
^NUTE, min-ut', adj. very small : ex-
tremely slender or little : of small con-
sequence : slight : attentive to small
tilings : particular : exact. — adv. Mix-
ute'ly. — n. JIinute'ness. [Fr. — L. min-
ntiis, pa.p. or minuo, to lessen.]
OUNUTE, min'it or -ut, n. the sixtieth part
of an hour : the sixtieth part of a degree:
an indefinitely small space of time : a
brief jotting or note : — pi. a brief report
of the proceedings of a meeting. — i:t. to
make a brief jotting or note of anything.
[Same word as above, and lit. sig. a
'• small portion " of time.]
MINUTE-BOOK, min'it-book, n. a book
containing minutes or short notes.
MINUTE-GLASS, min'it-glas, n. a glass fh&
sand of which measures a minute in run-
ning-.
MINUTE-GUN, min'it-gun, n. a gun dis-
charged every minute, as a signal of dis-
tress or mourning.
MINUTE-HAND, miu'it-hand, n. the hand
that points to the minutes on a clock or
watch.
MINUTLffi, mi^iu'shi-e, n.pl., minute or
small things : the smallest particulars or
details. [L.]
MINX, mingks, n. a pert young girl : a she-
puppy : a mink. [Contr. of Minikin.]
MIOCENE, ml'o-sen, adj. (geol.) less recent,
applied to the middle division of the ter-
tiary strata. [Gr. meion, less, and kainos,
recent.]
CORACLE, mir'a-kl, n. anything u-onder-
Jid : a prodigy: anything beyond human
power, and deviating from the common
action of the laws of nature : a supernat-
ural event. [Fr. — L. miraculum, from
miror, miratus, to wonder.]
MIRACULOUS, mi-rak'u-lus, adj. of the
nature of a miracle: done by supernat-
ural power: very wonderful: able to per-
form miracles. — adv. BIirac'ctlously. —
n. JIIRAC'ULOUSNESS.
MIRAGE, mi-razh', n. an optical illusion
by which objects are seen double as if re-
flected in a mirror, or appear as if sus-
pended in the air. [Fr., from root of
Mirror.]
MIRE, mir, n. deep mud. — v.t. to plunge
and fix in mire : to soU with mud. — v.i.
to sink in mud. [Ice. myri, marsh ; Dut.
moer. mud, bog.]
MIRROR, mir'uf, n. a looking-glass : any
polished substance in which objects may
be seen : a patte"n. — v.t. to reflect as in
a mirror -.—pr.p. mirr'oring •,pa.p. mirr'-
ored. [Fr. miroir — L. mvror, -atus, to
wonder at.]
MIRTH, merth, n., murriness: pleasure:
delight : noisy gaiety : jollity : laughter.
[A.S. myrth, from Gael, mireadh — mir,
to sport. See Merry.]
MIRTHFUL, merth'fool, adj., full of mirth
or merriment : merry : jo\aal. — adv.
Mirth fully. — n. SIirth'fulness.
JJIRY, mi'ri, adj. consisting of or abound-
ing in mire: covered with mire. — n.
SIl'RINESS.
MIS-. This prefix has two sources ; it is
either A.S. from root of verb to Miss ; or
it stands for Fr. mes-. from L. minus,
less ; in both cases the meaning is
•' wrong," " ill." Where the prefix is Fr.,
it is so noted. See list of Prefi.xes.
286
MISADVENTURE, mis-ad-Ten'tur, n. an
unfortunate adventure : ill-luck : disas-
ter. [Fr. mes-, ill, and Adventure.]
MISADVISED, mis-ad-vizd', adj. ill-adT
vised, ill-directed.
MISALLIANCE, mis-al-li'ans, n. a bad or
improper alliance or association. [Fr.,
mes-.]
MISANTHROPE, mis'an-throp, MISAN-
THROPIST, mis-an'thro-pist, n. a hater
of mankind. [Fr. — Gr. misanthropos —
tiiiseo, to hate, anthropos, a man.]
MISANTHROPIC. mis-an-throp'ik,MISAN-
THROPICAL, mis-an-throp'ik-al, wJj.
hating mankind. — adv. Misantheop'ic-
ally.
MISANTHROPY, mis-an'thro-pi, n. hatred
to mankind.
MISAPPLY, mis-ap-pli', v.t. to apply amiss
or wrongly. — n. Misappuca'TION.
MISAPPREHEND, mis-ap-pre-hend', v.t. to
apprehend wrongly. — n. Misapprehen'-
SION.
MISAPPROPRIATE, mis-ap-pro'pri-at, v.t.
to appropriate wrongly. — n. Misapfeo-
pria'tion.
MISAKRANGE, mis-ar-ranj',v.f. to arrange
wronglv. — n. MisaERANGE'MENT.
MISBEC6ME, mis-be-kum', v.t. not to suit
or befit.
MISBEHAVE, mis-be-liav', v.i. to behave
ill or improperl}'. — n. JIisbehav'ior.
MISBELIEVE, mis-be-leV, v.t. to believe
wrongly or falsely. — ns. Misbelief', Mis-
believ'er.
MISCALCULATE, mis-kal'ku-lat, v.t. to
calculate wrongly. — n. Miscalcula'tion.
MISCALL, mis-kawl', v.t. to call by a wrong
name : to abuse or re%ile.
MISCARRIAGE, mis-kar'ij, n. the act of
miscarrying : failure : ill-conduct : the
act of bringing forth young prematurely.
MISCARRY, mis-kar'i, v.i. to carry badly :
to be unsuccessful : to fail of the m-
tended effect : to bring forth, as young,
prematurely.
MISCELLANEOUS, mis-sel-lan'i-us, adj.,
mi.ved or mingled : consisting of several
kinds.— adc. Miscellan'eously.— ?i. Mis-
cell\Veousness. [L. miscellaneus — mis-
eeo, to mix. See Mix.]
MLSCELLANY, mis'el-an-i or mis-el', n. a
mixture of various kinds : a collection of
writings on different subjects. — n. MlS-
CELL'anist. a writer of miscellanies.
MISCBLANCE, mis-chans', n. ill-luck : mis-
hap, misfortune : calamitv. [Fr. mes-.']
raSCHIEF, mis'chif, n. that which ends
ill : an ill consequence : ev\\ : injury :
damage. [O. Fr. -.neschef, from mes-, ill,
and chef — L. caput, the head.]
MISCHIEVOUS, mis'chiv-us, adj. causmg
mischief : injurious : prone to mischief.
— adv. Mis'chievously.— 71. Mls'CHIEV-
ousness.
MISCIBLE, mis'si-bl, adj. that may be
mixed. [Fr. — L. misceo, to mix.]
MISCONCEIVE, mis-kon-sev', v.t. to con-
ceive wrongly : to mistake. — v.i. to have
a wrong conception of anj-thing. — n. Mis-
conception.
MISCONDUCT, mis-kon'dukt, n. bad con-
duct.—r.f. Misconduct', to conduct badlv.
lUSCONSTRUE, mis-kon'stroo, v.t. to con-
strue or interpret wrongly. — n. MISCON-
struo'tios.
MISCOUNT, mis-kownt', v.t. to count
wronglj'. — n. a wrong counting. [Fr.
mes-.]
JHSCREANT, mis'ln-e-ant, n. formerly, a
misbeliever : an infidel : a vile or unprin-
cipled fellow. [O. Fr. mescreant — mes-,
and L. eredens, -entis, pr.p. of credo, to
believe.]
MISDATE, mis-dat', n. a wrong date. — v.t.
to date wrongly or erroneously.
MISPRINT
MISDEED, mis-ded', n. a bad deed : fault i
crime.
MISDEMEANOR, mis-de-men'ur, n. ill de-
meanor : bad conduct : a petty crime.
MISDIRECT, mis-di-rekt'. v.t. to direct
wrongly. — n. Misdieec'tiox.
MISDO, mis-doO', v.t. to do wrongly: to
commit a crime or fault. — n. I^Iisdo'eb.
MISEMPLOY', mis-em-ploy', v.t. to emploj
wrongly or amiss : to misuse.
MISER, mi'zer, n. an extremely covetous
person : a niggard : one whose chief
pleasure is the hoarding of wealth. [L.
miser, wretched or miserable.]
MISERABLE, miz'er-a-bl, adj., u-retched or
exceedingly unhappy : causing misery ;
very poor or mean: worthless: despicable:
barren. — adv. Mis'erably. — n. JIls'ER-
ableness. [Fr. — L. miserabilis — miser.]
MISERERE, miz-e-re're, n. inR.C.Churcli,
the olst psalm, beginning with this word,
and usually appointed for penitential acts:
a musical composition adapted to this
psalm. [L. 2d pers. sing, imperative of
misereor, to liave mercy, to pity — miser,
wretched.]
MISERLY, mi'zer-li, adj. excessively cov-
etous : sordid : niggardh-.
MISERY, miz'er-i, n., ivretchedness : great
unhappiness : extreme pain of body or
mind. [O. Fr. miserie — L. miseria. 'See
MlSER.l
MISFORTUNE, mis-for'tun, n. ill-fortune :
an evil accident : calamity.
MISGIVE, mis-giv', v.i. to fail, as the heart.
— n. Mlsorv'iNG, a failing of confidence :
mistrust.
MISGOTTEN, mis-got'n, adj. wrongly got-
ten : unjustly obtained.
MISGOVERN, mis-guv'ern, v.t. to govern
ill. — ?(. Misgov'ernjient.
MISGUIDE, mis-gid', v.t. to guide wrongly
to lead into error. — n. Misguid'ance.
MISHAP, mis-hap', n., ill-hap or chance ;
accident : ill-luck : misfortune.
MISIMPROVE, mis-un-proov', v.t. to apply
to a bad purpose : to abuse : to misuse.
— n. Misimprove'uent.
MISINFORM, niis-in-form', v.t. to inform
or tell incorrectly. — ns. Mislnforma'tion,
Misinform'er.
MISINTERPRET, mis-in-ter'pret, v.t. to
interpret wrongly. — ns. Misinterpeeta'-
TION, MiSINTER'PRETER.
MIS JOIN, mis-join', v.t. to join improperly
or unfitly.
MISJOINDER, mis-join'der, n. (laiv) an ?(i-
correct union of parties or of causes of
action in a suit.
MISJUDGE, mis-juj', v.t. and v.i. to judge
wiongly. — n. Misjudg'ment.
MISLAY, mis-la', r.t. to lay in a wrong
place or in a i^lace not remembered : to
lose.
MSLE, miz'l. See Mizzle.
MLSLEAD, mis-led', v.t. to lead wrong : to
guide into error : to cause to mistake.
JIISLETOE. See Mistletoe.
MISMANAGE, mis-man'aj, v.t. to manage
or conduct ill. — n. Misman'agement.
MISNAJIE. mis-uam', v.t. to call by the
wrong name.
MISNOSlER, mis-no'mer. n. a misnaming
a wrong name. [O. Fr., from Fr. mes-
and nommer — ^L. notnino, to name. Sef
Nominate.]
MISOGASIIST, mis-og'a-mist, n. a hafei of
marriage. — ?i. Misog'ajiy. [Gr. mised, to
liate, and gamos, marriage.]
MISOGYNIST, mis-oj'i-nist. n. a rvoman-
hater. — n. JIisog'yny. [Gr. miseo, to
hate, and gyne, a woman.]
MISPLACE, mis-plas', v.t. to put in a wrong
place : to set on an improper object. — n.
Misplace'jient.
MISPRINT, mis-print', r.f. to print wrong.
— n. a mistake in printing.
1
MISPRISION
287
MOCKERY
MISPRISION, mis-prizh'un, n. (law) over-
sig-ht. neglect, contempt. [Fr. See Mis-
prize.]
MISPRIZE, mis-priz', v.t. to slight or un-
dei-value. [Fr. mes-, and Prize.]
MISPRONOUNCE, mis-pro-nowns', v.t. to
pronounce incorrectly.
MISPRONUNCIATION, mis-pro-nun-si-a'-
shun, n. wrong or improper pronuncia-
tion.
illSQUOTE, mis-kwof, v.t. to quote wrong-
ly.—«. Misquota'tion, a wrong- quotation.
MISRECKON, mis-rek'n, v.t. to reckon or
compute wrongly. — n. JIISRECK'O^^Na.
MISREPRESENT, mis-rep-re-zent', v.t. to
represent incorrectly. — n. Misrepeesen-
ta'tion.
MISRULE, mis-rool', n. wrong or unjust
rule : disorder : tumult.
MISS, mis, n. a title of address of an un-
married female : a young woman or girl :
—pi. Miss'ES. [Contracted from Mis-
tress.]
MISS. mis. v.t. to fail to hit, reach, find, or
keep : to omit : to fail to have : to dis-
cover the absence of : to feel the want
of. — v.i. to fail to hit or obtain. — n. a
deviation from the mark. [A.S. missan ;
Dut. missen, to miss. Ice. missa, to lose.]
MISSAL, mis'al, n. the Roman Catholic
viass-book. [Low L. missale, from missa,
mass. See JIass.]
MISSEL, miz'l, MISSEIi-BERD. miz'1-berd,
n. the largest of the European thrushes,
which feeds on the berries of the
viistletoe.
MISSEL. MISSELTOE. See Mistletoe.
MISSHAPE, mis-shap', v.t. to shape ill :
to deform.
MISSILE, mis'il, adj. that may be thrown
from the hand or any instrument. — n. a
weapon thrown by the hand. [L. mis»ilis
— mitto, missum, to send, throw.]
JOSSING, mis'ing, adj. absent from the
place where it was expected to be found:
lost : wanting. [See Miss, I'.f.]
MISSION, mish'un, n. a sending: a being
sent with certain powers, esp. to propa-
gate religion : persons sent on amission:
an embassy : a station or association of
missionaries : dutv on which one is sent:
purpose of life. [L. missio.']
MISSIONARY, mish'un-ar-i, n. one sent
upon a mission to propagate religion. —
adj. pertaining to missions. [Fr. mis-
sionnaire.]
MISSIVE, mis'iv, adj. that may be sent:
intended to be thrown or hurled. — n.
that which is sent, as a letter. [Fr. — L.
missus. See Missile.]
MISSPELL, mis-spel', v.t. to spell wrongly.
— H. Misspell'ing, a wrong spelling.
MISSPEND, mis-spend', v.t. to spend ill:
to waste or squander -.—pa.t. and pa.p.
misspent .
MISSTATE, mis-stat', v.t. to state wrongly
or falsely. — n. Misstate'ment.
MIST, mist, n, watery vapor in the atmo-
sphere : rain falhng in very fine drops.
[A.S. mist, darkness, cog. with Ice.
mistr. mist, Dut. mist.]
MISTAKE, mis-tak', v.t. to understand
wrongly : to take one thing or person for
another. — v.i. to err in opinion or judg-
ment.— n. a taking or understanding
wrongly : an error, — adj. Mist ak' able.
IDSTAKJEN, mis-tak'n, adj., taken or un-
derstood incorrectly : guilty of a mistake:
erroneous: incorrect. — adv. Mistak'enly.
MISTER, mis'ter, n. sir : a title of address
to a man, written Mr. [A corr. of Mas-
ter, through the influence of Mistress.]
MISTERM, mis-term', v.t. to term or name
wi-nnglv.
MISTIMfi, mis-tira', v.t. to time wrongly.
MISTINESS. See Misty.
MISTITLE, mis-tl'tl, v.t. to call by a wrong
title.
MISTLETOE, MISLETOE, or MISSELTOE,
miz'l-to, 11. a parasitic evergreen plant,
sometimes found on the apple and oak,
[A.S. mistel-tan (Ice. mistel-teinn)—misiel.
mistletoe (as in Sw. and Ger.), and A.S.
tan. twig (Ice. teinn) ; mistel is a dim. of
mist, a root which in Ger. means "dung,"
tlie connection prob. being through tlie
slime in the berries.]
MISTRANSLATE, mis-trans-lat', v.t. to
translate incorrectly. — n. IVIisteansla'-
TION.
MISTRESS, mis'tres, 7i. (feni. of Master),
a woman having power or ownership :
the female head of a family, school, etc. :
a woman well skilled in anything : a
woman loved : a concubine : (fem. of
Mister) a form of address (usually written
Mrs. and pronounced MiSSIS). [O. Fr.
maistresse (Fr. niaitresse), from i jt of
Master.]
MISTRUST, mis-trust', n. want of trust or
confidence. — v.t. to regard with suspicion:
to doubt.
MISTRUSTFUL, mis-trust'fool. adj. full of
mistrust. — adv. SIistedst ' FULLY. — n.
Mistrust'fulness.
MISTY, mist'i, adj. fuU of mist : dim : ob-
scure.— adv. Mist'ily. — n. SIist'diess.
MISUNDERSTAND, niis-un-der-stand', v.t.
to understand wTongly : to take in a
wrong sense.
MISUNDERSTANDING,mis-un-der-stand'-
ing, n. a misconception : a slight dis-
agreement or difference.
MISUSE, mis-Qz', v.t. to misapply : to
treat ill : to abuse. — n. Misuse, -iis', im-
proper use : application to a bad pur-
pose.
MITE, mit, n. a very small insect, which
generally breads in cheese. [Lit. " the
biter," A.S. mite — root mit-, to cut small.]
MITE, mit. n. the minutest or smallest of
coins, about i of a cent : anything very
small : a veiy little quantity. [O. Dut.
mijt, a small coin. From same root as
above. ]^
MITIGABLE, roit'i-ga^bl, adj. that can be
mitigated.
MITIGATE, mit'i-gat, v.t. to ane%iate : to
soften in severity : to temper : to reduce
in amount (as evil). [L. mitigo, -atus —
mitis, soft, mild.]
MITIGATION, mit-i-^-a'shun, n. act of
mitigating : alleviation : abatement.
MITIGATIVE, mit'i-gat-iv, adj. tending to
mitigate : soothing.
MITIGATOR, mit'i-gat-or, n. one who
mitigates.
MITRAILLEUSE, mit-ral-yaz', n. a breech-
loading g^n, consisting of several barrels,
which are discharged almost simultane-
ously. [Fr. mitrailler, to Are with grape-
shot — mitraille, grapeshot, small shot,
broken pieces of metal, from O, Fr. mite,
a small coin, from same root as Mite.]
MITRAL, ml'tral, adj., of or resembling a
VI it re. [Fr,]
MITRE, mi'ter, n. a head-dress or crown of
archbi.shops and bishops, and sometimes
of abbots : fig. episcopal dignity : (arch.)
a junction of two pieces, as of moulding,
at an angle of 40°. — v.t. to adorn with a
mitre : to unite at an angle of 4.">°. [Fr.
— L. mitra — Gr. mitra. Kelt, fillet, head-
dress, perh, akin to mit s. thread,]
MITRIFORM, mit'ri-form adj. ha\nng the
form of a mitre : (bot.) conical and some-
what dQated at the base. pilTRE and
Form.]
MITT, mit, short for Mitten.
MITTEN, mit'n. n. a Idnd of glove for
winter use, without a separate cover for
each finger : a glove for the hand and
wrist, but not the fingers. [Fr viUaine,
perh. from O. Ger. mittamo (from root
of Mid), half, and so properly "half-
glove.'']
MITTIMUS, mit'i-mus, n. (law) a warrant
granted for sending to prison a person
charged with a crime : a writ by which
a record is transferred out of one court
into another. [L., "we send" — mitto. to
send,]
MITY, mit'i. adj. full of mites or insects.
MIX, miks, v.t. to unite two or more thing*
into one mass : to mingle : to associate.
— v.i. to become mixed : to be joined : to
associate. — n. Mix'er. [A.,S, miscan ;
cog. with Ger. mischen. L, misceo, Gr.
mi(jnymi, misgo. Sans, iiu'f?',]
MIXTURE, miks'tilr. n. act of mixing or
state of being mixed : a mass or com-
pound formed by mixing : (chem.) a com-
position in which the ingredients retain
their properties. [L. mi.vtura.]
MIZZEN, miz'n, w. in a three-masted ves-
sel, the hindmost of the fore-and-aft
sails, lying along the middle of the ship.
— adj. belonging to the mizzen : nearest
the stern. [Fr. misaine — It. raezzana —
Low L. medianus — L. medius,th.s middle.]
MIZZEN-MAST. miz'n-mast, n. the mast
that bears the mizzen.
MTZZT.F,, miz'l, V.i. to rain in small drops.
— ?i. fine rain. [For misi-le. freq. from
Mist.]
MNEilONIC, ne-mon'ik, MNEMONICAL,
ne-mon'ik-al, adj. assisting the memory.
[Gr, mnemonikos — mnemon, mindful —
mnaomai. to remember ]
MNEMONICS, ne-mon'iks, n. the art or
science of assisting the memory.
MOA, mo'a, n. a large wingless bird of
New Zealand, now extinct or nearly so.
[Native name.]
MOAN, mon, v.i. to make a low sound of
grief or pain : to lament audibly. — i.t,
to lament. — n. audible expression of pain.
[A.S. moenan.]
MOAT, mot, n. a deep trench round a cas-
tle or fortified place, sometimes filled
with water, — v.t. to surround with a
moat, — adj. Moat'ed. [O. Fr. mote, a
mound, also a trench (cf. Dike and
Ditch) ; of uncertain origin.] -
MOB, mob, n. the mobile or fickle common
people : the vulgar : a disorderly crowd :
a riotous assembly, — v.t. to attack in a
disorderly crowd :— pr.p, mobb'ing; pa.;^,
mobbed'. [Contr, for L, mobile (vulgiis).
the fickle (multitude) ; mobile is for movi-
bile, from moveo. to move.]
MOB or MOB-CAP, mob, n. a kind of cap.
rO. Dut. moj) ; prob. akin to MUFF and
Muffle,]
MOBILE, mo'bil or mo-bel', adj. that can
be moved or excited. — n. Mobil'ity, qual-
ity of being mobile. [Fr., from root of
Mob.]
MOBILIZE, mob'i-llz, v.t. to call into ac-
tive service, as troops. — n. Mobiliza'tion.
[Fr, ;»o6(7!ser.]
MOBOCRACY. mob-ok'ra-si, ?!. rule or as-
cendency exercised by the mob. [Mob,
and Gr, 'krateo. to rule,]
MOCCASIN or MOCASSIN, mok'a-sin, n. a
shoe of deerskin or other soft leather,
worn by the North American Indians
[A native word,]
MOCK, mok, v.t. to laugh at: to mak(
sport of: to mimic in ridicule; to disap
point the hopes of : to deceive, — n. ridi
cule : asneer, — adj. imitating reality, but
not real: false, —h, Mock'er.— arfu.
Mock'ingly. [Fr. moquer : from a Teut.
root seen in Ger. imicken, to mutter ; of
imitative origin.]
MOCKERY, mok'er-i. MOCKING, mok'itg.
n. derision: ridicule: subject of laughter
or sport : vain imitation : false showi
[Fr. moqucrie — moquer.]
MOCK-HEROIC
i6ii
MOMENTOUS
MOCK-HEROIC, niok-he-ro'ik, adj. mock-
ing the heroic, or actions or characters
of heroes.
MOCKING-BIRD, mok'ing-berd, Ji. a bird
of North America, of the thrush family,
which mocks or imitates the notes of
birds and other sounds.
MODAL, mo'dal, adj. relating to mode or
form : consisting of mode only : (logic)
Indicating some mode of expression. —
adv. Mo'dally. — n. Modal'ity. [See
Mode.]
MODALIST, mo'dal-ist, n. {theol.) one of a
class who consider the three persons of
the Godhead as only modes of being, and
not as distinct persons.
MODE, mod, n. rule: custom: form: man-
ner of existing : that which exists only
as a quality of substance. [Fr. — L. modux,
a measure ; cog. with Gr. medos, plan,
from root mad (Mete), an extension of
root ma, to measure (cf. M00N).J
MODEL, mod'el, «. something to show the
mode or way : something to be copied ■ a
pattern: a mould: an imitation of some-
thing on a smaller scale : something
worthy of imitation. — v.t. to form after
a model : to shape : to make a model or
copy of : to form in some soft material.
— v.i. to practice modelling : — pr.j). mod'-
elling ; pa.p. mod'elled. — n. Mod'eller.
[Fr. modele — L. modulus, dim. of modus,
a measure.]
MODELLING, mod'el-ing, n: the act or art
of making a model of something, a branch
of sculpture.
MODERATE, mod'er-at, v.t. to keep within
measure or bounds : to regulate : to re-
duce in intensity: to make temperate or
reasonable : to pacify : to decide as a
moderator. — v.i. to become less violent
or intense : to preside as a moderator. —
•jdj. kept within measure or bounds : not
jxcessive or extreme : temperate : of
middle rate. ~ adv. Mod'erately. — n.
Mod'erateness. [L. inodcror, -atus —
modus, a measure.]
MODERATION, mod-er-a'shun, 7i. act of
moderating : state of being moderated or
moderate : freedom from excess : calm-
ness of mind.
MODERATISM, n;od'er-a-t;zm, n. moderate
opinions in religion or politics.
MODERATO. mod-er-a'to. adv. {mm.) with
moderate quickness. [It.]
MODERATOR, mod'er-a-tor, n. one who or
that which moderates or restrains : a
president or chairman, esp. in Presby-
terian Church courts. — n. Mod'eratok-
SHIP. [L.]
MODERN, mod'ern, adj., limited to the
present or recent time : not ancient. — Ji.
one of modern times: — pi. the nations
after the Greeks and Romans, who are
called the ancients. — adv. MoD'ERNLY. —
n. Mod'ernkess. [Fr. — L. modernus —
modo, just now. {lit.) " with a limit " (of
time): orig. ablative of modus. See Mode.]
MODERNISm, mod'ern-izm, n. modern
practice : something of modern origin.
MODERNIST, mod'ern-ist, n. an admirer of
the modems.
MODERNIZE, mod'ern-Iz, v.t. to render
modern : to adapt to the present time. —
n. Mod'ernizer.
MODEST, modest, adj. restrained by a due
sense of propriety : not forward : decent :
3haste : pure and delicate, as thoughts
Dr language : moderate. — adv. Mod'est-
LY. [Fr. — L. modestus,v.ithin due bounds
— inodus. a measure.]
MODESTY, mod'est-i, n. absence of pre-
sumption : decency : chastity : purity ;
moderation. [Fr. modestie — L* modestia.l
MODICUM, mod'i-kum, n. something of a
moderate size : a little. [L., neut. of
modicus. moderate — modus. See Mode.]
MODIFICATION, mod-i-fi-ka'shun, n. act
of modifjnng : changed shape or con-
dition. [Fr. — L. modijicatio.]
MODIFY, mod'i-fi, v.t. to make or set
bounds to : to moderate : to change the
form of: to varj'. — n. Mod'ifier. — adj.
Modifi'able. [Fr. modifier — L. modiflco,
-atus — modus, a measure, and faeio, to
make.]
MODISH, mo'dish, adj. according to or in
the mode, i.e. the fashion : fashionable.
— adv. Mo'dishly. — n. Mo'dishness.
MODIST. mo'dist, n. one who follows the
mode or fashion. — Modiste, mo-dest', n.
one who makes dresses according to the
fasiiionable mode. [Fr.]
MODULATE, mod'u-lat, v.t. to measure, to
regulate : to vary or inflect, as sounds :
{mus.) to change the key or mode. — v.i.
to pass from one key into another. [L.
modxdor, -atus — 7nodulus, a little meas-
ure, dim. of modus.1
MODULATION, mod-u-la'shun, 7i. the act
of modulating: state of being modulated:
{mus.) the changing of the keynote and
the alteration of the original scale by the
introduction of a new sharp or flat.
MODULATOR, mod'u-lat-or, n. one who
or that which modulates : a chart in the
Tonic Sol-fa musical notation on which
the modulations or transitions from one
scale to another are indicated by the
relative position of the notes.
MODULE, mod'ul, ?(. (arch.) a measure for
reg'ulatiug the proportion of cohmins : a
model. [Fr. — L. inodubis.]
MODULUS, mod'ti-lus, n. (math.) a con-
stant multipUer in a function of a vari-
able, by which the function is adapted to
a particular base.
MOHAIR, mo'har, n. the fine silken hair of
the Angora goat of Asia Jlinor : cloth
made of mohair. [O. Fr. mouaire (Fr.
moire)—Ai: mukhayyar. Doublet, Moire.]
MOHAJIMEDAN. mo-ham'ed-an, adj. per-
taining to Mohammed or to his religion.
— n. a follower of Mohammed : one who
professes Mohammedanism : also written
JIahom'etan, Mahom'edan. [Moham-
med, the great prophet of Arabia, born
about 570— -Ar. muhammad, praiseworthy
— hamd. praise.]
MOHAMilEDANISM, mo-ham'ed-an-izm,
MOHAMMEDISM, mo-ham'ed-izm, n.
the religion of Mohammed, contained
in the Koran.
MOHAMMEDANIZE, mo-ham'ed-an-iz, v.t.
to convert to, or make conformable to
Mohammedanism.
MOHUR, mo'hur, n. in British India, a
gold coin^fifteen rupees or about |7.25.
[The Fers. word.]
MOIDORE, moi'dor, n, a disused gold coin
of Portugal, worth about $6.50. [Port.
moeda d'ouro — L. monetta de aura,
money of gold.]
MOIETY, moi'e-ti, n., half: one of two
equal parts. [Fr. moitie- — L. medietas,
-tatis, middle, half — medius. middle.]
MOIL, moil, v.t. to daub with dirt. — v.i.
to toil or labor : to drudge. [O. Fr.
moiler (Fr. mouiller), to wet — L. mollis,
soft. See Mollify.]
MOIRE, mwor, n. watered silk. [Fr. See
Mohair.]
MOIST, moist, adj., damp: humid : juicy:
containing water or other liquid. — n.
MoiST'NESS. O. Fr. moiste (Fr. moite)
— L. inusteu , fresh, sappy — mustum,
juice of grapes, new wine.]
MOISTEN, mois'n, v.t. to make moist or
damp : to wet slightly.
MOISTURE, moist'ur, n., moistness: that
which moistens or makes shghtly wet :
a small quantity of any liquid.
MOLAR, mo'lar, adj., grinding, as a mill :
used for grinding. — n. a grinding tooth,
which is double. [L. molaris — mala, a
mill — molo, to grind.]
MOLASSES, mo-las'ez, n.sing. a kind of
syrup that drains from sugar during the
process of manufacture : treacle. [Port.
mela(o{Fr. melasse}~L. mell-aceus, honey^
like — met, mellis, honej-.]
MOLE, mol, n. a permanent dark-brown
spot or mark ou the human skin. [A.S.
mal; cog. with Scand. and Ger. viaal, and
prob. also with L. mac-ula. a spot.]
MOLE, mol, n. a small animal with very
small eyes and soft fur, which burrows
in the ground and casts 7ip little heaps
of tnould. — ns. Mole'cast, Mole'hill, a
little hill or heap of eai'th cast up bj- a
mole. — adj. Mole'-eyed, having eyes like
those of a mole : seeing imperfectly. — n.
Mole' -TRACK, the track made bj' a mole
burrowing. [Shert for the older mold-
jcfn^j ^ mould-caster — M. E. molde (E.
Mould), and werpen (E. Warp).]
MOLE, mol, n. a breakwater. [Fr. — L.
moles, a huge mass.]
MOLE-CRICKET, mol'-krik'et, n. a bur-
rowing insect like a cricket, with fore-
legs Uke those of a mole.
MOLECULAR, mo-lek'u-lar, adj. belonging
to or consisting of molecides. — n. Molec-
tlLAR'lTY.
MOLECULE, mol'e-kul. n. one of the mi-
nute particles of which matter is com-
posed. [Fr., a dim. coined from L. molc^,
a mass.]
MOLERAT, mol'rat, n. a rai-like animal,
which borrows like a mole.
MOLESKIN, mol'skin, n. a superior kind of
fustian, or coarse twilled cotton cloth, so
called from its being soft like the skin of
a 7nole.
MOLEST, rao-lest', v.t. to trouble, disturb,
or annoy. — n. Molest'er. — adj. Molest'
FUL. [Fr. molester — L. molesto— molest us,
troublesome — moles, a mass, a difficult v.]
MOLESTATION, mol-es-ta'shun. n. act'of
molesting : state of being molested : an-
noyance.
MOLLIENT, mol'yent. adj. serving to
soften : assuaging. [L. mollii, soft. See
Emollient.]
MOLLIFICATION, mol-i-fi-ka'shun, n. act
of mollifying : state of being mollified :
mitigation.
MOLLIFY, mol'i-n, v.t. to make soft or
tender : to assuage : to calm or pacify :
—pa.p. moU'ified. — adj. Moll'ifiable.' —
11. Moll'ifier. [Fr. — L. mollifico — viol-
lis. soft, and /a«'o, to make.]
MOLLUSC, MOLLUSK, morusk, n. one
of the MoLLUS'CA. those animals which
have a .^oft inarticulate fleshy bodv. as
the snail and all shellfish : — pi. SfoLL'
uses, MOLL'USKS, or MOLLUS'CA. [Fr.,
from L. molluscus. sottish — mollis, soft.]
MOLLUSCAN.mol-us'kan.MOLLUSCOUS,
mol-us'kus, adj. of or like molltises. — n.
MoLLUS'CAS. a mollusc.
MOLTEN, molt'n, adj., melted : made of
melted metal. [0\A pa.p. of Melt.]
MOMENT, mo'ment, n., moving cause or
force : importance in effect : value : the
smallest portion of time in which a
movement can be made : an instant :
{mech.) the moment of a force about a
point is the product of the force'and the
perpendicular on its line of action from
the point. [Fr. — L. momentum, for movi
mentum — moveo, to move.]
MOMENTARY, mo'ment-ar-i, adj. lasting
for a moment : done in a moment. — adv.
Mo'MENTARILY. — n. Mo'lIEXTARIXESS.
MOMENTLY'', mo'ment-li. adv. for a mo-
ment : in a moment : everv moment.
MOMENTOUS, mo-ment'us, arf;". of moment
or importance : of great consequence. —
adv. Moment'ocsly. — n. Moment'ous-
NESS.
MOMEiNTUM
269
MONTH
MOMENTUM, m5-ment'iiin, n. the quantity
of motion in a body, which is measured
bv the product of the mass and the ve-
locity of the moving body :—pZ. Moment' A.
MONACHAL, mon'ak-al, adj. living alone :
pertaining to monks or to a monastic life.
fSee MONASTKRY.l
MON ACHISM.mon ak-i2m,n.,mowasiic life:
state of being a monk.
4IONAD, mon'ad, n. an ultimate atom or
simple unextended point : a simple, pri-
mary element assumed by Leibnitz and
other philosophers : {zool.) one of the sim-
plest of animalcules. [L. monas, -adis—
Gr. monas. -adoa — monos, alone.]
MONADELPHIAN, mon-a-del'fl-an, MON-
ADELPHOUS, mon-a-del'fus, adj. (bat.)
having the stamens united into one
brotherhood or body by the fclaments.
[Gr. monos, alone, adelphos, a brother.]
MONADIC, mon-ad'ik, MONADICAL,
mon-ad'ik-al, adj. being or resembling
a monad.
M0NANDRL\2J, mon-an'dri-an, MONAN-
DROUS, mon-an'drus, ady. (bot.) having
only one stamen or male organ. [Or.
monos, and anSr, andros, a male.]
MONARCH, mon'ark, n., sole or supreme
ruler : a sovereign : the chief of its kind.
— adj. supreme : superior to others.
[Fr. monarque, through L., from Gr.
monarcMs — monos, alone, arche, rule.]
MONARCHAL, mon-ark'al, adj. pertam-
ing to a monarch : regal.
MONARCHIC, mon-ark'ik, MONARCH-
ICAL, mon-ftrk'ik-al, adj. relating to a
monarch or monarchy : vested in a single
ruler.
MONARCHIST, mon'ark-ist, n. an advocate
of monarchy.
MONARCHIZE, mon'ark-lz, v.t. to rule
over, as a monarch : to convert into a
monarchy.
UONARCHY, mon'ark-i, n. government
headed by a monarch : a kingdom.
MONASTE'RY, mon'as-ter-i, n. a house for
monks : an abbey : a convent. [L. TMm-
asterium—Qr. monastSrion — monastes, a
monk — monos, alone.]
MONASTIC, mon-as'tik, MONASTICAL,
mon-aa'tik-al, adj. pertaining to monas-
teries, monks, and nuns : recluse *. soli-
tary.— adv. MONASTICALLT.
MONASTIC, mon-as'tik, n. a monk.
MONASTICISM, mon-as'ti-sizm, n. mon-
astic life.
MONDAY, raun'da, n. the day sacied to
the moon : the second day of the week.
[Moon and Day.]
MONETARY, mun e-tar-i, adj. relating to
money or moneyed affairs : consisting of
money.
MONEY, mun'i, n. coin : pieces of stamped
metal used in commerce : any currency
used as the equivalent of money : wealth:
—p'. MoN'EYS. [Fr. TOO»w«ie— L. moneta,
from root of MINT.]
MONEY-BROKER, mun'i-brOk'er, MON-
EY-CHANGER, mun'i-chanj'er, n. a
broker who deals in money or exchanges.
MONEYED, mun'id, adj. having money :
rich in monev : consisting in money.
WONEYLESS,'mun'i-les, adj. destitute of
money.
MONGER, mung'ger, n. a trader : a dealer,
used chiefly in composition, sometimes
m a depreciatory sense. — v.t. to trade or
aeal in. [A.8. mangere — mang, a mix-
ture, allied to munig, Many. Cf. Ice.
mangari — manga, to trade, and perh. L.
mango, a trader.]
MONGREL, mung'grel, adj. of a mixed
breed. — n. an animal of a mixed breed.
[A contracted dim. from a root seen in
A.S. mangian, later mengan, to mix.
See Mingle and Monger.]
MONITION, mon-ish'un, n. a reminding or
admonishing : warning : notice. [L.
monitio — moneo, -itum, to remind — root
r.urn, to think.]
MONITIVE, mon'i-tiv, adj. conveying ad-
monition.
MONITOR, mon'i-tor, n. one who admon-
ishes : an adviser : an instructor : a pupU
who assists a schoolmaster •.—fern. Mon'-
ITRESS. — n. Mon'itorship. [See Moni-
TIONj
MONITORIAL, mon-i-to'ri-al, adj. relating
to a monitor : performed or taught by a
monitor. — adv. Monito'eially.
MONITORY, mon'i-tor-i, adj. reminding
or admonishing: giving admonition or
warning.
MONK, mungk, n. formerly, one who
retired alone to the desert to lead a
religious life : one of a religious com-
munity living in a monastery. rA.S.
miinec — L. monachus — Or. monachoa —
monos. alone.]
MONKEY, mungk'i, n.&name of contempt,
esp. for a mischievous person : the order
of mammalia next to man, having their
feet developed like hands : an ape :— pi.
Monk'eys. [O. It. monicchio, dim. of O.
It. monna, nickname for an old woman,
an ape, contr. of It. madonna, mistress.
See JtlADONNA.]
MONKISH, mungk'ish, adj. pertaining to
a monk : like a monk : monastic.
MONK'S-HOOD, rr.ungks'-hood, n. the
aconite, a poisonous plant with a flower
like a monk's hood.
MONOCHORD, mon'o-kord, n. a musical
instrument of one chord or string. [Gr.
monos, alone, and CHORD.]
MONOCHROMATIC, mon-o-krii-mat'ik,
adj. of one color only. [Gr. Ttwnoa, and
Chromatic.]^
MONOCOTYLEDON, mon-o-kot-i-l§'don, n.
a plant with only one cotyledon.— adj.
MoNOCOTYLE'DONOirs. [Gr. monos, alone,
and COTYT.EDON.]
MONOCULAR, mon-ok'a-lar, MONOCU-
LOUS, mon-ok'u-lus, adj. with one eye
only. [Gr. monos, and OCULAR.]
MONODIST, mon'o-dist, n. one who vmtes
monodies.
MONODY, mon'o-di, n. a mournful ode or
poem in which a single mourner bewails.
—adj. Monod'ICAL. [Or. mxmos, single,
and Ode.]
MONOGAMY, mon-og'a-mi, n., marriage
to one wife only : the state of such mar-
riage.— adj. Monog'amous. — n. Monog'a-
MIST. [Gr. monos, one, gamos, marriage.]
MONOGRAM, men o-gram, n. a character
or cipher of several letters interwoven or
written into one. [Gr. memos, alone,
gramma, a letter.]
MONOGRAPH, mon'o-graf, n. a paper or
treatise icritten on one particular sub-
ject or a branch of it. [Gr. monos, alone,
and graphs, to write.]
MONOGRAPHER, mon-og'ra-fer, MONOG-
RAPHIST, mon-og'ra-flst, n. a writer of
monographs.
MONOGRAPHIC, mon-o-grafik, MONO-
GRAPHICAL, mon-o-grafi-kal, adj. per-
taining to a monograph : drawn in hues
without colors.
MONOGRAPHY, mon-og'ra^6, n. a repre-
sentation by one means only, as lines : an
outline drawing.
MONOGYNIAN, mon-o-jin'i-ao, MONOG-
YNOUS, mon-oj'i-nus, adj. (bot.) having
only one pistil or female organ. [Gr.
monos, alone, and ffifne, a female.]
MONOLITH, mon'o-lith, ?(. a pillar, or col-
umn, of a single stone. — adjs. Monoltth'-
ic, Monolith' AL. [Or. monos, alone, and
lithns, stone.]
MONOLOGUE, mon'o-log, n. a speech ut-
tered by one person : soliloquy : a poem,
etc., for a single performer. [Fr. — Of,
monos, alone, and logos, speech.]
MONOMANIA, mon-o-ma'ni-a, n., ma^uesa
confined to one subject, or one faculty of
the mind. [Gr. monos, alone, and mania,
madness.]
MONOMAJSflAC, mon-o-ma'ni-ak, adj. af-
fected with monomania. — n. one aSected
with monomania.
MONOME, mon'om, MONOMIAL, mon.
o'mi-al, n. an algebraic expression of on4
term only: a series of factors of single
terms. — adj. Mono'mtat,. [Gr. monos,
alone, and nome, division.]
MONOPHYLLOUS, mon-ofil-us or mon-o-
fil'us, adj. having a leaf of but one piece.
IGr. monos, a,]one, phyllon, a leaf.]
MONOPOLIZE, mon-op'o-liz, v.t. to obtain
possession of anything so as to be the
only seller of it : to engross the whole of.
— Tis. MoNOP'OLiZER, MoNOP'OLisT, one
who monopolizes.
MONOPOLY, mon-op'o-li, n. the soU
power of dealing in anything : exclus-
ive command or possession. [L. moiy-
opolium — Gr. monos, alone, and poled,
to sell.]
MONOSPERMOUS, mon-o-sperm'us, a4}.
(bot.) having one seed only. [Gr. monos,
alone, sperma, seed.]
MONOSTICH, mon'o-stik, n. a poem com-
plete in one verse. [Gr. monos, alone,
stichos, verse.]
MONOSTROPHIC, mon-o-strof ik, adj. hav-
ing but one strophe : not varied in
measure. [Gr. monos, alone, strophe, a
stroplie.]
MONOSYJXABIC, mon-o-sil-lab'ik, adj.
consist! ig of one syllable, or of words of
one syllable.
MONOSYLLABLE, mon-o-sU'la-bl, n. a
vrorAotonesijllable. [Fr. — L. — Gr.vumoa,
alone, syllabe, a syllable.]
MONOTHEISM, mon'o-the-izm, n. the be-
Uet in only one God. [Gr. monos, alone,
and theos, God.]
MONOTHEIST, mon'o-the-ist, n. one who
believes that there is but one God. — adj.
MONOTHEIST'IC.
MONOTONE, nion'o-ton, n. a single, un-
varied tone or sound : a succession of
sounds having the same pitch. [Gr.
monos, alone, and tonos, a tone, note.]
MONOTONOUS, mon-ot'o-nus, adj. uttered
in one unvaried tone: marked by dull
uniformity.— odti. Monot'onously.
MONOTONY, mon-ot'o-ni, n. dull uniform-
ity of tone or sound : (fig.) irksome
sameness or want of variety.
MONSOON, mon-s5on', Ji. a periodicai
wind of the Indian Ocean, which blows
from the S.W. from April to October,
and from the N.E. the rest of the year :
similar winds elsewhere. [Through Fr.
or It. from Malay musim — Ar. mau-sim, a
time, a season.]
MONSTER, monaster, n. anything out of
the usual course of nature : a prodigy :
anything horrible from ugliness or wick-
edness. [Lit. a warning or portent, Fr.—
L. monstrum, a divine omen or warning,
a bad omen, a monster — moneo, to warn,
admonish — root man, to think. See
Man, Mind.]
MONSTRANCE, mon'strans, n. in the R
Cath. Church, the utensil in which tha
consecrated wafer is shoum to the con-
gregation. [Fr. — L. monstro, to show-
mon.'itnim, an omen.]
MONSTROSITY, mon-stros'i-ti, n. state ol
being monstrous: an unnatural produc-
tion.
MONSTROUS, mon'strus, adj. out of the
common course of nature : enormous ■
wonderful: horrible.— adv. Mon'strously.
MONTH, munth, n. the period of one revo-
lution of the moon (now distingxushed as
MONTHLY
290
MORPHIA
a "lunar" month), one of the twelve
parts of the year (a "calendar" month).
[A.S. monath — niona, the moon. See
Moox.]
MONTHLY, munth'li, adj. performed in a
month : happening or published once a
month. — n. a monthly publication. — adv.
once a month : in every month.
MONUMENT, mon'Q-ment, n. anything
that perpetuates the memory of a person
or event: arecord. [Fr. — L. monumentum
— moneo, to remind — root JnaH, to think.]
MONUMENTAL, mon-u-ment'al. adj. of or
relating to a monument or tomb: serving
as a monument: memorial. — adv. MoNU-
ment'ally.
MOOD, mood, n. fashion: manner: {gram.)
a form of verbal inflection to express the
mode or manner of action or being: (logic)
the form of the syllogism as determined
by the quantity and quality of its tliree
constituent propositions : (miis.) the ar-
rangement of the intervals in the scale,
as major and minor. [Same as Mode.]
MOOD, mood, n. disposition of mind : tem-
porary state of the mind: anger: heat of
temper. [A.S. mod. mind, disposition ;
found in all the Teut. languages, and
orig. sig. "courage" ^Ger. muth).^
MOODY, mood'i, adj. indulging moods :
out of humor : angry : sad : gloomy. —
adv. Mood'ilt. — n. Mood'iness, quality
of being moody: peevishness. [See Mood,
disposition of mind.]
MOON, moon, n. the secondarj^ planet or
sa.tellite which revolves round the earth:
a satellite revolving about any other
planet : a month : (fort.) a moon-shaped
outwork. [Lit. the "measurer'' (of time),
A.S. mona ; found in all the Teut. lan-
guages, also in O. Slav, menso, L. mensis,
Gr. mene. Sans, mas-a, and all from root
ma. to measure.]
MOONBEAM, moon'bem, n. a beam from
the moon.
MOONLESS, mSon'les, adj. destitute of
moonlight.
MOONLIGHT, moon'llt, adj. lighted by the
moon : occurring during moonlight. — n.
the light of the moon. [Moon and
Light.]
MOONSHEE, moon'she, n. a Mohammedan
professor or teacher of languages, so
called in India. [Arab.]
MOONSHINE, moon'shin, n. the shining
of the moon: {fig.) show without reality.
MOONSTRUCK, mo5n'struk, adj. (lit.)
struck or affected by the moon : lunatic.
MOOR, moor, n. an extensive waste cov-
ered with heath, and having a poor,
peaty soil: a heath. [A.S. mor ; Dut.
inoer, Ice. mor, peat, turf, moor. See
Mike and Moss.]
MOOR, moor, v.t. to fasten a ship by cable
and anchor. — v.i. to be fastened by cables
or chains. [Dut. marren, to tie, alhed
to A.S. merran, O. Ger. marrjan, to mar,
to hinder.]
MOOR, moor, n. a native of N. Africa, of a
dark complexion. [Fr. more, maure —
L. maunis — Gr. mauros, black.]
MOORAGE, moor'aj, ». a place for mooring.
MOORCOCK, moor'kok, MOORFOWL,
moor'fowl, n. the red grouse or heathcocfc
found in moors.
MOORHEN, moor'hen.n. the moor or water
lieti.
MOORING, moor'ing, ?«., act of mooring :
that which serves to moor or conflne a
ship : in pi. the place or condition of a
ship thus moored.
MOORISH, moor'ish, MOORY, moor'i, adj.
resembling a moor : sterile : marshy :
t>ogg\'.
MOORISH, moor'ish, adj. belonging to the
Moors.
MOORLAND, moor'land, 7U a tract of
heath-covered and marshy land.
MOOSE, moos, n. the largest deer of
America, resembling the European elk.
[Indian.]
MOOT, moot, v.t. to propose for discussion :
to discuss : argue for practice.^acZ/. dis-
cussed or debated. [A.S. motian — mot,
an assembly, akin to metan, to meet.
See Meet, to come face to face.]
MOOTABLE, moot'a-bl, adj. that can be
mooted or debated.
MOOT-CASE, moot'-kas, MOOT-POINT,
moot'-point, n. a case, point, or question
to be mooted or debated : an unsettled
question.
MOOT-COURT, moot'-kort, n. a meeting
or court for mooting or arguing supposed
cases.
MOP, mop, n. an instrument for washing
floors, made of cloth, etc., fastened to
a handle. — v.t. to rub or wipe with a
mop: — pr.p. mopping; pa.t. and pa.p.
mopped'. [Either Celt, as in W. mop,
mopa, a mop : or through Fr. mappe,
from L. mapypa, a napkin, from which
also Map and Napkin.]
MOPE, mop, v.i. to be silent and dispirited:
to be dull or stupid. — adv. Mop'ingly.
[Dut. moppen, to pout, sulk.]
MOPISH, mop'ish, adj. dull : spiritless. —
n. MOP'ISHKESS.
MOPPET, mop'et, n. a doll of rags Uke a
mo}].
MORAINE, mo-ran', n. (geol.) a line of
blocks and gravel found at the bases and
edges of glaciers. [Fr. ; from the Teut.,
as in Prov. Ger. mur, stones broken off.]
MORAL, mor'al, adj. of or belonging to
the manners or conduct of men : con-
formed to right : virtuous : capable of
moral action : subject to the moral law:
instructing with regard to morals : sup-
ported by evidence of reason or probabil-
ity.— n. in jil. manners : the doctrine or
practice of the duties of life : moral
philosophy or ethics : conduct : in sing.
the practical lesson given by anything.
[Fr. — L. moralis — vios, moris, manner,
custom.]
MORALE, mo-ral', n. the moral condition :
mental state as regards spirit and confi-
dence, esp. of a body of men. [Fr.]
MORALIS'T, mor'al-ist, n. one who teaches
morals : one who practices moral duties :
one who prides himself on his morality.
MORALITY, mo-ral'i-ti, n. quality of being
moral : the quality' of an action which
renders it right or wrong : the practice
of moral duties : virtue : the doctrine
which treats of moral actions : ethics : a
kind of moral allegorical play. [Fr. — L.
moralitas.]
MORALIZE, mor'al-iz, v.t. to apply to a
moral purpose : to explain in a moral
sense. — v.i. to speak or write on moral
subjects : to make moral reflections. — n.
Mor'alizer. [Fr. moraliser.]
MORALLY, mor al-i, adv. in a moral man-
ner.
MORASS, mo-ras', n. a tract of soft, wet
ground : a marsh. [Dut. moer-as, for
moer-asch, (lit.) " moor-ish," adj. from
moer. mire. See MooR.]
MORAVIAN, mo-ra'vi-an, adj. pertaining
to Moravia or to the Moravians or United
Brethren. — n. one of the United Breth-
ren, a Protestant religious sect, orig.
from Moravia, in Austria.
MORBID, mor'bid, adj.. diseased, sickly :
not healthful. — adr.5IoR'BlDLY. — n.MoR'-
BIDNESS, sickliness. [Fr. — L. morbidu.t —
morbus, disease ; akin to mor-ior, to die.
See Mortal.]
MORBIFIC, mor-bif'ik, adj. causing disease.
[Coined from L. morbtis, disease, and fa-
cto, to make.]
MORDACIOUS, mor-da'shus, adj. given to
biting : biting : (fig.) sarcastic : severe.
— adv. Morda'ciously. [L. mordax, mor-
dacis. from mordeo, to bite.]
MORDACITY, mor-das'i-ti, n. quality of
being mordacious. [Fr. — L. mordacitas
— morda.v.]
MORDANT, mor'dant, ac{f. (lit.) biting
into : serving to fix colors. — n. any sulv
stance, as alum, used to give permanency
or brilliancv to dyes : matter to make
gold-leaf adhere. [Fr., pr.p. of mordre
— L. mordeo, to bite.]
MORE, mor, adj. (serves as comp. of Many
and Much), greater, so in B.: additional :
other besides. — adv. to a greater degree :
again : longer. — «. a greater thing :
something further or in addition. —
superl. Most, most. [A.S. mara (lee.
meiri) — root mag, identical with Sans.
mall (=magh), to grow. See May, Main.]
MOREEN, mo-ren', n. a stout woollen stuff,
used for curtains, etc. [A form of Mo-
hair.]
MOREL. See MoRlL.
MOREOVER, mor-o'ver, adv., more over or
beyond what has been said : further : be-
sides : also.
MORESQUE, mo-resk', adj. done after the
manner of the Moors. — n. a kind of or-
namentation, same as arabesque. [Fr. ;
It. moresco.'\
MORGANATIC, mor-gan-at'ik. adj. noting
a marriage of a man with a woman of
inferior rank, in which neither the latter
nor her children enjoy the rank or in-
herit the possessions of her husband,
though the children are legitimate.
[Low L. morganatica, a gift from a
bridegroom to his bride ; from Ger. mor-
gen, morning, used for morgengahe, the
gift given by a husband to his wife.]
RIBUND, mor'i-bund, adj., about to die.
[L. muribundus — morior, to die.]
MORIL, mor'il, n. a mushroom aboundmg
with little holes. [Fr. morille : prob.
from Fr. more, black, because it turns
black in cooking. See Moor, a native
of N. Africa.]
MORION, ni6'ri-un, n. an open helmet,
without \-isor or beaver. [Fr. (It. mo-
rione), prob. from Sp. morrion — jjiorrn,
crown of the head.]
MORISCO, mo-ris'ko, MORISK, nio-risk',
n. the Moorish language : a Moorish
dance or dancer.
MORMON, mor'mon, n. one of a religious
sect in the United States, founded in
1830 by Joseph Smith, who made an
addition to the Bible, called the Book of
Mormon, from Mormon, its alleged
author. — n. MOR'MONISM (-izm), the doc-
trines of this sect.
MORN, morn, n. the fli-st part of the day :
morning. [Contr. of M.E. JHOrjcen — A.S.
morgen, cog with Ger. morgen, Ice. mor-
gun, Goth, maurgins; a doublet of Mor-
row.]
MORNING, morn'ing, n. the Qrst part of
the day : an early part. — adj. pertaining
to the morning : done or being in the
morning. [Contr. of monven-ing. See
Morn.]
MOROCCO, mo-rok'o, n. a fine kind of
leather of goat or sheep skin, first brought
from Morocco.
MOROSE, mo-ros', adj. of a sour temper;
g-loomy : severe. — adv. Morose'ly. — n.
Morose'ness, quality of being morose.
[L. moros^is, peevish, fretful — mos. moris,
(orig.) self-will, hence manner, w.ay of
life. See Moral.]
MORPHIA, mor'fi-a, MORPHINE, mor'fin,
n. the narcotic principle of opium,
[Coined from Gr. Morpheus, god of
dreams, (lit.) " the fashioner," from moT'
phe, shape.]
MORPHOLOGY
291
MOUND
MORPHOLOGY, mor-fol'o-ji, n. the science
of the forms assumed by plants and ani-
mals. [Gr. 7no)-phe, form, and logos, a
discourse.!
MORRIS. MORRICE, mor'is, MORRIS-
DANCE, mor'is-dans, n. a Moorish dance:
a dance in which bells, rattles, tambours,
etc.. are introduced. [Sp. vwr-isco, (lit.)
•• Moor-ish " — Sp. moro, a Moor.]
MORROW, mor'o, n. the day following the
present : to-morrow : the next following
day. [M.E. morice, for monren. See its
doublet Morn.]
MORSE, mors, n. the walrus or sea-horse.
See Walrus. [Russ. jnor/s.]
MORSEL, mor'sel, ?t. a bite or mouthful : a
small piece of food : a small quantity.
[0. Fr. morcel (Fr. morceau. It. morsello),
Him. from L. morsu^, from mordeo, mor-
siim, to bite. See MoRDACiOUS.]
MORTAL, mor'tal, adj. liable to die :
causing death: deadly: fatal: punishable
with death: extreme, violent: belonging
to man, who is mortal. — adi'. Mor'tally.
[O. Fr. mortal — L. mortalis — mors, mor-
tis, death, akin to Gr. brotos (for mrotos,
see Ambrosia), and Sans, mri, to die.]
MORTALITY, mor-tal'i-ti, n. condition of
being mortal : death : frequency or num-
ber of deaths : the human race. [L. mor-
talitas.]
MORTAR, mor'tar, n. a vessel in which sub-
stances are pounded with a pestle : a
piece of ordnance, resembling a mortar,
for throwing shells, etc.: a cement of
lime, sand, and water. [A.S. mortere —
L. moHarium. from root of Mar.]
MORTGAGE, mor'gaj, n. a conveyance of
property, as security for a debt, which
is lost or becomes dead to the debtor if
the money is not paid on a certain day :
the state of being pledged. — \\t. to pledge,
as security for a debt. — n. Mort'oager.
[PV. — mort, dead— L. mortims, and gage,
a pledge. See Gage, a pledge.]
MORTGAGEE, mor-ga-je', n. one to whom
a mortgage is made or given.
MORTIFEROUS, mor-tif'er-us, adj., death-
bringing : fatal. [L. mors, death, and
fero. to bring.]
MORTIFICATION, mor-ti-fi-ka'shun, n.
act of mortifying or state of being mor-
tified : the death of one part of an ani-
mal body : subjection of the passions
and appetites by bodily severities : hu-
miliation : vexation : that which morti-
fies or vexes : (Scotch law) a bequest to
some institution.
MORTIFY, mor'ti-fl. v.t. to make dead:
to destroy the vital functions of : to sub-
due by severities and penance : to vex :
to humble. — i\i. to lose vitalit3', to gan-
grene : to be subdued -.^pa.t. and pa.p.
mor'tified. [Fr. — L. mortijico, to cause
death to — ?)iors, death, and facio, to
make J
MORTIFYING, mor'ti-fl-ing, adj. tending
to mortify or humble : humiliating : vex-
ing.
MORTISE, mor'tis. n. a cavity c\it into a
piece of timber to receive the tenon, an-
other piece made to fit it. — v.t. to cut a
mortise in : to join by a mortise and
tenon. [Fr. mortnisc : ety. unknown.]
MORTMAIN, mort'man, n. the transfer of
property to a corporation, which is said
to be a dead hand, or one that can never
part with it again. [Fr. mort, dead, and
7nain — L. manus, the hand.]
MORTUARY, mort'ii-ar-i, adj. belonging
to the burial of the dead. — n. a bui'ial-
place : a gift claimed by the minister of
a parish on the death of a parishioner.
[Low L. mortnarium. from L. mortna-
rms.]
MOSAIC, mo-za'ik, MOSAIC- AVORK. mo-
la'ik-wurk, n. a kind of work in which
designs are formed by small pieces of
colored marble, glass, etc.. cemented on
aground of stucco, or inlaid upon metal.
— adj. Mosa'ic, relating to or composed
of mosaic. — adv. Mosa'icat.t.y. [Fr.
mMsaique (It. mosaico) — L. musceum or
musivam (opus), mosaic (work) — Gr.
mouseios, belonging to the Muses. See
Muse.]
MOSAIC, mo-za'ik,adJ. pertaining to JIfoses,
the great Jewish lawgiver.
MOSCHATEL, mos'ka-tel, Ji. a plant, with
pale-green flowers and a musky smell.
[Fr. moscateUine — Low L. moschatellina
— nmsciis, musk.l
MOSELLE, mo-zer, n. a white wine from
the district of the Moselle.
MOSLEM, moz'lem, n. a Mussulman or
Mohammedan. — adj. of or belonging to
the Mohammedans. [Ar. imislim — sala-
ma, to submit (to God). Doublet Mussul-
man. See Islaji.]
MOSQUE, mosk, n. a Mohammedan place
of worship. [Fr. — Sp. mezquita — Ar.
masjid — sajada. to bend, to adore.]
MOSQUITO, mos-ke'to, n. a biting gnat
common in tropical countries : — pi. Mos-
QUl'TOES. [Sp., dim. of mosca, a fly— L.
musca.']
MOSS, mos, n. a family of crj'ptogamic
plants with a branching stem and nar-
row, simple leaves : a piece of ground
covered with moss : a bog. — v.t. to cover
with moss. [A.S. meos ; cog. with Dut.
7nos, Ger. moos, and L. muscus.]
MOSSLAND, mos'land, n., ?aMd abounding
in 7noss or peat -bogs.
MOSS-ROSE, mos'-roz, n. a variety of rose
having a ?;!Oss-rike growth on the calyx.
MOSS-TROOPER, mos'-troop'er, n. one of
the troopers or bandits that used to in-
fest the mosses between England and
Scotland.
MOSSY, mos'i, adj. overgrown or abound-
ing with moss. — n. Moss'iness.
MOST, most. adj. (superl. of MORE), great-
est : excelling in number. — adi: in the
highest degree. — n. the greatest number
or quantity. — adv. Most'ly. [A.S. mcest,
cog. with Ger. meist. See More.]
MOTE, mot, n. a particle of dust : a spot
or speck : anj'thing small. [A.S. mot ;
ety. unknown.]
MOTET, mo-tet', n. a short piece of sacred
music. [Fr. — It. mottetto, dim. of motto.
See Motto.]
MOTH, moth, n. a family of insects like
butterflies, seen mostly at night : the
larva of this insect wHich gnaws cloth :
that which eats away gradually and si-
lently.— i:t. Moth'-eat, to prey upon, as
a moth eats a garment. [A.S. moththe ;
cog. with Ger. motte, also with A.S.
mndhn, a bug, Ger. made.']
MOTH-EATEN, moth'-et'n, adj. eaten or
cut by moths.
MOTHER, muth'er, n. a female parent, esp.
of the human race: a matron: that which
has produced anything. — adj. received by
birth, as it were from one's mother : nat-
ural : acting the part of a mother : orig-
inating.— v.t. to adopt as a son or daugh-
ter.—m. Moth'er-IN-LAVT, the mother of
one's husband or wife. — n. Moth'er-of-
pearl, the internal layer of the shells of
several molluscs, esp. of the pearl-oyster,
so called because producing the pearl.
[M.E. model — A.S. moder, cog. with Dut.
moeder. Ice. modhir. Ger. mutter, Ir. and
Gael, mathair, Russ. mate, L. mater. Gr.
meter. Sans, mata, matri. all from the
Aryan root ma, to measure, to manage,
from which also Matter and Mete.]
MOTHER, muf/i'er, n. dregs or sediment,
as of vinegar. [A form of MuD.]
MOTHERHOOD, muf^i'er-hood, n. state of
being a mother.
MOTHERLESS, mu^ft'er-les, adj. without
a mother.
MOTHERLY, mufA'er-li, adj. pertaining to
or becoming a mother : parental : tender.
—n. MOTH'ERLINESS.
MOTH-HUNTER, moth'-hunt'er, w. a lit-
tle kind of swallow which hunts moths,
etc., called also the goatsucker.
MOTHY, moth'i, adj. full of moths.
MOTION, mo'shun, ?>. the act or state of
moving : a single movement : change of
posture : gait : power of motion : excite-
ment of tne mind : proposal made, esp.
in an assembly: — in pi. (B.) impulses. —
v.i. to make a significant movement.
[Fr. — L. motio, -onis — moveo, motum, to
move.]
MOTIONLESS, mo'shun-les, adj. without
motion.
MOTIVE, mo'tiv, adj. causing motion ;
having power to move. — n. that which
moves, or excites to action : inducement :
reason. [M.E. motif — Fr.. through Low
L., from moveo, motus, to move.]
MOTIVITY, mo-tiv'it-i, n. power of pro-
ducing motion : the quality of being in-
fluenced by motion.
MOTLEY, mot'li, adj. covered with spots
of different colors : consisting of different
colors : composed of various parts. [Lit.
" curdled," M.E. mottelee. through O.
Fr., from an unknown O. Ger. root seen
in Bavarian inatte, curds.]
MOTOR, mo'tor, 7i. a mover : that which
gives motion. [See MOTIVE.]
MOTORY, mo'tor-i, adj. giving motion.
MOTTLED, mot'ld, adj. marked with spots
of various colors, or shades of color.
[From Motley.]
MOTTO, mot'o, n. a sentence or phrase
prefixed to anything intimating the sub-
ject of it : a phrase attached to a device :
—pi. Mottoes (mot'oz). [It.^Low L.
muttum — muttio, to mutter. See Mut-
ter.]^
MOULD, mold, n. dust : soil rich in decayed
matter : the matter of which an\'thing
is composed : a minute fungus which
grows on bodies in a damp atmosphere,
so named from often growing on mould.
— v.t. to cover with mould or soil : to
cause to become mouldj". — v.i. to become
mouldy. [A.S. molde ; Ger. vmll, Goth.
mulda ; akin to Goth, malan, L. molo, to
grind.]
ULD, mold, n. a hollow form in which
anything is cast : a pattern : the form re-
ceived from a mould : character. — v.t. to
form in a mould : to knead, as dough. —
71. Mould'er. [Fr. 7noule — L. modubis.
See Model.]
MOULD ABLE, mold'a-bl, adj. that may be
moulded.
MOULDER, mold'er, v.i. to crumble to
7noiild: to waste away gradually. — v.t.
to turn to dust.
MOULDING, mold'ing, 7i. anything mould-
ed: ((trc/i.) an ornamental projection
beyond a wall, etc.
MOULDWARP, mold'worp, n. the mole,
which ca-its 7ip little heaps of mould.
[See Mole.]
MOULDY, mold'i, adj. overgrown with
mould. — n. Mould'iness.
MOULT, molt, v.i. to change or cast tli«
feathers, etc.. as birds, etc. [Formed with
intrusive I from L. iMitare, to change.]
MOULTING, molt'ing, n. the act or process
of moulting ov casting feathers, skin. etc.
MOUND, mownd, n. (fort.) an artificial
bank of earth or stone : an artificial
mount : a natural hillock. — v.t. to fortify
with a mound. [A.S. mund, a defence;
O. Ger. 7nu7it, defence ; akin to L. mona,
a mount.]
MOUNT
292
MULTIFARIOUS
MOUNT, mownt, n. ground rising above
the level of the surrounding country : a
hill : an ornamental mound : (B.) a bul-
wark for offence or defence. — v.i. to pro-
ject or rise up : to be of great elevation.
— v.t. to raise aloft : to climb : to get
upon, as a horse : to put on horseback :
to put upon something, to arrange or set
in fitting order. — n. MoUNT'ER. [A.S.
munt — L. mons, montis, a mountain,
from root of -mineo, as in emineo, to
project.]
MOUNTABLB, mownt'a-bl, adj. that may
be mounted or ascended.
MOUNTAIN, mownt'an or -'in, n. a high
hill : anything very large. — adj. of or re-
lating to a mountain : growing or dwell-
ing on a mountain. — n. MOUNT' ain-ash,
the rowan-tree, with bunches of red-ber-
ries, common on mountains. — «. Mount'-
AIN-LIMESTONE (geol.) a series of hmestone
strata separating the old red sandstone
from the coal-measures. [Fr. montague
— Low L. montanea, a mountain — L.
mons, montis.]
MOUNTAINEER, mownt-an-er' or -in-er',
n. an inhabitant of a mountain : a rustic.
MOUNTAINOUS, mownt'an-us or -'in-us,
adj. full of mountains : large as a mount-
ain : huge.
MOUNTEBANK, mownt'e-bank, n. a quack-
doctor who boasts of his skill and his
medicines : a boastful pretender. [It.
montambanco — montare, to mount, in,
on, upon, and banco, a bench. See Bank,
a place for depositing money.]
MOUNTING, mownt'ing, n. the act of
mounting or embellishing, as the setting
of a gem, etc.
MOURN, morn, v.i. to grieve : to be sor-
rowful : to wear mourning. — v. t. to grieve
for : to utter in a sorrowful manner. — n.
Mouen'er. [A.S. muman, mecrrnan : O.
Ger. momen, to grieve, whence Fr. mome,
dull, sad.]
MOURNFUL, morn'fool, adj., mourning:
causing or expre.ssing sorrow : feeling
grief. — adv. Mouen'fully. — n. Mourn'-
PCUTESS.
MOURNING, morn'ing, adj., grieving: la-
menting.— n. the act of expressing- grief :
the dress of mourners. — adv. Mourn'ing-
LY.
MOUSE, mows, n. a little rodent animal
found in houses and in the fields : — pi.
Mice (mis). — n. Mocse'ear, a name of
several plants with soft leaves shaped
like a mouse's ear. — n. Mouse'tail, a
small plant with a spike of seed-vessels
Tery like the tail of a mouse. [Lit. " the
stealing animal," A.S. mus, pi. mys: Ger.
m,atis. L. and Gr. mus. Sans, musha, arat
or mouse ; from root mus, to steal, seen
in Sans, musfi, to steal.]
MOUSE, mo wz,T'.i. to catch 7n tee; to watch
for slilv.— n. Mous'er.
MOUSTACHE, moos-tash'. Same as Mus-
tache.
MOUTH, mowth, n. the opening in the
head of an animal by which it eats and
utters sound : opening or entrance, as
of a bottle, river, etc.: the instrument
of speaking : a speaker : — pi. Mouths
(mouthz). [A.S. muth ; found in all the
Teut. languages, as in Ger. mund, Dut.
mond.]
MOUTH, movith, v.t. to utter with a voice
overloud or swelling. — n. Mouth'er, an
affected speaker.
MOUTHED, mow</id, adj. having a mouth.
MOUTHFUL, mowth'fool, n. as much as
fills the mouth : a small quantity : — pi.
Mouth'fuls.
MOUTHLESS, mowth'les, adj. without a
mouth.
MOUTHPIECE, mowth'pes, n. the piece of
a musical instrument for the mouth : one
who speaks for others.
MOVABLE, moov'a-bl, adj. that may be
moved, lifted, etc.: not fixed: changing
from one time to another. — adv. Mov'-
ABLT. — HS. MOV'ABLENESS, MOVABIL'ITY.
MOVABLES, moov'a-blz, n.pl. (law) such
articles of property as may be moved, as
furniture, etc.
MOVE, moov, v.t. to cause to change place
or posture : to set in motion : to impel :
to excite to action : to persuade : to in-
stigate : to arouse : to provoke : to touch
the feelings of : to propose or bring be-
fore an assembly : to recommend. — v.i.
to go from one place to another : to
change place or posture : to walk : to
change residence : to make a motion as
in an assembly. — ?i. the act of moving :
a movement, esp. at chess. — n. Mov'ER.
[Fr. mouvoir — L. moveo, to move.]
MOVEMENT, moov'ment, n. act or man-
ner of moving : change of position : mo-
tion of the mind, emotion : the wheel-
work of a clock or watch : (mus.) a part
having the same time.
MOVING, moov'ing, adj. causing motion :
changing position: a9:ectingthe feelings:
pathetic. — adv. Mov'mGLY.
MOW, mo, M. a pile of hay or grain in
sheaves laid up in a barn. — v.t. to lay hay
or sheaves of grain in a heap : — pr.p.
mow'ing; pa.t. mowed'; pa.p. mowed' or
mown. [A.S. nmga, a heap ; Ice. muga,
a swath in mowing.]
MOW, mo, v.t. to cut down with a scythe :
to cut down in great numbers : — j)r.j).
mow'ing ; pa. f. mowed'; pa.p. mowed'
or mown. [A.S. maivan ; Ger. miihen;
allied to L. meto, to mow.]
MOWED, mod, MOWN, mon, adj. cut
down with a scythe : cleared of grass
with a scythe, as land.
MOWER, mo'er, n. one who mows or cuts
grass.
MOWING, mo'ing, n. the art of cutting
down with a scythe : land from which
grass is cut.
MUCH, much, adj., great in quantity ;
long in duration. — adv. to a great de-
gree : by far : often or long : almost. —
n. a great quantity : a strange thing.
[Through old forms michel, mucliel, from
A.S. mic-el : Ice. wi/6'fc, Goth, mikils,
Gr. meg-as, L. wia5r-?iMS.]
MUCID, mu'sid, adj. like mucus: slimy. —
n. Mu'cidness.
MUCILAGE, mu'si-laj, n. a sMm?/ substance
like mucus, found in certain vegetables :
gum.
MUCILAGINOUS, mu-si-laj'in-us, adj. per-
taining to or secreting mucilage : .slimy.
MUCK, muk, n., dung : a mass of decayed
vegetable matter : anything low and
filthy. — v.t. to manure with muck.
[Scand., as in Ice. mylci, Dan. inog,
dung.]
MUCK, mistaken form of AiruCK.
MUCKY, muk'i, adj. consisting of muck :
nasty, filthy.— )^. Muck'INESS.
MUCOUS, mu'kus, adj. like mucus : slimy :
viscous.
MUCUS, mu'kus, Ji. the slimy fluid from
the nose : the slimy fluid on all the in-
terior canals of the body to moisten
them. [L. — mungo, Gr. apomysso, to blow
the nose ; Sans, much, to loosen.]
MUD, mud, 71. wet, soft earth. — v.t. to
bury in mud : to dirty : to stir the sedi-
ment in, as in liquors. [Low Ger. mudde,
Dut. madder.]
MUDDLE, mud'l, v.t. to render muddy or
foul, as water : to confuse, especially
with liquor.
MUDDY, nuid'i, adj. foul with mud : con-
taining mud : covered with mud : con-
fused: stupid. — v.i. to dirty: to render
dull : — pa.t. and pa.j). mudd'ied. — adv.
MUDD'n-Y.— ?!. MUDD'INESS.
MUDDY - HEADED, mud'i-hed'ed, adj.
having a muddy or dull head or under-
standing.
MUEZZIN, mu-ez'in, n. the Mohammedan
official attached to a mosque, whose duty
is to announce the hours of prayer. [Ar.]
MUFF, muf, n. a warm, soft cover for the
hands in winter, usuallj' of fur or dressed
skins. [From a Teut. root, seen in Ger.
muff, a muff, Dut. mof, a sleeve.
MUFF, mut, 11. a stupid, silly fellow. [Prob.
from prov. E. moffle, to mumble, do anj--
thing ineffectually.]
MUFFIN, muf'in, n. a soft, light, spongy
cake. [Prob. from Muff, on account of
its softness.]
MUFFLE, muf'l, v.t. to wrap up as with
a muff: to blindfold : to cover up so as
to render sound dull : to cover from the
weather. [Fr. monfler — moufle, a muff,
prob. from the root of MuFF.]
MIJFFLER, muf'ler, n. a cover that inuffles
the face.
MUFTI, mufti, n. a doctor or official ex-
pounder of Mohammedan law in Turkey.
|Ar.]
MUG, mug, n. a kind of earthen or metal
cup for liquor. [Ir. vmgan, a mug, mucog,
a cup.]
MUGGY, mug'i, MUGGISH, mug-ish, adj.,
foggy: close and damp. [Ice. mugga,
dark, thick weather.]
MULATTO, mu-lat'6, n. the offspring of
black and white parents -.—fern. Mulat'-
TRESS. [Lit. one of a mixed breed like a
mule, Sp. mulato — mulo. a mule.]
MULBERRY, mul'ber-i, n. the berry of a
tree : the tree itself, the leaves of which
form the food of the silkworm. [Mul- is
A.S. 7nor- or mur- (as in A.S. mor-beam,
a mu'berry, where beam^tvee), from L.
morus : cog. with Gr. moron, a mulberry:
and Berry.]
MULCT, mulkt, n. a fine : a penalty. — v.t.
to fine. [L. mulcto, to fine.]
MULCTUAEY, mulk'tu-ar-i, adj. imposing
a fine.
MULE, mul, n. the offspring of the horse
and ass : an instrument for cotton-spin-
ning : an obstinate person. [A.S. mul —
L. muhis, a mule.]
MULETEER, miil-et-er', n. one who drives
mules.
MULISH, mul'ish, adj. like amule : sullen:
obstinate.— adr. Mdl'ishly.— ?i. Mul'ish-
NESS.
MULL, mul, v.t. to warm, spice, and sweet-
en (wine, ale. etc.). [From MULLED, adj.]
MULLAGATAWNY', mul-a-ga-taw'ni, n.
an East Indian curry-soup.
MULLED, muld, adj. heated, sweetened,
and spiced, (as wine, etc.), [M. E. mold-
ale, Scot, middc-mete, a funeral banquet,
whei-e molde=Scot. moots, E. Mould, the
earth of the grave, and a/e=feast (cf.
Bridal).]
MULLET, mul'et, n. a genus of fishes
nearlv cylindrical in form, highly es-
teemed for the table. [Fr. mutet — L.
midliis.]
MULLION, mul'yun, n. an upright division
between the lights of windows, etc, in
a Gothic arch.— v.t. to shape into divisions
by mullions. [M. E. munion. ety. dub.,
either from Fr. meneau, a niu)lion, of un-
known origin, or from Fr. moignon, a
stump, as of an arm or branch, which ii
perh. derived from L. maucus, maimed.]
MULTANGULAR, mult-ang'gul-ar, adj.
having many angles or corners. [L.
inultns. manv. and Angular.]
MULTIFARIOUS, mul-ti-fa'ri-us, adj. hav-
ing great diversity : manifold. — adv. MuL-
tifa'riocsly. [L. vivltua, many, and
variuA, diverse.]
MULTIFORM
293
MUSK
MT7LTIF0BM, mul'ti-form, adj. having
many forms. — n. Multiform'ity. [L.
miiltus. many, and Form.]
MULTILATERAL, mul-ti-lat'er-al, adj.
having many sides. [L. multiis, many,
and Lateral.]
MULTILINEAL, mul-ti-lin'e-al, adj. hav-
ing many lines. [L. midtus, many, and
Lineal.]
MULTIPED, mul'ti-ped, n. an insect having
many feet. [L. multus, many, and pes,
pedis, foot]
MULTIPLE, mul'ti-pl, adj. having many
folds or parts : repeated many times. —
n. a number or quantity ivhich contains
another an exact number of times. [L.
multiple.v — midtus, many, and plico, to
fold.]
MULTIPLEX, mul'ti-pleks, adj. having
many folds ; manifold.
MULTIPLIABLE, mul'ti-pll-arbl, adj. that
maj' be multiplied.
MULTIPLICAND, mul'ti - pli - kand, 7i. a
number or quantity to be multiplied by
another.
MULTIPLICATION, mul-ti-pli-ka'shun, n.
♦,he act of mtdtiplying : the rule or op-
eration by which any given number or
juantity is multiplied.
MTJLTIPLICATIVE, mul'ti-pli-kat-iv, adj.
tending to multiply: having the power
to multiply.
MULTIPLICITY, mul-ti-plis'i-ti, n. the
state of being multiplied or various : a
great number.
AIULTIPLIER, mul'ti-plT-er, n. one who or
that which mxdtiplies or increases : the
number or quantity by which another is
multiplied.
MULTIPLY, mul'ti-pU, v.t. to fold or in-
crease many times : to make more nu-
merous : to repeat any given number or
quantity as often as there are units in
another number. — v.i. to increase:^^r.p.
mul'tiplying; pa.t. and pa.p. mul'tiplied.
[Fr.— L. multiplex. See Multiple.]
MULTITUDE, mul'ti-^ud, n. the state of
being many : a great number of indi-
viduals : a crowd. ^Fr. — L. multitudo —
multus, many.]
MULTITUDINOUS, mul-ti-tud'i-nus, adj.
consisting of or having the appearance
of a multitude.
MUM, mum, adj. silent. — n. silence. — int.
be silent. [Cf. L. and Gr. m,u, the least
possible sound made with the lips ; of
imitative origin.]
MUM, mum, n. a sort of beer made in Ger-
many. [Orig. brewed by a German named
Mimhite.]
MUMBLE, mum'bl, v.i. to utter the sound
mum in speaking : to speak indistinctly :
to chew softly: to eat with the lips close.
— v.t. to utter indistinctly or imperfectly:
to mouth gently. [See Mum.]
MUTVIBLER, mum'bler, ?(. one who mumbles
or speaks with a low, indistinct voice.
MUMBLING, mum'bling, adj. uttering
with a low, indistinct voice : chewing
softly.— arft>. MUM'BLINOLY.
MUMM, mum, v.t. to mask: to make diver-
sion in disguise. [O. Dut. mommen, to
ma.sk, mom, a mask ; cf. Low Ger. mum-
meln. to mask, whence Ger. vemnummen,
to mask.]
MUMMER, mum'er, n. one who mumins or
makes diversion in disguise : a masker :
a buffoon. [sion.
MUMMERY, mum'er-i, n., masking : diver-
MUMMIFY, mum'i-fi, v.t. to make into a
mummy : to embalm iind dry as a mum-
my : — pr.p. mumm'ifving; pa.p. mumm'-
ified. — n. Mummifica'tion. [Mitmmy, and
facto, to make.]
MUMMING, mum ' ing, n. the sports of
mummers. — adj. pertaining to the sports
of mummers.
MUMMY, mum'i, n. a human body pre-
served bv the Egyptian art of embalm-
ing, in which wax. spices, etc., were em-
ployed.— v.t. to embalm and dry as a
mummy : — pr.p. mumm'ying ; pa.p.
mumm led. [Fr. — It. mummia — ^Ar. and
Pers. mumayim, a mummy — Pers. mum,
wax.]
MUMP, mump, v.t. or v.i. to mumble or
move the lips with the mouth almost
closed : to nibble : to cheat : to play the
beggar. [Form of Mum.]
MUMPER, mump'er, n. one who mumps:
an old cant term for a beggar.
MUMPISH, mump'ish, adj. having mumps:
dull : sullen. — adv. Mump'ishlt. — n.
Mump'ishness.
MUMPS, mumps, j(. a swelling of the
glands of the neck, accompanied with
ditficulty of speaking. [From MuMP.j
MUNCH, munsli, v.t. or v.i. to chewynVa
shut mouth. [M. B. monchen, from an
imitative root, or from Fr. manger. It.
mangiare — L. mandueare, to chew.]
MUNCHER, munsh'er, n. one who munches.
MUNDANE, mun'dau, adj. belonging to
the world : terrestrial. — adv. Mun'dane-
LY. [Fr. — L. vumdanus — mundus, the
world — mundus, ordered, adorned ; akin
to Sans, mand, to adorn.]
MUNICIPAL, mu-nis'i-pal, adj. pertaining
to a corporation or citj'. [Fr. — L. mu-
nicipalis, from rnunicipium, a free town
— munia, official duties, and capio, to
take. 1
MUNICIPALITY, mu-nis-i-pal'i-ti, n. a mu-
nicipal district : in France, a division of
the country.
MUNIFICENCE, mu-nif'i-sens, n. quality
of being munificent: bountifulness. [Fr.
— L. munificentia — munus, a duty, pres-
ent, and facio, to make.]
MUNIFICENT, mu-nif i-sent, adj. very lib-
eral in giving: generous: bountiful. —
adv. Munif'icently.
MUNIMENT, mu'ni-ment, n. that which
fortifies : that which defends : a strong-
hold: place or means of defence: defence:
{law) a record fortifying a claim : title-
deeds. [Fr. — L. munimentum, from m,u-
nio, munitum, to fortify — mcenia, walls.]
MUNITION, mu-nish'un,' ri. materials used
in war : military stores of all kinds : (B.)
strong-hold, fortress. [Fr. — L. nmnitio.]
MUNNION, mun'yun. Same as MULLION.
MURAL, mu'ral, adj. pertaining to or like
a wall : steep. [Fr. — L. muralis, from
m.urus, a wall ; akin to mcenia, walls, and
munio. to fortify.]
MURDER, mur'der, n. the yet of putting
a person to death, intentionally and from
malice. — v.t. to commit murcler : to de-
stroy : to put an end to. [A.S. morthor,
from morth, death ; Ger. mord, Goth.
maurthr ; akin to L. mors, mortis, death,
and Sans, mri, to die.]
MURDERER, mur'der-er, n. one who mur-
ders, or is guilty of murder:— /e?«. Mur'-
DERESS.
MURDEROUS, mur'der-us, adj. guilty of
murder : consisting in or fond of murder:
bloody : cruel. — adv. Mur'derously.
MUREX, mu'reks, n. a shell-fish, from
which the Tvrian purple dye was obtained.
[L.] ^ i I y
MURIATIC, mu-ri-at'ik, adj. pertaining to
or obtained from sea-salt. [L. muriati-
cus — miiria, brine.]
MURICATE, mfi'ri-kat, MURICATED,
mu'ri-kat-ed, adj. (bof.) armed with sharp
points or prickles. [L. mvricatus. from
murex. muricis. a pointed rock or stone.]
MURIFORM, mu'ri-form, adj. (hot.) resem-
bling the bricks in a wall. [L. murtts, a
wall, forma, shape.]
MURKY, murk'i, adj., dark: obscxire :
gloomy.— odi). Murk'ily.— Ji. Murk'iness.
[A.S. mure; Ice. myrkr, Dan. and Sw
mork.J
MURMUR, mur'mur, n. a low, indistinct
sound, like that of running water : a
complaint in a low, muttering voice. —
v.i. to utter a murmur : to grumble : —
pr.p. mur'muring ; pa.t. and pa.p. mur'-
mured. — n. Mur'murer. [Fr. — L., formed
from the sound.]
MURMUROUS, mur'mur-us, adj. attended
with murmurs : exciting murmur.
MURRAIN, mur'ran or-'rin, »>. an infec-
tious and fatal disease among cattle.
[O. Fr. morine, a dead carcass — L. mo-
rior. to die. See Mortal.]
MURRION, mur'ri-un. Same as Morion.
MUSCADEL, mus'ka-del, MUSCADINE,
mus'ka-din, MUSCAT, mus'kat, MUS-
CATEL, mus'ka-tel, n. a rich, spicy
wine : also the grane producing it : a
fragrant and dehcious pear. [O. Fr.
muscadel — It. 7noscadeno, moscatello,
dim. of muscato, smelling like musk —
L. muscus, musk. See Musk.]
MUSCLE, mus'l, n. the fleshy parts of an
animal body by which it moves. [Fr. — L.
musctdus. dim. of vuis, a mouse, hence a
muscle, from its appearance under the
skin.]
MUSCLE, MUSSEL, mus'l, n. a marine
bivalve shell-fish, used for food. [A.S.
muxle ; Ger. muschel, Fr. moule ; all
from L. mvsculus.]
MUSCOID, mus'koid, adj. (bot.) moss-like.
— n. a moss-like, flowerless plant. [A
hybrid, from L. muscus, moss, and Gr.
eidos. form.]
MUSCULAR, mus'ku-lar, adj. pei-taining
to a muscle : consisting of muscles :
brawny : strong : vigorous. — adv. Mus'-
culael*. — n. Musculab'ity, state of
being muscular.
MUSE, muz, i\i. to study in silence : to be
absent-minded : to meditate. — n. deep
thought : contemplation : absence of
mind.— arfr. Mus'ingly.— ??. Mus'er. [Fr.
muser, to loiter, to trifle: It. inusare ;
ace. to Diez from O. Fr. muse, Fr. inu-
seau. the mouth, snout of an animal ;
from a dog snuffing idly about. See
Muzzle.]
MUSE, muz, n. one of the nine goddesses
of poetry, music, and the other liberal
arts. [Fr. — L. 7tiusa — Gr. mousa, prob.
from mao, to invent.]
MUSEUM, mii-ze'um, n. a collection of
natural, scientific, or other curiosities,
or of works of art. [L. — Gr. mouseion.
See Muse.]
MUSH, mush, n. Indian meal boiled in
water. [Ger. mus, pap, anj' thick prep-
aration of fruit.]
MUSHROOM, mush'rooni, m. the commom
name of certain fungi, esp. such as are
edible : (Jig.) one w^io rises suddenly
from a low condition : an upstart. [Fr.
mousseron, through inoiisse, moss— O,
Ger. mos, Ger. moos.]
MUSIC, mu'zik, n. melody or harmony :
the science which treats of harmony ;
the art of combining sounds so as to
please the ear : a musical composition.
[Fr. musique — L. musica — Gr. movsiki
(fechne. art) — mousa, a Muse.]
MUSICAL, mu'zik-al, adj. pertaining to or
producing music : pleasing to the ear :
melodious. — adv. Mu'sically. — n. Mu*
sic ALNESS. [Fr.]
MUSICIAN, mu-zish'an, n. one skilled in
music : a performer of music. [Fr,
m}(sicien.]
MUSK, musk, Ji. a strong perfume, ob-
tained from the male musk-deer : a liorn-
le.ss deer, in Tibet and Nepaul. yielding
musk. — v.t. to perfume with musk. [Fr,
muse — L. muscus, Gr. mosehos — Pera,
musk.1
MUSK-APPLE
294
NAG
MUSK'-jVPP'LE, MUSK'- cat, IVIUSK'-
MEL'ON, MUSK'-ROSE, etc., so called
from their musty odor.
MUSKET, mus'ket, ?(. formerly, the com-
mon hand-g-un of soldiers. [Fr. mousquet,
a musket, formerly a hawk — It.mosqueito
— L. musca, a fly ; many of the old guns
had fancy names derived from birds and
other animals.]
MUSKETEER, mus-ket-er', n. a soldier
armed with a musket. [Fr. mo2isquetaire.]
MUSKETOON, mus-ket-oon', n. a short
musket : one armed with a musketoon.
IFr. mousqueton.']
MUSKETRY, mus'ket-ri, n., muskets in
general : practice with muskets. [Fr.
mousqiieterie.'\
MUSK-OX, musk'-oks, n. a small animal
of the ox family inhabiting the northern
parts of America, the flesh of which has
a strong musky smell.
MUSK-RAT, musk'-rat, n. an animal of the
shrew family, so named from tlie strong
musky odor of its skin.
MUSKY, musk'i, adj. having the odor of
musk.— adu. Mdsk'ilt. — n. MusK'iMiss.
MUSLIN, muz'lin, n. a fine thin kind of
cotton cloth with a downy nap. [Fr.
motisseline — It. mussolino: said to be
from Mosul in Mesopotamia.]
MUSLINET, muz'lin-et, n. a coarse kind of
muslin.
MUSQUITO. Same as Mosquito.
MUSSEL. See Muscle, a shell-fish.
MUSSULMAN, mus'ul-man, n. a Moslem
or Mohammedan : — pi. Muss'ulmans
(-manz). [Low L. mussulmanus — Ar.
moslemima, pi. of vioslem.l
MUST, must, v.i. to be obliged physically
or morallj'. [A.S. mot, moste ; Ger.
miissen.l
MUST, must, n. wine pressed from the
grape, but not fermented. [A.S., Ice.
and Ger. -most ; all from L. mustum,
from mustus, new, fresh.]
MUSTACHE, mus-tash', MUSTACHIO,
mus-tash'yo, n. the beard upon the
I'.pper lip. [Fr. moustache. It. mostaccio ;
from Gr. mustax, mustakos, the upper
lip.]
MUSTACHIOED, mus-tash'yod, adj. hav-
ing mustachios.
MUSTARD, mus'tard, n. a plant with a
pungent taste : the seed ground and used
as a condiment. [O. Fr. moustarde, Fr.
moutarde — O. Fr. moust, Fr. mo lit — L.
mtistum, must, orig. used in preparing it.]
MUSTER, mus'ter, v.t. to assemble, as
troops for duty or inspection : to gather.
— v.i. to be gathered together, as troops.
— n. an assembling of troops : a register
of troops mustered : assemblage : col-
lected show. — Pass muster, to pass in-
spection uncensured. [O. Fr. mostrer —
Fr. mdntrer — L. monstro, to show. See
Monster.]
MUSTER-MASTER, mus'ter-mas'ter, n. the
inaster of the muster, or who takes an ac-
count of troops, their arms, etc.
MUSTER-ROLL, mus'ter-rol, n. a roll or
register of the ofiicers and men in each
companj', troop, or regiment.
MUSTY, must'i, adj., mouldy: spoiled by
damp : sour : foul. — adv. MuST'lLY. — n.
Must'iness. [M.E. must, to be mouldy,
from the base of L. mucidus, mouldy,
from mucus. See Mucus.]
MUTABLE, mu'ta-bl, adj. that may be
changed : subject to change: inconstant.
— adv. Mu'tably. — ns. JIutabil'ity,
Mu'TABLENESS, quality of being mutable.
[L. mutabilis — muto, mutatum, to change
—moveo, motum, to move.]
MUTATION, mu-ta'shun, u. act or process
of changing : change : alteration.
MUTE, mut, adj. incapable of speaking :
dumb: silent: unpronouneed. — n. one
mute or dumb : one who remains silent :
a person stationed by undertakers at the
door of a house at a funeral : (gram.) a
letter having no sound without the aid
of a vowel, as b : (Iuk) one who refuses
to plead to an indictment.— adi". Mute'ly.
— n. Mute'NESS. [Fr. muet — L. mutiis, like
Gr. 7IIUZ0, to utter the sound iiiu, pro-
duced by closing the lips.]
MUTE, niut, v.i. to dung, as birds. [O.Fr.
dung
conn, with E.
mutir : esmeut,
smelt or melt.]
MUTILATE, mu'ti-lat. v.t. to viaiui: to cut
ofl' : to remove a material part of. — ti.
Mu'tilator, one who mutilates. [L.
mutilo—mutilus, maimed, Gr. mutilos,
mitulos, curtailed, hornless.]
MUTILATION, mu-ti-la'shun, n. act of
mutilating- : deprivation of a limb or es-
sential part.
MUTINEER, mu-ti-ner', n. one guilty of
mutiny.
MUTINOUS, mu'ti-nus, adj. disposed to
mutiny : seditious. — adv. Mu'tinously. —
n. Md'tixousness.
MUTINY, mu'ti-ni, v.i. to rise against
authority in militarj' or naval service :
to revolt against rightful authority : —
pr.p. mu'tinj-ing ; pa.f. and pa.p. mu'-
tiuied. — n. insurrection, esp. naval or
military : tumult : strife. [Fr. mutiner
— inutin, riotous — Fr. meute — L. motus,
rising, insurrection, from moveo, motum,
to move.]
MUTTER, mut'er, v.i. to utter words in a
low voice : to murmur : to sound with a
low, rumbling noise. — v.t. to utter indis-
tinctly.—». JIutt'erer. [Prob. imitative,
like Prov. Ger. muttern ; L. miitio.]
MUTTON, mut'n, n. the flesh of .sheep.
[Fr. mouton, a sheep — Low L. mxdto,
which is prob. from the Celt., as Bret.
maoud, W. moUt, a wether, sheep ; or
ace. to Diez, from L. mutilus, mutilated.
See Mutilate.]
MUTTON-CHOP, mut'n-chop, n. a rib of
mutton chopped at the small end. [Mut-
ton and Chop.]
MUTUAL, mii'tu-al, adj., interchanged: in
return: given and received. — adv. Mu'TU-
ALLY. — n. Mutual'ity. [Fr. mutuel—h.
mutuus — muto, to change.]
MUZZLE, muz'l, w. the projecting mouth,
lips, and nose of an animal : a fastening
for the mouth to prevent biting : the ex-
treme end of a gun, etc. — v.t. to put a
muzzle on : to restrain from biting: to
keep from liurting. [O. Fr. musel, Fr.
niuseau, prob. from L. morsus, a bite —
mordeo, to bite.]
MY, va.i,poss. adj. belong^ingto me. [Contr.
of Mine.]
MYCOLOGY, niT-kol'o-ji, n. the .science
treating of the fungi oi' mushrooms. [Gr.
mykes, fungus, and logos, discourse.]
MYOPY, mf o-pi, »i. shortness or nearness
of sight. — adj. Myop'ic. [Gr. — inyo, to
close, and ojjs, the eye.]
MYRIAD, mir'i-ad, ji. anj' immense num-
ber. [Gr. myrias. myriados, a ten thou-
sand, allied to W. mam-, great, more,
myrdd. an infinity.]
MYRIAPOD, mir'i-a-|)od, n. a worm-shaped
articulate animal with many jointed legs.
[Gr. myrioi, ten thousand, and pons, po-
aos, foot.]
5IYRMID0N, mer'mi-don, n. (orig.) one of
a tribe of warriors who accompanied
Achilles : one of a ruflianly band under
a daring leader. [L. and Gr., derived,
ace. to the fable, from niyrnie.i: an ant.]
MYRRH, mer, n. a bitter, aromatic, trans-
parent gum, exuded from the bark of a
shrub in Ai-abia. [Fr. niyrrhe — L. and
Gr. myrrha — Ar. 7nurr, from marra, to
be bitter.]
MYRTLE, mer'tl, n. an evergreen shrub
with beautiful and fragrant leaves. [Fr,
myrtil, dim. of myrte — L. and Gr. myi-tui
— Gr. myron, any sweet juice.]
MYSELF, ml-self or me-self, pron., I or
me. in person — used for the sake of em-
jihasis and also as the reciprocal of me.
[My and Self.]
MYSTERIOUS, mis-te'ri-us, adj. containing
mystery: obscure: secret : incomprehen-
sible.—adv. Myste'riously.— ij. Myste'-
RIOUSNESS.
MYSTERY, mis'ter-i, n. a secret doctrine :
anything very obscure : that which is
beyond human comprehension : anything
artfully made difficult. [M.B. mysterie.
from L. mysterium — Gr. mysterion — my.s-
tes, one initiated — mueo, to initiate into
mysteries — muo, to close the eyes — root
mu, close. See Mute, dumb.]
MYSTERY, mis'ter-i, w. atrade. handicraft :
a kind of rude drama of a religious nature
(so called because acted by craftsmen).
[M.E. mistere. corr. from O. Fr. mestier.
Fr. metier — L. m inisterium ■ — min ister.
Prop, spelt mistei-y ; the spelling mystery
is due to confusion with the above woi'd.
See Minister.]
MYSTIC, mis'tik, MYSTICAL, mis'tik-al,
adj. relating to or containing mystery :
sacredly obscure or secret : involving a
secret meaning : allegorical : belonging
to mysticism. — adv. Mys'tically". [L.
mysticus — Gr. mystikos. See Mystery,
a secret doctrine.]
MYSTIC, mis'tik, n. one of a sect profess-
ing to have direct intei'course with the
Spirit of God who revealed mysteries to
them.
MYSTICISM, mis'ti-sizm, n. the doctrine
of the mystics : obscurity of doctrine.
MYSTIFY, mis'ti-fi, r.^ to make mysteri-
ous, obscure, or secret : to involve iu
mystery -.—pr.p. mys'tifying ; jia.t. and
p.ap. mjs'tified. — n. Mystifica'tion.
[Fr. mystijier, from Gr. mystes, and L.
facio, to make.]
MYTH, mith, n. a fable : a legend : a fab-
ulous narrative founded on a remote
event, esp. those made in the earlj' period
of a people's existence. [Gr. mythos.]
MYTHIC, mith'ik, SIYTHICAL, mith'ik-
al, adj. relating to myths : fabulous. — adv.
Myth'ically. [Gr. mythikos.]
MYTHOLOGIC, mith-o-loj'ik, MYTHO-
LOGICAL, mith-o-loj'ik-al, adj. relating
to mythology: fabulous. — adv. Mytho-
log'ically.
MYTHOLOGIST, mith-ol'o-ji.st, n. one
versed in or who writes on mythology.
MYTHOLOGY, mith-ol'o-ji, n. a system of
myths : a treatise regarding- myths : the
science of myths. [Fr. — Gr. mythologia
— mythos, and logos, a treatise.]
N
NABOB, na'bob, n. a deputy or governor
under the Mogul empire : a European
who has enriched himself in the East^:
any man of great wealth. [Corr. of
Hindi naiwab, a deputy ; from Ar.
nauu-db, governors.]
NACRE, na'kr, n. a white brilliant matter
which forms the interior of .several shells.
[Fr. — Pers. nigar, painting.]
NADIR, na'dir, ii. the point of the heavens
directly opposite and corresponding to
the zenith. [Ar. nadir, nazir, from na-
zara, to be like.]
NAG, nag, n. a horse, but particularly a
small one. [Prob., with intrusive initial
7i, from Dan. og, cog. with O. Saxon ehu
(cf. L. equa, a mare).]
NAIAD
295
NAVAL
NAIAD, na'yad, n. a water-nymph or fe-
male deity, fabled to preside over rivers
and springs. [L. and Gr. naias, naiados,
from uuo, to flow.]
NAIL, nal, n. the horny scale at the end of
the human fingers and toes : tlie claw of
a bird or other animal : a pointed spike
of metal for fastening wood : a measure
of length (3i inches). — I'.t. to fasten with
aails. [A.S. ncegel ; Ger. nagel ; allied to
L. unguis, Gr. o-nyx, Sans, nakha ; all
from a root seen in E. Gnaw, and sig. to
pierce.]
NAILER, nal er, n. one whose trade is to
make nails.
NAILERY, nal'er-i, n. a place where nails
are made.
NAIVE, na'ev, adj. with natural or unaf-
fected simplicitj' : artless : ingenuous. —
adv. Na'ively. — n. Naivete, na'ev-ta.
[Fr. naif, naive — L. natimts, native, in-
nate, from nascor, natus, to be born.]
NAICED, na'ked, adj. uncovered : exposed:
unarmed : defenceless : unconcealed :
plain or evident : without addition or
ornament : simple : artless : {hot.) with-
out the usual covering. — adv. Na kedlt.
— H. Na'kedness. [A.S. nacod : Ger.
nackt. Sans, nagna, L. »iM(i«s, naked ; aU
froin a root found in M.E. naken, to lay
bare.]
NAJIBY-PAMBY, nam^i-pam'bi, adj.
weakly sentimental or affectedlj' pretty.
[From first name of Ambrose Philips, an
affected E. poet of the beginning of the
18th centun-.]
NAME, nam, n. that by which a person or
thing is known or called : a designation :
^reputed character: reputation: fame:
celebrity: remembrance: a race or family:
appearance : authority : behalf : assumed
character of another : (gram.) a noun.
— i:t. to give a name to: to designate: to
speak of by name : to nominate. — n.
NAii'ER. [A.S. naina : Ger. name ; L.
nomen — nosco, to know ; Gr. o)ioma for
ogiioma, from gua, root of gignosko, to
know ; Sans. 7t&man — jna, to know.]
NAMELESS, nara'les. adj. without a name:
undistinguished. — adv. Naiie'1£SSLY. — n.
Name'lessxess.
NAMELY, nam'li, adv. by name : that is to
say.
NAJIESAKE, nam'sak, n. one bearing the
same name as another for his sake.
[Name and Sake.]
NANKEEN, nan-ken', n. a buff-colored cot-
ton cloth fir.st made at Nankin, in China.
NAP, nap, n. a short sleep. — v.i. to take a
short sleep : to feel drowsy and secure :
— Jir.}). napping ; pa.p. napped'. [A.S.
hiupppian, to nap, orig. to nod ; of. Ger.
nicken, to nod.]
NAP. nap, n. the wooU.y substance on the
surface of cloth : the downy covering of
plants. — adj. Napp'y. [A.S.' hnoppa, nap.
a form of cna}}, a top, knob. See Knob.]
NAPE, nap, v. tlie Imob or projecting joint
of the neck behind. [A.S. cncep. the top
of anything, W. cnap, a knob. See
Knob.]
NAPERY, nap'er-i, n. linen, esp. for the
table. [O. Fr. naperie — Fr. nappe, a
table-cloth — Low L. napa, corr. from L.
mappa. a napkin.]
Naphtha, nap'tha or naftha, 7i. a clear,
inflammable liquid distilled from coal-
tar : rock-oil. [L. — Gr. — Ar. naft.]
NAPHTHALINE, nap'tha-lin or naf'-, n.
a grayish-white, inflammable substance
fornietl in the distillation of coal.
NAPKIN, nap'kin, n. a cloth for wiping
the hands : a handkerchief. [Dim. of
Fr. nappe. See Napery.]
NAPLESS, nap'les, adj. without nap :
threadbare.
NARCISSUS, nar-sis'us, n. a genus of flow-
ering plants comprising the daffodils,
etc., having narcotic properties. [L. —
Gr. narkissos — narke, torpor.]
NARCOTIC, nar-kot'ik, adj. producing tor-
par, sleep, or deadness. — n. a medicine
producing sleep or stupor.— adr. Naecot'-
ICALLY. [Fr.— Gr. narke, torpor.]
NARD, nard, n. an aromatic plant usually
called Spikenard : an uno^uent prepared
from it. — adj. Nard'ine. [Fr.— L. nardus
— Gr. nardos — Pers. nard — Sans, nalada,
from Sans, nal, to smell.]
NARRATE, n.o-rat' or nar'-, v.t. to tell or
recite : to give an account of. — n. Nar-
Ea'tion. [Fr. — L. narro, narratum —
gnarus, knowing — root gna.^
NARRATIVE, nar'a-tiv, adj., narrating:
giving an account of any occurrence : in-
clined to narration : story-telling. — n.
that which is narrated : a continued ac-
count of any occurrence : storj-.
NARROW, nar'6, adj. of little breadth or
extent : limited : contracted in mind :
bigoted : not liberal : selfish : within a
small distance: close: accurate: careful.
— n. (oftener used in the pi.) a narrow
passage, channel, or strait. — v.t. to make
narrow : to contract or confine. — v.i. to
become narrow. — adv. Narr'Owly. — n.
Narr'owness. [A.S. nearu, nearo ; not
conn, mth near, but prob. with nerve,
snare.']
NARROW-MINDED, nar'o-mlnd'ed. adj.
of a narrow or illiberal mind. — n. Narr'-
ow-mind'edness.
NARWHAL, nar'hwal, NARWAL, nar'-
wal, n. the sea-unicorn, a mammal of the
whale family with one large projecting
tusk. [Dan. narhval — Ice. ndhvalr,
either " nose-whale " (na- for was-, nose)
or •' corpse-whale," from the creature's
pallid color (Ice. na- for nar-, corpse).
See Whale.]
NASAL, naz'aJ, adj. belonging to the nose:
affected by or sounded through the nose.
— n. a letter or sound uttered through the
nose. [Fr., from L. nasus, the nose. See
Nose.]
NASALIZE, na'zal-iz, v.t. to render nasal,
as a sound.
NASCENT, nas'ent, adj., springing up:
arising : beginning to exist or grow. [L.
nascens, -entis, pr.p. of nascor, natus, to
be born, to spring up.]
NASTURTIUM, nas-tur'shi-um, n. a kind
of cress with a pungent taste. [Lit." nose-
tormenting," L., from nasus, the nose,
and torqueo, tortuin, to twist, torment.]
NASTY, nas'ti, adj. dirty : filthy : obscene :
nauseous. — ady.NAS'TlLY'. — k'Nas'tiness.
[Old form nasky — A.S. hnesee, soft ; cf.
prov. Swed. sna.'ikig, nasty, from snaska,
to eat like a pig.]
NATAL, na'tal, adj. pertaining to birth :
native. [Fr. — L. natalis — nascor, natus,
to l)e born.]
NATATION, na-ta'shun, n. swimming. [L.
nntatio — nato, to swim.]
NATATORY, na'ta-tor-i. adj. pertaining to
swimming.
NATION, na'shun, n. those horn of the
same stock : the people inhabiting the
same country, or under the same govern-
ment : a race : a great number. [Fi\ —
L. nnxeor, natns. to be born.]
NATIONAL, nash'un-al, adj. pertaining to
a nation : public : general : attached to
one's own country. — adv. Na'TIONALLY.
—n. Na'tionalness.
NATIONALISM, nash'un-al-izm. NATION-
ALITY, nash-un-al'i-ti, n. the being at-
tached to one's country : national char-
acter.— (/. Na'tion.\list.
NATIONALIZE, nash'un-al-Iz, v.t. to make
national.
NATIVE, na'tiv, adj. from or by birth :
produced by nature : pertaining to the
time or place of birth : originaL — n. one
born in any place : an original inhabi-
tant.—adf. Na'tively.— )i. Na'tiveness.
[Fr. — L. nativus. See Natal.]
NATIVITY, na-tiv'i-ti, n. state of being
born : time, place, and manner of birth :
state or place of being produced : a horo-
scope.— The Nativity, the birthday of
the Saviour.
NATRON, na'trun, n. an impure native
carbonate of soda, the nitre of the Bible.
[Fr. — L. nitrum — Gr. nitron.l
NATTERJACK, nat'er-jak, n. a species of
toad. [See Adder.]
NATTY, nat'i, adj. trim, spruce. [Allied
to Neat.]
Natural, nat'u-ral, adj. pertaining to,
produced by, or according to nature :
inborn : not far-fetched : not acquired :
tender : unaffected : illegitimate : (music)
according to the usual diatonic scale. — n.
an idiot : (nnisic) a character (5) which
removes the effect of a preceding sharp
or flat. — adv. Nat'crally. — n. Nat'ural-
NESS. — Natural Historv, originally the
description of all that is in nature, now-
used of the sciences that deal with the
earth and its productions — botany, zool-
ogj', and mineralogy, especially zoology.
— Natxjral Philosophy, the science of
nature, of the physical properties of
bodies: phj'sics. — IS^atural Theology,
the body of theological truths discover-
able by reason without revelation.
NATURALISM, nat'u-ral-izm, n. mere state
of nature.
NATURALIST, nat'u-ral-ist, n. one who
studies nature, more particularly ani-
mated nature.
NATURALIZE, nat'u-ral-Iz, v.t. to make
natural or familiar : to adapt to a differ^
ent climate : to invest with the privi-i
leges of natural-born subjects. — n. Nat-
uraliza'tion.
NATURE, na'tur, n. the power which cre-
ates and whicli presides over the material
world : the established order of things :
the universe : the essential qualities of
anything : constitution : species : char-
acter : natural disposition : conformity
to that which is natural: a mind, or char-
acter: nakedness. [Fr. — L. natura — nas-
cor. natus, to be born — gna, a form of
root gen = Gr. gen, to be born.]
NAUGHT, nawt, n., no-whit, nothing. —
adv. in no degree. — adj. of no value or
account : worthless : bad. [A.S. naht,
na-iriht — na, not, tviht. whit, anything.]
NAUGHTY, nawt'i, adj. bud: mischievous:
perverse.- -adv. Naught'ily.— w.Naught'-
INESS.
NAUSEA, naw'she-a, n. any sickness of the
stomach, with a propensity to vomit :
loathing. [L. — Gr. nausia, sea-sickness
— naus. a ;;bip.]
NAUSEATE, na w'she-at, v.i. to feel nansea:
to become squeamish : to feel disgust. —
v.i. to loathe : to strike with disgust.
NAUSEOUS, naw'she-us, ailj. producing
nau.'sea : disgusting: loatlisome. — adv.
Nau'seously-.— H. Nau'seousness.
NAUTICAL, naw'tik-al. adj. pertaining to
ships, sailors, or navigation : naval : ma
rine. — adv. Nac'tically. [L. nauticus—
Gr. nauiikos — naus : cog. with which are,
Sans. nau. L. iiovis, a ship, A.S. naca,
Ger. nacheii, a boat.]
NAUTILUS, uaw'ti-lus, n. a kind of shell-
fish furnished with a membrane which
was once believed to enable it to sail like
a. ship:— pi. Nau'tiluses or Nau'tiu. [L.
— Gr. nautilos.]
NAVAL, nu'val, adj. pertaining to ships:
consisting of ships: marine: nautical: be-
longing to the navy. [Fr. — L. navoHs —
navis, a sliip.]
NAVE
NAVE, nav, ii. the middle or body of a
church, distinct from the aisles or wings,
so called from the resemblance of the roof
to the hull of a ship, or because the
church of Christ was often likened to a
ship. [Ft. nef—L. navis, a ship. See
Nautical.]
NAVE, nav, n. the hub or piece of wood,
etc., in the centre of a wheel, through
which the axle passes. [A.S. nafu, nave ;
cf. Dut. naaf, Ger. nabe ; Sans, nabhi,
nave, navel — prob. from nabh, to burst.]
NAVEL, nav'l, n. the mark or depression
in the centre of the lower part of the ab-
domen, at first, a small projection. [Dim.
of Nave, a hub.]
NAVIGABLE, nav'i-ga-bl, adj. that may
be passed by ships or vessels. — n. Nav'i-
GABLENESS. — adv. NaV'IGABLY.
NAVIGATE, nav'i-gat, v.t. to steer or man-
age a shipin sailing: to sail on. — v.i. to
go in a vessel or ship : to sail. [L. navi-
go, -atum — nains, a ship, and ago, to
drive.]
NAVIGATION, nav-i-ga'shun, n. the act,
science, or art of sailing ships.
NAVIGATOE, nav'i-gat-or, n. one who
na\agates or sails : one who directs the
course of a ship.
NAVVY, nav'i, n. (orig.) a laborer on ca-
nals for internal navigation : a laborer.
[A contraction of Navigator.]
NAVY, na'vi, n. a fleet of ships: the whole
of the ships-of-war of a nation : the offi-
cers and men belonging to the war-ships
of a nation. [O. Fr. — L. navis, a ship.]
NAY, na, adv., no : not only so: yet more.
— n. denial. [M. E. — Ice. nei, Dan. nei ;
cog. with No. J
NAZARENE, naz'ar-en, n. a follower of
Jesus of Nazareth, originally used of
Christians in contempt : one belonging
to the early Christian sect of tlie Naz-
arenes. [From Nazareth, the town.]
NAZARITE, naz'ar-It, n. a Jew who vowed
to abstain from strong drink, etc. [Heb.
nazar, to consecrate.]
NAZARITISM, naz'ar-It-izm, n. the vow
and practice of a Nazarite.
NAZE, naz, re. a headland or cape. [Scand.,
as in Dan. recES ; a doublet of Ness.]
NEAP, nep, adj. low, applied to the lowest
tides.— ». a neap-tide. [A.S. nep, orig.
hn6p ; Dan. knap, Ice. neppr, scanty.
Fiom verb Nip.]
NEAPED, nept, adj. left in the neap-tide
or aground.
NEAR, ner, adj., nigh : not far distant :
intimate : dear : close to anything fol-
lowed or imitated : direct: stingy. — adv.
at a litt e distance : almost. — v.t. to ap-
proach : to come nearer to. [A.S. near,
nearer, c;flip. of neah, nigh, now used as
a positiv,> ; Ice. tuer ; Ger. niiher. See
NlGH.l
NEARLY, Lgr'li, adv. at no great distance :
closely : intimately : pressingly : almost :
stingilv.
NEARNESS, nernes, n. the state of being
near : closenes- : intimacy : close alli-
ance : stinginess.
NEAR-SIGHTED, ner'-sTt'ed, adj., seeing
only when 7iear : short-sighted. — n.
Near'-sight'edness.
NEAT, net, adj. belonging to the bovine
genus. — n. black-cattle : an ox or cow.
[A.S. neat, cattle, a beast — neotan, nio-
tan, to use, employ ; Ice. njotan. Ger.
geniessen, to enjoy, Scot, nowt, black-
cattle.]
NEAT, net, adj. trim : tidy : without mix-
ture or adulteration. — adv. Neat'LY. — n.
Neat'ness. [Fr. net — L. nitidus, shin-
ing— niteo, to shine : or perh. conn, with
A.S. neod. neodlice, pretty.]
NEATHERD, net'h*>rd, n. one who herds
or has the care of neat or cattle.
296
NEB, neb, n. the beak of a bird : the nose.
[A.S. nebb, the face ; cog. with Dut. neb,
beak. The word orig. had an initial s
like Dut. sneb. Ger. schnabel, and is conn,
with Snap, Snip.]
NEBULA, neb'u-la, n. a littleclotid : a faint,
misty appearance in the heavens pro-
duced either by a group of stars too
distant to be seen singly, or by diffused
gaseous matter: — pi. NEB'uLa:. [L. ; Gr.
uephele, cloud, mist.]
NEBULAR, neb'il-lar, adj. pertaining to
nebidce.
NEBULOSE, neb'u-los, NEBULOUS, neb'-
ii-lus, adj. misty, hazy, vague : relating
to or having the appearance of a nebula.
— n. Nebulos'ity.
NECESSARY, nes'es-sar-i, adj. needful:
unavoidable : indispensable : not free. —
n. a requisite — used chiefly in pi. — adv.
Nec'essarlly. [Fr. — L. necessarius,
which is either from root tiae, seen in L.
nanciscor, to obtain, Gr, enegka, to bear,
or from ne, not, and cedo, cessum, to
yield.]
NECESSITARIAN, ne-ses-si-ta'ri-an, NEC-
ESSARIAN, nes-es-sa'ri-an, n. one who
holds the doctrine of necessity, denying
freedom of will.
NECESSITATE, ne-ses'i-tat, v.t. to make
necessary: to render unavoidable: to
compel. [L. necessitas.}
NECESSITOUS, ne-ses'it-us, adj.. in neces-
sity: very poor: destitute. — adv. NEOESd'-
ITOUSLY. — W. NeCESS'ITOUSNESS.
NECESSITY, ne-ses'i-ti, re. that which is
necessary or unavoidable : compulsion :
need : poverty.
NECK, nek, n. the part of an animal's body
between the head and trunk: a long nar-
row part. [A.S. hnecca : Ger. nacken ;
prob. from root angk, to bend, as in
Anchor, Angle, Sans, ac, anc, to bend.]
NECKCLOTH, nek'kloth, re. a piece of cloth
worn on the neck by men.
NECKED, nekt, adj. having a neck.
NECKERCHIEF, nek'er-chif, n. a kerchief
for the neck.
NECKLACE, nek'las, re. a lace or string of
beads or precious stones worn on the neck
by women.
NECKTIE, nek'tl, re. a tie or cloth for the
neck.
NECKVERSE, nek'vers, re. the verse form-
erly read to entitle the person to bene-
fit of clergy — said to be the first of the
51st Psalm.
NECROLOGIC, nek-ro-loj'ik, NECROLOG-
ICAL, nek-ro-loj'ik-al, adj. pertaining to
necrology.
NECROLOGIST, nek-rol'o-jist, re. one who
gives au account of deaths.
NECROLOGY, nek-rol'o-ji, re. an account
of the dead : a register of deaths. [Gr.
nekros, dead, and logos, a discourse.]
NECROMANCER, nek'ro-man-ser, n. one
who practices necromancy : a sorcerer.
NECROMANCY, nek'ro-man-si, re. the art
of revealing futxire events by communi-
cation with the dead : enchantment.
[Gr. nekromanteia — nekros, a.nii manteia,
a prophesying — mantis, a prophet. For
the mediceval spelling, nigromancy, see
Black-art.]
NECROMANTIC, nek-ro-man'tik, NECRO-
MANTICAL, nek-ro-man'tik-al, adj. per-
taining to necromancy : performed by
necromancy. — adv. Necroman'tically.
NECROPOLIS, nek-rop'o-lis, re. a cemetery.
[Lit. " a city of the dead," Gr. nekros,
and polls, a city.]
NECTAR, nek'tar, re. the red wine or drink
of the gods : a delicious beverage : the
honey of the glands of plants. [L. — Gr.
nektar; ety. dub.]
NEGLECTFUL
NECTAREAL, nek-ta're-al, NECTAREAN,
nek-ta're-an, adj. pertaining to or re-
sembling reee/ar ; delieious.
NECTARED, nek'tard, adj. imbued with
nectar : mingled or abounding with
NECTAREOUS, nek-ta're-us, adj. pertain-
ing to, containing, or resembling nectar :
delicious.
NECTARINE, nek'ta-rin, adj. sweet as
nectar. — n. a variety of peach with a
smooth rind.
NECTAROUS, nek'tar-us, adj. sweet as
nectar.
NECTARY, nek'tar-i, re. the part of a
flower which secretes the nectar or
honey.
NEED, ned, re., necessity: a state that re-
quires relief: want. — i:t. to have occa-
sion for : to want. — n. Need'ER. [A.S.
nyd, nead; Dut. nood, Ger. noth, Goth.
nauths, orig. prob. sig. " compulsion."]
NEEDFUL, ned'fool, adj. full of need,
needy: necessary: requisite. — adl\ Need'-
fully. — n. Need'fulness.
NEEDLE, ned'l, n. a small, sharp-pointed
steel instrument, with an eye for a thread: :
anything like a needle, as the magnet of '
a compass. [A.S. needel : Ice. nal, Ger.
nadel : conn, with Ger. niihen, to sew, L.
nere, Gr. neein, to spin.]
NEEDLEBOOK, ned'1-book, re. a number
of pieces of cloth, arranged like a book,
for holding needles.
NEEDLEFUL, ned'1-fool, re. as much thread
as Jills a needle.
NEEDLE-GUN, ned'1-gun, n. a gun or rifle
loaded at the breech with a cartridge |
containing- powder and exploded by the
prick of a needle.
NEEDLESS, ned'les, adj., not needed : un-
necessary.— od'A Need'lessly. — n.NEED'-
LESSNESS.
NEEDLEWOMAN, ned'1-woom-an, n. a
woman who makes her living by her
needle, a seamstress.
NEEDLEWORK, ned'l-wurk, n. work done
with a needle : the business of a seam-
stress.
NEEDS, nedz, adv., of necessity: indis-
pensably. [A.S. nedes, of necessity, gen.
of nead. See Need.]
NEEDY, ned'i, adj. being in need: very
poor.— adr. Need'ily. — re. Need'iness.
NE'ER, nar, adv. contraction of Never.
NEESING, nez'ing, re. (B.) old form of
Sneezing.
NEFARIOUS, ne-fa'ri-us, adj. impious:
wicked in the extreme: villainous. — adv.
Nefa'riously. — re. Nefa'riousness. [L.
nefarius, contrary to divine law — ne. not,
fas, divine law, prob. from fari, to speak.]
NEGATION, ne-ga'shun, n. act of saying
no: denial : {logic) the absence of certain
qualities in anything. [Fr. — L. negatio —
nego, -atnm, to say no — nee, not, aio, to
say yes.]
NEGATIVE, neg'a-tiv, adj. that denies: im-
plying absence : that stops or restrains :
(logic) denying the connection between a
subject and predicate : (algebra) noting a
quantity to be subtracted. — n. a propo-
sition by which something is denied :
(gram.) a word that denies. — v.t. to prove
the contrary : to reject bj' vote. — adi>.
Neg'atively. — n. Neo'ativeness. [L.
negativus — nego, to deny.]
NEGLECT, neg-lekt', v.t. not to care for : to
disregard : to omit by carelessness.— n.
disregard: slight: omission. [L. negligo,
neglectum—nec, not, lego, to gather, pick
up.]
lEGI"
NEGLECTFUL, neg-lekt'fool, adj. careless:
accustomed to omit or neglect things:
slighting. — adv. NeGLECT'FULLY. — n.
Neolect'fulness.
NEGLIGEE
297
NEUTER
NEGLIGEE, neg-li-zha', n. easy undress: a
plain, loose gown : a necklace, usually
of red coral. [Fr. neglige — negliger, to
neglect.]
NEGLIGENCE, neg'li-jens, n. quality of
being negligent : habitual neglect : care-
lessness : omission of duty. [Fr. — L.
negligentia — negligens, -entis, pr.p. of
neglige. See NEGLECT.]
NEGLIGENT, neg'li-jeut, arf/'., neglecting:
careless : inattentive. — adv. Neg'li-
GENTLY.
NEGOTIABLE, ne-go'shi-a-bl, adj. that
may be negotiated or transacted. — n.
Negotiabil'ity.
NEGOTIATE, ne-go'shi-at, v.i. to carry on
business : to bargain : to hold intercourse
for the purpose of mutual arrangement.
— v.t. to arrange for by agreement : to
pass, as a bill : to sell. — n. Nego'tiator.
[L. negotior, -atus — negotium, business
— nee, not, otium, leisure.]
NEGOTIATION, ne-go-shi-a'shun, n. act
of negotiating : the treating with an-
other on business.
NEGOTIATORY, ne-go'shi-a-tor-i, adj. of
or pertaining to negotiation.
NEGRO, ne'gro, n. one of the black race
in Africa : — fern. Ne'gress. [Sp. negro —
L. niger, black.]
NEGROHEAD, ne'gro-hed, n. tobacco
soaked in molasses and pressed into
cakes, so called from its blackness.
NEGUS, ne'gus, n. a beverage of hot wine,
water, sugar, nutmeg, and lemon-juice.
[Said to be so called from Colonel Negus,
its first maker, in the reign of Queen
Anne.]
NEIGH, na, r.i. to utter the cry of a
horse: — pr.p. neigh'ing ; pa.t. and pa.p.
neighed' (nad). — n. the cry of a horse.
[A.S. hnoegan ; Ice. hneggja, Scot, nicher ;
from the sound. See Nag.]
NEIGHBOR, na'bur, n. a person who
dwells near another. — adj. (B.) neigh-
boring.— v.i. to live near each other. —
v.t. to be near to. [A.S. neahbur. neahge-
bur — A.S. neah, near, gebur or bur, a
farmer. See BOOE.]
NEIGHBORHOOD, na'bur-hood, n. state
of being neighbors : adjoining district.
NEIGHBORING, na'bur-ing, adj. being
near.
NEIGHBORLY, na'bur-li. adj. like or be-
coming a neighbor : friendly : social. —
adv. Neigh'borly. — n. Neigh'boel:ot:ss.
NEITHER, ne'ther or m'thev, adj., j^ron.,
or eonj., not either. [A.S. nauiher, contr.
of nehuxether — na. no, and hwcether,
whether. Doublet NoR.]
NEMESIS, nem'e-sis, n. (myth.) the goddess
of vengeance : retributive justice. [Gr.
nemo, to distribute.]
NEOLITHIC, ne-o-lith'ik, adj applied to
the more recent of t%vo divisions of the
stone age, the other being PALEOLITHIC.
[Gr. neos. new, lithos. a stone.]
NEOLOGIC. ne-o-loj'ik, NEOLOGICAL,
ne-o-loj'ik-al, adj. pertaining to neology:
using new words.
NEOLOGISM, ne-ol'o-jism, n. a nmc loord
or doctrine.
NEOLOGIST, ne-ol'o-jist, n. an innovator
in language: an innovator in theology.
NEOLOGIZE, ne-ol'o-jlz, v.i. to introduce
jjcic words.
NEOLOGY, ne-ol'o-ji, n. the introduction
of »r((' u-ords into a language : a new
word or phrase : (theol.) new doctrines,
esp. German rationalism. [Gr. neos, new,
and logos, word.]
NEOPHYTE, ne'o-flt. n. a new convert :
in R. Catholic Church, one newly ad-
mitted to the priesthood or to a monas-
tery : a novice. — adj. newly entered on
oflBce. [L. neophytus — Gr. neos, new,
phytos, grown— phyo, to produce.]
NEOZOIC, ne-o-zo'ik, adj. denoting all
rocks from the Trias down to the most
recent formations, as opposed to Paleo-
zoic. [Gr. neos, new, zoe, life.]
NEPENTHE, ne-pen'the, NEPENTHES,
ne-pen'thez, n. {med.) a drug that relieves
pain : a genus of plants having a cup or
pitcher attached to the leaf, often filled
with a sweetish liquid, the pitcher plant.
[Gr. 7tepenthes, removing sorrow — ne,
priv., and 2)enthos, grief, sorrow.]
NEPHEW, nef'u or neVu, n. (orig.) a
grandson — so in New Test. ; the son of a
brother or sister : — fern. Niece. [Fr. nev-
eu — L. nepos. nepoiis, grandson, nephew;
cog. with Sans, napat, Gr. anepsios,
cousin, A.S. 7iefa, a nephew.]
NEPHRALGIA, ne-fral'ji-a, NEPHRAL-
GY, ne-fral'ii, n., pain or disease of the
kidneys. [Gr. nephroi, kidneys, algos,
pain.]
NEPHRITE, nef rit, n. scientific name for
Jade, a mineral used as a charm against
kidney disease.
NEPHRITIC, ne-frit'ik, NEPHRITICAL,
ne-frit'ik-al, adj. pertaining to the kid-
neys: affected with a disease of the kid-
neys : relieving diseases of the kidneys.
—n. Nepheit'ic, a medicine for the cure
of diseases of the kidneys.
NEPHRITIS, ne-frl'tis, n. inflammation of
the kidneys.
NEPOTISM, nep'o-tizm, n. undue favorit-
ism to one's relations, as in the bestowal
of patronage. — n. Nep'otist, one who
practices nepotism. [L. tiepos, nepotis,
a grandson, nephew, descendant.]
NEPTUNE, nep'tun, n. (myth.) the god of
the sea : (a.sir.) a large planet discovered
in 1846. [L. Neptmius, from a root seen
in Gr. nipho, L. nimbus, Zend ndpita,
wet. Sans, nepa, water.]
NEPTUNIAN, nep-tu'ni-an, adj. pertaining
to the .sea .• formed by water : (geol.) ap-
plied to stratified rocks or to those due
mainly to the agency of water, as op-
posed to Plutonic or igneus.
NEREID, ne're-id, n. (myth.) a sea-nymph,
one of the daughters of the sea-god
Nereus, who attended Neptune riding on
searhorses : (zool.) a geuus of marine
worms like long myriapods. [L. Nereis
— Gr. Nereis, -idos — Nereus, a sea-god ;
akin to neo, to swim, nao, to flow, and
Sans, nara, water.]
NERVE, nerv, n. (orig.) a tendon or sinew :
physical strength : firmness : courage :
(anat.) one of the fibres which convey
sensation from all parts of the body to the
brain : (bot.) one of the fibres in the
leaves of plants. — v.t. to give strength or
vigor to : courage. [Fr. — L. nervus ; Gr.
neuron, a sinew ; orig. form was with
initial s. as in E. Snare, Ger. schnur, a
lace or tie.]
NERVELESS, nervles, adj. without nerve
or strength.
NERVINE, nerv'in, adj. acting on the
nerves : quieting nervous excitement. —
n. a medicine that soothes nervous ex-
citement. [L. nerrinns.]
NERVOUS, nerv'us, adj. having nerve :
sinewy : strong : vigorous : pertaining to
the nerves : having the nerves easily ex-
cited or weak. — adv. NerVously. — n.
Nervousness. — Nerv'ous SYs'TEM(n)^a^)
the brain. spinal chord, and nerves collect-
ively. [Fr. nemetix — L. nervosus.^
NERVOUS, nerv'us, NERVOSE, ner-v6s',
NERVED, nervd', adj. (bot.) having par-
allel fibres or veins.
NESCIENCE, nesh'ens, n. want of knowl-
edge. [L. nescientia — nescio, to be igno-
r int — ne, not, and scio, to know.]
NESS. nes. n. a promontory or headland.
[A.S. nas, promontory ; a doublet of
Kaze, and prob. conn, witk Nose.]
NEST, nest, n. the bed formed by a bird
for hatching her j'oung : the place in
which the eggs of any animal are laid and
hatched : a comfortable residence : the
abode of a large number, often in a bad
sen.se : a number of boxes each inside the
next larger. — v.i. to build and occupy a
nest. [A.S. nest : Ger. nest. Gael, nead ;
akin to L. nidu.'i. for nisdiis. Sans, nida.]
NESTLE, nes'l, v.i. to lie close or snug, as
in a 7iest : to settle comfortably. — v.t. to
cherish, as a bird her young. [A.S.
nestlian — nest.]
NESTLING, nest'ling, adj. being in the
nest, newly hatched. — n. a young bird in
the nest.
NESTORIAN, nes-to'ri-an, adj. pertaining
to the doctrine of Nestoritis. patriarch
of Constantinople : resembling Ne.'itor,
the aged warrior and counsellor men-
tioned in Homer : experienced : wise.
NET, net, 7i. an instrument of twine knot-
ted into meshes for catching birds, fishes,
etc. : anything like a net : a snare : a
difficulty. — v.t. to form as network : to
take with a net. — v.i. to form network :
— pr.p. nett'ing; pa.t. and pa.p. nett'ed.
[A.S. net, nett ; Dan. net. Ger. netz; etv.
dub.]
NET, net, adj. clear of all charges or de-
ductions : opposed to gross. — v.t. to
produce as clear profit -.—pir-p. nett'ing ;
pa.t. and pa.p. nett'ed. [A.S. nett, an-
other form of Neat.]
NETHER, nef/i'er, adj., beneath another,
lower : internal. [A.S. neothera, a corap.
adj. due to adv. nither, downward ; Ger,
nieder, low.l
NETHERMOST, nef/i'er-most, adj.. most
beneath, lowest. [A.S., a corr. oinithe-
mesta, a doubled superl. of nither. For
suffix -most, see AFTERMOST. Foremost.]
NETHINIM, neth'in-im, n.jj?. (B.) men
given to the Levites to assist them.
[Heb. nathan, to give.]
NETTING, net'ing, n. act of forming net-
tcork : a piece of network.
NETTLE, net'l, «. a common plant covered
with hairs, which sting sharply. — v.t. to
fret, as a nettle does the skin : to irri-
tate. [A.S. netele : by some taken from
same root as needle ; more prob. from
Teut. base meaning " scratch," and akin
to Gr. knide. nettle. See also NiT.]
NETTLERASH, net'1-rash, n. a kind of
fever characterized by arash or eruption
on the skin like that caused by the sting
of a nettle.
NETWORK, net'uurk. n. a piece of tvork
or a fabric fornieil like a net.
NEURAL, nu'ral, adj. pertaining to the
nerves. [Gr. ?!ei(ro«,anerve. SeeNER%'E.]
NEURALGIA., nu-ral'ji-a, NEURALGY,
nu-ral'ji, n., pain in the nerves. [Gr. neu-
ron, and algos, pain.
NEURALGIC, nu-ral'jik, adj. pertaining to
neuralgia.
NEUROLOGY, nu-rol'o-ji, n. the science
of the nerves. — adj. Neurolog'ical. — n.
Neurol'ogist, a writer on neui-ology.
[Gr. 7ieiiron, and logos, science.]
NEUROPTERA, nu-rop'ter-a, n.pl. an order
ot insects which have generallj' four wings
reticulated with many neri^es. [Gr. neu-
ron, nerve, ptera. pi. of ptcron. a wing.l
NEUROPTERAL, nu-rop'ter-al. NEUEOP-
TEROUS, nu - rop'ter - us, adj., nerve- *■
ivinged : belonging to the neuroptera.
NEUROTIC, nu-rot'ik. adj. relating to or
seated in the nerves. — n. a disease of the
nerves : a medicine useful for diseases of
the nerves.
NEUROTOMY, nu-rot'om-i, n. the cutting
or dissection of a nerve. [Gr. neuron,
a nerve, and tome, cutting.]
NEUTER. niVter, adj., neither: taking no
part with either side: (gram.) neither
NEUTRAL
masculine nor feminine : (bot.) without
stamens or pistils : (zool.) witliout sex. —
71. one tailing no part in a contest : (bot.)
a plant having neitlier stamens nor pis-
tils : (zool.) a sexless animal, esp. the
working' bee. [L. — ne, not, uter, either.]
NEUTRAL, uu'tral, adj. being neuter, in-
different : unbiased : neitlier very good
nor very bad : {chem.) neither acid nor
alkaline. — n. a person or nation that
takes no part in a contest. — adv. Neu'-
TRALLY.— «. Neutral'ity. [L. neutrdUs
NEUTRALIZE, nu'tral-iz, v.t. to render
neutral or indifferent : to render of no
effect. — ns. Ned'tralizer, Neutrauza'-
TION.
NEVER, nev'er, adv., not ever: at no time:
in no degree : not. [A.S. ncefre — ne, not,
and oefre. ever.]
NEVERTHELESS, nev-er-<Ae-les', adv.,
never or not the less: notwithstanding:
in opite of that. [Lit. " never less on
that account ; " the^^thi, the old instru-
mental case of that.]
NEW, nu, adj. lately made : having hap-
pened lately : recent : not before seen or
known : strange : recently comiuenced :
not of an ancient family : modern : as at
first : unaccustomed : fresh from any-
thing : uncultivated or recently culti-
vated.— adv. New'ly. — n. NeV'ness.
[A.S. nitre, neowe; cog. with Ger. neu,
Ir. miadh, L. novus, Gr. neos. Sans. nava.
Same as Now.]
NEWEL, nu'el, n. (arch.) the upright post
about which the steps of a circular stair-
case wind. [O. Fr. nual (Fr. noyau),
stone of fruit — L. nucalis, like a nut —
nu.r. nueis, a nut. See Nucleus.]
NEWFANGLED, nu-fang'gld, adj. fond of
new tilings : newly devised. — n. New-
FANO'LEDNESS. [Corr. from Mid. E. newe-
f angel — new, and the root of Fang, thus
meaning "ready to seize."']
NEW-FASHIOISIED, nu-tash'und, adj.
newly fashioned : lately come into
fashion.
NEWISH, nu'ish, adj. somewhat new :
nearly new.
NEWS, nuz, n.sing. something new: re-
cent account : fresh information of some-
thing that has just happened : intelli-
gence.
NEWSBOY, nuz-boy, NEWSMAN, nuz'-
nian, n. a boj/ or man who delivers or
sells newspapers.
NEWSLETTER, nuz'let-er, n. an occasional
letter or printed sheet containing news,
the predecessor of the regular news-
paper.
NEWSMONGER, nuz'mung-ger,w. one who
d^dts in news: one who spends much
time in hearing and telling news. [News
and Monger.]
NEWSPAPER, nuz'pa-per, 71. a, paper pub-
lished periodicallj' for circulating neivs,
etc.
NEWSROOM, nuz'room, 71. a roo7n for the
reading of Mew'spapers, magazines, etc.
NEW-STYLE, nu'-stll, n. the Gregorian as
opposed to the Julian method of reckon-
ing- the calendar.
NEWSVENDER, NEWSVENDOR, nuz'-
vend'er, 7J. a vender or seller of 7iews-
papers.
NEWT, nut, n. a genus of amphibious ani-
mals like small lizards. [Formed with
initial n, borrowed from the article an,
from ewt — A.S. efeta.']
NEWTONIAN, nu-to'ni-an, adj. relating to,
formed, or discovered by Sir Isaac Kew-
ton, the celebrated philosopher, 1642-1737.
NEW-YEAR'S-DAY, nu'-yerz-da, 71. the
first day of the neiv year. [New, Year,
and Day.]
NEXT, nekst. adj. (superl. of NiOH), near-
298
est in place, time, etc. — adv. nearest or
immediatelj- after. [A.S. 7ieahst, nyhst,
superl. of neah, near ; Ger. ndchst. See
Near.]
NEXUS, nek'sus, n. a tie or connecting
principle. [L., from 7iecto, to bind.]
NIB, nib, n. something small and pointed :
a point, esp. of a pen. — adj. Nibbed',
having a nib. [Same as Neb.]
NIBBLE, nib'l, v.t. to bite by small 7iips:
to eat by Uttle at a time. — v.i. to bite :
to find fault. — n. Nibb'ler. [Freq. of
Nip ; but some connect it with Nib.]
NICE, nis, adj. foolishly particular : hard
to please : fastidious : requiring refine-
ment of apprehension or delicacy of
treatment : exact : delicate : dainty :
agreeable : delightful. — adv. Nice'ly.
[6. Fr. 7iiee, foolish, simple ; from L.
7iescius, ignorant — ne, not, and scio, to
know.]
NICENE, ni'sen, adj. pertaining to the
town of Nice or Nicaja, in Asia Minor,
esp. in reference to an ecumenical coun-
cil held there in 335, at which was drawn
up a confession of faith, out of which
the present Nicene Creed has grown.
NICENESS, nls'nes, w. exactness, scrupu-
lousness : pleasantness.
NICETY, nis'e-ti, ?i. quality of being 7uc.e :
delicate management : exactness of treat-
ment : delicacy of perception : fastidious-
ness : that which is delicate to the taste :
a delicacy.
NICHE, nich, 71. a recess in a wall for a
statue, etc. [Lit. a " shell-like " recess,
Fi'. ; from It. 7iicchia, a niche, 7iicchio, a
shell — L. ruytilus, 7nitulus, a sea-muscle.
Cf. Napery, from L. 7napiya.'\
NICHED, nioht, adj. placed in a niche.
NICK, nik, 71. a 7iotch cut into something :
a score for keeping an account : the
precise moment of time. — v.t. to cut in
notches : to hit the precise time.
[Another spelling of NoCK, old form of
Notch.]
NICK, nik, n. the deN^il. [A.S. nicor, a
water-spirit : Ice. 7iykr, Ger. ni,v, 7iixe.'\
NICKEL, nik'el, Jt. a graj-ish- white metal,
very malleable and ductile. [Sw. and
Ger. ; from Sw. koppar7iickel, Ger. kupfer-
7iiekel, copper of Nick or Nicholas, because
it was thought to be a base ore of copper.]
NICKNACK, nik'nak, n. a trifle. [Same as
Knick-knack.]
NICKNA3IE, nik'nam, n. a name given in
contempt or sportive familiarity. — v.t. to
give a nickname to. [M.E. 7ieke-na7ne,
with intrusive initial » from eke-7iame,
surname ; from Eke and Name. Cf. Sw.
ukna/nn, Dan. ogenavn.]
NICOTIAN, ni-ko'shi-an, ad/, pertaining to
tobacco, from Nicot, who introduced it
into France in 1560.
NICOTINE, nik'o-tin, n. a poisonous liquid
forming the active principle of the to-
bacco plant.
NIDIFICATION, nid-i-fi-ka'shun, n. the act
cf building a nest, and the hatching and
rearing of the young. [L. nidus, a nest,
and facio, to make.]
NIECE, nes, n. (fem. of NEPHEW) the daugh-
ter of a brother or sister. [Fr. 7iiece — L.
neptis, a granddaughter, niece, fem. of
7iepos, 7iepotis, a nephew.]
NIGGARD, nig'ard, 71. a parsimonious per-
son : a miser. [Ice. luiiiggr, stingy; Ger.
genau. close, strict.]
NIGGARD, nig'ard, NIGGARDLY, nig'-
ard-!i, adj. having the qualities of a
7iiggard : miserly. — adv. Nigg'aRDLT. —
n. Nigg'ardliness.
NIGH, ni, adj., near : not distant : not re-
mote in time, etc.: close. — adv. near : al-
most.— prep, near to : not distant from.
[A.S. 7ieah, 7ieh : Ice. 71a, Grer. nahe,
Goth. 7iehv. See Near.]
NINETEENTH
I
NIGHT, nit, 71. the time from sunset to
sunri.se : darkness : intellectual and
moral darkness : a state of adversity:
death. [A.S. 7iiht ; Ger. 7iacht, Gotn.
7iahts ; L. 7io.v, Gr. 7iu,v, Sans, nakta :
all from a loot nak, sig. to fail, disai>-
pear, found in Sans. 7iag. to disappear,
L. necare, to kill, Gr. nekus, a corpse.]
NIGHTCAP, nit'kap. n. a cap) worn at
7iight in bed — so Night'dress, Night'-
GOVfN, NiGHT'SHIRT.
NIGHTFALL, nit'fawl, 71. the fall or be-
ginning of the night.
NIGHTINGALE, nit'in-gal, w. a small bird
celebrated for its singing a.t 7iight. [A.S.
7uhtegale — niht. niglit, and galan, to
sing ; Ger. 7iachtigall.]
NIGHTJAR, nit'jar, NIGHTCHURR, nlt'-
chui; 71. the goatsucker, so called from
its coming out at night and its jarring
noise.
NIGHTLESS. nit'les, adj. having no 7iight.
NIGHTLY, nlt'li, adj. done by 7i.ight: done
everv niglit. — adv. bv night: every night.
NIGHTMARE, nit'mar, 7i. a dreadful dream
accompanied w ith pressure on the breast,
and a feeling of powerlessness of motion
or speech. [A.S. niht. night, and 7nara.
a nightmare ; O. H. Ger. mara, incubus.
Ice. mara. nightmare.]
NIGHTPIECE, nlt'pes, n. apiece of paint-
ing representing a 7iigMscene : a painting
to be seen best bv candle-light.
NIGHTSHADE, ult'shad, m. a name of
several plants having narcotic proper-
ties, often found in damp shady woods.
[Night and Shade.]
NIGHT-WALKER, nit'-wav/k'er. Ji. one
who 7valks in his sleep at 7iight : one who
walks about at night for bad purposes.
NIGHTWARD, ult'ward, adj., toward
7iight.
NIGHTWATCH, nit'woch. n. a xvotch or
guard at night: time of w'atch in the
night.
NIGRESCENT, nl-gres'ent, adj., gromng
black or dark : approaching to blackness.
VL. 7iigrescens, pr.p. of (ijfirresco, to grow
black — niger, black.]
NIHILISM, ni'hi-lizm, n. belief in 7iothing,
extreme scepticism: in Russia the system
of certain socialists, most of whom seek
to overturn all the existing- institutions
of society in order to build it up anew on
different principles. [Name given by
their opponents, from L. 7iihil, nothing.]
NIHILISTS, ni'hi-lists, 71. those who profess
nihilism.
NIL, nil, n. nothing. [L. contr. of 7}ihil.]
NIMBLE, nim'bl, adj. light and quick in
motion : active : swift. — adv. Nim'bly. —
71. Nim'bleness. [A.S. 7iu7twl, capable,
quick at catching, from nima7i (Ger.
7iehmen), to take.]
NIMBUS, nim'bus. ?i. the rain-cloud :
(paint.) the circle of rajs round the
heads of saints, etc. [L.]
NINCOMPOOP, nin'kom-poop, Ji. a simple-
ton. [Corruption of L. 77on compos
(mentis), not of sound mind.]
NINE, nin. adj. and n. eight and one. [A.S.
nigon : Dut. negen, Goth. 7iiun, L. noveni,
Gr. ennea, Sans. 7iai-an.]
NINEFOLD, nin'fold, adj., 7iine times
folded or repeated.
NINEHOLES. nin'holz, n. a game in which
a ball is to be bowled into nine holes in
the giound.
NINEPINS, nin'pinz, »i. skittles, so called
from 7iine pins being used.
NINETEEN, nln'ten, adj. and ?i., m'»ie and
ten. [A.S. nigontyne — 7iigon, nine, tyn,
ten.]
NINETEENTH, nin'tenth, adj. the 7iinth
after the tenth : being one of nineteen
equal parts. — n. a nineteenth part. [A.S.
7iigonteotha — 7iigon, nine, teotha. tenth.]
NINETIETH
299
NONESUCH
>'INETIETH, nln'ti-eth, adj. the last of
ninety : next after the eighty-ninth. — n.
a ninetieth part.
NINETY, nia'ti, adj. and n., nine tens or
nine times ten. [A.S. nigon, nine, and
fig, ten.]
NINNY, nin'i, n. a simpleton : a fool. [It.
ninno, child ; Sp. nino, infant ; imitated
from the lullaby, ninna-naniia, for sing-
ing a child to sleep.]
NINTH, ninth, adj. the last of nine : next
after the 8th.— u. one of nine equal
parts. [A.S. nigotha.]
NINTHLY, ninth'li, adv. in the ni7ith
place.
NIP, nip, v.t. to inncJi : to cut off the edge :
to check the growth or vigor of : to de-
stroy -.—pr.p. nipp'ing ; pa.t. and pa.]j.
nipped'.— »i. a piuch : a seizing or closing
in upon : a cutting off the end : a blast :
destruction by frost.— ady. Nipp'ingly.
[From root of Knife ; found also in Dut.
hiiipen. Ger. kneipen, to pinch.]
NIPPER, nip'er, n. he who or that which
nips : one of the 4 fore-teeth of a horse :
— in pi. small pincers.
NIPPLE, nip'l, M. the pap by which milk
is drawn from the breasts of females : a
teat : a small projection with an orifice,
as tlie nipple of a gun. [A dim. of Neb
or Nib.]
NIT, nit, re. the egg of a louse or other
small insect.— adj. Nitt'y, full of nits.
[A.S. hnitu : Ice. nitr, Ger. niss.]
NITRATE, ni'trat, n. a salt of nitric acid.
— adj. Ni'tr.*,ted, combined with nitric
acid. [Fr. — L. nitratus.]
NITRE, ni'ter, ?;. the nitrate of potash, also
called saltpetre.— Cubic Nitre, nitrate of
soda, so called because it crystallizes in
cubes. [Fr. — L. nitrum — Gr. nitron, na-
tron, potash, soda— Ar. nitrun, natmn.]
NITRIC, ni'trik, adj. pertaining to, con-
taining, or resembling nitre.
NITRIFY, m'tri-fl, v.t. to convert into
nitre. — v.i. to become nitre ■.—pr.2). ni'-
trif.ying; pa.t. and pa.p. ni'trified. — n.
Nitrifica'tion. [L. nitrum, and facio, to
make.]
NITRITE, ni'trit, n. a salt of nitrous acid.
NITROGEN, ni'tro-jen, n. a gas forming
nearly four-fifths of common air, so called
from its being an essential constituent of
nitre.— adj. Nitrog'enous. [Gr. nitron,
and gennao, to generate.]
NITRO-GLY'CERlNE, nl'tro-glis'er-in, n.
an explosive compound produced by the
action of nitric and sulphuric acids on
gli/cerine.
NITROUS, nl'trus, adj. reserabUng or con-
taining nitre.
NITRY, ni'tri, adj. of or producing nitre.
NO, no, adj., not any : not one : none.
[Short for None.]
NO, no, adv. the word of refusal or denial.
[A.S. na, compounded of ne, not, and a,
ever ; O. Ger. ni : Goth, ni, Sans, na.]
NOACHIAN, uo-a'ki-an, adj. pertaining to
A'oa^ the patriarch, or to his time.
NOB, nob, )i. a superior sort of person. [A
familiar contr. of Nobleman.]
NOBILITY, no-bil'i-ti, n. the quality of
being noble : rank : dignity : excellence :
greatness : antiquity of family : descent
from noble ancestors.
NOBLE, no'bl, adj. illustrious : exalted in
rank : of high birth : magnificent : gen-
erous : excellent. — n. a person of exalted
rank : a peer : an old English gold coin,
value about $1.61.— ath;. No'bly. [Fr.—
L. nobilis, obs. gnobilis—nosco (gnosco),
to know.]
NOBLEMAN, no'bl-man, n. a man who is
noble or of rank : a peer : one above a
commoner.
NOBLENESS, n5'bl-nes, w. the quality of
being noble : dignity : greatness : in-
genuousness : worth.
NOBODY, no'bod-i, n. no body or person :
no one : a person of no account.
NOCTURN, nok'turn, n. a religious ser-
vice at night. [Fr. nocturne — L. 7ioc-
tnmus — nox, noctis, night.]
NOCTURNAL, nok-tur'nal, adj. pertaining
to night : happening by night : nightly.
— n. an instrument for observations in
the night.— adr. Noctur'nally.
NOD, nod, v.i. to give a quick forward mo-
tion of the head : to bend the head in
assent : to salute by a quick motion of
the head : to let the head drop in weari-
ness.— v.t. to incline : to signify by a
nod :^jr.p. nodd'ing ; pa.t. and pa.p.
nodd'ed. — n. a bending forward of the
head quickly: a slight bow: a command.
[From a Teut. root found in prov. Ger.
notteln. to wag, Ice. hnjotha, to ham-
mer ; cf. Ncdge.]
NODAL, nod'al, adj. pertaining to nodes.
[See Node.]
NODATED, nod-at'ed, adj., knotted. [See
Node.]
NODDING, nod'ing, adj. inclining the
head quickly : indicating by a nod. [See
Nod.]
NODDLE, nod'l, n. properly, theprojecting
part at the back of the head : the head.
[A dim. from root of Knot ; cf. O. Dut.
k)iodde, a knob.]
NODDY, nod'i, n. one whose head nods
from weakness : a stupid fellow : a sea-
fowl, so called from the stupidity with
which it allows itself to be taken. [See
Nod.]
NODE, nod, n. a.knot: a knob : (astr.) one
of the two points at which the orbit of a
planet intersects the ecliptic : (hot.) the
joint of a stem : the plot of a piece in
poetrj'. [L. nodus (for gnodus), allied to
Knot.]
NODOSE, nod'os, adj. full of knots: ha\'ing
knots or swelling joints : knotty.
NODULE, nod'ul, n. a little knot : a small
lump.
NOGGIN, nog'in, n. a small mug or wooden
cup. [Ir. noigin, Gael, noigean.']
NOISE, noiz, n. sound of any kind : any
over-loud or excessive sound, din : fre-
quent or public talk. — v.t. to spread by
rumor. — v.i. to sound loud. ('Fr. noise,
quarrel, Provengal nausa ; proh. from L.
nausea, disgust, annoyance ; but pos-
sibly from L. noxa, that which hurts —
noceo. to hurt.]
NOISELESS, noiz'les, adj. without noise :
silent. — adv. Noise'lessly.— re. Noise'-
lessness.
NOISOME, noi'sum, adj. injurious to
health : di.sgusting. — adv. Noi'somely.
—re. Noi'someness.
NOISY^, noiz'i, adj. making a loud noise
or sound : clamorous : turbulent. — adv.
Nois'ily. — n. Nois'iNESS.
NOMAD, NOMADE, nom'ad or no'mad, n.
one of a tribe that wandei's about in
quest of game, or of pasture. [Gr.
nomas, nomados — nomos, pasture— Jiereio,
to deal out, to drive to pasture.]
NOMADIC, no-mad'ik, adj. of or for the
feeding of cattle : pastoral : pertaining
to the life of nomads: rule.— adt;. Nomad -
ically.
NOMENCLATOR, no'men-kla-tor, n. one
who gives names to thiiis^si— /em. No'-
menclatress. [L. — nomtii, a name, and
calo, Gr. kalo, to call.]
NOMENCLATURE, no'inen-kla-lur, n. a
system of naming : a list of names : a
calling by name : the peculiar terms of a
.science.
NOMINAL, nom'in-al, adj. pertaining to a
name : existing only in name : having a
name. — adv. Nom'inally. [L. jiominalis
— nonien, -inis, a name.]
NOMINALISM, nom'in-al-izm, n. the doc-
trine that general terms have no cor-
responding reality either in or out of the
mind, being mere words. [From L.
nomen, a name.]
NOMINALIST, nom'iii-al-ist, n. one of a
sect of philosophers who held the doc-
trine of nominalism.
NOMINATE, nom'in-at, v.t. to 7iame : to
aijpoint : to propose by name. [L. TUWi-
ino, -atum, to name — nomen.]
NOMINATION, nom-in-a'shun, n. the act
or power of nominating : state of beinj^
nominated.
NOMINATIVE, uom'in-a-tiv, adj., naming:
(gram.) applied to the case of the subject.
— ti. the naming case, the case of the
subject.
NOMINATOR, nom'in-at-or, n. one who
nominates.
NOMINEE, nom-in-e', n. one nominated by
another : one on whose lite depends an
aunuitj' or lease: one to whom the holder
of a copyhold estate surrenders his in-
terest.
NON, non, adv., not, a Latin word used as
a prefix, as in NoN - appeak'ance, Non-
attend'ance, Non-compli'ance.
NONAGE, non'aj, n. the state of being not
of age : the time of life before a person
becomes legally of age : minority. — adj.
Non' aged. [L. non, not, and Age.]
NONAGENARIAN, non-a-je-na'ri-an, n.
one ninety years old. [L. nonagenariua,
containing ninety — nonaginta, ninetj' —
novem, nine.]
NONCE, nons, n. (only in phrase "for the
nonce ") the present time, occasion. [The
substantive has arisen by mistake from
'■ for the nones," orig. for then ones,
meaning simply '-for the once"; the n
belongs to tlie dative of the article.]
NON-COMMISSIONED, non-kom-ish'und,
adj., not having a commission, as an
officer in the army or nav-y below the
rank of lieutenant.
NON-CONDUCTOR, non-kon-dukt'or, »i.
a substance which does not conduct or
transmit certain properties or conditions,
as heat or electricity.
NONCONFORMING, non - kon - form'ing,
adj., not conforming, esp. to aa estab-
lislied church, as in England.
NONCONFORMIST, non-kon-lorm'ist, n.
one who does not conform : esp. one who
refused to conform to the established
church of England at the restoration of
Charles II.
NONCONFORMITY, non-kon-form'i-ti, n.
want of conj'ormity : in England, refusal
to unite with the established church.
NON-CONTENT, non'-kon-tent or non-
kon-tent', n. one not content : in the
Biitish House of Lords, one giving a
negative vote.
NONDESCRIPT, non'de-skript, adj. novel :
odd. — re. anything not yet described or
classed : a person or thing not easily
dt^scribed or classed. [L. non, not, and
dcscrijitus, described. See DESCRIBE.]
NONE, nun, adj. and jyron., not one: not
any : not the smallest part. [A.S. nan
— ne, not. and an, one.]
NONENTITY', non -eu'ti-ti, n. want of
entity or being : a thing not existing.
NONES, nonz, n.sing. in the Roman calen-
dar, the nintli day before the ides— tlie
.•jth of Jan., Feb., April, June, Aug.,
Sept., Nov., Dec, and the 7th of the
other months : in R. C. Church, a season
of prayer observed at noon. [L. nonce —
Horei/s 'for Hovenus. ninth — novem, nine.]
NONESUCH, nun'such, n. a thing like
whicli there is none such : an extraordi-
nary thing-.
NONJURING
300
NOVELTY
NONJXJRING, non-j66r'ing, adj., not swear-
ing allegiance. [L. non, not, and^ro, to
swear.]
NONJUROR, non-joor'or or non'jo6r-or, n.
one who would )iot swear allegiance to
the government of England at the revo-
lution of 1688.
NONPAREIL, non-pa-rel', n. a person or
tiling tnthout an equal : unequalled ex-
cellence : a rich kind of apple : a small
printing type. — adj. without an equal:
matchless. (Tr. — non, not, and pareil,
equal— Low L. pariculus, dim. of par,
equal.]
NONPLUS, non'plus, n. a state in which
no more can be done or said : great diffi-
culty.— v.t. to throw into complete per-
plexity : to puzzle : — pr.p. non'plusing
or non'plussing ; pa.t. and pa.p. non-
plused or non'plussed. [L. non, not, and
plus, more.]
NONSENSE, non'sens, n. that which has
no sense : language without mecjaing :
absurdity : trifles. [L. non, not, 'nd
Sense.]
VONSENSICAL, non-sens'ik-al, adj., mih-
out sense: absurd. — adv. Nonsens'ICALLY.
— n. NONSENS'ICALNESS.
NONSUIT. uon'sQt, w. a ivithdrawal of a
suit at law, either voluntarily or by the
judgment of the court. — v.t. to record
that a plaintiff drops his suit. [L. non,
not, and SoiT.l
NOODLE, noo'dl, n. a simpleton, a block-
head. [See Noddy.]
NOOK, nook, n. a corner : a narrow place
formed by an angle : a recess : a secluded
retreat. "[Scot, neuk; from Gael., Jr.
nine]
NOON, noon, n. (orig.) the ninth hour of
the day. or three o'clock P.M. : after-
wards (the church service for the ninth
hour being shifted to mid-day) mid-day :
twelve o'clock: middle: height. — adj.
belonging to mid-day : meridional. [A.S.
non-tid (noontide) — L. nona (liora), the
ninth (hour). See its doublet NoNES.]
NOONDAY, noon'da, n. mid-day. — adj.
pertaining to raid-day : meridional.
NOONTIDE, noon'tid, n. the tide or time
of noon : mid-day. — adj. pertaining to
noon : meridional.
NOOSE, nooz or noos, n. a running knot '
which ties the firmer the clost r it is '
drawn. — v.t. to tie or catch in a noose.
[Prob. from O. Fr. nous, pli;r. of nou
(Fr. noeud) — L. nodus, knot.]
NOR, nor, conj. a particle marking the
second or subsequent part of a negative
proposition : — correlative to Neither or
Not. [Contr. from nother, a form of
Neither.]
NORMAL, nor'mal, adj. according to rule :
regular : analogical : perpendicular. — re.
a perpendicular. — adv. Nor'mallt. [L.
normalis — norma, a rule.]
NORIIAN, nor'man, n. a native or inhabi-
tant of Normandy. — adj. pertaining to
the Noi mans or to Normandy. [The in-
vading Northmen from Scandinavia gave
their name to Normandy.]
NORSE, nors, adj. pertaining to ancient
Scandinavia. — re. the language of anfient
Scandinavia. PNorw. Norsk {-^^Northi^sk),
from NoETH.] "
NORTH, north, re. the point opposite the
sun at noon : one of the four cardinal
points of the horizon. [A.S. north;
found in most Teut. tongues, as in Ice.
7iorthr, Ger. nord.]
NORTH-EAST, north-est', re. the point be-
tween the north and east, equidistant
from each. — adj. belonging to or from
the north-east.
NORTH-EASTERLY, north-est'er-li, adj.
toward or coming from the north-east.
NORTH-EASTERN, north-es'tern, adj. be-
longing to the north-east : being in the
north-east, or in that direction.
NORTH-EASTW ARD,north-est' ward, adu.
towards the north-east.
NORTHERLY, nor«i'er-li,a(Z;'.being toward
the north : from the north. — adv. toward
or from the north.
NORTHERN, north'ern, adj. pertaining to
the north : being in the north or in the
direction towards it. — re. an inhabitant of
the north.
NORTHERNMOST, nor<^'ern-m6st,
NORTHMOST, north'raost, adj. situate
at the point furthest north.
NORTH-STAR, north'-star, w. the north
polar star.
NORTHWARD, north' ward, NORTH-
WARDLY, north'ward - li, adj. being
toward the north. — adv. (also North -
WARDS) towai-d the north.
NORTH-WEST, north-west', re. the point
betv^een the north and west, equidistant
from each. — adj. pertaining to or from
the north-west.
NORTH-WESTERLY, north-west'er-U,o4;.
toward or from the north-west.
NORTH-WESTERN, north-west'ern, adj.
pertaining to or being in the north-west
or in that direction.
NORWEGIAN, nor-we'ji-an, adj. pertain-
ing to Nonvay. — re. a native of Norway.
NOSE, noz, n. the organ of smell : the
power of smelling: sagacity. — v.t. to
smell : to oppose rudely to the face : to
sound through the nose. [A.S. nosu ;
Ice. nos, Ger. ?!Ose, L. nasus. Sans, n&sd.]
NOSEBAG, nozTbag, n. a bag for a horse's
nose, containing oats, etc. [NosE and
BagJ
NOSEGAY, noz'ga, v. a bunch of fragrant
flowers : a posy or bouquet. [From Nose
and Gay, adj.}
NOSELESS, noz'les, adj. without a nose.
NOSOLOGY, nos-ol'o-ji, re. the science of
diseases: the branch of medicine which
treats of the classification and nomen-
clature of diseases. — adj. Nosolog'icai,.
— re. Nosol'ogist. [Gr. nosos, a disease,
and logos, a discourse, an account.]
NOSTRIL, nos'tril, n. one of the holes of
the 7iose. [M. E. nosethirl — A.S. nostliyrl
— nos, for nosii, the nose, and thyrel, an
opening. Of. DRILL, to pierce, and
Thrill.]
NOSTRUM, nos'trum, 7!. a medicine the
composition of which is kept secret : a
quack or patent medicine. [L. (lit.)
" our own," from Jios, we.]
NOT, not, adv. a word expressing denial,
negation, or refusal. [Same as Naught,
from A.S. ree, and tciht. a whit.]
NOTABILITY, not-a-bil'i-ti, re. the being
notable : a notable person or thing.
NOTABLE, not'a-bl, adj. worthy of being
knoini or noted : remarkable : memor-
able : distinguished : notorious. — re. a
person or thing worthy of note. — adv.
Not' ABLY. — re. Not'ableness.
NOTARY, not'ar-i, n. in ancient Rome, one
who took votes, a shorthand writer : an
officer authorized to certify deeds or
other writings. — adj. Nota'rial. — adv.
NoTA'RLiLLY. [L. nctarius.]
NOTATION, no-ta'shun, n. a noting or
marking : the act or practice of record-
ing by murks or symbols : a system of
signs or symbols. [L. notatio — nolo,
notatum, to mark.]
NOTCH, noch, n. a nich cut in anything :
an indentation. — v.t. ko cut a hollow into.
[From a Teut. root, fouud also in O. Dut.
nock. See Nick, a notch.]
NOTE, not, re. that by which a person or
thing is knoicn : a mark or sign : a brief
explanation : a short remark : a memo-
randum : 1 short letter : a diplomatic
paper : (mns.) a mark representing a
sound, also the sound itself : a paper ac-
knowledging a debt and promising pay.
ment, as a bank-note, a note of hand:
notice, heed, observation : reputation :
fame. — v.t. to make a note of : to notice:
to attend to : to record in writing : to
furnish with notes. [Fr. — L. reofo, from
gna, root of nosco, notum, to know.]
NOTED, not'ed, adj., marked: well known,
celebrated : eminent : notorious. — adv.
Not'edly.
NOTELESS, notles, adj. not attracting no-
tice.
NOTEWORTHY, not'wur-ifei, adj. worthy
of note or notice.
NOTHING, nuth'ing, n.', no thing : non-
existence : absence or negation of being :
no part or degree : a low condition : no
value or use: not anything of impor-
tance, a trifle : utter "insignificance, no
difficulty or trouble : no magnitude : a
cipher. — adv. in no degree : not at all.—
re. Noth'ingness.
NOTICE, not'is, re. act of noting: atten-
tion: observation: information: warning:
a writing containing information: public
intimation : civility or respectful treat-
ment : remark. — v.t. to mark or see : to
regard or attend to: to mention, or make
observations upon: to treat with civility.
[Fr. — L. notitia — nosco, notnm, to know.]
NOTICEABLE, not'is-a-bl, adj. able to be
noticed : worthy of observation. — adv.
Not'iceaely.
NOTIFICATION, not-i-fi-ka'shun, n. the
act of notifying : the notice given : the
paper containing the notice. [See Noti-
fy.]
NOTIP^, not'i-fi, v.t. to make knovni . to
declare: to give notice or information of
—pa.t. and pa.p. not'ified. [Fr. — L,
nofifico. -atum — notus, known, and fai-io, .
to make.]
NOTION, no'shun, n. a conception : opin-
ion : belief : judgment. [Fr. — L. notic
— nosco, notum, to know.]
NOTIONAL, no'shun-al, adj. of the nature
of a notion : ideal : fanciful.
NOTORIETY, no-to-ri'e-ti or no-, re. state
of being notorious : publicity : public
exposure.
NOTORIOUS, no-to'ri-us. adj. publicly
knoii-n (now used in a bad sense) : in-
famous.— adv. Noto'riously. — re. Noto'-
RiousNESS. [Low L. notorius — nolo,
notatum. to mark — nosco.]
NOTWITHSTANDING,not-with-stand'ing,
co)y. andprep. (this) not standing against
or opposing : nevertheless : however.
[Not and WiTHSTAjfDiNG, pr.p. of With-
stand.]
NOUGHT, nawt, re., not anything: nothing.
— rt(/r. in no degree. — Set at nought, to
despise. [Same as Naught.]
NOUN, nown, re. (gram.) the name of anj'-
thing. [O. Fr. non (Fr. nom) — L. nomen.
See Name.]
NOURISH, nur'ish, v.t. to suckle: to feed
or bring up : to support : to encourage :
to cherish : to educate. — >!. NOUR'ISHER,
— nf?/.NouR'lSHABLE. able to be nourished,
[Fr. nourrir — L. nntrio.]
NOURISHMENT, nur'ish-ment, re. the act
of nourishing or the state of being
nourished : that which nourishes : food
nutriment.
NCVEL, nov'el, adj., new: unusual:
strange. — re. that which is new : a ficti-
tious tale : a romance. [O. Fr. 7u>ve\
(Fr. noureaii) — L. novellus — 7ioi'us.]
NO'VIELETTE, nov-el-et'. re. a .small novel.
NOVELIST, nov'el-ist, re. a novel-writer.
[Orig. .an introducer of nejc things.]
NOVELTY, nov'el-ti, n., newness:
thing new or strange.
any
NOVEMBER
301
NYCTALOPIA
NOVEMBER, no-vem'ber, n. the eleventh
month of our year. [The ninth month
of the Roman year ; L., from novem,
nine.]
NO^'ENNIAL, no-ven'yal, adj. done every
ninth year. [L. novennis — novem, nine,
annus, a year.]
NOVICE, nov'is, n. one new in anything: a
beg-inner : one newly received into the
church : an inmate of a convent or nun-
nery who has not yet taken the vow.
[Fr! — L. nointius^-nocus, new.]
NOVITIATE, no-vish'i-at, n. the state of
being a novice : the period of being a
novice : a novice. [Low L. novitiatus.]
NOW. now, adv. at the present time : at
this time or a little before. — conj. but :
after this : things being so. — n. the pres-
ent time. — Now — Novr, at one time, at
another time. [A.S. nii; Ger. nu7i, L.
nunc, Gr. nun, Sans, nu, a doublet of
New.]
NOWADAYS, now'a-daz. adv. in days now
present.
NOWAY, no'wa, NOWAYS, no'waz, adv.
in no way, manner, or degree.
NOWHERE, no'hwar, adv. in no where or
place.
NOWISE, no'wiz, adv. in no way or degree.
NOXIOUS, nok'shus, adj., hurtful: un-
wholesome : injurious : destructive : pois-
onous.— adv. Nox'iousLT.— ». Nox'ious-
KESS. [L. noxius — noxa, hurt — noceo, to
hurt.]
NOZZLE, noz'l, n. a little nose : the snout :
the extremity of anything' : an extrem-
ity with an orifice. [Dim. of NoSE.]
NUANCE, noo-ans', n. a delicate degree or
shade of difference perceived by any of
the senses, or by the intellect. [Through
Fr. from L. ntibes, a cloud.]
NUCLEATED, nu'kle-at-ed, adj. having a
7iucleus.
NUCLEUS, nu'kle-us, n. the central mass
round which matter gathers : {astr.) the
head of a comet : — -jj/. Nuclei (nii'kle-T).
[Lit. " the kernel of a nut," L. from nux,
nucis, a nut.]
NUDE. nQd, adj., naked: bare: void.^adv.
NuDE'LY. [L. nudiis. See Naked.]
NUDGE, nuj, n. a gentle push. — v.t. to
push gently. [Akin to Knock, Knuckle.
Cf. Dan. knuge.]
NUDITY, nud'i-ti, n., nakedness: — pi.
naked parts : figures divested of drapery.
NUGATORY, nu'ga-tor-i, adj., trifling:
vain : insignificant : of no power : in-
effectual. [L. nugatorius — nugm, jokes,
trifles.]
NUGGET, nug'et, n. a lump or mass, as of
a metal. [A corruption of Ingjot.]
NUISANCE, nu'sans, n. that which annoys
or hurts : that which troubles : that
which is offensive. [Fr. — L. noceo, to
hurt.]
NULL, nul, adj. of no force: void: in-
valid. [L. nullus, not any, from ne, not,
and uUus, any.]
NULLIFY, nul'i-fl, v.t. to make null: to
annul : to render void : — pr.p. nuU'ify-
ing ; pa.t. and pa.p. nuH'ified. — n. NuLLI-
fica'tion. [L. nullifico, -atum — nullus,
and /acJo, to make.]
NULLITY, nul'i-ti, n. the state of being
7iutl or void: nothingness: want of
existence, force, or efficacy.
NUMB, num, adj. deprived of sensation
or motion : stupefied : motionless. — v.t.
to make numb : to deaden : to render
motionless : — pr.jy. numbing (num'ing) ;
Jj'i.p. numbed (nunid'). — n. Nujre'NESS.
[A.S. numen, pa.p. of niman, to take ;
so Ice. numinn, bereft.]
NUMBER, num'ber, n. that by which
things are counted or computed : a col-
lection of things : more than one : a unit
in counting : a numerical figure : the
measure of multiplicity : sounds distrib-
uted into harmonies : metre, verse, esp.
in pi. : (gram.) the difference in words to
express singular or plural : — jjZ. the 4th
book of the Old Test, from its having
the numbers of the Israelites. — v.t. to
count : to reckon as one of a multitude :
to mark with a number : to amount to. —
n. Num'berer. [Fr. nombre — L. mimerus,
akin to Gr. nomos, that which is distrib-
uted— nemo, to distribute.]
NUMBERLESS, num'ber-les, adj. without
number : more than can be counted.
NUMERABLE, nu'mer-a-bl, adj. that may
be numbered or counted. — adv. Nu'mer-
ABLY. — ns. Nu'merableness, NcnaERA-
bil'ity. [L. numerabilis.^
NUMERAL, nu'mer-al, adj. pertaining to
oi' consisting of number. — n. a figure
u.sed to expre.ss a number, as 1, 3, 3,
ef.c. [L. numeralis — numerus.]
NUMERARY, nii'mer-ar-i, adj., belonging
to a certain number. [Fr. numeraire —
Low L. numerarius.l
NUMERATE, nu'mer-at, v.t. (orig.) to enu-
merate, to number : to point off and read,
as figures.
NUMERATION, nu-mer-a'shun, n. act of
numbering : the art of reading numbers.
NUMERATOR, nu'mer-a-tor, n. one who
numbers: the upper number of a vulgar
fraction, which expresses the number of
fractional parts taken.
NUMERIC, nu-mer'ik, NUMERICAL, nu-
mer'ik-al, adj. belonging to, or consist-
ing in number : the same both in number
and kind. — adv. Numer'ically.
NUMEROUS, nu'mer-us, adj. great in
number: being many. — adv. Nu'mer-
OUSLY.— re. NU'MEROUSNESS.
NUMISMATIC, nu-mis-mat'ik, adj. per-
taining to money, coins, or medal?.. [L.
numisma — Gr. nomisma. current coin —
noniizo, to use commoidy — nomos, cus-
tom.]
NUMISMATICS, nu-mis-mat'iks, n.sing.
the science of coins and medals.
NUMISMATOLOGY, nu-mis-ma-tol'o-ji, n.
the science of coins and medals in relation
to history. — n. Numismatol'ogist, one
versed in numismatology. [L. numisma
— Gr. nomisma, and logos, science.]
NUMMULITE, num'u-llt, n. (geol.) a. fossil
shell resembling a coin. [L. nummus, a
coin, and Gr. liihos, a stone.]
NUMSKULL, num'skul, n. a blockhead.
[From Numb and SKULL.]
NUN, nun, ii. in R. Cath. Church, a female
who devotes herself to celibacy and se-
clusion : [zool.) a kind of pigeon with
the feathers on its head like the hood of
a nu7i. [A.S. nunna — Low L. nunna,
nonna, a nun, an old maiden lady, the
orig. sig. being " mother ; " cf. Gr. nanne,
aunt, Sans, nana, a child's word for
" mother."]
NUNCIATURE, nun'shi-a-tur, n. the office
of a n undo.
NUNCIO, nun'shi-o, n. an ambassador from
the Pope to an emperor or king. [It. — L.
nuncius, a messenger, one who brings
news ; prob. a contr. of noventius, from
an obs. verb novere, to make new, novus,
new.]
NUNCUPATIVE, nun-ku'pa-tiv or nun'-
ku-pa-tiv, NUNCUPATORY, nun-kfi'pa-
tor-i, adj., declaring publicly or solemn-
ly: (Za»'.) verbal, not written. [Fr. ?«<»-
cupatif — Low L. nuncnpatirus, nominal
— L. nuncupare, to call by name — prob.
from nomen. name, capio, to take.]
NUNNERY, nun'er-i. n. a house for nuns.
NUPTIAL, nup'shal, adj. pertaining to
marriage : done at a marriage : consti-
tuting marriage. — n.pl. Nup'tials, mar-
riage : wedding ceremony. [Fr. — L. nup-
tialis — miptice, marriage — nubo, nuptum,
to veil, to marrj'.]
NURSE, nuis, ?i. a woman who nourishes
an infant : a mother, while her infant is
at the breast : one who has the care of
infants or of the sick : (hort.) a shrub or
tree which protects a young plant. — v.t.
to tend, as an infant, or a sick person: ta
bring up : to manage with care and ecoa
omy. [O. Fr. nurrice (Fr. nourrice) — L,
nutrix — nutrio, to suckle, to nourish.]
NURSERY, nurs'er-i, n. place for nursing :
an apartment for young children: a place
where the growth of anything is pro-
moted: (hori.) a piece of ground where
plants are reared.
NURSING-FATHER, nurs'ing-fa'i/ier, re.
{B.) a foster-father.
NURSLING, nur.s'hng
nursed : an infant.
ling.]
TURE, :
71. that which is
[Nurse, and dim.
NURTURE, nurt'Qr, n. act of nursing or
nourishing: nourishment: education: in-
struction.— v.t. to nourish : to bring up:
to educate. — n. Nurt'urer. [Fr. nour-
riture — Low L. nutritura — L. nutrio, to
nourish.]
NUT, nut, n. the fruit of certain trees, con-
sisting of a kernel in a hard shell: a small
block of metal for screwing on the end of
a bolt. — v.i. to gather nuts : — pr.p. nutt'-
ing ; pa.p. nutt'ed. [A.S. hnutu ; Ice.
hnot, Dut. noot, Ger. mtss.]
NUTANT, nu'tant, adj., nodding: (bot.)
having the top bent downward. [L.
nuto, to nod.]
NUTATION, nu-ta'shun, n. a nodding:
(astr.) a periodical vibratory motion of
the earth's axis : (bot.) the turning of
flowers towards the sun,
NUT-BROWN, nut'-brown, adj., brown,
like a ripe old nut.
NUTCRACKER, nut'krak-er, n. an instru-
ment for cracking nuts : a bird in Europe
and N. Asia which feeds on nuts, berries,
QjiQ insppts
NUTHATCHJ nut'hach, n. a small climb-
ing bird which feeds on nuts and insects,
called also NuT'JOBBER, Nut'pecker.
[M. E. nuthake, hacker of nuts.]
NUTMEG, nut'meg, n. the aromatic ker-
nel of an E. India tree. [M. E. notemuge,
a hybrid word formed from Nut and O.
Fr. jnuge, musk — L. mtiseus, musk. See
Musk.]
NUTRIA, nu'tri-a, n. the fur of the coypu,
a kind of beaver, in S. America. [Sp.
nutria, nutra — Gr. enudris, an otter.]
NUTRIENT, nu'tri-ent, adj., nourishing. —
71. anything nourishing. [L. nutrio, to
nourish.]
NUTRIMENT, nu'tri-ment, 7!. that wliich
7iourishes : food. [L. nutri7nentu7n — nw-
trio, to nourish.]
NUTRIMENTAL, nu-tri-ment'al, adj. hav-
ing the quality of nutriment or food :
nutritious.
NUTRITION, nu-trish'un, n. act of nour-
ishi7ig : process of promoting the growth
of bodies.
NUTRITIOUS, nu-trish'us, adj., nourish-
ing: promoting growth. — adv. Nutri'-
TIOUSLY.— 71. Nutri'tiousness.
NITTRITIVE, nu'tri-tiv, adj., 7iourishing.
— adv. Nu'TRITIVELY. — 71. Nu'tritivk-
ness
NUX VOMICA, nuks vom'ik-a, n. the fruit
of an E. Indian tree, from which the
powerful poison known as strychnine is
obtained. [L. 7iiur, a nut, and vomicus,
from vo7no, to vomit.]
NUZZLE, nuz'l, v.i. to poke about with the
Tiose, like a swine. [A freq. verb from
Nose.]
NYCTALOPIA, nik-ta-lo'pi-a, NYCTA-
LOPY, nik'ta-l6-pi, 7i. a diseased state of
vision, in which objects are seen only at
NYCTALOPS
303
OBSCURE
night or in tiie dusk. [Gr. nyktalopia —
nyktalops, seeing by ni^ht only — nyx,
nyktos, night, ops, vision.]
NYCTALOPS, nik'ta-lops, n. one affected
witli lujctalopy.
NYLGHAU, nil'gaw, n. a large species of
antelope, in N. Hindustan, the males of
which are of a bluish color. [Pers. nil-
gaw — nil. blue, gaw, ox, cow.]
NYMPH, nimf, n. a maiden : (myth.) one
of the beautiful goddesses who inhabited
every region of the earth and waters. —
adj. Ntmph'-like. [Fr. — L. nympha —
Gr. nymphe, a bride, lit. " a veiled one "
(like L. nupta), from same root as Gr.
nephos, a cloud.]
JTiTMPH, nimf. TvYMPHA, nimfa, n. the
pupa or chrysalis of an insect: — pi.
NympH-E (nim'f'e).
NYMPHEAN. nim-fe'an, adj. pertaining
to or inhabited by nympJis.
NYMPHICAL, nimf'ik-al, adj. pertaining
to nym2}hs.
NYMPHOLEPSY. nimfo-lep-si, n. aspecies
of madness which seized those who had
seen nymphs. [Gr. nymphe, a nymph,
and lamhano, lepsomai, to seize.]
o
O, 6, int. an exclamation of wonder, pain,
grief, etc.
OAF, of, n. a foolish chUd left by the
fairies in place of another : a dolt, an
idiot. [A form of Elf.]
OAK, ok, 71. a tree of many species, the
most famous of which is the British oak,
so valuable for its timber. [A.S. ac ;
Ice. eik. Ger. dche.]
OAKAPPLE. 6k'ap-l, n. a spongy sub-
stance on the leaves of the oak, caused
by insects, so called from its likeness to
a small apple, called also Oak'leaf-
GALL.
OAKEN, ok'n, adj. consisting or made of
oak.
OAKLING, ok'ling, n. a young oak.
OAKUM, ok'um. n. old ropes untwisted
and teased into loose hemp for calking
the seams of ships. [A.S. acumba, cecem-
ba — cemb, that which is combed — ceinban,
to Comb.]
OAR. or. n. a light pole with a flat end for
rowingboats. — r.t. to impel by rowing. —
v.i. to row. [A.S. ar ; cog. with Gr. er-
essein, to row, amph-er-es, two-oared.]
OiVRED. ord, adj. furnished with oars.
OARSMAN, orz'man, n. one who rows with
an oar.
Oasis, o'a-sis or o-a'sis, n. a fertile spot in
a sandy desert -.^pl. Oases (o'a-sez or
o-ii'sez). [L. — Gr. oasis: from Coptic
ouahe, a resting-place or dwelling.]
OAT, 6t (oftener in ijl. Oats, ots), n. a well-
known grass}' plant, the seeds of which
are much used as food : its seeds. — n.
Oat'cake, a thin broad cake made of oat-
meal. [A.S. ata, oat.]
OATEN, ot'n, adj. consisting of an oat
stem or straw : made of oatmeal.
OATH, oth, n. a solemn statement with an
appeal to God as witness, and a calling
for his vengeance in case of falsehood or
failure -.—pi. Oaths (othz). [A.S. ath ;
Ger. eid. Ice. eidhr.]
OATMEAL, ot'mel, n. meal made of oats.
OBDURACY, ob'du-ras-i, n. state of being
obdurate : invincible hardness of heart.
OBDURATE, ob'du-rat. adj. hardened in
heart or feelings : stubborn. — adv. Ob'-
DURATELY.— Ji. Ob'DXJRATENESS. [L. ob-
durattis, pa.p. of obduro — ob, against,
ditro. to harden — diirus, hard.]
OBEDIENCE, 6-be'di-ens, n. state of being
obedient: compliance with what is re-
quired : dutifulness.
OBEDIENT, o-be'di-ent, adj. willing to
obey: dutiful. — adv. Obe'diently. [Fr.
— L. obedio.'\
OBEISANCE, 6-ba'sans, n., obedience: a
bow or act of reverence. [Fr. obeissance
— obeissant. pr.p. of obeir, to obev.]
OBELISK, ob'e-lisk, n. a tall, four-sided
tapering pillar, cut off at the top like
a flat pyramid : (print.) a dagger (f ).
[Through Fr. and L., from Gr. weliskos,
dim. of obelos, belos, a dart — ballo, to
throw.]
OBESE, 6-bes', adj. fat : fleshy. [L. obesus
—ob. and edo, esum, to eat.]
OBESENESS, o-bes'nes, OBESITY, 6-bes'-
it-i, n., fatness: abnormal fatness.
OBEY, 6-ba', t\t. to do as told: to be ruled
by: to yield to. — v.i. (B.) to jield obedi-
ence (followed by to). — n. Obey'ER. [Fr.
obeir — L. obedio — ob, against, towards,
audio, to hear.]
OBEYINGLY, o-ba'ing-li, adv., obediently.
OBFUSCATE, ob-fus'kat, v.t. to darken: to
confuse. — ?!. Obfusca'tion. [L. obfusco,
obfuscatum — ob, inten., and fiiscus,
dark.]
OBIT, o'bit or ob'it, n., death : funeral
solemnities : an anniversary mass for
the repose of a departed soul. [Fr. —
L. obitus — obeo, to go to meet — ob,
against, eo, to go.]
OBITUAL, 6-bit'u-al, adj. pertaining to
obits.
OBITUARY, 6-bit'u-ar-i, adj. relating to
the death of a person. — ?!. a register of
deaths (orig.) in a monastery: an account
of a deceased person or notice of his
death.
OBJECT, ob-jekt', v.t. to offer in opposi-
tion : to oppose. — v.i. to oppose. — n. Ob-
ject'or. [Fr. — L. objecto, a freq. of ob-
jicio, -jecftim — ob, in the waj' of, and
jacio, to throw.]
OBJECTs ob'jekt, n. anything set or thrmcn
before the mind : that which is sought
for : end : motive : (gram.) that which
follows a transitive verb.
OBJECT-GLASS, ob'iekt-glas, n. the glass
at the end of a telescope or microscope
next the object.
OBJECTION, ob-jek'shun, n. act of object-
ing : anything in opposition : argument
against.
OBJECTIONABLE, ob-jek'shun-a-bl, aclj.
tliat may be objected to.
OBJECTIVE, ob-jekt'iv, adj. relating to an
object : being exterior to the mind : as
opp. to subjective, that which is real or
which exists in nature, in contrast with
what is ideal or exists merely in the
thought of the individual : (gra7n.) be-
longing to the case of the object. — n.
(gram.) the case of the object : (u-ar) the
point to which the operations of an army
are directed. — adv. Object'IVELY.
OBJECTIVENESS, ob-jekt'iv -nes, OB-
JECTIVITY, ob-jek-tiv'i-ti, n. state of
being ohjeotii^e.
OBJURGATION, ob-jur-ga'shun, n. a blam-
ing : reproof : reprehension. [Fr. — L. —
ob, against, and jurgare, to sue at law,
to quarrel v:iih—jus, law, and ago, to
drive.]
OBJURGATORY, ob-jur'ga-tor-i, adj. ex-
pressing blame or reproof.
OBLATE, ob-lat', adj. flattened at opposite
sides or poles : shaped like an orange. —
n. Obkate'ness. [L. vblatns, pa.p. of
offero, to carry forward, to offer — ob,
against, and fero, to bring.]
OBLATION, ob-lii'shun, n. anything offered
in worship or sacred service : an offering.
[Fr.— L. ablatio.}
OBLIGATION, ob-li-gii'shun. n. act .of
obliging : that which binds : any act
which binds one to do something for
another : state of being indebted for a
favor : (law) a bond containing a penalty
on failure.
OBLIGATORY, ob'li-ga-tor-i, adj., binding:
imposing duty. — adv. Ob'ugatorily. —
n. Ob'ugatoriness.
OBLIGE, o-blij', v.t. to bind or constrain :
to bind bj'some favor rendered, hence to
do a favor to. [Fr. — L. obligo, obligatum
— ob. and ligo, to bind.]
OBLIGEE, ob-li-je', n. (Ian-) the person to
whom another is obliged or behind.
OBLIGING, 6-blIj'ing, adj. disposed to
oblige or confer favors. — adv. Oblig'ino-
LY.— W. OBLIG'INGNESS.
OBLIGOR, ob-li-gor', n. (Ian-) the person
who binds himself to another.
OBLIQUE, ob-lek', a(7/., slanting: not per-
pendicular : not parallel : not straight-
forward : obscure : (geom.) not a right
angle : (gram.) denoting any case except
the nominative. — adv. Oblique'ly. [Ft.
— L. obliqmts — ob, and liquis, bent, slant-
OBLIQUENESS, ob-lek'nes, OBLIQUITY,
ob-lik'wi-ti, n. state of being oblique : a
slanting direction : error or wrong : ir-
reacularitv.
OBLITERATE, ob-lit'er-at, v.t. to blot out:
to wear out : to destroy : to reduce to a
very low state. [L. oilitero, -atum — ob,
over, and litem, a letter. See Lettee.]
OBLITERATION, ob-lit-er-ii'shun, n. act
of obliterating : a blotting or wearing
out : extinction.
OBLIVION, ob-liv'i-un, n. act of forgetting
or state of being forgotten : remission of
punishment. [Fr. — L. obliino, oblivionis
— obliTiscor. to forget, from root of livere,
to become dark ; hence, to have the mind
darkened, to forget.]
OBLIVIOUS, ob-iiv'i-us, adj.. forgetful:
causing forgetful ness. — adv. Obuv'ious-
LY. — »). OBLIV'IOCSXESS.
OBLONG, ob'long, adj., long in one waj»:
longer than broad. — n. (geom.) a rect-
angle longer than broad : any oblong
figure. [Fr. — L. ob, over, and longus,
long.]
OBLOQUY, ob'lo-kwi, n. a speaking
against: reproachful language : censure :
calumny. [L. obloq^iium — ob, against,
and loqrior, to speak.]
OBNOXIOUS, ob-nok'shus, adj., liable to
h^irt or punishment : blameworthy : of-
fensive : subject : answerable. — adv. Ob-
NOX'IOUSLY. — n. Obnox'iousness. [L.
obno.vius — ob, before, and noxa, hurt.
See Noxious.]
OBOE. See HAUTBOY.
OBOLUS, ob'o-lus, n. in ancient Greece, a
small silver coin, ^vorth about three
cents : also a weight, the sixth part of
a drachma. [Gr. obelos, a spit, from the
coin being marked with a spit, or fi-om
iron and copper nails being used in
ancient barter.]
OBSCENE, ob-sen', adj. offensive to chas-
titj' : unchaste : indecent : disgusting. —
adi: Obscene'ly. [L. obscenus ; perh.
from ob and ccenum, filth, or (with mean-
ing of "unlucky") from sccevus, left-
handed, unluckv.]
OBSCENENESS. ob-sen'nes, OBSCENITY^
ob-sen'i-ti, n. quality of being obscene:
lewdness.
OBSCURANT, ob-skur'ant, n. one who ob-
scvires : a writer who opposes the prog'
ress of modern enlightenment.
OBSCURANTISM, ob-skur'ant-izm, n. the
doctrine or principles of an obscurant.
OBSCURATION, ob-skur-a'shun, n. the act
of ob.'teiiring or state of being obscured.
OBSCURE, ob-skiir', adj., dark: not dis-
tinct : not easily understood : not clear
or legible : unknown : humble : liWng ia
f
OBSCURE
303
OCTOBER
darkness.— adr. OBScrRE'LY. [Fr. — L. ob-
scunis, akin to Sans, skti, to cover.]
OBSCURE, ob-skur', v.t. to darken : to
make less plain.
OBSCURITY, ob-skur'i-ti, n. state or qual-
ity of being obscure : unintelligibleness :
liumility.
OBSEQUIES, ob'se-kwiz, n. funeral rites
and solemnities. [Lit. " a following," Fr.
obseques — L. obsequioe — 06, and sequor, to
follow.]
OBSEQUIOUS, ob-se'kw'i-us, adj. compli-
ant to excess : meanly condescending. —
adv. Obse'quiously. — n. Obse'qcious-
NESS. [See Obsequies.]
OBSERVABLE. ob-zervVbi, adj. that may
be observed or noticed : worthy of ob-
servation.— adv. Obseet'ablt. — n. Ob-
SERV' ABLE NESS.
OBSERVANCE, ob-zerv'ans, n. act of ob-
serving : performance : attention : that
which is to be observed: rule of practice.
[Fr. — L. obser-' iv'.tia.]
OBSERVANT, ob-zer-v^'ant, adj., observing:
taking notice: adheiing to: carefully at-
tentive.— adv. Osserv'antly.
OBSERVATION, ob-zer-vii'shun, n. act of
observing : attention : as distinguished
from experiment, the act of recognizing
and noting phenomena as they occur in
nature : that which is observed : a re-
mark : performance.
OBSERVATIONAL, ob-zer-va'shun-al, adj.
consisting of or containing observations
or remarks.
OBSERVATOR. ob'zerv-a-tor, n. one virho
observes : a remarker.
OBSERVATORY, ob-zerv'a-tor-i, n. a place
for making astronomical and physical
observations.
OBSERVE, ob-zerv', v.t. to keep in vieic:
to notice : to regard attentively : to re-
mark : to comply with : to keep relig-
iously : (B.) to keep or guard. — v.i. to
take notice : to attend : to remark. — n.
Observ'er. [Fr. — L. observo, -atum — ob,
and servo, to need, keep.]
OBSERVING, ob-zerv'ing, adj. habitually
taking notice: attentive. — adv. Observ-
IXGLY.
OBSIDIAN, ob-sid'i-an, n. a glass produced
by volcanoes. [So called from Obsidius,
who, ace. to Pliny, discover,ed it in
Ethiopia.]
OBSOLESCENT, ob-so-les'ent, adj., going
out of use. [L. obsolescens, -entis, pr.p.
of obsolesco, obsoletum — ob, and soleo, to
be wont.]
OBSOLETE, ob'so-let, adj., gone out of use:
antiquated : (zool.) obscure : rudimental.
— n. Ob'soleteness.
OBSTACLE, ob'sta-kl, n. anj-thing that
stands in the u-ay of or hinders progress:
obstruction. [Fr. — L. obstaculum — ob, in
the way of. sto, to stand.]
OBSTETRIC, ob-stet'rik, OBSTETRICAL,
ob-stet'rik-al, adj. pertaining to midwif-
ery. [L. obstetriciits — obstetri.v. -ids, a
midwife, a female that stands before or
near — ob. before, and sto, to stand.]
OBSTETRICS, ob-stet'riks, n.sing. the sci-
ence of midwifery.
OBSTINACY, ob'sti-nas-i, OBSTINATE-
NESS, ob'sti-nat-nes, 71. the being obsti-
nate : excess of firmness: stubbornness:
fixedness that yields with difficulty.
OBSTINATE, o6'sti-nat, adj. blindly or
excessively firm : unyielding : stubborn :
not easily subdued.— arfr. Ob'stin'ately.
[L. obstino, -atum — ob, in the way of,
sto. to stand.]
OBSTREPEROUS, ob - strep'er - us, adj.,
making a loud noise : clamorous : noisy.
— adv. OBSTREP'EROrsLY. [L. obstrepir-
us — ob. and strepere. to make a noise.]
OBSTRUCT, ob-strukt'. v.t. to block up :
to hinder from passing : to retard. [L.
ob, in the way of, struo, structum, to
pile up.]
OBSTRUCTION, ob-struk'shun. ?;. act of
obstructing : that which obstructs : ob-
stacle : impediment.
OBSTRUCTIVE, ob-strukt'iv, adj. tending
to obstruct : hindering. — adv. Obstruct -
lYELY.
OBSTRUENT, ob'stroo-ent, adj., obstruct-
ing: blocking up. — n. (med.) anytliing
that obstructs in the body. [L. obstru-
ens. -entis, pr.p. of obstruo.]
OBTAIN, ob-tan', v.t. to lay hold of: to
hold : to procure by effort : to gain. — v.i.
to be established : to continue in use : to
become held or prevalent : to subsist :
(rare) to succeed. [Fr. — L. obtineo — ob,
and teneo, to hold.]
OBTAINABLE, ob-tan'a-bl, adj. that may
be obtained, procured, or acquired.
OBTRUDE, ob-trood', v.t. to thrust inupon
when not wanted : to urge upon against
the will of. — v.i. to thrust or be thrust
upon. [L. obtrudo — ob, and tnido, tnis-
um, to thrust.]
OBTRUDING, ob-trood'ing, OBTRUSION,
ob-troo'zhun, n. a thrusting in or upon
against the will of.
OBTRUSIVE, ob-tro6s'iv, adj. disposed to
obtrude or thrust one's self among others.
— adv. Obtrus'iat;ly.
OBTUSE, ob-tus', adj., blunt : not pointed :
stupid : not shrill : (geom.) greater than
a right angle. — adv. Obtuse'ly. — n. Ob-
tuse'ness. [Fr. — L. obtusus — obtundo,
to blunt — ob, against, tundo, to beat.]
OBVERSE, ob-vers', adj., turned towards
one : bearing the face : (bot.) having the
base narrower than the top. — adv. Ob-
verse'ly. [L. obversus — 06, towards,
and verto, to turn.]
OBVERSE, ob'vers, n. the side of a coin
containing the head or principal symbol :
— opposed to Reverse.
OBVIATE, ob'vi-at, v.t. to remove, as dif-
ficulties. [L. obvio—ob, in the way of,
and vio, inatum, to go — via, a way.]
OBVIOUS, ob'vi-us, adj., meeting in the
n-ay: evident. — adv. Ob'viocsly. — 7t. Ob'-
VI0USNE.5S. [L. obvius.]
OBVOLUTB, ob'vo-lut, OBVOLUTED, ob'-
vo-lut-ed, adj., rolled or turned in : (bot.)
arranged so as alternately to overlap.
[L. obvolutus — ob, and volvo, volutum, to
roll.]
OCCASION, ok-ka'zhun, n. occurrence: op-
portunity: requirement. — v.t. to cause:
to influence. [Fr. — L. occasio — occido —
ob, in the way of, and cado, easum, to
fall.]
OCCASIONAL, ok-ka'zhun-al, adj., falling
in the icay or happening : occurring only
at times : resulting from accident : pro-
duced on some special event. — adv. Oc-
ca'sionally.
OCCIDENT, ok'si-dent. n. the western
quarter of the hemisphere where the sun
goes dou-n or sets : the west. — adj. Occi-
dent'al, noting the quarter where the
sun goes down or sets : western. — adv.
Occident' ally. [Fr. — L. occidens, -entis,
pr.p. of occido, to fall down.]
OCCIPITAL, ok-sip'it-al. adj. pertaining to
the occiput or back part of the head.
OCCIPUT, ok'si-put, n. the back part of
the head or skull. [L. — ob, over against,
caput, head.]
OCCULT, ok-kult', adj., covered over:
hidden : secret : unknown. — adv. Oc-
CULT'LY. — ns. Occult'ISM, the science of
the unknown. Occult'ness. [Fr. — L.
occulta, to hide — occulo. to cover over —
ob. over, and cal. root of celo, to conceal,
clam, sfcretly ; Gr. kryptb, kalypto. to
hide. E. Hull, a husk.]
OCCULTATION, ok-kul-ta'shun, n. a con-
cealing, esp. of one of the heavenly bodie8
by another.
OCCUPANCY, ok'u-pan-si, n. the act of
occupying, or of taking or holding pos-
session : possession.
OCCUPANT, ok'u-pant, n. one who takes
or has possession.
OCCUPATION, ok-u-pa'shun, n. the act
of occupying or taking possession: pos-
session : employment.
OCCUPIER, ok'u-pl-er, n. an occupant: (B.)
a trader.
OCCUPY, ok'u-pl, v.t. to take or seize : to
hold possession of : to cover or fill : to
employ : {B.) to use: to trade with. — v.i.
to hold possession : {B.) to trade:— po.i.
and p«.p. occ'upied. [Fr. — L. oceupo,
-atum — ob, and capio, to take.]
OCCUR, ok-kur'. v.i. to come or be pre-
sented to the mind: to happen: to appear:
to be found here and there:— pr.p. occurr'-
ing ; p«.p. occurred'. [Fr. — L. occurro
— ob, towards, and curro, to I'un.]
OCCURRENCE, ok-kur'ens, n. anything
that occ!/?'s ; an event: occasional presen-
tation.
OCCURRENT. ok-kur'ent, »?. (B.) an occur-
rence or chance. — adj. (B.) coming in the
way.
OCEAN, o'shun, n. the vast expanse of
salt water that covers the greater part
of the surface of the globe : also, one of
its five great divisions : any immense
expanse. — adj. pertaining to the great
sea. [Fr. — L. oceanns — Gr. okeanos,
perh. from bkys, swift, and nao, to flow.]
OCEANIC, 6-she-an'ik, adj. pertaining to
the ocean: found or formed in the ocean.
OCELOT, o'se-lot, n. the name of several
species of animals in the tropical parts
of S. America allied to the leopard, but
much smaller. [Mex. ocelotl.}
OCHLOCRACY, ok-lok'ra-si, n., mob-nde :
a government bv the populace. — adjs.
OCHLOCRAT'IC, OCHLOCRAT'ICAL. — adV.
Ochlocrat'ically. [Gr. ochlokratia—
ochlos, the mob, and kratos. rule.]
OCHRACEOUS, 6-kra'shus, adj. of an ochre
color.
OCHRE, o'ker, n. a fine clay, mostly pa?e
yellou: [Fi-. — L. ochra — Gr. ochra —
ocliros, pale yellow ; Sans, hari, yellow.]
OCHREOUS, 5'kre-us, OCHRY, o'kri. adj.
consisting of, containing, or resembling
ochre.
OCTAGON, ok'ta-gon, n. a plane figure of
eight sides and eight angles.— adj. Octag'-
ONAL. [Gr. oktb, eight, and gonia, an
ang-le.]
OCTAHEDRON, ok-ta-he'dron, n. a solid
figure with eight equal sides, each of
which is an equilateral triangle. — adj.
Octahe'dral. [Gr. oktb, and hedra, a
base.]
OCTANGULAR, ok-tang'gul-ar, adj. hav-
ing dght angles. [L. octo, eight, and
Angulas.]
OCTANT, ok'tant, n. the eighth part of a
circle : the aspect of two planets when
45°. or i of a circle, apart. [L. oct^ns,
octantis — octo, eight.]
OCTAVE, ok'tav, adj., eight: consisting
of eight. — n. an eighth : that which con-
sists of eigtit : the eighth day inclusive
after a church festival : the eight days
following a festiv.al inclusive: (mus.) an
eighth, or an interval of twelve semi-
tones. [Fr. — L. octavvs, eighth — octo,
eight. 1^
OCTAVO, ok-ta'vo, acy. having eig/i Heaves
to the sheet. — n. a book having eight
leaves to the sheet, contracted 8vo : —pi.
Octa'vos.
OCTOBER, ok-to'ber. n. the eighth month
of the Roman year, which began in
March, but the tenth in our calendar.
[L. oc<o, eight.]
OCTODECIMO
304
OLEANDER
OCTODECIMO, ok-to-des'i-mo, adj. having
eighteen leaves to the sheet, contracted
ISnio. [L. octodecim, eighteen — oc(o,
eig-ht. and decern, ten.]
OCTOGENARIAN, ok-to-jen-a'ri-an, OC-
TOGENARY, ok-toj'en-ar-i, n. one who is
eighty years old.
OCTOGENARY, ok-toj'en-ar-i, adj. of
eighty years of age. [L. ootogenaritis —
octogeni. eighty each.]
OCTOiPOD, ok'to-pod, OCTOPUS, ok'to-
pus, n. a mollusc having a round purse-
like body and eight arms. [Gr. okto, eight,
and pous, podos, foot.]
OCTOROON, ok-to-roon', n. the offspring
of a quadroon and a white person. [From
L. octo, eight.]
OCTOSYLLABIC, ok-to-siUab'ik, adj. con-
sisting ot eight syllables. [L. octo, eight,
and Syllabic]
OCULAR, ok'u-lar, adj. pertaining to the
eye : formed in or known by the eye : re-
ceived b}' actual sight. — adv. Oc'ulaklt.
[L. ocularias — ocuhis, Gr. okkos, akin to
E. Eye, Sans, aksha, eye.]
OCULIST, ok'u-list, n. one skilled in eye
diseases.
ODALISQUE, o'dal-isk, n. a female slave
in a Turkish harem. [Fr. — Turk, oda, a
chamber.]
ODD, od, adj. not paired with another : not
even : left over after a round number has
been taken : not exactly divisible by two:
strange: unusual: trifling. — adv. Odd'ly.
— n. Odd'NESS. [From the Scand., as in
Ice. oddi, a triangle (which has a third or
odd angle and side), hence metaphorical-
ly, an odd number — Ice. oddr, a point ;
conn, with A.S. ord, a point, beginning
(as perh. in Lord), and Ger. ort. a place.]
ODDFELLOW, od'fel-6, n. one of a secret
benevolent society called Oddfellows.
[Odd and Fellow.]
JDDITY, od'i-ti, n. the state of being odd
or singular: strangeness: a singular per-
son or thing.
ODDS, odz, n., inequality: difference in
favor of one against another : more than
aa even wager : advantage : dispute :
scraps, miscellaneous pieces, as in the
phrase "odds and ends " (lit. "points"
and ends). [From Odd.]
ODE. 6d, n. a song: a poem written to be
set to music. [Fr. — L. ode, oda — Gr. ode,
contracted from aoide — aeido, to sing.]
ODIOUS, o'di-us, adj., hateful: offen.sive :
repulsive : hated. — adv. O'diously. — n.
O'dioUSNESS. [Fr. See ODIUM.]
ODIUM, 6'di-um, n., hatred: offensiveness:
quality of provoking hate. [L. — odi, to
hate.]
ODOMETER, od-om'et-er, n. an instrument
for measuring the distance passed over
by a carriage by marking the number of
revolutions of the wheel. [Gr. hodos, a
waj'. and metron, a measure.]
ODONTOLOGY, 6-don-tol'o-ji, n. the sci-
ence of the teeth. [Gr. odous, odontos, a
tooth, and logos, discourse, science.]
ODORIFEROUS, o-dur-ifer-us, adj., bear-
ing odors : diffusing fragrance : per-
fumed.— adv. Odorif'erously. [L. od-
oriferus^odor, and fero, to bear.]
ODOROUS, o'dur-us, adj. emitting an odor
or scent: sweet - smelling : fragrant. —
adv. O'DOR iUSLY.
9DOR, 6'dur, n., smell: perfume: estima-
tion. [Fr. — L. odoi — root od, found in
Gr. ozo, to smell.]
ODORLESS, 6'dur-les, adj. without odor.
O'ER, or, contracted from Over.
<ESOPHAGUS. See Esophagus.
OF, ov, prep, from or out from : belonging
to : out of : among : proceeding from, so
in the Litany and Nicene Creed : owing
to : concerning : (B. and Pr. Bk.) some-
times^by, from, on, or over. [A.S. of ;
found in all the Teutonic languages, as
Ger. ab, also in L. ab, Gr. apo, Sans.
apa, away from.]
OF PURPOSE (B.) intentionally.
OFF, of, adv. from : away from : on the
opposite side of a question : not on. — adj.
most distant : on the opposite or further
side. — prep, not on. — int. away ! depart t
[Same as Of, differently used.]
OFFAL, of'al, n. waste meat : the part of
an animal unfit for use : refuse : anything
worthless. [OFF and Fall.]
OFFENCE, of-fens', n. any cause of anger
or displeasure : an injury : a crime : a
sin : affront : assault.
OFFEND, of -fend', v.t. to displease or make
angry : to affront : (B.) to cau.se to sin.
— v.i. to sin : to cause anger : (B.) to be
made to sin. [Fr. — L. ob, against, and
fendo, akin to Sans, lian, to strike.]
OFFENDER, of-fend'er, n. cne who offends
or injures : a trespasser : a criminal.
OFFENSIVE, of-fens'iv,ad;.causingo^ence;
displeasing : injurious : used in attack :
making the first attack. — n. the act of
the attacking party : the posture of one
who attacks. — adv. Offens'Ively. — n.
Offens'iveness. [Fr. offensif—L. offendo,
offensum — ob, and/f»do.]
OFFER, of'er, v.t. to bring to or before: to
make a proposal to : to lay before : to
present to the mind: to attempt: to pro-
pose to give : to present in worship. — v.i,
to present itself : to be at hand : to de-
clare a willingness. — n. act of offering :
first advance : that wliich is offered : pro-
posal made. — n. Off'erer. [L. offerre —
ob, tov/ards, fero, ferre, to bring.]
OFFERABLE, of'er-a-bl, adj. that may be
offered.
OFFERING, of'er-ing, n. that which is
offered : (B.) that which is offered on an
altar : a sacrifice.
OFFERTORY, of'er-tor-i, n. in Protestant
Episcopal Church, that part of the lit-
urgj' where the people's offerings are
made : in R. Cath. Church, an anthem
chanted duringthe first part of the mass.
OFF-HAND, of'hand, adv. at once : with-
out hesitating.
OFFICE, of'is, n. settled duty or employ-
ment : business : act of good or ill : act
of worship: formulary of devotion: pecul-
iar use : a place for business : a benefice
with no jurisdiction attached. [Lit. a
rendering of aid, Fr. — L. offieium — opis,
aid.]
OFFICE-BEARER, of'is-bar'er, n. one who
holds office.
OFFICER, ot'i-ser, n. one who holds an
office: a person who performs some public
office. — v.t. to furnish with officers : to
command, as officers.
OFFICIAL, of-^sh'al, adj. pertaining to an
office : depending on the proper office or
authority : done by authoritj-. — n. one
who holds an office : a subordinate public
officer : the deputy of a bishop, etc. —
adv. Offi'cially. [O. Fr. — L. officialis
— offieium.}
OFFICIATE, of-fish'i-at, v.i. to perform the
duties of an office : to perform official
duties for another.
OFFICINAL, of-fis'in-al or of-i-sl'nal, adj.
belonging to or used in a shop : denoting
an approved medicine kept prepared by
apothecaries [Fr. — L. officina, a work-
shop, contr. from opificina — ojnfex, -ids
— op^ts, work, faeio, to do.]
OFFICIOUS, ot-flsh'us, adj. too forward in
offering services : overkind : intermed-
dling. — adv. Offi'ciously. — n. Offi'-
CiousNESS. [Fr. — L. officiosns — offieium.']
OFFING, of'ing, n. a part of the sea with
deep water off from the shore.
OFFSCOURING, of'skowr-ing, n. matter
scoured off : refuse : anything vile or
despised.
OFFSET, of'set, n. in accounts, a sum or
value set off against another as an equiv-
alent : a young shoot or bulb : a terrace
on a hillside : (arch.) a horizontal ledge
on the face of a wall : in sun-eying, a
perpendicular from the main line to an
outlying point. — v.t. in accounts, to place
against as an equivalent.
OFFSHOOT, of shoot, 7!. that which shoots
off the parent stem : anything growing
out of another.
OFFSPRING, of'spring, n. that which
springs from another, a child, or chil-
dren : issue : production of any kind.
OFT, oft, OFTEN, of'n, adv., frequently:
many times. — adj. OFTEN {B.) frequent.
[A.S.; Ger. oft, Goth, ufta.]
OFTENNESS, of'n-nes, n. frequency.
OFTTIMES, oft'tlmz, OFTENTIMES, of'n-
tixnz, adv., many times: frequently. [Oft
and Times.]
OGEE, 6-je', n. a wave-like moulding with
the convex part upwards. [Fr. ogive.}
OGHAM, og'am, n. a peculiar kind of
writing practiced by the ancient Irish :
its characters.
OGLE, 6'gl, v.t. to look at fondly with side
glances. — v.i. to practice ogling. — ns.
O'GLER, O'GLlNG. [Dut. oogen — ooge, the
eye : cf. Ger. iiugeln.}
OGRE, 6'ger, n. a man-eating monster or
giant of fairy tales:— fern. O'GRESS. — adj.
O'greish, lite an ogre in character or
appearance. [Fr. ogre — Sp. ogro — L.
orcus, the lower world, the god of the
dead ; cf. A.S. ore, a demon.]
OH, 6, int. denoting surprise, pain, sorrow,
etc.
OIL, oil, 71. the juice from the fruit of the
olive-tree : any greasy liquid. — v.t. to
smear or anoint with oil. [O. Fr. oile (Fr.
huile) — L. oleum — Gr. elaion — elaia, the
olive.]
OILBAG, oil'bag, n. a bag or cyst in ani-
mals containing oil.
OILCAKE, oil'kak, n. a cake made of flax-
seed from which the oil has been pressed
out.
OILCLOTH, oil-kloth, n. a painted floor-
cloth.
OIL-COLOR, oil'-kul'ur, n. a coloring sub-
stance mixed with oil.
OILNUT, oil'nut, n. the butter-nut of N.
America.
OIL-PAINTING, oil'-pant'ing, n. a picture
painted in oil-colors : the art of painting
in oil-colors.
OILY, oil'i, adj. consisting of, containing,
or having the qualities of oil : greasy. —
n. Oil'iness.
OINTMENT, oint'ment, n. anything used
in anointing: (wied.) any greasy substance
applied to diseased or wounded parts :
0.) a perfume. [O. Fr. oignement. oint-
ment, Fr. oindre, to anoint — L. utigiien-
tum — ungo, to smear.]
OLD, old, adj. advanced in j'ears : having
been long in existence : decaj'ed by time :
out of date : ancient : having the age or
duration of : long practiced. — n. ULD'-
NESS. — Old style (often written with a
date O. S.), the mode of reckoning time
before 1752, according to the Julian cal-
endar or year of 365i daj-s. [A.S. eald ,
Ger. alt, from a root seen in Goth, alan,
to nourish, L. alo (hence adidtus) to uour
ish.]
OLDEN, old'n, adj., old : ancient.
OLEAGINOUS, 6-le-aj'in-us, adj, oily:
(bot.) fleshy and oily. — ?^. Oleag'ikous-
NESS. [L. oleaginus — oleum, oil.]
OLEANDER, o-le-an'der, n. an evergreen
shrub with beautiful flowers. [Fr., being
a corr. of Rhododendron.]
OLEASTER
305
OPEN
OLEASTER, 6-le-as'ter, n. the wild olive.
iL. — olea. an olive-tree, from Gr. elaia.]
EIFEROUS, o-le-if er-us, aflj. , prudiieing
oil, as seeds. [L. oleiivi, oil, and fero, to
bear.]
OLEOGRAPH, 6'le-o-graf, n. sprint in Dis-
colors to imitate an oil-painting. [L.
oleum, oil, and Gr. grapho, to write,
draw.]
OLEOMARGARINE, 6-le-o-mar'ga-ren, n.
a substitute for butter, prepared from
beef-tallow : artificial butter : butterine.
[L. oleum, oil, and E. margarine.]
OLFACTORY, ol-fak'tor-i, adj. pertaining
to or used in smelling. [L. olfacto, to
smell — oleo, to smell — root of odor,
smell, facio, to do or make.]
OLIGARCH, ol'i-gark, n. a member of an
oligarchy.
OLIGARCH AT,, ol-i-gark'al, OLIGARCH-
ICAL, ol-i-gark'ik-al, adj. pertaining to
an oligarchy.
OLIGARCHY, ol'i-gark-i, n., government
by a few: a state governed by a few.
iFr. — Gr., from oligos, few, arche, rule.]
10, 6'li-6, n. a dish of different sorts of
meat and vegetables boiled together : a
mixture : (music) a medley : a literary
miscellanv. [Sp. olla — ^L. olla, a pot.]
OLIVACEOUS, ol-i-va'shus, adj.. olive-
colored : olive-green. [Fr. — L. oliva.]
OLIVE, ol'iv, n. a tree cultivated round
the Mediterranean for its oily fruit : its
fruit : peace, of which the olive was the
emblem : a color like the unripe olive.
[Fr. — L. oliva — Gr. elaia.]
OLLA - PODRIDA, ol'la-po-dre'da, n. a
mixed stew or hash of meat and vege-
tables in common use in Spain : any in-
congruous mixture or miscellaneous col-
lection. [Sp., lit. "putrid or rotten
pot " — L. olla, a pot, and puter, putrid.]
'JLYMPIAD, o-lim'pi-ad, n. in ancient
Greece, a period of four years, being the
interval between the Olympic games,
used in reckoning time (the date of the
1st Olympiad is 776 B.C.). [Gr. olympias,
-ados, belonging to Olympia, a district
in Elis in ancient Greece.]
OLYMPIAN, o-lim'pi-an. OLYMPIC, o-
lim'pik. ad/.pertainingto Olympia.-where
the Olympic games were celebrated, or
to Mt. Olymptis, the fablod seat of the
gods.— Olym'pics.Oltm'pic GAMES,games
celebrated every four years, dedicated to
Ol3'mpian Jupiter.
OMBRE, om'ber, n. a game of cards usu-
ally played by three persons. [Fr. — Sp.
hombre — L. homo, a man.]
OMEGA, 6'meg-a or o-me'ga, n. (lit.) the
great 0, the last letter of the Greek al-
phabet : (B.) the end. [Gr. 6 mega, the
great or long O.]
OMELET, OMELETTE, om'e-let, ??. a pan-
cake chiefly of eggs. [Fr. omelette, of
wliich the O. Fr. is amelette, which
through the form alemette is traced to
alemelle, the O. Fr. form of PV. alumelle,
a thin plate, a corr. (with the prep, d)
of lamelle, dim. of lame — L. lamina, a
thin plate.]
OMEN, o'men, n. a sign of some future
event. [L. for osmen, that which is
uttered by the mouth, L. os ; or for
ausmen, "that which is heard" — audio,
to hear.]
OMENED, o'raend. adj. containing omens.
■OMER. o'lner, n. a Hebrew dry measure
containing -j^ part of a homer. [See
Homer.]
OMINOUS, om'in-us, adj. pertaining to or
containing an omen : foreboding evil :
inauspicious. — adv. Om'ixously. — n. Om'-
DJOUSNESS.
OMISSIBLE, 6-mis'i-bl, adj. that may be
omitted.
OMISSION, o-mish'un, n. act of omitting •
T
the neglect or failure to flo something
required : that which is left out. [Fr. —
L. omissio.]
OMISSIVE, 6-mis'iv, adj., omitting or
leaving out.
OMIT, 6-mit', v.t. to leave out : to neglect :
to fail -.^pr.p. omitt'ing ; pa.t. a.nApa.p.
omitt'ed. [L. omitto, omissum — ob, away,
mitto, to send.]
OMNIBUS, om'ni-bus, n. a large four-
wheeled vehicle for conveying passen-
gers, chiefly used in towns i—pl. Om'ni-
BUSES. [Lit. " something for all," L.
dative pi. of omnis, all.]
OMNIFARIOUS, om-ni-fii'ri-us, adj. of all
varieties or kinds. [L. omnifarius — om-
nis, all, and varius, various.]
OMNIFEROUS, om-nif er-us, adj., bearing
or producing all kinds. [L. omnifer —
omnis, fero. to bear.]
OMNIPOTENCE, om-nip'o-tens, OMNIPO-
TENCY, om-nip'o-ten-si, n. unUmited
power.
OMNIPOTENT, om-nip'o-tent, adj., all-
powerful : possessing unlimited power.
— n. The Omnipotent, God. — adv. Omnip'-
OTENTLY. [Fr. — L. omnipotens — onuiis,
all, and Potent.]
OMNIPRESENT, om-ni-pres'ent, adj.,
present everyivhere. — n. Omnipees'ence.
[L. omnis. and Present.1
OMNISCIENT, om-nish'ect, adj., all-know-
ing : all-seeing : infinitely wise. — adv.
Omnis'ciently. — n. Omnis'chnce. [L.
omnis, all, and sciens, seientia, knowing
— scio, to knowj
OMNIUM-GATHERIIM, om'ni-um-gaf^'-
er-um, n. a miscellaneous collection of
things or persons. [L. omnium, of all,
gen. pi. of omnis, all, and a slang Latin-
ized form of E. gather.]
OMNIVOROUS, om-niv'or-us, &dj., all-de-
vouring : (zool.) feeding on both animal
and vegetable food. [L. oinnivonis —
omnis, all, and voro, to devour.]
OIPHALIC, om-fal'ik, adj. pertaining to
the navel. [Gr. omphalikos — omphalos,
the navel.]
ON, on, prep, in contact with the upper
part of : to and towards the iiurface of :
upon or acting by contact with : not off:
at or near : at or during : in addition to :
toward, for : at the peril of : in conse-
quence: immediately after: (B.) off. —
adv. above, or next heyond : forward, in
succession : in continuance : not off. —
int. go on ! proceed 1 [A.S on, which
with the cog. Dut. aa7i, Ice. d {= an),
Ger. an, and Gr. ana, is from an Aryan
pronominal base ana: whence also is
prep. In.]
ONAGER, on'a-jer, n. the wild ass of Cen-
tral Asia. [L. — Gr. onagrys, for onos
agrios — owos, an ass, agrios, living in the
fields — agros, a field.]
ONCE, ons, n. same as OtTNCE, the ani-
mal.
ONCE, wuns, adv. a single time : at a form-
er time. — n. one time. [M.E. ones — A.S.
aiies. orig. the gen. of an, one, used as
an adv. See Nonce.]
ONE, w\m, pron. a person (spoken of indefi-
nitely), as in the phrase One says.
[Merely a special use of the numeral one:
hence nowise conn, with Fr. on — L. homo,
a man.]
ONE, wun. adj. single in number : single :
undivided : the same. — At one. of one
mind. [M.E. oon — A.S. an : cog. with
Ice. einn, Ger. ein. Goth, ains; also with
L. unus, and W. un.]
ONENESS, wun'nes, n. singleness : unitv.
ONERARY, on'er-ar-i. adj. fitted orinten'd-
ed for carrying burde7is: comprising
burdens. [L. oneraritts — omts, oneris, a
burdenj
ONEROUS, on'er-us, adj., burdensome:
oppressive. — adv. On'erouslt. [L. on-
erosus — onus.]
ONESIDED, wun'sld-ed, adj. limited to one
side : partial. — n. Onesid'edness.
ONGOING, on'go-ing, n. a going on : course
of conduct : event.
ONION, un'jTin, n. a common plant, with
a bulbous root. [Fr. oignon — L. unio,
-onis — iinus, one.]
ONLY, on'li, adj. (lit.) one-like: single:
this above all others : alone. — adv. in
one manner : for one purpose : singly :
merely : barely. [A.S. anlic (adj.) — an,
one, and lie, Uke.]
ONOMATOPCEIA, on-o-mat-o-pe'ya, n. the
formation of a word with resemblance
in sound to that of the thing signified :
such a word itself, also the use of such
a word, as "click," "cuckoo." — adj.
Onomatopoet'IC. [Lit. "name-making,"
Gr. onoma, -atos, a name,pofed, to make.]
ONSET, on'set, ?!. violent attack : assault:
a storming. [On and Set.]
ONSLAUGHT, on'slawt, n. an attack or
onset : assault. [A.S. on. on, and sleaht,
a stroke. See Slaughter.]
ONTOLOGY, on-tol'o-ji, n. the science that
treats of the principles of pure being ;
metaphysics. — adjs. Ontolog'ic, Onto-
LOG'iCAL.— adr. Ontolog'ically. — n. On-
tol'ogist, one versed in ontology. [Gr.
on, O7>tos, being pr.p. of etmt (Sans, as),
to be, and logos, discourse.]
ONWARD, on' ward, adj., going on: ad-
vancing : advanced. — adv. toward a point
07i or in front : forward. [On, and Ward,
direction.]
ONWARDS, on'wardz, adv, same as On.
WARD.
ONYX, on'iks, n. (min.) an agate formed
of layers of chalcedony of different colors,
used for making cameos, so called from
its likeness to the nail in color. [L. —
Gr. o-nyx, o-nych-os, a finger-nail. See
NailJ
OOLITE, o'o-llt, n. (geol.) a kind of lime-
stone, composed of grains Uke the eggs or
roe of a fish. — adj. Oout'ic. [Fr. oolithe,
from Gr. oojj, an egg, and lifhos, stone.
See Oval.]
OOZE, ooz, 71. soft mud : gentle flow : the
liquor of a tan vat. — v.i. to flow gently:
to percolate, as a liquid through pores.
[M.E. tcose — A.S. trase, mud ; akin to
A.S. wos, juice, and Ice. vas, moisture.]
OOZY, ooz'i, adj. resembling ooze : sUmy.
OPACITY, o-pas'i-ti, n. opaqueness : ob-
scurity. [See Opaque.]
OPAH, " 6'pa, ?). a sea-fish of the Dory
family, also called kingfish. [Ety. un-
known.]
OPAL, o'pal, n. a precious stone of a milky
hue, remarkable for its changing colors.
[Fr. opale — L. opahis.]
OPALESCENT. 6-pal-es'ent, ad/, reflecting
a milky or pearly light from the interior.
OPAQUE, o-pak',"afy., shady: dark: not
transparent. [Fr. — L. opac^lS.]
OPAQUENESS. 6-pak'nes, n. qualitv of
being opaque : want of transparency.
OPE, op, v.t. and v.i. (poetry) short for
Open.
OPEN, 6'pn, adj. not shut : free of access! .
free from trees : not fenced : not draws
together : not frozen up : not frosty .
free to be used, etc.: public : without
reserve : frank : easily understood : gen
erous : liberal : clear: unbalanced, as an
account : attentive : free to be discussed.
— v.t. to make open: to bring to view: to
explain : to begin. — v.i. to become open :
to unclose : to be unclosed : to begin to
appear : to begin. — adv. O'penlv. — )is
O'penness, O'penee. [A.S. open, from
up, up ; like the cog. Dut. open (from
op), Ice. opinn (from upp), and Ger. offen
(from attf). See Up.]
OPEN-HANDED
306
0KB
OPEN-HANDED, o'pn-hand'ed, a4j. with
an open hand : generous : liberal.
OPEN-HEARTED, o'pn-hart'ed, adj. with
an open heart : frank : generous.
OPENING, o'pn-ing, n. an open place : a
breach : an aiserture : beginning : first
appearance : opportunity.
OPERA, op'er-a, n. a musical drama. [It.
— L. opera. See Operate.]
OPERA-BOUFFE, op'er-a-boof, n. a comic
opera. [Fr. — It. opera-buffa. See BlXK-
FOOS.]
OPERA-GLASS, op'or-ii-glas, n. a small
glass or telescope for use at operas,
theatres, etc.
OPERATE, op'er-at, v.i. to tvork : to exert
strength : to produce any effect : to
exert moral power : {nied.) to take eSect
upon the human system : (surgery) to per-
form some unusual act upon the body
with the hand or an instrument. — v.t. to
effect : to produce by agency. [L. operor,
-atus — opera, work, closely conn, witli
opiis, operis, work (Sans, apas).}
OPERATIC, op-er-at'ik, OPERATICAL,
op-er-at'ik-al, adj. pertaining to or re-
sembling the opera.
OPERATION, op-er-a'shun, n. act or proc-
ess of operating : agency : influence ;
method of working: action or move-
ments : surgical performance.
OPERATIVE, op'er-a-tiv, adj. having the
power of operating or acting : exerting
force : producing effects. — n. a workman
in a manufactory, a laborer. — adv.
Op'eeatively.
OPERATOR, op'er-a-tor, n. one who or that
which operates or produces an effect.
OPERCULUM, o-per'ku-lum, n. (bat.) a
cover or lid : {zool.) the plate over the
entrance of a shell : the apparatus which
protects the gills of fishes:— pZ. Opee'cu-
LA. — adj. Oper'cxilar, belonging to the
operculum. — adjs. Oper'culate. Oper'-
CULATED. having an operculum. [L., from
operio, to cover.]
OPERETTA, op-er-et'a, n. a short, light
musical drama. [It., dim. of Opera.]
OPEROSE, op'er-os, adj., laborious: te-
dious.— adv. Op'erosely. — n. Op'erose-
NESS. [See Operate.]
OPHICLEIDE, ofi-khd, n. a large bass
trumpet with a deep pitch. [Fr.; coined
from Gr. ophis, a serpent, and Meis,
kleidos, a key.]
OPHIDIAN, of-id'i-an, OPHIDIOUS, of-id'-
i-us, adj. pertaining to serjyents. [Gr.
ophis, a serpent, erroneously supposed
to have gen. ophidos.']
OPHTHALMIA, of-thal'mi-a, OPHTHAL-
MY, of'thal-mi, n. inflammation of the
eye. [Gr. — ophthalmos, eye, from root
of Optics.]
OPHTHALMIC, of-thal'mik, adj. pertain-
ing to the eye.
OPHTHALMOSCOPE, of-thal'mo-skop, n.
an instrument for examining the in-
terior of the eye. [Gr. ophthalmos, eye,
and skopeo, look at.]
OPIATE, 6'pi-at, n. any medicine that con-
tains opium, and induces sleep : that
which intluces rest. — adj. inducing sleep:
causing rest.
OPIATED, o'pi-at-ed, adj. mixed with opi-
ates : under the influence of opiates.
OPINE, o-pin', v.i. to be of opinion : to
judge : to suppose. [Fr. opiner — L.
opinor. to think.]
OPINION, o-pin'yun, n. a con\'iction on
probable evidence : judgment : notion :
estimation. [L.]
OPINIONATED, o-pin'yun-at-ed, adj. firm-
ly adhering to one's own opinions.
OPINIONATIVE, o-pin'yun-at-iv, adj. un-
duly attached to one's own opinions :
stubborn. — adv. OpIX'IONATIVELY. ^ H.
Opin'ionativexess.
OPIUM, o'pi-um, n. the narcotic juice of
the white poppy. [L.^Gr. opion, dim.
from opos, sap.]
OPOSSUM, o-pos'um, n. an American quad-
ruped with a prehensile tail, the female
having a pouch in which she carries her
young. [West Indian.]
OPPIDAN, op'i-dan, n. at Eton, England,
a student who boards in the town, not
in the college, [Orig. a townsman, L.
oppidanus — oppidum, a town.]
OPPONENT, op-po'nent, adj., opposing:
situated in front : adverse. — n. one who
opposes, esp. in argument : an adversary.
OPPORTUNE, op-por-tun', adj. present at
a proper time : timely : convenient. —
adv. Opportune'ly. — ns. Opportune'-
NESS ; Opportcn'ist, a politician who
waits for events before declaring his
opinions. [Fr. — L. opportunus — ob, be-
fore, a.nd partus, a harbor.]
OPPORTUNITY, op-por-tutf i-ti, n. an op-
portune ov con\'emer\t time: occasion.
OPPOSABLE, op-p6z'a-bl, adj. that may
be opiposed.
OPPOSE, op-poz', v.t. to place before or in
the way of : to set against : to place as
an obstacle : to resist : to check : to com-
pete with. — v.i. to make objection. — n.
Oppos'eh. [Fr. — L. ob, and Fr. poser, to
place. See Pose, ?i.]
OPPOSITE, op'o-zit, adj., jylaced over
against : sta,aAvag in front: contrasted
wit)i : adverse : contrary. — n. that which
is opposed or contrary : an opponent. —
adv. Opp'ositely. — n. Opp ositeness.
[Fr. — L. oppositiis — ob, against, and
pono. to place.]
OPPOSITION, op-o-zish'un, n. state of
being placed over against : standing
over against : repugnance : contrarietj- :
act of opposing : resistance : that which
opposes : obstacle : the party that op-
poses the existing administration or the
party in power: (astron.) the situation
of heavenly bodies when 180 degrees
apart. [See'OpPOSlTE.]
OPPRESS, op-pres', r.r. to use severely :
to burden : to lie hea\'y upon : to con-
strain : to overpower. [Fr. — L. op)primo,
oppressus — oh, against, and premo, to
press.]
OPPRESSION, op-presh'un, n. act of op-
pressing : severity : cruelty : state of
lieing oppressed : misery : hardship : in-
justice : dullness. [Fr. — L.]
OPPRESSIVE, op-pres'iv, adj. tending to
oppress : over-burdensome : unjustly se-
vere : heavy : overpowering. — adv. Op-
PRESS'rVELY. — n. OPPRESS'rVENESS.
OPPRESSOR, op-pres'or, n. one who op-
presses.
OPPROBRIOUS, op-pro'bri-us, adj. expres-
sive of ojjprobrium : reproachful : in-
famous : despised. — adv. Oppeo'brious-
LY. — n. Oppro'beiousness.
OPPROBRIUM, op-pro'bri-um, n., reproach
with contempt or disdain : disgrace : in-
famy. [L. ob, again st,7Jrobr!< Hi, reproach
— perhaps contracted from prohibrwn —
prohibeo, to prohibit.]
OPPUGN, op-pun', v.t. to fight against:
to oppose: to resist. — n. Oppugn'er.
[Fr. — L. oppxigno, to fight against — ob,
against, and pugna, a fight. See PuGlL-
ISJI.]
OPTATIVE, op'ta-tiv or op-ta'tiv, adj.
expressing desire or u-ish. — n. (gram.) a
mood of the verb expressing wish. — adv.
Op'tatively. [L. optativiis, from 02}to,
njitatum, to wisn.]^
OPTIC, op'tik, OPTICAL, op'tik-al, adj.
relating to sight, or to optics. — adv. Op"-
TICALLY, [Fr. optique — Gr. optihos — root
op or ok. seen in Gr. op-somai, I shall see,
and L. oc-ulus. eve. See Eye.]
OPTICIAN, op-tis"h'an, n. one skilled in
optics : one who makes or sells optlcid
instruments.
OPTICS, op'tiks, n.sing. the science of the
nature and laws of vision and light.
OPTDIISM, op'tim-izm, n. the doctrine
tliat every tiling is ordered for the best :
— opj). to Pessimisii. [L. optimus, best.]
OPTIMIST, op'tim-ist. n. one wlio holds
that everything is ordered for the best.
OPTION, o])'shun. n. act of choosing:
power of choosing or wishing : wish. [L.'
optio. o^jtionis.]
OPTIONAL, op'shun-al, adj. left to one's
option or choice. — adv. Op'TIONALLY.
OPULENCE, op'u-lens, n., means: riches:
wealth.
OPULENT, op'u-lent, adj. wealthy.— adr.
Op'ulently. [Fr. — L. op-nlen'tus — oj).
base of L. pi. op-es, wealth — root ap, to
obtain.]
OR, or, conj. marking an alternative, and
sometimes opposition. [Short for other,
modern E. EITHER.] — jjrep. (B.) before.
[In this sense a corr. of Ere.]
OR, or, n. (heraldi~y) gold. [Fr. — L. aiirwn,
goldj
ORACLE, or'a-kl, n. the answer spoken or
uttered by the gods : the place whei-e
respon.ses were given, and the deities
supposed to give them : one famed for
wisdom : a wise decision : (B.) the sanc-
tuary:— pil. the revelations made to the
prophets. [Fr. — L. ora-cu-lum, double
dim. from oro, to speak — os, oris, the
mouth.]
ORACULAR, o-rak'u-lar, adj. delivering
oracles : resembling oracles : grave :
venerable : equivocal : obscure. — adv.
Orac'ularly. — n. Orac'ularness.
ORAL, o'ral, adj. uttered by the mouth :
spoken. — adv. O'Rally. [L. os, oins, the
mouth.]
ORANG, 6-rang', n. a kind of ape resem-
bUng man, found in Borneo and Sumatra.
rMalay, " man."]
ORANGE, or'anj. n. a tree with a delight-
ful gold-colored fruit : its fruit : a color
composed of red and yellow. — adj. per-
taining to an orange : orange-colored.
[Fr. — It. arancio — Pers. naranj, the n
being dropped ; it was thought to come
from L. aiirum, gold, hen'-e Low L.
aurantium.]
ORANGEMAN, or'anj-man, n. a member
of a secret society instituted in Ireland
in 1795 to uphold Protestantism, so called
from William of Orange.
ORANGERY, or'anj-er-i, «. a plantation of
orajig'e-trees.
ORANG-OUTANG, o-rang'-oo-tang',
ORANG-UTAN, 6-rang'-oo-tan', n. the
Indian or red orang. [Malay, "wild
man."]
ORATION, o-ra'shun, n. a pubUc S2)eech of
a formal character. [Fr. — L. oratio,
from oro, to speak, pray.]
ORATOR, or'a-tor, 7i. a public speaker: a
man of eloquence: — fern. Or'atress,
Or'atrix.
ORATORICAL, or-a-tor'ik-al, adj. pertain-
ing to oratory: becoming an orator. —
adv. Orator'icaixy.
ORATORIO, or-a-to'ri-o. n. a kind of
musical drama, usually founded on a
Scriptural subject. [It. So called be
cause they originated among the priests
of the Oratory.]
ORATORY, or'a-tor-i, n. the art of S2yeak
ing well, or so as to please and persuade,
esp. publicly : tlie exercise of eloquence :
an apartment or building for private wor-
ship. [See under Oration.]
ORB, orb, n. a circle : a sphere : a celestial
body : a wheel : any rolling body : the
eye" -v.t. to surround : to form i'nta an
orb. PL. orbis, a circle.]
I
ORBED
307
ORPHEAN
ORBED, orbd, adj. in the form of an orb :
circular.
ORBICULAR, or-bik'u-lar, adj. having
the form of an orb : spherical : round. —
adv. Orbic'ularly. — n. Orbic'ulabness.
FFrora L. orbiculus, dim. of orbis.]
ORBICULATE, or-bik'u-lat, ORBICULAT-
ED, or-bik'u-iat-ed, adj. in the form of an
orb.—n. Orbicula'tion.
ORBIT, or'bit, n. the path described by a
celestial body in the heavens : the bony
cavity for the eyeball : the skin round
the eye. [L. orbita — orbis. a ring or
circle.]
ORBITAL, or'bit-al, adj. pertaining to an
orbit.
ORCHARD, orch'ard, n. a garden of fruit-
■ trees, esj). apple-trees. [A.S. orceard —
older form ortgeard. SeeWOET, a plant,
and Yard.]
ORCHESTRA, or'kes-tra, n. in the Greek
theatre, the place where the chorus
danced : the part of a theatre for the
musicians : the performers in an orches-
tra. [L.— Or. orchestra — orcheomai, to
dance.]
ORCHESTRAL, or'kes-tral or or-kes'-, adj.
pertaining to an orchestra : performed
in an orchestra.
ORCHID, or'kid, n. an orchidaceous plant.
ORCHIDACEOUS, or-ki-da'shus, adj. re-
lating to a natural order of plants with
beautiful fragrant flowers. [Gr. orchis,
a testicle, which its root resembles in
shape.]
ORCHIS, or'kis, n. a genus of orchidaceous
plants.
ORDAIN, or-dan', v.t. to put in order : to
appoint : to regulate : to set in an office :
to invest with ministerial functions. [O.
Fr. ordener (Fr. ordonner) — L. ordino,
ordinatus — ordo. See Order.]
ORDEAL, or'de-al, n. a dealing out or giv-
ing of just judgment : an ancient form
of trial by lot, fire, water, etc. : anj'
severe trial or examination. [A.S. or-
del. or-dal : cog. with Dut. oor-deel,
judgment, Ger. ur-theil ; the prefix or-
(Dut. onr-, G«r. ur-) sig. out, and -deal
being the same word as Deal and Dole.]
ORDER, or'der, n. regular arrangement :
method : proper state : rule : regular
government : command : a class : a so-
ciety of persons : a religious fraternity :
a scientific division of objects : (arch.) a
system of the parts of columns : — jil. the
dhristian ministry. — v.t. to arrange: to
conduct : to command. — i\i. to give com-
mand. [M.E. ordre — Fr. ordre — L. ordo,
ORDERING, or'der-ing, n. arrangement :
management.
ORDERLESS, or'der-les, adj. without order:
disorderly.
ORDERLY, or'der-li, adj. in order : regu-
lar : well regulated : quiet : being on
duty. — adv. regularly : methodically. —
n. a soldier who attends on a superior,
esp. for carrj'ing official messages. — ii.
Or'derliness.
ORDINAL, or'din-al, adj. showing order or
succession. — n. a number noting order : a
ritual for ordination.
ORDINANCE, or'din-ans, n. that which is
onlained by authority : a law : an estab-
lished rite. [See Ordain, doublet Ord-
nance.]
ORDINARY, or'din-ar-i, adj. according to
the common order : usual : of common
rank : plain : of little merit. — n. an es-
tablished judge of ecclesiastical causes :
settled establishment : actual office : a
bishop : a place where meals are pro-
vided at fixed charges. — adv. Or'di-
narily.
ORDINATE, or'din-at, a<y. in order : regu-
lar.— 71. a straight line in a curve termin-
ated on both sides by the curve and
bisected by the diameter. — adv. Or'din-
ately. [See Ordain.]
ORDINATION, or-din-a'shun, n. the act of
ordaining : established order. [See Or-
dain.]
ORDNANCE, ord'uans, n. (orig.) any ar-
rangement, disposition, or equipment :
great guns : artiller}-.
ORDURE, or'dur, n., dirt: dung: excre-
ment. [Fr.— O. Fr. ord, foul— L. horri-
dus, rough.]
ORE, or, n. metal in its unreduced state :
metal mixed with earthy and other sub-
stances. [A.S. or, another form of ar,
brass, cog. with Ice. eir, Goth, aiz, L.
ces, cer-is, bronze.]
ORfxAN, or'gan, n. an instrument or
means by which anything is done : that
by which a natural operation is carried
on : a musical instrument with pipes,
bellows, and keys : the medium of com-
munication. [Fr. organe — L. organum
— Gr. organon, akin to ergon. See
Work.]
ORGANIC, or-gan'ik, ORGA^ICAL, or-
gan'ik-al, adj. pertaining to an organ :
consisting of or containing organs : pro-
duced by the organs : instrumental. —
adv. Organ'ically.
ORGANISM, or'gan-izm, n. organic struct-
ure : a living being.
ORGANIST, or'gan-ist, n. one who plays
on the organ.
ORGANIZABLE. or-gan-Iz'a-bl. adj. that
:i]ay be organized or arranged.
ORGANIZATION, or-gan-i-za'shun, n. the
act of organizing- : the state of being or-
ganized.
ORGANIZE, or'gan-Iz, v.t. to supply with
organs: to form, as an organized body:
to arrange.
ORGASM, orgasm, n. immoderate excite-
ment or action. [Gr. orgas7nos, orgao, I
swell.]
ORGIES, or'jiz, n.pl. (orig.) ceremonies
observed in the worship of Bacchus,
distinguished by furious revelry : any
drunken nocturnal rites or revelry. [Fr.
— L. orgia, secret rites — Gr., closely akin
to ergon, work. See Organ and Work.]
ORIEL, 6'ri-el, n. (orig.) a chamber or
apartment : a window that juts out so
as to form a small apartment. [O. Fr.
oriol, a porch, a corridor — Low L. ori-
olum, a highly ornamented recess — L.
aureolus, gilded — aurum, gold. See Ori-
ole.]
ORIENT, o'ri-ent, adj., rising, as the sun:
eastern : shining. — n. the part where the
sun rises : the east. [L. oriens, -entis,
pi- J), of orior, to rise.]
ORIENTAL, 6-ri-ent'al, adj. eastern: per-
taining to, in, or from the east. — n.
a native of the east.
ORIENTALISM, 6-ri-ent'al-izm, n. oriental
doctrine.
ORIENTALIST,o-ri-ent'al-ist, n. one versed
in tlie eastern languages : an oriental.
ORIFICE, or'i-fis, ?i. something made like
a mouth or opening. [Fr. — L. orificium —
OS, oris, mouth, and facio, to make.]
ORIFLAMME. or'i-fiani, n. a little banner
of red silk with many points streaming
like Jlanies, borne on a gilt staff', the
ancient royal standard of France. [Fr. —
Low L. avrijiamma, a little banner — L.
aurum., gold, llamma. a flame.]
ORIGAN, or'i-gan, ORIGANUM, o-rig-a-
num, 71. wild marjoram. [Lit. " mount-
ain-pride." Fr. origan — L. origanum —
Gr. origanon — oro.s-, nioimtain, ganos,
pride, beauty.]
ORIGIN, or'i-jin, n. the risittg or first ex-
istence of anything : that from which
anj-thing first proceeds : cause : deriva-
tion. [Fr. origine — L. origo, originis —
orior, to rise.]
ORIGINAL, o-rij'in-al, adj. pertaining to
the origin : first in order or existence :
not copied : not translated : having the
power to originate, as thought.— ». orio;in:
first copy : the precise language used by
a writer : an untranslated tongue. — adi'.
Orig'inally. [Fr. — L. originalis — origo.]
ORIGINALITY, o-rij-in-al'it-i, n. quality
or state of being original or of origin-
ating ideas.
ORIGINATE, o-rij'in-at, v.t. to give origin
to : to bring into existence. — v.i. to have
origin : to begin. — n. Orig'inator. [It.
originare — L. origo.]
ORIGINATION, o-rij-in-a'shun, n. act of
originating- or of coming into existence :
mode of ])roduction.
ORIOLE, 6r'i-6l. n. the golden thrush.
[O. Fr. oriol — L. aureolus, dim. of aureus,
golden — aurum, gold. Cf. Oriel.]
ORION, o-ri'on, n. (astr.) one of the con-
stellations. [Orion {myth.), a giant
placed among the stars at his death.]
ORISON, or'i-zun, n. a prayer. [O. Fr.
orison (Fr. oraison) — L. oratio, -onis —
oro. to pray. See Oral.]
ORLOP, or'lop, n. the deck of a ship where
the cables, etc., are stowed : the under-
deck of a ship-of-the-line. [Lit. a " run-
ning over," Dut. overloop, the U2)per-deck
— overlopen, to run over.]
ORMOLU, or-mo-loo', v. a kind of brass like
gold from the quantity of copper in it.
[Lit. " beaten gold." Fr. or — L. aurum,
gold, and moitlu, pa. p. of moudre. to
grind — L. molo. to grind.]
ORNAMENT, or'na-ment. n. anj-thing that
adds grace or beauty: additional beauty:
—2)1. (Pr. Bk.) all the articles used in the
services of the church. — v.t. to adorn :
to furnish with ornaments. [Fr. orue-
ment — L. orna-mentum — orno, to adorn.]
ORNAMENTAL, or-na-ment'al, adj. serv-
ing to adorn or beautify. — adv. Orna-
ment'ally.
ORNAMENTATION, or-na-men-ta'shun. 7U
act or art of ornamenting : (arch.) orna-
mental work.
ORNATE, or-uat', adj.. ornamented: dec-
orated.—adr. Ornate'ly. — n. Ornate'-
NESS. [L. ornatus, pa.p. of onto.]
ORNITHOLOGICAL.or-ni-tho-loj'ik-aI,adJ.
pertaining to ornithology. — adv. Orni-
THOLOO'ICALLY.
ORNITHOLOGY, or-ni-thol'o-ji, n. the sci-
ence of bird.'i.—n. Ornithol'ooist. one
versed in ornithology. [Gr. ornis, or-
nithos. a bird (cog." with A.S. earn,
eagle), and logos, science.]
ORNITHOMANCY, or - nith'o - man - si or
or'nith-, n., divination by birds, their
flight, etc. [Gr. ornis, omithos, bird,
mcmtiia. divination.]
ORNITHORHYNCHUS.or-ni-tho-ring'kus,
n. an animal in Australia, with a body
like an otter and a snout like the bill
of a duck, also called Duckbill. [Lit.
'■bird-snout." Gr. ornis, omithos. bird,
rlii/ngchos. snout.]
OROGRAPHY, or-og'ra-fi, n. the descrip-
tion of mountains.— odj. OrograPH'IC,
Orograph'ical. [Gr. oros, a mountain,
and grnphd. to describe.]
OROLOGY. Same as OROGRAPHY.
ORPHAN, or'fan, n. a child bereft of father
or mother, or of both. — adj. bereft of
parents. [Gr. orphanos, akin to L. or-
hiis. bereaved.]
ORPHANAGE, or'fan-aj. n. the state of an
orphrni : a house for orphans.
ORPHEAN, or-fe'an or or'fe-an, adj. per-
taining to Orpheus: (myth.) a poet who
had the power of moving- inanimate ob-
jects by the music of his lyre.
ORPIMEXT
308
OUTBREAK
ORPIMENT, or'pi-ment.?i. yellow sulphuret
of arsenic, used as a pigment, and so
called in allusion to its color and because
it was supposed to contain gold. [Fr. —
L. auripigmentum — aurutn, gold, pigmeiv-
turn, paint.]
ORPIN, or'pin, n. a deep gold or yellow
color.
ORPINE, or'pin, n. a plant with gold or
purplish-rose colored flowers. [Fr. orpin,
from or — L. auruvi, and Tr. peindre. See
Paint.]
ORRERY, or'er-i, n. an appai-atus for illus-
trating, by balls mounted on rods, the
size, positions, motions, etc., of the heav-
enly bodies. [Fi-om the Eai-l of Orrery,
for whom one of the first was made.]
ORRIS, cr'is, n. a species of iris in the south
of Europe, the dried root of whicli has
a smell of violets, used in perfumery.
[Prob. a corr. of Iris.]
ORT. ort, 11. a fragment, esp. one left from
a meal : usually jj/. [Low Ger. ort, refuse
of fodder, Scot, ort or ir-ort.]
ORTHODOX, or'tho-doks, adj., sound in
doctrine : believing the received or es-
tablished opinions, esp. in religion : ac-
cording to the received doctrine. — adv.
Or'thodoxly. [Through Fr. and Late L.
from Gr. orthodoxos — orthos, riglit, doxa,
opinion — -dokeo, to seem.]
ORTHODOXY, or'tho-doks-i, n., soundness
of opinion or doctrine : belief in the
commonly accepted opinions, esp. in re-
ligion. [Gr. orthodo.via. See Orthodox.]
ORTHOEPY, or'tho-e-pi, n. {gram.) correct
pronunciation of words. — adj. Orthoep'-
iCAi/. — 71. Or'thoepist, one versed in or-
thoepy. [Gr. orthos, right, ejjos, a word.]
ORTHOGON, or'tho-gon, n. {geom.) a fig-
ure with all its angles right angles. — adj.
Orthog'onal, rectangular. [Gr. orthos,
riglit. gonia, angle.]
ORTHOGRAPHER, or-thog'ra-fer, n. one
who spells words correctly.
ORTHOGRAPHIC, or-tho-graf ik, ORTHO-
GRAPHICAL, or-tho-grafik-al, adj. per-
taining or according to orthograi^hy :
spelt correctly. — adv. ORTHOGRAPH'lCAIy
LY.
ORTHOGRAPHY, or-thog'ra-fl. n. (gram.)
the correct spelling of words. [Gr. or-
thographia — orthos, right, grapho, to
write.]
ORTHOPTERA. or-thop'ter-a, n, an order
of insects with uniform wing-covers,
that overlap at the top when shut, under
which are the true wings, which fold
lengthwise like a fan. [Lit. "straight
wings," Gr. orthos, straight, ptera, pi. of
pteron, wing.J
ORTHOPTEROtrS, or-thop'ter-us, adj.
pertaining to the orthoptera.
ORTOLAN, ort'o-lan, n. a kind of bunting,
common in Europe, and considered a
great delicacy. [Lit. " the frequenter of
gardens," Fr. — It. ortolano — L. horto-
lanus, belonging to gardens — horfidus,
dim. of hortus, a garden. See CoiTRT and
Yard, a place inclosed.]
OSCILLATE, os'il-lat, v.i. to move back-
wards and forward.^ : to fluctuate be-
tween certain limits. [L. osciUo, -atus,
to swing, o.'icillum, a swing.]
OSCILLATION, os-il-la'shun, n. act of os-
cillating : a swinging like a pendulum.
[Fr. — L. oscillatioT]
OSCILLATORY, os'il-la-tor-i, adj., siiring-
ing.
'>SCULANT, os'ku-lant, adj., kissing : ad-
hering closely. [L. oscidans, -antis, pr.p.
of osculor.]
OSCULATE, os'kO-lat, v.t. to kiss: to touch,
as two curves. — n. Osctla'tiox. [L. os-
culor, -atum — osculum, a little mouth, a
kiss, dim, of os. mouth.]
'^CULATORY. os'ku-la-tor-i, adj. of or
pertaining to kissing: (geom.) having
the same curvature at the point of con-
tact.
OSIER, o'zhi-er, n. the water-wiUow, used
in making baskets. — adj. made of or like
osiers. [Fr. ; perh. from Gr. oisos ; aldn
to L. vitex.'\
OSIERED, ozhi-erd, adj. adorned with
wiUoirs.
OSMIUM, oz'mi-um, n. a gray- colored
metal found with platinum, the oxide
of which has a disagreeable smell. [Low
L. — Gr. osme, smell, orig. od-me, conu.
with root of Odor.]
OSNABURG, oz'na-burg, n. a coarse kind
of linen, originally brought from Osna-
burg in Germanv.
OSPREY, OSPRAY, os'pra, n. the fish-
hawk, a species of eagle verj' common
on the coast of N. America, [Corr.
from OssiFRAGE, which see.]
OSSEOUS, os'e-us, adj., bony : composed
of or resembling bone. [L. osseus — os,
ossis, bone.]
OSSICLE, OS i-kl, n. a small bone. [Dim.
of os.l
OSSIFEROUS, os-sifer-us, adj. producing
bone : (geol.) containing bones. [L. os,
and fero. to bear.]
OSSIFICATION, os-si-fi-ka'shun, n. the
change or state of being changed into a
bony substance.
OSSIFRAGE, os'i-fraj, n. the sea or bald
eagle, common in the United States :
(B.) the bearded vulture, the largest of
European birds. [Lit. " the bone-break-
er," L. ossifragus, breaking bones — os,
and frag, root of frango, fractum, to
break.]
OSSIFY, os'i-fi, f.f. to make into bone or
into a bone-like substance. — v.i. to be-
come bone : — pa.}}. oss'iBed. [L. ossiflco
— OS, and facio, to make.]
OSSIVOROUS, os-siv'or-us, adj., devouring
or feeding on bones. [L. os, and voro, to
devour.]
OSSUARY, os'u-ar-i, n. a place where the
bones of the dead are deposited : a char-
nel-house.
OSTENSIBLE, os-tens'i-bl, adj. that may
be shoton: declared: apparent. — adv.
OSTENS'IBLY. — Ji. OSTEKSIBIL'ITY. [L.
ostendo, ostensum, to show.]
OSTENSrVE, os-tens'iv, adj., showing : ex-
hibiting.— adv. OSTENS'IVELY.
OSTENTATION, os-ten-ta'shun, n. act of
making a display : ambitious display :
boasting. [Fr. — L. ostendo, to show.]
OSTENTATIOUS, os-ten-ta'shus, adj. given
to show : fond of self-display : intended
for display. — adv. OsTENTA'noosLY. — n.
Ostenta'tiousness.
GSTEOLOGICAL, os-te-o-loj'ik-al, adj. per-
taining to osteology. — adv. Osteolog'-
ICALLY.
OSTEOLOGY, os-te-ol'o-ji, n. the science
of the bones, that part of anatomy which
treats of the bones. — ns. Osteol'OGEB,
Osteol'ogist, one versed in osteology.
[Gr. osteon, bone, logos, science.]
Ostler, os'ler. Same as Hostler.
OSTRACISM, os'tra-sizm, n. banishment
by ostracizing. [Gr. osfraki.'imos — ostra-
kizo.]
OSTRACIZE, os'tra-.Mz, r.t. in ancient
Greece, to banish by the vote of the peo-
ple written on a potsherd: to banish from
society. [Gr. ostrakizo — ostrakon, a
potsherd, orig. a shell. Cf. Osseous and
Oyster.]
OSTRICH, os'trich, n. the largest of birds,
found in Africa, remarkable for its speed
in running, and prized for its feathers.
[O. Fr. ostruche (Fr. autruche) — L. avis-,
stndhio, ostrich — Gr. strouthos, little
bird, megas strouthos. the large bird, the
ostrich. Cf. Bcstart> -•
OTACOUSTIC, ot-a-kows'tik. adj assisting
the sense of hearing. — n. (also Otacous-
ticon) an instrument to assist tne hear-
ing. [Gr. akoustikos, relating to hear-
ing— akouo, to hear — ous, otos, ear.]
OTHER, uth'er, adj. and pron. different,
not the same: additional: second of two
[A.S. other; cog. with Goth, anthar, Ger
under. Sans, antara, L. alier.'\
OTHERWISE, u<7i'er-wlz, adv. in another
way or manner: by other causes: in other
respects.
OTIOSE, 6'shi-os, adj. being at ease : unoc-
cupied : lazy. [L. otiosus — otium, rest.]
OTITIS, o-ti'tis. n. inflammation of the in-
ternal ear. [From Gr. mis, otos, the ear.]
OTOSCOPE, o'to-skop, 7i. an instrument for
exploring the ear. [Gr. ons, otos, the ear,
and skopeo. to look at.]
OTTER, ot'er, ?i. a large kind of weasel liv-
ing entirely on fish. [Lit. the " water-
animal," A.S. otor, oter ; cog. with Dut.
and Ger. otter. Ice. otr, akin to uddr,
water, Gr. hydra, E. Water.]
OTTO, ot'o. OTTAR, ot'ar, (better spelt)
ATTAR, at'ar, ?i. a fragrant oU obtained
from certain flowers, esp. the rose. [Ar.
Htr — 'aiira, to smell sweetly.]
OTTOMAN, ot'o-man, adj. pertaining to the
Turkish Empire, founded by Othman or
Osman in 1299. — 7i. a Turk: a low, stuffed
seat without a back, first used in Turkey.
[The Fr. form.]
OUBLIETTE, 5o-bli-ef, n. a dungeon with
no opening but at the top. [Lit. •• a
place where one is forgotten,'" Fr., from
aublier, to forget — L. ohliviscor.']
OUCH, owch, n. the socket of a precious
stone. [O. Fr. nouche, nosche ; from O
Ger. iiusdie, a clasp.]
OUGHT, n. same as Aught.
OUGHT, awt, v.i. to be under obligatioc
to be proper or necessary. [Lit. "owed,"
pa.t. of Owe.]
our —
TNCE, owns, n. the ticelfth part of a
pound troy = 480 grains : j'5 of a pound
avoirdupois = 487i troy grains. [A..S.
ynee, t\ of a foot, an inch ; Fr. once — L.
uneia. tlie twelfth part of anything. See
Inch.]
OUNCE, owns, v. a feline carnivorous ani-
mal of Asia, allied to the leomrd. [Fr.
once, prob. nasalized form of Pers. yxtz.']
OUR, owr, adj. and pron. pertaining or
belonging to us. [A.S. xire, for xisere,
gen. pi. of 1st pers. pron. See Us.]
OURANG-OUTANG. Same as Orang-
outang.
OURS, owrz, pron. possessive of We.
OURSELF. owr-self, pron., myself (in the
regal style) :—pl. Oueseltes (-selvz'), we,
not others : us.
OUSEL, oo'zl. n. a kind of thrush. [A.S.
osle (short for amsele); cog. with Ger.
amsel.]
OUST, owst, v.t. to eject or expel. [0. Fr.
aster (Fr. oter), to remove ; ace. to Diez,
from L. haurio, haustns, to draw (waterX
Cf. Exhaust.!
OUSTER, owsfier, n. (law) ejection : di*- fl
possession.
OUT, owt, adv. without, not within : gone
forth : abroad : in a state of discovery :
in a state of exhaustion, extinction, etc.
completely : freely : forcibly : at a loss
unsheltered : uncovered. — i7it. away ; be
gone I— Out of course, out of order •■
Out of HANT>, instantly. [A.S. ide. rd
cog. with Ice. and Goth, ut, Ger. cfi/s,
Sans. vd.~\
OUTBALANCE, owt-bal'ans, v.t. to ex(
in weight or efi'ect.
OUTBID, owt-bid', v.t. to offer a higher
price than another.
OUTBREAK, owfbrak, n. a breaking out-
eruption.
OUTBURST
309
OVERFLOW
OUTBURST, owt'burst. n. a bursting out :
an explosion.
OUTCAST, owt'kast, adj. exiled : rejected.
— (i. a person banished: an exile.
OUTCOME, owt'kum, n. the issue : conse-
quence.
OUTCROP, on't'krop, ii. the exposure of a
stratum at the earth's surface. [Our and
Crop.] [noise.
OUTCRY, owtlirl, n. a loud cry of distress:
OUTDO, owt-do5', v.t. to surpass : excel.
OUTDOOR, owt'dor or owt-dor', ady. out-
side the door or the house : in the open
air.
OUTDOORS, owt'dOrz, adv. out of the
house : abroad.
OUTER, owt'er, aclj., more out or without :
external : — opposed to Inner. [Comp. of
Out.]
OUTERMOST, owt'er-m5st, adj., most or
furthest out : most distant. [Corr. of
ttie-m-est, double superl. of Our. For
sutBx -mo9t, see Aptermost, Foremost.]
OUTFIT, owt'flt, n. complete equipment :
the articles or the expenses for fitting
out: the means for an outfit.
OUTFITTER, owt'flt-er, n. one who fui^
nishes outfits.
OUTFITTING, o^vt'flt-ing, n. an outfit.
OUTFLANK, o\\i;-flangk', v.t. to extend
the flank of one army beyond that of
another.
OUTGENERAL, owt-jen'er-al,w.f. to outdo
in generalship. [OoTand General.]
OUTfjOING, owt'go-ing, n. act or state of
going out : extreme limit : expenditure.
— adj. opposed to incoming, as a tenant.
OUTGROW, owt-gro', v.t. to grow beyond
or surpass in growth : to grow out of.
OUTHOUSE, owt'hows, 7i. a small build-
in r/ outside a dwelling house.
•-'UtLANDISa, owt-land'ish, adj. belong-
intr to an out or foreign land : foreign :
strange : rustic, rude, vulgar. [A.S.
vtlen^isc. Ovr and Land.]
OUTLAST, owt-last', v.t. to last longer
than.
OUTLAW, owtlaw, n. one deprived of the
protection of the law : a robber or bandit.
— i:t. to place beyond the law: to deprive
of the benefit of the law : to proscribe.
OUTLAWRY, owtnaw-ri, n. the act of put-
ting a plan out of the protection of the
law.
OUTLAY, owt'la, n. that which is laid out :
expenditure.
OUTLET, owt'let, n. the place or means
by which anything is let out : the pass-
age outward.
OUTLINE, owt'Un, n. the outer or exterior
Uice: the lines by which any figure is
bounded : a sketch: a draft. — v.t. to draw
tlie exterior line of : to delineate or
sketch.
OUTLIVE, owt-liv*, v.t. to live beyond : to
survive.
OUTLOOK, owtnook, n. vigilant watch :
prospect: the place from which one looks
out.
OUTLYING, owt'll-hig, adj. lying out or
beyond : remote : on the exterior or
frontier.
OUTMARCH, owt-march', v.t. to march
faster than.
OUTJIOST, owt'raSst. Same as OUTER-
MiiST.
OUTNUMBER, owt-numljer, v.t. to exceed
in number.
D0TPATIENT, owt'pS-shent, n. a patient
who receives aid from a hospital, but
lives outside of it.
OUTPORT, owt'port, n. a port out or re-
mote from the chief port.
OUTPOST, owt'post, n. a post or station
beyond tlie main body of an army : the
troops placed there.
OUTPOUR, owt-por', v.t. to pour out.
OUTPOURING, owt'por-ing, n. a pouring
out : an abundant supply.
OU'TPUT, owt'poot, n. the quantity of
metal made by a smelting furnace, or of
coal taken from a pit, within a certain
time.
OUTRAGE, owt'raj, n. violence beyond
measm-e : excessive abuse : wanton mis-
chief.— v.t. to treat with excessive abuse :
to injure by violence. — i\i. to be guilty of
outrage. [Fr., O. Fr. oultrage — Low L.
idtragium, from ultra, beyond.]
OUTRAGEOUS, owt-raj'us, adj. violent,
furious : turbulent : atrocious : enor-
mous.— adv. Odtea'geously. — n. Out"-
EAGEpUSNESS.
OUTRE, 6ot-ra', adj. extravagant : over-
strained. [Fr. outrer — outre — L. ultra,
beyond.]
OUfREACH, owt-rech', l'.^ to reach or
extend beyond.
OUTRIDE, owt-rld', v.t. to ride beyond :
to ride faster than.
OUTRIDER, owt'rid-er, n. one who rides
abroad : a servant on horseback who at-
tends a carriage.
OUTRIGGER, owt'rig-er, n. a projecting
spar for extending sails or any part of the
rigging : an apparatus fixed to a boat to
increase the leverage of the oar : a boat
with this apparatus.
OUTRIGHT, owt rit, adv. immediately: at
once : completely.
OUTRIVAL, ovvt-ri'val, v.t. to go beyond
in rivalry : to surpass.
OUTJROAD, owt'rod, n. (obs.) a riding out
into an enemy's country, a hostile attack.
OUTRUN, owt-run', v.t. to go beyond in
running : to exceed.
OUTSET, owt'set, n. a setting out : begin-
ning.
OUTSHINE, owt-shin', v.i. to shine out or
forth. — v.t. to excel in shining : to exceL
OUTSIDE, owt'eid, n. the outer side : the
surface : the exterior. — adj. on the out-
side : exterior : superficial : external. —
n. OCT'SIDER.
OUTSKIRT, owt'skert, n. the outer skirt :
border : suburb : — often used in pi.
OUTS PAN, owt-span', v.t. to unyoke
draught-oxen from a vehicle. [See IN-
SPAN.l
OUTSPOKEN, owt-spO'ken, ot^. frank or
bold of speech.
OUTSPREAD, owt-spred', v.t. to spread out
or over.
OUTSTANDING, owt-stand'ing, a(^'. stand-
ing out : uncollected : remaining unpaid.
OUTSTRETCH, owt-strech', v.t. to stretch
or spread out : to extend.
OUTSTRIP, owt-strip', v.t. to outrun : to
leave behind.
OUTVIE, owt-vf, v. t. to go beyond in vying
with : to exceed : to surpass. [Out and
Vie.]
OUTVOTE, owt-vot', v.t. to defeat by a
greater number of votes.
OUTWARD, owt'ward, adj. towards the
outside : external : exterior. — adv. also
Out'waeds, toward the exterior : to a
foreign port.
OUTWARD-BOUND, owt' ward -bownd,
adj. bound outwards or to a foreign port.
[See Bound, adj.]
OUTWARDLY, o«-t'ward-li, adv. in an
outward manner : externally : in appear-
ance.
OUTWEIGH, owt-wa', v.t. to exceed in
weight or importance.
OUTWENT, owt-went', v.t. (New Test.)
went f.-ister than.
OUTWIT, owt-wit', v.t. to surpass in wit
or ingenuity: to defeat by superior in-
genuity:— pr.p. outwitt'ing; pa.t. and
pn.p. outwitt'ed.
OUTWORK, owt'wurk, 7i. a work outside
the principal wall or line of fortification.
OVAL, O'val, adj. having the shape of aa
egg. — u. anything oval : an eUipse. — adv.
O'VAiLT. JFr. ovale, from L. ovum, an
egg. See EGG.]
OVARIOTOMY, 6-var-i-ot'om-i, v. {surgery
the excision of a tumor from the ovary
[Fr. — ovaire, the ovary, and Gr. tonie,
cutting.]
OVARIOUS, o-va'ri-us, adj. consisting o*
eggs.
OVARY, o'var-i, ?i. the part of the femaie
animal in which the egg of the offspring
is formed : (bot.) the part of the pistil
which contains the seed. — adj. Ova'eian
[Low L. ovaria. See Oval.]
OVATE, 6'vat, OVATED, 6'vat-ed, adj..
egrgr-shaped.
OVATION, 6-va'shun, n. in ancient Rome,
a lesser triumph :an outburst of popular
applause. [Fr. — L. ovatio — oro, ovatxini
to shout, exult, cog. with Gr. auo, tc
shout.]
OVEN, uVn, n. an arched cavity over a/r«
for baking, heating, or drying : any ap-
paratus used as an oven. [A.S. of en,
cog. with Ger. of en, Goth, avhvs, anc
perh. connected with Gr. ipmos, an oven.]
OVER, 6'ver, 2^ep. above : across : ou the
surface of : upon the whole surface of
through. — adv. tihove : across : from one
to another: from one country to another
above in measure : too much : to excess ■
conipletely. — adj. upper : beyond : past,
[A.S. ofer ; Ice. yjir, Goth, vfar, Ger,
Uber, L. super, Gr. hiqier. Sans, vpari ;
conn, with Up, Open, Ab-ove.]
OVERACT, o-ver-akt', v.t. to act oremiucb
or to excess. — v.i. to act more than is
necessary.
OVERALLS, o'ver-awlz, n. loose trousers
worn over all the other dress.
OVERARCH, o-ver-Srch', v.t. to arch over
OVERAWE, o-ver-aw', v.t. to restrain bl.
fear or superior influence.
OVERBALANCE, o-ver-bal'ans, v t. to ex
ceed in weight, value, or importance. — Ji.
O'VERBAIANCE, excess of weight or value.
OVERBEAR, 6-ver-bar', v.t. to bear down
or overpower : to overwhelm.
OVERBEARING, o-ver-bar'ing, adj.
haughty and dogmatical : imperious.
OVERBOARD, 6'ver- bord, adv. over the
board or side : from on board : out of a
ship.
OVERBURDEN, o-ver-bur'dn, v.t. to bur.
den overmuch.
OVERCAST, o-ver-kast', v.t. to cloud : to
cover with gloom : to sew over slightly.
OVERCHARGE, 6-ver-charj', v.t. to load
with too great a charge : to charge too
much. — n. O'VERCHAEGE, an excessive
load or burden : an excessive charge.
OVERCLOUD, 6-ver-klowd', v.t. to cover
over witli clouds.
OVERCOAT, o'ver-kot, n. a coat over all
the other dress.
OVERCOME, o-ver-kum', v.t. to get the
better of : to conquer or subdue. — v.i. to
be victorious.
OVERDO, o-ver-d6o', v.t. to do overmuch ;
to harass, to fatigue : to cook too much.
OVERDONE, 6-ver-dun', adj, overacted :
fatisrued : cooked too much.
OVERDOSE, 6-ver-dos', v.t. to dose over
much. — ?!. an excessive dose.
OVERDRAW, 6-ver-draw',i'.f.todraw over
luuch : to draw beyond one's credit : tc
exaggerate.
OVERDUE, 6-ver-du', adj. due beyond the
time.
OVERESTDIATE, 6-ver-es'tira-at, v.t. to
estimate too highly. — n. an excessive
estimate.
OVERFLOW, o-ver-flo', v.t. to flow over:
to flood : to overwhelm : to cover, aa
with numbers. — v.i. to run over: to
abound.
OVERFLOW
OVERFLOW, o'ver-fla, n. a flowing over,
an iuundation : superabundance.
OTEEFLOAVING, 6-ver-flo'ing, adj. flow-
ing- over : abundant. — n. abundance :
copiousness.
OVERGrEOW, 6-ver-gro', v.t. to grow be-
yond : to rise above : to cover with
growth. — v.i. to grow beyond the proper
size.
OVERHANG, S-ver-hang*, v.t. to hang
over : to project over : to impend. — v.t.
to hang over.
OVERHAUL, o-ver-hawl', v.t. to haul or
draw over : to turn over for examina-
tion: to examine: to re-examine: (naut.)
to overtake in a chase.
0\T;RHAUL, o'ver-hawl, n. a hauling
over : examination : repair.
OVERHEAD, 6-ver-hed', adv. over the
head : aloft : in the zenith.
OVERHEAR, o-ver-her', v.t. to hear what
was not intended to be heard : to hear by
accident. [Over and Hear.]
OVERJOY, o-ver-joy", v.t. to All with
great joy : to transport wth deUght or
eladness.
OVERJOY, o'ver-joy, n. joy to excess:
transport.
OVERLAND, o'ver-land, adj. passing en-
tirelv or principally by land, as a route.
OVERLAP, o-ver-lap', v.t. to lap over.
OVERLAY, 6-vep-la', v.t. to lay over : to
spread over : to cover completely : to
smother : to cloud.
OVERLEAP, o-ver-lep', v.t. to leap over.
0^"ERLEAVEN, o-ver-le\''n, v.t. to leaven
too much : to mix too much with.
OVERLIE, o-ver-ir, v.t. to lie above or
upon.
OVERLIVE, 6-ver-liv', v.t. (B.) to outlive :
to survive.
OVERLOAD, o-ver-lod', v.t. to load or flU
overmuch.
0\'ERLOOK, o-ver-looF, v.t. to look over:
to be higher : to inspect : to neglect by
carelessness or inadvertence : to pass by
indulgentlv : to pardon : to sUsht.
J\T:RilATdH, 6-ver-mach', v.t. to be more
than a match for : to conquer. — n. O'ver-
MATCH, one who is more than a match.
0A"rERMTJCH, o-ver-much', adj. and adv.
too much.
OVERPASS, 6-ver-pas', v.t. to jtass over :
— pa. p. (B.) overpast'.
OVERPAY, 5-ver-pa', v.t. to pay too much.
OVERPLUS, 6'ver-plus, n. that which is
more than enough : surplus. [B. OVEE,
and L. plus, more.]
OVERPO"\VER, 6-ver-pow'er, v.t. to have
or arain power over : to subdue.
O'V'ERRATE, 6-ver-rat', v.t. to rate too
high.
OVERREACH, o-ver-rech', v.t. to reach or
extend beyond : to cheat. — v. u to strike
the hindfoot against the forefoot, as a
horse.
OVERRULE. o-ver-ro6l', v.t. to rule over :
to influence by greater power: (fewc) to
supersede or reject.
0^^;RRUN, o-ver-run', v.t. to run or spread
over : to grow over : to spread over and
take possession of : (B.) to outrun. — v.i.
to run over.
OVERSEE, 6-ver-se', v.t. to see or look
over : to superintend.
OVERSEER, 6-ver-se'er, n. one who over-
sees : a superintendent : an ofllcer who
has the care of the poor.
OVERSET, 6-ver-set', v.t. to set or turn
over : to upset : to overthrow. — v.i. to
turn or be turned over.
OVERSHADE, 6-ver-shad', v.t. to throw a
shade over.
OMERSHADOW, 6-ver-shad'5.v.f. to throw
a shadow over: to shelter or protect.
OVERSHOOT, o-ver-shoot', v.t. to shoot
over or beyond, as a mark ; to pass
310
swiftly over. — r.«. to shoot or fly be-
vond "the mark.
OVERSHOT, o'ver-shot, adj. ha\-ing the
water falling from above, as a wheel.
OVERSIGHT, 6'ver-slt, n. (orig.) superin-
tendence: a faUing to notice: mistake:
omission.
OVERSPREAD, O-ver-spred', v.t. to spread
over : to scatter over. — v.i. to be spread
over.
0\T;RSTATE, 6-ver-stat', v.t. to state over
or above: to exaggerate. — n. Oveestate'-
MENT.
O^TERSTEP, 6-ver-step', v.t. to step be-
vond : to exceed.
01t;RST0CK, 6-ver-stok', v.t. to stock
overmuch : to fill too full.
OVERSTRAIN, 6-ver-stran', v.t. and v.i. to
strain or stretch too far.
OVERT, 6' vert, adj., open to view: public :
apparent. — adv. O'veetly. [Fr. ouvert,
pa.p. of ouvrir, to open, ace. to Diez,
from O. Fr. a-ovrir, tlu-ough Prov. adub-
rir, from L. de-operio, to uncover — t/e—
un-, and operio, to cover ; ace. to Littre,
from L. operire, to cover, confounded in
meaning with aperire, to open.]
OVERTAKE, 6-ver-tak', v.t. to come up
■with : to catch : to come upon.
OVERTASK, C-ver-task', v.t. to task over-
much : to impose too heavy a task on.
OVERTAX, C-ver-taks', v.t. to tax over-
much.
OVERTHROW, 6-ver-thro', v.t. to throw
down : to upset : to bring to an end : to
demolish : to defeat utterly. — n. O'vEE-
THRO'W, act of overthrowing or state of
being overthrown : ruin : defeat.
OVERTOP, o-ver-top', v.t. to rise over the
top of : to surpass : to obscure.
OVERTRADE, 6-ver-trad', v.i. to trade
overmuch or beyond capital.
OVERTURE, 6'ver-tur, n. (prig.) an opetv.
ing, disclosure: a proposal: {music) a
Eiece introductory to a greater piece or
allet. — v.t. to lay an overture or pro-
posal before. [Fr. o^irerptre.]
0\T;RTURN, 6-ver-turn', v.t. to throw
down : to subvert : to ruin. — n. O'VEE-
TUEN, state of being overturned.
OVERVALUE, 6-ver-val'u, v.t. to value
overmuch.
OVERWEENING, 0-ver-wen'ing, adj.,
rreening or thinking too highly : conceit-
ed : vain. [A.S. ofenvenan. See Ween.]
OVERWEIGH. 6-ver-wa'. v.t. to outweigh.
OVERAVEIGHT, 6-ver-wa t', Ji. weight be-
vond -what is required or is just.
O^^RWHELM, 6-ver-hwelm , v.t. to over-
spread and crush by something heavy or
strong : to immerse and bear down : to
overcome.
OVERW^SE, 6-ver-wi'z',nf?/. wise overmuch:
affectedly wise.— arfr. 0\-ERWlsE'LY.
0%T:RW0RK, 6-ver-wurk'. v.t. and v.i. to
work overmuch or beyond the strength ;
to tire. — n. O'veevtokk, excess of work :
excessive labor.
OVERWORN, 6-ver-wSrn', a(^'. worn out :
subdued bv toil : spoiled bv use.
O'S'ERWRO'UGHT, o-ver-rawf, pa.p. of
Overwork, wrought overmuch : worked
all over.
O^^FEROUS, 6-%nrer-ns, adj., egg-bearing.
[L. cn-iim, egg, and /ero, to bear.]
OVIFORM, o'\a-form, ailj. having the form
of an m-al or egg. [L. ovnyn, egg, and
Form.]
OVIPAROUS, o-\'ip'a-ras, adj., bringing
forth eggs. [L. oviim, egg, andpario, to
oring forth.]
OVOlt), 6' void. OVOID AL, 6-void'al, adj.,
oval or egg shaped. [L. ovum, egg, and
Gr. eidos. formr)
OVUM, o'vum. n. an egg : (anat.) the body
in which after impregnation the develop-
OYEZ
ment of the fetus takes place :—pl. O'va.
OWL, 6, i:t. to possess what belongs to
another : to be bound to pay : to be
obUged for. [A.S. agan ; Ice. eiga, O,
Ger. eigan, to possess.]
OWING, o'ing, adj. due : ascribable bn .
imputable to.
OWL. owl, n. a nocturnal carnivorosis
bird, noted for its holding or hooting
noise. [A.S. ide ; Ger. e^de, L. uhda^
Sans, vluka, from the sound.]
OWLET, owl'et, n. a little owl. [Dim. ol
Owl.]
OWLISH, owl'ish, adj. like an owl.
OWN, on, v.t. to grant: concede: aeknowW
edge. [A.S. vnnan, to grant, cog. with
Ger. gonnen, to grant.]
OWN, on, v.t., to possess : to have a right-
ful title to. [A.S. agnian, with addition
of causal sumx — agen, one's own. See
Ow>-, adj.]
OWN, on, o<^'., possessed: belonging to:
peculiar. [A.S. agen, pa.p. of agati. to
possess, cog. with Ger. eigen,lce. eiginji,
one's own.]
OWNER, oner, v. one who owns or pos-
sesses.— n. Owk'ership.
OX, oks, n. a ruminant quadruped of the
bovine family : the male of the cow, esp.
when castrated :— /j/. Oxen, oks'n. used
for both male and female. [A.S. oxa. pi, „
o.van ; Ice. itxi ; Ger. oehs, Goth, auhsa, ■
Sans, ukshan.]
OXAXiIC, oks-al'ik, adj. pertaining to or
obtained from sorrel.
OXALIS, oks'a-lis, n. wood-sorrel: {bot.)
a genus of plants having an acid taste,
[Gr., from oxys, acid.]
05EYE, oksl, n. acommon plant in mead-
ows, so called because its flower is hke
the eve of an ox.
OXEYED, oks'Id, adj. having lai-ge full
eyes like those of an ox.
OX^LY, oks'fli, n. a fly hatched under thfc
skin of oxen.
OXIDATION, oks -id -a' shun, OXIDIZE-
MENT, oks-id-iz'ment, n. act or process
of oxidizing.
OXIDE, oks'id, n. a compound of oayygen
and a base destitute of acid properties.
OXIDIZABLE. oks-id-Iz'a-bl, adj. capable
of being oxidized.
OXIDIZE, oks'id-tz, v.t. to convert into an
oxide. — v.i. to become an oxide. — n.
OXIDIZ'ER.
OXYGEN, oks'i-jen, v. a gas without taste,
color, or smell, forming part of the air,
water, etc., and supporting life and com-
bustion. [Lit. " that which generates
acids," from Gr. oxys, sliarp, acid, and
gennaH, to generate.]
OXYGENATE, oks'ij-en-at, v.t. to unite or
cause to unite with oxygen. — n. OSTGEJl-
a'tiox. act of oxygenating.
OXYGENIZE, oks'ij-en-Tz. Same as Ox-
ygenate.
OXYGENOUS, oks-ij'en-us, adj. pertaining
to or obtained from oxygen.
OXYMEL, oks'i-niel, n. a mixture of vine-
gar and honey. [Lit. " sour honey," Gr.
0.T7.S, sour, mdi, honey.]
OXYTONE, oks'i-toD, adj. having an aaite
sound : having the acute accent on the
last syllable. [Gr. arys, sharp, and fonos
tone, accent.]
OYER, 6'yer, n. (lit.) a hearing: (law) a
commission which confei-s the power of
hearing and determining treasons, etc.
[Norm. Fr. oyer (Fr. ouir) — L. andire, to
hear.]
OYEZ, OYES. 6'yes, int. (lit.) hear ye : the
introductory call of a public orier for
attention. [Norm. Fr., 2d pers. pi. 'voof
perative of oyer.'^
OYSTER
311
FALACE
OYSTER, ois'ter, n. a well-known bivalve
shell fish. [O. Fr. oisti-e (Fr. huitre)—L.
osirea — Gr. ostreon, an oyster — osteon, a
bone.]
OZOXE, o'zon, n. name given to a modiflca^
tion of oxygen, when affected by electric
discharges, marked by a peculiar smeU.
[Qt. ozO, to smell.]
PABUTiAB, pab'O-lar, adj. pertaining to
food.
PABULUM, pab'Q-lum, n., food : proven-
der : fuel. [L.— pa-SCO, pa^^i, to feed.
See PASTOE.J
PACA, pa'ka, n. a genus of rodent animals
belonging to South America. [Port., the
native name.]
PACE, pas, n. a stride : (mil.) the space
left between the feet in one step, meas-
ured from heel to heel, and varying from
80 to 36 inches : a step : space between
the feet in ordinary walking, 3i feet :
gait : rate of motion (of a man or beast):
mode of stepping in horses in which the
legs on the same side are lifted together:
amble. — v.t. to measure by steps: to
cause to progress: to regulate in motion.
— v.i. to walk: to walk slowly: to amble.
— n. Pacer, pas'er. [Fr. nas — L. paasus —
paitdo, jmsifus. to stretch.]
PACHA, PACHAT.TC. See Pasha, Pa-
sha uc.
PACHYDER5I, pak'i-derm, n. one of an
order of non-ruminant, hoofed mam-
mals, distinguished tor the thichness of
their skin, as the elephant :— p'- Pach'Y-
DERMS or Pachyderm' ATA. [Gr. pachys,
thick, (lit.) firm, from rootpafc, and der-
via, dennatos, skin. See Pack.]
/ACHYDERJIATOUS, pak -i - derm'a-tiis,
adj. relating to a pachyderm, or of the
order of pachyderms.
PACIFIC, pa-s'if'ik, adj., peace-making :
appeasing : mild : tranquil. — n. the ocean
between Asia and America, so caUeu be-
cause found peaceful by its discoverer
Magellan, after weathering Cape Horn.
—ailv. Paltf'icat.i.y. [See Pacify.]
PACIFICATION, pas-if-i-ka'shun, n. the
act of making peace between parties at
variance.
PACIFICATOR, parsifi-ka-tor, PACIFIER,
pas';-fl-er, n. a, peacemaker. — adj. Pacif'-
ICATORY.
PACIFY, pas'i-fl, v.t. to make peaceful : to
appease : to cahn : to soothe. [Fr. paci-
Jier — L. paeijico—pax, pads, peace, and
facio, to make. See Peace.]
PACK, pak, n. (lit.) that which is bound up
together : a bundle : a burden : a com-
plete set of cards : a number of hounds
hunting, or kept together : a number of
persons combined for bad purposes : any
great number. — v.t. to press together and
fasten up : to place in close order : to
select persons tor some unjust object. —
n. Pack'er. [From a root found in Ger.
pack and Celt, pac, and conn, with L.
pan go. Sans. pa<;, to bind. Cf. Pact.]
f'ACKAGE, pak'aj, «. something pacted ;
a bundle or bale.
♦•ACKET, pak'et, n. a small package: a
despatch vessel, so called from its carry-
ing the packets of letters : a vessel plying
regularly between ports. — v.t. to bind in
a packet orparcel.
PACKHORSE. pakTiors, re. a horse former
ly usart to carry goods in panniers.
PACKING, pak'mg, n. the act of putting
in packs or tying up for carriage : material
for packinsr.'
PACKING-SHEET, pak'ing-shet, n. a
coarse cloth for packing or covenng
goods.
PACKJLVJT, pak'man, n. a pedler or man
who carries a pack.
PACK-SADDLE, pak'-sad'l, n. a saddle for
packs or burdens.
PACKTHREAD, pak'thred, n. a coarse
thread used to sew up packages.
PACT, pakt, PACTION, pak'shun, n. that
which ia fixed or agreed on : a contract.
[L. pactum— paeiscor, pactus, to make a
contract — root pak, to bind. Cf. Pack,
Peace.]
PAD, pad, n. a thief on the high-road
(more commonly Footpad) : a roadster,
an easy-paced horse. — v.i. to walk on
foot : to rob on foot •.—pr.p. padd'ing ;
pa.t. and pa.p. padd'ed. [But. jiad, a
path, cog. with E. Path.]
PAD, pad, n. anything stuffed with a soft
material : a soft saddle, cushion, etc. : a
package of some soft material for ^v^it-
mg upon. — v.t. to stuff with anything
soft : to flx colors in cloth : — jw.^j.'padd -
ing ; pa.t. and jia.p. padd'ed. [A variant
of Pod, and orig. sig. " a bag.'j
PADDING, pad'ing, n. the soft stuffing of
a saddle, etc.: superfluous matter intro-
duced into a book or article in order to
make it of the length desired.
PADDLE, pad'l, v.i. to dabble in water with
the/eef ; to finger : to beat the water as
with the feet, to row. — v.t. to move with
an oar or paddle. — n. a short, broad,
spoon-shaped oar, used for moving ca-
noes: the blade of an oar: one of the
boards at the circumference of a paddle-
wheel : (B.) a little spade. [For Pattle,
a freq. form of Pat.]
PADDLE-WHEEL, padl-hwgl, n. the
wheel used in padelling or propelling
steam-vessels.
PADDOCK, pad'uk, n. a toad or frog.
[Dim. of M.E. padde, a toad — Icepadda.]
PADDOCK, pad uk, n. a small park under
pasture, immediately adjoining the
stables of a domain. [A.S. pearroc, a
park — sparran (Ger. speiTen\ to shut
(obs. E. " to spar "). Doublet Paek.]
PADDOCKSTOOL, pad'uk-stOol, n. a toad-
stool.
PADDY, pad'i, n. rice in the husk. [E. In-
dian.]
PADLOCJK, padlok, n. a lock %vith a link
to pass through a staple or eye. — v.t. to
fasten with a padlock. [Ety. unknown.!
P^AN, pe'an, n, (orig.) a song in honor of
ApoUo : a song of triumph. [L. — Gr.
Paian or Paion, an epithet of Apollo.
See Peony.]
P^DOBAPTISM, P^DOBAPTIST. See
Pedobaptism, Pedobaptist.
PAGAN, pa'gan, n. a heathen. — adj. hea-
then. [L. pagantis, a countryman, rus-
tic, then a heathen, because the coun-
try people were later in being converted
than the people of the towns — nagus, a
district (regarded as having fixed bound-
aries)—ptrnf/o, to fix. See Pact.]
PAGANISH, pa'gan-ish, adj. heathenish.
PAGANISM, pa'g;in-izm, n. heathenism.
PAGANIZE, pa'gan-Tz, r.^. to render jwgan
or heathen : to convert to paganism.
PAGE, paj, n. a boy attending on a person
of distinction. [Fr. page : ace. to Littrfe,
prob. from LowL. pngensis, a peasant —
L pagns, a village (cf. Pagan, Pkasant);
ace. to Diez, through the It. from Gr.
paidion, dim. of pais, paidos, a boy.]
PAGE, paj, n. one side of a leaf :"(or!'flf.)
a leiif of a book, so called because leaves
were fastened together to form a book :
— pi. writings. — v.t. to number the pages
of. [Fr. — L. pagina, a thing fastened —
pag. root otpa-n-go. to fasten.]
PAGEANT, paj'ant, or pa'-, n. a showy ex-
hibition . a spectacle : a fleeting show :
(orig.) a scaffold for the purpose of scenic
exliibition. — adj. showy: pompous. [M.E,
pagent (with excrescent -t as in ancient,
pheasant), from an older form pagen or
pagin — Low L. pagina, a stage, some-
thing framed or compacted — L. pagino
—pango, to flx. See Page, one side o'
a leaf.]
PAGEANTRY, paj'an-tri or pa'jan-ti-i, u
ostentatious display: pompous exhibition
or spectacle.
TAGINATION, paj-i-na'shun, n. the act
of paging a book : the figures th.at indi-
cate the number of pages. [See Page,
one side of a leaf.]
PAGODA, pa-go'da, n. an idol-house : an
Indian idol : its temple. [Port., a corr.
of Pers. but-kadah, an idol-temple.]
PAID, pad, pa.f. and pa.p. of Pay.
PAIDEUTICS, pa-du'tiks, n.sing. the sci-
ence or theory cf teachiiig. [Gr. paideu-
tike—paideuo, to teach— pazs, paidos, a
chUd.]
PAIL, p51, n. an open vessel of wood, etc.,
for holding or carrying liquids. [O. Fr.
2xtele — L. patella, a pan, dim. of patera
—-pateo, to be open.]
PAILFUL, pal'fool, n. as much as fills a
2Jail.
PAILLASSE, pal-yas'=PALLiASSE, which
•see.
PAIN, pan, n, bodily suffering : anguish :
—pi. labor : the throes of cliildbirth. —
v.i. to distress : to torment : to grieve.
[Fr. peine — L. poena, satisfaction, pen-
alty, punishment, cog. with Gr. poine,
penalty.]
PAINED. pSnd, adj. (B.) in pain, in labor.
PAINFUL, pan'fool, adj. full of pain
causing pain : distressing : difficult
adv. Padtfully. — n. Pain'fulness.
PAINLESS, pSn'les, adj. without pain.
adv. Pain'lessly. — n. Pain'lessness.
PAINSTAKER, panz'tak-er, tu one who
takes pains or care.
PAINSTAKING, panz'tak-ing, adj. taking
pains or care: i»»borious : diligent. — n.
labor : diligence.
PAINT, pant, v.t. to color : to represent in
colors : to describe. — v.i. to practice
painting: to lay colors on the face. —
n. a coloring substance. [Paivt, O. Fr.
pa.p. of Fr. peindre, to paint — L. pingo,
pichis, to paint, cog. with Gr. voikilos,
variegated. Sans, ptjy', to color. J^
PAINTER, pant'er. n. one whose employ-
ment is to paint : one skilled in paint-
PADJTER, pant'er, n. a rope used to fa.sten
a boat. [A corr. of M.E.panter, a fowler's
noose, through O. Fr., from L. panther,
a hunting-net — Gr. panthiros, catching
all— pan, neut. of pas. evei-y, and thSr,
wild beast, E. Deeh.]
PAINTING, pant'iiig, n. the act or employ-
ment of laying on colors: the act of
representing objects by colors : a pict-
ure : vivid description in words.
PAIR, par, 7i. two things equal, or suited
to each other, or used together : a couple:
a man and his wife. — v.t. to join in
couples. — v.i. to be joined in couples: to
fit as a counterpart.— Pair off, to go oj?
in pair.'): to make an arrangenu-nt with
one of an opposite oninion by which the
votes of both are withheld. [Fr. paire a
couple— pair, like — L.pnr, equal. It was
orig. not confined to tico, but was applied
to a set of like or equal things, as a. pair
of cards.]
PALACE, pal'as,?!. a royal house : a house
eminently splendid : a bishop's official
resilience. [Fr. pnlais — L. Palatium, the
Roman emperor's residence on the Pala^
tine Hill at Rome.]
FALADIN
312
PAMPHLETEER! NG
PALADIK, pal'a-din, n. a knight of Charle-
magne's tiousehold : a knight-errant,
generally. fFr. — It. paladino—L. imla-
iinus, belouging to the palace. See
PAJ.^TIJfE.J
PALEOGRAPHY, parl§-og'ra-fl, n. study
of ancient writings and modes of writing.
|Gr. palaios, ancient, and graphO, to
write?]
.'^ A.L.^OLITHIC, pa-15-o-Uth'ik, adj. ap-
plied to the older division of the prehis-
toric Stone Age. [Qr. palaios, old, and
Hthos, stonej
PAL-^OLOGY, pa-le-ol'o-ji, n. a discouree
or treatise on antiquities: archJBology. —
». PaIuEol'oqist. [Or. palaios, ancient,
and logos, discoursed]
PALAEONTOLOGY, pa-le-on-tol'o-ji, n.
the science of the ancient life of the
earth, or of its fossil remains. — od/. Pa-
UfflONTOLOG'lCAL.— ». PALEONTOLOGIST.
[Gr. palaios, ancient, on, ontos, being,
logos, discourse.]
PALiEOZOIC, pa-le-o-z5'ik, adj. denoting
the lowest strata of the fossUiferous
rocks, so called because they contaia
the earliest forms of life. [Gr. palaios,
ancient, and zoS, life.]
PALANQUIN, PALANKEEN, pal-an-keu',
n. a light covered carriage used in China,
etc., for a single person, and borne on the
shoulders of men. [Hind, palang, a bed
— Sans, parijanha, a bed.]
PALATABLE, pal'at-a-bl, adj. agreeable
to the palate or taste : savory. — adv.
Pal'atably.
PALATAL, pal'at-al, adj. pertaining to
the palate : uttered by aid of the palate.
— n. a letter pronounced chiefly oy the
aid of the palate.
"PALATE, par at, ??, the roof of the mouth
touched by the food : taste : relish. [O.
Fr. palat — L. palatum.'\
PALATIAL, pa-la'shi-al, adj. pertaining to
a palace : royal : magnificent.
Palatinate, pal-at'm-at, n. province of
a palatine
palatine, pal'a-tin, adj. pertaining to a
palace, originally applied to officers of
the royal household : possessing royal
privileges. — n. a noble invested with
royal privileges: a subject of a palatinate.
[Fr. — L. palatinus. See Palace.]
palaver, pal-a'ver, n. idle talk : talk in-
tended to deceive: a public conference.
[Port, palavra — L. parabola, a parable
— Gr. See Parable.]
PALE, pal, n. a narrow piece of wood used
in inclosing grounds : anything that in-
close? : any inclosure : limit : district. —
v.t. to inclose with stakes: to encom-
pass. [Fr pal— li. palas, a stake, iorpag-
Zm.s— root pag {^pdk), to fix. Doublet
Pole. See Pack.]
PALE, pal adj. not ruddy or fresh of color:
wan: of a faint lustre: dim. — v.t, to
make pale. — v.i. to turn pale. — adv.V&is!-
VY.— n. Pale'ness [Ft.— L. paHidus,
pale ; akin to Sans, palita, gray, and E.
Fallow. Doublet Pallid.]
PALEOGRAPHY, etc. See Paleography,
etc.
PALESTRA, pa - les ' tra, n. a wrestling
school [L. — Qr. palaistra—pale, wrest-
ling.]
PALESTRIC, pa-les'trik, PALESTRICAL,
pa- les'trik-al, adj. pertaining to lerestling.
Paletot, pal'e-to, 7i. a loose overcoat.
[Fr., corr. of O. Dut. palt-s-rock (lit.) a
" palace-coat," a court dress, pals being
•=Ger. pfalz -lu palatium, and O. Dut.
roe=-Ger. rock, O. Ger. hroeh, from which
prob. E. Frock.]
PALETTE, pal'et, n. a little ova. board on
which a painter mixes his colors. [Fr.
—It. paletta, dim. of paUx, a spade — L.
pala, a spade.]
PALFREY, pal'fri, ii. a saddle-horse, esp.
for a lady. [Fr. palefroi — Low L. para-
veredus, proo. from Gr. para, beside, ex-
tra, and Low L veredus, a posthorse.]
PALBIPSEST, pal'imp-sest, n. a manu-
script which has been written upon twice,
the first writing having been rubbed off
to make room for the second. [Gr. pa-
limpseston, rubbed a second time — patin,
again, and psestos, rubbed.]
PALINDROME, pal'in-drom, lu a word,
verse, or sentence that reads the same
either backward or forward, as madam.
[Gr. palindromia—palin, back, and dro-
mos, a running.]
PALING, pal'ing, «., pales in general : a
fence of pales : an inclosure.
PALINODE, pal'in-Sd, n. a song or poem
retracting a former one : a recantation.
[Fr. — ^L.-— Qr., from palin, back, andodS,
a song. See Ode.]
PALISADE, pal-i-sad', n. a fence of pointed
pales or stakes firmly fixed in the ground.
— v.t. to surround with a palisade. [Fr.
palissade, from L. palus, a stake.]
PALISH, p&l'lsh, adj. somewhat pale or
wan.
PALL, pawl, n. a doak or mantle : a kind
of scarf worn by the Pope, and sent by
him to archbishops: the cloth over a
coflin at a funeral. [A.S. pcell, purple
cloth — L. palla, a mantio, a curtain,
conn, with pallium, a cioak.]
PALL, pawl, v.i. to become vapid : to lose
strength, life, spirit, or taste. — v.t. to
make vapid or insipid : to dispirit or
depress : to cloy. [W. paUu, to faU,
j)all, loss of energy, failure.]
PALLADIUM, pal-la'di-um, n. a statue of
Pallas, on the preservation of which the
safety of ancient Troy was supposed to
depend : any safeguard : a rare metal
found with platinum. [L. — Gr. paUadion
— Pallas, Fallados, Pallas or Minerva.1
PALLET, pal'et, n. a palette : the shaping
tool used by potters : an instrument for
spreading gold-leaf. [Another form of
Palette.]
PALLET, pal'et, n. a mattress, or couch,
properly a mattress of straw. [Prov. Fr.
paillet, dim. of Fr. paille, straw. See
Palliasse.]
PALLIASSE, pal-yas', n. a small bed, orig.
made of chaff or straw : an under mat-
tress of straw. [Fr. paill-asse— paille,
straw — ^L. palea, chaff. Cf. Pallet, a
mattress, etc.]
PALLIATE, pal i-at, v.t. to cZoafc or excuse:
to extenuate : to soften by favorable
representations. [L. pallialus, cloaked
—pallium.']
PALLIATION, pal-i-a'shun, n. act of pal-
liating or excusing : extenuation : miti-
gation.
PALLIATIVE, pal'i-a-tiv, adj. serving to
paUiate or extenuate : mitigating.
PALLID, pal'id, adj., pate; liaving little
color : wan. [L. pallidus. See Pale,
adj. which is a doublet.]
PALL-MALL, pel-niel', n. an old g^ame. In
which a ball was driven through an iron
ring with a mallet : a street in London
where the game used to be played. [0.
Fr. pale-maille — It. piallamaglio— palla —
O. Ger. palla (Ger. ball), E. Ball, and
maglio — L. malleus, a hammer. See
Mall.]
PALLOR, pal'or, n. quality orstate of being
pallid or pale : paleness. [L— paWere, to
be pale, conn, with root of Pale.]
PALM, pam, n. the inner part of the hand:
a tropical branchless tree of many vari-
eties, bearing at the summit large leaves
like thepa/m of the hand, borne in token
of victory or rejoicing: (jig.) triumph or
victory. — v.t. to stroke with the palm or
hand: to conceal in the palm of the handi
(esp. with off) to impose by fraud. [Fr.
paume—lj. palma ; cog. withGr. palamA
A.S. folm.]
PALMARY, pal'ma-ri, adj. worthy of tka
palm : pre-eminent. [L. palma, a palm.]
PALMATE, pal'mat, PALMATED, pal'niat-
ed, adj. shaped like the palm of the haMl:
entirely webbed, as feet. [L. pabnatHt
—palma. See Palm.]
PALMER, pam'er, n. a pilgrim from th»
Holy Land, distinguished oy his carrjing
a branch otpalm.
PALMER-W(Srm, pam'er-wurm, n. (B.) a
hairy n-orm which wanders \ike a palm,er,
devouring leaves, etc.
PALMETTO, pal-met'o, n. a name for
several fan-pahns. [Sp. — L. 2>alina.]
PALMHOUSE, pam'hows, n. a glass house
for raising palms and other tropical
plants.
PALMIPED, pal'mi-ped, adj. (lit.) palm-
footed : web-footed. — n. a web-footed or
swimming bird. [L. palma, palm of the
hand, and jjes, piedis, the foot. j
PALMISTER, pal'mis-ter, n. one who tells
fortunes by the lines of the imlm of the
hand.— n. Pal'MISTEY.
PALM-SmSTDAY, pam'-sun'da, n. the Sun-
day before Easter, the day our Saviour
entered Jerusalem, when palm branches
were strewed in his way.
PALMY, paui'i, adj. bearing palms : flour-
ishing : victorious.
PALPABILITY, pal-pa-bU'i-t,. PALPA-
BLENESS, pal'pa-bl-nes, n. quaUty of
being palpable : obNiousness.
PALPABLE, pal'pa-bl, adj. that can be
felt : readily perceived : obvious : gross
—adv. Pal'pably. [Fr.— L. palpabilis--
palpo, palpatus, to touch softly.]
PALPITATE, pal'pi-tat, v.i. to move often
and quickly : to beat rapidly : to throb.
]lu palpito, -atus, freq. of palpo. See
Palpable.]
PALPITATION, pal-pi-ta'shun, n. act of
palpitating : irregular or violent action
of the heart, caused by excitement, ex-
cessive exertion, or disease.
PALSY, pawl'zi, n. paralysis. — v.t. to affect
with palsy : to deprive of action or en-
ergy : to paralyze x—pa.p. pal'sied. [A
corr. of Vr. paralysie—Gv. paralysis. See
Paralysis.]
PALTER, pawl'ter, v.i. to trifle: to dodge:
to shuffle : to equivocate. [Prob. lit. to
" deal meanly," to " haggle over trifles,"
from root of PALTRY.]
PALTRY, pawl'tri, adj. mean: vile: worth-
less.— ndv. Pal'trily. — 71. Pal'triness.
[From a Teut. root seen in Dan. pialter,
rags, and in "Lovi Qev. paltrig, ragged.]
PALUDAL, pal-u'dal, PALUDINOUS,
pal-u'din-us, adj. pertaining to marshes:
marshy. [From L. palus, paludis, a
marslij
PAMPAS, pam'paz, n.pl. vast plains in S.
America. [Peruvian pampa, a field,
plainj^
PAMPER, pam'per, v.t. to feed luxuriously
or to the full : to glut. — n. Pamperer.
[A freq. from pamp, a nasalized form of
Pap; conn, with Low Ger. panqjen'-
painpe, pap made of meal.]
PAMPHLET, pam'flet, n. a small book con-
sisting of one or more sheets stitched to-
gether. [Ety. dub.; ace. to Skeat, perh.
through Fr. from Pamphila, a female
writer of epitomes in the 1st century :
others suggest Fr. panme, the palm of
the hand, and feuillet, a leaf.]
PAMPHLETEER, pam-flet-er', n. a writer
of pamphlets.
PAMPHLETEERING, pam-flet-er'ing, adj.
writing pamphlets. — Ji. the writing of
pamphlets.
[
PAN
313
PAPYRUS
PAN, pan, n. a broad shallow vessel for
domestic use: the part of a firelock which
holds the priming. [A.S. panne— through
the Celt., from L. patina, whence also
are Ger. pfanne. Ice. panna.\
PANACEA, pau-a-se'a, n. an all - healing
remedy : a universal medicine. [Gr.
panakeia — pas, pan, all, and akeomai,
to heal.]
A.XCAKE, paa'k3,k, n. a thin cake of
eggs, flour, sugar, and milk fried in a
2Ja It .
PANCREAS, pan'kre-as, n. a fleshy gland
(commonly called the " sweetbread ")
situated under and behind the stomach,
secreting a saliva-like fluid which assists
digestion in the intestines. — adj. Pan-
CREAT'lC, pertaining to the pancreas.
[Lit. "all flesh," Qr. pas, pan, all, Aad
kreas, flesh.]
PANDECT, pan'dekt, n. a treatise contain-
ing the whole of any science : — pi. the
digest of Roman or civil law made by
command of the Emperor Justinian. [L.
— Gr. pandectes—pas, pan, all, and dek-,
root of dechomai, to take, receive.]
PANDEMONIUM, pan-de-mo'ni-um, n. the
great hall of demons or evil spirits,
described by Milton. [Lit. " the place of
all the demons," Gr. pas, pan, all, and
da (Hiort, a demon.]
PANDER, pan'der, m. one who procures
for another the means of gratifying his
passions : a pimp. — v.t. to play the pan-
der for. — v.i. to act as a pander : to min-
ister to the passions. [From Pandarus,
the pinip in the story of Troilus and
Cressida.J
PANDIT. See Pijndit.
PANDOUR, pan'door, n. a Hungarian foot-
soldier in the Austrian service. [From
Pandur, a village in Hungary, where
they were orig. raised.]
<*ANE, pan, n. a patch, esp. in variegated
work : a plate of glass. [Fr. pan, a lap-
pet, pane — L. panniis, a cloth, a, rag,
akin to Gr. pSnos, the woof, and E. Vane.
See also Panel.]
PANED, pand, adj. composed of panes or
small squares : variegated.
PANEGYRIC, pan-e-jir'ik, 't. an oration
or eulogy in praise of some person or
event: an encomium. — adjs. Fanegyh'IC,
PANEaYE'iCAU— ady. Panegye'ically.
[Through L., from Gr. panegyrikos, fit
for a national festival or " gathering "
of a " whole" nation, as at the Olympic
games — pas, pan, all, and agy'ria, a
gathering.]
PAN'EGYRIZE, pan'e-jir-iz, v.t. to write
or pronounce a panegyric on : to praise
hitrhly. — n. Panegye'ist.
PANEL or PANNEL, pan'el, n. (arch.) a
compartment with raised margins : a
board with a surrounding frame : a thin
board on which a picture is painted :
(law) a schedule containing the names
of those summoned to serve as jurors :
the jury : (Scots laiv) a prisoner at the
bar. — v.t. to furnish with panels : — pr.p.
pan'eUing; pa.p. pan'ellea. — «. PaneIt
LiNG, panel-work. [Lit. "a piece," orig.
" a piece of cloth," 0. Fr. — Low L. pan-
ellns. dim. of L. pinnus, a cloth, a rag.
Cf. Impanel, and see Pane.]
?ANG, pang, n. a violent momentary pain:
a paroxysm of extreme sorrow : a throe.
(A form of Peong, prob. modified by con-
fusion with Fr. potng, a flst — L. pugmis,
the fist.]
PANIC, pan'ik, n. extreme or sudden
fright. — adj. of the nature of a panic ;
extreme or sudden : imaginary. [Orig.
an adj.; Gr. panikon (deima). "panic"
(fear), from panikos, belona^ing to Pan,
god of the woods, to whom sudden
nights were ascribed.]
PANKILE, pan'i-kl, n. (lit.) a tuft on plants:
(bat.) a form of iniflorescence in which the
cluster is irregularly branched, as in oats.
[L. paHii:ida, double dim. of pamis,
thread wound on a bobbin, akin to L.
pannus, and Or. pSnos. See Pane.]^
PANIC-STRICKEN, pan'ik-strik'en, PAN-
IC-STRUCK, pan'ik-struk, adj., struck
with a panic or sudden fear.
PANICULATE, pan - ik'u - lat, PANICU-
LATED, pan-ik'u-lat-ed, adj. furnished
with, arranged in, or like panicles.
PANNEL. Same as Panel.
PANNIER, pan'yer or pan'i-er, n. one of
two baskets slung across a horse, for car-
rying light produce to market : (arcft.) a
corbel. [Fr. jmnier — L. panarium, a
bread-basket, f rompa7iis, bread — root pa,
to feed. See Pantry.]
PANOPLIED, pan'o-plid, adj. dressed in
panoply : completely armed.
PANOPLY, pano-pli, n., complete armor:
a full suit of armor. [Gr. panoplia—^tas,
pan, all, and hopla (pi.), arms.]
PANORAMA, pan-o-ra'ma or -ra'ma, n. a
picture representing a number of scenes
unrolled and made to pass before the
spectator. — adj. Panoraji'ic. [Gr. pan,
all, and horama, a view, from ftorao, to
seej
PANSY, pan'zi, n. a species of violet,
heart's-ease. [Fr. peng6e — penser, to
tbdnk, from Ij.penm, to weigh, to ponder.
See Penstve, and cf. Foeget-me-not.]
PANT, pant, v.i. to breathe hard: to gasp;
to throb: to desire ardently. [Imitative;
or a nasalized form of Pat, v.t.]
PANTAGRAPH, paa'ta-graf, n. an instru-
ment for copying drawings, esp. on a
different scale from the original. [Gr.
pan, everything, and grapho, to write.]
PANTALOON, pan-ta-loon', n. in panto-
mimes, a ridiculous character, a buffoon:
(orig.) a ridiculous character in Italian
comedy, also a garment worn by him,
consisting of breeches and stockings all
in one piece : — pi. a kind of trousers.
[Fr. pantalon — It. pantalone, from Pan-
taleone (Gr. "all-lion"), the patron saint
of Venice, and a common Christian name
among the Venetians, wherefore it was
applied to them as a nickname by the
other Italians.]
PANTHEISM, pan'the-izm, n. the doctrine
that nature or the universe is Ood. [Gr.
pan, all, and THEISM.]
PANTHEIST, pan'the-ist, n. a believer in
pantheism.— oc^/s. Pantueist'ic, Panthe-
ist'ical.
PANTHEON, pan'the-on or -the'on, n. a
temple dedicated to all the gods: a com-
plete mythology. [L. pantMon — Gr.
pantheion (Meron), (a temple) common
to all gods. Cf. Pantheism.]
PANTHER, pan'ther, n. a fierce spotted
carnivorous quadruped, found in Asia
and Africa. [Fr. 2}anthkre—'L. pant?iera
— Gr. panther.]
PANTOMIME, pan'to-mlm, n. one who ex-
presses his meaning by mute action : a
representation or an entertainment in
dumb-show. — adj. representing only by
mute action. — adjs. PANToraii'lc, Panto
mim'ical. — adv. Panto mim'ic \ t.t.y. [Fr.
— L.— Gr. pantomimos, imitator of all —
I}as, pantos, all, and mimos, an imitator.]
PANTOMIMIST, pan'to-mim-ist, n. an
actor in a pantomime.
PANTRY, pan'tri, n. a room or closet for
pro\'isions. [Fr. paneterie, a place where
Dread is distributed, through the Low L.,
from L. jja»iis, bread — root pa, to nourish.
See Paternal.]
PAP. pap, n. soft food for infants: pulp
of fruit : support or nourishment. — adj.
Papp'y. [From the first cries of infants
I for food.]
PAP, pap, n. a nipple or teat. [Of th«
same origin with Pap and Papa.]
PAPA, pa-jja', n. father. [A reduplication
of one of the first utterances of a child.]
PAPACY, pa' pa-si, n. the office of the Pope:
the authority of the Pope : Popery : the
Popes, as a "body. [Low L. jjajja^ja*
papa, a father.]
PAPAL, pa'pal, adj. belonging or relating
to the Pope or to Popery : Popish. — adv.
Pa'pally.
PAPAVERACEOUS, pap-av-er-a'shus, adj.
of or like the popipy. [L. papaver, the
popijy.]
PAPER, pa'per, n. the substance on which
we commonly write and print ; a piece
of paper : a document : a newspaper : an
essay or literary contribution, generally
brief : paper-money : paper-hangings. —
(tc(}. consisting or made of paper. — v.t.
to cover with paper : to fold in paper.
[A docked form of Papyrus.]
PAPER - CREDIT, pa'per-kred'it, n. the
system of deaUng on credit bj- means of
acknowledgments of indebtedness writ-
ten on paper.
PAPER-HANGER, pa'per-hang'er, n. one
who hangs paper on the walls of rooms,
etc.
PAPER - HANGINGS, jpa ' per - hang'ingz,
n,pl., paper for hanging on or covering
walls.
PAPERING, p&'per-in^, re. the operation
of covering or hanging with paper : the
paper itself.
PAPER-MONEY, pa'per-mun'i, n. printed
and authorized pajiera issued by banks
and circulated in place of coin or money.
PAPER -REED, pa'per-red, n. (B.) the
papvrus.
PAPER-STAINER, pa'per-stan'er, n. one
who stains or prepares pajier-hangings.
[Paper and Stainer.]
PAPIER-MACHE, pap'ya-ma'sha, n,
pulped paper moulded into forms, and
japanned. [Fr. (lit.) " paper mashed " or
" chewed : papier, from Papyeus ;
m&cM is pa.p. of Fr. mdcher, to chew —
L. niasticare. See Masticate.]
PAPILIONACEOUS, pa - pil - yo - na'shus,
adj. (bat.) having a winged corolla some-
what like a butteijly, as the bean, pea,
etc. [From L. papilio, -onis, a butter-
fly. Cf. Paviuon.]
PAPILLA, pa-pU'a, n. one of the minute
elevations on the skin, esp. on the upper
surface of the tongue and on the tips
of the fingers, and in which the nerves
terminate : (bot.) a nipple-like protuber-
ance i—pl. Papill'je. [L., a small pus-
tule or nipple, dim. of x>apula, itself a
dim. from base paj), to swell. Cf.
Pimple.]
PAPILLARY, pap'il-ar-i or pa-pil'ar-i,PAP-
ILLOUS, pap'il-us, adj. belonging to or
like inmples, nipples, or teats : warty.
PAPILLOTE, pap'il-ot, n. a curl-paper.
[Fr., from papillot, old form of pinpiUon,
butterfly— L. pajnlio.}
PAPIST, "pa'pist, n, an adherent of the
Pope : a Roman Catholic— adjs. Papist-
ic, Papist'ICAl, pertaining to Popery, or
to the Church of Rome, its doctrines,
etc. —adv. Papist'ically.
PAPPOUS, pap'us, PAPPOSE, pap-os',
adj. provided with domi. [L. pappu«
— Gr. pappos, down.]^
PAPULAR, pap'u-lar, PAPULOUS, pap'u-
lus, PAPULOS, pap'u-los, adj. full of
pimples. [From L. papnla, a pimple.]
PAPYRUS, pa-pT'rus, n. an Egyptian reed,
from the inner rind (called byblos) of
which the ancients made their paper : a
manuscript on papvrus -.^pl. PAPY'Ri.
[L.— Gr. papyros. Ct. Bible.]
FAK
314
PAREGORIC
PAR. piir. n. state of equality: eqatal value:
equality of nominal and market value :
equality of condition. [L. par, equal.]
PAB.-i-BLE, par'a-bl, >i. a comparison : a
fable or allegory in which some fact or
doctrine is iltustrated. [Lit. a •• placing
beside," Q-r. paraboU—paraballo, to com-
oare — para, beside, hallo, to throw.
Parallel forms. Pababola, Pabole, Pala-
ver, and Parley.]
PARABOLA, par-ab o-la, n. (geoni.) a conic
section formed by the intersection of the
cone with a plane parallel to one side.
[Gr. parabole. See Parable.]^
PARABOUC, par-a-bol'ik, PARABOLIC-
AL, par-a-borik-al, atlj. expressed by a
parable: belonging- to or of the form of
a parabola.— arfy. Parabol'icallt.
PARACHUTK, par'a-shSot, n. an apparatus
resembling a huge umbrella for descend-
ing safely from a balloon. [Fr., for jaar'
A chute (tit.) " that which jjames against
falling," from Fr. parer (see Paeet), and
cJ}itfp til ffill 1
PARACI.ETE'. par'a-klSt.n.the Holy Ghost.
[Lit. "one called to stand beside one," an
*' advocate," through L., fromOr. para-
klltos — para, beside, kaleo, call.]
PARADE, par-ad', n. the arrangement of
troops for display or Inspection : the
place where such a display takes place :
military display : pompous display. — v.t.
to show off: to marshal in military order.
— v.i. to walk about as if for show: to pa.ss
in military order: to march in procession.
[Lit. a ^'preparation for exhibition,"' Fr.
— Sp. parada^parar, to halt — lu paro,
paratris. to prepare.]
PARADIGM, par'a-dim, n. an example :
model : (gram.) an example of the inflec-
tion of a word. — adjs. Paeadigmat'ic,
Paradiguat'ical, consisting of or reseni-
bling paradigms. — adv. Paradigmat'IC-
ALLT. [Fr.— L. — Gr. paradeigma—para,
beside, and deikntpni, to show.]
PARADISE, par'a-dls, n. the g.arden of
Eden : heaven : any place or state of
blissful delights. — a'dj. Paradisi'acal. —
Bird of Paradise, a family of Eastern
birds closely allied to the crow, remark-
able for tiie splendor of their plumage.
[Fr.paradis — L. paroxlisms — Gr. paraxlei-
sos, a park or ple.isure-ground, an Ori-
ental word, prob. Persian.]
PARADOX, pai''a-doks, n. that which is
contrary to received opinion, or that
which is apparently absurd but really
true. [Through Fr. and L., from Gr.
parado.con—para, contrary to, and doxa,
an opinion.]
PARADOXICAL, par-a-doks'ik-al, adj. of
the nature of a paradox : inclined to
paradoxes. — adv. Parados'ically. — n.
P.aradox'icalnt;ss.
PARAFFIXE, PAR:i.FFIN par'af-fln, n. a
white crystalline substance, obtained
from shale, etc., so named from its
slight tendency to combine with other
bodies. [Fr. — L. pqrum, little, and
affinia, allied.]
PAItAGOGE, par-a-g5'ie, n. the addition
of a letter or syllable to the end of a
word. — adjs. Pakaoogic, par-a-goj'ik,
Paragog'ical. [L. — Gr., from para, be-
yond, and ago, to lead.]
PARAGON, par'a-gon, n. a pattern or
model icith which comparisons are made :
something supremely excellent. [O. Fr.,
from Sp. compoimd" prep, para con, in
eomp.anson with.]
PARAGRAPH, par'a-graf, n. a distinct part
of a discourse or writing: a short passage,
or a collection of sentences with unity of
purpose. — adjs. Paragraph'ic, Para-
graph'ical. [Lit. that whicli is " wi-itten
beside " the text to show division, as the
mark *i, the rever.sed initial of this word,
Ft. — Low L. — Gr. paragraphos — para,
beside, and graphs, to write.]
PARALEIPSIS, par-a-llp'sis, u. {rhet.) a
figure by which one fixes attention on a
subject by pretending to neglect it. [Gr.,
from paraleipo, to leave on one side —
para, beside, and leipo, to leave.]
PAR, ALT, AX, par'a-laks, n. an appai'ent
change in the position of an object caused
by change of position in the observer:
(asir.) the difference between the apparent
and real place of a celestial object. — adjs.
Pakallac'tic, Parallac'tical. [Gr.
parallaxis — para, beside, and allasso, to
change — aUos, another.]
PARALLEUj, payal-lel, adj. side by side :
(geom.) extended in tlie same direction
and equidistant in all parts : with the
same direction or tendency : running in
accordance with : re.sembling in all es-
sential points : like or siujilar. — n, a line
always equidistant from another :' a hue
marklag latitude: Ukeaess: a comparison:
counterpart : (miL) in pi. the trenches,
generally dug parallel with the outline
of the fortress. — v.t. to place so as to be
parallel: to correspond to: — pr.p. par*-
alleling or par'allelling ; pa.p. par'alleled
or par'allelled. [Lit. "beside one an-
other," Fr. — \m i)aralLelus — Gr. parallelos
— -naro, beside, allelon, of one another —
ailos, another.]
PARALLELEPIPED, par-al-Iel-e-pfped,
Paballelepip'edon, improperly ^araLt
LELOPIPED, Paealleiopipedon, n. a regru-
lar solid bounded by six plane jjurallel
surfaces. [L. — Gr. paraUelepipednn —
parallelos, and epipedoiu, a plane surface
— epi, on, and pedon, the ground.
PARALLELISM, par'al-lel-izm, n. state of
being parallel: resemblance: comparison,
PARALLELOGRAM, par-al-lel'o-gram, n.
a plane four-sided figure, the opposite
sides of which are parallel and equal,
fFr. — L. — Gr. parallaos, and gramma, a
ine — graphn, to write.]
PARALOGISM, par-al'o-jizm. «., reaso^v-
ing beside or from the point : a conclu-
sion unwarranted by the premises. [Fr.
— L. — Gr. paralogismos—jjara, beside,
bej'ond, ana logismos, from logos, dis-
course, reason.]
PARALYSIS, par-al'i-sis, n. a lf>ss of the
power of motion or sensaticr. in any
part of the bodv : palsy. [I. — Or. —
nam, beside, and lyd, to loosen. [Doub-
let Palst.I
P^VEALYTIC, par-a-lit'ik, adj. afflicted
with or incUned to parah/sia. — n. one
affected with paralysis. [Fr. — L. para-
lyticus— Gr. paralylikos.']
PARALYZE, par'a-liz, v.t. to strike with
paralysis or palsy : to make useless : to
aeade'n : to exhaust. [Fr. — L. — Or. par-
al>j6, jjaratysH — para, indicating derange-
ment, and lyo, to loosen.]
PARAMAGNETIC, par-a-mag-net'ik, fl<^.
See under DiAJLAGNETia
PARAMATTA, par-a-mat'a, n. a fabric like
merino made of worsted and cotton.
[From Paramatta, a town in New South
Wales.]
PARAMOUNT, par'a-mownt, adj. superior
to all others : chief : of the highest im-
portance.— n. the chief. [O. Fr. par
amont (lit.) " by that which is uptcards,"
i.e. at the top, par being the L. prep.
per. For amont, see AMOUNT.]
PARAMOUR, par'a-moSr, n. a lover, one
beloved (now used in a bad sense). [Fr.
X>ar amwir, by or with love — L. per
amorein. See AlloUE.]
PARAPET, pai-'a-pet, n. a rampart breast-
high : a brea-st-nign wall on a bridge,
etc. — adj. Par'afeted, having a parapet.
[Lit. a protection for the breast, Fr. — It.
parapetto — It. para-re, to adorn, to pro«
tect — L. parare, to prepare (see Parry),
and It. j)etto — L. pectus, the breast (see
Pectoral). Cf. Parasol.]
Paraphernalia, par-a-fer-nai'i-a, n.pi
that which a bride brings ofer and above
her dou-ry : the clothes, jewels, etc. which
a wife possesses bej'ond her dowry in her
own right : ornaments of dress general! j- .
trappings. [L. parajjherna—br., from
para, beyond, and pheriie, a dowry—
phero, to bring. E. Bear, r.(.J
PARAPHRASE, par'a-fraz, n. a saying of
the same thing in other words : an ex-
planation of a passage : a loose or free
translation. — v.t. to say the same thing
in other- words : to render more fully : to
intrepret or translate freelj'. — v.i. to
make a paraphrase. [Fr. — L. — Gr. para-
phrasis — para, beside, and phrasis. a
speaking— ^/irazOjto speak. See Phrase.]
PAEAPHRAST, payarfrast, n. one who
paraphrases.
PARAPHRASTIC, par-a-frastik, PARA-
PHEASTICAL, par-a-frast'ik-al, adj. of
the nature of a paraphrase : clear and
ample in explanation : free, loose, diffuse.
— adv. Paeapheast'ically.
PARASITE, par'a-sit, 7i. one who frequents
another's table : a hanger-on : (bat.) a
plant nourished by the juices of another :
(zool.) an animal which lives on another.
— )/. Pae'asitism. [Lit. " one who feeds
with another," Fr. — L. parasttus — Gr.
parasitos—para, beside, and sito.% corn,
food.J
PARASITIC, par-a-sit'ik, PARASITICAL,
par-a-sit'ik-al, adj. Uke a pai-asite : fawn-
mg : living on other plants or animals. —
adv. Parasit'ICALLY.
PARASOL, par'a-sol, n. a small umbrells
used as a shade from the sun. [Fr.--It
parasole—p)arare, to hold or keep off — L
para, to prepare, and sol, solis, the 8un<
See Parapet and Parry.]
PARBOIL, par'boil, v.t. to boil in part.
[Part and Boil.]
PARCEL, par'sel, «. a little part : a por-
tion : a quantity: a package. — v.t. to
divide into portions : — pr.p. par'celling ;
pa.t. and jja.^j. par'celled. [Fr. parcelle
(It. pariieella) — L. particula, dim. of pars,
partis, a part.]
PARCH, p4rch, v.t. to burn slightly: to
scorch. — v.i. to be scorched : to become
ver\' dry. [?]
PARCHED, pai-cht, adj. scorched. — adv.
Parch'edly.— »i. Parch'edness.
PARCHMENT, parch'ment, Ji. the skin of)
a sheep or goat prepared tor writing on.
[Fr. parchemin — L. pergamena (charta,
paper), from Gr. Pergavws, in Asia Minor,
where it was invented.]
PARD, pfird, n. the panther: the leopard
in poetry, any spotted animal. [L,
pardus—Ur. pardos, the panther, the
leopard.]
PARDON, pS/dn, v.t. to forgive: to remit
the penalty of. — n. forgiveness : remis-
sion of a penalty or punishment. — n.
Par'doner, [Lit. to give vp, Fr.jiardon-
ner — Low L./)crd(W(ire — L. per, through,
aw.av (.— E. for), dono, donare, to give.]
PARDONABLE, par'dn-a-bl, adj. that may
be pardoned : excusable. — adv. Par'don
ABLY. — n. Par'donableness.
PARE, par, v.t. to cut or shave off: to
diminish by littles. [Lit. to prepare or
make ready, Fr. parer — L. paro, to pre-
pare.]
PARECiORIC. par-e-gor'ik, adj., soothing:
assuaging pain. — ?;. a medicine that as-
suages pain, tincture of opium. [L. —
Gr. paregorikos — paregoreo. to soothe;
properly, to exhort — para, beside, and
agoreuo, to address an assembly.)
I
PARENT
315
PARTICULAK
PAitENT, pSr'ent, n. one who begets or
brings forth : a father or mother : that
which produces, a cause. [Fr., kinsman
— L. parens, for par tens, -entis, pr.p. of
pario, to beget, bring' forth.]
PARENTAGE, par'ent-aj, »., UHh: ex-
traction : descent.
PARENTAIi, pa-rent'al, adj. pertaining to
or becoming parents : affectionate : ten-
der.— adv. Paeent'ally.
PAEENTHESIS, pa-ren'the-sis, n. a word,
phrase, or sentence pvt in or inserted in
another grammatically complete without
it •.—pi. the marks ( ) used to show this :
—pi. Paren'theses (-sez). [Gr.— para,
beside, en, in, thesis, a placing.]
PAEEXTHETIC, par-en-thet'ik, PAEEN-
THETICAL, par-en-thet'ik-al, a(^j. ex-
pressed in a parenthesis : using paren-
theses.— adv. Pabexthet'icallt.
PARHELION, par-heli-un, n. a bright light
sometimes seen near the sun : — pi. Pae-
he'lia. [Gr. para, beside, near, hSlios,
the sun.]
PARIAH, pSKi-a or pa'-, n. in Hindustan,
one who has lost nis caste: an outcast.
[Tamul pareyer.^
PARIAN, par'i-an, adj. pertaining to or
found in the island of Paros, in the
.S^gean Sea.
PARIETAL, pa-rTet-al, axlj. pertaining to
walls: (anat.) forming the sides or walls:
(boi.) growing from the inner lining or
wall of another organ. [L. parietcuis —
paries, parictis, a walL]
PARING, par'ing, n. that which is^xired
off : rind : the cutting off the surface of
grass land for tillage.
PARISH, piar'ish, «. a district under one
pastof : an ecclesiastical district liaving
officers of its own and supporting its
own poor. — adj. belonging or relating to
a parish : employed or supported by the
parish, flit, a number ot dwellings near
one another, Fr. paroisse — L. parcecia —
Gr. paroikia—paroikos, dwelling beside
or near— ^ara, beside, near, oikos, a
dwelling.]
PARISHIONER, par-ish'un-er, n. one who
belongs to oris connected with aparish.
[^l.E. parisshen fwith -er added) — O. Fr.
paroissien. See Parish.]
PARITY, par'i-ti, n. state of being equal:
resemblance : analogy. [Fr. parite—ls.
paritas—par.]
Park, park, n, an inclosure : a tract sur-
rounding a mansion : a piece of ground
inclosed for recreation : {mU.) a space in
an encampment occupied by the artil-
lery ; hence, a collection of artillery, or
stores in an encampment. — i:t. to in-
close : to bring together in a body, as
artillery. [A.S. pearroe (see Paddock, a
small park), prob. modified by Fr. pare ;
further ety. obscure.]
PARLANCE, parlans, n., speaking: con-
versation : idiom of conversation. [Fr.
—pjarlant, pr.p. of parler, to speak. See
next word.]
PARLEY, parTi, v.i. to speak with an-
other : to confer : to treat with an
enemy. — n. talk : a conference with an
enemy in war. [Lit. "to throip words
together," Fr. parler — L. parabola— Qr.
parabolS, a parable, speech, word. See
ParableJ
f ARLIAMBNT, parli-ment, n. meeting
for consultation: the legislature of the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Ireland, consisting of the sovereign,
lords, and commons. [Lit. " a parlejnng
or spealdng." Fr. parlemcnt— parler.}
PARLIA:HENTARIAN,par-li-men-ta'ri-an,
adj. adhering to the Purliament in op-
position to Charles I.
PARLIAMENTARY, par-li-ment'ar-i. adj.
pertaining to parliament : <3iacted or
done by parliament : according to the
rules of legislative bodies.
Parlor, par'lur, n. an ordinary sitting-
room : (orig.) a room in a monastery for
conversation. [Fr. parloir — parler, to
speakO
PAROCHIAL, par-0'ki-al, adj. of orrelating
to a. parish. — adv. Paeo'chially. — Pabo-
cniAL Board (in Scotland), the board in
each parish which is charged with the
relief of the poor. [L. parochialia — paro-
ch ia, a variant otpa rcecia. See Parish. ]
PAROCHIALIZE, par-«'ki-al-Iz, v.t. to
form into parishes.
PARODY, par'o-di, n. a caricature of a
poem made by applying its words and
ideas with a burlesque effect. — v.t. to
apply in parody : — pa.p. par'odied. — n.
Pae'odist, one who writes a parody. [L.
— Or. parddia — para, beside, OdS, an ode
or song.]
PAROLE, par-cr, n. word of mouth: (mil.)
word of honor (esp. by a prisoner of war,
to fulfill certain conditions) : the daily
password in camp or garriBon.— ar(/. given
by word of mouth. [Fr. — lu parabola, a
parable, a speech, a saying. See Par-
able.]
PARONOMASIA, par^i-no-ma'zhi-a, n. a
rhetorical figure in which words similar
in sound are set in opposition or antithesis.
[Qt.—pardnTpnos. See Paeontmocb.]
PARONYME, par'o-nim, «. b. paronymonis
word.
PARONYirOUS, par-on'i-mus, adj. formed
by a shght change of word or name : de-
nved from the same root : having the
same sound, but different in spelling and
meaning. [Gr. para, beside, onoma, E.
Name.]
PAEOQTjET, par'o-ket, n. a small kind of
parrot found in tropical countries. [Lit.
"little Peter," Yr. perroquet — Pierrot,
dim. of Pierre, Peter.]
PAROXYSM, paj^oks-izm, n. a fit of acute
pain occurring at intervals : a fit ofpas-
sioa : any sudden violent action. [It. —
L. — Gr. paroxysnnoa — para, beyond —
oxya, sharp.]
PAROXYSMAL, par-oks-ia'mal, adj. per-
taining^ to or occurring in paroxysms.
PARQUETRY, par'ket-ri, «. figured inlaid
woodwork for floors. [Fr., from parquet,
an inlaid floor, dim. of jparc, an inclosure.
See Park.]
PARR, par, n. a young salmon. [Ety. un-
same as Pabo-
known.]
PARRAKEET, par'arkSt, n.
QUET.
PARRICIDAL, par-ri-sfd'al, adj. pertain-
ing to or committing parrieide.
PARRICIDE, payri-eld, n. the murderer of
a father or mother ; the murder of a
parent : the murder of any one to whom
reverence is due. [Fr. — L. parricida (for
imtrirdda) — pater, patris, father, and
ccedo. to slay.]
PARROT, parut, n. one of a family of
tropical birds, with brilliant plumage
and a hooked bill, remarkable lor their
facul^ of imitating the human voice.
[Cont*. of . ~ —
QUET.J
Fr. perroquet. See Paro-
PARRY, par'i, v.t. to ward or keep off: to
turn aside : — pa.t. and pa.p. parr'ied.
[Fr. parer (It.parare) — L. paro, to pre-
pare, keep off.]
PARSE, pfirs. v.t. {gram.) to tell the parts
of speech of a sentence and their rela-
tions.—n. Pars'inq. [L. para (orationis),
a part of speech.]
PARSEE, pilr'se or par-s5', n. one of the
adherents of the ancient Persian religion,
now settled in India. [Per. Pdrsi, a
Persian — Pars. Persia,]
PARSI5I0NI0US, pftr-si-mO'ni-us, adj.,
■sparing in the Mse of money : frugal to
excess : covetous. — adv. Parsimo'niou*
LY. — n, PARSDIO'NIOnSNESS.
PARSIMONY, par'si-mun-i, n., sparing-
ness in the spending of money : frugal-
ity : niggardhness. [Fr. — L. parsimonia,
parcimonia — puree, to spare.]
PARSLEY, pai-s'li, n. a bright-green pot»
herb. [Fr. persil — L. petroselinum — Gr,
petroselmon — petros, a rock, selinon. a
kind of parsley. See Celery.]
PARSNIP, PARSNEP, pars'nip. n. an edt
ble plant with a carrot-like root. [O. Fr.
pastenaque — L. pastinaca — pastinum, a
dibble.)
PARSON, pir'sn, n. the priest or incum-
bent of a parish : a clergyman. [O. Fr.
persone, a parson, from h. persona, a
character, person, which in Low L. had
the sense of rank, dignity, and so was
applied to a clergyman. .See Person.]
PARSONAGE, pfir'sn-ftj, n. {orig.) the ben-
efice of a j^orish : the residence of the
incumbent of a parish.
PART, p&rt, TO. a portion : a quantity or
number making up with others a larger
quantity or number : a fraction : a mem-
ber : a proportional quantity : share :
interest : side or party : action . (math.)
a quantity which taken a certain num-
ber of times will equal a larger quantity:
(music) one of the melodies of a har-
mony -.—pi. qualities : talents. — v.t. to
divide : to make into parts : to put or
keep asunder. — v.i. to be separated : to
be torn asunder: to have a part or share.
— Part of speech (grarn!), one of the
classes of words. — In good-part. In bad-
PAET, favorably, unfavorably. [Fr. — L,
pars, partis.]
PARTAke, par-tab*, v.i. to take or have a *
part : to have something of the proper^
ties, etc.: to be admitted. — v.t. to have s
part in : to share. — n. Paetak'ee.
PARTAKINO, par-tak'ing, n. a sharing
(law) a combination in an evil design.
PARTERRE, par-tar*, n. a system of plots
with spaces of turf or gravel for walks.
[Fr. — h. per terram, along the ground.]
PARTIAL, pfir'shal, adj. relating to a part
only: not total or entire : inclined to fav-
or one party : havin^a preference : (bot.)
subordinate. — adv. Partially. [Fr,—
Low L. partialis — L. pars.]
PARTIALITY, par-shi-al'it-i, n. quality of
being partial or inclined to favor one
party or side : liking for one thing more
than others.
PARTIBLE, pArt'i-bl, adj. that may be
parted : separable. — n. Partibil'ity.
PARTICIPANT, par-tis'i-pant. adj., partio-
ipating : sharing. — n. a partaker. — adv.
Partic'ipantly.
PARTICIPATE, par-tis'i-pat, v.i. to par-
take: to have a share. — «. Participa'tion.
[L. particijoo, -attim — pars, and capio, to
take.]
PARTICIPIAL, par-ti-sip'i-al, adj. having
the nature of e. participle : formed from
a participle. — adi: Particip'IALLY.
PARTICIPLE, par'ti-si-pl, n. a word par-
taking of the nature of both adjective
and verb. [L. partidpium—particeps,
sh.nring — pars, and capio, to take.]
PARTICLE, pflr'ti-kl, n. a little part . a
very small portion : (physics) the micu^
est part into which ;i bodj' can be di''ideU •
(orani.) an indeclinable word, or f woni
that cannot be used alone : in R Cath
Church, a crumb of consecrated oread,
also the " smaller breads " used in the
communion of the laity. [Fr. — L. par-
tiodn. dim. of pars, pnrfjs.]
PARTICULAR, par-tik'u-lar, adj. relating
to a. particle : pertaining to a single person
or thing : individual : special : worthy of
special attention : concerned with things
single or distinct : exact : nice in taste :
PARTICULARITY
316
PASTIME
precUe, — n. a distinct or minute part:
a single point : a single instance : — pi.
details. — IN particulae, specially, dis-
tinctly. [Fr. — L. particularis — partio-
ula.]
r* AiiTICULAEITY, par - tik - u- lar ' i - ti, n.
qualitj' of being particular : minuteness
jf detail : a single act or case : something
pf-culiar or singular.
.' 4RTICULARLY, par-tik'u-lar-li, adv. (S.)
in detail.
PARTICULARIZE, par-tik'Q-lar-Iz, v.t. to
mention the particulars of : to enumerate
in detail. — v.i. to mention or attend to
singlo things or minute details.
PARTING, part'ing, adj. putting apart :
separating : departing : given at parting.
— n. the act of parting : a division : {geol.)
a fissure in strata.
PARTISAN, pai'ti-zan, 71. an adherent of
a party or faction. — adj. adhering to a
party.— n. Pab'tisanship. [Fr.— It. jMr-
tigiihio — L. partior. See Party.]
PARTISAN, par'ti-zan, n. a kind of halberd.
[Fr. pertutsane, which is perh. from O.
Ger. parta, barte, a battle-axe, seen in
Halberd.]
PARTITE, par'ttt, adj. (bot.) parted nearly
to the base. [L. partitus, pa.p. of par-
tior, to divide— pars.]
PARTITION, par-tish'un, n. act of parting
or dividing : state of bein"' divided : sejv
arate part : that which divides : a wall
between apartments : the place where
separation is made. — v.t, to divide into
shares : to divide into parts by walls.
[Fr. — L. partitio— partior.]
PARTITIVE, i)ar'ti-tiv, a^j., parting: di-
viding: distributive. — n. (gram.) a word
denoting a part or partition. — adv. Pab'-
TITIVELY.]
i?lRTLET, p3rt'let, n, a rufif or band worn
by women : a hen, from ruffling the
feathers round its neck. [Dim. of Part.]
.'ARTLY, pSrt'U, adv. in part: in some de-
gree.
Partner, part'ner, fi. a sharer: an associ-
ate: one who dances with another: a hus-
band or wife.
PARTNERSHIP, pftrfner-ship, n. state of
being a partner: a contract between per-
sons engaged in any business.
PARTOOK, par-took', past tense of Pab-
TAKE.
PARTRIDGE, pflr'trij, n. a genus of gallin-
aceous birds preserved for game. [Fr.
perdrix — h.perdix, perdicis — Gr. peraix.]
PARTRIDGE-WOOD, nSr'trij-wood, ». a
hard variegated wood, from Brazil and
the W. Indies, used in cabinet-rvork.
PART-SONG, pflrt'-song, n. a song sung in
parts.
PARTURIENT, par-ttt'ri-ent, adj., bringing
or about to bring forth young. [L. par-
turiens, -entia, pr.p. of parturio — pario,
to bring forth.]
PARTURITION, par-tu-rish'un, n. act of
bringing forth. [Fr. — L. partuHtio —
parturio.]
PARTy, pfir'ti, n. a, part of a greater num-
ber of persons: a faction: a company
met for a particular purpose : an assem-
bly : one concerned in any affair : a single
InJlividual spoken of: (mil.) a detachment.
— adj. belonging to a party and not to the
whole : consisting of different parties,
parts, or things : (lier.) parted or divided.
[Fr. parti — O^ Fr. piartir — ^L. partior, to
divide, from 2iars, a part.]
fARTY-COLORED, par'ti-lcul'urd. adj.,
colored differently at different jjarts,
PARVENU, par've-noo, n. an upstart : one
newly risen into notice or power. [Fr.,
pa.p. of parvenir — L. pervenio, to arrive
at— <pcr, quite to, venio, to come.]
PAR\TS, pfir'vis, n. a porch : a schoolroom
over a church porch. [O. Fr. — Low L.
paravisus, corr. of Gr. paradeisos. See
Paradise.]
PASCH, pask, n. the Jewish passover:
Easter. — Pasch OF THE Cross, Good-
Friday. [A.S. pascha — L.— Gr. — Heb.
pesach, the Passover — pasach, to pass
over.]
PASCHAL, pas'kal, adj. pertaining to the
Pasch or Passover, or to Easter.
PASHA, PACHA, pa'sha or pash-a', n. a
title of Turkish officers who are govern-
ors of provinces or hold high naval and
military commands. [Per. oasha, a corr.
of 2Mdihah— pad, protecting, and s7io/i,
king.]
PASHALIC, pa-shSl'ik, n. the jurisdiction
of a pasha.
PASQUE-FLOWER, PASCH-FLOWER,
pasli'-llow'er, n. a kind of anemone,
which flowers about Easter.
PASQUIN, pas'kwii;, PASQUINADE, pas'-
kwin-ad, n. a lampoon or satire. — v.t. or
v.i. to lampoon or satirize. [Pasquino, a
tailor in Rome in 15th cent, remarkable
for his sarcastic humor.]
PASS, pas, v.i. to pace or walk onward : to
move from one place to another: to travel:
to go from one state to another: to change:
to circulate : to be regarded : to go by :
to go unheeded or neglected : to elapse,
as time : to be finished : to move away :
to disappear : (B.) to pass away : to go
through inspection : to be approved : to
happen : to fall, as by inheritance ; to
flow through: to tlirust, as with a sword:
to run, as a road : — jja.p. passed and past.
[Fr. passer. It. passare — L. passus, a step.
See Pace.]
PASS, pas, v.t. to go by, over, beyond,
through, etc.: to spend: to omit, to dis-
regard: to surpass: to enact, or to be
enacted by : to cause to move : to send :
to transfer: to give forth : to cause to go
by : to approve : to give circulation to :
(fencing) to thrust.— Come to pass, to
happen.
PASS, pas, n. that through which one
passes : a narrow passage : a narrow de-
file : a passport : state or condition :
(fencing) a thrust. — n. Pass' book, a book
that passes between a trader and his cus-
tomer, in which credit purchases are en-
tered.— n. Pass'key, afce^enablingoneto
pass or enter a house : a key for opening
several locks. — ?;. Pass'WOED, (toi7.) apri-
vate word enabling one to pass or enter a
camp, by which a friend is distinguished
from a stranger.
PASSABLE, pas'a-bl, adj. that may be
piassed, travelled, or navigated : that
may bear inspection : tolerable. — n.
Pass'ableness. — adv. Pass' ably.
PASSAGE, pas'aj, «. act ,of passing: jour-
ney : course : time occiijiied in passing :
way : entrance : enactment of a law :
right of passing : occurrence : a single
clause or part of a book, etc. : (B.) a
mountain-pass : ford of a river : (zool.)
migratory habits.
PASSANT, pas'ant, adj. (/ier.) walking (said
of an animal). [Fr. See Pass, v.i.]
PASSENGER, pas'en-jer, n. one whopasses:
one who travels in some public convey-
ance. [Fr. passager, with inserted n, as
in messenger, x>orringer, nightingale.]
PASSER, pas'er, n. one who passes. — n.
Pass'ee-by, one who pa.'sses by or near.
PASSERINE, pas'er-in, adj. relating to the
passercs, an order of birds of which the
sparrow is the type. [L. jiasser, a spar-
rowj
PASSING, pas'ing, ad/., going by: surpass-
ing.— adv. exceedingly. — n. Pass'ing-
BELL, a bell tolled immediately after a
person's death, orig. to in\ite prayers
for the soul passing into eternity.
PASSION, pash'un, n. strong feeling or
agitation of mind, esp. rage : ardent love:
eager desire : state of the soul when re-
ceiving an impression : endurance of an
effect, as opposed to action : the suffer-
ings, esp. the death of Christ : — 2)1. ex-
cited conditions of mind. [Fr. — L. pa»'
sio, passionis — jjass!<.s, pa.p. of jxitior, to
suffer. See Patient and Passive.]
PASSIONATE, pash'un-at, adj. moved by
jMSsiou : easily moved to anger : intense:
— adv. Pas'sionately. — n. Pas'sionatk-
NESS.
PASSION-FLOWER, pash'un-flow'er, n. a
flower so called from a fancied resem-
blance to a crown of thorns, the em-
blem of Christ's passion.
PASSIONLESS, pash'un-les, adj. free from
passion : not easilj' excited to anger.
PASSION-PLAY, pash'un-pla, n. a relig-
ious drama representing the passion of
Christ.
PASSION-WEEK, pash'un-wek, 71. name
commonly given to Holy-week (as being
the week of Christ's 2)assion or suffering,
that is, his trial and crucifixion) ; but,
according to proper rubrical usage, the
week preceding Holy-week. [See HOLY-
wekkA
PASSIVE, pas'iv, adj., suffering: unresist-
ing : not acting : (gram.) expressing the
suffering of an action. — adv. Pass'ively,
— 71. Pass'iveness. [Fr. — L. passivus —
patior. See Passion.]
PASSIVITY, pas-iv'i-ti, n., passiveness : in-
activity : (physics) tendency of a body
to preserve a given state, either of mo-
tion or rest.
PASSMAN, pas' man, n. one who gains only
an ordinary degree or pass at an exajn
ination. [Oxford Univ., Eng.]
PASSOVER, pas'o-ver, n. an annual feas*
of the Jews, to commemorate the de-
stroying angel's passing over the houses
of the Israelites when he slew the first-
born of the Egyptians.
PASSPORT, pas'port, n. a written warrant
granting permission to travel in a for-
eign country : (orig.) permission to pass
out ot port or through the gates. [Pass,
and L. partus, a harbor, or porta, a
gate.]
PAST, past, pa.p. of Pass.— od;. gone by :
elapsed : ended : in time already passed.
— prex). farther than: out of reach of : no
longer capable of. — adv. by. — ^The PAST,
that which has passed, esp". time.
PASTE, past, n. dough prepared for pies,
etc.: a cement of flour and water : any-
thing mixed up to a viscous consistency :
a fine kind of glass for making artificial
fems. — v.t. to fasten with paste. — 7i.
'aste'board, a stiff board made of sheets
of paper pasted together, etc. [O. Fr.
paste (Fr. pdte) — Late L. 2i<^sfc — Or.
paste, a mess of food— XMstos, besprin-
Kled with salt— passo, to sprinkle.]
PASTEL, pas'tel, PASTIL, pas'til, n.
(paint.) a roll of colored paste, used for
a craj'on : a medicated lozenge. [Fr.
pastel — It. pastello — L. pos?(7/»s, a small
loaf, dim. of pastus, food — -^otsco, i^astug.
to feed. Doublet Pastille.]
PASTERN, pas'tern, »(. the part of a horse's
foot from the fetlock to the hoof, where
the shackle is fastened. [O. Fr. pasturon
(Fr. pfifjfro?!) — O. Fr. pasture, pasture, a
tether (for a horse at pasture).]
PASTILLE, pas-tel', n. a small cone of
charcoal and aromatic substances, burnt
to perfume a room : asniall aromatic pill.
[Fr. — L. pastilhis, a small loaf ; a doublet
of Pastel.]
PASTIME, pas'tim, n. that which serves to
poss away the time : amusement : recrea-
tion.
PASTOR
317
PAVEMENT
PASTOR, pas'tiir, n. a shepherd : a clergy-
man. [L., from pastus, to feed, pa.p. of
pasco, to feed.]
PASTORAL, pas'tur-al, adj. relating to
shepherds or shepherd life : rustic : relat-
ing to the pastor of a church: addressed to
the clergy of a diocese. — n. a poem which
professes to delineate the scenery and life
of the country : a pastoral letter or ad-
dress : (mus.) a simple melody.
PASTORATE, pas'tur-at, PASTORSHIP,
pas'tur-ship, ?!. the office of a pastor.
PASTORLY, pas'tur-li, adj. becoming a
pastor.
PASTRY, past'ri, n. articles of fancy-bread,
chiefly of paste or dough : crust of pies :
act or art of making articles of paste. —
n. Past'rycook. one who cooks or sells
pastry. [From Paste.]
PASTURABLE, past'ur-a-bl, adj. that can
be pastured : fit for pasture.
PASTURAGE, past'ur-aj, n. the business of
feeding cattle : pasture.
PASTURE, past'ur, n. grass for grazing :
ground covered with grass for grazing. —
v.f. to feed on pasture : to supply with
grass. — v.i. to feed on pasture : to graze.
[O. Fr. pasture (Fi\ pdfwre) — L. pastura
— pasco, pastum,.'\
PASTY, past'i, adj. like paste. — n. a small
pie of crust raised without a dish.
PAT, pat, n. a light, quick blow, as with the
hand. — v.t. to strike gently: to tap: —
pr.p. patt'ing : im.t. and pa.p. patt'ed.
[From the sound.]
PAT. pat, n. a small lump of butter.
[Celt., as Ir, pait, a lump.]
PAT, pat, adj. fitly : at the right time or
place. [An application of Pat, a light
blo\vJ
PATCH, pach, v.t. to mend with a piece :
to repair clumsUy: to make up of pieces:
to make hastily. — n. a piece sewed or
put on : anything like a patch : a small
piece of ground : a plot. [Low Ger.
pat-schen : prob. conn, with Piece.]
PATCHOULI. pa-ch66'li, n. the highly
odoriferous dried branches of an Eastern
shrub, li-3 ft. high : the perfume dis-
tilled from these. [Lit. " the gum-leaf ; "
Tamil, patchei, gum, and elei, a leaf.]
PATCHWORK, pach'wurk, )t.,7forA; formed
of patches or pieces sewed together : a
thing patched up or clumsily executed.
[Patch and Work.]
PATE, pat, n. the crown of the head : the
head. [Through O. Fr., from Ger. platte,
a plate (whence Low L. platta, a priest's
tonsure).]
PATEN, pat'en, n. the plate for the bread
in the Eucharist. [Fr. — L. patina, a
plate — Gr. patane. See Pan.]
PATENT, pat'ent or pa'tent, adj., open:
conspicuous: public : protected by a pat-
ent: (6o<.) expanding. — n. an official docu-
ment, ope?!, but sealed at the foot, con-
ferring the sole right for a term of
years to the proceeds of an invention. —
v.t. Pat'ent, to grant or secure by patent.
[Fr. — L. patens, patentis, pr.p. of pateo.]
PATENTABLE, pat'ent-a-bl or pa', adj.
capable of being patented.
PATENTEE, pat-ent-e' or pa-tent-e', n.
one who holds a. patent.
PATERNAL, pa-ter'nal. adj., fatherly:
showing the disposition of a father :
hereditary. — adv. Pater'nally. [Fr.
paternel — Low L. patenialis — L. pater-
nus— pater (Gr. pater), a father — root pa,
to guard, to feed ; akin to Sans. pa. to
protect, and E. Food. See Father.]
PATERNITY, pa-ter'ni-ti, ?i. the relation
of a father to his offspring : origin.ation
or authorship. [Fr. — L. paternitas,
fatherli/ feeling.]
PATERNOSTER, pat-er-nos'ter or pa'ter-
Bos-ter, n. the Lord's Prayer. [L. Pater
noster, " Our Father," the first two words
of the Lord's Praj-er in Latin.]
PATH, path, n. a way : track : road :
course of action or conduct : — pi. Paths,
paWiz. [A.S. pceth, path ; akin to Ger.
pfad, Gr. patos, L. pons, pontis, abridge,
and Sans, patha, a path.]
PATHETIC, pa-thet'ik, adj. affecting the
tender emotions: touching. — The Pa-
thetic, the style or manner fitted to
excite emotion. — adv. Pathet'icat.t.y. —
n. Pathet'icalness. [Gr. pathetikos.]
PATHLESS, path'les, adj. without a paWi ;
untrodden.
PATHOLOGY, pa-thol'o-ji, n. science of
diseases. — n. Pathol'ogist, one versed
in pathology. — adjs. Pathglog'ic, Path-
olog'ical.— ndi'. Patholog'ically. [Fr.
— Gr. pathos, suffering, logos, discourse.]
PATHOS, pa'thos, n. tliat which raises the
tender emotions : the expression of deep
feehng. [Gr., from root path, in e-path-
on, 2 aorist of paseho, to suffer, feel ;
akin to Sans. badh. to suffer, to pain.]
PATHWAY, path'wa, n. a path or icay : a
footpath : course of action. [Path and
Way.]
PATIENCE, pa-shens, n. quality of being
patient or calmly enduring, [Fr. — L.
putientia — pattens. See Patient.]
PATIENT, pa'shent, adj. sustaining pain,
etc., without repining: not easily pro-
voked : persevering : expecting with
calmness. — n. one who bears or suffers :
a person under medical treatment. — adv.
Pa'tiently. [Fr. — h.patiens, -entis, pr.p.
ot patior, to bear ; akin to root of Pa-
thos.]
PATIN, PATINB, pat'in, n. same as Paten.
PATOIS, pat-waw or pat'-, n. a vulgar dia-
lect. [Fr., orig. patrols — L. patriensis,
indigenous, native— pafria, one's native
country.]
PATRIAJRCH, pa'tri-ark, n. one who gov-
erns his family by paternal right : (B.)
one of the early heads of families from
Abraham to Jacob and his sons: in East-
ern churches, a dignitary superior to an
archbishop. [O. Fr. — L. — Gr. patriarches
— patria, lineage — pater, a father, and
arche, a beginning. See Paternal and
Archaic]
PATRIARCHAL, pa-tri-ark'al, PATRI-
AJRCHIC, pa-tri-ark'ik, adj. belonging or
subject to a patriarch.
PATRIARCHATE, pa - tri - ark'at, n. the
office or jurisdiction of a patriarch or
church dignitary : the residence of a pa-
triurf h
PATRIARCHISM, pa'tri-ark-izm, n. gov-
ernment by a patriarch.
PATRICIAN, pa-trish'an, n. a nobleman in
ancient Rome, being a descendant of the
fathers or first Roman senators: a noble-
man.— adj. pertaining to a patrician or
nobleman : noble. [L. patridiis— pater,
patris. a father. See PATERNAL.]
PATRIMONIAL, pat-ri-mo'ni-al, adj. per-
taining to a patrimony : inherited from
ancestors. — adv. Patrimo'nially.
PATRIMONY, pat'ri-mun-i, n. a right or
estate inherited from a father or one's
ancestors : a church estate or revenue.
[Fr. patrimoine — L. patrimonium —
pater, patris, a father. See Paternal.]
PATRIOT, pa'tri-ot, n. one who truly loves
and serves \\\h fatherland. [Fr. — Low L.
— Gr. patriotes — patrios. of one's father
or fatherland^3a<er, a father. See Pa-
ternal.]
PATRIOTIC, pa^tri-ot'ik, adj. like a pa-
triot : actuated by a love of one's coun-
try : directed to "the public welfare. —
adv. Patriot'ically. [Gr.]
PATRIOTISM, pa'tri-ot-izm, n. quality of
being patriotic : love of one's country.
PATRISTIC, pa-trig'tik, PATRISTICAL,
pa-tris'tik-al, adj. pertaining to the
. fathers of the Christian Church. [Fr.,
coined from L. pater, patris, a fatner.
See Father and Paternal.]
PATROL, pa-trol', v.i. to go the rounds in
a camp or garrison. — v.t. to pass round
as a sentry : — pr.p. patroll'ing ; 2^c-t-
and pa.p. patrolled'. — n. the marching
round of a guard in the night : the
guard which makes a patrol. [Fr. pa-
trouille, a patrol, pntrouiller, to march
in the mud, through a form patouiller,
from patte, the paw or foot of a beast,
which is from Teut. root pat, found in
Ger. patsche, little hand.]
PATRON, pa'trun, n. a protector : one
who countenances : one who has tlie
gift of a benefice : — fern. Patroness,
pa'trun-es. [Fr. — L. patronns (lit.) one
acting as a father— pater, patris. a fa-
ther. See Paternal. Doublet Pattern.]
PATRONAGE, pat'run-aj or pa', n. the
support of a patron : guardianship of
saints : the right of bestowing offices,
privileges, or church benefices.
PATRONESS, pa'trun-es, fern, of Patron.
PATRONIZE, pat'run-Iz or pit', v.t. to act
as patron toward : to support : to as-
sume the air of a patron to. — n. Pat'-
RomzKU.—adv. Pat'ronizingly.
PATRONYMIC, pat-ro-nim'ik, PATRO-
NYMICAL, pat-ro-nim'ik-al, adj. derived
from the name of a father or ancestor.
[Gr. pater, a father, onoma, a name.]
PATRONYMIC, pat-ro-nim'ik, n. a name
taken from one's father or ancestor.
PATTEN, pat'en, n. a wooden sole with an
iron ring worn under the shoe to keep it
from the wet : the base of a pillar. [Fr.
patin, a skate, clog — patte. See Patrol.]
PATTER, pat'er, v.i. to jmt or strike often,
as hail:— pr.p. patt'ering ; pa.t. and
pa.p. patt'ered. [A freq. of Pat.]
PATT'ERN, pat'ern, n. a person or thing to
be copied : a model : an example : style
of ornamental work : anj-thing to serve
as a guide in forming objects. [Fr. pa-
tron, a protector; also a pattern, sample.
Doublet Patron.]
PATTY, pat'i, n. a little pie. [Fr. pate.
See Paste.]
PAUCITY, paw'sit-i, ?i.,/e«»«ess: smallness
of number or quantity. [Fr. — L. pau-
citas — paticus, few ; akin to Pause.]
PAULINE, paw'lln, adj. of the Apostle
Paid.
PAUNCH, pawnsh or pansh, n. the belly :
the first and largest stomach of a ru-
minant.— v.t. to pierce or rip the belly
of : to eviscerate. [O. Fr. jjanche, Fr.
pause — L. pantex, panticis.1
PAUPER, paw'per, n. a poor person : one
supported by charity or some public pro-
vision. [L.]
PAUPERISM, paw'per-izm, n. state of be-
ing a (lauper.
PAUPERIZE, paw'per-Iz, v.t. to reduce to
pauperism. — n. Pauperiza'tion.
PAUSE, pawz, n. a ceasing: a tempo-
rary stop : cessation caused by doubt :
suspense : a mark for suspending the
voice : (music) a mark showing continu-
ance of a note or rest. — v.i. to make a
pause. [Fr. — L. patisa — Gr. pausis. from
pauo. to cause to cease. Doublet Posk.]
PAUSINGLY, pawz'ing-li, adv., with
pauses: by breaks.
PAVE, pav, v.t. to lay down stone, etc.,
to form a level surface for walking on :
to prepare, as a way or passage. — To
PAVE THE WAY, to prepare the way for.
— ns. Pav'er, Pav'ier. [Fr. paver — L.
pavio : cog. with Gr. paio, to beat.]
PAVEMEN'T, pav'ment, n. a paved cause-
way or floor : that with which anything
is paved. [L. pavimentum.]
PAVILION
318
PEDANTIC
PAVILION, pa-vil'yun, n. a tent : an orna-
mental building often turreted or domed :
(niiV.) a tent raised on posts. — v.t. to fur-
nish with pavilions. [Lit. that which is
spread out like the wings of a butterfly ;
Fr. pavilion — L. papilio, a butterfly, a
tent?]
PAVIOR, pav'yur, 7i. one whose trade is to
pave.
Paw, paw, n. the foot of a beast of prey
having- claws : the hand, used in con-
tempt.— v.i. to draw the forefoot along
the ground like a horse. — v.t. to scrape
with the forefoot : to handle with the
paws : to handle roughly : to flatter.
[Perh. Celtic, as W. paiven, a paw ; but
it is also a Teut. word.]
PAWED, pawd, adj. having paws : broad-
footed.
PAWKY, pawk'i, adj. sly, arch, shrewd.
[Scot, paik, a trick.]
PAWL, pawl, n. a short bar used to pre-
vent the recoil of a windlass, etc.: a
catch. [W. pawl, a stake, conn, with
L. palus, a stake. See PAiiE, n.]
PAWN, pawn, n. something given as se-
curity for the repayment of money. — v.t.
to give in pledge. [Fr. pan — L. pannus,
a rag, cloth, a thing left in pledge, be-
cause a piece of clothing was a conven-
ient thing to leave in pledge.]
PAWN, pawn, n. a common piece in chess.
[O. Yr.paon, a foot-soldier — LowL. pedo,
piedonis, a foot-soldier, from L. pes, pedis,
the foot.]
PAWNBROKER, pawn'brok-er. n.a.broker
who lends money on 2Micns or pledges.
PAA^'^ER, pawn'er, n. one who gives a
jyaicn or pledge as security for money
borrowed.
PAXWAX, paks'waks, n. the strong ten-
don in the neck of animals. [Orig. fax-
u-a.v — A.S.feax, fex, hair, and iceaxan,
to grow.]
PAY, pa, v.t. to discharge a debt : to re-
quite with what is deserved : to rewai-d :
to punish. — v.i. to recompense : — pa.t.
and pa.p. paid. — 71. that which satisfies :
money given for service : salarj', wages.
— n. Pay'er. — Pay off, to discharge : to
take revenge upon : to requite. — Pat
OUT, to cause to run out, as rope. [Fr.
payer — L. pacare, to appease, from base
ot pax, pacts, peace. See Peace.]
PAY, pa, v.t. {naut., and in the proverb
'•the devil to pay") to smear witli tar,
pitch, etc. [From L. picare, to pitch,
prob. through Sp. pega.}
PAYABLE, pa'a-bl, adj. that may be paid :
that ought to be paid.
PAYEE, pa-e', ?i. one to whom money is
jKiid.
PAYJLijSTER, pa'mas-ter, n. the master
who jiays : an officer in the army or navy
whose duty it is to pay soldiers, etc.
PAYMENT, pa'meut, n. the net ot jjaying :
that which is paid : I'ecompense : reward.
PAYNIM, PAINEM, pa'nim, n. a pagan.
[Orig. and properly, paynim was not a
man, but a country, and^" heathendom,"
from O. Fr. paienisme, paganism — L.
jxiganismus — paganus, a pagan. See
Pagan.]
PEA, pe, n. a common vegetable: — def. pi.
Peas : indef. jil. Pease. [M. E. pese,
pi. pesen and joeses — A.S. pisa, pl.jji.san.
— L. pisum, Gr. pison, from a root seen
in Ba,ns. pish, to bruise. Pea is eri'oneously
formed, the s of the root being mistaken
for the sign of the plural.]
PEACE, pes, n. a state of quiet : freedom
from disturbance : freedom from war :
friendliness : calm : rest : harmony :
silence. — int. silence, hist 1 — Hold one's
PEACE, to be silent. [O.Fr. pais (Fr.
paix) — L. pax, pads, from root pac-, to
bind, seen in pac-iscor, to make a con-
tract. Of. Pact.]
PEACEABLE, pes'a-bl, adj. disposed to
peace: quiet: trauquU.— adr. Peace' ABLY.
— )i. Peace' a bt.f.xess.
PEACEFUL, pes'fool, adj. full of peace :
quiet: tranquil: calm: serene. —^ adi'.
Peace'fully. — n. Peace'fulness.
PEACEMAKER, pes'mak-er, n. one who
makes or produces peace. [Peace and
Maker.]
PEACE-OFFERING, pes'-ofer-ing, n. an
offering propitiating peace : among the
Jews, an ofl'ering to God, either in grati-
tude for past or petition for future mer-
cies : satisfaction to an offended person.
PEACE-OFFICER, pes'-of'is-er, n. an offi-
cer whose duty it is to preserve the _peace;
a pohce-oiiicer.
PEACE-PARTY, pes'-par'ti, 71. a pohtical
party advocating the preservation of
peace.
PEACH, pech, n. a tree with delicious fruit.
— adj. Peach'y. [Fr. iieciie (It. persica,
pesca) — L. Persicum {malum), the Persian
(apple), from Persicus, belonging to Per-
sia.]
PEACH-COLORED, pech'-kul'urd, adj. of
the color of a. peach blossom, pale red.
PEACOCK, pe'kok, n. a large gallinaceous
bird remarkable for the b<^auty of its
plumage, named from its cry ■.—fern. Pea'-
HEN. [Pea- is from A.S. ptnwe — L. X)<^i'o
— Gr. tads — (ace. to Max MilUer) Pers.
taicus — O. Tamil tokei, togei. See also
Cock.]
PEA-JACKET, pe'-jak'et, n. a coarse thick
jacket worn esp. by seamen. [Pea- is
from Dut. jjij (pron. pi), a coat of coarse
thick cloth ; and Jacket.]
PEAK, pek, »!. ^Lpoint : the pointed end of
anytiiing : the top of a mountain : {naut.)
the upper outer corner of a sail extended
by a gaff or yard, also the extremity of
the gaff. [Celt. See Beak, Pike.]
PEAKED, pekt, adj., pointed : ending in a
point.
PEAKLSH, pek'ish, adj., Jiaving pieaks.
PEA 1 1, pel, n. a loud sound : a set of bells
tuned to each other : the changes rung
upon a set of bells. — v.i. to resound like
a bell : to utter or give forth loud or
solemn sounds. — v.t. to assail with noise :
to celebrate. [Short for Appeal.]
PEAN. See P^an.
PEAR, pax, 71. a common fruit : the tree.
[A.S. jKra or peru — L. pirum, a pear
(whence also Fr. poire).']
PEARL, perl, n. a well-known shining gem,
found in sevei'al shellfish, but most in the
mother-of-pearl oyster : anything round
and clear : anj-thing very precious : a
jewel : a wliite speck or film on the eye :
(print.) a kind of type intermediate be-
tween agate and diamond. — adj. made of
or belonging to pearls. — v.t. to set or
adorn with pearls. [Fr. perle, ace. to
Diez, prob. either a corr. of L. pindn, a
dim. of pirum, a pear (see Pear), or of
L. pilula. dim. of pila, a ball.]
PEARL-ASH, perl'-ash, n. a purer carbon-
ate of potash, obtained by calcining pot-
ashes, so called from its jpearZy-white
color.
PEARLY, perl'i, adj. containing or resem-
bling pearls: clear: pure: transparent.
— n. PeaRL'INESS.
PEASANT, pez'ant, n. a countryman : a
rustic: one whose occupation is rural
labor. — adj. of or relating to peasants :
rustic : rural. [O. Fr. paisant (with ex-
crescent -t). Mod. Fr. paysan^yays — L.
X>agus. a district, a countrv. See Pagan.]
PEASANTRY, pez'ant-ri, n'pl. the body of
peasants or tillers of the soil : rustics :
laborers.
PEASE, pez, indef. pi. of Pea.
PEAT, pet, 71. decayed vegetable matter
like turf, cut out of boggj- places, dried
for fuel. — adj. Peat'y. [True form beat,
as in Devonshire ; from M. E. beten. to
mend a fire — A S. betan, to make better
— bot, advantage. See BOOT, v.t.]
PEBBLE, |)eb'l, n. a small roundish ball or
stone: transparent and colorless rock-
crystal. [A.S. papol(-stan), a pebble-
(-stone) : akin to L. papula, a pustule.]
PEBBLED, peb'ld, PEBBLY, peb'li, adj.
full of pebbles.
PECCABLE, pek'a-bl, adj. liable to sin.—
n. Peccabil'ity". [L. peccahilis — pecco,
-atum, to sin.]
PECCADILLO, pek-a-dil'lo, n. a little or
trifling sin : a petty fault : — pi. Pecca-
dil'los. [Sp. pecadiUo, dim. of pecado
— L. jyeccatum, a sin.]
PECCANT, pek'ant, adj., sinning: trans-
gressing : gunty : morbid : offensive :
bad. — advi. PECC'AJfTLY. — n. Pecc'a>'cy.
[L. peccans, -antis, pr.p. of pecco.]
PECCARY, pek'ar-i, n. a hog-like quad-
ruped of South America. [The S. Amer-
ican word.]
PECK, pek, 7i. a dry measurers gallons,
or i of a bushel. [M.E. pekke, prob.
from peck, " to pick up," formerly an
indefinite quantitv.]
PECK, pek, r.f. to'strike with the beak:
to pick up with the beak : to eat : to
strike with anj-thiug pointed : to strike
with rejjeated blows. — adj. Peck'ish.
hungry. [A later form of Pick.]
PECKER, pek'er, n. that which pecks : a
wood-pecker.
PECTIN AL, pek'tin-al. adj. of a comb :
having bones like the teeth of a comb.
[L. pectcn. jyectinis. a comb.]
PECTINATE, pek'tin-at, PECTINATED,
pek'tin-at-ed, adj. resembling the teeth
of a comb. — adv. Pec'tinately. — »i. Pec-
tina'tiox, the state ot being pectinated.
PECTORAL, pek'tor-al, adj. relating to the
breast or chest. — n. a pectoral fin : a
medicine for the chest. — adv. Pec'tor-
at.t.y [Fr. — L. pectoralis— pectus, pec-
toris, the breast.]
PECULATE, pek'u-lat, v.t. to embezzle :
to steal. — ns. Pecula'tion, Pec'ulator.
[L. pecidor, peculatus, from pectdium,
private property, akin topeciinia, money.
See Pecuniary"]
PECULIAR, pe-kul'yar, adj. one's own :
appropriate : particulai- : strange. — adv.
Peculiarly". — n. Peculiarity, pe-kul-i-
ar'it-i. [Fr. — L. peculiaris — peculium,
private property. Cf. PECULATE.]
PECUNIARY, pe-ku'ni-ar-i, adj. relating
to money.— adv. Pecu'nlarily. [Fr.— L.
j)ecuniarius — i)ecunia, money — pecu-,
which appears in L. pecua (pi.), cattle
of all kinds, cattle forming the wealth of
earlv races ; akin to E. FEE.]
PEDAGOGIC, ped-a-goj'ik, PEDAGOG-
ICAL, ped-a-goj'ik-al. adj. relating to
teaching.
PEDAGOGICS,ped-a-goj'iks, PEDAGOGY,
ped'a-goj-i. n. the science of teaching.
PEDAGOGUE, ped'a-gog, 7(. a teacher : a
pedant. [Lit. a leader of a boy to and
from school, Fr. — L.— Gr. paidagogos —
pais, jyaidos, a boy, agagos, a leader — ago,
to lead.]
PEDAL, ped'al or pe'dal, adj. pertaining
to afoot. — n. in musical instruments, a
lever moved by the foot. [L. pedalis —
pes, pedis, the foot, E. Foot.]
PEDANT, ped'ant, n. one making a vain
and useless displav of learning. [Fr. —
It. pedante, whicli was prob. formed
from Gr. x)aideuo. to instruct, from pais,
paidos, a boy. See Pedagogue.]
PEDANTIC, ped-ant'ik, PEDANTICAL,
ped-ant'ik-al, adj. vainly displayin,?
knowledge.
PEDANTRY
319
PENDULUM
PEDANTKY, ped'ant-ri, ?i. vain and useless
display of learning.
PEDDLE, ped'l, v.i. to travel about with
a basket or bundle of goods, esp. small-
wares, for sale : to be busy about trifles.
— v.t. to retail in very small quantities.
— n. Pedd'lee. [See Pedlar.]
PEDDLERY, ped'ler-i, n. the trade of a
peddler : the wares sold by a peddler.
PEDDLING, ped'ling, n. the trade of a
peddler.
PEDESTAL, ped'es-tal, n. the foot or base
of a pillar, etc. [Sp. — It. piedestallo — L,
pes, pedis, the foot, and It. stallo, a place.
See Stall.]
PEDESTRIAN, pe-des'tri-an, adj. going on
foot : performed on foot. — n. one jour-
nejnng- on foot : an expert walker. [L.
pedestris — pes, pedis.'\
PEDESTRLANISM, pe-des'tri-an-izm, n. a
going on foot : walking : the practice of
a pedestrian.
PEDICEL, ped'i-sel, PEDICLE, ped'i-kl, n.
the little /oof.stalk by which a leaf or
fruit is fixed on the tree. [Fr. pedicelle
— L. pediculus, dim. of pes, pedis, the
foot.]
PEDIGREE, ped'i-gre, n. a register of de-
scent from ancestors: lineage: genealogy.
[Ety. dub. : Wedgewood gives Fr. pied cle
ffres, a tree of degrees, pied being tech-
nically used in the sense of '-tree;"
Skeat suggests Fr. pied de griie, crane's-
foot, from the crane's foot used in draw-
ing out a pedigree.]
PEDIMENT, ped'i-ment, n. (arch.) a tri-
angular or circular ornament, which
finishes the fronts of buildings, and
serves as a decoration over gates. — adj.
Pediiient'al. [Ety. dub., perh. conn,
with Ij. pes, pedis, the foot.]
PEDLAR, PEDLER, PEDDLER, ped'ler,
n. one who peddles : one who travels
about the country carrjing- commodities
for sale. — n. Pedlary, Pedlery, a ped-
lar's small wares : his emploj'ment.
[Older form peddar or pedder, one who
carries wares in a ped, prov. E. for bas-
ket, and prob. same as Pad.]
PEDOBAPTISM, pe-do-bap'tizm, n., in-
fant baptism. [Gr. pais, paidos, a child,
and Baptism.]
PEDOBAPTIST, pe-do-bap'tist, n. one who
believes in infant baptism.
PEDOMETER, ped-om'et-er, n. an instru-
ment, somewhat like a watch, by which
the steps of a pedestrian are registered,
and thus the distance he walks is meas-
ured. [L. pies, pedis, a foot, and Gr.
metron, a measure.]
PEDUNCLE, pe-duug'kl, n. same as Ped-
icel. — adjs. Peddn'cular. Pedcn'cu-
LATE, Pedun'culated. [Fr. pedoncule
— Low L. peduncubis — L. ^es, pedis, the
foot.]
PEEL, pel, v.t. to strip off the skin or
bark : to bare. — v.i. to come off, as the
skin. — n. the skin, rind, or bark. [Fr.
peler, to unskin, from L. pilo, to deprive
of hair, from pilus, a hair, or from pellis,
a skin, E. Fell.]
PEEL, pel, n. a small border fortress.
[Celt, pill, a stake, a fort.]
PEEL, pel, n. a baker's wooden shovel :
a fire-shovel. \Vr.pelle — L.^jaZa,aspade.]
PEEL, pel, v.t. to plunder : to piUage.
[Same as Pill, v.]
PEEP, pep, v.i. to chirp, or cry, as a
chicken. [^Fr. piper — L. 2npare, an imi-
tative word.]
PEEP, pep, V.I. to look through a narrow
space : to look sly^ly or closely : to begin
to appear. — n. a sly look : a beginning to
appear. [Same as the above word, Fr.
piper, sig. to chirp Uke a bird (said of a
bird-catcher), then to beguile, whence
peep = to look out slyly.]
supplied
PEEPER, pep'er, n. one that peeps : a
chicken just breaking the shell.
PEER, per, n. an equal : an associate : a
nobleman : in Great Britain a member
of the House of Lords: — fern. Peee'ess.
[O. Fr. (Fr. pair) — L. 2^<i^t parts, equal.]
PEER, per, v.i. to appear.
PEER, per, v.i. to look narrowly : to peep :
—IJa.t. and pa.p. peered. [M.E. pireii —
Low Ger. piren, orig. plUren, to draw
the ej'elids together.]
PEERAGE, per'aj, n. the i-ank or dignity
of a peer : the body of peers.
PEERLESS, per'Ies, adj. naving no peer or
equal : matchless. — adv. Peer'lessly. —
11. Peer'lessxess.
PEEVISH, pev'ish, adj. habitually fretful ;
easilj- annoyed : hard to please. — adv.
Peev'ishly.— u. Peet'ishness. [Prob.
imitative of the puling of fretful infants.]
PEEWIT. Same as Pewit.
Pf peg, n. a wooden pi'jj for fastening
loards, etc.: one of the pins of a musical
mstruraent. — v.t. to fasten with a peg: —
pr.p. pegg'ing ; pa.f. and p>c-P- pegged.
TScand., as in Dan. jng, a spike.]
PEGGED pegd, adj. fastened or i
with iJegs.
PEGTOP, peg'top, n. a child's plaything for
spinning.
PEKOE, pe'ko, n. a scented black tea. [Chi-
nese.]
PELAGIAN, pe-la'ji-an, n. one who holds
the views of Pelagius, a British monk of
the 4th century, in respect to original sin.
— adj. pertaining to Pelagius and his doc-
trines.— n. Pela'gianism, the doctrines of
Pelagius.
PEL ARGON 1 U M, pel-ar-go'ni-um, n. a vast
genus of beautiful flowering plants.
[From Gr. pelargos, stork, the fruit re-
sembling a stork's beak.]
PELF, pelf, n. riches (in a bad sense) :
money. [O. Fr. pelfre, booty, of un-
known origin ; allied to Pilfer.]
PELICAN, pel'i-kan, n. a large water-fowl,
having an enormous bill cf the shape of
an ax-e. [Fr. — L. pelieamis—Gi: pelikan
— pelekiis, an axe.]
PELISSE, pe-les', m. (origr.)a/un'e<Z coator
I'obe, now a silk habit worn by ladies.
[Fr.— L. pellis, a skin.]
PELLAGRA, pel-a'gra, ?i. an endemic dis-
ease, particularlj' noticed among the
Milanese, which consists in the skin be-
coming covered with tubercles and rough
scales, and in debility, vertigo, epilepsy,
and great depression of spirits. [Gr.
X>Ma, skin, and agra, seizure.]
PELL, pel, 11. a skin or hide : a roll of
parchment. [O. Fr. pel, Fr. peau — L.
j)ellis, a skin or hide.]
PELLET, pel'et, n. a little ball, as of lint
or wax. [Fr. pelote — L. pila, a ball to
l)lav with.]
PELLETED, pel'et-ed, adj. consisting of
[jellets : pelted, as with bullets.
PELLICLE, pel'i-kl, n. a thin skin or film :
the film which gathers on liquors. — adj.
Pellic'clae.
PELL-MELL, pel-mel', adv. mixed con-
fusedly : proniiscuouslj-. [O. Fr. pesle-
niesle (Fr. pele-mele), -mesle being from
O. Fr. mesler (Fr. meter), to mix — Low L.
misculo — L. misceo ; a.nd pesle, a rhyming
addition, perh. influenced by Fr. pelle,
shovel.]
PELLUCID, pel-loo'sid, adj. . perfectly clear:
transparent. — odr.PELLU'CIDLY. — n. Pel-
LC'CIDNESS. [Fr. — Ij. pellucidus — per. per-
fectly,and lueidus, clear — luceo, to shine.]
PELT, pelt, n. a raw hide : the quarry or
prey of a hawk all torn.
PELt, pelt, v.t. to strike with pellets, or
with something thrown : to throw or
cast. — ;i. a blow from a pellet, or from
something thrown. [See Pellet.]
PELTING, pelt'ing, n. an assault with a
pellet, or with anything thrown.
PELTRY, pelt'ri, n. the skins of furred
animals : furs.
PELVIS, pel'vis, Ji. the basin or bony
cavity forming the lower part of the
abdomen. [L.T
PEMillCAN, PEMICAN, pem'i-kan, n.
{orig.) a N. American Indian prepara^
tiou, consisting' of lean venison, dried,
pounded, and pressed into cakes, now
used in Arctic expeditions.
PEN, pen, v.t. to shut up : to confine in a
small inclosure -.—pr.p. penning ; pa.t.
and pM.p. penned or pent. — w. a small
inclosure : a coop. [A.S. pennan, to
shut up.]
PEN, pen, 11. an instrument used for writ-
ing, formerly of the feather of a bird,
but now of steel, etc. — v.t. to write : —
pr.p. penn'ing ; pa.t. and pa.p>. penned.
[Fr. penne — L. penna, old fovms, ^jesna,
petiia, a feather — root pat, to fly. See
Feather. Find.]
PENAL, pe'nal, adj. pertaining to inmish-
ment : incurring or denouncing punish-
ment : used for punishment. — adv. Pe'-
Nally. {Fr.—lj.po;nalis—pana, akin to
Gr. poine, punishment.]
PENALTY, pen'al-ti, n.. pnini.'ihment : per-
sonal or pecuniary' punislmient : a fine.
PENANCE, pen'ans', n. in the R. C. Church,
the jitinishnient borne by apenitent. [O.
Fr. See PENITENCE.]
PENATES, pe-na'tes, n.pl. the tutelary
household deities of ancient Rome. [L.,
from root 2>en in L..2}enitus, within, penc-
tralia, the inner part of anything.]
PENCE, pens, n. plural of Penny, which
see.
PENCHANT, pang'shang, 11. inclination':
decided taste. [Fr., pr.p. oi pencher, to
incline, through a iovm pendicare,'LYOxa
L. pendeo, to hang.]
PENCIL, pen'sil, n. a small hairbrush for
laying on colors : any pointed instru-
ment for writing or drawing without
ink : a collection of raj-s of light con-
verging to a point : the art of painting
or drawing. — i'.^ to write, sketch, or
mark with a pencil : to paint or draw :
—P>'-P- pen'cilling ; pa.t. and pa.p. pen'-
cilled. [O. Fr. pincel, Fr. pinceau — L.
penieillum, a painter's brush, dim. of
penis, a tail.]
PENCILLED, pen'sild, adj. written or
marked with a pencil : having pencils
of rays : radiated : (bot.) mai'ked with
fine lines, as with a pencil.
PENCILLING, pen'sil-ing, ?i. the art of
writing, sketching, or marking with a
pencil : a sketch.
PENDANT, pendant, n. anything 7iO«gf!«gr,
f,specially for ornament : an earring : a
long narrow flag, at the head of the prin-
cipal mast in a ship. [Fr. — pendant,
pr.p. of pendre, to hang— L. pendens,
-entis — ))r.p. of pendeo. to hang.J
PENDENCE, pend'ens, PENDENCY, pend'-
en-si, 11. a hanging in suspense : state of
being undecided.
PENDENT, pend'ent, adj., hanging: pro-
jecting : .supjiorted above the ground or
base. — adv. Pend'entlv. [Latini.'.ed form
of Fr. adj. }>endant. See PENDANT.]
PENDING, pend'ing, adj., hanging: re-
maining undecided : not terminated.—
2)rep. during. [Anglicized form of Fr,
adj. ])endant. See Pendant.]
PENDULOUS, pend'u-lus, adj., hanging:
swinging. — adv. Pexd'ttlOCSLY. — ns.
Pend'ulousness, Pexdulos'ity. [L. peu-
f?!(/)/.s- — jjendeo. to hang.]
PENDULUJI. i)end'u-lum, n. any weight
so hung or suspended from a fixed point
as to swing freely. [L., neut. of pendu-
lus, hanging.]
PENETRABLE
PENETRABLE, pen'e-tra-bl, adj. that may
be penetrated or pierced by another body:
capable of ha\ang the mind affected. — n.
Pexetrabil'itt.
PENETRATE, pen'e-trat, v.t. to thrust into
the inside : to pierce into : to affect the
feelings : to understand : to find out. —
v. i. to make way : to pass inwards. [L.
penetro, -atum — root pen, within. See
Penates.]
PENETRATING, pen'e-trat-ing, adj., pierc-
ing or entering: sharp: subtle: acute:
di.scerning.
PENETRATION, pen-e-tra'shun, n. the act
of penetr.ating or entering : acuteness :
discernment.
PENETRATIVE, pen'e-trat-iv, adj. tend-
ing to penetrate : piercing : sagax:ious :
affecting the mind.
PENGUIN, pen'gwin.PINGUnsr, pin'gwin,
n. an aquatic bird in the southern hemi-
sphere. [Ety. dub., ace. to some from L.
pinguis, fat, ace. to others from W. pen,
head, and given, white.]
PENINSULA, pen-in'su-la, n. land so sur-
rounded by water as to be almost an
island. [Li.^pcene, almost, insida, an
island. See Insulak.]
PENINSULAR, pen-in'su-lar, adj. pertain-
ing to a peninsula : in the form of a
peninsula : inhabiting a peninsula.
PENITENCE, pen'i-tens, n. state of being
penitent : sorrow for sin.
PENITENT, pen'i-tent, adj. suffering pain
or sorrow for sin : contrite : repentant.
— n. one grieved for sin : one under
penance. — adv. Pen'itently. [Fr. — L.
pce.nUens, -entis — pceniteo, to cause to
repent — poena, punishment.]
PENITENTIAL, pen-i-ten'shal, adj. per-
taining to or expressive of penitence. — n.
a book of rules relating to penance. — adv.
Pentten'tially.
PENITENTIARY, pen - i - ten ' shar - i, adj.
relating to penance: penitential. — )(. a
penitent : an office at the court of Rome
for secret bulls, etc. : a place for penance:
a house of correction for offenders.
PENKNIFE, pen'nlf, n. a small knife orig.
for making and mending quill pens.
PENMAN, pen'man, n. a man skilled in
the use of the pen ; an author.
PENMANSHIP, pen'man-ship, n. the use
of the pen in writing : art of writing :
manner of writing.
PENNANT, pen'ant, PENNON, pen'un, n.
a small flag : a banner : a long narrow
piece of bunting at the mast-heads of
war - ships. [Pennant is formed from
pennon, with excrescent t ; pennon is Fr.
pennon — L. penna, a wing, feather.]
PENNATE. pen'at, PENNATED, pen'-
at-ed, adj., winged: {bot.) same as Pin-
nate. [L. pennatus — penna, feather,
wing.]
PENNILESS, pen'i-les, adj. without a
penny : without monev : poor.
PENNON. See Pennant.
PENNY, pen'i, n. an English copper coin,
orig. silver, of the value of four farthings,
or one twelfth of a sliilling, equal to
about two cents : a small sum : money
in general : (Neiv Test.) a silver coin=-
15c. :- -pi. Pennies (pen'iz). denoting the
number of coins. Pence (pens), the
amount of pennies in value. [A.S. pen-
tngr, penig : the oldest form is pending,
where /)cnrf-^E. patm. Ger. pfand, Dut.
pand, a pledge, all which are from L.
pannwi, a rag, a piece of cloth. See
Pawn, something given as security.]
PENNY-A-LINER, pen'i-a-lin'er, n. one
who writes for a public journal at so
much a line : a writer for pay.
PENNYROYAL, pen'i-roy-al, n. a species
of mint. [Corr. from old form pulial,
which is traced through O. Fr. to L.
320
ptdeiuni rcgium, the plant pennyroyal
— pulex, a flea ; it was thought to be a
protection from fleas.]
PENNYWEIGHT, pen'i-wat, n. twenty-
four grains of troy weight. [Lit. the
weight of a silver peniiy.]
PENNYWORTH, pen'i-wurth, n. a penny's
worth of anything : a good bargain.
PENSILE, pen'sll, adj., hanging : suspend-
ed.— n. Pen'sileness. [O. Fr. pensil — L.
pensilis^pendeo, to hang.]
PENSION, pen'shun, 71. 'a stated allow-
ance to a person for past services. — v.t.
to grant a pension to. [Fr. — L. pensio —
pendo, pensum, to weigh, pay, akin to
jieiideo. to hang.]
PENSIONARY, peu'shun-ar-i, adj. receiv-
ing a. pension : consisting of a pension. —
n. one who receives a pension : a chief
magistrate of a Dutch town.
PENSIONER, pen'shun-er, n. one who re-
ceives a pension : a dependent.
PENSIVE, pen'siv, adj. thoughtful: reflect-
ing: expressing thoughtfulness with sad-
ness.—adr. Pen'sivelt.— n. Pen'siveness.
[Lit. "weighing in the mind," Fr. —
from L. penso, to weigh^jendo.}
PENT, pa.t. and pa.p. of Pen, to shut up.
PENTACHORD, pen'ta-kord, n. a musical
instrument with five strings. [Gr. penta-
chordos, five-stringed — pente,&ve, chords,
string.]
PENTAGON, pen'ta-gon, n. (geom.) a plane
figure having five angles and five sides. —
adj. Pentag'onal. [Gr. pentagonon —
pente, five, gbnia. angle.]
PENTAHEDRON, pen-ta-he'dron, n.
(geom.) a solid figure having five equal
bases or sides. — adj. Pentahe'dral, hav-
ing five equal sides. [Gr. pente, five, and
hedra. seat, base.]
PENTAMETER, pen-tam'e-ter, n. a verse
oifive measures or feet. — adj. having five
feet. [Gr. pentametros — pente, five, and
metron. a measure.]
PENTANGULAR, pen-tang'gul-ar, adj.
having fii-e angles. [Gr. pente, five, and
AngulaeJ
PENT ARCH Y, pen'tar-ki, n., government
by five persons. [Gr. pente, five, arche,
rule.]
PENTATEUCH, pen'ta-tuk, n. the first five
books of the Old Testament. [Gr. Penta-
teuchos— -pente, five, and teuclios, a tool,
in late Gr. a book from teucho, to pre-
pare.]
PENTATEUCHAL, pen-ta-tuk'al, adj. per-
taining to the Pentateuch.
PENTECOST, pen'te-kost, n. a Jewish fes-
tival on the fiftieth dayjafter the Passover,
in commemoration of the giving of the
Law : Whitsuntide. [Gr. pentekoste {he-
mera). the fiftieth (daj-).]
PENTECOSTAL, pen-te-kost'al, adj. per-
taining to Pentecost.
PENTHOUSE, pent'hows, n. a shed pro-
jecting from or adjoining a main
building. [Lit. "an appendage" or
"out-building," a corr. of pentice, which
is from Fr. apjyentis — L. appendicinm,
an appeudasre. See APPEND.]
PENTROOF, "pent'roof, n. a roof with a
slope on one side only. [A hybrid word,
from Fr. pente, a &\o\>e—pendre, to hang,
and E. Roof.]
PENULT, pe-nult' or pe'nult, PENULT-
IMA, pe-nult'i-ma, n. the syllable last
but one. [L. penultima — pcene, almost,
^dfimns. last.]
PENTJLTIMATE, pe-nult'i-mat. adj. last
but one. — n. the penult. [See under
Penult.]
PENUMBRA, pe-num'bra, n. a partial
shadoxf round the perfect shadow of an
eclipse : the part of a picture where the
light and shade blend. [L. pcene, almost,
and umbra, shade.]
PERCH
PENURIOUS, pen-u'ri-us, adj. showing
penury or scarcity : not bountiful : sor-
did : miserly. — adv. Penu'riouslt. — n.
Pend'riousness.
PENURY, pen'u-ri, n., want: absence of
means or resources : poverty. [Fr. — L.
penuria, akin to Gr. peina, hunger.]
PEONY, pe'o-ni, n. a plant having beauti-
ful crimson flowers. [O. Fr. pione (Fr.
pivoine) — L. pceonia, healing, the plant
being thought to have healing virtues —
Gr. Paion, the physician of the gods.]
PEOPLE, pe'pl, n. persons generally : an
indefinite number : inhabitants : a na-
tion: the populace : — pi. Peoples (pe'plz),
races, tribes. — v.t. to stock with people
or inhabitants. [Fr. peuple — L. populus,
prob. reduphcated from root of plebs,
people, Gr. polys, E. Full.]
PEPPER, pep'er, n. a plant and its fruit,
with a hot, pungent taste. — v.t. to
sprinkle with pepper. [A.S. pipor — L.
piper — Gr. peperi — Sans, pippala.]
PEPPERCORN, pep'er-korn, n. the corn or
berry of the pepper plant : something of
little value.
PEPPERMINT, pep'er-mint, n. a species of
mint, aromatic and pungent Mke pepper :
a liquor distilled from the plant.
PEPPERY, pep'er-i, adj. possessing the
qualities of pepper : hot : pungent.
PEPSINE, pep'sin. n. one of the essential
constituents of the gastric juice, which
aids in digestion. [Fr. — Gr. pepsis, di-
gestion— pepto, pesso, to cook, digest.]
PEPTIC, pep'tik, adj. relating to or pro-
moting digestion. [Gr. peptikos— pepto,
to digest.]
PERADVENTURE, per-ad-vent'ur, adv.
by adventure : by chance : perhaps. [L.
per, by, ADVENTbRE.]
PERAMBULATE, per-am'bul-at, v.t. tc
walk through or over : to pass through
to survey. [L. perambulo, -atum — per,
through, and ambido, to walk.]
PERAJiIBULATION, per-am-bul-a'.ihun, n.
act of perambidating : the district within
which a person has the right of inspec-
tion.
PERAMBULATOR,per-am'bul-at-or, Ji.one
who perambidates : an instrument for
measuring distances on roads : a light
carriage for a child.
PERCEIVABLE, per-sev'a-bl. adj. same as
Perceptible. — adv. Perceiv'ably, same
as Perceptibly.
PERCEIVE, per-sev', v.t. to obtain knowl-
edge through the senses : to see : to un-
derstand : to discern. — n. Perceiy'er.
[O. Fr. percever (Fr. apercevoir)—^!,. per-
cipio, perceptum — per, perfectly, and
capio, to take.]
PERCENTAGE, per-sent'aj, n. rate per
cent, or by the hundred. [See Cent.]
PERCEPTIBLE, per-sept'i-bl, adj that can
be perceived : that may be known : dis-
cernible.— adv. Percept'ibly. — re. Per-
Ceptibil'ity, quality of being perceptible. '.
PERCEPTION, per-sep'shun. n. act of per-
ceiving : discernment : (phil.) the faculty
of perceiving : the evidence of external
objects by our senses.
PERCEPTIVE, per-sept'iv, adj. having the^
power of perceiiHng or discerning. — n.
Perceptiv'ity, quality of being ^ per-
ceptive.
PERCH, perch, n. a genus of fishes, so
called from their dusky color. [Fr.
perche — L. perca — Gr. perke, tromperkos,
dark-colored, spotted.]
PERCH, perch, n. a rod on which birds
roost : a measure = 5i yds. : a square
measure = 30i square yards. — v.t. to sit
• or roost on a perch : to settle. — v.t. to
place, as on a perch. [Fr. perche — L.
pertica, a long staff, a rod.]
I
PERCHANCE
321
PERIWINKLE
PERCHANCE, per-chans', adx\ by chance :
perhaps. [Fr. par cas, from L. per, by,
and L. root of Chance.]
PERCHER, perch'er, n. a bird that perches
on trees.
PERCIPIENT, per-sip'i-ent, adj., perceiv-
ing: having the faculty of perception.
— n. one who perceives.
PERCOLATE, per'ko-lat, v.t. to strain
through : to filter. — v.i. to filter. [L.
percolo, -atum — per, through, coio, to
strain.]
PERCOLATION, per-ko-la'shun, n. act of
filtering.
PERCOLATOR, per'ko-la-tor, n. a filtering
vessel.
PERCUSSION, per-kush'un, n. the striking
of one body against another : collision,
or the shock produced by it : impression
of sound on the ear : (med.) the tapping
upon the body to find the condition of
an internal organ by the sounds. [L.
percussio — percutio, percussum — per,
thoroughly, and quatio, to shake, strike.]
PERCUSSIVE, per-kus'iv, adj., striking
against.
PERDITION, per-dish'un, n. utter loss or
ruin : the utter loss of happiness in a
future state. [Lit. a " being put utterly
away." Fr. — L. perditio — perdo, perdi-
tum—per. entirelv, and do. Sans, dha, to
put.]
PEREGRINATE, per'e-grin-at, v.i. to travel
through the country: to travel about:
to live in a foreign -country. [L. pere-
grinor, -atum — peregrimis, foreign — pere-
ger, away from home, probably from per,
through, ager, a field, territory.]
PEREGRINATION, per-e-grin-a'shun, n.
act of peregrinating or travelling about.
[Fr.]
PEREC
PEREGRINATOR, per'e-grin-a-tor, n. one
who travels about.
PEREMPTORY, per'emp-tor-i, adj.. pre-
venting debaXe : authoritative: dogmati-
cal.— adv. Per'emptorily. — n. Pee'emp-
TORINESS. [Fr. — L. peremptorius, from
perimo, peremptum — per, entirely, and
emo. to take.]
PERENNIAL, per-en'i-al, atlj. lasting
through the year: perpetual: (&oi.) last-
ing more than two years. — adv. Peeenn'-
TAi.T.Y. [L. perennis — per, through, and
annus, a year.]
PERFECT, per'fekt, adj., done thoroughly
or completely : completed : not defective :
unblemished : possessing every moral
excellence : completely skilled or ac-
quainted : (gram.) expressing an act com-
pleted.— v.t. (or per-fekt') to make perfect
or complete : to finish. — n. Pee'pbctee.
[Fr. — L. perfectus, pa.p. of perfieio — per,
thoroughly, and facio, to do.]
PERFECTIBLE, per-fekt'i-bl, adj. that may
be made perfect. — n. Pebfectibil'ity,
qualitv of being perfectible.
PERFECTION, per-fek'shun, n. state of be-
ing perfect : a perfect quality or acquire-
ment.
PERFECTIONIST, per-fek'shun-ist, n. one
who pretends to be perfect : an enthusi-
ast in religion or politics. — n. Perfec'-
TIONISM.
PERFECTIVE, per-fekt'iv, adj. tending to
make perfect. — adv. Perfect'ively.
PERFECTLY, per'fekt-li, adr. in a perfect
manner : completelv : exactlj'.
PERFECTNESS, per''fekt-nes, n. state or
quality of being perfect : consummate
excellence.
PERFIDIOUS, per-fid'i-us, adj. faithless :
unfaithful : violating trust or confidence .
treacherous. — adv. PERFiD'lorsLT. — n.
Perfid'iousness. [L. perfidio.fus—per-
Jidia. faithlessness.]
PERFIDY, per'fl-di, n., faithlessness :
U
treachery. [L. perjidia—perfidus, faith-
less^per, away from, jides, faith.]
PERFOLIATE, per-fo'li-at, adj. {hot.) hav-
ing the stem as it were passing through
the leaf, having the leaf round the stem
at the base. [L. per, through, folium, a
leaf.]
PERFORATE, per'fo-rat, v.t. to hore
through : to pierce : to make a hole
through, [h. perforo. -atum— per, throMgh,
foro. to bore, akin to BORE.]
PERFORATION, per-fo-ra'shun, n. act of
boring or piercing through : a hole
through anything.
PERFORATOR, per'fo-rat-or, n. an instru-
ment tor perforating or boring.
PERFORCE, per-fors', adv. by force: vio-
lently : of necessity. [L. per, by, and
Force.]
PERFORM, per-form', v.t. to do thorough-
ly: to carry out : to achieve : to act. —
v.i. to do : to act a part : to play, as on
a musical instrument. [Fr. parfournir,
from par = L. per, and fournir, to fur-
nish. See Furnish.]
PERFORMABLE, per-form'a-bl, adj. capa-
b'e of being- performed : practicable.
PERFORMANCE, per-for>r/ans, n. act of
performing : carrying out of something:
something done: public execution of any-
thing : an act or action.
PERFORMER, per-form'er, n. one who per-
forms, esp. one who makes a public ex-
hibition of his skill.
PERFUME, per'fum or per-fum', n. odor-
ous smoke : sweet-smelling scent : any-
thing which yields a sweet odor. — v.t.
Perfotie', to fill with a pleasant odor :
to scent. [Fr. parfum — L. per, through,
fumus, smoke.]
PERFUMER, per-fum'er, n. one who or
that which perfumes : one who trades in
perfumes.
PERFUMERY, per-fum'er-i, ?!. perfumes in
general : the art of preparing perfumes.
PERFUNCTORY, per-fungk'tor-i.adj. care-
lessly performed: negligent: slight.— adf.
Perfunc'toeily. — n. Perfunc'toriness.
[L. perfunctorius — perfunctus, pa.p. of
perfungor, to execute — per, thoroughly,
and fungor. See Function.]
PERHAPS, per-haps', adv. it may be : pos-
.sibly. [Lit. "by haps" or "chances,"
L. per, by, and haps, pi. of Hap.]
PERI, pe'ri, n. in Persian mythology, a fe-
male elf or fairy. [Lit. " winged," Pers.
pari, conn, with root of Feather.]
PERIANTH, per'i-anth, n. (pot.) the floral
envelope of those plants in which the
calyx and corolla are not easily distin-
guished. [Gr. peri, around, about, and
anthos. a flower.]
PERICARDIUM, per-i-kard'i-um, n. (anat.)
the sac which S7()TO?(wf7s the heart. — adjs.
Pericard'iac, Pericard'ial, Pericaed'-
lAN. [Late L. — Gr. perikardion — peri,
arouncl, kardia, E. HEART.]
PERICARP, per'i-karp, n. (hot.) the cover-
ing, shell, or rind ot fruiis : a seed-vessel.
— adj. Pericarp'ial. [Gr. perikarpion —
peri, around, karpos, fruit. See Har-
vest.]
PERICRANIUM, per-i-kra'ni-um. n. (anat.)
the membrane that surrounds the crani-
um. [Late L. — Gr. perikranion — peri,
around, fcrajM'oJi. the skull. See Cranium.]
PERIGEE, per'i-je. n. (astr.) the point of
the moon"s orbit nearest the earth. [From
Gr. peri, near, ge, the earth.]
PERIHELION, per-i-he'li-on, PERIHELI-
UM, per-i-he'li-um, n. the point of the
orbit of a planet or comet nearest to the
gun : — opposed to APHELION. [Gr. peri,
near, helios, the sun.]
PERIL, per'il, n. exposure to danger : dan-
ger.— v.t. to expose to danger: — pr.p.
per'illing; pa.t. and pa.p. per illed. [Lit.
a "trial passed through," Tr. peril — L,
pericxdum — root of peritus, tried, expe^
rior, to try ; akin to Gr. peirao, to trj',
perao, to pass through, cog. with Fare.]
PERILOUS, per'il-us, adj. full of peril -
dangerous. — adv. Pee'llously. — n. Pee':
ILOUSNESS.
PERIMETER, per-im'e-ter, n. (geom.) the
circuit or boundary of any plane figure
or sum of all its sides. — adj. Perimet'- .
RlCAL, pertaining to the perimeter. [Lit.
the " measure round about," Gr. x>B^"i' '
metros — peri, around, metron, measure.]
PERIOD, pe'ri-ud, n. the time in which
anything is performed : (astr.) the time
occupied by a body in its revolution : a
stated and recurring interval of time :
a series of years : length of duration :
the time at which anything ends : con-
clusion : (gram.) a mark at the end of
a sentence ( . ) : (rhet.) a complete sen-
tence. See Date, Epoch, Era. [Lit. a
"going round," a "circuit," ¥v. periode
— L. periodus—Gv. periodos, a going round
— peri, around, hodos. a way.]
PERIODIC, pe-ri-od'ik. PERIODICAL, pe-
ri-od'ik-al, adj. pertaining to a period :
happening by revolution : occurring at
regular intervals : pertaining to periodi-
cals.—adt'. Peeiod'ically.
PERIODICAL, pe-ri-od'ik-al, n. a magazine
or other publication which appears in
parts at regular periods. — n. Period'ic-
alist. one who writes in a periodical.
PERIODICITY, pe-ri-o-dis'it-i, n. state of
being periodic.
PERIPATETIC, per-i-pa-tet'ik. adj. per-
taining to the philosophy of Aristotle,
who taught while walking up and doim
in the Lyceum at Athens. — n. an adher-
ent of the philosophy of Aristotle : one
accustomed or obliged to walk. — n. Peri-
Patet'icism, the philosophy of Aristotle.
[Gr. peripatetikos — peri, about, pated, to
walk ; cog. with E. Path.]
PERIPHERY, per-if'er-i, n. (geom.) the
circumference of a circle or any figure.
— adj. Periph'eral. [Lit. " that which
is carried round," L. — Gr. peri, around,
phero, to carry ; cog. with E. Bear.]
PERIPHRASE. per'i-fraz, PERIPHRASIS,
per-if'ra-sis, n. a roundabout way of
speaking : the use of more words than
are necessary to express an idea : (rhet.)
a figure employed to avoid a trite expres-
sion.—v. f. or v.i. Per'iphease. to use
circumlocutio:'- [L.— Gr. periphrasis-
peri, round, aboat, phrasis, a speaking.
See Phease.]
PERIPHRASTIC, per - i - fras'tik. PERI-
PHRAS'TICAL, adj. containing or ex-
pressed by periphrasis or circumlocution,
—adv. Peeiphras'tically. [Gr.]
PERISH, per'ish, v.i. topass airay complete-
ly: to waste away: to decaj" to lose life:
to be destroyed : to be ruined or lost.
[M.E. perisshen~¥r. pirir, -pr.p. perissant
— L. perire. to perish— per, completelj-,
" to the b.id." ire. to go.]
PERISHABLE, per'ish-a-bl, adj. that may
perish : subject to speedy decay. — adv.
Per'ishably. — n. Per'ishableness.
PERISTYLE, per'i-stil, n. a range of col
umns round a building or square: a court,
square, etc., with columns on three sides,
[L. peristylium— Gr. peristylon — peri,
around, stylos, a column.]
PERIWIG, per'i-wig, n. a. peruke or smaM
wig, usually shortened to Wig. [O. Dut,
perui/k — Fr. perrvque, a peruke. See
Peruke.]
PERIWINKLE, per'i-wingk-1, n. a genus
of binding or creeping evergreen plants,
growing in woods. [M. E. peruenke,
through A.S. peruincce, from L. pervin-
ca, called also vinca-pervinca, conn, with
vincio, to bind.]
PERIWINKLE
322
PERSUADE
PERrWINKLE, per'i-wingk-1, n. a small
univalve mollusc. [Corrupted by coofu-
sioa with preceding from A.S. jii'^etcincla
— wincle. a whelk ; prov. E. pin-jMtch,
prob. because eaten with a pin.]
PERJURE, per'joor, v.t. to swear falsely
(followed by a reciprocal pronoun). — n.
Peb'jxtkee. [Fr. — L. perjuro—per- (same
as E. for- in Forsweab), and juro, to
swear.]
PERJURY, per'jur-i, n. false swearing :
(law) the act of willfully giving false evi-
dence on an oath. \lu perjuriwn.']
PERK, perk, adj. trim, spruce. — v.t. to
make smart or trim. — v.i. to hold up the
head with smartness. [W. perc, pert,
trim, smart. See Peet.]
PERMANENCE, per'ma-nens, PER'JIA-
NENCY, -nen-si, n. state or quality of
being permanent : continuance in the
same state : duration.
PERMANENT, per'ma-nent, adj. lasting:
durable.— adr. Per'jianently. [Fr— L.
permanens, -entis, pr.p. of permaneo —
jxr, through, maneo, to continue.]
PERMEABLE, per'me-a-bl, adj. that may
be permeated. — adv. Per' he ably. — n.
Permeabil'itt. [Fr. — L. permeabilis.]
PERMEATE, per'me-at, v.t. to 2Ja«s
through the pores of : to penetrate and
pass through. — n. Permea'tion. [L. jier,
through, ineo, to go.]
PERMIAN, per'mi-an, adj. in geol. a terra
applied to a sj-stem of rocks lying be-
neath the triassic rocks, and immediately
above the carboniferous system. Form-
erly the Permian and triassic rocks were
grouped together under the name of the
neif red .iaiidstone system, but later
geologists have separated them on pala;-
ontological grounds, the Permian group
containing many palajozoic forms, \vhile
the remains of "the tria.ssic are largely
mesozoic. The Permian forms the upper-
most of the great paljeozoic series, and
is unconformable in England on the car-
boniferous, while it passes bj- almost in-
sensible gp-adations into the triassic. In
England the Permian rocks are largely
developed iu the county of Durham.
Called also Magnesian Lisiestone.
[From Perm, in Russia, or that part of
Russia which formed the ancient king-
dom of Permia where the series is
largely developed.]
PERMISSIBLE, per-mis'i-bl, adj. that may
be permitted : allowable.— odu. Peemiss -
IBLT.
PERMISSION, per-mish'un, n. act of per-
mitting : Ubertj' granted : allowance.
[Fr. — L. permissio.~[
PERMISSIVE, per-mis'iv, adj. granting
permission or liberty: allowing : granted.
— adv. Permiss'ivelt.
PERMIT, per-mit', v.t. to give leave to :
to allow : to afford means -.—pr.p. per-
mitt'ing ; pa.t. and pa.p. permitt'ed. —
n. Per'jdt, permission, esp. from a cus-
tom-house officer to remove goods. [L.
permitto, -missiis, to let pass through —
per, through, mitto, to send.]
PERMUTABLE, per-mut'a-bl, adj. mutable
or that may be changed one for another.
— adv. Permut'ably. — n. Permut'able-
NESS. [L. permutabilis—per, through,
muto, to change.]
PERJIUTATION, per-mu-ta'shun, n. act
of changing one thing for another :
' (math.) the arrangement of things or
letters in every possible order. [Fr.
-L.]
PERNICIOUS, per-nish'us, adj., l-illing
utterly : hurtful : destructive : highly
injurious. — adv. Perni'ciOUSLY.— ". PER-
Nl'ciousNESS. [Fr. — L. per, completely,
and ne.v, necis. death bv ^^olence.]
PERORATION, per-o-ra'shun, n. the con-
clusion of a speech. [Fr. — L. peroratio
— peroro, to bring a speech to an end —
per, through, oro, to speak — os, oris, the
mouth.]
PERPENDICLX.\R, per-pen-dik'u-lar, adj.
exactly uijright: extending in a straight
line toward tlie centre of the earth :
(geom.) at right angles to a given line or
surface. — n. a perpendicular line or plane.
—adv. PERPENDIC'UIiARLY.— ?!. PERPEN-
dicular'ity, state of being perpendicu-
lar. [Fr. — L. perpendictdaris — perpen-
diculum, a plumb-line — per, through,
and pendo, to weigh.]
PERPETRATE, per-pe-trat, v.t. to perform
or commit (usually in a bad sense). — n.
Per'petrator. [L. perpetro, -atum^per,
thoroughly, a.napatro, to perform, from
root of Potent J
PERPETRATION, per-pe-tra'shun, n. act
of perpetrating or committing a crime :
the thing perpetrated.
PERPETUAL, per-pet'u-al, adj. never
ceasing : everlasting : not temporary. —
adv. Perpet'cat.t.y. [Fr. j)erpetuel—h.
perpetuus, continuous — per, through,
and root pet. to go. See Path.]
PERPETUATE, per-pet'u-at, v.t. to make
perpetual : to preserve from extinction
or oblivion. [L.]
PERPETUATION, per-pet-u-a'shun, «. act
of perpetuating or preser\Tng from ob-
livion.
PERPETL^TY, per-pet-u'i-ti, n. state of
being perpetual : endless duration : dura-
tion for an indefinite period : something
perpetual : the sum paid for a perpetual
annuitv. [Fr. — L.]
PERPLEX, per-pleks', v.t. to make difficult
to be understood : to embarrass : to puz-
zle : to tease with suspense or doubt.
[Fr. — L. perple.rus, entangled— per, com-
pletely, and 2JJ^vus, involved, pa.p. of
plectd. See Plait.]
PERPLEXITY, per-pleks'i-ti, n. state of
being perplexed : intricacj- : embarrass-
ment : doubt.
PERQUISITE, per'kwi-zit, n. an allowance
granted more than the settled wages : a
fee allowed by law to an officer for
a specific service. [Lit. "anything
sought for diligently," L. perqiitsitum,
from perquiro — ver, thoroughly, qucero,
to ask.]
PERRY, per'i, n. the fermented juice of
pears. [Fr. poire, from poire, a pear —
L. inruni. See Pear.]
PERSECUTE, per'se-kut, v.t. to pursue so
as to injure or anuoj- : to liarass : to an-
noy or punish, esp. for religious or politi-
cal opinions. — n. Per'secutOR. [Fr. per-
secuter — L. j^'^^^Q"^''' persecutns — per,
thoroughlv, and sequor, to follow.]
PERSECUTION, per-se-kQ'shun, n. act or
practice of persecuting : state of being
persecuted.
PERSEVERANCE, per-se-ver'ans, n. act or
state of persevering. [L. perseverantia.l
PERSEVERE, per-se-vei-', v.i. to persist in
anything : to pursue anything steadily.
— adv. Perseter'ingly. [Fr. — L. perse-
vero—perseverus. very strict^jer, vei-y,
severm, strict. See Severe.]
PERSIFLAGE, per'si-flazh, n. a frivolous
way of talking or treating any subject :
banter. [Fr.^)er.s?^er, to fianter — L.
per. through, and Fr. siffler — L. sibilare,
to whistle, to hiss.]
PER.SIST, per-si.st', f.!. io stand throughout
to something begun : to continue in any
course : to persevere. — adv. Persist'ing-
LY. [Fr. — L. persist o—iier. through, and
sistn. to cause to stand — sto. to stand.]
PERSISTENCE, per-sist'ens._ PERSIST-
ENCY, per-sist'en-si, )i. quality of being
persistent: perseverance: obstmacy: du-
ration.
PERSISTENT, per-sist'ent, adj.,persist%iiq :
tenacious : fixed : (bot.) remaining till
or after the fruit is ripe. — adv. Peesist'-
EJTTLY.
PERSON, per'sun, n. character represented,
as on the stage : character : an individ-
ual : a living soul : the outward appear-
ance, etc. : body : (gram.) a distinc-
tion in form, according as the subject of
the verb is the person speaking, spoken
to, or spoken of. — In person, by one's
self, not by a representative. [Fr. — L.
persona, a mask, esp. that used by play-
ers, which covered the whole head, and
was varied ace. to the character repre-
sented, perh. from perso^^o, -afus — j^er,
through, and sono, to sound, from the
voice of the actor sounding through the
large-mouthed mask.]
PERSONABLE, per'sun-a-bl, adj. having a
well-formed body or person : of good ap-
pearance.
PERSONAGE, per' sun -aj, n. a, perscm :
character represented : an individual of
eminence.
PERSONAL, per'sun-al, adj. belonging to
a person : peculiar to a person or liis
private concerns : pertaining to the ex-
ternal appearance : done in person : ap-
phing offensively to one's character :
(gram.) denoting the person.
PERSONALITY, per-sun-al'i-ti, n. that
whieli constitutes distinction of pei'son
individuality : a personal remark or re-
flection.
PERSONALLY, per'sun-al-li, adv. in a
personal or direct manner : in person : in-
dividuallv.
PERSONALTY, per'sun-al-ti. ;i. (lawjjyer-
sonal estate or all sorts of movable prop-
ertv.
PERSONATE, per'sun-at, v.t. to assume
the person or character of : to represent :
to counterfeit : to feig^n. — ns. Persona'-
TION. Per'sonator.
PERSONIFY, per-son'i-fi. v.t. (rhet.) to
ascribe to any inanimate object the
qualities of a person : — pa.t. and pa.p.
person'i-fled. — n . Peesonifica'tion.
PERSPECTIVE, per-spekt'iv, n. a xie-w,
%asta : the art of delineating objects on
a plane surface as the3- appear to the
eye : a picture in jwrspective. — adj. per-
taining' or according to perspective. [Fr.
— L. perspicio, perspecttis — per, through,
and specio, to look.]
PERSPECTIVELY, per-spekt'iv-Ii, adv. ac-
cording to the rules of perspective.
PERSPICACIOUS, per-spi-ka'shus, adA.ot
clear or acute understanding. — adv. Per-
spica'ciously. — n. Peespica'ciovsness.
[L. perspioax, perspicacis — perspicio, to
see through.]
PERSPICACITY, per-spi-kas'i-ti. w. state
of being perspicacious or acute in dis-
cerning.
PERSPICUITY, per-spi-ku'i-ti, n. state of
being 2>erspicuous : clearness : freedom
from obscuritv.
PERSPICUOUS", per-spik'u-us, adj. clear
to the mind : not obscure in anj- way :
evident. — adv. Peespic'uocsly'. — n. Per
SPIC'UOUSNESS. [L. 2}ers2ncxius, from per
spicio, to see through.]
PERSPIRATION, per-spi-ra'shun, n. act of
perspiring : that which is perspired :
sweat. [Fr. — L.]
PERSPIRATORY, per-splr'a-tor-i, adj. per-
taining to or causing perspiration.
PERSPIRE, per-spir', v.i. and v.t. to emit
through the pores of the skin : to sweat.
[Lit. to breathe through, L. peroro,
-attis — jjer, through, and S2}iro, to
breathe.]
PERSUADE, per-swad', v.t. to influence
successfully by argument, advice, etc. :
to bring to any particular opinion : to
PERSUASIBLE
323
PHANTASMAGORIA
conWnce. — n. Persuad'er. [Fr. — L. per-
suadeo, -suasum — per, thoroug'hly, and
suadeo, to advise.]
J PERSUASIBLE, per-swa'si-bl. adj. capable
of being persuaded. — iis. Persua'sible-
NHSS. Persuasibil'itv.
PERSUASION, per-swii'zhun, n. act of
persuading : state of being; persuaded :
settled opinion : a creed : a partj' adher-
ing to a creed.
PERSUASIVE, per-swa'siv, adj. having
the power to persuade: influencing the
mind or passions. — adv. Persua'sively.
— >!. Persfa'siveness.
PERT, pert, adj. forward : saucy : imper-
tinent.—adi-. Pert'lt. — n. Pert'xess. [A
form of Perk.]
PERTAIN, per-tan', v.i. to belong: to re-
late (to). [O. Fr. parteuit — L. pertineo
— per, thoroughly', and teneo, to hold.]
PERTINACIOUS, per-ti-ua'shus, adj., thor-
oughly tenacious : holding obstinately to
an opinion or purpose : obstinate. — adv.
Pertina'ciously. — h.Pertina'ciousness.
[Fr. — h. pertinax, -acts — jier, thoroughly,
and tenax, tenacious — teneo, to hold.]
PERTINACITY, per-ti-nas'i-ti. n. quality
of being pertinaciou.s or unyielding : ob-
stinacv-
PERTINENCE, per'ti-nens.PERTINENCY,
per'ti-nen-si, n. state of being pertinent :
appositeness : fitness.
PERTINENT, per'ti-nent, adj.. pertaining
or related to a subject : fitting or appro-
priate.— adv. Per'tinently.
PERTURB, per-turb'. v.t. to disturb great-
ly : to agitate. [Fr. — L. perturbo, -atus
—per, thoroughly, and turbo, disturb —
turba. a crowd. See Tcrbid.]
PERTURBATION, per-tur-ba'shun, n. state
of being perturbed: disquiet of mind:
(d-str.) a deviation of a heavenly body
from its normal orbit.
PERUKE, per'ook or per-ruk', n. an arti-
ficial cap of hair : a periwig. [Fr. per-
ruque — It. piarrucca{Sp.2>eluca)—-L.pilus,
hair. Doublets P»ERrwiG, WiG.]
PERUSAL, per-uz'al or per-ooz'al, n. the
act of pel-using : examination : study.
PERUSE, per-uz' or per-ooz', v.t. to read
attentively : to examine. — n. Perus'er.
[Formed from L. per, and USE, v.t.]
PERUVIAN, per-o6 vi-an, adj. pertaining
to Peru in S. America. — n. a native of
Peru.
PERVADE, per-vad', v.t. to go through or
penetrate : to spread all over. [L. per-
vado, pervasum — per, through, and vado,
to go : conn, with Wade.]
PERVASIVE, per-vas'iv, adj. tending or
having- power to pervade.
PERVERSE, per- vers', adj., perverted or
turned aside : obstinate in the wrong :
stul)borQ : vexatious. — ns. Perverse'-
NESS, Pervers'ity.— ad(^ Perverse'ly.
PERVERSION, per-ver'shun, n. the act of
perverting: a diverting from the true ob-
ject : a turning from truth or propriety :
misapplication.
PERVERT, per- vert', v.t. to turn wrong or
from the right course : to change from
its true use : to corrupt : to turn from
truth or virtue. — n. Peryert'er. [Fr.
pervert ir — L. pervert o — per, thoroughly.
'• to the bad." and verto. versus, to turn.]
PERVERTIBLE, per-vert'i-bl, adj. able to
be perverted.
PERVIOUS, per'vi-us, adj. penetrable.—
adv. Per'viously. — n. Per'viousness.
[Lit. " affording a way through," L. per-
viiis — per, through, i^ia, a wav.]
PESSIMIST, pes'i-mist. n. one* who com-
plains of everything being for the worst :
— opposed to" OPTimsT. — n. PESs'unsM.
("From L. pessimus, worst.]
PeST, pest, n. a deadly disease : a plague :
anything destructive. [Fr. peste — L.
pestis. a contagious disease.]
PESTER, pes'ter, v.t. to disturb, to annov.
[Short for impester, O. Fr. empestrer (Fr.
empStrer), to entangle, from in. in, and
Low L. pastprium, the foot-shackle of a
horse at pasture — L. pastus, pa.p. of
pasco, to feed.]
PESTHOUSE, pest'hows, v. a house or
hospital for persons afflicted with any
pe.'it or contagious disease.
PESTIFEROUS, pest-if'er-us, adj., bearing
pestilence : pestilent. — adv. Pestif'er-
ousLY. [L. pestis, and fero, E. Bear.]
PESTILENCE, pest'i-lens, n. any conta-
gious deadly disease.
PESTILENT, pest'i-lent, adj. producing
jiestilence : hurtful to health and life :
mischievous : corrupt : troublesome. —
adv. Pest'ilently. [Fr. — L.]
PESTILENTIAL, pest-i-len'shal. adj. of
the nature of pestilence : producing pesti-
lence : destructive. — adv. Pestilen'-
TTAT.T.Y.
PESTLE, pes'l or pest'l, n. an instrument
for pounding anything in a mortar. —
v.t. and v.i. to pound with a pestle. [O.
Ft. piestel — h. p>istillum, a pounder, froiii
pinso, pistum, to pound.]
PET, pet, n. any animal tame and fondled :
a word of endearment often used to
young children. — 1•.^ to treat as a pet :
to fondle: — pr.p. pett'ing ; pa.<. and
pa.p. pett'ed. [Celt., as Ir. jaeat, Gael.
pedta.~\
PET, pet, n. a sudden fit of peevishness or
slight passion. [From the above word.]
PETAL, pet'al, n. a flower-?6a/. [Gr. jje/-
alon, a leaf, neuter of petalos, spread
out, flora root of peta-nnymi, to sj:>read
out. Cf. Fathom.1
PETALED, pet'ald, PETALOUS, pet'al-us,
adj. having petals or flower-leaves.
PETALINE, pet'al-in, adj. pertaining to or
resembling a petal : attached to a petal.
PETALOID, pet'al-oid, adj. having the
form of a petal. [Petal, and Gr. eidos,
form.]
PETARD, pe-tard', n. an engine of war,
used to break down barriers, etc., by
explosion. [Fr. peter, to crax;k or ex-
plode— L. pedo, cog. wth Gr. perdo.
Sans, pard, and Ger. furzen.]
PETER-PENCE, pe'ter-pens, n. an annual
tax of a silver penny, formerly paid b^-
the English to the Pope as successor of
St. Peter.
PETIOLE, pet'i-ol, n. the /oo^stalk of a
leaf. [Fr. — Ij.petiolus, a little foot— ^^es,
pedi.'i, E. Foot.]
PETITION, pe-tish'un, n. a request : a
prayer : a supplication. — v.t. to present
a petition to : to supplicate. [Fr. — L.
petitio—peto, petitus, to fall on, to ask —
pat. to fall. See Pen, ».]
PETITIONARY, po-tish'un-ar-i, adj. con-
taining a petition : supplicatory.
PETITIONER. i)e-tish'an-er, n. one who
offers a petition or praver.
PETITIONING, pe-tisli'un-ing, n. the act
of presenting a petition: entreaty: solic-
itation.
PETRE. Same as Saltpetre.
PETREAN, pe-tre'an, adj. pertaining to
rock. [Ij. jyetrceus, Gr. p>etraios — L., Gr.
pcfrn. a rock.]
PETREL, pet'rel, Ji. a genus of ocean birds,
which appear during flight sometimes to
touch the surface of the waves with their
feet, prob. so called in allusion to St.
Peter's wallring on the sea. [Fr.]
PETRESCENT. pe-tres'ent, adj. growing
into or becoming sfoxe. — n. Petres'CENCE.
PETRIFACTION, pet-ri-fak'shun, n. the
act of turning into stone : the state of
being turned into stone : that which is
made stone.
PETRIFACTm:, pet-ri-fakt'iv, PETRIF-
IC, pe-trif'ik, adj. having the power to
change into stone.
PETRIFY, pet'ri-fl, v.t. to turn into stone:
to make callous : to fix in amazement. —
v.i. to become stone, or hard like stone:
—2M.t. and pia.}). pet'rified. [L. 2>etra, a
rock — Gr.. a.nd facia, f actus, to make.]
PETROLEUM, pe-tro'le-um, n. a liquid in-
flammable substance issuing from certain
rocks. [Lit. "rock-oil," Ij. petra, rock —
Gr., and oleum, oil. See Oil.]
PETROUS, pe'trus, adj. like stone : hard.
PETTED, pet'ed, adj. treated as a pet : in-
dulg'ed.
PETTICOAT, pet'i-kot, n. a little coat : a
loose under garment worn by females.
[Petty and Coat.]
PETTICOATED, pet'i-kot-ed, adj. wearing
a petticoat.
PETTIFOGGER, pet'i-fog-er, n. a lawyer
who practices onlv in petty or paltry
cases. [Petty, antl prov. E. fog, to re-
sort to mean contrivances.]
PETTIFOGGERY, pet'i-fog-er-i, n. the
practice of a pettifogger : mean tricks :
quibbles.
PETTISH, pet'ish, adj. showing a pet:
pee\-ish : fretful. — adv. Pett'ishly. — n.
Pett'ishxess.
PETTY, pet'i. adj., small : inconsiderable :
contemptible. — adv. Pett'ILY. — n. PETT-
INESS. [M.E. ije<i7— Fr. iietit ; cf. W.
pitu; small.]
PETULANCE, pet'u-lans, PETULANCY,
pet'u-lan-si, n. forwardness : impudence :
saueiness : peevishness : wantonness.
PETULANT, pet'u-lant, adj., falling upon
or assailing saucily : forward : impudent :
peevish.— adr. Pet'ulantly. [L. pietu-
tans, -antis — obs. petulo, dim. oi peto. to
fall upon.]
PEW, pu, n. an inclosed seat in a church.
[O. Fr. pui, a raised place — L. podium, a
projecting seat in the amphitheatre for
the emperor, etc. — Gr. podion, orig. a
footstool — pous, 2)odos. E. Foot.]
PEWIT, pe'wit, PEWET, pe'wet, n. the
lapwing-, a bird with a black head and
crest, common in moors. [From its cry.
Cf. Dut. ineirit or kietrit.}
PEWTER, pu'ter, n. an alloy of tin and
antimony with lead or with copper :
vessels made of pewter. — adj. made of
pewter. [O. Fr. 2)eutre (It. peltro), from
a Teut. root, found in Ice. pjatr, E.
PEWTERER, pu'ter-er, n. one who works
in pewter.
PHAETON, fa'e-tun, n. a kind of open
pleasure-carriage on four wheels, named
after Phaethon, the fabled son of Helios,
the sun, whose chariot he attempted to
drive : the tropic bird.
PHALANX, falangks or fa'-, n. a line of
battle : a square battalion of heavy
armed infantry drawn up in ranks and
files close and deep : any compact bod^
of men : — ^jZ. Phalan'oes, the small
bones of the fingers and toes. [L. — Gr.
2)halangks.]
PHANER0GA5I0US, fan-er-og'am-us. adj
having visible flowers (as opposed to the
CRYPTOGAjnA).
PHANTASM, fant'azm, n. a vain, airy ap
pearance : a fancied vision: a spectre:
—pi. Phant'asms, Phantas'jiata. [Gr.
phanta.vna — phanfazo, to make visible
—phaino, to bring to light — pha-o, to
shine.]
PHANTASMAGORIA, fant-az-ma-go'ri-a.
n. a gathering of njyjenraHCfs or figures
upon a flat surface by a magic-lantern.
[Gr. 7j/iaH?(j.wi<i (see Phantasm), an
appearance, and agora, an assembly—
ageiro, to gather.]
PHANTASTIC
324
PHOTOGBAPHY
f»H.A .^TASTIC. PHA^TASY. See Fan-
tastic. Fantasy.
PHANTOM. Same as Phantasm. [O. Fr.
fanfosme — Gr.]
PHARISAIC, far-i-sa'ik, PHAEISAICAL,
far-i-sa'ik-al, adj. pertaining to or like
the Pharisees : hj-pocritical. — adi\ Phar-
isa'ically. — n. Phaeisa'icalness.
PHARISAISM, far'i-sa-izm, PHAEISEE-
ISM, far'i-se-izm, n. the practice and
opinions of the Pharisees : strict observ-
ance of outward forms in religion with-
out the spirit of it : hypocrisy.
PHARISEE, far'i-se, n. one of a religious
school among the Jews, marked by their
strict observance of the law and of re-
ligious ordinances. [Lit. " one separate,"
L. 2)harisceus — Gr. pharisaios — Heb.
parash, to separate.]
PHARMACEUTIC, far-ma-sut'ik, PHAR-
MACEUTICAL, far-ma-sut'ik-al, adj.
pertaining to the knowledge or art of
pharmacy.— adv. Ph^urmaceut'ically.
PHARMACEUTICS, far-ma-sut'iks, n.sing.
the science of preparing medicines.
PHARMACEUTIST, far-ma-sut'ist, n. one
who practices pharmacy:
PHARMAC0FCEL4., far-ma-ko-pe'ya, n. a
book containing directions for the prepa-
raiion of medicines. [Gr. pharinakon,
and poieo, to make.]
PHARMACY, far'ma-si, n. the art of pre-
paring and mixing medicines. [Fr.phar-
made — L., Gr. pharmakoii, a drug.]
PHAROS, ffi'ros, n. a lighthouse or beacon,
so named from the famous lighthouse on
the island of Pharos in the Bay of Alex-
andria.
PHARYNX, far'ingks, n. the cleft or cavity
forming the upper part of the gullet. —
adj. Pharyn'geal. [Late L. — Gr. phar-
yngks. See BoRE, r.J
PHASE, faz, PHASIS, fas'is, n. an appear-
ance : the illuminated surface exhibited
by a planet : the particular state at any
time of a phenomenon which undergoes
a periodic change : — pi. Phas'es. [Gr.
phasis, from the root pha-, to shine.
See Phantasm.]
PHEASANT, fez'ant, n. a gallinaceous bird
abundant in Britain, and highly valued
as food. [Lit. "the Pha&ian bird," Fr.
faisan (with excrescent -t) — L. Phasiana
(avis, bird, being understood) — Gr. Phasi-
anos, of Phasis, a river flowing into the
eastern part of the Black Sea, whence
the bird was brought to Europe.]
?HEASAJSfTRY, fez'ant-ri, n. an inclosure
for pheasants.
PHENIX, PHCENIX, fe'niks, «. a fabulous
bird said to exist 500 j'ears single and to
rise again from its own ashes : hence, the
emblem of immortality. [L. phoenix —
Gr. phoinix.']
PHENOMENAL, fen-om'en-al, adj. per-
taining to a phenomenon. — arfi'.PHENOM'-
ENALLY.
PHENOMENALISM, fen-om'en-al-izm, n.
tluit system of philosophy which inquires
only into the causes of existing phe-
nomena.
PHENOMENON, fen-om'en-on, ??. an op-
pearance : something as it is perceived
(not necessarily as it reallj' is) : an ob-
served result : a remarkable or unusual
appearance : — pi. PhenOM'ENA. [Gr.
phainomenon — phaino, to show. See
Phantasm.]
PHIAL, fi'al, n. a small glass vessel or
bottle. [L. phiala — Gr. phiale. Cf.
Vial.]
PHILANDER, fi-lan'der, v.i. to make love :
to flirt or coquet. [Gr. philandros, lov-
ing men — philos, Aeax—philo. to love, and
aner, andros, a man.]
PHILANTHROPIC, fil-an-throp'ik, PHIL-
ANTHROPICAL, fil-an-throp'ik-al, adj.,
loving mankind : showing philanthropy :
benevolent. — adv. Philanthrop'icaixy.
PHILANTHROPIST, fil-an'thro-pist, n. one
who loves and wishes to serve mankind.
PHILANTHROPY, fil-an'thro-pi, n., love
of mankind : good-will towards all men.
[L. — Gr. philanthropia — philos, loving,
anihropos. a man.]
PHILHARMONIC, fil-har-mon'ik, adj.,
loving harmony or music. [Gr. philos,
loving, harmonia, harmony.]
PHILIBEG. See Ftt.t.tbeg.
PHILIPPIC, fil-ip'ik, n. one of the orations
of Demosthenes against Philii) of Mace-
don : a discourse full of invective. [L. —
Gr.]
PHILISTINE, fil'is-tin, n. one of the ancient
inhabitants of South-western Palestine,
enemies of the Israelites : name applied
by German students to shopkeepers and
others not conn, with the university : a
person without liberal ideas, an uncul-
tured person. — n. PnrL'lSTINISM.
PHILOLOGIST, fll-ol'o-jist, n. one versed
in philology.
PHILOLOGY, fil-ol'o-ji, n. the science of
language: the study of etymology, gram-
mar, rhetoric, and literai'y criticism :
(prig.) the study of the classical languages
of Greece and Rome. — adj. Philolog^C,
Philolog'ical. — adv. Philolog'ic ally.
[L. — Gr. philologia (lit.) love of talking
— philologos, fond of words — philos, lov-
ing, logos, discourse, from lego, to
speak.]
PHILOMATH, fil'o-math, n. a lover of
learning. — adjs. Phllomath'ic, -al. [Gr.
philomathes, fond of learning — philos,
loving, and e-maih-on, 2 aorist of 7nan-
thano, to learn. 1
PHILOMEL, fil'o-^nel. PHILOMELA, fil-o-
me'la, n. the nightingale. [Gr. Philo-
mela, daughter of Pandion, king of
Athens, fabled to have been changed
into a nightingale.]
PHILOPROGENITIVENESS,fll-o-pro-jen'.
i-tiv-nes, n. (phrenology) the instinctive
love of offspring. [A hj'brid word, from
Gr. philos, loving, and li. progenies, prog-
eny.]
PHILOSOPHER, fil-os'o-fer, n. a lover of
xvisdom: one versed in or devoted to phil-
osophy: one who acts calmly and ration-
all3'. [Fr. — L. — Gr. philosophos— philos,
a lover, sophos, wise.]
PHILOSOPHIC, fil-o-sof'ik, PHILOSOPH-
ICAL, fll-o-sof'ik-al, adj. pertaining or
according to philosophy : skilled in or
given to philosophy : rational : calm. —
adv. Philosoph'ica't.ly. [L. philosoph-
iciis.']
PHILOSOPHIZE, fil-os'o-fiz, v.i. to reason
like a ph ilosopher.
PHILOSOPHISM, fil-os'o-flzm, n. would-be
pliilosophy. — n. Philos'OPHIST. — adj.
Philosophist'ic.
PHILOSOPHY, fil-os'o-fi, w. the knowledge
of the causes of all phenomena : the
collection of general laws or principles
belonging to any department of knowl-
edge : reasoning: a particular philosoph-
ical system. [Lit. " the love of wisdom,"
Fr. — L. — Gr. philosophia — philos, loving,
Sophia, wisdom.]
PHILTRE, PHILTER, fil'ter, n. a charm
or spell to excite lore. [Fr. philtre — L.
philirum — Gr. philtron^philos, loving,
-tron, denoting the agent/]
PHLEBOTOMY, fle-bot'o-mi, n. act of
letting blood. [Lit. " vein-cutting," Fr.
— L. — Gr., from x>hleps, phlebos, a vein,
and tomos, a cutting.]
PHLEGM, flem. n. the thick, slimy matter
secreted in the throat, and discharged
by coughing: sluggishness: indifference.
[Fr. — 1,. — Gr. phlegma. phlegmaios, a
flame, inflammation^j7!?egi-d, to burn;
like L. flam-ma (for flag-ma— flag-, as in
L. flag-rare, to burn), whence Flame.]
PHLEGMATIC, fleg-mat'ik, PHLEGMAT-
ICAL, ileg-mat'ik-al, adj. abounding in.
or generating phlegm : cold : sluggish :
not easily excited. — adv. Phlegmat*-
ICALLY. [Gr. 2}Megmatikos— phlegma.]
PHLOGISTON, flo-jis'ton, n. the imag-
inary principle of fire, supposed by Stall
to be fixed in combustible bodies. — adj.
Phlogis'tic. [Gr.]
PHLOX, floks, 71. a well-known garden,
plant, so called from its color. [Gr. " a
flame" — phlego, to burn. See Phlegm.]
PHOCINE, fo'sin, adj. pertainingto the seal
familv. [L. p/ioca— Gr. phoke, a seal.]
PHCENIX. Same as PHENIX.
PHONETIC, fo-net'ik, PHONETICAL. fo-
net'ik-al, adj. pertaining to or according
to the soMJid of the voice: representing
the separate elementary sounds : vocal.
— n.sing. Phonet'ics, the science of
sounds, esp. of the human voice. — adv.
Phonet'ically. [Gr. phonetikos^phone,
a sound.]
PHONIC, fou'ik, adj. pertaining to sound.
— n.sing. Phon'ics, the science of sound,
upoiistios
PHONOGRAPH, fo'no-graf, n. an instru-
ment by which articulate speech or other
sonnds can be recorded bv indentations
on tinfoil, and mechanically reproduced
at will from the record, almost in the
original tones. [Gr. phone, sound, and
graphs, to write.]
PHONOGRAPHER, fo-nog'ra-fer, PHO-
NOGRAPHIST, fo-nog'rarfist, w. one
versed in phonography.
PHONOGRAPHY, fo-nog'ra-fi, n. the art
of representing spoken sounds, each by a
distinct c/iorac/'er; phonetic shorthand -
adjs. Phonographic, -al. — adv. Phon j
graphically.
PHONOLOGY, fo-nol'o-ji, n. the science o
the eleraentarj' spoken sounds : phonetics
— adj. Phonolog ICAL. — n. Phonol'ogist
one versed in phonology. [Gr. phonic
sound, logos, discourse.]
PHONOTYPE, fo'no-tlp. n. a type or sign
representing a so»«d. [Gr. phone, sound,
typos, type.]
PHONOTYPY, fo-not'ip-i, n. the art of
representing sounds by types or distinct
characters.
PHOSPHATE, fos'fat, n. a salt formed bv
the combination of phosphoric acid with
PHOSPHORESCE, fos-for-es', v.i. to shine
in the dark like phosphorus.
PHOSPHORESCENT, fos-for-es'ent, adj.
shining in the dark like phosphorus. — n,
Phosfhores'cence.
PHOSPHORIC, fos-for'ik, PHOSPHORr-
OUS, fos'for-us, adj. pertaining to or
obtained from phosphorus.
PHOSPHORUS, fos'for-us, n. the morning-
star : a yellowish substance, like wax,
inflammab'.e and luminous in the dark,
[L. — Gr. X)hdsphoros, light-bearer— jj/io«,
light, and phoros, bearing, from pherd,
E. Bear.]
PHOSPHURET, fos'fu-ret, n. a compound
of phosphorus with a metal. — adj. Phos'-
phuretted, combined with phosphorus.
PHOTOGRAPH, fo'to-graf, n. a picture
produced bv photography.
PHOTOGRAPHER,fo-tog'ra-fer,PHOTOG.
RAPHIST, fo-tog'ra-fist, n. one who prao
tices photography.
PHOTOGRAPHIC,' fo-to-graf'ik, PHOTO
GRAPHICAL, fo-to-graf'ik-al, adj per-
taining to or done by photography. — adv
Photograph'ically.
PHOTOGRAPHY, fo-tog'raf-i, n. the art
of producing pictures by the action ot
light on chemically prepared surfaces.
[Gr. phos, photos, light, grapho, to draw.]
I
1
I
PHOTOMETER
325
PIERGLASS
PHOTOMETER, fo-tom'et-er, n. an instru-
ment for measuring the intensity of light.
[Gr. phbs, photos, light, inetrou, a meas-
ure.]
PHOTOPHONE, fo'to-fon, n. an apparatus
for transmitting articulate speech to a
distance along a beam of light. [Gr. phos,
photos, light, and phone, sound.]
PHOTOSPHERE, fo'to-sfer, n. the lumin-
ous envelope round the sun's globe, which
is the source of light. [Gr. p>hos, photos,
light, and Sphere.]
PHRASE, fraz, n. a part of a sentence : a
short pithy expression: a form of speech:
(■HK(Sic) a short clause or portion of a sen-
tence.— v.t. to express in words: to style.
[Fr. — L. — Gr. phrasis^phrazo, to speak]
PHRASEOLOGIC,fra-ze-o-loj'ik,PHRASE-
OLOGICAL, fra-ze-o-loj'ik-al, atlj. per-
taining to phraseology : consisting of
phrases. — adv. Phraseolog'ically.
PHRASEOLOGY, fra-ze-ol'o-ji, n. style or
manner of expression or use of pihrases :
peculiarities of diction : a collection of
plirases in a language. [Gr. phrasis,
phraseos, phrase, logos, science.]
PHRENOLOGIST, fren-ol'o-jist, n. one who
believes or is versed in phrenology.
PHRENOLOGT, fren-ol'o-ji, n. the theory
of Gall and Iiis followers, which connects
the mental faculties with certain parts
of the brain, and professes to discover
the character from an examination of
the skull. — adj. Pheenoloq'ical.— adv.
Phrenoloq'ically. [Gr. phren, phrenos,
mind, logos, science.]
PHTHISIC, tiz'ik, PHTHISICAL, tiz'ik-al,
adj. pertaining to or having jMhisis.
PHTHISIS, thl'sis, n. consumption of the
lungs. [L. — Gr. phthio, to waste away.]
PHYLACTERY, fi-lak'ter-i, n. among the
Jews, a slip of parchment inscribed with
passages of Scripture, worn on the left
arm and forehead. — adjs. Pbtylacter'ic,
Phylactee'ical. [Lit. a charm to pro-
tect from danger, L. — Gr. phylakterion,
phylakter, a guard — phylasso, to guard.]
PHYLACTOL^MATA, fi-lak-to-le'^ma-ta,
n.pl. the division of Polyzoa in which the
mouth is provided with the arched val-
vular process known as the " epistome,"
and in which the tentaculate disc is
horse-shoe shaped. [Gr. x>hylassd, to
guard, and laima, laimatos, the throat.]
PHYLLOXERA, fil-ok'ser-a, n. a genus of
insects destructive to vines. [Gr. phyllon,
a leaf, and zeros, dry, withei'ed.]
PHYSIC, fiz'ik, n. the science of medicine :
the art of healing : a medicine. — i\t. to
give medicine to: — jfJr.p. phys'icking ;
pa.f. and pa. p. phys'icked. [From the
Fr. of the Middle Ages (mod. Fv. physique
is the same as E. physics) — Gr. physike,
natural, physical (as medical men were
then the only naturalists) — Gr. phy-sis,
nature, from the same root as E. Be.]
PHYSICAL, fiz'ik-al, adj. pertaining to na-
ture or natural objects : pertaining to
material things : known to the senses :
pertaining to the body. — adv. Phys'ical-
LY. [Gr. physikos—physis, nature. See
Physics.]
PHYSICIAN, fi-zish'an, n. one skilled in
tlie use of physic or the art of healing :
one who prescribes remedies for diseases.
PHYSICIST, fiz'i-sist, n. a student of na-
ture: one versed in physics.
PHYSICS, fiz'iks, n.pl. used as sing, {orig.)
equivalent to Physical Science, i.e. the
science of the order of nature : usually
sig. (as distinguislied from chemistry)
study of matter and the general proper-
ties of matter as affected by energ3' — also
called natural philosophy. [L. physica,
Gr. physike (theoria, theory)— 2)hysis, na-
ture.]
PHYSIOGNOMY, flz-i-og'no-mi or fiz-i-on'-
o-mi, n. the art of knowing a man's dis-
position from his features : expression of
countenance : the face. — adjs. Pyhsiog-
nom'ic, Physiognom'ical.— adi'. Physi-
ognom'ically.— /(.suii;. Physiognom'ics,
same as PHYSIOGNOMY. — n. Physiog'no-
MiST. [For physiognomony — Gr. physiog-
nomonia — pi^^V^^^t nature, gnomon, one
who indicates or interprets — gnonai, to
know.]
PHYSIOGRAPHY, fiz-i-og'ra-fl, n. a de-
scription of nature, esp. in its external
aspects : an introduction to the study of
natui-e. [Gr. physis, nature, and graphs,
to describe.]
PHYSIOLOGY, fiz-i-ol'o-ji, n. the science
of the functions of living beings — a
branch of biology. — adjs. Physiolog'ic,
Physiolog'ical. —adv. Physiolog'icax-
LY. — n. Physiol'ogist. [Lit. "the sci-
ence of nature," Gr. physis, nature, logos,
scighcg 1
PHYSIQUE, fiz-ek', ?;. the physical struct-
ure or natural constitution of a person.
[Fr., from root of PHYSICAL.]
PHYTOLOGY, fi-tol'o-ji, n. the science of
2]lants : botany. — adj. Phytolog'ical. —
n. Phytol'ogist. [Gr. jihyton, a plant,
logos, discourse, science.]
PIACULAR, pl-ak'ti-lar, adj. serving to
appease, expiatory : requiring expiation:
atrociously bad. [L. piaculum, sacrifice
— pio. expiate-^piits, pious.]
PIANIST, pi-a'nist, n. one wlio plays on
the piano-forte, or one well skilled in it.
PIANO, pi-a'no, adv. {mus.) softly. — adv.
PlANls'siMO, very softly. [It. piano
(superl. pianissimo), plain, smooth — L.
planus, plain. Doublet Plain.]
PIANOFORTE, pi-a'no-for'ta (generally
shortened to) PIANO, pi-a'no, n. a musi-
cal instrument with wires struck by lit-
tle hammers moved by keys, so as to
produce both soft and strong sounds.
[It. inano (see PlANO, above), and forte,
strong — L. fortis, strong. See FORCE.]
PIASTRE, pi-as'ter, n. a silver coin used
in Turkey and other countries, of vary-
ing value. [Fr. — It. piastra, from same
root as Plaster.]
PIAZZA, pi-az'a, n. a jilace or square sur-
rounded by buildings : a walk under a
roof supported by pillars. [It. (Fr. place)
— L. platea, a broad street. See Place,
its doublet.]
PIBROCH, pe'brok, n. the martial music
of the Scottish bagpipe. [Gael, piobair-
eachd, pipe-music — pidbair, a piper —
X>iob, a pipe, bagpipe. Cf. Pipe.]
PICA, pi'ka, n. a printing type, used as a
standard of measurement by printers.
[See Pie, a book.]
PICK, pik, v.t. to prick with a sharp-
pointed instrument : to peck, as a bird :
.to pierce : to open with a pointed instru-
ment, as a lock : to pluck or gather, as
flowers, etc. : to separate from : to clean
with tlie teeth : to gather : to choose :
to select : to call : to seek, as a quarrel :
to steal. — v.i. to do anything nicely : to
eat by moi'sels. — n. any sharp-pointed
instrument: choice. — n. Pick'er. [A.S.
pycan (Ger. picken) — Celt., as Gael, pine,
to pick, W. pigo. Cf. the allied Pike.]
PICKAXE, pik'aks, ?i. a, picking tool usaA
in digging. [A popular corr. of M. E.
pikois — O. Fr. picois (Fr. pic), of same
Celt, origin as Pick, r.t]
PICKET, pik'et, n. a pointed stake used
in fortification : a small outpost or
guard. — v.t. to fasten to a stake, as a
horse : to post as a vanguard. [Fr.
piquet, dim. of pic, a pickaxe. See
Pickaxe.]
PICKLE, pik'l, n. a liquid in which sub-
stances are preserved : anything pickled :
a disagreeable position. — v.t. to season
or preserve with salt, vinegar, etc. [Dut,
2}ekel, pickle, brine.]
PICKLOCK, pik'lok, n. an instrument for
2)ickiHg locks.
PICKPOCKET, pik'pok-et, n. one who
2)icks or steals from other people's
2}ockets.
PICNIC, pik'nik, n. a short excursion into
the country by a pleasure-party, taking
tlieir own provisions : an entertainment
in the open air, towards which each per-
son conti-ibutes. — v.i. to go on a picnic: —
2}r.p. pic'nicking; pa.t. and jja.p. pic'-
nicked. [Prob. fromJl. jjjct, to eat by
morsels, with the rhyming addition nick
(perh. a weakened form of Knack, which
see).]
PICTORIAL, pik-tor'i-al, adj. relating to
pictures : illustrated by pictures. — adv.
PiCTOR'lALLY.
PICTURE, pik'tQr, n. a 2iainting : a like-
ness in colors : a drawing : painting : a
resemblance : an image. — v.t. to paint,
to represent by painting : to form an
ideal likeness of : to describe vividly.
[L. pictura — pingo, 2^ictus, Sans. p>inj.
See Paint.]
PICTURESQUE, pik-tur-esk', adj. like a
picture : fit to make a picture : natural.
— adv. PiCTURESQUE'LY. — n. PlCTUR-
esqce'ness. [It. pittoresco — 2>^ttura. a
picture — L. jJicfuj-a. See Pictdee.]
PIDDLE, pid'l, v.i. to peddie or deal in
trifles : to trifle. [A weakened form of
Peddle.]
PIE, pi, n. a magpie : (print.) type mixed
orunsorted. [Fr. — L. 2}ica, akin to pieus,
a woodpecker.]
PIE, pi, n. a book which ordered the man-
ner of performing divine service. [Fr. —
L. pica, lit. magpie, from its old black-
letter type on white paper resembling
the colors of the magpie.]
PIE, pi, n. a quantity of meat or fruit
baked within a crust of prepared flour.
[Ety. dub.; perh. from Ir. and Gael.
2>ighe, pie.]
PIEBiALD, pi'bawld, adj. of various colors
in patches. [For 2ne-balled, lit. '■ streaked
like the magpie," from Pie (a magpie),
and W. bal, a streak on a liorse's fore-
head. See Bald.]
PIECE, pes, n. a part of anything : a sing:le
article : a separate performance : a lit-
erai'y or artistic composition : a gun : a
coin : a person (slightingly). — v.t. to en-
large by adding a piece : to patch. — v.i.
to unite by a coalescence of parts : to
join. — ft. Piec'er. [Fr. piece (It. pezza),
perh. conn, with Bret, jje^, W.peth.]
PIECELESS. pes'les, adj. not made of
pieces : entire.
PIECEMEAL, pes'mel, adj. made of pieces
or parts : single. — adv. in pieces or frag-
ments : by pieces : gradually. [Piece,
and Meal, a portion.]
PIECEWORK, pes'wurk, n., tcork done by
the 2}ifce or job.
PIED, pid, adj. variegated like a mag-pie ;
of various colors : spotted.
PIER, per, n. the mass of stone-wovk be-
tween the openings of a building, also
that supporting an arch, bridge, etc.: a
mass of stone or wood-work projecting
into the sea : a wharf. [M.E. pe»-e— Fr.
2}ierre, a stone — L. petra — Gr. petra, a
rock.]
PIERCE, pers, v.t. or v.t. to thrust or
make a hole through : to enter, or force
a way into : to touch or move deeply :
to dive into, as a secret. — n. PlERC'ER.
[Fr. 2^ercer. of doubtful origin.]
PIERCEABLE. pers'a-bl, adj. capable of
bi'ina- pierced.
PIER(iL.A.SS, per'glas, n. a gla.<is hung in
the space between windows. [See Pier.]
PIET
326
PINFOLD
PIET, pfet, n. a pie or ma^ie. [A (orm
of Pie.]
PIETISII, pret-izm, n. the doctrine and
practice of the pietists.
PIETIST, pi'et-ist, n. one marked by strong
devotional or religious feeling : a name
first applied to a sect of German relig-
ious reformers at the end of the 17th
century, marked by their devotional
feeling'. — adv. Pietis't'ic.
PIETY, pfet-i, n. the quality of being
pious : reverence for the Deity, parents,
friends, or country : sense of duty : duti-
ful conduct. [Fr. piite — L. pietas. Doub-
let Pity.]
PIG, pig, n. a young swine : an oblong
mass of unforged metal, as first extracted
from the ore, so called because it is made
to flow when melted in channels called
pigs, branching from a main channel
called the sow. — v.i. to bring forth pigs :
to live together like pigs : — pr.p_. pigg'-
ing ; pa.t. nad pa.p. pigged. [A.S. pecg,
cog. with Dut. bigge, big, a pig. Cf. Ice.
pika, Dan. pige, a girl.]
PIGEON, pij'un, n. {lit.) that which pipes
or chirps : a well-known bird, the dove.
[Fr. — L. pipio, -onis, a young bird or
pigeon, from pipio, to chirp. An imita-
tive word. See Pipe.]
PIGEON-HEARTED, pij'un-hart'ed, atlj.
■with a heart like a, mgeon's : timid : fear-
ful.
PIGEON-HOLE, pij'un-h5l, n. a hole or
niche in which pigeons lodge in a dove-
cot : a division of a case for papers, etc.
PIGEON -LIVERED, pij'un-liv'erd, adj.
with a liver like a pigeon's : timid :
cowardly.
PIGGERY, pig'er-i, n. a place where pigs
are kept.
t IGGIN, pig'in, n. a small wooden vessel.
[Gael, pigean, dim. of pigeadh, or pige,
a pot.]
PIGGISH, pig'lsh, adj. belonging to or like
pigs.
PIG-IRON, pig'-furn, n., iron in pigs or
rough bars.
PIGMENT, pig'ment, n., paint : any sub-
stance for coloring: that which gives the
iris of the eye its various colors.— odj.
Pigment' AL. [L. pigmentiin^—pingo, to
paint. See Pictuee.]
PIGMY. Same as Pygmy.
PIGTAIL, p^tal, re. the hair of the head
tied behind in the form of a pig's tail : a
roll of twisted tobacco. [Pig and Tail.]
PIKE, plk, M. a weapon with a shaft and
spear-head. formerly used by foot-soldier.s:
a voracious fresh-water Ush (so called
from its pointed snout). [Celt., as Gael.
pic, a pike, W. pig, a point ; cf. L. s-pica,
a spilje. Beak, Peak, Pick, Picket are
all from the same root, of which the
fundamental idea is something "pointed,"
"sharp."]
PIKED, pTkt, adj. ending in a point.
PIKEMAN, pik'man, n. a man armed with
a pike.
PIKESTAFF, pTk'staf. n. the staff or shaft
of a pike : a staff with a pike at the end.
PILASTER, pi-las'ter, re. (arch.) a square
pillnr or column, usually set within a
wall. [Fr. pilastre. It. j)ilastro — ^L. pila,
a pillar. See Pile, a pillar.]
PILASTERED, pi-las'terd, adi. furnished
Tvith pilasters or inserted pillar.^.
PILCHARD, pil'chard. re. a sea-fish like
the herring, but thicker and rounder,
caught chiefly on the Cornish coast.
[Prob. from Celt, (as in Ir. pilseir), with
excrescent rf.]
PILE, pll, n. a roundish mass : a heap :
combustibles for burning, esp. dead bod-
ies : a large building : a heap of shot or
shell : {electricity) a form of battery. —
v.t. to lay in a pile or heap : to collect In
a mass : to heap up : to fill above the
brim. [Fr. — L. inla, a ball.]
PILE, pll, n. & pillar : a large stake driven
into the earth to support foundations.—
v.i. to drive piles into. [A.S. pil—li.
plla, a pillar.]
PILE, pll, n. a hairy surface : the nap on
cloth. [L. pilus, a hair.]
PILEATE. pi'le-at, PILEATED, pfle-at-ed,
adj. having the form of a cap or hat.
[L. pileatus — pileus, 6r. piloa, hair
wrought into felt.]
PILE-DRIVER.pn'-driv'er, PILE-ENGINE,
pil'-en'jin, w. an engine for driving down
jnles.
PILES, pilz, n.pl. hemorrhoids, which see.
[L. pita, a baU.]
PILFER, pil'fer, v.i. to steal small things.
— v.t. to steal by petty theft. [From O.
Fr. pelfre, booty. See Pelf.]
PILFERING, pil'fer-ing, n. petty theft.
PILGRIM, pirgrim, n. one who travels to a
distance to visit a sacred place: a wander-
er. [Fr. pilerin (for pelegrin ; It. pelle-
grino, peregrinoy—h. peregrimts, foreign-
er, stranger— perefircr, a traveller — per,
through, and ager, land, E. Acre.]
PILGRBIAGE, pU'grim-5j, re. the journey
of a pilgrim : a journey to a shrine or
other sacred place.
PILL, pil, n. a little ball of medicine : any-
thing nauseous. [Contr. of Fr. pilule—
h.piliUa, dim. ot jyila, a ball.]
PILL, pil, v.t. to rob or plunder. rPr.
piller — L. pilare, to plunder. [Cf. Com-
pile.]
PILL, another spelling of Peel, v.t, and
v.i. to strip, etc.
PILLAGE, pU'fij, n. plunder: spoil, esp.
taken in war. — v.t. to plunder or spoil. —
n. Fill'aoeb. [Ft., from piller. See
Pill, v.]
PILLAR, pil'ar, n. {arch.) a detached sup-
port, differing from a column in that it
IS not necessarily cylindrical, or of class-
ical proportions: anything that sustains.
[O. Fr. piler (Ft. p'ilier)— Low h. pilars
— L. plla, a piUar.]
PILLARED, pil'ard, adj. supported by a
pillar : having the form of a pillar.
PILLAU, pil-law", n. a Turkish dish, made
of boiled rice and mutton fat.
PILLION, nil'yun, n. a cushion for a wom-
an behind a horseman : the ciishion of a
saddle. [Ir. pUliun, Gael, pillean, a pad,
a pack-saddle— pert/?, a sldn or mat, akin
to L. pellis,B\An, E. Fell, a skin.]
PILLORY, pil'or-i, n. a wooden frame, sup-
ported by an upright pillar or post, and
Da\'ing holes through which the bead
and hands of a criminal were put as a
punishment. — v.t. to punish in the pil-
lory:—pa.i. and pa.p. pill'oried. FFV.
pilori; ety. dub.; perh. from root of PtL-
lab.]
PILLOW, pil'O, «. a cushion filled with
feathers for resting the head on : any
cushion. — v.t. to lay on for support. [A.S.
pyle, JI.E. jtihce — L. ptdvinus.]
PILLOW-CASE, pil'Wsas, n. a ease for a
pilloir.
PILLOWY, pil'O-i, ttdf. like a pillow : soft.
PILOSE, pU-6s', PILOUS, pil'us, adj., hairy.
—re. PlLOS'lTY.
PILOT, pt'lut. n. one who conducts ships
in and out of a harbor, along a dangerous
coast, etc. : a guide. — v.t. to conduct as
a pilot. [Fr. pilote — Dut. piloot, from
peilen, to sound, and loot (Ger. loth, E.
Lead), a soundinsr-lead.]
PILOTAGE, pI'lut-Kj, re. the act of piloting :
the fee or wages of pilots.
PILOT-CLOTH, pl'lut-kloth, re. a coarse,
stout kind of cloth for overcoats.
PILOT-FISH, pl'lut-fish, re. a fish of the
mackerel family, so called from its hav-
ing been supposed to gnide sharks to their
jnrev.
PIME'NTA, pi-men'ta,PniENTO,pi-men'to.
re. Jamaica pepper : the tree producing it.
(Port, pimenta — L. pigrnentum, paint,
juice of plants.]
PIMP, pimp, n. one who prociu-es gratifi
cations for the lust of others : a pander,
— v.i. to procure women for others : tc
pander. [Fr. pimpcr, a nasalized form ot
piper, to pipe, hence, to decoy, to cheat.]
PIMPERNEL, pim'per-nel, PBIPINELLA,
pim-pi-nel'a, n. a plant ha\ing a double
series of small leaves. [Fr. pimprenelle
(It. pimpinella), either a corr. of a L.
form hipennula, double winged, dim. of
bi-pemns — bis, twice, and penna, feather,
wing ; or from a dim. of L. pampiniis, a
vine-leaf.]
PIMPLE, pim'pl, n. a pustule: a small
swelling.— «<:^s. Phi'pled, Pbi'ply, hav-
ing pimples. [A.S. pipel, nasalized from
L. papula, a pustule (cf. Papilla) ; cf.
W. pwmp, a knob.]
PIN, pin, re. a sharp-pointed instrument,
esp. for fastening articles together : any-
tbmg that holds parts together : a peg
used in musical instruments for fastening
the strings : anything of little value. —
v.t. to fasten with a pin : to fasten : to
inclose :--pr.p. pinn'ing ; pa.t. anApa.p.
pinned. [M.E. pirtne, like Celt, pinne,
and Ger. peiire, from 'L. pinna, ov penna,
a feather, a pen, a peg.J
PINAFORE, pin'a-for, re. a loose covering
of cotton or linen over a child's dress,
orig. only pinned to its front.
PINCASE, pinTtfis, PINCUSHION, pin',
koosh-un, n. a case or cushion foi ho\C-
mepins.
PINCERS. Same as PiNCHEES.
PINCH, pinsh, v.t. to gripe hard : tfe
s<jueeze : to squeeze the flesh so as tc
give pain : to nip : to distress : to gri je.
— v.i. to act with force : to bear or press
hard : to live sparingly. — n. a close com-
pression with the fingers : what can be
taken up by the compressed fingers : a
gripe : distress : oppression. [Fr. pinctr
(It. pizzare), from a root seen in Dut.
pitsen, to pinch.]
PINCHBECK, pinsh^ek. re. a yeDow alloy
of five parts of copper to one of zinc
[From tne name of the inventor, Chris-
topher Pinchbeck, in the 18th century.]
PINCHER, pinsh'er, n. one who or that
which pinches.
PINCHERS, pinsh'erz, PINCERS, pin'serz,
n. an instrument for seizing anything,
esp. for drawing out nails, etc. [Sea
Pinch.]
PINCHINGLY, pinsh'ing-li, adv. in a pinch«
ing manner.
PINDARIC, pin-dar'ik, adj. after the style
and manner of Pindar, a Greek lyric poet,
— n. n Pindaric ode : an irregular otle.
PINDER, pind'er, PINNER, pin'er, re. onfl;
who impounds stray cattle. [From A.S,
pj/ndan, to shut up—pund. [Cf. Pen, v.,
and Pound, to shut up.]
PINE, pTn, re. a northern cone-bearing, res-'
inous tree, furnishing valuable limber,
[A.S. pin — L. ptnns {tor 2}ie-nvs), •• pitch
tree " — 2>i^< picis, pitch. Cf. Pitch, v. \
PINE, pin, v.i. to waste away under pail
or mental distress. [Lit. to "sufi'erpoin/
A.S. pinan, to torment, from pin. pain— =
h^cena. See Pais.1
PINE- APPLE, pin'-apa, re. a tropical plant,
and its fruit, shaped like a pine-cone.
[Pine and Apple.]
PINERY, pln'er-i, re. a place where pine
apples are raised.
PINFOLD, pin'fold, re. a pound for cattle,
[For pind-fold — PoUND-FOLD. j
I
PINION
337
PITILESS
PINION pin'yun, n. a icing : the joint of
a wing most remote from the body : a
smaller wheel with " leaves " or teeth
working into others. — v.t. to confine the
wings of : to cut off the pinion : to con-
fine by binding the arms. [Fr. pignon
— Ij. pinna (=penna), wing. See Pen, n.]
PINK, pingk, v.t. to stab or pierce. [Either
through A.S. pyugan, from L-puxgo, to
prick ; or ace. to Skeat, a nfisalized form
of Pick.]
PINK, pingk, n. a plant with beautiful
flowers : a shade of light-red color like
that of the flower : the minnow, from
the color of its abdomen in summer :
that which is supremely excellent. — v.t.
to work in eyelet holes : to cut in small
scollops or angles. [Prob. a nasalized
form of Celt, pie, a point, the flower
being so called from the finely pointed
or notched edges of the petals. See
PlKEj
PIXK-EYED, pingk'-id, adj. having small
eves: having the eves half-shut.
PIN'KING-IRON. pingk'ing-i'urn. n. a tool
for pinking or scolloping. [Pinking and
Irox.]
PIX-MONEY, pin'-raun'i, n., money aWowed
to a wife for private expenses, orig. to
buy pi7>s.
PINNACE, pin'as, n. a small vessel with
oars and sails : a boat with eight oars.
[Lit. a "ptn«-wood boat," Fr. pinasse
— It. pinassa — ^L. pimts, a pine. See
Pine, «.]
PINNACLE, pin'a-bl, n. a slender turret :
a high point like a spire. — v.t. to build
with" pinnacles. [Fr. pinacle — Low L.
pinna-cu-lum, double dim. from L. pinna,
fl i^j\ t" l"l ^ P I
^INNATE.'pin'at, adj. (Tbot.) shaped like a
feather : (zool.) furnished with fins. —
adv. Pinn'atelt. [L. pinnatus, from
pinwi (=-j)ennd), a feather.]
f'lNXER, pin'er, n. one who pins or fast-
ens : a pin-maker ; the lappet of a head-
dress flying loose.
PIN-POINT, pin'-point, n. the point at a
pin : a ti-ifle.
PINT, pint, n. a measure of capacity=-J
quart or 4 gills : {med.) 12 ounces. [Lit.
"a measure painted" — i.e. indicated by
a mark upon the vessel ; Fr. pinte — Sp.
pinfa, mark, pint, from L. pingo, to
j-iaint. See Padjt.]
PINTLE, pin'tl, n. a tittle pin : a long iron
bolt : the bolt hanging the rudder of a
ship. [Dim. of Pix.]
PINY, pln'i, adj. abounding with pine-
trees.
PIONEER, pl-o-ner', n. a soldier who clears
the road before an army, sinks mines,
etc.: one who goes before' to prepare the
way. — v.t. to act as pioneer to. [Fr.
pionnier-~pion, a foot-soldier — Low L.
pedo, peaonis, a foot-soldier — L. pes,
peilis, a foot. See Pawn, in chess.]
PIOUS, pi'us. adj., devoid : having rever-
ence and love for the Deity : proceeding
from religious feeling. — adv. Pi'OUSLT.
[Fr. pieiix — L. ijius.']
PIP, pip, n. a disease of fowls, also called
roup. J^Fr. pepie (It. pipita), a corr. of
L. pitutta, rheum ; akin to Or. pty^, to
spit.]
PIP. pip, n. the seed of fruit. [Orig. pippin
or jiepin — Fr. pejiin : ety. unknown.]
PIP. pip. n, a spot on cards. [Corr. of prov.
pick — Fr. piqtie, a spade, at cards. See
Pike.]
PIPE, pip, n. a musical wind instrument
consisting of along tube : any long tube:
a tube of clay, etc.. with a 6owl at one
end for smoking tobacco : a cask contain-
ing two hhds. — r.i. to play upon a pipe :
to whistle. — v.t. to play on"a pipe : to call
with a pipe, as on board ships. — n. Pip"-
ER. [A.S. pipe — imitative of the sound ;
as are Celt, pib, a pipe, Dut. pijp ; and
the L. pipire, to chirp. Or. pipizoT]
PIPECLAY, plp'kla, n. white clay used for
making tobacco pipes and fine earthen-
ware.
PIPING, pip'ing, adj. uttering a weak,
shr\\\, piping sound, like the sick : sickly :
feeble : boiling.
PIPKIN, pip'kin, «. a small earthen pot.
[Dim. of Pipe.]
PIPPIN, pip'in, n. a kind of apple. [Prob.
from Pip, seed of fruit.]
PIQUANT, pik'ant, a/ij. stimulating to the
taste. — adv. Piq'uantxt. — n. Piq uancy.
[Ft. piquant, pr.p. of Fr. piquer, to
prick.]
PIQUE, pek, n. an offence taken : wounded
pride : spite : nicety : punctilio. — v.t. to
wound the pride of : to offend : to pride
or value (one's self) : — pr.p. piq'uing ;
j)a.<. and pa. p. piqued. [Fr. pique, a
pike, pique. See Pick and Pike.]
PIQUET. Same as Picket.
PIQUET, pi-kef, n. a game at cards. [Said
to be named from its inventor.]
PIRACY, pfra-si, n. the crime of a pirate :
robbery on the high seas : infringement
of copyright.
PIRATE, pfrat, n. one who attempts to
capture ships at sea : a sea-robber : one
who steals or infringes a copjright. — v.t.
to take without permission, as Iwoks or
writings. [Fr. — L. pirata—Gr. peirates,
from peirao, to attempt — peir-a, an at-
tempt, cog. with Ex-PEE-IEKCE and
Fare.]
PIRATICAL, pl-rat'ik-al, ncy. pertaining to
a pirate : practicing piracy.— adr. Pieat'-
ICALLT.
PIROUETTE, pir-oo-et', n. a trkeeling
about, esp. in dancing ; the turning of a
horse on the same ground. — v.i. to exe-
cute a pirouette. [Fr., prob. dim. of
Norm. Fr. piroue, a whirligig, cog. with
E. perry, an old word for a whirlwind
(Skeat); cf. Scot, pearie, a pegtop.]
PISCATORIAL, pis-ka-td'n-al, PISCA-
TORY, pis'ka-tor-i, adj. relating to Jishea
or fishing.
PISCES, pis'ez, n. the Fishes, the twelfth
sign of the zodiac. [L., pL of piscis, K
FlSH.1
PISCICULTURE, pis'i-kul-tQr, n. the
rearing otfish by artificial methods. [L.
pisci.s, fish, and (TtTLTtJEE.]
PISCINAL, pis'i-nal or pi-sfnal, at^j. be-
longing to a Jiskpona. [L. piednalis,
from piscina, a fishpond.]
PISCINE, pis'in, adj. pertaining to jishes.
rSsG Pisces 1
PISCIVOROUS, pis-iv'or-us, adj., devour-
ing or feeding on fishes. [L. piscis, fish,
and loro, to devour.]
PISH, pish, int. expressing contempt.
[Imitative.]
PISMIRE, piz'mir, n. an ant or emmet.
[M.E. pissemire—ptise, urine, and A.S.
mire, ant, cog. with Ice. niaurr, Ir.
vioirbh, and Gr. murm&c.\
PISS, pis, v.i. {B.) to discharge urine or
make water. [Fr. pisser ; imitative.]
PISTACHIO, pis-ta'shi-o, PISTACIA, pis-
ta'shi-£i, n. a smaU tree cultivated in S.
Europe and in the East : its nut. [It.
— L. pistacium — Gr. pistakion — Pers.
pi.^a.]
PISTIL, pis'til, n. (bot.) the female organ
in the centre of a flower, so called from
its likeness to the jjes^?e of a mortar.
[Fr. — L. pistilluni. Pestle is a doublet.]
PISTILLACEOUS, pis-til-la'shus, adj.
eron'ing on a pistil : pertaining to or
n,T,\nng the nature of a pistil.
PISTILLATE, pis'til -lat, adj. having a
pistil.
PISTILLIFEKOUS, pis-til-Iif'er-us, adj.
bearing a pistil without stamens. [Pis-
til, and fero. to bear.]
PISTOL, pis'tol, ?i. a small hand-gun.
[Orig. a dagger, Fr. pistole— It. pistola,
said to be from Pistoja (orig. Pistola), a
town in Italj-.]
PISTOLE, pis-tol', n. a Spanish gold coin
worth about $3.60. [Same word as the
above, a name jocularly applied to thf
crowns of Spain, when reduced to a small
er size than the crowns of France.]
PISTOLET, pis'to-let, n. a Uttle pistoL
^ISTON, pis tun, n. a short soUd cylinder,
used in pumps, etc., fitting and moAnne
up and down within another hollow one.
[Lit. the "pounder," Fr. — It. pistone—
pesto, to pound — L. pinso, pistus. See
Pestle.]
PISTON-ROD, pis'tun-rod, n. the rod by
which the piston is moved.
PIT, pit, n. a hole in the earth : an abyss •
the bottomless pit : a hole used as a trap
for wild beasts : whatever insnares : the
hollow of the stomach : the indentation
left by smallpox : the ground-floor of a
theatre : the shaft of a mine. — v.t. to
mark with pits or little hollows : to set
in competition: — pr.p. pitt'ing ; pa.t.
and pa.p. pitt'ed. [A.S. pytt — L. puteits,
a well.]"
PITAPAT, pit'a-pat, adr. with palpitation
or quick beating. [A repetition of picit.]
PITCH, pich, n. the solid black shining
substance obtained by boiling down
common tar. — v.t. to smear with pitch.
[A.S. pic — L. pix, 2yic-is (whence also Ger.
peek), conn, with Gr. pissa. Cf. Pine, ?i.]
PITCH, pich, v.t. (lit.) to pick or strike
with a pike : to throw : to fix or set in
array : to fix the tone. — v.i. to settle, ai
something pitched : to come to rest frona
flight: to fall headlong: to fix the choic«"J
to encamp : to rise and fall, as a ship.-* \
n. any point or degree of elevation or
depression : degree : degree of slope : a
descent : (mus.) the height of a note :
(mech.) distance between the centres of
two teeth. [A form of PICK.]
PITCHER, pich'er, n. a vessel for holding
water, etc. TO. Fr. picher — Low L. pi-
carium, a goblet — Gr. bihos, a nine-ves-
sel, an Eastern word. Doublet Beaker.]
PITCHER-PLANT, pich'er-plant, n. a trop-
ical plant, with vase-shaped leaves hold'
ing water like pitcJiers.
PITCHFORK, pich'fork, n. a, fork for pitch-
ing hay, etc.
PITCHPIPE, pich'pip, n. a small pipe to
pitch the voice or tune with.
PITCHY, pich'i, adj. having, the qualities
of pitch : smeared with pitch : black like
pitch : dark : dismal.
PITEOUS, pit'e-us, adj. fitted to excite
pity : mournful: compassionate : paltry.
—adv. Pit'eouslt.— «. Ptt'eocsxess.
PITFALL, pit'fawl, n. a pit slightly cov-
ered, so that wild beasts mtiy fall into it
and be caught.
PITH , pith, n. the marroic or soft substance
in the centi'e of plants : force : import-
ance: condensed substance: quintessence.
[A.S. pitlia: cog. with Dut. pit, marrow.]
PITHLESS, pith^les, adj. wanting pith,
force, or energv.
PITHY, pith'i, adj. full of pith : forcible
strong: energetic. — adv. PiTH'lLT. — n
PlTH'lNESS.
PITIABLE, pit'i-a-bl, adj. deserving pity
affecting : wretched. — adv. Pit'iably. —
n. Prr'iABLENESS.
PITIFUL, pit'i-fool, adj. compassionate :
sad : despicalile. — adv. PlT'lFULLT. — n.
Pit'ifulxess.
PITILESS, pit'i-les. adj. without |iity : un-
sympathizing . cruel. — adv. Pit'ilessly.
— n. Pit'ilessxess.
PITMAN
PITMAN, pit'man, n. a man who works in
a coa,\-pit or a sa.\v-pit.
PITSAW, pit'saw, n. a large saw, worked
vertically by two men, one standing in a
pit below.
PITTANCE, pit'ans, n. an allowance of
food : a dole : a very small portion or
quantity. [Fr. pitance ; of doubtful ori-
gin.]
?ITY, pit'i, n. sympathy with disti-ess :
a subject of pity or grief. — v.t. to sym-
pathize with -.—pa.t. and pa.p. pit'ied. —
It pitieth them {Pr. Blc), it causeth pity
in them. [Lit. piety, O. Fr. p>ite (Fr.
piitii, It. pieta) — h.pietas, pietatis—pius,
pious. See Piety.]
PIVOT, piv'ut, n. the pin on which any-
thing turns : the officer or soldier at the
flank on which a company wheels. [Fr.
dim. of It. piva, a pipe, a peg, a pin —
Low L. jyipa.]
PIVOTING, piv'ut-ing, n. the pivot-work
in machines.
PIX. piks, n. same as Ptx.
PIXY, PIXIE, pik'si, )i. a sort of fairy or
iniaifiuary being.
PLACABLE, pla'ka-bl or plak'a-bl, adj.
that may be appeased : relenting : for-
giving. — adv. Pla'cably. — ns. P*LACA-
bil'ity. Pla'cableness. [L. plaeabilis —
placo, to appease, akin to placeo.'\
PLACARD, pla-kard' or plak'ard, n. any-
thing broad and flat : a bill stuck upon a
wall as an advertisement, etc. [Fr. pla-
card, a bill stuck on a wall — plaque,
plate, tablet ; ace. to Diez, from Dut.
plak, a piece of flat wood.]
PLACARD, pla-kard', v.t. to publish or
notify by placards.
PLACE, plas, 71. a broad way in a city : a
space : locality : a town : a residence :
existence : rank : office : stead : way :
passage in a book. — v.t. to put in any
place or condition : to settle : to lend :
to ascribe. — n. Pi-ac'er. [Fr. — L. platea,
a broad street— Gr. plaieia, a street —
pkifi/s. broad; akin to E. FLAT. Of.
Piazza.]
PLACEJLA^N, plas'man, n. one who has a
jilace or office under a government •.~-pl.
Place'sien.
PLACENTA, pla-sen'.a, n. the spongy
organ connecting the fetus in the womb
with the mother : (bot.) the part of a
plant to which the seeds are attached :
—111. Placen't^. [Lit. " a cake," L. ;
akin to Gr. plak-ous, a flat cake, from
pla.v, plak-os, anything flat and broad.]
PLACENTAL, pla-sen't;u, adj. pertaining
to or having a placenta. — n. a mammal
having a placenta.
PLACID, plds'id, adj. gentle: peaceful. —
adv. Plac'idly. — iis. Placid'ity, Plac'-
iDXEss. [L. placidus—placeo, to please.
See Placable.]
PLAGIARISM, pla'ji-ar-izm, n. the act or
practice of plagiarizing.
PLAGIARIST, pla'ji-ar-ist, »i. one who pla-
giarizes.
PLAGIARIZE, pla'ji-ar-iz, v.t. to steal from
the writings of another.
PLAGIARY, pla'ji-ar-i, n. one who steals
the thoughts or writings of others and
gives them out as his own. — adj. prac-
ticing literary theft. [Fr. plagiaire —
L. jiktgiarius, a man-stealer — plagium,
man-stealing.]
PLAGUE, plag, n. any great natural evil :
a deadly epidemic or pestilence : anything
troublesome. — v.t. to infest with disease
or calamity : to trouble -.—pr.p. plag'-
uing; pa.t. and pa.p. plagued. [L.
plaga, a blow, stroke, cog. with Gr.
plvge. plesso, to strike.]
PLAGUE-MARK, plag'-mark, PLAGUE-
SPOT, plag'-spot, n. a mark or spot of
plague or foul disease.
328
PLAICE, plas, 11. a broad, flat fish. [O.
Fr. pla'is (Fr. plie) — L. pdatessa, a flat fish,
from same root as Place.]
PLAID, plad or plud, n. a loose outer gar-
ment of woollen cloth, chiefly worn by
the Highlanders of Scotland. [Gael.
pilaide, a blanket, contr. of peallaid, a
sheep-skin — peall, a skin, cog. with L.
pellis, E. Fell.]
PLAIDED, plad'ed, adj. wearing a plaid.
PLAIN, plan, adj., even: flat: level:
smooth : simple : homely : artless : sin-
cere : evident : mere : not colored or
figured. — adv. Plain'ly.— 7i. Plain'ness.
[Fr. — L. planus (for plae-nus) ; akin to
Placenta. See also Plank.]
PLAIN, plan, n.,p)lain level land: any flat
expanse : an open field.
PLAIN, plan, adv. honestly : distinctly.
PLAIN-DEALER, plan'-del'er, n. one who
deals or speaks his mind plainly.
PLAIN-DEALING, plan'-del'ing, adj., deal-
ing, spealiing, or acting lilainly or
honestly : open : candid. — n. frank and
candid speaking or acting : sincerity.
PLAIN-HEARTED, plan'-hart'ed, adj. hav-
ing a pilain or honest heart : sincere. — n.
Plain'-heaiit'edness.
PLAIN-SPOKEN.plan'-spok'en, adj. speak-
ing with plain, rough sincerity.
PLAINT, plant, n. lamentation: complaint:
a sad song : (laiv) the exhibiting of an
action in writing by a, plaintiff. [O. Fr.
pleinteiFr.plaintey—Ij.planetus—pilango,
planctum, to beat the breast, etc., in
mourning. See Complain.]
PLAINTIFF, plant'if, n. a complainant:
{riiglish law) one who commences a
suit against another. [Fr. plaintif. See
Plaint.]
PIjAINTIvE, plant'iv, adj., complaining:
expressing sorrow : sad. — adv. Plaint'-
IVELY. — n. Plaint'iveness. [Same as
above wordj
PLAINWORK, plan'wurk, n., plain needle-
work, as distinguished from embroidery.
PLAIT, plat, n. a fold : a doubling: a braid.
— v.t. to fold ; to double in narrow folds :
to interweave. (O. Fr. ploit (Fr. pli) —
L. pilico, plicatum ; akin to Gr. pleko, to
foldJI [braids.
PLAITER, plat'er, n. one who plaits or
PLAN, plan, n. a drawing of anj'thingon a
plane or flat surface : a ground plot of a
building : a scheme or project : a contriv-
ance.— v.t. to make a sketch of on a flat
surface: to form in design : — pr.p. plann'-
vag;X)a.t. an^pa.p. planned. — n. Plann'-
ER. [Fr. — L. planus, flat. See Plain,
even.] [plane.
PLANAllY, plan'ar-i, adj. relating to a
PLANE, plan, n. a level surface : {geom.)
an even superficies. — ac(j., plain : even :
level : pertaining to, lying in, or forming
a plane. — v.t. to make level. [Fr. — L.
planus. See Plain, even.]
PLANE, plan, n. a carpenter's tool. — v.t.
to make a surface (as of wood) level.
[Same as above.]
PLANET; plau et, n. one of the bodies in
the solar system which revolve round
the sun. [Fr. planete — Gr. i^lanetes, a
wanderer— 2}?a?ia6, to make to wander ;
so called because in the ancient astron-
omy the planets, among which the sun
and moon were included, seemed to wan-
der about, whilst the other stars seemed
fixed.]
PLANETARIUM, plan-e-ta'ri-um, n. a
machine showing the motions and orbits
of the planets.
PLANETARY, plan'et-ar-i, adj. pertaining
to the planets : consisting of or produced
bv planets : under the influence of a
planet : erratic : revolving.
PLANETOID, plan'et-oid, n. a celestial
body having the fomi or nature of a
PLATE
planet : a very small planet, often called
an asteroid. [Gr. planetes, and eidoi,
form — eido, L. video, to see.]
PLANE-TREE, plan'-tre, n. a fine tall tree,
with large broad leaves. [Fr. plane — L.
platanus — Gr. platanos — platys, broad.
See Platane.]
PLANET - STRICKEN, plan'et - strik'en
PLANET-STRUCK, plan'et-struk, ady.
(astrology) struck or afl:ected by the
planets : blasted.
PLANISPHERE, plan'i-sfer, n. a sphere,
projected on a plane.
PLANK, plangk, n. a long, plain piece of
timber, thicker tlian a board. — v.t. to
. cover with planks. [L. pianca, a board,
from root of Plain, even.]
PLANNER, plan'er, 7i. one who plans or
forms a plan, a projector.
PLANT, plant, n. a sprout : any vegetable
production : a child : the tools or materi-
als of any trade or business. — v.t. to put
into the ground for growth : to furnish
with plants : to set in the mind : to
establish. [A.S. jilante (Fr. p)lante)—h.
planta, a shoot, a plant — nasahzed form
of root plat, anything- flat, " spread out,"
seen in Gr. plai-ys, broad.]
PLANTAIN, plan'tan, n. an important
food-plant of tropical countries, so called
from its broad leaf. [Fr. — L. p>lantago,
pilantaginis, from the root of Plant.]
PLANTATION, plan-ta'shun, n. a place
planted : in this country a large estate :
a colony : introduction.
PLANTER, plant'er, n. one who plants or
introduces : the owner of a plantation.
PLANTIGRADE, plant'i-grad, adj. that
walks on the sole of the foot. — n. a plant-
igrade animal, as the bear. [L. planta,
the sole, gradior, to walk.]
PLANTING, planting, n. the act of set
ting in the ground for growth : the art
of forming plantations of trees: a plaiK
tation.
PLASH, plash, a form of Pleach.
PLASH, plash, n. a dash of water : a pud-
dle : a shallow pool. — v.i. to dabble in
water : to splash. [From the sound.]
PLASHY, plash'i, aclj. abounding with
2jlashes or puddles : watery.
PLASTER, plas'ter, n. something that can
be moulded into figures : a composition
of lime, water, and sand for overlaying
walls, etc.: (j;ied.)an external application
spread on cloth, etc. — adj. made of plas-
ter.— v.t. to cover with plaster : to cover
with a plaster, as a wound. [A.S. plas-
ter, O. Fr. piastre — L. emplastrum — Gr.
emplastron — em, upon, plassb, to mould,
to fashionj
PLASTERER, plas'ter-er, n. one who plas-
ters, cr one who works in plaster.
PLASTERING, plas'ter-ing, Ji. a covering
of plaster: tlie plaster work of a building.
PLASTIC, plas'tik, adj., moulding : having
power to give form : capable of being
moulded. [Gr. plastikos — plasso, to
mould.]
PLASTICITY, plas-tis'it-i, n. state or qual-
itv of being- pZas^i'c.
PLAT, v.t. Same as Plait.
PLAT, plat, n. a piece of ground : a piece
of ground laid out. [A form of Plot.]
PLATANE, plat'an, n. the plane-tree. [L.
platanus, Gr. platanon — platys, broad,
flat.]
PLATE, plat, n. something flat : a thin
Eiece of metal : wrought gold and silver:
ousehold utensils in gold and silver : a
flat dish : an engraved plate of metal. —
v.t. to overlay with a coating of plate or
metal: to adorn with metal: to beat into
thin plates. — n. Plate'-GLAss, a fine kind
of glass, cast in thick plates. [O.Fr. plate,
fem. of Fr. plat, flat — Gr. platys, broad
See Place.]
I
PLATEAU
329
PLOT
PLATEAU, pla-to', n. a broad flat space on
an elevated position : a table-land •.—pi.
Plateaux'. [Fr.— O. Fr. platel, dim. of
Fr. plat. See Plate.]
PLATFORM, plat'form, n. a rai.sed level
scaffolding : (jnil.) an elevated floor for
cannon : a statement of principles to
which a body of men declare their ad-
hesion. [Fr. plate-forme, a thing of " flat
form."']
fLATLNA, plat'in-a, PLATINUM, plat'in-
um. n. a metal of a dim silvery appear-
ance. [Sp. platina — plata, plate, sUver.
See Plate.]
PLATING, plat'ing, n. the overlaying with
a coating of plate or metal : a thin coat-
ing' of metal.
PLATITUDE, plat'i-tud, n., flatness : that
which exhibits dullness : an empty re-
mark.
PLATONIC, pla-ton'ik, PLATONIC AL,
pla-ton'ik-al, adj. pertaining to Plato,
tiie Greek philosopher, or to his philo-
sophical opinions : pure and unmixed
with carnal desires. — artr.PLATON'lCALLT.
PLATONISM, pla'ton-izm, n. the philo-
sophical opinions of Plato. — n. Pla' ton-
IST, a follower of Plato.
PLATOON, pla-toon', n. (mil.) orig. a body
of soldiers in a hollow square, now a
number of recruits assembled for exercise:
a subdivision of a company. [Lit. " a
knot or group of men," Fr. peloton, a ball,
a knot of men — Fr. pelote — L. pila, a ball.
See Pellet.]
PLATTER, plat'er, n. a large flat plate or
dish.
PLAUDIT, plawd'it, %., applause: praise
bestowed. [Shortened from L. plaudite,
praise ye, a call for applause, 3d pers. pi.
imperative otplaiido.jjlausum, to praise.]
PLAUDITORY, plawd'it-or-i,adj. .ajjpkntd-
ing.
PLAUSIBLE, plawz'i-bl, adj. that may be
applauded : fitted to gain praise : super-
ficially pleasing: apparently right: popu-
lar.—adtj. Plaus'ibly. — ns. Plaus'ible-
NESS, Plausibil'itt. [L. plausibilis—
plaudo, to praise.]
PLAY, pla, v.i. to engage in some exercise
or in a game : to sport : to trifle : to
move irregularly : to operate : to act in
a theatre : to perform on a musical in-
strument : to practice a trick : to act a
character : to gamble. — v.t. to put in
motion : to perform upon : to perform :
to act a sportive part : to compete with.
[A.S. plega, a game.]
PLAY, pla, n. any exercise for amusement:
amusement : a contending for victory :
practice in a contest : gaming : action or
use : manner of dealing, as fair-play : a
dramatic composition: movement: room
for motion : liberty of action. — n. PlaV-
BILL. a bill or advertisement of a jilay. —
n. Play'book, a book of p?ai/s or dramas. —
ns. Play'fellow, Plat'mate, a fellow or
mate in play or amusements. — n. Play'-
THIXG, anything for playing with : a toy.
PtiAYER, pla'er, n. one who plays: an
actor of plays or dramas : a musician.
PLAYFUL, pla'fool, adj. given to "play:
sportive. — adv. Play'fully. — n. Play*-
fulness.
PLAYING-CARD, pla'ing-kard, n. one of
a set of fifty-two cards used in playing
games.
PLEA, pie, n. the defender's answer to the
plaintiff's declaration : an excuse : an
apology : urgent entreaty. [O. Fr. plait
(Fi'.jilaid) — Low L. pladtwn, lit. "what
has pleased or seemed good,'" a decision,
a conference, hence, a pleading before a
court — L. placet, it pleases, seems good
— placeo, to please.]
PLEACH, plech, v.t. to intertwine the
branches of, as a hedge. [M. E. plechen
— O. Fr. plesser — L. plee-tere, plait, akin
to Gr. plek-0, weave. See Plait and
PlyJ
PLEAD, pled, v.i. to carry on a j^'ea or
lawsuit : to argue in support of a cause
against another : to seek to persuade: to
admit or denj' a cliarge of guilt. — v.t. to
discuss by arguments : to allege in plead-
ing or defence : to offer in excuse: — pa.t.
and pa.p. plead'ed, or (less correctly)
pled. — n. Plead'er. [Fr. plaider—^lam,
a plea. See Plea.]
PLEADING, pled'ing, adj. imploring. —
n.pl. (law) the statements of the two
Earties in a lawsuit. — adv. Plead'ingly.
E AS ANT, plez'ant, adj., pleasing:
agreeable : cheerful : gay : trifling. —
adv. Pleas'antly.— n. Pleas'antness.
[Fr. plaifiant, pr.p. of plaire.'\
PLEASANTRY, plez'ant-ri, n. anything
that promotes pleasure: merriment:
lively talk. [Fr. plaisanterie^pilaisant.']
PLEASE, plez, v.t. to delight: to satisfy.
— v.i. to like : to choose. — n. Pleas'er.
[O. Fr.plaisir (Fr. xjlaire) — L. placeo, to
please/f
PLEASING, plez'ing, adj. giy'm^pleasure:
agreeable : gratifying. — adv. Pleas' xno-
ly.]
PLEASURABLE, plezh'ur-a-bl, adj. able
to give pleasure : delightful : gratifying.
— Siv. Pleas'ueablt. — n. Pleas'deable-
NESS.
PLEASURE, plezh'Gr, n. agreeable emo-
tions : gratification : what the will pre-
fers : purpose : command : approbation.
— v.t. (S.)to give pleasure to. — n. Pleas'-
uee-boat, a boat used for pleasure or
amusement. — n. Pleas'dee-GROTINB,
ground laid out in an ornamental
manner for pleasure. [Fr. plaisir — L.
placeo.'\
PLEBEIAN, ple-be'yan, adj. pertaining to
or consisting of the common people : pop-
ular.— n. orig. one of the common peo-
ple of ancient Rome, or those free citizens
who did not come under the class of the
patricians. [Fr. ^MMien — L. plebeius —
plebs, plebis, the common people, conn.
vnth L. plenus (Plenary), E. Full, and
lit. sig. a " crowd," the " many." ]
PLEBISCITE, pleb'i-sit, n. a decree passed
by the votes of an entire nation, as in
France under Napoleon III. [Fr. — L.
plebiscitum, "decree of tlie people," from
plebs, the people, and scitum, a decree —
scisco — scio, to know.]
PLEDGE, plej, 7i. a security : surety. — v.t.
to give as security : to engage for by
promise : to invite to drink by partaldng
of the cup first : to drink to the health
of. — ?i. Pledg'er. [O. Fr. plege (Fr.
pleige); ety. dub.]
PLEIADS, ple'yadz, PLEIADES, ple'ya-
dez, n.j)l. {myth.) seven daughters of At-
las and Pleione, after death changed into
stars: (astr.) a group of seven stars in the
shoulder of the constellation Taurus.
PLEIOCENE, pli'o-sen, adj. (geol.) relating
to the strata more recent than the
miocene or second tertiaiy. IGr. pleion,
more, kainos, recent.]
PLEISTOCENE, pllst'o-sen, adj. (genl.) per-
taining to the most recent tertiary de-
posits. [Gr. p>leistos, most, kainos, re-
cent.]
PLENARY, plen'ar-i or pie'-, atlj, fvll:
entire : complete. — adv. PLEN'AitlLY. — n.
Plen'ariness. [LowL. — li.jyle-^iiis, filled,
tuU—ple-o, to rill — Gr. pim-ple-mi, akin
to FfLL.l
PLENil^OTENTIARY, plen-i-po-ten'shar-i,
adj. with fidl poivers. — n. a negotiator
invested with full powers, esp. a special
ambassador or envoy. [Low L. plenipo-
tentiarius — L. plenus, and potens, power-
ful. See Potent.]
PLENITUDE, plen'i-tad, n. fullness : com.
pleteness : repletion. [L. — plenus, full.]
PLENTEOUS, plen'te-us, adj. fully suffi-
cient : abundant. — adv. Plen'teOUSLY. —
n. Plen'teousness.
PLENTIFUL, plen'ti-fool, adj. copious:
abundant: yielding abundance. — adv.
Plen'tifully. — n. Plen'tieulness.
PLENTY, plen'ti, n. a full supply : abund
ance. [O. Fr. plente — L. plenus, full.]
PLENUM, ple'num, n. space considered as
in every part ^Hed with matter. [L. See
Plenary.]
PLEONASM, ple'o-nazm, n. use of »iore
words than are necessary : (rhet.) a re-
dundant expression. [Gr. pleonasmos —
jyleion, more, pleos, full.]
PLEONASTIC, ple-o-nas'tik, PLEONAS-
TICAL, ple-o-nas'tik-al, adj. redundant.
— adv. Pleonas'tically. [Gr. pleonas-
PLESIOSAURUS, ple-zi-o-saw'rus, n. a
gigantic extinct animal, allied to the
lizard. [Gr. pilesios, near to, and saura,
lizard.]
PLETHORA, p!eth'o-ra, n. (med.) excessive
fidlness of blood : over-fullness i» any
way. — adj. Plethor'IO, afflicted with
plethora : superabundant : turgid. [Gr.
plethore, fuUness^p/eos, full.]
PLEURA, ploo'ra, n. a delicate serous
membrane which covers the lungs and
lines the cavity of the chest : — pi. Pleu'-
EiE. TGr., Ut. "a rib," then " the side,"
then tlie above membrane.]
PLEURISY, ploo'ri-si, n. inflammation of
the pileura. [Fr. — L. pleurisis — Gr. plew
ritis — ^j?eura.]
PLEURITIC, ploo-rit'ik, PLEURITICAL,
pl6o-rit'ik-al, adj. pertaining to or af>
fected -Kith pleurisy.
PLEURO - PNEUMONIA, ploo'ro-nu-mo'
ni-a, n. inflammation of the p)leura and
hmgs. [Gr. pleura, and pneumones, th«
lungs. See Pneumonia.]
PLIABILITY, pll-a-bil'i-ti, PLIABLENESS
plTa-bl-nes, n. quality of being pliable oi
flexible.
PLLIBLE, plfa-bl, adj. easily bent or
folded : supple : easily persuaded. [See
Ply.]
PLIANT, plTant, adj., bending easily : flex-
ible : tractable : easilj' persuaded. — adn
Ple'antly. — n. Pli'ancy.
PLICATE, pli'kat, PLICATED, pll'kat-ed,
adj., folded: plaited. [L. plicatus—plico.
See Plait. 1
PLIERS, plierz, n.2)l. pincers for seizing
and bending.
PLIGHT, plTt, n. dangerous condition : con-
dition : security : pledge : engagement >
promise. — v.t. to pledge : to give as secur-
ity. [A.S. pliht, risk— plion, to imperil ;
cog. with Dut. pligt, Ger. jiflicht, an obli-
gation.]
PLINTH, plinth, n. (arch.) the lowest brick-
shaped part of the base of a column oi
pedestal : the projecting face at tlie hot*
torn of a wall. [L. j^Hntli ((.s— Gr. plinths
OS, a brick ; cog. with E. Funt.]
PLIOCENE. Same as Pleiocene.
PLOD, plod, v.i. to travel laboriously
trudge on steadily : to toil : — ^jr.^t.
plodd'ing ; p«.^ and pcf.>\ plodd'ed.,
[Orig. "to wade tlirough pools," from
Ir. plod, a pool.]
PLODDER, plod'er, n. one who plods on :
a dull, heavy, laborious man.
PLODDING, plod'ing, adj. laborious, but
slow.— ?i. slow movement or study. — adv.
Plodd'ingly.
PLOT, plot, n. a small p-'ace of ground. —
v.t. to make a plan of :-^r.p. plott'ing-,
pa.t. and pa.p. plott'ed. [A.S. piiot, »
patch of land.]
FLOT
330
roD
PLOT, plot, II. a complicated scheme : a
conspiracy : stratagem : the chain of in-
cidents in the story of a play, etc. — i:i.
to scheme: to form a scheme of mischief:
to conspire. — i:t. to devise •.—pr.p. plott'-
ing; pa.t. and »o.j>. plott'ed. [Fr. cumplot,
ace. to Diez, from L. complicitum, pa.p.
of compUco, to fold together, to compli-
cate/]
PLOTTER, plot'er, n. one who plots : a
conspirator.
PLOUGH, plow, n. an instrument for
turninsr up the soil : tillage. — v.t. to turn
up with the plough : to furrow : to tear :
to divide : to run through in sailing.—
n. Plotjgh'er. [Ice. plogr (Dan. ptov,
Grer. pflug), perh. conn, with Gr. ploion,
a ship j
PLOUGHABLE, plowVbl, adj. capable of
being ploughed : arable.
PLOUGHBOY, plow'boy, n. a hoy who
drives or guides horses in ploughing.
PLOUGHMAN, plov/man, n. a man who
ploughs: a husbandman: a rustic: —
pi. Plough'men.
PLOUGHSHARE, plow'shar. n. the part of
a plough which shears or cuts the ground.
[Plough and A.S. seear, a share of a
plough, a shearing — sceran, to cut. See
Shear.]
PLOVER, pluv'er, n. a well-known wading
bird. [Lit. the rain-bird, Fr. plnvier — L.
pluvia, rain. cog. wth Flow ; so called
because associated with rainy weather.]
PLOW, plow, old spelling of PLorOH.
PLUCK, pluk, v.t. to pull away: to snatch:
to strip. — n. a single act of plucldng.
[A.S. pluecian; akin to Dut. plukken,
Ger. pfliicJcen.]
PLUCK, pluk, n. the heart, liver, and lungs
of an animal, peril, so called because
plucked out after it is killed : hence
lieart. courage, spirit.
PLUCKY, pluk'i, adj. having phick or
spirit.— adf. Pluck'ily.— Ji. PLCCK'nrESS.
PLUG, plug, n. a block or peg used to stop
a hole. — v.t. to stop with a plug: to drive
plugs into.— pr.p. plugg'ing ; pa.t. and
pa.p. pluggecf. [Dut. ping, a hung, a peg
vSw. plugg. a peg, Ger. pflock) ; most
prob. of Celtic origin, as in jr., Gael., and
W. ploc. See Block.]
PLUGGING, plug'ing, n. the act of stop-
ping with a phig : the material of which
a. plug is made.
PLUM, plum, n. a well-known stone fruit
of various colors : the tree producing it.
[A.S. plume — L. piiinum — Gr. prounon.
Doublet Prune.]
PLUMAGE, pl55ni'aj, n. the whole /^'atters
of a bird. [Fr. — plume, a feather. See
Plume.]
PLUMB, plum, n. a mass of lead or other
material, hung on a string, to show the
perpendicular position. — ailj. per])endicu-
iar. — adv. perpendicularly.— r.f. to adiust
by a plumb-line : to make perpendicular :
to sound the depth of water bv a plumb-
line. [Fr. ploinb — L. plumbum, lead,
prob. akin to Gr. molybdos, and Ger.
hlei.)
PLUJIBAGO, plum-ba'go, v. a mineral of
carbon and iron, used for pencils, etc.,
wrongly thought to be lead, from its re-
semlilance to it, and hence commonly
called " blacklead." [L. — phimbutn,
lead. See Plumb.]
?LUMBEAN, plunAe-aja, PLUMBEOUS,
plum'be-us, adj. consisting of or resem-
bling lead : stupid.
PLUMBER, plnm'er, n. one who works in
leod.
PLUMBERY, plum'er-i, n. articles of lead :
the business of a plumber : a place for
plumbing.
PLUMBIC, plumTjik, adj. pertaining to or
obtained from lead.
PLUMBING, plum'ing, n. the art of cast-
ing and working in lead, etc.: business of
arranging pipes for conducting water
or gas.
PLUMB-LINE, plum'-lln, n. a line attached
to a mass of lead to show the perpendic-
ular : a plummet.
PLUMCAKR, pliun'kak, n., cake contain-
ing 7:>7nh!S (raisins) or other fruit.
PLUME, ploom, n. a feather: a feather
worn as an ornament : a crest : token of
honor : prize of contest. — v.t. to sort the
feathers of, as a bird : to adorn with
plumes : to strip of feathers : to boast
(used refiexively). [Fr. — L. pluma, a
small soft feather ; perh. from the root
of Flow and Float.]
PLUjMMER, PLIBIMERY. See Plumber,
Plujibery.
plummet, plum'et, n. a weight of lead
hung at a string, used for ascertaining
the direction of the earth's attraction
and for sounding depths : a plumb-line.
[Fr. plcmbet, dim. oi plomb, lead. See
PLtTJIB.]
PLIBIOSE, pl5o'mos, PLUMOUS, ploo'-
mus. adj., feathery: plmue-like.
PLUMP, plump, adv. falling straight down-
ward (like lead). — adj. downright : un-
qualifled. — v.i. to fall or sink suddenly. —
v.t. to cause to sink suddenly. — adv.
Plump'ly. [A variation of Plumb.]
PLUMP, plump, adj. fat and rounded :
sleek : in good condition. — n. PursiP'KESS.
[From a common Teut. root, seen in Dut.
jplomp, lumpish, clownish, G«r. plump.]
PLUMP, plump, v.t. to give in the 7um»or
tmdivided (as a vote to one only). [See
Plump, adj. fat.]
PLUMPER, plump'er, n. a vote given to
one candidate only when moi'e are to be
elected : one who so votes. [Same as
above word.]
PLUMPUDDING, plum-pood'ing, n., pud-
ding containing plums, raisins, or other
fruit.
PLUMULE, ploo'mul, n. (bof.) the rudi-
mentary bvid of an embryo. [L. plumula,
dim. of pluma. See Plume.]
PLUNDER, plun'der, v.t. to seize the bag-
gage or goods of another by force: to
pillage. — n. that which is seized by force :
booty. — n. Pujn'DERER, [Ger. pliindem,
to pillage — plunder, trash, baggage ; akin
to Low^Ger. plunnen, rags.]
PLUNGE, plunj, i\t. to cast suddenlv into
water or otiier fluid : to force suddenly
(into): to baptize by immersion. — v.i. to
sink suddenly into any fluid ; to dive : to
rush headlotig, as a horse : to rush into
any danger. — n. act of plunging ; act of
rushing headlong, as a horse. \Fr. plonger
(It. j^iombare, to fall like a plumb-line) —
L. phimhum, lead.]
PLUNGER, plunj'er, n. one who plunges:
a diver : a long, solid cyUnder used as a
forcer in pumps.
PLUNGING, plunj'ing, adj. rushing head-
long : pitching downward. — n. the put-
■ ting or sinking under water, or other
fluid : the act of a horse trying to throw
its rider.
PLUPERFECT, ploo'per-fekt, adj. {gram.)
noting that an action happened before
some period referred to. [A corr. of L.
phis-quam-perfeetiim, (lit.) more than or
before perfect.]
PLURAL, ploo'ral, adj. containing or ex-
pressing n}ore than one. — n. (gram.) the
form denoting more than one. — adi\
Plu'Rally. [Fr. — L. pluralis—plits, plu-
ris. more.]
PLURALISM, ploo'ral-izra, n. the state of
being plural.
PLURALITY, ploo-ral'i-ti, n. the state of
being plural : a number consisting of
more than one : the majority.
PLUS, plus, n. the sign ( ■)-) prefixed te
positive quantities, and set between
quantities or numbers to be added to-
gether. [L. plus, more.]
PiiUSH, plush, n. a variety of cloth woven
like velvet, but having its pik or hairy
surface uncropped. [Fr. peluche. through
Low L.. from L. pints, hair. See Plii,
a hairv surface.]
PLUTOCRACY, ploo-tok'ra-si. n., govern-,
ment by the wealthy. [Gr. ploutokratia
— ploutos. wealth, and kratos, strength,
akin to E. Hard.]
PLUTONIAN, plo6-to'ni-an, PLUTONIC,
ploo-ton'ik. adj.. infernal : dark : (geol.)
formed by the agency of heat at a depth
below the surface of the earth. [L. (lit.)
belonging to Plvto — Gr. Plouionios —
Piouton, Pluto, the god of the nether
world.]
PLUVIAL, pl6o'vi-al, adj. pertaining to
rain : rainy. [Fr. — L. pluvialis — pluvia,
rain, akin to Flow.]
PLUVIOUS. plo6'vi-us, adj. rainy. [L.
phmus. See Plxtvial.]
PLY, pli, v.t. to work at steadily: to urge. —
v.i. to work steadily : to go in haste : to
make regular pa.ssages between two
ports : (nant.) to make way against the
wind : — ^ja.#. and pa.p. plied. — n. a fold:
bent: direction. [Fr. plier. to bend or fold
— L. p/ioo. to bend ; Gr. pleko. to fold.]
PNEUMATIC, nu-mat'ik, PNEUMATIC-
AL, nu-mat'ik-al, adj. relating to air :
consisting of air : moved by air or wind :
pertaining to pneumatics. — adv. Pneu-
MAT'ically. [L. — Gr. pneumatikos —
pneum-a, -atos, wind, air — jmeo, to blow,
to breathe.]
PNEUMATICS, nu-raat'iks. '.i.sing. the
science which treats of air and othei
elastic fluids or gases.
PNEUMATOLOGIST, nii-niat-ol'o-jist -/
one versed in pneumatologv.
PNEUMATOLOGY, nu-m-t-ol'o-ji, «. tli6
science of elastic. //kW.?, or, more gener
all.v, of spiritual substances. [Gr. pneu-
Mia, wind, spirit, and logos, science.]
PNEUMONIA, nii-mo'ni-a, n. inflammar
tion of the lungs. [Gr. from pneumon,
pneumonis, the lungs— pneuma, air.]
PNEUMONIC, nu-mon'ik, at^. pertaining
to the lungs.
POACH, poch, v.t. to dress eggs by break-
ing them into boiling water. [Perh. Fr.
poeher, to put in a pocket— pocne, pouch,
because the yolk is enveloped by the white
as in a. pouch.]
POACH, poch, v.i. to intrude on another's
preserves in order to steal game. — v.t.
to steal game. — n. Poach'er. one who
poaches or steals game. [Fr. povher,
orig. to pocket— jJOcTie, pouch. Cf. above
word.]
POCK, pok, n. a small elevation of the skin
containing matter, as in smallpo.^. — ns.
POCK'MARK, PocK'PlT. the mark, pit, or
scar left by a pock. [A.S. poc, a pustule ;
cog. «-ith G«r. ^x>ci'e. Dut. pok. The cor-
rect pi. form was pocks, erroneously spelt
po.r. and treated as sing.]
POCKET, pok'et. n. a little pouch or bag,
esp. one attached to a dress. — v.t. to put
in the pocket : to take stealthilv -.^pr.p
pock'eting;7>a.f. wndpa.p. pock'eted. — n,
Pock'et-book, a book for holding papers,
carried in the pocket. — n. Pock'et-mon'ey,
money carried in the pocket for ordinary
expenses. [Fr. pochette, dim. of poche,
pouch.]
POD, pod, n. the covering of the seed of
plants, as the pea or bean. — i:i. to fill, as
a pod : to produce pods:— -pr.p. podd'ing;
pa.t. and pa.p. podd'ed. [Allied to Pad,
anything stufl'ed. and to Dan. pude, a
cushion, from a root meaning "bag."
anything " swollen out." See PuDDrNO.]
POEM
331
POLLUTE
POEM, p6'em. n. a composition in verse.
[Lit. "anything made," Fp. pohne — L.
poema — 6r. poiSma — poied, to do or
nialce.]
POESY, p6'e-si, n. the art of composing
poems : poetry : a poem. [Fr. poesie —
L. poesis — Gr. poiesis — poieO, to do or
make.]
POET. pS'et, «. the author of a poem : one
skilled in maldog poetry : one with a
strong imagination : — /em. Po'etess.
[Lit. "a maker," Fr. poete — L. poeta —
Gr. poietSs— poied, to do or maker]
POETASTER, p6'et-as-ter, n. a petty poet:
a writer of contemptible verses. fFreq.
of Poet.]
POETIC, po-et'ik, POETICAL, po-et'ik-al,
adj. pertaining or suitable to poetry :
expressed in poetry : marked by poetic
language : imaginative. — adv. PoET'lO-
ALLT. m a poetic manner.
POETICS, po-et'iks, n.sing. the branch of
criticism which relates to poetry.
POETIZE, po'et-iz, v.i. to write as a poet :
to make verses.
POETRY, po'et-ri, n. the art of expressing
in melodious words the creations of feel-
ing and imagination : utterance in song :
metrical composition. [O. Fr. poeterie.]
POIGNANCY, poin'an-si, n. state of being
poignant.
POIGNANT, poin'ant, adj., stinging, prick-
ing, sharp : penetrating : acutely pain-
ful: satirical: pungent. — adi'. "Poiojj'-
ASTLT. [Fr. poignant, pr.p. of O. Fr.
poindre, to sting — L. pnngo, to sting, to
prick. See Point and PuxoEJiT.]
POINT, point, n. that which pricks or
pierces: anything coming to a sharp end:
the mark made by a sharp instrument :
(geom.) that which has neither length,
breadth, nor thickness: a mark showing
the divisions of a sentence : (nivs.) a dot
at the right hand of a note, to raise its
value one-half : a very small space : a
moment of time : a small affair : a single
thing : a single assertion : the precise
thing to be considered: anything intend-
ed : exact place : degree : that wliich
stings, as the point of an epigram : a
lively turn of thought : that which
awa&ens attention : a peculiarity •.—pi,
the switch on a railway. [Fr. (It. puma)
— L. punctuTnr—pungd — root png. See
POIGN'AKT.]
POINT, poibt, v.t. to give a point to : to
sharpen : to aim : to direct one's atten-
tion : to punctuate, as a sentence : to
fill the joints of with mortar, as a wall. —
r. (. to direct the finger towards an object:
to show game by looldng, as a dog. —
Point oct (B.), to a-ssign.
POINT-BLANK, point-blank', adj. aimed
directly at the mark : direct.— adr. di-
rectly. [Lit. the ii-hite spot in the butt
at whicli archers aimed, from Fr. point-
blanc, white point. See Blank.]
POINTED, point'ed, ac}J. having a sharp
point : sharp : direct : personal : keen ;
telling : (arch.) having arches sharply
pointed, Gothic. — adv. Point'edlt. — n.
Point'edness.
POINTER, point'er, n. that which points :
a dog trained to point out game.
POINTING, point'ing, n. the marking of
divisions in writing by points or marks :
act of filling the crevices of a wall with
mortar.
POINTLESS, pointles, adj. having no
point: blunt: dull: wanting keenness or
smartness.
POINTS^L\N, points'man, n. a man who
has charge of the points or switches on
a railway.
POISE, poiz, v.t. to balance : to make of
equal weight : to examine. — n. weight :
balance : equilibrium : that which bal-
ances, a regulating power: the weight
used with steelyards. [O. Fr. poiser,Fr.
pestr — h.pe>iso, inten. otpendo, to hang,
to weigh.]
POISON, poi'zn, n. any substance having
injuiious or deadly effects : anything
malignant or infectious : tliat which
taints or destroys moral purity. — v.t. to
infect or to kill with poison : to taint : to
mar : to embitter : to corrupt. — n. Poi'-
SONER. [Lit. a potion or draught, Fr. —
L. potio, a draught — poto, to drink.
Doublet Potion.]
POISONOUS, poi'zn-us, a4i. having the
quality of poison : destructive : impair-
ing soundness or purity. — adv. Poi SON-
OUSLY. — n. POI'SONOUSNESS.
POKE, pok, n. a bag: a pouch. fProb.
from Celt., as Jr. poc, a bag. Of. PbucH,
Pock.]
POKE, pok, v.t. to thrust or push against
with something pointed : to search for
with a long instrument: to thrust at
with the horns. — v.i. to grope or feel.-^ji.
act of pushing or thrusting : a thrust.
[Ir. poc, a blow, Gael, plus, to push.]
POKER, pCk'er, n. an iron rod for pok-
ing or stirring the fire : a game of cards.
POLAR, po'lar, adj. pertaining to or situ-
ated near either of tne poles : pertaining
to the magnetic poles. — Polae ciecle,
a parallel of latitude encircling each of
the poles at a distance of 23" 38' from the
pole ; the north polar being called the
arctic, the south, the antarctic circle.
POLARITY, pO-laKit-i, n. a property in
certain bodies by which they arrange
themselves in certain directions, or
point, as it were, to given poles.
POLARIZATION, po-lar-i-za'shun, n. (opt.)
a particular modification of rays of light,
by the action of certain media or sur-
faces, so that they cannot be reflected or
refracted a^n in certain directions ;
state of having polarity.
POLARIZE, polar-Iz, v.t. to give polarity
to. — n. Po'Laeizee, that which polarizes
or gives polarity to.
POLDER, pol'der, n. in the Netherlands,
a tract of land below the level of the sea
or nearest river, which, being originally
a morass or laUe, has been drained and
brought under cultivation. [Dut.]
POLE, p61, n. that on which anything
turns, as a pivot or axis: one of the
ends of the axis of a sphere, esp. of
the earth : (physics) one of the two
points of a body in which the attractive
or repulsive energy is concentrated, as
a magnet. — Poles OF THE heavens, the
two points in the heavens opposite to
the poles of the earth. — rj. Pole-STAE,
a star at or near the pole of the heavens.
[Fr. — L. polus—Gr. polos— peld, to be in
motion.]
POLE, pol, n. a pale or pile: a long piece
of wood : an instrument for measuring :
a measure of length, 5i yards ; in square
measure, 30i yarns. — w. Poleate. an a.ve
fixed on a pole. [A.S. pal (Ger. pfahly—
L. pains, a stake. Doublet Pale.]
POLE, pol, n. a native of Poland.
POLECAT, pol'kat, n. a kind of weasel,
which emits a disagreeable odor, called
also the Fitchet and Foumart. [JLE.
polcat. etj'. of Pole- unknown. See Cat.]
POLEMC, po-lem'ik, POLEMICAL, po-
lem'ik-al, adj. given to di'^puting : con-
troversial. — adi\ Polesi'ically. [Lit.
" warlike," Gr. polemos, war.]
POLEinC, po-Iem'ik, n. a disputant.^^i.
sing. PoLEJC'iCS. contest or controversy :
(theol.) the history of ecclesiastical con-
troversy.
POLENTA, po-len'ta, n. pudding made of
the flour of maize. [It. — L. polenta,
peeled barley.]
POLICE, po-lfe', n, the system of regula-
tions of a city, town, or district, for the
preservation of order and enforcement of
law : the internal government of a state :
(short for police-force) the civil officers
for preserving order, etc. — li. Policeman.
[Fr. — L. politia — Gr. politeia, the condi-
tion of a state — politeno, to govern s
state — pontes, a citizen— polis, a city
from root of polys, many, E. Full.]
POLICY, pol'i-si, n. the firt or manner oi
governing a nation : a system of official
administration : dexterity of manage-
ment : prudence : cunning : in Scotland,
the pleasure-grounds around a mansion.
[O. Fr. poUcie (Fr. police) — ^L. etc. See
POUCE.J
POLICJY, pol'i-si, n. a warrant for money
in the pubUc funds: a writing containing
a contract of insurance, [Fr. police, a
policy — L. polyptychum, a register^jr.
polypiychon, a writing folded into leaves
-—poh/s, many, ptyx, ptychos, fold, leaf.l
POLISH, p51'ish, adj. relating to Poland
or its people.
POLISH, poVish, v.t. to make smooth and
glossy by rubbing: to refine: to make
elegant. — v.i. to become smooth and
glossy. — n. Polisher. [Fr. polir, polis-
sanf — Li. polio, to make to shine.]
POLITE, po-Ut', adj., polished: smooth:
refined : well-brecl : obliging. — adv. Po-
LTTE'LT. — n. Polite'ness. [L. poKtus,
pa.p. of polio.]
POLITIC, pol'i-tik, adj. pertaining to poU
icy : well-devised : judicious : skilled in
political affairs : prudent : discreet : cun-
ning.—adr. Pol'iticly. [Fr. politique
— Gr. politikos— pontes, a citizen.]
POLITICAL, po-lit'ik-al, adj. pertaining to
polity or government : pei-taining to na
tions : derived from government. — adv
Polit'ically.— Political Economy, the
science wliich treats of the production,
distribution, and consumption of wealth.
POLITICIAN, pol-i-tish'an, n. one versed
in or devoted to polities : a man of arti-
fice and cunning.
POLITICS, pol'i-tiks, n.sing. the art or
science ot goi-emment : the management
of a political party : political aflairs.
POLITY, pol'i-ti, n.'the constitution of the
government of a state : civil constituticn.
P(jLKA, pSl'ka, n. a dance of Bohemian
origin : al-so its tune. [Bohem. j^ulka,
half, from the half-step prevalent in it ;
also given from Slav, polka, a Polish
woman.]
POLL. pol. n. a familiar name, often of a
parrot. [Contr. of Polly, a form of Molly
^Manj.J
POLL, pOl, n. the round part of the head,
esp. the back of it : a register of heads
or pereons : the entry of the names of
electors who vote for civil officers, such
as members of Congress: an election of
civil officers : the place where the votes
are taken. — i:t. to remove the top : to
cut : to clip : to lop, as the branches of a
tree : to enter one's name in a register :
to bring to the poll as a voter. — n. Poll'-
KR. [O. Dut. polle. bol. a ball, top. Ice.
kollr. top, head. Cf. Kill/]
POLL.-VCK, pol'ak, POLLOCK, pol'uk, n. a
sea-fish of the cod family, resemblingthe
whiting. [CJelt., as in" Gael, pollag a
whiting.]
POLLARD, pol'ard, n. a tree poWed or with
its top cut off.
POLLEN, pol'en, n. the fertilizing powder
contained in the anthers of flowers : fine
flour. [L. "fine flour."]
POLLOCK. See Pollack.
POLL-TAX, pol'-taks, n. a ta.v by the poll
or head — i.e. on each person.
POLLUTE, pol-!o5t'. v.t. to soil • to defile ;
to make foul : to taint : to corrupt :
POLLUTION
332
POOR-LAWS
to profane : to violate.— n. Pollut'er.
[Lit. '• to overflow," L. ]]olluo, pollutus
— poL sig. towards, and luo, to wash.]
POLLUTION, pol-loo'shun, n. act of pol-
htfiinj : state of being polluted : defile-
ment : impurity. [L.]
?OLO. po'lo, n. a military game, devised
by the British officers in India, in which
a ball is pla3'ed between two goals by
men on horseback.
?OLOXY, po-16'ni, ?!. a drj' sausage made
of meat partly cooked. [A corr. of Bo-
logna sausage.]
POLTROON, pol-troon', n. an idle, lazy
fellow : a coward : a dastard : one with-
out courage or spirit. — adj. bas«, vile,
contemptible. [Lit. "one who lies in
bed." Fr. jjoltron — It. poltro (for pohtro),
orig. a bed, from Ger. polster, a bolster.
See Bolster.]
POLTROONERY, pol-troon'er-i, n. the
spirit of a poltroon : laziness : coward-
ice : want of spirit. [Fr. pioltron7ierie.}
POLVERINE, pol'ver-In or -in, n. the dust
or calcined asbes of a plant, used In glass-
making. [It. polverino — L. pulvis, pul-
veris. dust.J
POLYANDRIAN, pol-i-an'dri-an, adj. hav-
ing many or more than twenty stamens.
[Gr. jMl'ys, many, and aner, andros, a
man.]
POLYANDRY, pol-i-an'dri, n. the practice
of .the woman having more husbands than
one at the same time ; cf. Poltgamt.
[Gr., from polys, many, and aner, andros,
a husband.]
POLYANTH, pol'i-anth, POLYANTHUS,
pol-i-an'thus, n. a kind of primrose bear-
ing many floxcers. [Gr., from polys, many,
and anflios, a flower.]
POLYCOTYLEDON, pol-i-kot-i-le'don, n.
a plant having many cotyledons or seed-
lobes.— ad/. Poltcotyle'donous. [Gr.
poiys. many, and COTYLEDON.]
r'OLYGAMIST, pol-ig'a-mist, n. one who
practices or advocates polygamy.
POLYGAMY, pol-ig'a-mi, n. the having
more than one wife at the same time.
— adj. Polyg'amous. [Fr. — L.— Gr. pol-
ygamia — polys, many, and gamos, a
marriage. Cf. Bigamy.]
POLYGLOT, pol'i-glot, adj. having or con-
taining many languages. — n. a book in
several languages, esp. a Bible of this
kind. [From Gr. polys, many, and glot-
ta. the tongue, language.]
POLYGON, pol'i-gon, »i. a figure of many
angles, or with more than four. — adjs.
Polyg'onal, Polyg'onous. [L. — Gr.
polygonon — polys, many, and gonia, a
corner. See KNEE.]
POLYHEDRON, pol-i-he'dron, n. a solid
body with many bases or sides. — adjs.
POLYHE'DRAL, PoLYHE'DROUS. [Gr. polys,
manv. and hedra, a base — hea, akin to
E. SiTj
POLYNOMIAL, pol-i-no'mi-al, n. an alge-
braic quantity of many names or terms.
— adj. of many names or terms. [A hy-
brid, from Gr. polys, many, andL. nomen,
a name.]
POLYP. POLYPE, pol'ip, POLYPUS, pol'-
i-pus. n. something with many feet or
roots: an aquatic, animal of the radiate
kind, with many arms: a tumor growing
in the nose, etc.:— pZ. Polytes, pol'ips.
Polypi, pol'i-pl.— aS/. Pol'ypous. [Gr.
polyjmus — polys, many, and pons, E.
Toot.]
POLYPETALOUS, pol-i-pet'al-us, adj. with
many petals. [Gr. polys, many, and Pet-
ALorsTl
POLYPHONIC, pol-i-fon'ik, adj. having or
consisting of many voices or sounds.
' • The barking crow possesses the most
remarkable polyphonic powers. It can
shriek, laugh, yell, shout, whistle, scream
and bark." — Sat. Rev. In ynusic, consist-
ing of several tone series, or parts, pro-
gressing simultaneously according to the
rules of counterpoint : contrapuntal : as,
a fugue is a. polyphonic composition. [Gr.
polyphonos — polys, many, and phone,
soundj
POLYPODE, pol'i-pod, n. an animal with
many feet. [Gr. 2)oly2)ous— polys, many,
pons, podos, a foot.]
POLYPUS. See PoLYP.
POLYSYLLABLE. pol'i-sa-a-bl,n. a word of
many or more than three syllables. — adjs.
POLYSYLLAB'IC, POLYSYLLAB'ICAL. [Gr.
polys, many, and SYLLABLE.]
POLYTECHNIC, pol-i-tek'nik, adj. com-
prehending many arts. [Gr. polys, many,
techne, an art.]
POLYTHEISM, pol'i-the-izm, n. the doc-
trine of a jjiitraJ/fi/ of gods. — adjs. Poly-
THEiST'ic, Polytheist'ical. — n. Pol'y-
THEIST, a believer in many gods. [Gr.
jiolys, many, and tlieos, a god.]
POLYZOA, pol-i-zo'a. n.pl. a class of ani-
mals forming the lowest members of the
Mollusca, and generally known by the
popular names oif "sea-mosses" and "sea-
mats." They are invai-iablj' compound,
forming associated growths or colonies
produced by gemmation from a single
primordial individual, and inhabit a poly-
zoarium, corresponding to the polypidom
of the composite hydroids. The tjTjical
polypide of a polyzoon differs from the
polypite of the Hydrozoa in having a dis-
tinct alimentary canal suspended freely
in a body ca^-ity, and in ha%'ing the re-
productive organs contained within the
Dod_v. The body is inclosed in a double-
walled sac, the outer layer (ectoc3'st) of
which is chitinous or calcareous, and the
inner (endocyst) a delicate membranous
layer. All the Polyzoa are hermaphro-
dite. Besides true sexual reproduction,
and besides the power of producing col-
onies by continuous budding, fresh indi-
viduals are in many cases produced by a
process of discontinuous gemmation. The
Polyzoa are chiefly marine, encrusting
stones, old shells, and sea-weeds ; but
some are fresh-water. [Gr. polys, many,
and zoon, an animal.]
POMACE, po-ma-s' or pum'as. n. the sub-
stance of apples or similar fruit. [Low
L. pomacium — L. pomum, fruit, such as
apples, etc.]
POMACEOUS, po-ma'shus, adj. relating to,
consisting of, or resembling apples : like
pomace.
POMADE, po-mad', POMATUM, po-ma'-
tum, n. iflrig.) an ointment made from
apples : any greasy compo.sition for
dressing the hair. [Fr. pom made — It.
X>omada, p>ommata, lip-salve — ^. pomum,
an apple.]
POMEGRANATE, pom'gran-at or pum'-,
n. a tree bearing fruit like the orange,
with numerous grains or seeds. [Through
the O.Fr. from L. ])omum, and granatum,
ha\'ing many grains — granum, a grain.
See Grain.]
POMMEL, pum'el, n. a knob or ball : the
knob on a sword hilt : the high part of
a saddle-bow. — t\f. to beat as with a
pommel, or anj-thing thick or heavy: to
bruise: — pr.p. pomm'elling ; ^)a.f. and
pa.p. pomm'elled. [Lit. "anj-thing round
like an apple," O. Fr. pomel (Fr. pom-
meau), dim. of L. pomum, an apple.]
POMP, pomp, n. pageantry : ceremony :
splendor : ostentation : grandeur. [Lit.
" a sending," then " a showy procession,"
Fr. pompe — L. pompa — Gr. pompe —
pempo. to send.]
POMPOUS, pomp us, adj. displaying poj(ip
or grandeur : grand: magniflcent: dig-
nified : boastful. — adv. Poilp'OCSLY. — n(,
POMP'OUSNESS, POMPOS'ITY.
POND, pond, n. a pool of standing water,
[From A.S. pyndan, to shut in, thus a
doublet of PoLTvD, an inclosure.]
PONDER, pon'der, v.t. to iveigh in the
mind : to think over : to consider. — n.
Pon'derer. [Lit. to " weigh," Ij. pondero
—pondus, 2)onderis, a weight. See Pound
a weight.]
PONDERABLE, pon'der-a-b), adj. that maj
be weighed: having sensible weight. — n
Ponderabil'ity.
PONDEROUS, pon'der-us, adj., weighty
massive : forcible : important. — adu.PON'
derocsly.
P0NDER0USNT:SS, pon'der-us-nes, PON.
DEROSITY, pon-der-os'i-ti, n. weight:
heaviness.
PONLARD, pon'yard, n. a small dagger for
stabbing. — v.t. to stab with a poniard.
iFr. poignard — poing, fist (It. pugno) —
J. pugnus.]
PONTAGE, pont'aj, n. a toll paid on
bridges. [Low L. xiontagium — L. pons,
pontis, a bridge, a nasalized form of the
root of Path.]
PONTIFF, pon'tif, n. {orig.) a Roman high-
priest : in the R. Cath. Church, the Pope.
[Fr. pontife — L. pontifex, pontijicis — ■
pons, pont-is, a bridge, and facio, to
make or do, the original meaning being
obscure.]
PONTIFIC, pon-tif'ik, PONTIFICAL, pon-
tif'ik-al, adj. of or belonging to a pontiff
or the Pope : splendid : magnificent. — n,
a book of ecclesiastical ceremonies. — n,
Pontif'ICALS, the dress of a priest, bish-
op, or Pope. [Fr. — L. pontijlcalis.]
PONTIFICATE. pon-tifi-kat,)i. the dignity
of a pontiff or high-priest ; the office and
dignity or reign of a Pope. [Fr.— I.
pontijicatus.]
PONTOON, pon-toon'. n. a portable floats
ing vessel used in forming a bridge for
the passage of an army : a bridge of
boats : a lighter. [Fr. ponton — L. pons,
a bridge. See Pontage.]
PONY, po'ni, n. a small norse. [Gael.
ponaidh.]
POODLE, poo'dl, n. a small dog with long
silkj- hair. [Ger. pudel ; akin to Low
Ger. pndeln, to waddle.]
POOH, i)oo, int. of disdain. [Imitative.]
POOL, pool, n. a small bodv of water,
[A.S. pol (Dut. poel. Ger. pfuhl)— Celt,
poll, pwll ; akin to L. palus, a marsh,
Gr. pelos, mud.]
POOL, pool, n. the receptacle for the
stakes in certain games : the stakes
themselves : a variety of play at bill-
iards. [Fr. poule, originally a hen (the
stakes being jocularly compared to eggs
in a nest) — L. pidlus, a young animal, E.
Foal.]
POOP, poop, n. the hinder part of a ship ;
a deck above the ordinary deck in the
after-part of a ship. — v.t. to strike the
stern. [Fr. iioiipe — L. j:>Hf|pis, the poop.]
POOR, poor, adj. without means : needy :
spiritless : depressed : (B.) humble : con-
trite : wanting in appearance : lean :
wanting in strength : weak : wanting in
value : inferior : wanting in fertility :
sterile : wanting in fitness, beauty, ot
dignity : trifling : paltry : dear (endear-
iug\y)'—adv. Poor'ly. — ?!. Poor'ness.
[O. Fr. poure, povre (Fr. pauvre) — L.
pau-per = pauca pariens, producing or
providing little, from paueus, little, and
pario. to produce.]
POORHOUSE, poor'hows, n. Si house estab-
lislied at the public expense for the bene-
fit of tlie poor.
POOR-LAWS, poor'-lawz, n., laws relating
to the support of the poor.
POOR-RATE
333
POSITIVE
POOR-RATE, p66i-'-rat, n. a rafe or tax for
the support of the poor.
POOR^SPIEITED,p6or-spir'it-ea, arf;'.,poor
or inejia in spirit : cowardly : base. — n.
Poor-spir'itedness.
POP. pop, v.i. to make a sharp, quick
sound : to dart : to move quickly. — v.t.
to thrust suddenly : to bring- suddenly to
notice : — pr.^). pojjp'ing ; pa.t. and pa.p.
popped. — n. a sharp, quick sound or re-
port.— adv. suddenly. [From the sound.]
POPE, pop, n. the bisliop of Rome, head of
the R. Cath. Church : a kind of perch.
[A.S. papa — ^L. papa, a father. See
Papa.]
POPEDOM, pop'dom, n. ofHce, dignity, or
jurisdiction of the Pope. [A.S. pdpedom.']
POPERY, pop'er-i, n. the religion of which
the Pope is the head : Roman Catholi-
cism.
POPINJAY, pop'in-ja, n. (orig.) a parrot :
a mark like a parrot, put on a pole to be
shot at : a fop or coxcomb. [Lit. the
" babbiing cock," Fr. papegai. from the
imitative root pap or hah, to chatter, and
Fr. gau — L. galliis, a cock.]
T^OPISH, pop'ish, adj. relating to the Pope
or Popery: taught by Popery. — adv.
POP'ISHLT.
POPLAR, pop'lar, n. a tree common in the
northern hemisphere, of rapid growth,
and having soft wood. [O. Fr. poplier
(Fr. peuplier) — Ij.populusT]
POPLIN, pop'lin, n. a fabric made of silk
and worsted. [Fr. popeline. Ety. un-
known.]
POPPY, pop'i, n. a plant having large
showy flowers, from one species of which
opium is obtained. [A.S. popig — L. pap-
averA
POPULACE, pop'u-las or -las, n. the com-
mon peqp?e. [Fr. — It. popolazzo — L. pop-
ulus. See People.]
POPULAR, pop'u-lar, adj. pertaining to
the people : pleasing to or prevailing
among the people : easily comprehended:
inferior : vulgar. — adv. Pop'ularly. [Fr.
populaire—Jj. popidaris^populus.'\
POPULARITY, pop-u-lar'i-ti,'?i. quality or
state of hemg popular or pleasing to the
people.
POPULARIZE, pop'u-lar-iz, v.t. to make
popular or suitable to the people.
POPULATE, pop'u-lat, v.t. to people: to
furnish with inhabitants. [L. popidor,
jioptdaiiis — populus.'l
POPULATION, pop-u-la'shun, n. act of
populating: the inhabitants of any place.
POPULOUS, pop'u-lus, adj. fuU of people:
numerously inhabited. — adv. Pop'ulocs-
LY.— H. POP'ULOUSNESS.
PORCELAIN, pors'lan, w. a fine kind of
earthenware, white, thin, and semi-trans-
parent. [Fr. porcelaine — It. porcellana,
the Venus" shell (which porcelain resem-
bles in transparency) — L. porcella, a
young sow (which the shell was thought
to resemble in form), dim. from porous,
BT. porch, n. a covered way or en-
trance : a portico at the entrance of
churches and other buildings : the pub-
lic porch in the forum of Athens where
Zeno the Stoic taught : (fig.) the Stoic
philosophy. [Fr. porclie (It. portico) —
L. porticus, from porta, a gate, entrance.
See Port, a gate.]
PORCINE, por'sin, adj. pertaining to
s^cine. [L. porcinus — porws, a swine.]
PORCUPINE, por'ku-pTn, n. a rodent
quadruped, covered with spines or <[uills.
[Lit. " the spiny hog," M.E. porkepyn —
O. Fr. pore espin — L. poreus, a pig, and
spina, a spine.]
PORE, por, n. (anat.) a minute passage in
the skin for the perspiration : an open-
ing between the molecules of a body.
apig
PORC
[Fr. — L. poms — Gr. poros ; akin to Fake
and Ferry.]
PORE, por, v.i. to look with steady atten-
tion on : to study closely. [Perh. akin
to Peer, to peep.]
PORIFORM, por'i-form, adj. in the form
of a, pore.
PORK, pork, n. the flesh of swine. [Fr.
pore — L. porous, a hog ; cog. with W.
porch and E. Farrow. See Farrow.]
PORKER, pork'er, n. a young hog: a pig
fed for pork.
POROSITY, po-ros'i-ti, n. quality of being
porous.
POROUS, por'us, adj. having pores. — adv.
POR'OUSLY.
PORPHYRITIC, por-fir-it'ik, PORPHYRA-
CEOUS, por-fir-a'shus, adj. resembling
or consisting oi porphyry.
PORPHYRIZE. por'fir-iz, v.t. to cause to
resemble porphyry.
PORPHYRY, por'fir-i, n. a very hard, va-
riegated rook of a. purple and white color,
used in sculpture. [Through Fr. and L.,
from Gr. porphyrites—porphyra, purple.
Cf Purple 1
PORPOISE, por'pus, PORPESS, por'pes, n.
a gregarious kind of whale, from 4 to 8
feet long, caught for its oil and flesh.
[Lit. " the hog-fish," O. Fr. p)orpeis — L.
porous, a hog, bmA piscis, a fish, from its
hog-like appearance in the water.]
PORRIDGE, por'ij, n. a kind of pudding
usually made by slowly stirring oatmeal
amongst boiling water : a kind of broth.
[M. E. porree, tlirough O. Fr., from Low
L. porrata, broth made with leeks — L.
pornim, a leek. The affix -idge (= -age)
arose through confusion with Pottage.]
PORRINGER, por'in-jer, n. a small dish for
porridge. [Porriger, with inserted n.
Cf. Passenger.]
PORT, port, n., oearing : demeanor: car-
riage of the body : the left side of a ship.
— v.t. to put (as the helm) to the left side
of a ship (lit. to " carry ") : to hold, as a
musket, in a slanting direction upward
across the body. [Fr. — L. porto, to carry,
cog. with Fare.]
PORT, port, n. a harbor : a haven or safe
station for vessels. [A.S. — L. partus ;
akin to porta, a gate.]
PORT, port n. a gate or entrance : a port-
hole : lid of a porthole. [Fr. porte — L.
porta, from root of Fare.]
PORT, port, n. a dark purple wine from
Oporto in Portugal. [Oporto=(?i^) " the
port."]
PORTABLE, port'a-bl, adj. that may be
carried : not bulky or heavy. — n. Port'-
ABLENESS. [See Port, bearing.]
PORTAGE, port'aj, n. act of carrying,:
carriage : price of carriage.
PORTAL, port'al, n. a small gate: any en-
trance : {arch.) the arch over a gate :
the lesser of two gates. [O. Fr. (Fr. por-
tail) — Low L. portale. 1
PORT-CRAYON, port-kWon, n. a metallic
handle for holding a crayon. [L. porta,
to carry. CRAYON.]
PORTCTJLLIS, port-kul'is, n. a sliding
door of cross timbers pointed with iron,
hung over a gatewaj', so as to be let down
in a moment to keep cut an enemy. [Fr.
portecoulisse, from porte, a gate, and L.
colo, to filter, to slide. See Colander.]
PORTE, port, n. the Turkish government,
so called from the "High Gate," the
chief office of the Ottoman government.
I See Port, a gate.]
PORTEND, por-tcnd', v.t. to indicate the
future by signs : to betoken : presage.
[Lit. " to" stretch towards," L. portenno,
portentjis — pro, forth, and tendo, to
stretch. See Tend, to stretch.]
PORTENT, por'tent, n. that which pen-tends
or foreshows : an evil omen. [O. Fr. —
L.]
PORTENTOUS, por-tent'us, adj. serving
to portend : foreshadowing ill. — adv.
Portent'ously.
PORTER, port'er, n. a door-keeper or gate-
keeper : one who waits at the door to
receive messages: — fern. Port'eress or
Port'ress. [See Port, a gate.]
PORTER, port er, n. one who carries bur^
dens for hire : a dark-brown malt liquor
— so called because it was a favorite
drink with London porters.
PORTERAGE, port'er-aj, n. charge made
by a porter.
PORTFOLIO. p6rt-fo'li-6, 7i. a portable
case for keeping loose papers, drawings,
etc. : a collection of such papers : the
office of a minister of state. [From L.
porto, to carry, and Folio, a sheet of
paper ; cf. Fr. portefeuille.'\
PORTHOLE, port'hol, n. a hole or opening
in a ship's side for light and air, or for
pointing a gun through. [Port, a gate,
and Hole.]
PORTICO, por'ti-ko, n. (arch.) a range of
columns in the front of a building : — pi.
Porticoes or Porticos, por'ti-koz. [It.
— L. porticus. Doublet Porch.]
PORTICOED, por'ti-kod, adj. furnished
with a portico.
PORTION, por'shun, n. a part : an allot-
ment : dividend : the part of an estate
descending to an heir : a wife's fortune.
— v.t. to divide into portions : to allot a
share : to furnish with a portion. [Fr. —
L. portio. portionis, akin to pars, a part,
and Gr. poro, to share.]
PORTIONED, por'shund, adj. having a
portion or endowment.
PORTIONER, por'shun-er, n. one who poi>
tions or assigns share.s.
PORTIONLESS, por'shun-les, adj. having
no portion, dowry, or property.
PORTLY, port'li, adj. having a dignified
port or mien : corpulent. — n. Port'li-
NESS, state of being portly. [See Port,
bearing.]
PORTMANTEAU, port-man'to, n. a bag
for carrying apparel, etc., on journeys.
[Lit. " a cloak-carrier," Fr. porter, to
carry, manteau, a cloak, mantle.]
PORTRAIT, por'trat, n. the likeness of a
person : description in words. [See Por-
tray.]
PORTRAITURE, p6r'trat-ur, n. the draw-
ing of portraits, or describing in words.
PORTRAY, por-tra', v.t. to paint or draw
the likeness of : to describe in words. —
n. Portray'er. [Fr. portraire — L. — pro^
forth, traho, to draw/]
POSE, poz, n. a position : an attitude. —
v.i. to assume an attitude. [Fr. — poser,
to place — Low L. pausare, to cease, to
make to cease — L. pausa, pause — Gr.
pausis. See Pause. Between Fr. poser,
and L. ponere, positum, there has been
great confusion, which has influenced
the derivatives of both words.]
POSE, poz, v.t. to puzzle : to perplex by
questions : to bring to a stand. [M.E.
apposen, a corr. of Oppose, which in the
schools meant to "argue against.'']
POSER, poz'er, n. one who or that which
poses : a puzzle.
POSITION, po-zish'vm, n., place, situation :
attitude : state of affairs : the ground
taken in argument, or a dispute: princi^
Ele laid down : place in society. [Fr.—
.. — pono, positus, to place.]
POSITIVE, poz'it-iv, adj. definitely p/aced
or laid down : clearly expressed ': actual:
not admitting any doubt or qualification:
decisive : settled by arbitrary appoint-
ment : dogmatic: fully assured : certain:
(aram.) noting the simple form of an ad-
jective : (math.) to be added. — n. that
POSITIVISM
334
POTTERY
which isplaced or laid down: that which
may be affiriiiod : reality. — adv. Pos'it-
IVELY. — n. Pos'lTlVENESS. [Fr. — L. pos-
Hirus. lixed by agreement, from pono.
See Position.]'
POSITIVISM, poz'it-lv-izra. n. a system of
philosophy origrinated by Comte,a French
philosopher (1798-1857), which, rejecting
all inquiry into causes whetlier efficient
or final, deals only with what i% positive,
©r simply seeks to discover the laws of
phenomenon.
POSITIVIST, poz'it-iv-ist, n. a believer in
positivism.
POSSESS, poz-zes', v.t. to have or hold as
au owner : to have the control of : to
inform : to seize : to enter into and in-
fluence. [L. possideo, possessus.'\
POSSESSION, poz-zesh'un, v. act of pos-
sessing : the thing possessed : property :
state of being- possessed, as by an evil
spirit.
PO.SSESSIVE, poz-zes'iv, adj. i)ertaining to
or denoting possession. — adv. Possess'-
IVELY.
POSSESSOR, poz-zes'or, n. one who pos-
sesses : owner: proprietor: occupant.
POSSESSORY, poz-zes'or-i, adj. relating to
a possessor or possession : having posses-
sion.
POSSET, pos'et, n. hot milk curdled with
wine or acid. [W. posel, curdled milk,
Ir. pu.soid.]
POSSIBILITY, pos-i-bil'i-ti, yi. state of be-
ing possible : that which is possible : a
contingency.
POSSIBLE, pos'i-bl, adj. that is able to be
or happen : that may be done : not con-
trary to the nature of things. — adv.
Poss'lBLY. [Fr. — L. possibilis— possum,
to be able — potis. able, and esse, to be.]
POST, post, II. a piece of timber fixed in
the ground, generally as a support to
something else : a pillar. — v.t. to fix on
or to a post, that is, in a public place : to
expose to public reproach. [A.S. post^
L. postis, a doorpost, from pono, to
place.]
POST, post, 11. a, fixed place, as a military
station : a fixed place or stage on a road:
an office: one who travels by stages, esp.
carrying letters, etc.: a public letter-
carrier: an established system of convey-
ing letters : a size of writing-paper,
double that of common note-paper: — v.t.
to set or .station: to put in the post-office:
(book-k.) to transfer to the ledger. — v.i.
to travel with posthorses, or with speed.
— adv. with posthorses: with speed. [Fr.
poste, from L. pono, positns, to place.]
POSTAGE, post'aj, n. money paid for con-
veyance of letters, etc., hy 2)ost or mail.
POSTAL, post'al, adj. belonging- to the
post-oSice or mail-service.
POSTBOY, post'boy, «. a boy that rides
posf-horses, or who carries letters.
POSTCARD, post'kard, n. a stamped card
on which a message may be sent by post.
POSTCHAISE, i)ost'shaz, n. a chaise or
carriage %vith four wheels for the con-
veyance of those who travel with post-
horses.
POSTDATE, post-dat', v.t. to date after the
real time. [L. post, after, and DaTE.1
POST-DILUVIAL. post-di-luS-i-al, PO.ST-
DILU'VIAN, adj. being or happening
after the deluge. — n. Post-dilu'vias, one
who has lived since the deluge. [L. p>ost,
after, and DlLimAI., DiLCTlAN.]
POSTERIOR, pos-te'ri-or.afi/..c"0»nnsf after:
later: hind or hinder. — n.^j/. POSTE^RIORS,
short tar posterior parts. — n. Posterior'-
ITY. — adv. Poste'riorly. [L.. comp. of
posterns, coming after — j^ost. after.]
POSTERITY, pos-ter'it-i, n. those coming
after : succeeding generations : a race.
[TT.—L.—posterus. See Posterior.]
POSTERN, post'ern, n. (orig.) a back door
or gate: a small private door. — ac{j. back:
private. [O. Fr. posterne, jiosterle — L.
posterula, a dim. from posterns. See Pos-
terior.]
POSTFIX post'flks, n. a letter, syllable, or
word fi.ved to or put after another word,
an affix. — PosTFix', v.t. to add to the end
of another word. [L. 7)ost, after, and
Fix.]
POSTHA>STE, post-hast', ?i.. haste in trav-
elling- like that of ajiost. — adv. with haste
or speed.
POSTHORSE, p5st'hors, n. a horse kept for
posting.
POSTHUMOUS, post'hu-mus, adj. born
after the father's death : published after
the death of the author. — adv. Post'-
HTJMOUSLY. [L. posthumus, postumus,
superl. of posterns, coming edter— post,
after.]
POSTIL, pos'til, n. (orig.) a note in the
margin of the Bible, so called because
written after the text or other ivords : a
marginal note : in R. Cath. Church, a
homily read after the gospel. — v. to make
such notes. [O. Fr. postille (It. postilla)
— Low L. postilla — L. post ilia (verba),
after those (words).]
POSTILLION, pos-til'yun, n. a posthov,
one who guides posthorses, or horses in
any carriage, riding on one of them.
[Fr. postilion — poste.'\ •
POSTIVIAN, post'man, n. a post or courier ;
a letter-carrier.
POSTMARK, post'mark, n. the mark or
stamp of a post-office on a letter.
POSTMASTER, post'mas-ter, n. the man-
ager or superintendent of a post-office :
one who supplies posthorses. — n. PoST-
master-General, the chief officer of the
post-office department.
POST-MERIDIAN, post-me-rid'i-an, adj.
coming after the sun has crossed the
meridian : in the afternoon (written
P.M.). [L. post, after, and Meridiax.1
POST-MORTEM, post-mor'tem, adj., after
death. [L. post, after, and mortem,
accus. of mors, death.]
POST-OBIT, post-6'bit, n. a bond payable
with unusual interest after the death of
an individual from whom the person
granting it has expectations. [L. post,
after. See Obit.]
POST-OFFICE, i)ost'-of'is. n. an office for
receiving and transmitting letters by
post.
POSTPAID, post'pad, adj. having the
postage paid, as a letter.
POSTPONE, post-pon', v.t. to put oflf to an
a/?«--period : to defer : to delay. [L.
2wstpono, -jMsiius — post, after, pono, to
put.]
POSTPONEMENT, post-pon'ment, n. act
otj'f'tting ofT to an after-time: tempo-
rary- delav.
POSf-PRA^TDIAL. post-pran'di-al. adj.,
after dinner. [From L. yjosf, after, and
prandiutn, a repast.]
POSTSCRIPT, post'skript, n. a part added
to a letter after the signature : an addi-
tion to a book after it is finished. [L.,
from post, after, and scriptum, written,
pa.p. of seribo. to write.]
POST-TOWN, po:t'-to>vn, n. a toicn vrith a
posf-offiee.
POSTULANT, pos'tu-lant, n. a candidate.
[See POSTI-LATE.]
POSTULATE, pos'tO-lat, v.t. to assume
without proof : to take without positive
consent. — n. a position assumed as self-
evident : (geom.) a self-evident problem.
[L. postulo. -atus, to demand— }josco, to
ask urgentlv.J
POSTULATORY, pos'tu-la-tor-i, adj. as-
suming or assumed without proof as a
postulate.
POSTURE, pos'tur. ii. the placing or posi-
tion of the body : attitude : state or
condition : disposition. — v.t. to place in
a particular manner. [Fr. — L. positura
— pono, positum, to place.]
POSY, po'zi, ?i. averse of poetry: a motto:
an inscription on a ring : a motto sent
with a bouquet : a bouquet. [Corr. of
Poesy.]
POT, ])ot, n. a metallic vessel for various
purposes, esp. cooking . a di-inking ves-
sel : an earthen vessel for plants : the
quantity in a pot. — v.t. to preserve in
pots : to put in pots : — pr.p. pott'ing ;
pa.t. and pa.x>. pott'ed. — To go to pot,
to go to ruin, orig. said of old metal, to
go into the melting-pot. [^M.E. pot. from
the Celt., as Ir. pota, Gael, pioit, W. jjof.]
POTABLE. po'ta-M, adj. that n\a.yhedrwik:
liquid. — n. something drinkabfe. — n. Po'-
TABLEXESS. [Fr. — L. potabiHs^poto, to
drink.]
POTASH, pot'ash, 7i. a powerful alkali, ob-
tained from the ashes of plants. [Lit.
" pot ashes."]
POTASSA, po-tas'a, n. Latinized form of
Potash.
POTASSIUM, po-tas'i-um, n. the metallic
base of potash. [From Potassa.]
POTATION, po-ta'shun, )i. a drinking: a
draught. [L. xjotatio—pot-o, -atus, to
drink.]
POTATO, po-ta'to, n. one of the tubers of
a plant almost universally cultivated for
food : the plant itself : — pi. Pota'toes.
£Sp. patata, batata, orig. a Haytian
word.]
POTEEN, po-ten', n. Irish whisky. [Ir.
poitim. I drink.]
POTENCY, po'ten-si, n. power.
POTENT, po'tent, adj. strong : powerful r
having great authority or influence.—
adv. Po'textly. [h. patens— potis, able
esse, to be.]
POTENTATE, po'ten-tat, n. one who is po-
tent : a prince : a sovereign. [Fr. poten-
tat — Low 1j. potentatus, pa.p. of potento,
to exercise power.]
POTENTIAL, po-ten'shal, adj., powerfid,
efficacious : existing in possibility, not in
reality : (gram.) expressing power, pos-
sibility, liberty, or obligation. — )i. the
name for a function of great importance
in the mathematical theory of attrac-
tions, also in electricity. — adv. Poten'-
TL4.LLV.— )i. PoTENTIAL'ITY.
POTHER, potk'er, n. bustle : confusion. —
v.t. to puzzle: to perplex : to tease. — v.i.
to make a pother. [A variant of Potter.]
POTHERB, pot'herb or pot'erb, n. an herb
or vegetable used in cooking.
POTHOOK, pot'hook. n. a hook on which
pots are hung over the fire : a letter or
character formed like a pothook : an ill-
formed or scrawled letter.
POTHOUSE, pot'hows, n. a low drinking-
house.
POTION, po'shun, n. a draught : a liquid
medicine : a dose. [Fr. — L. potio—poto,
to drink. Doublet PoiSON.l
POTLUCK, pot'luk, n. whatever may
chance to be provided for dinner.
POTSHERD, pot'sherd, n. fragment of a
pot. [Pot, and A.S. sceard, a shred-
sceran. to di\-ide.]
POTTAGE, pot'aj, ?!. anything cooked in a
jKit : a thick soup of meat and vegetables.
[Fr. potage—pot. See PoT.]
?OTTr~
POTTER, pot'er, n. one whose trade is to
make pots or earthenware.
POTTER, pot'er, v.i. to be fussily engaged
about trifles. — m. Pott'erer. [Freq. of
prov. pote, to push. See Pother and
PrrJ
POTTERY, pot'er-i, n. earthenware pots or
vessels : a place where earthenware is
manufactured.
POTTLE
335
PREACHING
POTTLE, poti, n. a little pot : a measure
of four pints : a small basket for fruit.
fDim. of Pot.]
POTWALX.0PEK, pot-wd'op-er, n. a voter
in certain English boroughs where every
one who boiled a pot was entitled to vote.
[Lit. " pot-boiler," the latter part of the
word being from an O. Low Ger. u-allen,
to boil. E. Well.]
'OUCH, powch, n. a. poke, pocket, or bag:
the bag or sac of an animal. — v.t. to put
into a pouch. [Fr. poche. See Poke, a
bag.]
POULT, polt. 11. a little hen or foirl, a
chicken. [Fr. poulet, dim. of ponle, hen,
fowl — L. puUus, the young of any ani-
mal : cog. ^Wth Foal. Doublet Puilet.]
POULTERER, polt'er-er, n. one who deals
in fotrh.
POULTICE, pol'tis, n. a soft composition
of meal, bran, etc., applied to sores. — v.t.
to dress with a poultice. [Lit. '■ por-
ridge," L. pultes, pi. of puis, pultis, Gr.
Jwltos, porridge.]
ULTRY, polt ri, n. domestic fowls. [See
PocltJ
POUNCE, powns, v.i. to fall (upon) and
seize with tlie claws : to dart suddenly
(ujwn). — n. a hawk's claw. [Orig. to
pierce, to stamp holes in for ornament ;
through Romance forms, from L. pimgo,
jmnctus. Doublet PUNCH, v.]
POUNCE, powns, n. a fine powder for pre-
paring a surface for writing on : colored
powder sprinkled over holes pricked in
paper as a pattern. — v.t. to sprinkle with
pounce, as paper or a pattern. — n.
Pocxce'-BOX, a box with a perforated lid
for sprinkling pounce. [Orig. powdered
jPUHiice-stone, Fr. pcmce, pumice — L.
pumex, pumicis. Doublet PtnncE. J
POUNT), pownd, 7!. a weight of 12 oz. troy,
or 16 oz. avoir. : a sovereign, o^ 30s.,
equal to about $4.84, also represented by
a note : (B.)=about $30. [A.S. piind—
L. pondo, by weight, pondns, a weight—
pendo, to weigh.]
POUND, pownd, v.t. to shut up or confine,
as strayed animals. — n. an inclosure in
which strayed animals are confined.
[M.E. pond — ^A.S. pund, inclosure. Doub-
let Pond.]
POUND, pownd, v.t. to beat, to bruise : to
bray with a pyestle. — n. Pousd'ee. [M.E.
poiuien — A.S. punian, to beat; -d ex-
crescentj
POUNDAGE, pownd'aj, n. a charge made
for each pound.
POUNDAGE, pownd'aj, n. a charge niade
for pounding stray cattle.
POUNDER, pownd'^er, n. a pestle: the
instrument of pounding : he who or that
which has so many pounds.
POUR, por, v.t. to cause to flow : to throw
with force : to send fortli : to give vent
to : to utter. — v.i. to flow : to issue forth :
to rush. [Celt., as "W. bimc, to throw,
(Jael. purr, to push.]
POURTRAT Same as PoETEAY.
POUT, powt, v.i. to push out the lips, in
contempt or displeasure : to look sulky :
ifo hang or be prominent. — n. a fit of .sul-
lenness. [Ety. dub.; cf. prov. Fr. pot,
pout, lip, Fr. bonder, to pout ; W. pwdu,
poutj
"^OUTER, povi't'er, n. one who pouts : a
Tariety of pigeon, having its breast in-
Jated.
POUTING, powt'ing, n. childish sullenness.
POUTINGLY, powt'ing-li, adv. in a pout-
ing or sullen manner.
POVERTY, pov'er-ti, n. the state of being
poor : necessity : want : meanness : de-
fect. [O. Fr. 'poverte (Fr. pauvrete) — L.
paupertas, -talis — pauper, poor. See
Poor.]
POWDER, pow'der, n., dttst: any substance
in fine particles : gunpowder : hair-pow-
der.— v.t. to reduce to powder: to
sprinkle with powder: to salt. — v.i. to
crumble into powder. [M.E. poudre — ^Fr.
— L. pulvis, ptdveris, dust.]
POWDERED, po\v'derd, adj. reduced to
powder : sprinkled with powder : salted.
POWDERY, pow'der-i, adj. resembling or
sprinkled with powder : dusty : friable.
POWER, pow'er, n., strength: energj': fac-
ulty of the mind ; any agency : moving
force of anything: rule: authority: influ-
ence: ability: capacitj': a ruler: a divin-
ity : the result of the continued multi-
plication of a quantity by itself any
given number of times': (optics) magni-
fying strength : (obs.) a great many.
[M.E. poer — 0. Fr. (Fr. pmtvoir) — Low L.
pot-ere, to be able, L. posse {pot-esse).
See Potent.]
POWERFUL, pow'er-fool, adj. haying
great power: miarhty: intense: forcible:
eflBcacious. — adv. toWEEFULLY. — n.
PoWerfuujess.
POAVERLESS, pow'er-les, a^J. without
power: weak : impotent. — adv. PoWee-
lessly. — n. Pow'erlessness.
POX, poks, n. pustules : an eruptive dis-
ease. [Wi-itten for pocArs, pi. of PocK.]
PRACTICABILITY, prak-ti-ka-bil'i-ti, n.
state or quality of being practicable.
PRACTICABLE^ prak'tik-a-bl, adj. that
maybe prac^icea, used, or followed: that
may be done : passable. — adv. Peac'tio
ABLY.
PRACTICAL, prak'tik-al, adj. that can be
put in praciice; useful: applying knowl-
edge to some useful end. — adv. Pbac'-
TiCALLY.— n. Peac'ttcalne.ss.
PRACTICE, prak'tis, n. a doing: the habit
of doing anything : frecjuent use : per-
formance: rnethod; medical treatment:
exercise of anv profession : a rule in
arithmetic. [M'E. praktike- O. Fr. prae-
tiqite — Gr. praktikos, fit for doing— 2)ras-
so, pra.ro, to do.]
PEACTICE, prak'tis, v.t. to put la practice
or do habitually : to perform : to exer-
cise, as a profession : to use or exercise ;
to commit. — v.i. to have or to form a
habit : to exercise any employment or
profession : to try artifices. — n. Prac'tio-
ER. [From the noun.]
PRACTITIONER, prak-tish'un-er, n. one
■mno practices or is engaged in the_ exer-
cise of any profession, esp. medicine or
law. [Olcler form practician — O. Fr.
praefieien.]
PR^MUNIRE, prem-Q-nfre, n. the offence
of disregard or contempt of the king and
his government, especially the offence of
introducing papal or other foreign au-
thority into England : the writ founded
on such an offence : the penalty incurred
by the offence. [A corr. of prcemonere,
to forewarn, to cite.]
PR^irrOR, pre'tor, v. a magistrate of an-
cient Rome, next in rank to the consuls.
— n. I%.e'torship. [Lit. " one who goes
before," L. prcetor for jn-ceitor—proe, be-
fore, eo. itum, to go.]
PRJETORIAL, pre-to'ri-al, PR.SrrORIAN,
pre-t6'ri-an, adj. pertaining to a prcetor
or magistrate : authorized or exercised
bv the protor : judicial.
PR^TORITBI, pre-t6'ri-um, n. the official
residence of the Roman 2>roetor, procon-
sul, or governor in a pro^^nce : the gen-
eral's tent in a camp : the council of
officers who attended the general and
met in his tent.
PRAGJIATIC, pra^-mat'ik. PRAGMAT-
ICAL. prag-matlk-al, adj. over-active,
officious, meddlesome.— adr. Pr.^GMat'-
ICALLY. — Pragmatic Sanction, a special
decree issued by a sovereign, such as
that passed by the Emperor Charles VL
of Germany, securing the crown to
Maiia Theresa, and which led to the war
so called in 1741. [Orig. Jit for actio7i,
Fr. — L. — Gr. pragmatikos — pragma -
2)ragtnaios, deed — prasso, to do.]
PRAIRIE, pra'ri, n. an extensive meadow
or tract of land, level or rolling, without
trees, and covered with tall coarse giasi.
[Fr. — Low L. prataria, meadow-land — L,
pratum, a meadow.]
PRAISE, praz. n. the expression of the
2)rice or value in which any person or
thing is held : commendation : tribute of
gi'atitude : a glorifying, as in worship :
reason of praise. — v.t. to express estima-
tion of: to commend: to honor: to glori-
fy, as in worship. [O. Fr. p>re>s (Fr. pcix)
—h. pretium, price, value. See Price.]
PRAISEWORTHY, praz'wur-rti, adj.. u-or-
thy of praise, commendable. — n. PRaISE'-
WORTHINESS.
PRANCE, prans, v.i. to strut about in a
showy or warlike manner : to ride show-
ily: to bound gaily, as a horse. [Another
form of Prank.] "
PRANCING, prans'ing, adj. riding show-
ily : springing or bounding gaily. — adv.
PRanc'INGLy.
PRANK, prangk, v.t. to display or adorn
showilv. [Closely akin iojyrink, which is
n nasalized form" of Prick.]
PRANK, prangk, ;). a sportive action : a
mischievous trick. [Same word as the
above.]
PRATE, prat, v.i. to talk idly : to tattle :
to be loquacious. — v.t. to speak without
meaning. — n. trifling talk. [Scand. and
Low Ger., as Dan. prate, Dut. praaten,
to tattle.]
PRATER, prater, n. one who prates or
talks idlv.
prating" prat'ing. adj., talking idly on
unmeaningly. — n. idle talk. — adv. Prat'-
INGLY.
PRATTLE, pratl, v.i. to prate or talk much
and idlv: to utter child's talk. — n. empty
talk. iFreq. of Prate.]
PRATTLER, prat'ler, h. one who prattles,
as a child.
PRAWN, prawn, n. a small crustacean
animal like the shrimp. [Ety. unknown.]
PRAXIS, i)ra.ks'is,n., practice: an example
for exercise. [Or.— prassd, praxo, to do.]
PRAY, pra, v.i. to ask earnestly: to en-
treat : to petition or address Go5. — v.t. to
ask earnestly and reverently, as in wor-
ship: to supp'licate:— pr.p. pva.j'ing;pa.t.
ana pa.p. prayed. [O. Fr. prefer (Fr.
prier) — L. jrrec'or — ^;)rftc,prcc-?-s,a prayer,
akin toSans. jtracch, Ger. fragen, to ask.]
PRAYER, prar, n. the act of praying : en-
treaty : trie words used : solemn address
to God : a formula of worship.
PRAYERFUL, prar'fool, adi., full of or
given to prayer : devotional. — adv.
PRAYER'FULLY. — 7!. Prayer'fcxness.
PRAYERLESS, prar'les, adj. without or
not using prayer.— ordr. Pbayer'lessly.
— ?!. Prayee'lessness.
PRAYING, pra'ing, n. the act of making a
prayer: a prayer made. — adj. given to
prayer.
PREACH, prech, v.i. to pronounce a public
diseoui'se on sacred subjects: to discourse
earnestly : to give advice in an offensive
or obtrusive manner. — v.t. to publish ic
religious discourses : to teach publicly,
[Fr. im^cher (It. predicare) — L. prtxdico
-atimi, to proclaim— pro;, before, dico. to
proclaim, akin to dico, to say. Sea
DictionJ
PREACHER, prgch'er, n. one who dis-
courses publicly on religious matters.
PREACHING, prech'ing. n. the act of
preaching : a public religious discourse.
PREAMBLE
336
PREDILECTION
PREAMBLE, pre-am'bl or pre'am-bl, n.
preface : introduction. [Lit. that which
"goes before," Fr. preambule — L. prce,
before, ambulo, to go.]
PRE-AUDIENCE, pre-aw'di-ens, n. right
of previous audience or hearing : pre-
cedence at the bar among lawyers. [L.
pi'ce, before, and AUDIENCE.]
t'REBEND, preb'end, n. the share of the
estate of a cathedral or collegiate church
allowed to a member of a cathedral
church. [L. prcebenda, a payment to a
private person from a public source —
prabeo. to allow.]
PEEBENDAL, pre-bend'al, adj. relating to
a jirebend.
PREBENDARY, preb'end-ar-i, n. an eccle-
siastic who enjoys a, prebend : an officiat-
ing or residentiary canon. — n. Preb'eno-
AEYSHIP.
PRECARIOUS, pre-ka'ri-us, adj. uncertain,
because depending on the will of another :
held by a doubtful tenure. — adv. Preca'-
RiousLY. — n. Preca'riousness. [Lit.
"obtained by prayer or entreaty," L.
precariiis — precor, to pray. See Pray.]
PRECAUTION, pre-kaw'shun, n., caution
or care 6e/orehand : a preventive meas-
ure.— v.t. to warn or advise beforehand.
[Fr. — L. prcB, before. See Caution.]
PRECAUTIONARY, pre - kaw'shun - ar - i,
adj. containing or proceeding from j)re-
caution.
PRECEDE, pre-sed', v.t. to go before in
time, rank, or importance. [Fr. preceder
— L. prcBcedo — pi'CB, before, cedo, go. See
Cede.]
PRECEDENCE, pre-sed'ens, PRECEDEN-
CY, pre-sed'en-si, n. the act of going be-
fore in time : priority : the state of being
before in rank, or tlie place of honor :
the foremost place in ceremony. [Fr.
PRECEDENT, pre-sed'ent, adj, going be-
fore : anterior. — adv. Pbeced'ently.
[Fr. — L. prcecedens, -entis, pr.p. of prce-
cedo.]
PRECEDENT, pres'e-dent, n. that which
may serve as an example or rule in the
future : a parallel case in the past. [Lit.
" foregoing." See above word.]
PRECEDENTED, prese-dent-ed, adj hav-
ing a precedent: warranted by an ex-
ample.
PRECEDING, pre-sed'ing, adj., going be-
fore in time, rank, etc.: antecedent :
pre\nous : former.
PRECENTOR, pre-sen'tor, n. he that leads
in music : the leader of a choir : the
leader of the psalmody in the Scotch
Church. — n. Precen'torship. [L. prce,
before, cantor, a singer — canto. See
Chant.]
PRECEPT, pre'sept, n. rule of action : a
commandment : principle, or maxim :
{law) the written warrant of a magis-
trate. [Fr. precepte — L. prcBceptum —
prceceptus, pa. p. of prcecipio, to take be-
forehand, to give rules to^proe, before,
and capio. See Capable.]
PRECEPTIVE, pre-sept'iv, adj. containing
or giving precepts : directing in moral
conduct : didactic.
PRECEPTOR, pre-sept'or, n. one who de-
livers precepts: a teacher: an instructor:
the head of a school. — adj. Precepto'ri-
AL. — n. PrECEPT'RESS.
PRECEPTORY, pre-sept'or-i, adj. giving
preceptn. — n. a religious house or college
of the Knights Templar.
PRECESSION, pre-sesh'un, n. the act of
going before.
PRECINCT, pre'singkt, n. limit or bound-
ary of a place : a territorial district or
division : limit of jurisdiction or author-
ity. [Lit. " girt about," " encompassed,"
L. prmcinctiis, pa. p. of prwcingo—prcB,
before, and cingo, to gird.]
PRECIOUS, presh'us, adj. of great price or
wortli : costly : highly esteemed : worth-
less, contemptible (in irony) : {B.) valu-
, able because of its rarity. — adv. Prec-
iously'. — n. Prec'IOUSNESS. [0. Fr.
precios (Fr. precieux) — L. preiiosus —
pretium, price. See Price.]
PRECIPICE, pres'i-pis, n. a ve^ steep
place : any steep descent. [Fr. — L.
prcecipitium^prceceps, prceeipitis, head-
long— prce, before, and caput, capitis, the
head. See Head.]
PRECIPITABLE,pre-sip'i-ta-bl, ad/.(c/te»i.)
that 7uay be precipitated. — n. Precipi-
TABIL'ITY.
PRECIPITANCE, pre-sip'i-tans, PRECIPI-
TANCY, pre-sip'i-tan-si, n. quality of
being precipitate: haste in resolving or
executing a purpose.
PRECIPITANT, pre-sip'i-tant, adj, falling
headlong : rushing down with velocity :
hasty : unexpectedly brought on. — adv.
Precip'itantly'. [Pr.p. of L. praicipito.
See Precipitate.]
PRECIPITATE, pre-sip'i-tat, v.t. to throio
head-foremost : to urge with eagerness :
to hurr3' rashly: to hasten: (cfiem.) to
throw to the bottom, as a substance in
solution or suspension.^ — adj., falling,
flowing, or rushing headlong: lacking
deliberation : overhasty : (med.) ending
soon in death. — n. (chem.) a substance
precipitated. [L. prceeipito, -atus—prce-
ceps. See Precipice.]
PRECIPITATELY, pre-sip'i-tat-li, adv. in
a precipitate manner : headlong.
PRECIPITATION, pre-sip-i-ta'shun, n. act
ol precipitating: great hurry: rash haste;
rapid movement.
PRECIPITOUS, pre-sip'i-tus, adj. like a
precipice : very steep : hasty : rash. —
adv. Precip'itously. — n. Precip'itous-
NESS. [O. Fr. precipiteux — L. prmceps.
See Precipice.]
PRECIS, pra-se', n. a precise or abridged
statement: an abstract: summarj'. [Fr.]
PRECISE, pre-sis', adj. definite: exact: not
vague: adhering too much to rule : ex-
cessively nice. — adv. Precise'ly. — /i.Pre-
CISE'ness. [Fr. precis — L. prcecisus, pa.p.
otprcecido — prce, before, and ccedo, to cut.
See C^SURA.]
PRECISIAN, pre-sizh'an, n. an over-j>recise
person.
PRECISION, pre-sizli'un, n. quality of being
precise : exactness : accuracy.
PRECLUDE, pre-klood', v.t. to hinder by
anticipation : to keep back : to prevent
from taking place. [L. prcecludo, -clusns
— prce. before, and ctaiido, to shut. See
ClauseJ
PRECLUSION, pre-kloo'zhun, m. actofpre-
cluding or hindering : state of being pre-
cluded.
PRECLUSIVE, pre-Tcloo'siv, adj. tending
to preclude: hindering beforehand. — adv.
Preclu'sively-.
PRECOCIOUS, pre-ko'shus, adj. ha\ing the
mind developed very early : premature :
forward. — adv. Preco'CIOUSLY'.— ?4s. Pre-
CO'CIOUSNESS, Precoc'ity. [Orig. " ripe
before the natural time," formed from L.
prceco.v,prcecocis—pi-(e, before, and coguo,
to cook, to ripen. See CoOK.]
PRECOGNITION, pre-kog-nish'un, «.. cog-
nition, knowledge, or examination before-
hand : {Scots late) an examination as to
whether there is ground for prosecution.
[L. jyrce. before, and Cognition.]
PRECONCEIVE, pre-kon-sev', v.t. to con-
ceive or form a notion of beforehand.
[L. prce, before, and Conceite.]
PRECONCEPTION, pre-kon-sep'shun, n.
act of preconceiving : previous opinion.
PRECONCERT, pre-kon-sert', v.t. to con-
cert or settle beforehand. [L. prce, be-
ford, and Concert, v.]
PRECURSOR, pre-kur'sor, n. a, forerunner:
one who or that which indicates ap-
proach. [L. — pjrce, before, and ctrsor
— curro, to run. See COURSE.]
PRECURSORY, pre-kur'sor-i, adj. fore-
running: indicating something to fol
low.
PREDACEOUS, pre-da'shus, adj hving bj
prey: predatory. [It. predace — li.proeda
booty, prey.]
PREDAL, pre dal, adj. pertaining to 2>rey :
plundering.
PREDATORY, pred'a-tor-i or pre'da-tor-i,
adj., plundering : characterized by plun-
dering : hungry : ravenous. — adv. Pred'-
ATORILY. [L. prcedor, -atus, to plunder —
prceda, booty. See Prey.]
PREDECEASE, pre-de-ses', n., decease or
death before something else. — v.t. to die
before. [L. pi-ce, before, and Decease.]
PREDECESSOR, pre-de-ses'or, n. one who
has pyreceded another in any office. [L.
prce, before, and deeessor — aecedo, deces-
sus, to withdraw — de, awaj-, and cedo.
See Cede.]
PREDESTINARIAN, pre - des - tin - a'ri-an,
adj. pertaining to predestination. — n. one
who holds the doctrine of predestination.
[See Predestine.]
PREDESTINATE, pre-des'tin-at, v.t. to
determine 6e/orehand : to preordain by
an unchangeable purpose. [See Predes-
tine.]
PREDESTINATION, pre-des-tin-a'shun, n.
act ot predestinating : {theol.) the doctrine
that God has from all eternity immut-
ably fixed whatever is to happen.
PREDESTINATOR, pre-des'tin-a-tor, n. one
who predestinates or foreordains : a pre-
destinarian.
PREDESTINE, pre-des'tin, v.t. to destine
or decree 6e/orehand : to foreordain. [L,
prcedestino, -atus— prce, before, and de*
tino. See DESTINE.]
PREDETERMIN ATE, pre - de - ter'min - at,
adj., determined 6e/orehand. — n. Prede-
termina'tion.
PREDETERMINE, pre-de-ter'min, v.t. to
determine 6e/orchand. [L. prrce, before,
and Determine.]
PREDIAL, pre'di-al, adj. consisting of
land or /a cms; growing from land. [Fr.
predial — L. prcedium (for prcB-hendium),
an estate. See Prehensile.]
PREDICABLE, pred'i-ka-bl, adj. that may
be predicated or affirmed of something :
attributable. — n. anything that can be
predicated. — n. Predicabil'ity, quality
of being predicable.
PREDICAMENT, pre-dik'a-ment, n. {logic) '■
one of the classes or categories which in- I
elude all predicables : condition : an un- i
foi'tunate or trying position. [Low L. j
predica)nentum.']
PREDICATE, pred'i-kat, v.t. to affirm onel
thing of another. — n. (logic and gram.) J
that which is stated of the subject. [L. .
prcedico. -atus, to proclaim, thus a doub-1
let ot Preach.]
PREDICATION, pred-i-ka'shun, n. act of]
predicating : assertion.
PREDICATIVE, pred'i-kat-iv, adj expre
ing j^redication or affirmation.
PREDICT, pre-dikt', v.t. to declare or teul
beforehand: to prophesy. [L. proedictus.l'
pa.p. of jircedico, from prce, before, and
dico. to sav.]
PREDICTION, pre-dik'shun, n. act of j)m
dieting : that which is predlctedor fore-
told : prophecy.
PREDICTIVE, pre-dikt'iv, adj., foretelling:
prophetic.
PREDILECTION, pre-di-lek'shun, n. a
choosing beforehand : favorable prepos-
session of mind : partiality. [L. prce.
PREDISPOSE
337
PREPARATION
before, and dilectio, -onis, choice, from
diligo, dilectus, to love — dis, apart, and
lege, to choose.J
PREDISPOSE, pre-dis-p5z', v.t. to dispose
or incline beforeha.na. [L. prce, before,
ami Dispose^
fREDISPOSITION, pr5-dis-po-zish'un, n.
state of being- predisposed or previously
inclined.
i REDOMINANCE, pre-dom'in-ans, PRE-
DOMINANCY, pre-dom'in-an-si, n. con-
dition of being predominant: superiority:
fliSCPDCiGIlCV*
PREDOMINANT, pre- dom'ia-ant, adj.,
ruling : ascendant. — adv Pbedom'in-
ANTLT.
PREDOMINATE, pre-dom'in-at, v.t. to
dominate or rule over. — v.i. to be dom-
inant over : to surpass in strengtii or
authority : to prevail. [L. prce, over,
and DojunateJ
PRE-EMINENCE, pre-em'i-nens, n. state
of being pre-eminent : superiority in ex-
cellence. rFr. — L.]
PRE-E>nNENT, pre-em'i-nent, adj., emi-
nent above otliers : surpassing others in
good or bad qualities : outstanding. —
adv. Pre-em'inently. [L. prop, before,
and Eminent.]
PRE-EMPTION, pre-em'shun, n. right of
purchasing before others. [L. prae, be-
fore, and emptio, a buying — emo, emp-
tns. to buy.]
PREEN, pren, v.t. to compose and arrange
as birds do their feathers. [Same as
Prune, v.]
PRE-ENGAGE, pre-en-gaj', v.t. to engage
6e/o>-ehand. — n. Pre-engage'ment. [L.
prcB, before, and Engage.]
PRE-ESTABLISH, pre-es-tablish, v.t. to
estahUshheforeha.nA. — m.Pre-estab'ush-
srEXT. [L. prce, before, and Establish.]
PRE-EXIST, pre-egz-ist'. v.i. to exist be-
/orehand.— w. Pre-exist'ence. [L. prce,
before, and Exist.]
PRE-EXISTENT, pre-egz-ist'ent, adj., ex-
vftent or existing 6e/orehand.
PREFACE, prefas or -as, n. something
spoken before : the introduction to a
book, etc. — v.t. to introduce with a pref-
ace. [Fr. preface — L. prcefatio^yrm,
before, and for, fatus, to speak. See
Fate.]
PREFATORY, pref a/-tor-i, ac^'. pertaining
to a preface : introductory. — adv. Peef-
atorily.
PREFECT, pre'fekt, n. one placed in au-
thority over others: a commander: a
governor, esp. of a province in France.
— ns. Pre'fectuee, Pre'fectship, his
office or jurisdiction. [Fr. prefet — L.
prcefectus, pa. p. of prcefido — prce, over,
and /oc!0, to make, to place. See Fact.]
PREFER, pre-fer*, v.t. to esteem above an-
other : to regard or hold in higher esti-
mation : to choose or select : to promote :
to exalt : to offer or present, as a prayer :
to place in advance : — jir.p. preferring ;
pa.t. and pa.p. preferred'. [Lit. " to
place before," Fr. preferer — L. jirmfero
—prce, before, and fero, E. Bear]
PREFERABLE, pref'er-a-bl, adj. worthy
to be preferred or chosen : more desira-
able, or excellent : of better quality. —
adv. Peef'erably. — n. Pref'erableness.
l?REFERENCE, prefer-ens, n. the act of
preferring : estimation above another :
the state of being preferred : that which
is preferred: choice. — adj. Preferential,
pref-er-en'shal, having a preference.
PREFERMENT, pre-.fer%ent, n. the act of
preferring: the state of being advanced :
advancement to a higher position : pro-
motion : superior place.
^REFIGURATIVE, pre-flg'u-rartiv, oc{/.
M
showing by previous figures, types, or
similitudes.
PREFIGURE, pre-flg'ur, v.t. to figure be-
forehand : to suggest by antecedent rep-
resentation or by types.— ii«. Prefig'xjre-
MENT, Prefigura'tion. [L. prce, before,
and Figure.]
PREFIX, pre-flks', v.t. to fix or put before,
or at the beginning. [L. prce, before, and
Fix.]
PREFIX, pre'flks, n. a letter, syllable, or
word^ed or put at the beginning of an-
other word.
PREGNANCY, preg'nan-si, n. state of be-
ing pregnant or with young : fertility :
unusual capacity.
PREGNANT, preg'nant, adj. with child or
young : fruitful: abounding with results:
full of sic;niflcance : implying more than
is actually expressed: full of promise. —
adv. Pr'eg'nantly. [Lit. "bringing
forth," O. Fr.— L. prcegnans, -antis—
prce, before, and -gnans, pr.p. of the obs.
verb of which gnatus (see Natal) is the
p^eiSe:
that
NSIBLE, pre-hen'si-bl, adj.
may be .'seized. [See Prehensile.]
PREHENSILE, pre-hen'sil, adj., seizing:
adapted for seizing or holding. [From
L. prehensus, pa.p. at pre-hendo, to seize,
from prce, before, and root of Get.]
PREHENSION, pre-hen'sbun, n. a seizing
or taking hold. [L. prehensio, -onis.}
PREHISTORIC, pre-his-tor'ik, adj. relating
to a time before that treated of in liis-
tory. [L. prcB, before, and Historic]
PREJUDGE, pre-juj', v.t. to judge or de-
cide upon before hearing the whole case :
to condemn unheard. — n. Prejudg'ment.
[L. prce, before, and Judge.]
PREJTTDICATE, pre-jo5'di-kat, v.t. to
judge beforehand : to prejudge. — v.i. to
decide without examination. — n. Pre-
judica'tion. [L. proejudico, -atum^-proe,
before, and Judico, to judge.]
PREJUDICATIVE, pre-joo'di-kat-iv, adj.
forming a judgment or opinion before-
hand.
PREJUDICE, prej'u-dis, n. a judgment or
opinion formed 6e/orehand or without
due examination : a prejudgment : un-
reasonable prepossession for or against
anything: bias : injury or wrong of any
kind : disadvantage : mischief. — v.t. to
fill with prejudice : to prepossess : to bias
the mind of : to injure or hurt. _ [L. jproE-
judicitim — prce, before, and judicium,
judgment. See Judge.]
PRE.JUDICIAL, prej-u-dish'al, adj. disad-
vantageous : injurious : mischievous :
tending to obstruct.— adr. Prejudicial-
ly. [Orig. " resulting from prejudice."]
PRELACY, prel'a-si, n. the office of a prel-
ate : the order of bishops or the bishops
collectively : episcopacy.
PRELATE, prel'at, n. a superior clergy-
man having authority over others, as a
bishop : a church dig^nitary. — n. Prel'-
ateship. [Lit. " one placed over others,"
Fr. prelat — L. prelatus — prce, before, and
Intua, borne. See Elate.]
PRELATIC, pre - lat'ik, PRELATICAL,
pre-lat'ik-al, adj. pertaining to prelates
or prelacy. — adv. Prelat'ically.
PRELATIST, prel'at-ist, n. an upholder of
preloey.
PRELECT, pre-lekt', v.i. to read before or
in presence of others: to read a discourse:
to lecture. [L. prcelego — prce, before,
and lego, tectum, to read.]
PRELECTION, pre-lek'shun, n. a lecture
or discourse read to others.
PRELECTOR, pre-lek'tor, n. one who pre-
lects : a lecturer.
PRELIBATION, pre-li-ba'shun, n. a tasting
beforehiind, foretaste. [L. prcelibatio —
prce, before, and libo, -atus, to taste.]
PRELBHNARY, pre-lim'in-ar-i, adj. intro-
ductory : preparatory : preceding the
main discourse or business. — n. that
which precedes: introduction. — adv. Pre-
• LIm'inarily. [L. prce, before, and lim-
inaris, relating to a threshold — limen,
liminis, a threshold. Cf. Limit.]
PRELUDE, prel'ud, Ji. a short piece of
music before a longer piece : a preface :
a forerunner. [Lit. " anything played
before," Fr. — Late 1j. prceludium—lj. prce,
before, ludere, to play.]
PRELUDE, pre-lud , v.t. to play before: to
precede, as an introduction. [From above
word.]
PRELUSIVE, pre-lu'siv, adj. of the nature
of a. prelude : introductory.
PREMA.TURE, prem'a-tur or pre-ma-tur^
adj., mature before the proper time:
happening before the proper time : too
soon believed, unauthenticated (as a re-
port).— adv. Peem'aturely. — ns. Prem.
ATUR'ITY, Prem'atureness. [L. 2)roem<b
twus^prce, before, and matunis, ripe.]
PREMl'DITATE, pre-med'i-tat, v.t. to
mediUite upon be/orehand : to design
previoisly.— r.i. to deliberate beforehand.
— n. Biemedita'tion. [L. praemeditor,
-atii^ — prce, before, and meditor, to
meditati'.]
PREMIER, prem'yer or prem'-, adj., prime
or first : chief : {her.) most ancient.— ?».
the first or chief minister of state : the
prime or pi'emier minister, as of England.
— ji. Prem'Iership. [Fr.— L. prim-arius,
of the first rank — prim-us, first : cf.
Prime.]
PREMISE, prem'is, n. that which is pre-
mised : a proposition antecedently sup-
posed or proved for after-reasoning :
(logic) one of the two propositions in a
syllogism fi om which the conclusion is
drawn : the thing set forth in the begin-
ning of a deed -.—pi. a building and its
adjuncts.
PREMISE, pre-mlz*, v.t. to send or state
before tlie rest: to make an introduction:
to lay down propositions for subsequent
reasonings. [Fr.— L. {sententia) pra:missa
(a sentence) put before— prce, before, and
7nitto, missus, to send. Cf. Mission.]
PREMISS, prem'is, n. same as PREimsE.
PREMIUM, pre'mi-um, n. a reward : a
prize : a bounty : payment made for in-
surance : the difference in value abova
the original price or par of stock (opposed
to Discount) : anything offered as an in-
centive. [L. pircemium—prce, above, and
emo, to take, to buy.]
PREMONISH, pre-mon'ish,v.<. to admonish
or warn beforehand.— n. Pkemoni'tion.
[From pre-, before, and monish, a corr.
form through O. Fr., from L. moneo, t»
warn. See Admonish, Monition.]
PREMONITIVE, pre-mon'it-iv, PREMON-
ITORY, pre-mon'it-or-i, adj. giving u-arn-
ing or notice 6e/orehand. — adv. Premon'-
itorily.
PREMONITOR, pre-mon'it-or, n. one who
or that wliich gives learning beforehand.
PRENTICE, pren'tis, n. short for Appren-
tice. , , . ^,
PREOCCUPANCY, pre-ok'u-pan-si, n. the
act or the right of occupj-ing beforehand.
PREOCCUPY, pre-ok'u-pT, v.t. to occupy or
take possession of 6e/orehand : to occupy
beforehand or by prejudices.— ?i. Pre
OCCUPa'tion. [L. prce, before, and Oc
Cupy.]^ , .
PREORDAIN, pr6-or-dan', v.t. to ordain,
appoint, or determine 6e/orehand.— 7i.
Preordina'tion. [L. prce, before, and
Ordain.] . , , .. , ,
PREPAID, pre-pSd', adj., paid beforehand.
PREPARATION, prep-ar-a'shun, n. the act
of preparing : previous arrangement :
the state of being prepared or ready:
PREPARATIVE
338
PRESTIDIGITATION
that which is prepared or made ready :
(anat.) a part of any animal body pre-
served as a specimen. [Fr. — L. prce-
paraiio.]
PEEPAKATTVE, pre-par'a-tiv, adj. having
the power of preparing or making ready :
fitting for anything. — )!. tliat whicli pre-
pares : preparation.
PREPARATORY, pre-par'a-tor-i, adj., pre-
paring for : previous : introductory :
preparative.
PREPARE, pre-par', v.t. to make ready be-
forehand : to fit for aty purpose : to make
ready for use : to adapt : to form : to set
or appoint: to provide : to equip. — n. PRE-
PARER. [Fr. — L. prceparo — prce, before,
emd paro. to make ready.]
PREPARED, pre-pard', adj., made ready :
ready.— adu. Prepar'edly.— n. Prepar'-
EDNESS.
PREPAY, pre-pa', v. t. to pay before or in
advance. — n. Prepat'ment. [L. prce, be-
fore, and Pay.]
PREPENSE, pre-pens', adj. premeditated :
intentional, cliiefly in tlie phrase " malice
prepense." ---(wU'.' Prepense'ly. [Lit.
"weighed beforehand," through the Fr.,
fromTL. prcB, before, a.nd petido, pensum,
to weigh.]
PREPONDERANT, pre-pon'der-ant, adj.,
ontweighing : superior iu weight, power,
or influence. — adv. Prepon'derantly. —
n. Prepon'derance.
PREPONDERATE, pre-pon'der-at, v.t. to
outweigh : to incline to one side : to ex-
ceed in power or influence. — n. Prepon-
dera'tion. [L. prce. before, and pondero,
-atns. to weigh, from pondus, a weight.]
PREPOSITION, prep-o-zish'un. n. a word
placed before a noun or pronoun to show
its relation to some other word of the
sentence. — adj. Preposi'tional. — adv.
Preposi'tionally. [Fr. — L. prcepositio
— prce, before, and pono, positum, to
place or put ; so called because orig. pre-
fixed to the verb, in order to modify its
meaning.]
PREPOSSESS, pre-poz-zes', v.t. to possess
beforehand : to preoccupy, as the mind :
to bias or prejudice. [L. prce, before.
Possess.]
PREPOSSESSING, pre-poz-zes'ing, adj.
tending to prepossess in one's favor : giv-
ing a favorable impression. — adv. Pre-
POSSESS'INGLY.
PREPOSSESSION, pre-poz-zesh'un, n.,
previous po.s.scsstOJi : preconceived opin-
ion or impression.
PREPOSTEROUS, pre-pos'ter-us, adj. con-
trary to nature or reason : wrong : ab-
surd': foolish. — adv. Prepos'terously. —
n. Prepos'terousness. [Lit. " having
that first which ought to be last," L.
prceposterus — prce, before, posterns, after
— post, after.] .
PREROGATIVE, pre-rog'a-tiv, n. an e.x-
clusive or peculiar pri\ilege. [Lit. " privi-
lege of voting first, or beifore others," Fr.
— L. prcerogativus, that is asked before
others for his opinion or vote — prce,, be-
fore, rogro, -atutn, to ask.]
PRESAGE, pres'aj, u. something that indi-
cates a future event. — adj. Presage'ful.
[Lit. " something perceived beforehand,"
Fr. presage — L. proesagium — prcesagio —
prce. before, sagio, to perceive quickly.
See Sagacious.]
PRESAGE, pre-saj', v.t. to forebode : to
indicate something to come : to predict.
— n. Presag'er.
PRESBYOPIA, pres-bi-o'pi-a, ?j. long-sight-
edness. [Gr. presbys, old, and ops, opos,
the eve.]
PRESBYTER, prez'bi-ter, n. (in the Eng.
Church) one of the second order of the
ministry : a member of a presbytery.
[Lit. " elder," L. — Gr. presbyteros, comp.
of presbys. old. Cf. Priest.]
PRESBYTERIAN, prez-bi-te'ri-an, PRES-
BYTERIAL. prez-bi-te'ri-al, adj. pertain-
ing to or con-sisting of presbyters:
pertaining to Presbytery or that form
of churcli government in which all the
clergy or presbj-ters are equal : — opp. to
Episcopacy. — )i. Presbyte'rias, an ad-
herent of this form of church govern-
ment.
PRESB YTERI ANISM, prez-bi-te'ri-an-izm ,
n. the form of church government of
Presbyterians.
PRESBYTERY, prez'bi-ter-i, n. {orig.) a
council of presbyters or elders : a church
court consisting of the ministers and one
elder, a layman, from each church within
a certain district : (arch.) that part of the
church reserved tor the officiating priests.
PRESCIENCE, pre'sbi-ens, n., knotvledge of
events 6e/orehand : foresight. [Fr.]
PRESCIENT, pre'shi-ent, adj., knowing
things beforehand. [L. prcescnens, -entis,
pr.p. of prcBscio, to foreknow^arte, be-
fore, sno, to know.]
PRESCRIBE, pre-skrib', v.i. to lay down
for direction : to appoint : (med.) to give
directions for, as a remedy. — n. Pre-
scrib'er. [L. prcescribo, -scriptum — prce,
before, scribo, to wTite.]
PRESCRIPT, pre'skript, n. something pre-
scribed : direction : model prescribed.
PRESCRIPTIBLE. pre-skript'i-bl, adj. that
may be prescribed for. — n. Prescripti-
bil'ity.
PRESCRIPTION, pre-skrip'shun, n. act of
prescribing or directing : (med.) a written
direction for the preparation of a medi-
cine : a recipe : {law) custom continued
until it has the force of law. [Fr. — L.
prcescriptio.]
PRESCRIPTIVE, pre-skript'iv, acy. con-
sisting in or acquired by custom or im-
meaiorial use. |L.]
PRESENCE, prez^ens, n. state of being
present (opp. of ABSENCE) : situation
within sight, etc.: approach face to
face : the person of a superior : the
persons assembled before a great per-
son : mien : personal appearance : c<ilm-
ness, readiness, as of mind. [Fr. — L.
prcesentia — prcesens. See Present, adj.]
PRESENCE-CHAMBER, prez'ens-cham'-
ber, n. the chamber or room in which a
great personage receives company.
PRESENT, prez'ent. adj. being in a certain
place (opp. to Absent) : now under view
or consideration : being at this time :
not past or future : ready at hand : at-
tentive : not absent-minded : {gram.) de-
noting time just now, or making a gen-
eral statement. — n. present time. — AT
present, at the present time, now. [Lit.
"being before or near," Fr. — h. prcesens,
-sentis — prce, before, and sens, being, cog.
with Sans, sunt, being, and Sooth.]
PRESENT, pre-zent', v.t. to set befcrre, to
introduce : to exhibit to view : to offer :
to put into the possession of another : to
make a gift of : to lay before for con-
sideration : to point, as a gun before
firing. — adj. Present' able. — n. Pre-
sent'er. [Fr. — L. prcesento — prcesens.
See Present, adj.]
PRESENT, prez'ent, n. that which is pre-
sented or given, a gift.
PRESENTATION, prez-en-ta'shun, j). act
of presenting : a setting: representation.
[L. jyrccsentatio.]
PRESENTIMENT, pre-sen'ti-ment, n. a
sentiment or perceiving beforehand: pre-
vious opinion: a conviction of something
unpleasant to happen. [O. Fr. — L. pirce-
sentire. See Sentisient.]
PRESENTLY, prez'ent-li, adv. without de-
laj' : after a little. [Orig. "at present,"
now.]
PRESENTMENT, pre-zent'ment, n. act ol
presentijig: the thing presented or repre-
sented : {laiv) notice taken of an offence
by a grand-jury from observation : ac-
cusation presented bv a grand-jury.
PRESERVATION, pre'z-er-va'shun, n. act
of preserving : state of being preserved.
PRESERVATIVE, pre-zerv'a-tiv, PRE
SERVATORY, pre-zerv'a-tor-i, adj. tend-
ing to preserve : having the quality ot
preserving. — n. that which preserves : a
preventive of injury or decav.
PRESERVE, pre-zerv*, r.f. to keep from
injury : to defend : to keep in a sound
state : to season for preservation : to
keep up, as appearances. — n. that which
is preserved, as fruit, etc. : «a place for
the protection of animals, as game, etc.
— H. Preserv'er. [Fr. pireserver—h. prce,
beforehand, serro, to preserve.]
PRESIDE, pre-zld', v.i. to direct or control,
esp. at a meeting : to superintend. [Lit.
" to sit before " or " above," Fr. pr^sider
— 1,. prcBsideo — prce. before, sedeo, E. Srr.}
PRESIDENCY, prez'i-den-si, n. the office
of a president, or his dignity, term of
office, jurisdiction, or residence.
PRESIDENT, prez'i-dent, ?i. one who pre-
sides over a meeting : a chairman : the
chief officer of a college, institution, etc.:
an officer elected to the supreme execu-
tive ot a province or nation.^)!. Pres'-
IDENTSHIP. [Fr. — L. prcesidens, -entis,
pr.p. of prcpsideo.]
PRESIDENTIAL, prez-i-den'shal, adj., pre
siding over : pertaining to a president.
PRESIGNIFY^, pre-sig'ni-fT, v.t. to signify
beforehand. [L. pirce, before, and Sig-
nify.]
PRESS, pres, v.t. to squeeze or crush
strongly : to hug : to drive wuth vio-
lence : to bear heavily on : to distress :
to urge : to inculcate with earnestness. —
v.i. to exert pressure : to push with force:
to crowd : to go forward with ^^olence :
to urge with vehemence and importunity:
to exert a strong influence. — n. Press'er.
[Fr. presser — L. presso — premo, pressus,
to squeeze.]
PRESS, pres, n. an instrument for squeez-
ing bodies : a printing machine : the art
or. business of printing and publishing :
act of urging forward : urgency : *
crowd : a closet for holding articles. —
The Press, the literature of a country,
esp. newspapers. — Press of Sail, as much
sail as can be carried.
PRESS, pres, v.t. {orig.) to engage men by
prest or earnest-money for the public
service : to carry men off by violence to
become soldiers or sailors. — «. Press'-
MONEY, earnest-monev. [Corr. from old
form prest, from O. t'r. prester (Fr. pri-
ter), to lend — L. prcesto, to stand before,
to offer — prce. before, and sto, E. Stand.}
PRESSFAT. pres'fat, n. {B.) the vat of an
olive or wine jjress for collecting the
liquor.
PRESSGANG, pres'gang, n. a gang or body
of„sailors under an officer empowered to
im"press men into the na\'7. [See PRESS,
to carry men off, etc.]
PRESSE^G, pres'ing, adj. urgent : impor
tunate : forcible.— arfr. Press'ingly.
PRESSURE, presh'ur, ?i. act of pressing :
a squeezing : the state of being pressed :
impulse : constraining force : that which
presses or afflicts : difficulties : urgency :
{physics) tlie action of force on some-
thing resisting it. [O. Fr. — L. pi-essura
— premo.]
PRESTIDIGITATION, pres'ti-dij'it-a-shun,
also Prestig'iation. n. sleight of hand.
— n. Pres'tidig'it-\tor and Prestig'ia-
tor, one who practices such.
I
PRESTIGE
339
PRIMITIVE
PRESTIGE, prestij or pres'te2h, n. influ-
ence arising from past conduct or from
reputation. [Orig. "illusion" or "de-
ception," Fr — L. lircpsiigium — prcesti{ny
guo. to obscure, to deceive.]
PRESUMABLE, pre-zum'a-bl, adj. that
may be presumeil. — adv. Presum'ably.
PRESUME, pre-zum', v.t. to take as true
without examination or proof : to take
for granted. — v.i. to venture beyond what
one has ground for : to act forwardly.
[Lit. " to take beforehand," Fr. prv.sumer
— Ij.proisumo — prce, before, sumo, to take
— sub. under, and emo, to take, to buy.]
PRESUMING, pre-zum'ing, adj. venturing
without permission : unreasonably bold.
— adv. Presum'ixgly.
PRESUMPTION, pre-zum'shun, n. act of
presuming: supposition: strong proba-'
bility: confidence grounded on sometliing
not proved : forward conduct : (/««•) as-
suming the truth of certain facts from
circumstantial evidence. [Through O.
Fr.. from L. prcesumptio, -onis.'\
PRESUMPTIVE, pre-zump'tiv, adj., pre-
sumiiig : grounded on probable e\'idence:
(law) proving circumstantially. — adv.
Presump'tivelt.
PRESUMPTUOUS, pre-zump'tu-us, adj,
full oi presumption : bold and confident :
founded on presumption : willfvil. — adi\
Presujtp'tuously. — n. Peesump'tuous-
XESS. [L. proesumptuosus.']
PRESUPPOSE, pre-sup-poz', v.t. to suppose
before other things : to assume. — n. Pre-
SUPPOSI'TION. [L. prce, before, and Sup-
pose.]
PRETENCE, pre-tens', n. something pre-
tended : appearance or show : prete.^t :
a.ssumption : claim.
PRETEND, pre-tend', v.t. to hold out as a
cloak for something else : to offer some-
thing feigned: to affect to feel. — v.i. to put
in a claim. — n. Pretend'er. [Lit. "to
stretch out before one," Fr. preiendre —
L. prcetendo — pecp, before, tendo, tentum,
tensum, to stretch.]
PRETENSION, pre-ten'shun, n. something
pretended : false or fictitious appearance:
claim.
PRETENTIOUS, pre-ten'shus, adj. marked
by or;containing^?'efe)jce.- presumptuous:
arrogant.
PRETERIMPERFECT, pre-ter-im-pe r'f ekt,
adj. implj'ing that an event was happen-
ing at a certain time. [L. prceter, beyond,
and Imperfect.]
PRETERIT, PRETERITE, pret'er-it, adj.,
gone by : past : noting the^asi tense. — n.
the past tense. [L. prceteritus — prceter,
bevond. and eo, itum, to go.]
PRETERMISSION, pre-ter-mish'un, n. the
act of passing bv : omission.
PRETERMIT, pre-ter-mit', v.t. to pass by :
to omit : — pr.p. pretermitt'ing :_pa.^ and
pu.p. pretermitt'ed. [L. prceter, past,
and initio, to send.]
PRETERNATURAL, pre-ter-nat'u-ral, adj.
beyond what is nnturcd : extraordinary.
— adv. Pretern.\t'drally. [L. prceter,
bevond, and Naturax.]
PRETERPERFECT, pre-ter-per'fekt, adj.
denoting the perfect tense, [h. prceter,
more than, and Perfect.]
PRETERPLUPERFECT, pre-ter-ploo'per-
fekt, adj. denoting the pluperfect tense.
[L. prceter, bevond, and Pluperfect.]
PRETEXT, pre'tekst or pre-tekst', n. an
ostensible motive or reason put forward
in order to conceal the real one : a
pretence. [Lit. "something woven in
front," L. prietc.rtiim ■ — prcete^co — prcB,
before, te.ro, to weave.]
PRETOR. etc. See Pr.btor. etc.
PRETTILY, pret'i-li, adv. in a, pretty man-
ner : pleasingly : elegantlv : neatlv.
PRETTY, pref i, adj. tasteful : pleasing :
neat : beautiful without dignity : small :
affected : (in contempt) fine. — n. Prett'-
ISESS. [A.S. prcettig, tricky — prcett,
trickery ; prob. from the Celt., as W.
praith, a deed.]
PRETTY, pret'i, «du. in some degree: mod-
erately.
PRETYPIFY, pre-tip'i-fr, v.t. to represent
beforehuDd in a type. [L. prce, oef ore,
and Typify.]
PREVAIL, pre-val', v.i. to be i-ery poiver-
fxd : to have influence or eflect : to over-
come : to gain the advantage : to be in
force : to succeed. [Fr. prevaloir — L.
prcevaleo—prcB, before or above others,
and Video, to be powerful.]
PREVAILING, pre-val'ing, adj. having
great power : efficacioiis : most general.
PREVALENCE, prev'al-ens, PREVALEN-
CY, prev'al-en-si, 7i. the state of being
prevalent : preponderance : superiority :
influence : efficacy.
PREVALENT, prev'al-ent, adj., prevailing:
having great power : victorious : most
common. — adv. Prev'alently.
PREVARICATE, pre-var'i-kat, v.i. to shift
about from side to side, to evade the
trutli : to quibble. [Lit. " to spread the
legs apart in walking," L. prcevaricor,
-atus — prcB, inten., and various, strad-
dling— varus, bent, straddling.]
PREVARICATION, pre-var-i-ka'shun, n.
tlie act of quibbling to evade the truth.
PREVARICATOR, pre-var'i-kat-or, n. one
who prevarieates to evade the truth :
a cjuibbler.
PREVENT, pre-vent', v.t. to hinder: to
obviate. [Lit. and orig. " to come or go
before," L. prceventus, pa.p. otpravenio
— pri^e. before, and venio, to come.]
PREVENTABLE, pre-vent'a-bl, adj. that
may be prevented or hindered.
PREVENTION, pre-ven'shun, /(. act of pre-
venting: anticipation: obstruction. [Lit.
" a coming before."]
PREVENTIVE, pre-vent'iv, adj. tending
to prevent or hinder: preservative. — n.
that which prevents : a preser^'ative.
PREVIOUS, pre'vi-us, adj., going before:
former. — adv. Pre'^hously. [Lit. " on
the way before," L. prcevius — prce, be-
fore, and via, a way.]
PRE WARN, pre-wawrn', v.t. to ivarn be-
/orehand. [L. prce, before, and Warn ;
a hybrid word, a quite unnecessary
synonj'm of the correct form FORE-
WARN.]
PREY'', pra. n. booty: plunder: that which
is or may be seized to be devoured.
— v.i. to plunder : to seize and devour:
to waste or impair gradually : to weigh
heavily (followed by on. or upon). [O.Fr.
praie (Fr. proie) — L. prcBda.\
PRICE, pris, n. that at whicli anything is
prized, valued or bought: excellence:
recompense. — v.t. to set a value on. [O.
Fr. 2^ris (Fr. pri.v) — L. pretium, akin to
Gr. priamni, to buy. See PRIZE, r.]
PRICELESS, pris'les, adj. beyond price:
invaluable : without value: worthless.
PRICK, prik, n. Sishavp point : a puncture :
a sting : remorse. — v.t. to pierce with a
prick : to erect any pointed thing : to fix
by tlie point : to put on by puncturing:
to mark or make by pricking : to incite :
topain :— pa.f. anil pa.p. pricked. [A.S.
pric^i, a point, a dot, cog. with Ger.
prick-eln, Dut. prikk-el, a prickle.]
PRICKER, prik'er, n. that which priWiS .•
a sharp-pointed instrument : light-horse-
man.
PRICKLE, prik'l, n. a little prick : a sharp
point growing from the bark of a plant.
PRICKLY. prik'li,flrfy. full o( prickles.— n.
PUICK'LIXESS.
PRICKLY-PEAR, prik'li-par, n. a class of
plants generally covered with clusters of
strong hairs or prickles, and bearing fruit
like the pear.
PRIDE, prld, n. state or feeling of being
proud : extreme self-esteem : haughti-
ness : noble self-esteem : that of w hich
men are proud: that which excites boast-
ing.— v.t. to take pride : to value (fol-
lowed by a reciprocal pron.). [A.S. pryte
—prut, proud. See PROUD.]
PRIEST, prest, it. one who officiates in
sacred offices : one above a deacon and
below a bishop : a clergyman: — fem.
Priest'ess. [A.S. preo.it (O. Fr. prestre,
Fr. p>r(tre). contr. of L. presbyter, an
elder or presbyter. Doublet Presbyter.]
PRIESTCRAFT, prest'kraft, n. priestly
policy : the craft or schemes of priests
to gain wealth or power.
PRIESTHOOD, prest'hood, n. the office or
character of a piriest : the priestly order.
PRIESTLY, prest'li, adj. pertaining to or
resembling a. priest. — n.. Priest'linesS.
PRIEST-RIDDEN, prest'-rid'en, adj., rid-
den or controlled entirely by priests.
PRIG, prig, »i. a pert fellow who gives
himself airs of superior wisdom. [Ety.
unknown.]
PRIG, prig, n. a thief. [Ety. dub.]
PRIM, prim, adj. exact and precise in man-
ner: affectedly nice. — v.t. to deck with
great nicety : to form with affected pre-
ciseness : — pr.p. prinmi'ing ; pa.t. and
pa.p. primmed. — adv. Prim'ly.— n. Prim'-
NESS. [O. Fr. prim, fem. prime — L.
primus, prima, first.]
PRIMACY, prl'ma-si, n. the office or dig-
nity of a,primcite or archbishop.
PRIMA-DONNA, pre'ma-don'a, n. the first
or leading female sino-er in an opera.
[Lit. "first lady" — It. — L. prima domina.]
PRIMAGE, prim'aj, n. an allowance to the
captain of a vessel by the shipper or con=
signee of goods for loading the same^
[See Prime, first.]
PRIMAL, pri'mal, arf/.,/rsf : original.
PRIMARY, pri'mar-i, adj., first, original:
chief ; primitive. — n. that which is high-
est in rank or importance. — adv. Pri'-
marily.
PRIMATE, pri'mat, n. the first or highest
dignitary in a church : an archbisliop. —
n. Pri'mateship.
PRIME, prim, adj., first, in order of time,
rank, or importance : cliief : excellent :
original : early. — n. the beginning : the
dawn: the spring: the best part: the
lieight of perfection. [X,. primus (for
pro-i-mus), cog. with A.S. for-ma. Cf.
Former and Prior.]
PRIME, prim, v.t. to put powder on the
nipple of a firearm : to lay on the first
coating of color. — v.i. to serve for the
charge of a gim. [See PRIME, arf/.]
PRIME-MINISTER, prim-min'is-ter, n. the
first or chief minister of state. [See
Premier.]
PRIME-NUMBER, prlm-num'ber, n. a/r.s«
iiHinbir, i.e. one divisible only by itself
or unitj'.
PRIMER, prim'er or prim'-, n. a first book:
a work of elementary religious instruc-
tion: a first reading-book: an elementary
introduction to any subject. [Orig. a
small pr;iyer-book.]
PRI:ME\AL, pri-me'val, adj. belonging to
the first ages: original: primitive. [L.
primcevus — primus, first, and cevum, an
age. See Age.]
PRIMING, prim'ing, n. the first coating of
color : the powder in the nipple of a fire-
arm.
PRIMITRT;, prim'i-tiv. adj. belonging to
the beginning, or to the first times :
original : ancient : antiquated : old-fash-
ioned : not derived. — n. a primitive word,
or one not derived from another.^^Mte
PRIMOGENIAL
340
PROCEED
Prim'itively.— K. PRru'nTTEKESs. [Ft.
— L. primitivus, an extension of />n'Hi«s.]
PRIMOGENIAL, pri-mo-je'ui-al, adj., first
born or made : primary : constituent.
[L. j)rimus, first, and geno, genitus, to
beg-et. See Genus.]
PRIMOGENITOR, pri-mo-jen'i-tor, ?i. the
first begetter or father : a forefather.
PRIMOGENITURE, pri-mo-jen'i-tur, n.
state of being born first of tlie same
parents : (law) the right of inheritance
of the eldest born.
PRIMORDIAL, pri-mor'di-al, adj., first in
order : original : existing from the be-
ginning.— n. first principle or element.
ITL. primus, first, and ordo, order.]
PRIilROSE, prim'roz, n. an early spring
flower common in woods and meadows.
[Lit. the "first rose," Fr. prime rose —
L. xwima rosa ; see Prime and Rose.
Historically, this form took the place of
M.E. primerole, which is traced through
O. Fr. primerole and Low L. diminutive
forms to L. jirimus.]
PRINCE, prius, n. one of highest rank : a
sovereign : son of a king or emperor :
the chief of any bodj' of men ■.—fern.
Princess, prin'ses. [Lit. " one taking
the first place," Fr. — L. princeps^^pri-
mus, first, capio, to take.]
PRINCEDOM, prins'dum, «. the estate,
jurisdiction, sovereignty, or rank of a
prince.
PRINCELY, prinsli, adj., princelike : be-
coming a prince : grand : august: regal. —
adv. in a princelike manner.— )i. Prince'-
LTS-ESS.
PRINCIPAL, prin'si-pal, adj. taking the
first place : highest in character or im-
portance: chief. — n. a principal person or
thing : a head, as of a school or college :
one who takes a leading part : money on
which interest is paid : (arch.) a main
beam or timber : (law) the perpetrator of
a crime, or an abettor : (music) an organ
stop.— adv. PRm'ciPALLY. [L. princip-
alis.]
PRINCIPALITY, prin-si-pal'i-ti, n. the ter-
ritoi-y of a prince or the country which
gives title to him : obs. (B.) a prince, a
power.
PRINCIPLE, prin'si-pl, n. a fundamental
truth : a law or doctrine from which
others are derived : an original faculty of
the mind: a settled rule of action: (cliem.)
a constituent part. — v.t. to establish in
principles ; to impress with a doctrine.
JTL. xyrincipiuin, beginning — princeps.l
PRINT, print, v.t. to press or impress : to
mark by pressure : to impress letters on
paper, etc.: to publish. — v.i. to practice
the art of printing : to publish a book. —
n. a mark or character made by impres-
sion : the impression of types in general:
a copy : an engraving : a newspaper : a
printed cloth : calico : that which im-
presses its form on anj-thing: a cut, in
wood or metal : (arch.) a plaster-cast in
low relief. [Shortened from O. Fr. em-
preindre, empreint — L. imprimo — in,
into, and premo, to press.]
PRINTER, print'er, n. one who prints, esp.
books, newspapers, etc.
PRINTING, print'ing, n. act, art, or prac-
tice of printing.
PRIOR, pri'or, adj., former: previous:
coming before in time. — n. the head of a
^ priory:— /e)?i. Pri'ORESS. [L. prior, form-
er, earlier, comp. from a positive form
pro-, in front. See Prime.]
PRIORATE, prTor-at, PRIORSHIP. prl'or-
ship, n. the government or office of a
prior.
PRIORITY, prl-or'i-ti, n. state of being
prior or first in time, place, or rank :
preference.
PRIORY, prfor-i, n. a convent of either
sex, under a prior or prioress, and next
below an abbey.
PRISM, prizm, n. (geom.) a solid whose
ends are similar, equal, and parallel
planes, and whose sides are parallelo-
grams : (optics) a solid glass, triangular-
shaped body. [Lit. "anything sawn,"
L.— Gr. pnsm-a, -atos, from prizo, to
saw.]
PRISMATIC, priz-mat'ik, PRISMATICAL,
priz-mat'ik-al, adj. resembling or per-
taining to a prism: formed by a prism.
— adv. Prismat'ically.
PRISMOID, priz'moid, n. a figure in the
form of a prism. [Prism, and Gr. eidos,
form.]
PRISON, priz'n, n. a building for the con-
finement of criminals, etc.: a jail: any
place of confinement. [Fr. — L. pretisio,
-onis, ior prehensio, a seizing — pre-hendo,
-hensus, to seize, from obs. hendo. See
Get.]
PRISONER, priz'n-er, n. one arrested or
confined in prison : a captive.
PRISTINE, pris'tin, adj. as a,t first : former:
belonging to the beginning or earliest
time : ancient. [O. Fr. — L. prist imts,
from pris- (=prius, earlier), and -tenus,
stretching.]
PRIVACY, prl'va-si or priV-, n. state of
being jj/'U-afe or retired from company or
observation : a place of seclusion : retreat:
retirement : secrecy.
PRIVATE, pri'vat, adj. apart from the
state : not invested with public office :
peculiar to one's self : belonging to an
individual person or company : not pub-
lic : retired from observation : secret :
not publicly known : not holding a com-
mission.— 11. a common soldier. — adv.
Pri'vately. — n. Pri'vateness. [Lit.
" cut off from others," L. privatus, pa.p.
of privo, to separate — privus, single.
Doublet Privy.]
PRIVATEER, pri-va-ter', n. an armed
private vessel commissioned to seize and
plunder an enemy's ships. — v.i. to cruise
in a privateer : to fit out privateers.
PRIVATION, pri-va'shun, n. state of being
deprived of something, esp. of what is
necessary for comfort : destitution ;
hardship : absence of any qualitj". [Fr.
See under PRIVATE.]
PRIVATIVE, priv'a-tiv, adj. csMsing priva-
tion : consisting in the absence of some-
thing.— n. that which Is privative or de-
pends on the absence of something else :
(logic) a term denoting the absence of a
quality : (gi-am.) a prefix denoting ab-
sence or negation. — adv. Priv'ativkly.
[L.]
PRIVET, priv'et, n. a half-evergreen Euro-
pean shrub much used for hedges. [Ety.
unknown.]
PRIVILEGE, prii-'i-lej, n. a peculiar ad-
vantage : a right not general : preroga-
tive.— v.t. to grant a privilege to: to
exempt. [Fr. — L. jjriinlegium, lit. " a law
regarding only a single person" — prints,
single, and Id: tegis, a law.]
PRIVILY, priv'i-li, adv. privately: secretly.
PRIVITY, priv'i-ti, n. joint knowledge of
somethingpnrafe or confidential: knowl-
edge implying concurrence -.—jjl. secret
parts.
PRIVY, priv'i, adj., private : pertaining to
one person : for private uses : secret : ap-
propriated to retirement : admitted to
the knowledge of something secret. — n.
(laic) a person having an interest in an
action : a necessary-house. — ?i. Privy-
COUNCTL, the private council of a sov-
ereign to advise in the administration of
government. — Ji. Privy-COUNCILLOR, a
member of the pri%'y-council. — n. Privy-
PURSE, thepitr.se or monej- for the private
or personal use of the sovereign. — n.
Privy seal or signet, the seal used by
or for the king in subordinate mattars,
or those which are not to pass the great
seal. [Fr. prive — L. privatiLS. See
Private.]
PRIZE, priz, n. that which is taken or
gained by competition : anything taken
from an enemj' in war : a captiu'ed ves
sel : that which is won in a lottery : any
thing offered for competition : a reward:
[Fr. jirise — pris, taken, pa.p. of prendre
— L. pre(he)ndo. See Prison.]
PRIZE, prIz, v.t. to set a price on: to
value : to value highly. [Fr. priser — O.
Fr. pris, price (Fr. prix) — L. pretium,
price, value.]
PRIZE-COURT, priz'-kort, n. a ccnirt for
judging regarding prizes made on the
, high seas.
PRIZE-FIGHTER, prlz'-fit'er, n. a boxer
who fights publicly for a prize. — n.
Prize'-fight'djg .
PRIZE-MONEY, priz'-mun'i, n. share of
the money or proceeds from any prizes
taken from an enemy.
PROA, pro'a, )!. a small Malay sailing-ves-
sel. [JIalay praM.]
PROBABILITY, prob-a-bil'i-ti, n. quality
of being probable : appearance of truth":
that which is probable : chance.
PROBABLE, prob'a-bl, adj. having more
evidence for than against: giving ground
for belief : likely. — adv. Prob'ably.
[Orig. " that may be proved," Fr. — L.
probabilis—probo, probatus, to prove —
jirobus, good, excellent. See PROVE.]
PROBATE, pro'bat, n. the proof before
competent authority that an instrument,
purporting to be the will of a person de-
ceased, is indeed his lawful act : the offi-
cial copy of a will, with the certificate of
its having been proved : the right or
jurisdiction of proving wills. [L. pro
hatum, proved. See Probable.]
PROBATION, pro-ba'shun, n. act of prov
ing : any proceeding to elict truth, etc.:
trial : time of trial : moral trial : noviti-
ate. [Fr.— L.]
PROBATIONAL, pro-ba'shun-al, PROBA-
TIONARY, pro-ba'shun-ar-i, adj. relat-
ing to probation or trial.
PROBATIONER, pro-ba'shun-er. ?;. one
who is on probation or trial : (Scotland)
one licensed to preach, but not ordained
to a pastorate.
PROBATrVF:, pro'ba-tiv, PROBATORY.
pro'ba-tor-i, adj. serving for proof or
trial : relating to proof.
PROBE, prob, n. an instrument for prowtng
or examining a wound, etc.: that which
tries or probes. — v.t. to examine with or
as with a probe : to examine thoroughly.
[L. probo. to prove.]
PROBITY, prob'i-ti. n. uprightness : hon-
esty. [Fr. — L. probitas — probus, good,
excellent.]
PROBLEM, prob'lem, n. a matter difficult
of settlement or solution: (geom.) a propo-
.sition in which something is required to
be done. [Lit. " a question throuii or put
foruard," Fr.— L.— Gr. problema, -atos
—pro, before, and ballo, to throwj
PROBLEMATIC, prob-lem-at'ik. PROB-
LEMATIC.A.L, prob-leni-afik-al. adj. o\
the nature of a problem : questionable ",
doubtful.— adr. Problemat'ically.
PROBOSCIS, pro-bos'is, n. the trunk of
some animals, as the elephant, tor convey-
ing food to the mouth. [L.—Gr.— pro
boskis, a trunk, lit. " front-feeder "^2^0
in front, and bosko (L. pasco), to feed.]
PROCEDURE, pro-sed'ur, n. the act ot
proceeding : progress : process: conduct.
PROCEED, pro-sed', v.i. to go forward: to
advance : to issue : to be produced : to
prosecute. [Fr. proceder—h. procedo—
pro, before, and cede, cessum, to go.]
PROCEEDING
341
PROFOUNDNESS
PROCEEDING, pro-sed'ing, n. a going
forth or foricard : progress : step :
operation : transaction.
PROCEEDS, pro'sedz, n.pl. the money pro-
ceeding or arising from anything : rent :
produce.
PROCESS, pros'es or pro'-, n. a going for-
ward : gradual progress : operation : the
whole proceedings in an action or prose-
cution : series of measures : a projection
on a bone. [Fr. prods — L. processus.]
PROCESSION, pro-sesh'un, n. the act of
proceeding : a train of persons in a
formal march. [Fr. — L.l
PROCESSIONAL, pro-sesh''un-al, adj. per-
taining to a procession : consisting in a
procession. — n. a book of the processions
of the Romish Church.
PROCLAIM, pro-klam', v.t. to publish : to
announce officially. — ?i. Proclaim'er.
[Fr. proelanier — L. proclamo — pro, out,
and clamo, to cry. See Claim.]
PROCLAMATION, prok-la-ma'shun, n. the
act of proclaiming : official notice given
to the public.
PROCLIVITY, pro-kliv'i-ti, n. an inclining
fonvards : tendency : inclination : apti-
tude. [L. proclivitas — proclivus, having
a slope forwards — pro, forwards, and
clitnis, a slope. See Decline.]
PROCONSUL, pro-kon'sul, n. a Roman
officer having the power of a consul with-
out his office : the governor of a province.
[L.— pro, instead of, and Consul.]
PROCONSULAR, pro-kon'su-lar, adj. per-
taining to or under the government ot a
proconsul.
PROCONSULATE, pro-kon'su-Iat, PRO-
CONSULSHIP, pro-kon'sul-ship, n. the
office or term of office of a. proconsul .
PROCRASTINATE, pro-kras'ti-nat, v.t. to
put off till some future time: to postpone.
— n. Procras'tinator. [Lit. "to put off
till the morrow," L. — pro, forward, off,
and crastinus, of to-morrow — eras, to-
morrow, and tenus, stretching.]
PROCRASTINATION, pro-kras-ti-na'shun,
n. a putting off till a future time: dila-
toriness.
PROCREATE, pro'kre-at, v.t. to generate :
to propagate. [L. procre-o. -atiis — pro,
forth, and creo, to produce. See Create.]
PROCREATION, pro-kre-a'shun, n. the act
of procreating : generation: production.
[Fr.-L.]
PROCREATIVB, pro'kre-a-tiv, adj. having
the power to procreate : generative :
productive. — n. Pro'CREATIVENESS.
PROCREATOR, pro'kre-a-tor, n. one who
procreates : a father.
PROCRUSTEAN, pro-krus'te-an, adj. re-
ducing by violence to strict conformity
to a measure or model: from Procrustes,
a fabled robber of ancient Greece, who
stretched or cut a piece off the legs of
his captives, so a.s to fit them to an iron
bed, on which he laid them. [Gr. pro-
kronstes {lit.) " the stretcher."]
PROCTOR, prok'tor, n. a procurator or
manager for another : an attorney in the
spiritual courts : an official in the En-
glish universities who attends to the
morals of the students and enforces
obedience to universitj' regulations. — n.
Proc'torship. [Contr. of Procitrator.]
PROCTORIAL, prok-to'ri-al, adj. pertain-
ing to a proctor : magisterial.
PROCUMBENT, pro-kum'bent, adj., lean-
ing foricards : lying down or on the face:
(bot.) trailing. [L. pro, forward, cumbo,
to lie down.T
PROCURABLE, pro-kur'a-bl, adj. that may
be procured.
PROCURATION, prok-ur-a'shun, n. the
act of procuring : the act of managing
another's affairs : the instrument giving
power to do this : in the Church of
England, a sum paid by incumbents to
the bishop or archdeacon on account of
visitations.
PROCURATOR, prok'iir-a-tor, n. one who
takes care of or attends to a thing for
another : a governor of a province under
tlie Roman emperors. — n. Proc'urator-
SHip. [L. See Procure. Cf. Proctor.]
PROCURE, pro-kur', v.t. to obtain : to
cause : to attract. [Fr. procurer — L. pro-
euro, to take care of, to manage — pro,
in behalf of, and cMro, -atus, to care for.]
PROCUREMENT, pro-kur'ment, n. the act
of procuring : management : agency.
PROCURER, pro-kur'er, n. one who pro-
cures : a pimp : a pander •.—fern. Proc'-
URESS.
PRODIGAL, prod'i-gal, adj. wasteful :
lavish: profuse. — n. one who throws
away from him : a waster : a spend-
thrift. — adv. Prod'igally, wastetuUy.
[Lit. "driving forth or away." Fr. — L.
prodigus—prodigo, to drive away, squan-
der— pro, forth or away, and ago, to
drive.J
PRODIGALITY, prod-i-gal'i-ti, n. state or
quality of being prodigal : extrava-
gance : profusion.
PRODIGIOUS, pro-dij'us, ady. like a prod-
igy : astonishing: enormous: monstrous.
— adv. Prodio'iouslt. — n. Prodig'ious-
ness. [Fr. prodigieuic — L. prodigiosrus.
See Prodigy.]
PRODIGY', prod'i-ji, n. a portent : any-
thing extraordinary : a wonder : a mon-
ster. [Fr. prodige — L. prodigium, a pro-
phetic sign.]
PRODUCE, pro-dus', v.t. to lead or bring
foricard : to bear : to exhibit : to j'ield :
to cause: {geom.) to extend. — n. Pro-
duc'er. [L. produco, -ductus — pro, for-
ward, and dueo, to lead. See Duke.]
PRODUCE, prod'us, n. that which is pro-
duced : product, proceeds.
PRODUCIBLE, pro-dus'i-bl, adj. that may
be produced : that may be generated or
made : that may be exhibited. — n. Pro-
duc'ibleness.
PRODUCT, prod'ukt, n. that which is
produced : work : composition : effect :
(arith.) the result of numbers multiplied
together.
PRODUCTION, pro-duk'shun, n. the act
of producing : that which is produced :
fruit : product.
PRODUCTIVE, pro-duk'tiv, adj. having
the power to prodttce; generative : fertile:
efficient. — adv. Produc'tively.— n. Pro-
duc'titeness.
PROEM, pro'em, n. an introduction : a pre-
lude : a preface. — adj. Proem'lax. [Fr.
proeme — L. jjrooemimn — Gr. prooimion
— pro, before, and oi-mos, a way — root
i-. to go.]
PROFANATION, prof-a-na'shun, n. the
act of profaning : desecration : irrever-
ence to what is holy. [Fr. — L.]
PROFANE, pro-fan', adj. unholy: impious:
impure : common : secular. — adv. Pro-
fane'ly.— w. Profane'ness. [Lit. "be-
fore the temple." outside of it, common,
Fr.—h. prof a7ius— pro, before, and/on!<»i,
a temple. See Fane.]
PROFANE, pro-fan', v.t. to violate any-
thiug holy: to abuse anj'thing sacred: to
put to a wrong use : (j5.) to pollute : to
debase. — n. Profan'er.
PROFANITY', pro-fan'i-ti, n. irreverence :
that which is profane : profane lan-
guage. [L.]
PROFESS, pro-fes', v.t. to own freely : to
declare in strong terms : to announce
publicly one's skill in. [Fr. profis. pro-
fessed, said of a member of a religious
order — L. professu.'i. perf.p. of profiteor
— pro. publicly, fateor, to confess. See
Confess.]
PROFESSED, pro-fest', adj., openly de-
clared : avowed : acknowledged. — adv,
Profess'edly.
PROFESSION, pro-fesh'un, n. the act of
professing : open declaration : an em-
ployment not mechanical and requiring
some degree of learning : calling, known
employment : the collective bocly of per-
sons engaged in any profession: entrance
into a religious order. [Fr.]
PROFESSIONAL, pro-fesh'uu-al, adj. per
taining to a profession. — n. one who
makes his living by an art, as opposed to
an amateur who practices it merely for
pastime. — adv. Profess'ionally.
PROFESSOR, pro-fes'or, ?!. one who pro-
fesses : one who publicly practices or
teaches any branch of knowledge : a
public and authorized teacher in a uni-
versity.— adj. Professo'rlal. — n. F*ro-
fess'o'rship.
PROFFER, prefer, v.t. to bring fonrard:
to propose : to offer for acceptance. — n.
an offer made : a proposal. — n. Proff'-
ERER. [Fr. proferei — L. profero — pro,
forward, and fero, E. Bear.]
PROFICIENCE, pro-fish'ens, PROFICIEN-
CY", pro-fish'en-si, n. state of being jjro-
ficient : improvement in anything.
PROFICIENT, pro-fish'ent, adj. compe-
tent : thoroughly qualified. — n. one who
has made considerable advancement in
anything : an adept. — adv. Profic'-
iently. [L. proficient, -entis, pr.p. of
projicere, to make progress — pro, for-
ward, and facto, to make.]
PROFILE, pro'fil, n. an outline . a head or
portrait in a side-view : the side-face :
the outline of any object without fore-
shortening. — v.t. to draw in profile. [It.
projilo (Fr. profll) — L. pro, and Jiluni, a
thread, outline.]
PROFIT, profit, n. gain : the gain result-
ing from the employment of capital: ad-
vantage : benefit: improvement. — v.t. to
benefit or be of advantage to: to improve.
— I'.i. to gain advantage: to receive profit:
to improve: to be of advantage: to bring
good. [Fr. — L. profectus, progress, ad-
vance— proficio,profectum, to make prog-
ress. See Proficient.]
PROFITABLE, profit-a-bl, adj. yielding or
bringing p?'o_/(/ or gain : lucrative : pro-
ductive: advantageous: beneficial. — adv.
Profitably. — n. Prof'itableness. [Fr.]
ffiOFITING, profit-ing, »i., pro/^ gain, or
advantage : (B.) progress or proficiency.
PROFITLESS, profit -les, adj. without
profit, gain, or advantage.
PROFLIGACY, profli-gas-i, PROFLI-
GATENESS, prof li-gat-nes, n. the state
or quality of being profligate : a profli-
gate or vicious course of life.
PROFLIGA'TE, profli-gat, adj. abandoned
to vice : without virtue or decency : dis-
solute: prodigal. — n. one leading a profli-
gate life : one shamelessly vicious. — adv.
Prof'ugately. [Lit. ""dashed down,"
L. profligatus, pa.p. of pirofligo — pro, and
fli(/o. to dash, E. Blow, m.]
PROFOUND, pro-fownd', adj. far below
the surface : low : very deep : intense :
abstruse : mysterious : occult : intellect-
ually deep : penetrating deeply into
knowledge. — n. tUe sea or ocean. [Lit.
"deep," Fr. profond — L. jjrofundus —
pro, forward, downward, uad fundus, E.
Bottom.]
PROFOUNDLY, pro-fownd'li, adv. deeply :
with deep knowledge or insight : with
deep concei'n.
PROFOUNDNESS, pro-fownd'nes, PRO-
FUNDITY', pro-fund'it-i, n. the state or
quality of being prof ound: depth of place,
of knowledge, etc.
PROFUSE
342
PROP
PROFUSE, pro-fus', adj. liberal to excess :
lavish : extravagant : prodigal. — adv.
Profobe'ly. [L. 2)rofusus, pa.p. of pro-
funda— pro, forth, and fundo, to pour.
See Fuse, r.J
PROFUSENESS, pro-fus'nes,PROFUSIOX,
pro-fu'zkun, w. state of being profuse :
rich abundance : extravagance : prodi-
gality.
PROGENITOR, pro-jen'it-or, n. a fore-
father: an ancestor. [Fr. — l^^yro, be-
fore, and genitor, a parent, from root
gan in gigno, genitus, to beget.]
PROGENY, proj'en-i, n. that which is
brought forth : descendants: race: chil-
dren.
PROGNOSIS,prog-no'sis,n.,/orefcno!cZed5re;
{med.) the act or art of foretelling the
course of a disease from the symptoms :
the opinion thus formed. [Gr.' — pro, be-
fore, gignosko, root gna, to know.l
PROGNOSTIC, prog-nos'tik, ji. a foreshow-
ing : an indication: a presage. — adj. fore-
knowing: foreshowing: indicating what
is to happen by signs or symptoms.
[Through O. Fr. (Fr. pronostic) from Gr.
prognostikon.']
PROGNOSTICATE, prog-nos'ti-kat, v.t. to
foreshow: to foretell : to indicate as fu-
ture by signs.
PROGNOSTICATION, prog-nos-ti-ka'shun,
n. the ajct ot prognosticating or foretell-
ing something future by present signs : a
foretoken or previous sign.
PROGNOSTICATOR, prog-nos'ti-ka-tor, n.
a predictor of future events, esp. a weath-
er prophet.
PROGRAMME, PROGRAM, pro'gram, n.
a public notice in writing : an outline of
any forthcoming proceeding : a prelim-
inary outline. [Lit. " something written
publicly," Fr. — L. — Gv. programma^pro,
before, and grapho, to wTite.]
PROGRESS, prog'res, n. a going forward:
advance : improvement : proficiency :
course : passage : procession ; a journey-
of state : a circuit. [Fr. — L. progressus
—progredior, to go forward— jjro, for-
ward, and gradior, to go.]
PROGRESS, pro-gres', v.i. to go forward :
to make progress : to proceed : to ad-
vance : to improve.
PROGRESSION, pro-gresh'un, n., motion
onward : progress : regular and gradual
advance : increase or decrease of num-
bers or magnitudes according to a fixed
law : (music) a regular succession of
chords or movement in harmonv. — adj.
Proqress'io.val. [Fr.]
PROGRESSIVE, pro-gres'iv, adj., progress-
ing or moving forward: advancing gradu-
ally : improving. — adv. Progress'itzlt.
— n. Peogress'iveness.
PROHIBIT, pro-hib'it, v.f. to hinder : to
check or repress : to prevent : to forbid :
to interdict by authority. [Lit. " to hold
in front," L. prohibeo, pro)iibitum—pro,
before, and habeo, to have. See Have.]
PROHIBITION, pro-hi-bish'un, n. the act
of prohibiting, forbidding, or interdict-
ing : an interdict.
PROHIBITH'T:, pro-hlb'lt-iv, PROHIBIT-
ORY, pro-hib'it-or-i, adj. that prohibits
or forbids : forbidding.
PROJECT, proj'ekt, n. a plan : a scheme :
contrivance. TLit. "a thing cast for-
ward," O. Fr. fFr. proJet)—L. jirojectum
—^ro, before, andjacio, to throw.]
PROJECT, pro-jekt', v.t. to contrive or de-
vise: to exhibit (as in a mirror) : to draw:
to exhibit in relief.— r.i. to shoot for-
ward : to jut out : to be prominent.
PROJECTILE, pro-jek'til. adj. projecting
or throwing forward : impelling or im-
pelled forward.— It. a body projected by
force, esp. through the ait".
PROJECTION, pro-jek'shun, n. the act of
projecting: that which juts out : a plan
or design : a delineation : a representa-
tion of auv object on a plane.
PROJECTOR, pro-iek'tor, n. one who pro-
jects or forms schemes.
PROLATE, pro'lat, adj., cvtended : elon-
gated in the direction of the line of the
poles, as a spheroid. [L. pro/af ;(s, pa.p.
of profero, to bring forward or extend —
pro, forth, and/ero, to bear.]
PROLEGOMENA, pro-leg-on/en-a, n.pl.
an introduction to a treatise. [Gr.
" things said before."]
PROLEPSIS, pro-lep'sis, n. a taking before-
hand or anticipation : {rhet.) a figure by
which objections ai-e anticipated an'd
answered : the dating- of an event be-
fore its proper time. — adjs. Prolep'tic,
Prolep'tical. — adi: Peolep'tically.
[Gr. prolainbano, 2)rolepsomair—pro, be-
fore, and lambano, to take.]
PROLETARIAN, pro-le-ta'ri-an, adj. be-
longing to the poorest laboring class :
having little or no property: plebeian:
^•ulgar. — w. Proleta'riat, the lowest
class. [L. proletarius (in ancient Rome)
a citizen of the sixth and lowest class,
wlio served the state not with his prop-
erty, but with his children^proles, off-
sprinar.]
PROLIFIC, pro-lif'ik, PROLIFICAL, pro-
lif'ik-al. adj. producing offspring: fruit-
ful: productive: (60!".) applied to a flower
from which another is produced. — n.
Peolif'icness. [Fr. 2)rolifique—1..2}roles
(for pro-oles), offspring (root ol. as in
otcsco. to grow), and /ac(0, to make.]
PROLIX, pro-lilvs' or pro'-, adj. tedious,
lengthy, minute.— ady. Prolix'ly. — ns.
Peolix'ity, Proux'ness. [Fr. prolixe —
L. prolixus (Jit.) " having .poict'd beyond
bounds," from pro, forward, and -lixus,
from liquor, to flow. See Liquid.]
PROLOCUTOR,pro-lok'u-tor,if. the speaker
or chairman of a convocation. [L. — pro,
before, and loquor, locutus, to speak.J
PROLOGUE, prol'og or pro'-, 7i. a preface :
the introductory verses before a play.
[Fr. — L. — Gr. protogos — pro, before,
logos, speech.]
PROLONG, pro-long', v.t. to lengthen out :
to continue. PFr. jirclonger — L. prolongo
—pro, forwards, longus, long.]
PROLONGATE, pro - long'gat, v.t. to
lengthen. — ?;. Proloxga'tiox.
PROMENADE, prom-e-nad' or -nad', n.
a icalk for pleasui-e, show, or exercise :
a place for walking. — v.i. to walk for
amusement, show, or exercise. [Fr. —
from (se)promener, to walk — L. promino,
to drive forwards^wo, forwards, and
mino, to drive.]
PROJIETHEAN, pro-me'the-an, adj. per-
taining to Prometheus : life-giving, like
the fire which (in the Greek myth) Pro-
metheus stole from heaven.
PROMINENT, prom'i-nent, adJ.,p)roJecting:
conspicuous : principal : eminent : dis-
tinguished.— adc. PEOM'isi:>rrLY. — ns.
Peoji'ix-esce, Prom'ixency. [Lit. "jut-
ting out." Fr. — L. projuineo. to iut forth
—pro, forth, and niineo, to jut.]
PROMISCUOUS, pro-mis'ku-us,a4/.,Hiw-ed;
confused : collected togetlier without
order : indiscriminate. — adv. Projiis'cu-
OUSLY. — n. Projiis'ccousxess. [L.prom-
iscnns — 2)ro. inten., and misceo., to mix.]
PROMISE, prom'is, n. an engagement to
do or not to do something : expectation
or that which affords expectation. — v.t.
to make an engagement to do or not to
do something: to afford reason to expect:
to assure : to engage to bestow. — ns.
Prom'iser. Prom'isor. [Lit. "a sending
forward." Fr. promesse — L. promissa,
promitto. to send forward— jj/'O, forward,
and mitto, to send. See MissiOK.]
PROMISING, prom'is-ing, adj. affording
ground for hope or expectation. — adv.
Prom'isingly.
PROillSSORY. prom'is-or-i, adj. contain-
ing a. promise of some engagement to be
fulfilled.
PROMONTORY, prom'on-tor-i, n. a head-
land or high cape. [L. i^romontoriuin—
X>ro, forward, and mons, montis, a mounV
ain.l
PROMOTE, pro-mot', v.t. to movefonvard .
to advance : to further : to encourage :
to raise to a higher position : to elevate.
—n. PnoiiOT'ER.—odJ. Promo'th-e. [L.
jjroniotus, pa.p. of jjromoveo—pro, for-
ward, and moveo, to move.]
PROMOTION, pro-mo'shun, n. the act of
promoting : advancement : encourage-
ment : preferment.
PROMPT, promt, adj. prepared : readv :
acting with alacrity : cheerful : unhesi-
tating.— adv. Prompt'ly. — «. P'rompt'-
NESS. [Lit. "brought forward." Fr.—L.
prompt us— promo, to bring forward —
jjco, forth, and emo, to bring or take.]
PROJIPT, promt, v.t. to incite : to move to
action : to assist a speaker when at a
loss for words : to suggest. — n. Prompt'-
ER.
PROMPTITUDE, promt'i-tud, 7i., prompt-
ness : readiness : quickness of decision
and action. [Fr.]
PROMULGATE, pro-nml'gat, v.t. to pub-
lish : to proclaim. — n. PROil'ULGATOK.
[L. promidgo, -atus. Etv. unknown.]
PROML*LGATION, pro-mul-ga'shun, ». act
of promulgating : publication : ojien dec-
laration.
PRONE, pron. adj. with che face down-
ward : bending forward : headlong : dis.
posed: inclined. — adv. Pront:'ly. — n.
Prone'ness. [O. Fr. — L. promts ; cog.
^vith Gr. prenes, prone.]
PRONG, prong, n. the spike of a fork 01
similar instrument. [Nasalized form of
Prov. E. prog, to prick — TV. procio ; cf.
Gael, brog, to goad, and brog, an awl,
and E. BROOCH. See also Paxg.]
PRONOMINAL, pro-nom'i-nal, adj. belong-
ing to or of the nature of a pronoun. —
adv. Pronoji'ixally.
PRONOUN, pro'uown, n. a woi-d used
instead of a noun. [L. pro, for, and
Noc>'. ]
PRONOUNCE, pro-nowns', v.t. to utter : to
speak distinctly: to utter formally : to
utter rhetorically: to declare. — ji.'PEO-
NOUX'CER. [Fr. prononcer — L. pronuucio
— pro. forth, and nuncio, to announce —
7iuncius. a messenger. See Nuxcio.l
PRONOL'N'CEABLE^ pro-no wns'a-bl, ad/.
capable of being pronounced.
PRONOUNCING, pro-nowns'ing, adj. giv-
ing iM'onunciation.
PRONUNCIATION, pro-nun-si-a'shun, n.
act or mode of pronouncing : utterance.
PROOF, proof, n. that « liich jjrores ; test :
experiment : any jnocess to discover or
establish a truth : that which convinces :
demonstration : evidence : condition oj
having been proved : firmness of mind :
a certain strength of alcoholic spirits :
(print.) an impression taken for cor-
rection, also "proof-sheet": an early
impression of an engraving :^)l. Proofs
— adj. (I it.) proved: firm in resisting. [M.E
preef — Fr. preuve — L. jyrobo. to prove,
See Prove.]
PROOFLESS, proof'les, adj. wanting proo*
or evidence.
PROP, prop, n. a support : a stay. — v.t. to
sui)port by something under or against :
to sustain •.—2)r.p. propji'mg ; pa.t. and
pa.p. propi>ed. [Allied to Sw.jx-opp. Ger
2>fropf. a stopper ; also to Ir. propa,
prop. Gael.jjrfi/^.]
PROPAGANDISM
343
PROSPEROUS
PROPAGAXDISM, prop-a-g-and'izm, n.
practice of propagating tenets or princi-
ples. [From the Cong-rejratio de jjropa-
ganda Fide (L.), "Society for propagating-
the Faith," founded at Rome in 1622.]
PROPAGANDIST, prop-a-gand'ist, ?i. one
who devotes himself to propag-andisra.
PROPAGATE, prop'a-gat. v.f. to multiply
plants by layers : to extend : to produce :
to impel forward in space, as sound : to
spread: to extend the knowledfje of. — v.i.
to be produced or multiplied : to have
young. — n. Prop'agator. [L. propago,
-atui,coi\n. with pro-pag-eo, pro-pag-o, a
layer, from root of PACK and Pact, Or.
pegnumi.^
PROPAGATION, prop-a-ga'shun, n. act of
propagating : the spreading or extension
of anything.
PROPEL, pro-pel', v.t. to drive forward:
to urge onward bj' force : — pr.p. propeil'-
ing ; pa.t. and pa.p. propelled'. \J^.pro,
forward, pello, to drive.]
PROPELLER, pro-pel'er, n. one who or
that which propels : a screw for propell-
ing a steamboat: a vessel thus propelled.
PROPENSITY, pro-pens'i-ti, n. inclination:
disposition. [Lit. " a hanging forwards ; "
L. propensus, pa.p. oi propendo, to hang
forwards — L. pro, forward, pendeo, to
hang.]
PROF'ER, prop'er, adj., one's own: natu-
rally or essentially belonging : peculiar :
belonging to only one of a species (as a
name): natural : suitable : correct : just:
riglit : becoming: (B.) comely, pretty. —
adv. Pbop'ekly. [Fr. x)ropre — L. prop-
rius. one's own, akin to prope, near.]
PROPERTY, prop'er-ti, n. that which is
proper to anything : a peculiar or essen-
tial quality : a quality : that which is
one's own : an estate : right of possess-
ing, employing, etc.: ownership: — pi.
articles required by actors in a play. [O.
Fr. proprete : a doublet of Propriety.]
PROPHECY, prof'e-si, n. a declaration of
something to come : a prediction : public
interpretation of Scripture : instruction :
(B.) also, a book of prophecies. [Lit. a
speaking for another, O. Fr. prophecie—
Li. prophetla — Gr. propheteia — prophetPs.
See Prophet.]
PROPHESY, prof'e-si, v.t. to foretell : to
predict. — v.i. (B.) to exhort : to expound
religious subjects: — pa.t. and ija.p.
proph'esied. [s has been arbitrarily sub-
stituted for c, to distinguish the r. from
the ».]
PROPHET, prof'et, n. one who proclaims
or interprets the will of God : one who
announces things to come : one who pre-
dicts or foretells events : (B.) one inspired
by God to teach : — pi. the writings of the
prophets -.—fern. Proph'etess. [Fr. — L.
propheta — Gr. proplu'tes, (lit.) one who
speaks for another, esp. tor a divine
power ; hence one who delivers an oracle
revealing future events or otherwise an-
nouncing the divine will — pro, before, in
behalf of, and phe-mi, to speak. See
Fame.]
PROPHETIC, pro-fet'ik, PROPHETICAL,
pro-fet'ik-al, adj. containing prophecy:
foreseeing or foretelling events. — adi\
PROPHET'iCALLY.
PROPINQUITY, pro-ping'kwi-ti, n., near-
7iess in time, place, or blood : proximity.
[L. propinmitas — propinquus, near —
prope. near.]^
PROPITIABLE, pro-pish'i-a-bl, adj. that
mav be propitiated.
PROPITIATE, pro-pish'i-at, v.t. to make
propitious : to render favorable. — v.i. to
make propitiation : to atone. — n. Propi'-
TiATOR. [l. p)ropitio, propitiatum.'\
PROPITIATION, pro-pish-i-a'shun, n. act
of propitiating : {thedl.) that which pro-
pitiates : atonement.
PROPITIATORY, pro-pish'i-a-tor-i, adj.
having power to propitiate : expiatory-.
— n. the Jewish mercv-seat.
PROPITIOUS, pro-pish'us, adj. favorable :
disposed to be gracious or merciful. — adv.
Propi'tiously'. — )(. Propi'tiousness. [L.
propit ius— prope, near.]
PROPORTION, pro-por'shun, n. the rela-
tion of one thing to another in regard to
magnitude: mutual fitness of parts: sym-
metrical arrangement: (math.) the iden-
tity or equality of ratios : the ' • rule of
thi'ee," in which three terms are given to
find a fourth : equal or just share. — v.t.
to adjust : to form symmetrically. [L.
proportio — pro. in comparison with, and
portio, portionis. part, share. See Por-
tion.]
PROPORTIONABLE, pro - por'shun - a - bl,
adj. that may be proportioned. — adv.
PROPOR'TIONi ELY.
PROPORTIONAL, pro - por'shun - al, adj.
having a due proportion : relating to
proportion : (math.) having the same or
a constant ratio. — n. (math.) a number
or quantity in a proportion. — adv. Pro-
por'tionally. —n . Proportional'ity.
PROPORTIONATE, pro-p6r'shun-at, adj.
adjusted according to a, proportion : pro-
portional.— adv. Peopor'tionately.
PROPOSAL, pro-poz'al, n. anything i)ro-
posed : a scheme or design : terms or con-
Tiitions pi-oposed.
PROPOSE, pro-poz', v.t. to put forivard or
offer for consideration, etc. — v.i. to make
a proposal: to make an offer of marriage.
— n. PROPOS'ER. [Fr. — prefix ]yro-, and
poser, to place. See Pose, Ji.]
PROPOSITION, prop-o-zish'un, n. ^placing
before : offer of terms : the act of stating
anything- : that which is stated : (gram.
and logic) a complete sentence, or one
which affirms or denies something :
{math.) a theorem or problem to be de-
monstrated or solved. [Fr. — L. pror
positio. See Propound.]
PROPOSITIONAL, prop-o-zish'un-al, adj.
pertaining to or of the nature of a prop-
osition : considered as a proposition.
PROPOUND, pro-pownd'. v.t. to offer for
consideration: to exhibit. — n. Propotjkd'-
ER. [Orig. propone, from L.— JJro, forth,
and pono, to place.]
PROPRIETARY, pro-pife-tar-i, adj. be-
longing to a. proprietor. — n. a. proprietor:
an owner.
PROPRIETOR, pro-prl'e-tor, ?;. one who
has anything as his property: an owner :
—fern.' Propri'etress. — n. Peopri'etoe-
SHIP.
PROPRIETY, pro-prl'e-ti. n. state of being
proper or right : agreement with estab-
lished principles or customs : fitness :
accuracy: peculiar right of p)ossession,
property. [Fr. — L. projmetas—propriiis,
one's own. See PROPER.]
PROPULSION, pro-pul'shun, n. act of pro-
pelling.
?RC
PROPULSIVE, pro-pul'siv, adj. tending or
havinir power to jjrr.peZ.
PROROGATION, pro-ro-ga'shun, n. act of
proroguing.
PROROGUE, pro-rog'. v.t. to continue
from one session to another, as the
British Parliament : — pr.2>. prorog'uing;
pa.t. and j^c-P- prorogxied'. [Fr. — L.
prorogo, -atiim^pro, forward, and rogo,
to ask.]
PROSAIC, pro-za'ik, PROSAICAL. nro-
za'ik-al, adj. pertaining- to prose : like
prose. — adv. Prosa'ically. [See Prose.]
PROSCENIUM, pro-se'ni-um, n. the front
part of the stage. [L. — Gr. prosk?nion
—-pro. before, Skene, the stasje.]
PROSCRIBE, pro-skrib', v.t. to publish the
names of persons to be punished : to
banish: to prohibit: to denounce, as doc-
trine.— n. Proscrib'er. [L. proscribo —
piro, before, publich', and scribo, serip-
tum. to wi-ite.]
PROSCRIPTION, pro-skrip'shun. n. the act
of proscribing or dooming to death, or
outlawry : utter rejection. [Fr. — L.]
PROSCRIPTIVE, pro-skrip'tiv. adj. per
taining to or consisting in p)'o.scr(/;f(0)i.
PROSE, proz, )i. the direct, straight for-
ivard arrangement of words, free fi-om
poetical measures : ordinary spoken and
written language : all -writings not in
verse. — adj. pertaining to prose : not
poetical: plain: dull. — v.i. to write pi-ose:
to speak or write tediouslj'. — n. Pros'er.
[Fr. — L. prosa, for ]}rorsa — prorsus,
straightforward — pro, forward, verto,
versum, to turn.]
PROSECUTE, pros'e-kQt, v.t. to follow on-
wards or pursue, in order to reach or
accomplish : to continue : to pursue by
law. — v.i. to can\y on a legal prosecution.
[L. proaequor — pro. onwards, and sequor,
seen t us. to follow. See Sequence.]
PROSECUTION, pros-e-ku'shun, n. the act
of prosecuting: pursuit: a ci-vil or criminal
suit.
PROSECUTOR, pros'e-kut-or, n. one who
prosecutes or pursues any plan or busi-
ness : one who carries on a criminal suit:
—fern. Pros'ecutrix.
PROSELYTE. pros'e-iTt, n. one who has
come over to a religion or opinion : a
convert. [Fr. — L. — Gr. proselytos—pros-
ercliomai, to come to^pros, to, and
erchomai. elython, to come.]
PROSELYTISM, pros'e-lit-izm, n. the act
of pro.'iehjtizing or of making- converts,
PROSELYTIZE, pros-e-Ut-iz','i'.?. to make
2)roseli/tes.
PROSOblAL. pros-6'di-al, PROSODICAL,
pros-od'ik-al, adj. pertaining to prosody ,
according- to the rules of prosody. — adv.
Prosod'ically.
PROSODIAN, pros-5'di-an, PROSODIST,
pros'o-dist, n. one skilled in prosody.
PROSODY, pros'o-di, n. that part of gram-
mar which treats of quantity-, accent,
and the laws of verse or versification.
[Fr. — L. prosodia, Gr. prosodia, a song
sung to niusic, an accompan3ing song —
jyros. to. and ode, a song.]
PROSOPOPOEIA, pros-o-po-pe'ya. n. a rhe-
torical figure by which manimate objects
are spoken of as persons ; personification.
[Gr. prosopopoiia—prosbpon, a person,
and poieo. to make.]
PROSPECT, pros'pekt. n. a looking for-
ward : a view : olijeet of view : a scene :
expectation. — n. Prospect'ing. .searching
a district for gold or silver mines with a
view to further operations. [L. jjrospee-
tus — pirospicio, prospectum, to look for-
ward— pro. forward, and specio. to look.]
PROSPECTION, pro-spek'shun, n. the act
of looking forward or of providing for
future wants.
PROSPECTIVE, pro-spek'tiv, adj., looking
forward : acting with foresight : relatino;-
to the future : distant. — adv. Prospec-
tively. [Fr.— L.]
PROSPECTUS, pio-spek'tus. n. the outline
of any plan submitted for public ap-
proval, ])arlicnlarly of a literary work or
of a company oj- joint-stock concern.
PROSPER, pros'per, v.t. to make fortunate
or hapjjy : (B.) to make to prosper. — v.i.
to be successful : to succeed.
PROSPERITY, i)ros-per'i-ti, n. the state of
\yiAns: jyrosperous: success: good fortune.
PROSPEROUS, pros'per-us. adj.. according
to liope : in accordance with one's wishes:
favorable : successful. — adv. Pros-'PER-
OUSLY. [L. jjro.'iper. prosjierus—xiro. in
accordance with, and spes, hope.]
PROSTITUTE
344
PROVISORY
1
PROSTITUTE, pros'ti-tut, v.t. to expose for
sale for bad ends : to sell to wickedness
or lewdness : to devote to any improper
purpose. — adj. openlv devoted to lewd-
ness : sold to wickeclness. — n. a female
who indulges in lewdness, esp. for hire :
a base hireling. [L. prostituo, -xduni —
pro. before, statuo, to place.]
PROSTITUTION, pros-ti-tu'shun, Ji. the
act ov practice of prostituting : lewdness
for hire : the life of a lewd woman : the
being devoted to infamous purposes.
PROSTITUTOR, pros'ti-tut-or, n. one who
prostitutes either himself or another.
PROSTRATE, pros'trat, adj., throion for-
wards on the ground : lying at length :
lying at mercy : bent in'adoration. — v.t.
to throw forwards on the ground : to lay
flat: to overthrow: to sink totally: to bow
in humble reverence. [L. pro. forwards,
and sterno, stratum, to throw on the
ground.]
PROSTRATION, pros-tra'shun, n. act of
throwing down or laj'ing flat : act of
falling down in adoration : dejection :
complete loss of strength.
PROSY, proz'i, adj. like dull prose: dull
and tedious in discourse or writing. — adv.
Pros'ily. — n. Pkos'iness.
PROTEAN, pro'te-an or pro-te'an, adj.
readily assuming different shapes, like
Proteus, the sea-god, fabled to have the
power of changing himself into an end-
less varietj' of forms.
PROTECT, pro-tekt', v.t. to colter in front :
to cover over: to defend: to shelter. [L.
pro. in front, and tego, tectum, akin to Gr.
stego. to cover.]
PROTECTION, pro-tek'shun, n. act ot pro-
tecting: state of being protected: preser-
vation: defence: guard: refuge: security:
passport .
PROTECTIONIST, pro-tek'shun-ist, n. one
who favors the protection of trade by
law.
PROTECTIVE, pro-tekt'iv, adj. affording
protection : defensive : sheltering.
PROTECTOR, pro-tekt'or, n. one who pro-
tects from injury or oppression: a guard-
ian : a regent:— /e?n. Pkotect'ress, Pro-
tect'rix. — n. Peotect'orship.
PROTECTORAL, pro-tekt'or-al, PROTEC-
TORIAL, pro-tek-to'ri-al, adj. pertaining
to a protector or regent.
PROTECTORATE, pi-o-tekt'or-at, n. gov-
ernment by a protector : the authority
assunied by a superior.
PROTEGE, pro-ta-zha', n. one under the
protection of another : a pupil : a ward :
—fern. PROTfiGfiE'. [Fr., pa.p. of pro-
teger, to protect — L. protego.]
PROTEIN, pro'te-in, n. the supposed com-
mon radical of the group of bodies which
form the most essential articles ot food,
albumen, flbrine, etc. [Gr. prbtos, first,
and suffix -jh.]
PROTEST, pro-test', v.i. to bear intness he-
fore others : to declare openly : to give
a solemn declaration of opinion. — v.t. to
make a solemn declaration of : to note,
as a bill of exchange, from non-accept-
ance or non-payment. — n. Protest'er.
[Fr. — L. protestor, -atiis — pro, , before,
lestor — testis, a witness]
PROTEST, pro'test, n. a solemn or formal
protesting or declaration, esp. one in
writing by the minority of a body, ex-
pressing dissent : the attestation by a
Dotarv-public of an unpaid or unaccepted
bill.
PROTESTANT, prot'es-tant, adj.. protest-
ing : pertaining to the faith of those who
protest against the Church of Rome. — n.
{orig.) one ot those who, in 1539. pro-
tested against an edict of Charles V. and
the Diet of Spires : one who protests
against the Church of Rome.
PROTESTANTISM, prot'es-tant-izm, n. the
Protestant religion.
PROTESTATION, prot-es-ta'shun, n. the
act of protesting : a solemn declaration :
a declaration of dissent : a declaration in
jjleading.
PROTOCOL, pro'to-kol, ?!. the .^rsf copy of
any document : the rough draught of an
instrument or transaction. [Fr. proto-
cols— Low L. protocoUum — late Gr. pro-
tokollon, the first leaf glue4 to the rolls
of papj'rus and to notarial documents —
Gr. protos, first, and kolla, glue.]
PROTOMARTYR, pro'to-mar'ter, n. St,
Stephen the Jirst Christian martyr: the
first who suffers in any cause. [Gr. pro-
tos, first, and Maetye.]
PROTOPHYTE, pro'to-fit, n. the first or
lowest order of plants. [Gr. protos, first,
and phyton, a plant— pAj/o, to cause to
grow.]
PROTOPLASM, pro'to-plazm, n. a homo-
geneous, structureless substance, form-
ing the physical basis of life, endowed
with contractility, with a chemical com-
position allied to that of albumen. [Gr.
protos, first, and plasma, form— plasso,
to form.]
PROTOTYPE, pro'to-tTp, n. the first or
original type or model after which any-
thing is copied : an exemplar : a pattern.
[Fr. — L. — Gr., from protos, first, and
typos, a type.]
PROTOZOAN, pro-to-zo'an, n. one of the
Jirst or lowest class of animals. [Gr.
protos. first, and zoon, an animal.]
PROTOZOIC, pro-to-zo'ik, adj. pertaining
to the protozoans : containing remains of
the earliest life of the globe.
PROTRACT, pro-trakt', v.t. to draw out or
lengthen in time : to prolong : to draw
to a scale. [L. — pro, forth, and traho,
to draw.]
PROTRACTION, pro-trak'shun, n. act of
protracting or prolonging : the delaying
the termination of a thing : the plotting
or laying down of the dimensions of any-
thing on paper.
PROTRACTIVE, pro-trakt'iv, adj., draiv-
ing out in time : prolonging : delaying.
PROTRACTOR, pro-trakt'or, n. one who or
tliat which protracts : a mathematical
instrument for laying down angles on
paper, used in surveving, etc.
PROTRUDE, pro-tro6d', v.t. to thrust or
push forwards : to drive along : to put
out. — v.i. to be thrust forward or beyond
the usual limit. [L. protr%ido^pro, for-
wards, and trudo, to thrust.]
PROTRUSION, pro-troo'zhun, n. the act
of thrusting fonvard or beyond the usual
limit: the state of being protruded. [Pro-
trusus,Tpa,.Tp.of protrudo. [See Protrude.]
PROTRUSIVE, pro-troo'siv, adj., thrust-
ing or impelling /oncard.
PROTUBERANCE, pro - tub'er-ans, n. a
swelling forward or forth: a prominence:
a tumor.
PROTUBERANT, pro - tub'er - ant, adj. ,
sicelling : prominent. — adv. Protub'er-
ANTLY.
PROTUBERATE, pro - tub'er - at, v.i. to
sivell or bulge otit. [L. protubero, -atus
—pro, forward, tuber, a swelling. See
TtTBER.]
PROUD, prowd (comp. Proud'er ; superl.
Protjd'est), adj. having excessive self-
esteem : arrogant : haughty : daring :
grand : ostentatious. — adv. Prodd'LY.
m.E. pnid—A.S. pn'it. Cf. Pkide.]
PROUD-FLESH, prowd'-flesh, n. a growth
or excrescence of flesh in a wound.
[Prou7> and Flesh.]
PROVABLE, proov'a-bl. adj. that may be
proved. — adv. Peov'ablt. — n. Pkov'-
ABLEMXS&
PROVE, proov, v.t. to fr?/ by experiment
or by a test or standard : to try by suffer-
ing : to establish or ascertain as truth by
argument or other evidence : to demon-
strate : to ascertain the genuineness of :
to experience or suffer : (math.) to ascer--
tain the correctness of any result. — v.i.
to make trial : to turn out : to be shown
afterwai'ds. — n. Prov'er. [O. Fr. 2}rover
(Fr. prouver), which, like A.S. profian
and Ger. proben, is from L. probo — pro-
bus, excellent.]
PROVEN, prov'n, (Scots law) same ai
Proved, pa.p. of Prove.
PROVENDER, prov'en-der, n. dry food for
beasts, as hay or corn : esp. a mixture of
naeal and cut straw or hay. [M.E. pro-
vende — Fr. — L. prcebenda. See Prebend,
in Late L. a daily allowance of food.]
PROVERB, prov'erb, w. a short familiar
sentence, forcibly expressing a well-
known truth or moral lesson : a by-
word :— pZ. a book of the Old Testament.
[Fr. proverbe — L. proverbium — pro, pub-
licly, and verbum, a word.]
PROVERBIAL, pro-verb'i-al, adj. pertain-
ing to proverbs : mentioned in or resem-
bling a proverb : widely spoken of. — adv.
Peoverb'iaixy.
PROVIDE, pro-vid', v.t. to make ready
beforehand : to prepare : to supply. — v.i.
to procure supplies or means of defence :
to take measures : to bargain previously.
— n. Provtd'er. [Lit. "to foresee," L.
provideo — pro, before, video, to see.
Doublet Purvey. See Vision.]
PROVIDENCE, prov'i-dens, n. timely prep-
aration : (theol.) the foresight and care of
God over all his creatures : God, consid-
ered in this relation : prudence in man-
aging one's affairs. [Fr. — L. providentia.}
PROVIDENT, prov'i-dent, adj. pro\iding
for the future : cautious : prudent : eco
nomical.— adr. Prov'idently. [L. pro-
vid-ens, -entis, pr.p. of provideo. See
Provide. Doublet Prudent.]
PROVIDENTIAL, prov-i-den'shal, adj. , ef-
fected by or proceeding from divine prov-
idence.— adv. Providen'tially.
PROVINCE, prov'ins, n. a portion of an
empire or state : the district over which
one has jurisdiction : a region : a busi-
ness or dutj' : one's business or calling :
a department of knowledge. [Fr.— L. pro-
vincia. Ety. unknown.]
PROVINCIAL, pro-vin'shal, adj. relating
to a province : belonging to a division
of a country : characteristic of the in-
habitants of a province : rude : unpol-
ished.— n. an inhabitant of a province or
countrj' district : in the R. Cath. Church,
the superintendent of the heads of the
religious houses in a province. — adv.
Provin'oially.
PROVINCIALISM, pro-vin'shal-izm, n.
mode of speech peculiar to a, province or
countrv district : a peculiarity of dialect.
PROVISION. pro-Tizh'un. n. act of provid-
ing : that which is provided or prepared:
measures taken beforehand: preparation:
previous agreement : a store of food :
provender. — v.t. to supply with provisions
or food. [Fr. — Ij.— provisos, pa.p. of
provideo. See Provide.]
PROVISIONAL, pro-vizh'un-al, adj.. pro-
tnded for an occasion : temporary. — adv.
Provis'ionaixy.
PROVISO, pro-vi'zo, n. a provision or con-
dition in a deed or other writing : the
clause containing it : any condition .-pJ.
Provisos, provT'zoz. [From the L. phrase
proviso quod, it being provided that.]
PROVISORY, pro-vl'zor-i. adj. cont,aining
a proviso or condition : conditional :
making temporary provision : tempor
ary. — adv. Provi'sorily.
FKOVOCATION
345
PUFF
PROVOCATION, prov-o-ka'shun, n. act of
provoking : that which provokes. [Fr.
— L. provocat2is, pa.p. of provoco. See
Provoke. J
PROVOCATIVE, pro-vo'ka-tiv, adj. tend-
ing to provoke or excite. — n. anything
provocative.
PROVOKE, pro-vok', v.t. to call forth : to
excite to action : to excite with anger :
to offend : (B.) to challenge. — adv. Peo-
vok'ingly. [Fr. provoquer — L. — pro,
forth, roco, to call. See Vocajl.]
PROVOST, prov'ust, n. the dignitary set
over a cathedral or collegiate church :
the head of a college : (Scotland) the
chief magistrate of certain classes of
burghs, answering to mayor in other
cities. — n. Lord Provost, the style of
the chief magistrates of Edinburgh,
Glasgow, Perth, and Aberdeen. — n. Pro-
tost-Marshal, an officer of the English
army with special powers for enforcing
discipline: an officer of the English navy
having charge of prisoners. [Lit. "one
placed over others," O. Fr. provost (Fr.
prevot) — L. prcepositus, pa.p. of prcepono
—jprce, over, pono, to place.]
PROVOSTSHIP, prov'ust-ship, n. the office
of a provost.
PROW, prow, n. the forepart of a ship.
[Fr. proue (It. prua) — L. prora — Gr. —
pro, before.]
PROWESS, prow'es or pro'es, n. bravery,
esp. in war : valor. [Fr. prouesse, from
O. Fr. prou (Fr. preux). valiant, prob.
from L. pro. for the good of. Cf. Prude.]
PROWL, prowl, v.i. to rove in search of
prey or plunder. — n. Peowl'er. [O. Fr.,
as if proieler, from Fr. proie—L. j^rceda,
prey. See Peey.]
PROXIMATE, proks'i-mat, adj., nearest or
next: having the most intimate connec-
tion : near and immediate. — adv. Prox'-
DiATELY. [L. proximus, next, superl. of
obs. propi,s, near.]
I'ROXIMITY, proks-im'it-i, n. immediate
nearness. [Fr. — L.]
PROXIMO, proks'i-mo, adj. (in) the next
(month).
PROXY, proks'l, n. the agency of one who
acts for another : one who acts for an-
other, or the writing by which he is
deputed. [Lit. "the office of procura-
tor." from obs. E. procuracy, from PRO-
CURATOR.]
PRUDE, prood, n. a woman of affected
modesty. [Fr. — O. Fr. prode, fem. of
prod, excellent,
virtuous.]
from L. probus, good,
PRUDENCE, proo'dens, n. quality of being
prudent : wisdom applied to practice :
caution. [Fr. — L.]
PRUDENT, proo'dent, adj. (lit.) provident
or foreseeing : cautious and wise in con-
duct : careful : discreet : dictated by fore-
thought : frugal. — adv. Pru'dently. [Fr.
— L. prudens, priidentis, contr. of provi-
dens. pr.p. of provideo, to foresee. See
Provide.]
PRUDENTIAL, proo - den'shal, adj. pro-
ceeding from or dictated by prudence. —
adv. Pruden'tially.
PRUDERY, pr66d'er-i, n. manners of a
prude.
PRUDISH, prood'ish, adj. like a prude :
affectedly modest or reserved. — adv.
P*rud'ishly.
PRUNE, proon, v.t. to trim, as trees or
branches. by lopping off superfluous parts:
to divest of anything superfluous. — n,
Prun'er. [Lit.' "to propagate," older
form proin, prob. from Fr. proingner, to
propagate by slips — prorin. a shoot — L.
propag-o. -inis. See Propagate.]
PRLTNE, p»6on. n. a plum. esp. a dried
plum. [Fr. — L. prunum — Gi: prounon.]
PRUNELLA, pr6o-nel'a, PRUNELLO,
proo-nel'o, n. a strong, woollen stuff,
generally black. [Prob. Latinized form
of Fr. prunelle, a sloe, dim. of Fr. prune.
See Prune, n.]
PRURIENCE, proo'ri-ens, PRURIENCY,
proo'ri-en-si, n. state of being prurient.
PRURIENT, proo'ri-ent, adj., itching or un-
easy with desire. [L. prnriens, pr.p. of
prurio, to itch.]
PRY, pri, v.i. to peer or peep into that
which is closed : to inspect closely : to
try to discover with curiosity: — pa.t.
aai pa.p. pried. — adt'. PrVingly. [M.E.
piren. Doublet Peer, to look narrowly.]
PSALM, siim, n. a sacred song. — T^E
Psalms, one of the books of the Old
Testament. [L. psalmus — Gr. psalmos
(lit.) a ficitching or twanging the strings
of a liarp, from psallo, to *\vang.]
PSALMIST, sam'ist or sal'mist, ?*. a com-
poser of psalms, applied to David and the
• writers of the Scriptural psalms. [L. —
Gr.]
PSALMODIC, sal-mod'ik, PSALMODICAL,
sal-niod'ik-al,ad/. pertaining topsalmody.
PSAL5I0DIST, sal'mod-ist, n. a singer of
psalms.
PSALMODY, sam'o-di or sal'mo-di, n. the
singing of psalms : psalms collectively.
[Gr. psalmodia, singing to the harp —
psalmos (see Psauu), and ode, a song (see
Ode).]
PSALTER, sawl'ter, n. the book of Psalms,
esp. when separately printed : in the R.
Cath. Church, a series of 150 devout sen-
tences : a rosary of 150 beads, according
to the number of the psalms. [O. Fr.
psaltiei — L. psalterium.]
PSALTERY, sawl'ter-i, n. a stringed in-
strument of the Jews. [O. Fr. psalterie
(Fr. psalterion)—h. psalterium — Gr. psal-
terion. Cf. Psalm.]
PSEUDONYM, su'do-nim, n. a fictitious
name assumed, as by an author. — adj.
Pseudo'nymous, bearing a fictitious
name. [Fr. — Gr. pseud-es, false, and
onoma- E. Name.]
PSHAW, shaw, int. of contempt. [Imita-
tivej
PSYCHICAL, si'kik-al, adj. pertaining to
the sold, or living principle in man. [L.
pisychicus — Gr. psychikos — psyche, tlie
soul — psycho, to breathe.]
PSYCHOLOGIC, sl-ko-loj'ik, PSYCHO-
LOGICAL, sT-ko-loj'ik-al, adj. pertaining
to psychology.— adv. Psycholog'ically.
PSYCHOLOGIST, sl-kol'o-jist, n. one who
studies psychology.
PSYCHOLOGY, si-kol'o-ji, w. the science
which classifies and analyzes the phen-
omena of the h'uuan mind. [Gr. psyche,
the soul, and logos, a treatise.]
PTARMIGAN, tar'mi-gan, n. a species of
grouse with feathered toes inhabiting
the tops of mountains. [Gael, tarma-
chan.'\
PUBERTY, pu'ber-ti, n. the age of full
development: early manhood or woman-
hood. [Fr. ptdterte — L. pubertas, -talis
— pubes, the signs of manhood, from root
of Pupil.]
PUBESCENCE, pu-bes'ens, n. state of one
arrived at puberty: (bot.) the soft, short
hair on plants.
PUBESCENT, pu-bes'ent, adj. arriving at
puberty: (bot. and zool.) covered with
soft, short hair. [L. pubesc-ens, -entis,
pr.p. of pubesco, to arrive at puberty —
pubes. See Puberty.]
PUBLIC, pub'lik. adj. of or belonging to
the people : pertaining to a community
or a nation : general : common to all :
generally known. — n. the people: the
general body of mankind : the people,
indetinitely.— (irfr. Pub'UCLY. [Fr. — L.
publicus—populus, the people. Cf. Peo-
ple.]
PUBLICAN, pub'lik-an, n. the keeper of an
inn or public-house : (orig.) a farmer-
general of the Roman public revenue : a
tax-collector. [L.]
PUBLICATION, pub-li-ka'shun, n. the act
of publishing or making public : a procla-
mation : the act of printing and .sending
forth to the public, as a book : that wliicc
is published as a book, etc.
PUBLIC-HOUSE, pub'lik-hows, n. a house
open to the public : a house of public
entertainment. [Eng.]
PUBLICIST, pub'li-sist, n. one who writes
on, or is skilled in public law, or current
political topics.
PUBLICITY, pub-lis'i-ti, n. the state of
being public or open to the knowledge
of all : notoriety.
PUBLIC-SPIRITED, pub'lik-spir'it-ed, adj.
ha\'ing a spirit actuated by regard to the
pniblic interest : with a regard to the
public interest. — adv. Pub'lic-spir'ited-
LY.— «. Pub'lic-spir'itedness.
PUBLISH, pub'lish, v.t. to make public:
to divulge or reveal : to announce : to
proclaim : to send forth to the public :
to print and offer for sale : to put into
circulation. [Fr. — L. publico, -atus —
pvbliciis.]
PUBLISHER, pub'lish-er, n . one who makes
public or proclaims : one who publishes
books.
PUCE, pus, adj. brownish-purple. [Lit.
flea-colored ; Fr. pnce — L. pulex, pnilicis,
a flea.]
PUCK, puk, n. a goblin or mischievous
spiite : a celebrated fairy. [M.E. pouke
— Celt., as Ir. puca, W. birg ; conn, with
Ice. piiki. See the parallel forms PuG,
Bug.]
PUCKER, puk'er, v.t. to gather into folds;
to wrinkle.— H. a fold or wrinkle. [Lit,
" to gather into the form of apoke." See
Poke, a bag, and Pock.]
PUDDENING, pud'n-ing, n. (naut.) a quan«
tity of yarns, oakum, or mats wrought
round a rope, to make a stop upon it, to
prevent cliaflng, or for other purposes.
PUDDING, pood'ing, n. an intestine filled
with meat, a sausage : a soft kind of
food, of flour, milk, eggs, etc. [Prob.
Celt., as W. poten, Ir. putog—pot, a bag;
Ger. pudding, Fr. boudin, L. botulus, are
prob. all related words.]
PUDDLE, pud'l, n. a small pool of muddy
water : a mixture of clay and sand. — i:t.
to make muddy : to make impervious to
water with clay : to convert into bar or
wrought ii-on. — v.i. to make a dirtv stir.
[M.E. podel (for plod-el) — CeXt. plod, a
pool, conn, with Flood and Flow.]
PtJDDLER, pud'ler, n. one who turns cast-
iron into wrought-iron by puddling.
PUDDLING, pud'ling, n. the act of render-
ing impervious to water by means of
clay: the process of converting cast into
bar or wrought iron.
PUERILE, pu'er-Il, adj. pertaining to
children : childish : trifling : silly. — adv.
Pu'erilely. [Fr. pueril — L. inierilis —
puer, a child. Cf. FOAL.]
PUERILITY, pu-er-il'i-ti, n. quality of
being puerile: that which is puerile: a
cliildish expression.
PUERPERAL, pu-er'per-al, adj. relating
to childbirth. [L. pmerpera, bearing
children — puer, a child, and pario, to
bear. Cf. FoAL and Parent.]
PUFF, puf, v.i. to blow in puffs or whiffs :
to swell or fill with air : to breathe with
vehemence : to blow at, in contempt : to
bustle about. — I'.t. to drive with a puff :
to swell with a wind : to praise in ex-
aggerated terms. — n. a sudden, forcible
breath : a sudden blast of wind : a gust
or whiil : a fungous ball containing dust :
anything light and porous, or swollen
PUFFERY
346
PUP
and light : a kind of liffht pastrj' : an ex-
aggerated expression of praise. — n. Puff'-
ER. — Puff up {B.) to inflate. [Imitative ;
cog. with Ger. puff-en, etc.]
ETJFFERY, pufer-i, n., puffing or extrava-
gant praise.
PITFFIM', pufin, n. a water-fowl having a
sliort, thick, projecting beak like that of
a parrot. [Named eitlier from its swell-
ing beak or its round belly. See PtJFF.]
PUFFY, pufi, adj., puffed out with air or
any soft matter ; tumid : bombastic. —
adv. Pvff'tly. — n. Puff'INESS.
PUG, pug, n. a monkey : a small kind of
dog : any small animcil (in familiarity or
contemnt). [Lit. "an imp;" a corr. of
Pl-CK.] *
PUGH, poo, int. of contempt or disdain.
[Imitative.]
PUGILISM, pu'jil-izm, 7i. the art of boxing
or fighting with the fists. — adj. Pcoilist'-'
IC. [From L. pugil. a boxer — root pug,
whence L. pugnus, E. Fist.]
PUGILIST, pu'jil-ist, n. one who fights
with his lists.
PUGNACIOUS, pug-na'shus, adj. fond of
Jighting : combative : quarrelsome. — adv.
Pugna'ciouslt.— n. Pugnac'ity. [L.pug-
na.r. pngnacis—pugno, to fight — pugnus,
E. Fist.]
PUISNE, pu'ni, adj. (Inu-) inferior in rank,
applied to certain judges in England.
[Lit. "born ■after," O. Fr. (Fr. puine),
from puis — L.posf, after, and ne, pa. p. of
naitre — L. nascor. natus, to be born.
Doublet of Puny.]
PUISSANT, pu'is-ant or pu-is'ant, adj. , po-
tent or powerful . strong : forcible. — adi:
PC'ISSANTLY.— ?!< PU'ISSANCE. [Fr. (It.
possente), from L. potens. powerful, mod-
ified by the influence of L. posse, to be
able. Of. Potent and Possible.]
PUKE, piik, v.i. to spew : vomit. [A form
of Spew.]
iXULE, pul, v.i. to pipe or chirp : to cry,
whimper, or whine, like a child. — n. Pm,'-
ER. [From Fr. piauler, like It. pigolare,
L. pipilo, and pipe, to pipe, formed from
the sound.]
PULL, pool, v.t. to draw^ or try to draw :
to draw forcibly : to tear : to pluck. — v.i.
to give a pull : to draw. — n. the act of
pulling : a struggle or contest. [A.S.
pndlian, conn, with Low Ger. pulen, to
pUickJ
PULLET, pool'et, n. a young hen. [Fr.
poidette, dim. of potde, a hen — Low L.
pulht, a hen, fern, of L. pullus, a young
animal, cog. with Foal. Poult is a
doublet.]
PULLEY, pool'i, n. a wheel turning about
an axis, and ha^^ng a groove in which a
cord runs, used for raising weights : — pi,
Pull'ets. [M. E. poleyn, from A.S. pid-
lian : ace. to others, from Fr. poultxm —
Low L. pidlanus—pulUis (E. Foal); ace.
to Diez from Fr. poulie, which is from E.
Pull.]
PULMONARY, pul'mon-ar-i, adj. pertain-
ing to or affecting the lungs. [L. ptd-
monarius — pulmo, pulmonis, a lung— -Gr.
pleumon. pneumon, lung — ^root pnu, to
bi-eathe.J
PULMONIC, pul-mon'ik, adj. pertaining to
or affecting the lungs. — n. a medicine for
disease of the lungs : one affected bj' dis-
ease of the lungs.
PULP, pulp, n. the soft fleshy part of
bodies : marrow : the soft part of plants,
esp. of fruits : anj* soft mass. — v.t. to re-
duce to pulp: to deprive of pulp : to
separate the pulp. [Fr. pv.lpe — L. pulpa,
perh. conn, with root of Palpable.]
Pulpit, pool'pit. n. a platform for speak-
ing from : an elevated or inclosed place
in a church where the sermon Is deliv-
ered : a desk. — adj. belonging to the pul-
pit. [Fr. — L. pulpitum, a stage. Etj-.
unknown.]
PULPOUS, pulp'us, adj. consisting of or
resemblingp!</p; soft. — n. I*ULP'OUSNESS.
PULPY, pulp'i, adj. like ^ju/p : soft. — n.
PULP'INESS.
PULSATE, pul'sat, v.i. to throb. [L. ptdso,
ptdsatus. to beat, freq. of pello, pulsus,
to drive.]
PULSATILE, pul'sat-il, adj. that may be
beaten : played by beating : acting by
pulsation.
PULSATION, pul-sa'shun, n. a beating or
throbbing : a motion of the pulse : any
measured beat : a vibration. [L. put-
satio.]
PULSATIVE, pul'sa-tiv, PULSATORY,
pulsa-tor-i, adj.. beating or throbbing.
PULSE, puis, n. a, beating : a throb : a vi-
bration : the beating of the heart and
the arteries. [Fr. pouls — L. j^^'^^'^s-^
pello, pulsus. See Pulsate.]
PULSE, puis, n. grain or seed of beans,
pease, etc. [L. puis, porridge (Gr. po'tos).
Cf. Poultice.]
PULSELESS, puls'les, adj. having no pul-
sation.
PULVERABLE, pul'ver-a-bl. PULVERIZ-
ABLE, pul'ver-iz-a-bl, adj. that may be
reduced to fine powder. [L. pulvis,"pul-
veris, powder.]
PULVERIZE, pul'ver-iz, v.t. to reduce to
dust or fine powder. — M. Pclveriza'TION.
[Fr. — Late L. pulverizo — pidvis.'\
PULVEROUS, pul'ver-us, adj. cons-sting
of or like dust or powder. [L. piulvereus7\
PUMA, pQ'nia. n. a carnivorous animal, of
the cat kind, of a reddish-brown color
without spots, called also the American
lion. [Peru\iaa^>i(J«a.]
PUMICE, pii'mis, n. a hard, light, spongj-,
volcanic mineral. — adj. PuMl'CEOUS, of or
like pumice. [A.S. puniic(-stan). pumice-
(-stone) — L. pumex, pmnicis, for spumex
— sjmma, foam — spuo. See Spujie, and
PouxcE, a fine powder.]
PUMMEL. Same as PoiniEL.
PUMP, pump, n. a machine for raising
water and other fluids. — v.t. to raise
with a pump : to draw out information
b3- artful questions. — v.i. to work a
pump : to raise water b.y pumping. — «.
Pump'er. [Fr. pompe — Gfer. pmnj>e (for
plumpe), from the sound of splashing in
water. See Plump.]
PUMP, pump, n. a thin-soled shoe used in
dancing. [Fr. pompe. So called from
being used on showy occasions. See
Pomp.]
PUMPKIN, pump'kin, PUMPION, pump'-
yun, Ji. a plant of the gourd family and
its fruit. [A corr. of Fr. pomjyon — L.
pepo, -onis — Gr. i>epon. ripe, so called
because not eaten until ripe.]
PUN, pun. v.t. to play upon words similar
in sound but different in meaning : — jn-.j).
punn'ing ; pa.t. a.nH pa. p. punned. — n. a
play upon words. [Lit. "to hammer or
torture words." an old form of POUND, to
beat, from A.S. j5i«ni«n.]
PUNCH, contr. of Punchinello. [Through
the influence of prov. E. punch, tliick,
fat.]
PUNCH, punsh, «. a beverage of fit^e in-
gredients, spirit, water, sugar, lemon-
juice, and spice. [Hindi pnnch, five —
Sans. 2Janchan, cog. with E. FiTE.]
PUNCH, punsh, v.t. to prjVA- or pierce with
something sharp : to perforate with a
steel tool. — n. a tool for stamping or
perforating, a kind of awl. [A curtailed
form of Puncheon, a tool.]
PUNCH, punsh, v.t. to strike or hit. esp.
on the head. — n. a stroke or blow. [Prob.
a corr. of Punish.]
PUNCHEON, punsh'un, n. a steel tool with
one end for stamping or perforating
metal plates. [O. Fr. poinson, a bodkin,
a puncheon — L. punctio, -onis, a pricking
— pungo, punctus, to prick.]
PUNCHEON, punsh'un, n. a cask : a liquid
measure of 84 gallons. [O. Fr. jjoinson.
a cask ; perh. from the above, so called
from the brand stamped on it. Cf. HoGS^
HEAD.]
PUNCHINELLO, punsh-i-nel'o, PUNCH,
punsh, n. the short, humpbacked figure
of a puppet-show : a buffoon. [A corr.
of It. pidcinello, dim. of pidcino. a young
chicken, a child — L. jndhis, a young ani-
mal. See Pullet and Foal.]
PUNCTATE, pungk'tat, PUNCTATED,
pungk'tat-ed, adj.. pointed: (6of.) punc-
tured : full of small holes. [Formed from
L. punctum, a point— jjungo, punctus, to
prick.]
PUNCTILIO, pungk-til'yo, n. a nice point
in behavior or ceremony: nicety in forms.
[Lit. "a little point, "'Sp. j5«»fi7?o, dim.
of punto, point — L. jnmcixim, point.]
PUNCTILIOUS, pungk-til'yus, adj. attend-
ing to little points or matters : veiy nice
or exact in behavior or ceremony : ex-
act or punctual to excess. — adv. PUNO-
til'iously. — n. PL'NCTIL'IOUSNESS.
PUNCTUAL, pungk'tu-al, adj. observant
of nice 2)oints, punctilious: exact in keep-
ing time and appointments : done at the
exact time. — n. PUNC'TUALIST. — adv.
PuNC'TUALLY. [Fr. poiictuel — h.ptinctum,
a point.]
PUNCTUALITY,pungk-tu-ari-ti.n.quaHty
or state of being })unctval : the keeping
the exact time of an appointment.
PUNCTUATE, pungk'tu-at, v.t. to mark
vrith points : to divide sentences by
certain marks.
PUNCTUATION, pungk-tu-a'shun, Ji. the
act or art of dividing sentences hy points
or marks.
PUNCTURE, pungk'tQr, n. a pricing : a
small hole made with a sharp point. — v.t.
to prick : to pierce with a pointed instru-
ment. [L. ptunctura^imngo.']
PUNDIT, puu'dit, n. a learned man. [Sans.
pandita — pand. to pile up.]
PUNGENT, pun'ient, adj. jyrtcking or acrid
to taste or smell ; keen : sarcastic. — adi'.
Pun'gently. — n. Pcn'gency. [L. pun-
gens, -entis, pr.p. of pungo. See Poign-
ant.]
PUNISH, pun'ish, v.t. to exact a penalty:
to cause loss or pain for a fault or crime:
to chasten. — n. Pun'isher. [Fr. pnnir,
punissant — L. punire— poena, iienalty.
See Pain.]
PUNISHABLE, puu'ish-a-bl, adj. that may
be punished.
PUNISHMENT, pun'ish-ment, n. loss or
pain inflicted for a crime or fault.
PUNITH^E, pun'i-tiv, adj. pertaining to
punishment.
PUNKAH, pung'ka, n. a large /a?j consist-
ing of a light framework covered with
cloth and suspended from the ceding of
a room. [Hind. jJOJiA/id, a fan.]
PUNSTER, pun'ster, n. one whopujis or is
skilled in punning.
PUNT, punt, n. a ferry-boat : a flat-bot-
tometi boat. — i:t. to "propel, as a boat,
by pushing with a pole against the bot-
tom of a river. [A.S.— L. ponto. a punt,
a pontoon— pons, pontis. See Pontage
and Pontoon.]
PL^'Y, pu'ni, adj. (cotnp. Pu'NIEE, stiperl.
Pi/NIEST), small : feeble : inferior in size
or strength. [Lit. " born after or late."
Doublet of Puisne.]
PUP, pup, v.t. to bring forth puppies, as a
bitch -.—pr.j). pupp'ing ; pa.t. and pc-.p-
pupped. [Short for Puppy.]
PUPA
347
PUSSY
PUPA, pu'pa, PUPE, pup or pu'pe, n. an
insect inclosed in a case before its full
development : a chrysalis -.—pi. PCP-a:,
pii'pe, PUPES, pu'pes. [L. pupa, a g-irl,
a doll, fern, of pitpus, a boy, a child.]
PUPIL, pil'pil, n. a little boy or girl : one
under the care of a tutor : a scholar : a
ward : {law) one under pubertj-. [Fr.
) pupille — L. pupillus. impilla, dims, of
pupus, boy, pupa, girl.]
PUPIL, pu'pil, II. the apple of the eye, so
called from the baby-hke flgxires seen on
it. [Same as above ivord.]
PUPILAGE, pu'pil-aj, n. state of being a
pupil.
PUPILLAEY, PUPILARY, pu'pil-ar-i,"af?;.
pertaining to a pupil or ward, or to the
pupil of the eye.
PUPPET, pup'et, n. a small -^mU or image
moved by wires in a show : one entirely
under the contro' of another. — n. Pnpp'-
ET-SHOW, a mock show or drama per-
formed by puppets. [O. Fr. poupette,
dim. from L. pujia.}
PUPPY, pup'i, n.adofl : a conceited young
man : a whelp. — >i. Pupp'tisii, conceit in
men. [Fr. poupee, a doll or puppet — ^L.
pupa. Cf.PuPA.]
PUR. See PURR.
PURBLIND, pur'blind, adj. nearly blind :
near-sighted. — adv. Pur'blindlt. — n.
Piir'bundness. [For pure-hlind, i.e.
wholly blind ; the meaning has been
modified, prob. through some confusion
with the verb to pore.']
PURCHASABLE, pur'chas-a-bl, adj. that
may be purcliased.
PURCHASE, pur'chas, v.t. (lit.) to chase
or seek for : to acquire : to obtain by
paying : to obtain hy labor, danger, etc.:
(law) to sue out or procure. — u. act of
purcliasing : that which is purchased :
any mechanical jjower or advantage in
raising or moving bodies. — Ji. Pue'-
CHASER. [Fr. pourchasser, to seek eager-
ly, pursue — pour (L. pro), for, chasser, to
chase. See Chase.]
PURE, pur, adj. (comp. Pcr'er, superl.
Pcr'est), clean, unsoiled : unmixed : not
adulterated : real : free from guilt or de-
filement : chaste : modest : mere : that
and that only. — adv. Pure'lt. — n. Pure'-
NESS. [Fr. pur — L. purus — root pu, to
make clean ; conn, with E. Fire, h-puto,
and its derivatives.]
PURGATION, pur-ga'shun, n. a purging :
(law) the clearing from imputation of
guilt. [Fr. — L. inn-gatio.]
PURGATIVE, pur'ga-tiv, adj., cleansing :
having the power of evacuating the in-
testines.— n. a medicine that evacuates.
[L. purgativus.'\
PURGATORIAL, pur-ga-to'ri-al, adj. per-
taining to purgatory.
PURGATORY, pur'ga-tor-i, adj., purging
or cleansing : expiatory. — n. according to
R. Catholic and some eastern religions,
a place or state in which souls are after
death purified from veni;il sins. [Fr.
purgatoire — L. purgatorius. See Purge.]
Purge, purj, r.t. to make pure: to carry
off wliatever is impure or superfluous :
to clear from guilt: to evacuate, as the
bowels : to clarify, as liquors. — t\i. to
become pure by clarifying : to have fre-
: quent evacuations. [Fr. purger — L.
purge (for pur-igo)—X)urus, pure, and
ago, to do or make.]
PURGING, purj'ing, n. act of cleansing or
clearing.
PURIFICATION, pur-i-fi-ka'shun, n. act of
purifying : (B.) the act of cleansing cere-
monially by i-emoving defilement. [Fr.
— L. purificatio.]
PURIFICATORY, iHir-if'i-ka-tor-i,ady.tend-
iug to purify or cleanse.
PURIFY, pur'i-fl, v.t. to make pure : to free
from guilt or uncleanness : to free from
improprieties or barbarisms, as language.
— i:i. to become pure -.—pa.t. and pa.p.
pur'ifled. — n. Pcr'ifier. [Fr. purifier —
L. purifico — })unts, pure, /acio, to make.]
PURISM, pur'izm, n., pure or immaculate
conduct or style : the doctrine of a purist.
PURIST, piii-'ist, n. one who is excessively
pvre or nice in the choice of words.
PURITAN, pur'i-tan, n. one professing
great purity in religious life : one of a re-
ligious party in the time of Elizabeth and
the Stuarts marked by rigid purity in
doctrine and practice. — adj. pertaining to
the Puritans.
PURriANIC, piir-i-tan'ik, PURITANIC^
AL, pQr-i-tan'ik-al, adj. like a Puritan :
rigid : exact.
PURITANISM, pur'i-tan-izm, n. the no-
tions or practice of Puritans.
PURITY, piir'i-ti, n. condition of being
X)ure.
PURL, purl, v.i. to flow with a murmuring
sound : to ripple. — n. a soft murmuring
sound, as of a stream among stones : an
eddy or ripple. [Prob. freq. of Purr ; cf.
Q\\' porla, G«r. perlen, to bubble.]
PURL, purl, v.t. to fringe with a waved
edging, as lace : (knitting) to invert
stitches. [Contr. of pwjt/'e — Fr. pourfiler
— ^jo((r (L.pro), and filer, to twist threads,
from ^7, a thread. Cf. File, a line, etc.]
PURL, purl, n. ale warmed and spiced.
[Prob. from Fr. perle, a pearl, from the
small pearl-like bubbles rising on its sur-
face. See Pearl.]
PURLIEU, pur'lu, n. the borders or envi-
rons of any place : (orig.) the grounds on
the borders of a forest. [Ace. to Skeat,
a forr. of O. Fr. puralee (a mere transla-
tion of L. pcrambulatio), land severed
from a royal forest by perambulation —
O. Fr. jmr (= L. p>ro), and allee, a going-.
See Alley.]
PURLOIN, pui--loin', v.t. to steal : to pla-
giarize.— n. Pu'RLOIn'er. [Lit. " to carrj-
away to a long distance ; M.E. purlon-
gen — O. Fr. purloignier — L. 2^''olongo.
See Prolong.]
PURPLE, pur'pl, n. a very dark-red color :
a purple dress or robe, orig. worn onlj'
by royalty : a robe of honor. — adj. red
tinged with blue : blood-red : bloody. —
v.t. to dye purple: to clothe with purple.
[M.E. purpre — O. Fr. porpre (Fr. pom--
pre) — L. purpura — Gr. porphyra. See
Porphyry.]
PURPORT, pur'port, n. design : significa-
tion.— v.i. to mean. \\At. "that which
is carried or conveyed," O.Fr. pur (Fr.
pour) — L. iwo, for, and Fr. porter— h.
porta, to carry.]
PITRPOSE, pur'pos, n. that which a person
sets before himself as an end : aim : in-
tention : effect. — v.t. to intend. — v.i. to
have an intention. [O. Fr. purposer,
form of proposer (see Propose), influ-
enced bv Fr. projMS (L. ponere), to place.]
PURPOSELESS, pur'pos-les, adj. without
purpose or effect : aimless.
PURPOSELY, p\u-'pos-li, adv. with purpose
or design : intentionally.
PURR, PUR, pur, v.i. to utter a murmur-
ing sound, as[a cat. — n. (also Purr'ing),
the low, murmuring sound of a cat.
[From the sound.]
PURSE, purs, n. a small bag for money,
orig. made of skin : o. sum of money : a
treasury. — v.t. to put into a purse : to
contract as the mouth of a purse : to con-
tract into folds. [O. Fr. borse (Fr. bourse)
— Low L. bfir.s-rt— Gr. byrsa, a skin, a hide.]
PURSE-PROUD, purs'-prowd, adj., proud
of one's purse or wealth : insolent from
wealth. — H. Pur.SE'-PRIDE.
PURSER, purs'er, n. an officer who has
charge of the provisions, clothing, and
accounts of a ship, now termed a " pay.
master." — »i. PLTts'ERSHlP.
PURSLANE, PURSLAIN. purs'lan, »;. an
annual plant, frequently used in salads.
\lt. porccllana, from 'L. portulaca.l
PURSUANCE, pur-su'ans, n. the act of
pursuing or following out : process : con=
sequence.
PURSUANT, pur-sii'ant, adj. done pursu
ing or seeking any purpose : hence.
agreeable.
PURSUE, pur-sQ', v.t. to foUow ontvards
in order to overtake : to chase : to prose-
cute : to seek : to imitate : to continue.
— n. Pursu'er, one who pursues : (Scots
laiv) a plaintiff. [O. Fr. porsuir (Fr.
poursuivre) — L. prosequor, -secutus—pro,
onwards, sequor, to follow.]
PURSUIT, pur-sut', n. the act of purmdng,
following-, or going after : endeavor to
attain : occupation.
PURSUIVANT, pur's wi-vant, n. apwsiier
or follower : in Great Britain, a state
messenger; au attendant on the heralds;
one of four junior officers in the Heralds'
College. [Fr. ptoursuivant.}
PURSY, purs'i, adj., pwsAea out : puffy:
fat and short : short-breathed. — n. PuRs'-
INESS. [O. Fr. ponrcif (Fr. poussif),
orig. poulsif, broken - winded — O. Fr.
pourcer (Fr. pousser), to push. See
Push.]
PURTENANCE, pur'ten-ans, n. that which
pertains or belongs to : (B.) the intes-
tines of an animal. [Short for Appur-
tenance.!
PURULENCE, pu'roo-lens, PURULENCY,
pu'roo-len-si, n. the forming of pnis or
matter : pus.
PURULENT, pvi'roo-lent, adj. consisting
of, full of, or resembling pus or matter
— adv. Pu'RULENTLY.
PURVEY, pur-va', v.t. to provide, esp
witli conveniences : to procure. — v i. tc
provide : to buy in pro\-isions. [O Fr,
porvoir (Fr. pouvoir) — L. provideo. See
Provide.]
PURVEYANCE, pur-va'ans, n. the act of
purveying: procuring of victuals: in En-
gland, the royal prerogative of pre-
emption, now abolished.
PURVEYOR, pur-va'or, n, one who pro-
vides victuals: in England, an officer who
formerly exacted provisions for the use
of the king's household : a procurer.
PUS, pus, n. that which has become jjt(frtci;
white matter of a sore. [L. pus. puris,
matter ; akin to Gr. pyon, and Sans,
root puy, to become putrid.]
PUSEYISM, pu'zi-izm, n. a name given
collectively to the principles of Dr. Pnsey
and other Oxford divines, as put foi-th in
a series of pamphlets, called " Tracts for
the Times. — n. Pd'seyite, one supposed
to hold certain views attributed to Dr.
Pusey.
PUSH, i)00sh, v.t. to thrust or beat agaiiast:
to drive by pressuie : to press forward :
to urge. — v.i. to make a thrust: to make
an eii'ort: to press against: to burst out.
— n. a thrust: an imjjulse: assault: effort:
exigence. [Fr. pou-sser — L. 2^'dso, freq.
of pell o, ptditum, to beat.]
PUSHING, poosh'ing.adj..;«essnigi forward
in business : enterprising : vigorous.
PUSILLANIMOUS, pu-sil-an'i-mus, adj.
having a little mind: mean-spirited:
cowaidly.— cirfr. PUSILLAX'IMOUSLY. — ns,
Pusill.^n'imousness, Pusillanm'ity. [L
jjusillanimi.'i—jntsilliis, very little (—jyu-
sus, dim. of 2)uer, a boy)^ and animus,
the mind.]
PUSS, poos, n. a familiar name for a cat :
a hare, in sportsmen's language. [Dut.
poes, puss ; Ir. and Gael. pus. a cat : prob.
imitative of a cat's spitting.1
PUSSY, poos'i, Ji. a dim. of Puss.
PUSTULAR
348
QUADRUPLE
PUSTULAR, pus'tu-Iar, PUSTULOUS,
pus'tii-lus, adj. covered with jnisttiles.
PUSTULATE, pus'tu-lat, v.t. to form into
piisUdes.
PUSTULE, pus'tul, n. a small pimple con-
taining pits. [Fr. — L. pustitla—pus.]
PUT, poot, v.t. to push or thmst : to drive
into action : to throw suddenly, as a
word : to set, lay, or deposit : to bring'
into any state : to offer : to propose :
to applj' : to oblige : to incite : to add. —
r.i. to place : to turn : — pr.p. putting
(poof-); pa.t. and pa.p. put. [A.S. po-
tian ; prob. from the Celt., as Qa^\. put,
W. pirtio.}
PUTATIVE, pu'tartiv, adj., siippoxed: re-
puted. [Fr. — 'L.putatirus — puto,putatus,
to suppose.]
PUTREFACTION, pu-tre-fak'shun, n. the
act or process oi jnitrefying : rottenness :
corruption.
PUTREFACTIVE, pu-tre-fak'tiv, adj. per-
taining to or causing putrefaction. — n.
Putrefac'tiveness.
PUTREFY, pu'tre-fT, v.t. to make putrid
or rotten : to corrupt. — r.i. to become
putrid: to rot: — pa.t. and pa.p. pu'tre-
fied. [Putrid, and L. facio, factum, to
make.]
PUTRESCENT, pu-tres'ent, adj., becoming
putrid : pertaining to putrefaction. — n.
PUTRES'CENCE.
PUTRID, pu'trid, adj., stinking: rotten:
corrupt. — ns. Putrid'ity, Pu'tkidness.
[Fr. putride — L. putridus^puter, putris,
rotten — puteo, akin to Gr. putho, Sans.
pity, to stink. See Pus.]
PUTTY, put'i, n. an oxide of tin, or of lead
and tin, used in polishing glass, etc.: a
cement, of whiting and linseed-oil, used
in glazing windows. — v.t. to fix or fill up
with putty : — pa.t. and pa.p. putt'ied.
V [O. Fr. poiee, properly that which is con-
tained in a pot (Fr. pot).']
PUZZLE, puz'l, n. perplexity : something
to try the ingenuity, as a toy or riddle. —
v.t. to pose : to perplex. — i\i. to be be-
wildered. — n. Puzz l^R. [From M. E.
opposaile (E. opposal), an objection or
question put by an examiner — Fr.opposer.
See Oppose.]
PUZZLING, puz'ling, adj., posing: per-
plexing.
PYEBALD. See Piebau).
PYGARG, pi'garg, n. a kind of antelope.
[Lit. "the n-hite-rumped animal," Gr.
pygargos^pyge, rump, argos. white.]
PYGMEAN, pig-me'an, PYGJIY, pig^mi,
adj. pertaining to or like a jrygmy :
dwarfish : diminutive.
PYGMY, pig'mi, n. one of a fabulous
dwarfish race of antiquity : a dwarf :
any diminutive thing. [Fr. pygml- — L.
Pygmoei — Gr. Pygmaioi, the Pygmies,
fabled to be of the length of a (Gr.)
pygme =lZi inches (measured from the
elbow to the knuckles) — pygme, fist, L.
ptignti.i.]
PYLORUS, pi-l6'rus, n. the lower opening
of the stomach leading to the intestines.
— adj. I*ylor'ic. [Lit. "gate-keeper,"
L. — Gr. pyloros—pyli, an entrance, and
ouros, a guardian.]
PYRAMID, pir'a-mid, n. a solid figure on a
triangular, square, or polygonal base,
with triangular sides meeting in a point:
—pi. " the pyramids " or great monu-
ments of Egypt : a game played on a
billiard table. [L. — Gr. pyramis, pyra-
midos. Etv. unknown; prob. Egj'ptian.]
PYRAMIDAL, pi-ram'i-dal, PYRAMIDIC,
pir-a-mid'ik. PYRAMIDICAL, pir-a-mid'-
ik-al, adj. ha-\-ing the form of a. pyramid.
— odt'.s. Ptram'idally. PYRAinro'ictLLY.
FYRE, pir, n. a pile of wood, etc., to be set
on fire at a funeral. [L. pyra—Qr. pyra
—pyr, E. Fire.]
PYRITES, pir-I'tez, n. a native compound
of sulphur with other metals, so called
because it strikes fire when struck against
steel. — adjs. Pyeit'ic, Pyrit'ical. [L.
— Gr. pyr. E. Fire.]
PYROGENOUS,pir-oj'en-us,acy., produced
by fire. [Gr. pyrogenes — -jyyr, fire, and
gen. root of gignomai, to produce.]
PYROMETER, pir-om'e-ter. n. an instru-
ment for measuring the temperature of
bodies under fierce heat. — adjs. Pyro-
met'ric, Pyromet'rical. [Gr. pyr, fire,
and metron, a measure.]
PYROTECHNIC, pir-o-tek'nik, PYRO-
TECHNICAL, pir-o-tek'nik-al, adj. per-
taining to fireivorks.
PYROTECHNICS, pir-o-tek'niks, PYRO-
TECHNY, pir'o-tek-ni, n. the art of
making fireworks. [Gr. pyr, fire, and
technikos, artistic — techne, art.]
PYROTECHNIST, pir'o-tek-nist, n. one
skilled in pyrotechny.
PYRRHONIST, pir'ro-nist,n. one who holds
the tenets of Pyrrho, who taught uni-
versal scepticism: a sceptic.-—?;. Pyrrho-
nism, scepticism.
PYTHAGOREAN, pi-thag-o-re'an, adj.
pertaining to Pythagoras, a celebrated
Greek philosopher, or to his philosophy.
— n. a follower of Pythagoras. — n,
Pythag'ORISM, his doctrines.
PYTHIAN, pith'i-an, adj. pertaining to the
Pythoness: noting one of the four national
festivals of ancient Greece, in honor of
Apollo.
PYTHON, pl'thon, n. a genus of large
serpents, family Boidse, nearly allied to
the boa, from which they differ in having
the plates on the under surface of the
tail double. They are natives of the Old
World, and are found in the East Indies,
South Africa, and elsewhere. They
sometimes attain a length of 30 feet.
They are not venomous, but kill their
prey by compression. [Gr. python, a
great serpent slain near Delphi by
Apollo.]
PYTHONESS, pith'on-es, n. the priestess
of the oracle of Apollo at Pytho, the
oldest name of Delphi, in Greece : a
witch.
PYTHONIC, pi-thon'ik, adj. pretending to
foretell future events like the Pythoness.
PYTHONISM, pith'on-izm, n. the art of
predicting events by divination. — n.
Pyth'onist.
PYX, piks. n. in the R. Cath. Church, the
sacred ho.v in which the host is kept after
consecration : at the British Mint, the
box containing sample coins. — v.t. to
test the weight and fineness of, as the
coin deposited in the pj'x. — Trial of the
Pyx, final trial by weight and assay of
the gold and silver coins of Great Brit-
ain, prior to their issue from the Mint.
[L. pyxis, a box — Gr. pyxis— py.vos (L.
ouxus), the box-tree, box-wood — pyk-nos,
dense — root, pak, to bind. Cf. Box, a
tree, etc., and Pact.]
Q
QUACK, kwak, v.i. to cry like a duck : to
beast : to practice as a quack. — v.t. to
doctor by quackerj'. — n. the cry of a
duck : a boastful pretender to skill which
he does not possess, esp. medical skill : a
mountebank. — adj. pertaining to quack-
ery : used by quacks. [An imitative
word, seen also in Ger. qtiaken, Dut.
kwaken, Gr. koa.v, a croak.]
QUACKERY, kwak'er-i, n. the pretensions
or practice of a quack, esp. in medicine.
QUACKSALVER, kwak'sal-ver, n. a quack
who deals in salves, ointments, etc. : a
quack ffenerallv.
QUADRAGESIMA, kwod-ra-jes'i-ma. n.
Lent, or the forty days of fast before
Easter. [L. — quadragesimus, fortieth —
quadraginta, forty— quatuor, four. See
Four.]
QUADRAGESIMAL, kwod - ra - jes'i - ma:
adj. belonging to or used in Lent.
QUADRANGLE, kwod'rang-gl, n. a square
surrounded by buildings: (geom.) a plane
figure having /owr equal sides and angles.
[Fr. — L. quadrayigiilum — quatuor, four,
and angulus, an angle.]
QUADRANGULAR, kwod-rang'gu-lar, adj.
of the form of a quadrangle. — adv. QUAD-
RANG'ULARLY'.
QUADRANT, kwod'rant, v. (geom.) the
fourth part of a circle, or an arc of 90°:
an instrument consisting of the qiiad-
rant of a circle graduated in degrees,
used for taking altitudes. [L. quadrans,
from quatuor, four.]
QUADRANTAL, kwod-rant'al, adj. per-
taining to, equal to, or included in a
quadrant.
QUADRATE, kwod'rat, adj., squared:
having four equal sides and four right
angles : divisible into four equal parts :
(fig.) balanced : exact : suited.— ?i. a
square or quadrate figure. — t\i. to square
or agree with : to correspond. [L. quad-
ratus, pa.p. of quadra, to square, from
quatuor, four.]
QUADRATIC, kwod-rat'ik, adj. pertaining
to, containing or denoting a square.
QUADRATURE, kwod'ra-tur, n. a squar-
ing : {geom.) the finding, exactly or ap-
proximately, of a square that shall be
equal to a given figure of some other
shape : the position of a heavenly body
when 90" distant from another.
QUADRENNIAL, kwod-ren'yal, adj. com
prising four years : once in four years.
— adv. Qu adrenn't a t ,t,y. [L. quadren-
nis — quatuor, four, annus, a year.]
QUADRILATERAL, kwod-ri-lat'er-al. adj.
having four sides.— n. (geom.) a plane
figure having four sides. [L. quadrilat-
erus — quatuor, four, and latus, lateris,
QUADRI LITERAL, kwod-ri-lit'er-al. adj.
of four letters. [L. quatuor, four, and
litera, a letter.]
QUADRILLE, ka-dril' or kwa-dril'. n. a
game at cards played by four : a dance
made up of sets of dancers containing
four couples each. [Fr. ; from It. quad-
riglia — L. q^tadra, a square — quatuor,
four.]
QUADRILLION, kwod-ril'yun, n. a million
raised to the fourth power, represented
by a unit with 24 ciphers, according to
the English notation, but according to
the French notation, in common use on
the Continent and in the U. S.. repre-
sented by a unit with 1.5 ciphers. [Coined
from L. quater, tour times, on the model
of Mjllion.]
QUADRINOMIAL, kwod-ri-no'mi-al. ndj.
(math.) consisting of four divisions or
terms. — re. an expression of four terms.
[From L. quatuor, four, and Gr. nome,
a division — nemo, to distribute.]
QUADROON, kwod-roon', n. the offspring
of a mulatto and a white person. [Fr.
quarteron — L. quatuor, four ; so called
because their blood is one-fourth blaek.J
QUADRUPED, kwod'roo-ped, n. a four-
footed animal. [L. quatuor, four, and
pes, pedis, a foot.]
QUADRUPEDAL, kwod-roo'pc-dal. adj.
having four feet.
QUADRUPLE, kwod'roo-pl, adj.. fourfold.
— 7i. four times the quantitv or number.
— v.t. to increase fourfold. [Fr. — L.
quadruplus — quatuor, four.]
QUADRUPLICATE
349
QUEEN-MOTHER
QUADRUPLICATE, kwod-roo'pli-kat, adj.
made fourfold. — v.t. to make fourfold:
to double twice.— n. Quadruplica'tion.
[L. quadniplicatus — quatuor, four, and
plieo, plicatus, to fold.]
(JUAFF, kwaf, v.t. to drink in large
draughts. — v.i. to drink largely. — n.
Qcaff'ER. [Scot, queff, quaich, a small
drinking-cup ; from Ir. and Gael, cuach,
a cup.J
QUAGGA, kwag'a, n. a quadruped of South
Africa, like the ass in form and the zebra
in color. [Hottentot quagga, guacha.]
QUAGGY, kwag'i, adj. of the nature of a
quagmire : shaking or yielding under the
feet.
QUAGMIRE, kwag'mir, n. wet, boggy
ground that yields under the feet. [Obs.
Quag, same as Quake, and Mire.]
QUAIL, kwal, v.i. to cower: to fail in spirit.
[A.S. ewelan, to suffer, to die ; Ger. qual,
torment.]
QUAIL, kwal, n. a migratory bird like the
partridge, found in every country from
the Cape of Good Hope to the North
Cape. [O. Fr. quaille, eaille — Low L.
quaqnila — O. Flem. quakele, from root
of Quack.]
QUAINT, kwant, adj. neat : unusual : odd:
whimsical.— adt;. Quaint'ly.— )i. Quaint'-
NESs. [Lit. " known, famous, remark-
able.' O. Fr. cointe, neat, acquainted —
L. cognitus, known.]
QUAB[JE, kwak, v.i. to tremble, esp. with
cold or fear i—pr.p. quak'ing ; pa.t. and
pa. p. quaked. — n. a shake: a shudder. —
adv. Quak'ingly. [A.S. cwacian ; allied
to Quick.]
QUAKER, kwak'er, n. one of the Society
of Friends, a religious sect founded by
George Fox, born in 1624. [A nickname
first given them by Judge Bennet at
Derby, because Fox bade him and those
present tremble at the word of the Lord.
This is Fox's own statement in his Jour-
nal/]
QUAKERISM, kwak'er-izm, n. the tenets
of the Quakers.
QUALIFICATION, kwol-i-fi-ka'shun, n.
that which qualifies : a quality that fits
a person for a place, etc. : abatement.
QUALIFY, kwol'i-fT, v.t. to render capable
or suitable : to furnish with legal power:
to limit by modifications : to soften : to
abate : to reduce the strength of : to
vary. — n. Qual'ifier. [Fr. qualifier,
from L. qualis, of what sort, and faeio,
to make.]
QUALITATIVE, kwol'i-ta-tiv, adj. relating
to quality : (ehem.) determining the na-
ture of components.
QUALITY, kwol'i-ti, 71. that which makes
a thing what it is : property : peculiar
power : acquisition : character : rank :
superior birth or character. [Fr. — L.
qualitas, qualitatis.]
QUALM, kwam, n. a sudden attack of ill-
ness : a scruple, as of conscience. [A.S.
cwealm, pestilence, death ; Ger. qualm,
adisposition to vomit, vapor ; Sw. qvalm,
a suffocating heat ; allied to QUAIL, v.]
QUALMISH, kwam'ish, adj. affected with
qiialm, or a disposition to vomit, or with
slight sickness.
QUANDARY, kwon-da'ri, n. a state of dif-
ficulty or uncertainty : a hard plight.
[Prob. a corr. r' "I.E. wandreth, from
Ice. vandrcedi, difficulty, trouble.]
QUANTITATIVE, kwon'ti-ta-tiv, adj. re-
lating to quantity : measurable in quan-
tity : {chem.) determining the relative
proportions of components.
QUANTITY, kwon'ti-ti, n. the amount of
anything . bulk : size : a determinate
amount: a sum or bulk: a large portion:
(logic) the extent of a conception: {gram.)
the measure of a syllable : (music) the
relative duration of a tone : (math.) any-
thing which can be increased, divided,
or measured. [Fr. — L. quantitas, quan-
titatis—quantus, how much— gnaw, how.]
QUANTUM, kwon'tum, n. quantity :
amount. [L. quantum, neut. of quantus,
how great, how much.]
QUARANTINE, kwor'an-ten, n. the time,
orig. forty days, during which a ship
suspected to be infected with a conta-
gious disease, is obliged to forbear inter-
course with the shore. — v.t. to prohibit
from intercourse from fear of infection.
[Fr. quarante — L. quadraginta, forty —
quatuor. four.]
QUARREL, kwor'el, n. an angry dispute :
a breach of friendship : a brawl. — v.i. to
dispute violently : to fight : to disagree :
— P^P- quarr'elling ; pa.t. and pa.p.
quarr'elled. — n. Quarr'eller. [M.E.
querele — Fr. querelle — L. querela — queror,
to complain.]
QUARRELSOME, kwor'el-sum, adj., dis-
posed to quarrel : brawling : easily pro-
voked.— n. Quarr'elsomeness.
QUARRY, kwor'i. n. a place where stones
are dug for building or other purposes. —
v.t. to dig or take from a quarry : — pa.t.
a.nA pa.p. quarr'ied. [Lit. "a place where
stones are squared," O. Fr. qiiarriere (Fr.
carriere) — Low L. quadraria — L. quad-
rus, square. See Quadrant.]
QUARRY, kwor'i, n. the entrails of the
game given to the dogs after the chase :
the object of the chase : the game a hawk
is pursuing or has killed : a heap of dead
game. [M.E. qnerre — O. Fr. coree (Fr.
euree) — Low L. corata, the intestines or
inwards of a slain animal, so called be-
cause including the heart, from L. cor,
cordis, the heart ; but ace. to Littre,
through O. Fr. cuiree, from cuir, the skin
( — L. corium), in which these parts were
thrown to the dogs.]
QUARRYMAN, kworVman, QUARRIER,
kwor'i-er,n. a man who works in a quarry.
QUART, kwort or kwawrt, n. the fourth
part of a gallon, or two pints : a vessel
containing two pints. [Fr. — L. quartus,
fourth — quatuor, four.]
QUARTAN, kwor'tan, adj. occurring every
fourth day, as an intermittent fever or
ague. [Fr. — L. quartanus, of or belong-
ing to the fourth.]
QUAJITER, kwor'ter, n. h fourth part : the
fourth part of a cwt.=28 lbs. avoirdupois:
in England, 8 bushels (dry measure):
the fourth part of a chaldron of coal — of
the year — of the moon's period^-of a car-
cass (including a limb) — of the horizon :
a cardinal point : a region of a hemi-
sphere: a division of a town, etc.: place of
lodging, as for soldiers, esp. in 2)1.: mercj'
granted to a disabled antagonist, prob.
from the idea of the captor sending the
prisoner to his quarter or lodging: {naut.)
the part of a ship's side between the main-
mast and the stern. — v.t. to divide into
/o(tr equal parts : to divide into parts or
compartments: to furnish witli quarters:
to lodge : to furnish with entertainment :
{her.) to bear as an ajipendage to the
hereditary arms. [Fr. quartier ; from
L. quartarius — qnartus, fourth.]
QUARTER-DAY, kwor'ter-da, n. the last
day of a quarter, on which rent or interest
is paid in England.
QUARTER-DECK, kwor'ter-dek, n. the
part of the deck of a ship abaft the main-
mast.
QUARTERLY, kwor'ter-li, adj. relating to
a quarter : consisting of or containing a
fourth part : once a quarter of a year. —
adv. once a quarter. — n. a periodical
published every quarter of a year.
QUARTERMASTER, kwor'ter-mas-ter, n.
an officer who looks after the quarters of
the soldiers, and attends to the supplies:
{naut.) a pettj' officer who attends to the
helm, signals, etc.
QUARTERN, kwor'tern, n. the fourth of a
pint : a gill : (in dry measure) the fourth
part of a peck, or of a stone. — Quartern
LOAF, a loaf of 4 lbs., because orig. made
of a quarter stone of flour.
QUARTER-SESSIONS, kwor'ter-sesh'uns,
7i.pl. English county or borough sessions
of court held quarterly.
QUARTER-STAFF, kwor'ter-staf, n. a long
staff or weapon of defence, grasped at a
quarter of its length from the end and at
the middle.
QUARTETTE, QUARTET, kwor-tet', n.
anything in fours : a musical composi-
tion of four parts, for voices or instru-
ments : a stanza of four lines.
QUARTO, kwor'to, adj. having the sheet
folded into four leaves. — n. a book of a
quarto size: — j)l. Quartos, kwor'toz.
QUARTZ, kworts, n. a mineral composed of
pure silica : rock-crystal. — adj. QuaRTZ-
OSE, kworts'os, of or like quartz. [From
Ger. quarz.]
QUASH, kwosh, v.t. to crush: to subdue or
extinguish suddenly and completely : to
annul or make void. [O. Fr. quasser, Fr.
casser — L. quasso, inten. of quatio, to
shake ; prob. from the sound.]
QUASSIA, kwash'i-a, n. a South American
tree, the bitter wood and bark of which
are used as a tonic, so called from a negro
named Quassy, who first discovered its
properties.
QUATERNARY, kwa-ter'nar-i, adj. con-
sisting oi four : by fours: a term applied
to strata more recent than the upper ter-
tiary.— n. the number four. [L. quater-
narius.]
QUATERNION, kwa-ter'ni-on, n. the num
her four : a file of four soldiers. [L. qua-
temio.l
QUATERNIONS, kwa-ter'ni-ons, n. a kind
of calculus or method of mathematical
investigation invented by Sir W. R. Ham-
ilton of Trinity College, Dublin. [So
called because four independent quanti-
ties are involved.]
QUATRAIN, kwotran or ka'tran, n. a
stanza of /ojtr lines rhyming alternately.
[Fr.
QUAVER, kwa'ver, v.i. to shake : to sing
or play with tremulous modulations. — n.
a vibration of the voice : a note in mu-
sic = i a crotchet or i of a semibreve.
[From the sound, allied to Quiver.]
QUAY, ke, n. a wharf for the loading or
unloading of vessels. [Fr. quai — Celt.,
as in W. cae, an inclosure, barrier, Bret.
fcae.]
QUAYAGE, ke'aj, n. payment for use of
a quay.
QUEAN, kwen, n. a saucy girl or young
woman : a woman of worthless character.
[Same as QCEEN.]
QUEASY, kwe'zi, adj. sick, squeamish :
inclined to vomit: causing nausea: fastid-
ious.—odu. Quea'sily.— n. Quea'siness.
[Norw. kveis, sickness after a debauch.
Ice. kveisa, pains in the stomach.]
QUEEN, kwen, n. the wife of a king: 4
female sovereign : the best or chief of
her kind. [Lit. " a woman," A.S. civen ;
Ice. kvan, kona, O. Ger. quena, Gr. gyne,
Russ. jena. Sans, jarii, all from root gan,
"to produce," from which are Genus,
Kin, Kino, etc.]
QUEENLY, kwen'li, adj. like a, queen: b«-
coming or suitable to a queen.
QUEEN-MOTHER, kwen-mufft'er, n. a
queen-iiowa.ger. the mother of the reign-
ing king or queen.
QUEER
QUEER, kwer. adj. odd : singular : quaint.
—adv. QuEER'LT.— )i. QrEER'>-Ess.— The
QCEEK, in U. S., counterfeit money.
[Low Ger. queer, across, oblique ; Grer.
qiier.]
QUEERISH, kwer'ish, adj., rather queer :
somewhat singular.
QUELL, kwel, i\t. to crush : subdue: to
allav. — n. Quejll'er. [A.S. cicellan, to
kill.* akin to Quail, r.]
QUENCH, kwensh, v.t. to put out: to de-
stroy : to check : to allay. [A.S. cwencan,
to quench, eirincan, O." Ger. hicinka, to
wastp away ; akin to AVa>'E.]
QLTEXCHABLE. kwensh'a-bl, adj. that
may be quenched or extinguished.
QUEJJCHLESS, tiyensh'les, adj. that can-
not be quenched or exting-uished : irre-
pressible.
QUERIMONIOUS, kwer-i-mon'yus, adj.,
complaining : discontented. — adv. Queri-
MOX'IOUSLT.— ?i. QUERIMOS'lOrsXESS. [L.
querinionia, a complaiaing — queror, to
complain.l
QUERN, kwern. KERN, kern, n. a hand-
mill for grinding grain. [A.S. ctcym,
cweorn : Ice. kvern, Goth, qicairnus ;
Sans, chum, to grind ; prob. connected
with Chtex.]
QUERULOUS, kwer'u-lus, adj., complain-
ing : discontented. — adv. Quee'clocsly.
— n. QUEE'ULOUSXESS.
QUERY, kwe'ri, n. an inqitiry or question:
the mark of interrogation. — v.t. to in-
quire into : to question : to doubt of : to
mark with a query. — v.i. to question : —
pa.t. and pa.p. que'ried. — n. Qce'eist.
[L. qiuere, imperatiye of qucero, qucesi-
tum. to inquire.]
QLT;ST, kwest, n. the act of seeking:
search : pursuit : request or desire.
QUESTION, kwest'yun. n. a seeking: an
inquiry : an examination : an investiga-
tion : dispute : doubt : a subject of dis-
cussion.— v.t. to ask questions of : to ex-
amine by questions : to inquire of : to
regard as doubtful : to have no confi-
dence in. — v.i. to ;usk questions: to in-
quire.— n. QCEST'IOXER. [Fr. — L. quoestio
— qtioero, qucesitum.]
QLT:STI0NABLE, kwest'yun- a- U, adj.
that may be questioned : doubtful : un-
certain : suspicious. — adv. QcEST'lOXA-
BLY. — n. Quest'ioxableness.
QLTESTIONARY, kwest'yun-ar-i, adj., ask-
ing questions.
QL'ESTIONIST, kwest'yun-ist, n. a ques-
tioner.
QUESTOR. kwest'or, n. a Roman magis-
trate who had charge of the money affairs
of the state : a treasurer. — n. QuEST'OR-
SHIP. [L. qucestor, contr. of qucesitor —
qu(ero.\
QUEUE, ku, n. a taj'Wike twist of hair
formerly worn at the back of the head.
fSee Cue.]
QUIBBLE. kw;b'l, n. a turning away from
the point in question into matters irrel-
eyant or insignificant: an eyasion, a pun:
a petty conceit. — [•./. to evade a question
by a play upon words : to cavil: to trifle
in argument : to pun. — n. Qctbe'ler.
JFrom M.E. quib, a form of QuiP.]
QUICK, kwik. adj., living, moving : lively:
speedy: rapid: nimble: ready. — adv. with-
out delay : rapidly : soon. — n. a living
animal or plant : the living : the liring
flesh : the sensitive parts. — adv. Quick'-
LY. — n. Quick.' SESS. [A.S. cu-ic : Ice.
kvikr, Prov. G«r. queck, Goth, qiciu^, liv-
ing ; allied to L. vivo, vietum, Gr. bioo,
Sans. jiv. to live.
QUICKEN, kwik'n, v.t. to make quick or
alive : to revive : to reinvigorate : to
cheer : to excite : to sharpen: to hasten.
— v.i. to become aUve : to move with
activity. — n. Quick'eser. [A.S. eiincian.]
350
QUICKLIIIE., kwik'lim. n. recently burnt
lime, caustic or unslaked : carbonate of
lime without its carbonic acid.
QUICKSAND, kwik'sand. ;(.. sand easily
moved, or i-eadily yielding to pressure :
anything treacherous.
QUICKSET, kwik'set, u. a living plant set
to grow for a hedge, particularly the
hawthorn. — adj. consisting of li\-ing
plants.
QUICKSIGHTED, kwik'slt-ed, adj. having
quick or sharp sight : quick in discern-
ment.
QUICKSILVER, kwik'sil-ver, n. the com-
mon name for fluid mercury, so called
from its great mobility and its silver
color.
QUID, k-ivid, n. something chewed or kept
in the mouth, esp. a piece of tobacco.
[A corr. of CUD.]
QUIDUITY, kwid'i-ti, n. the essence of
anything : any trifling nicetv : a cavil :
a captious question. [Low L. quidditas
— L. quid, what.]
QUIDNUNC, kwid'nungk, n. one always
on the lookout for news : one who pre-
tends to know all occurrences. [L.
"What now?'"]
QUIESCENCE, kvvi-es'ens, n. state of be-
ing quiescent or at rest : rest of mind :
silence.
QUIESCENT, kwl-es'ent, adj. being quiet,
resting : still : unagitated : silent. — adv.
Quies'cextly. [L. quiescens, -entis, pr.p.
of quiesco. to rest. See Quiet.]
QUIET, kwl'et, adj. at rest: calm: smooth:
peaceable: gentle, inofilensive. — n. the
state of being at rest : repose ; calm :
stillness : peace. — v.t. to bring to rest :
to stop motion : to calm or pacify : to
lull: to allay. [L. quietus — quiesco ; akin
to L. ch6o, 'Gr. keimai. Sans, ft, to lie.]
QUIETISM, kwi'et-izm, n., rest of the mind:
mental tranquillity: apathy: the doctrine
that religion consists in repose of the
mind and passive contemplation of the
Deity. — n. Qui'etist, one who beheves in
this doctrine.
QUIETLY, kwfet-li, adv. in a ^(ief manner:
\vithout motion or alarm: calmly: silent-
ly : patiently.
QUIETNESS,* kwfet-nes, QUIETUDE,
kwl'et-iid, n. rest: repose : freedom from
agitation or alarm : stillness : peace :
silence.
QUIETUS, kwl-e'tus, n. a unal settlement
or discharge. [L., at rest, quiet.]
QUILL, kwil, rj. a reed-pen : the feather of
a goose or other bird used a.s a pen : a
pen: anything like a quill: the spine, as
of a porcupine: the reed on which weavers
wind their thread : the instrument for
striking the strings of certain instru-
ments: the tube of a musical instrument.
— v.t. to plait with small ridges like quills,
to wind on a quill. [Orig. a stalk, the
stalk of a cane or reed, and lit. am-thing
pointed, tapering, Fr. quille, a peg — O.
Ger. kegil or chegil, (Jer. kegel, a cone-
shap«l object, ninepin.]
QUILLET, kwil'et, n. a trick in argument :
a petty quibble. [A corr. of L. quidlibet,
" what you will.'']
QUILT, kwilt, n. a bed-cover of two cloths
sewed together with something soft be-
tween them : a thick coverlet. — v.t. to
make into a quilt : to stitch together
^vith something soft between : to sew
like a quilt. [0. Fr. cuilte (Fr. couette)
— L. cuieita, a cushion, mattress. See
CotrSTERPANE.]
QUINARY, kwi'nar-i, adj. consisting of
or arranged in Jives. [L. quinarins —
qninque. five.]
QUINCE, kwins, n. a fruit with an acid
taste and pleasant flavor, much used in
QUIT-RENT
making preserves and pies. [O. Fr. coiff.
nasse (Fr. coing). It. cotogna — L. cydo-
nium — Gr. CydOnia, a town in Crete,
where it abounds.]
QUININE, kwinln, «. an alkaline sub-
stance, obtained from the bark of the
Cinchona tree, nmch used in medicine
in the treatment of agues and fevers.
[Fr. — Peruvian kina, bark.]
QUINQUAGESIMA. kwin - kwa - jes'i - raa,
adj.. fiftieth, applied to the Sunday 50
days before Easter. [L. quinquaginta,
fifty — quinque. five.]
QUINQUANGULAR. kwin-kwang'gu-lar,
adj.. having_^i'e angles. [L. quinque, five,
and AXGULAJi.]
QUINQUENNIAL, kwin-kwen'yal, adj. oc-
curring once in five years : lasting five
years. [L. quinquennalis — quinque, five, ^
and annus, a yeai-.] '
QUINSY', kwin'zi. n. inflammatory sore
throat. [M.E. and O. Fr. squinancie (Fr.
esquinancie) — Gr. k-ynanche, "dog-throt-
tling " — kyo)i, a dog, and ancho, to psess
tight, to throttle.]
QUINTAIN, kwin'tan, n. a post with a
turning and loaded top or cross-piece, to
be tilted at. [Fr. — L. quintana, quintus,
fifth, from the position of the place of
recreation in the Roman camp.]
QUINTAL, kwin'tal. n. a hundredweight,
either 112 or 100 pounds according to the
scale. [Through Fr. and Sp. quintal,
from Arab, quintar, weight of 100 pounds
— L. centum, a hundred.]
QUINTESSENCE, kwin-tes'ens. n. the pure
essence of anything : a solution of an
essential oil in spirit of wine. [Fr. — L.
quinta essentia, fifth essence, orig. applied
to ether, which was supposed to be jjurer
than fire, the highest of the four ancient
elements. See ESSENCE.]
QUINTILLION, kwin-til'yun. ??. the fifth
power of a million, or a unit with 30
ciphers annexed, according to the En-
glish notation, but according to the
French notation, in common use on the
Continent and in the U. S., represented
by a unit with 18 ciphers. [L. quintus,
fifth, and MrLLlox.]
QUINTUPLE, kwin'tu-pl, adj., fivefold:
{music) having five crotchets in a bar. —
t'.^ to make fivefold. [Fr. — L. nnin
tuplejc — quintus, fitth. plico. to fold.]
QUIP, kvvip. n. a sharp sarcastic turn, a
jibe : a cfuick retort. [W. ehu-ip, a quick
turn, chu-ipio, to move briskly.]
QUIRE, kwlr. n. a collection of* paper con-
sisting of twenty-four sheets, each hav-
ing a single fold. [O. Fr. quaier (Fr.
c(tliier), prob. from Low L. quafernum, a
quarto sheet, from quatuor. four.]
QUIRE, kwlr. old form of Choir.
QUIRK, kwerk, n. a quick turn : an art-
ful evasion : a quibble : a taunt or re-
tort : a slight conceit. [Obs. E. quirk,
to turn ; prob. from a (Jeltic imitative
root seen in W. chwiori. to turn briskly ;
by some conn, with Queer and Thwart.]
QXJtRKISH, kwerk'ish, adj. consisting of
quirks.
QUIT, kwit, v. t. to release from obligation,
accusation, etc. : to acquit : to depart
from : to give up : to clear by full per-
formance : — pr.p. quitting; pa.t. and
jxt.p. quitt'ed. — adj. (6.)"set free: ac-
quitted: released i obhgation. — To
BE QUITS, to be even with one. — To quit
one's self (B.) to behave. [Fr. quitter,.
through Low L. quietare, from L. quietus^
quiet. See Quiet.]
QUITE, kwit. adv. completely: wholly:
entirely. [Merely a form of Q'uiT. QuiFT.]
QUIT-RENT, kwit'-rent. n. (law) a rent on
British manors by which the tenants are
quit or discharged from other service.
QUITTANCE
351
RADIX
QUITTANCE, kwit'ans, n. a quitting or
discharge from a debt or obligation : ao
quittance.
QUIVER, twiv'er, n. a case for arrows.
[O. Fr. cuivre : from O. Ger. kohhar
[GntT. kocher); cog. with A.S. cocer.]
QUIVER, kwiv'er, v.i. to shake with slight
and tremulous motion : to tremble : to
shiver. [M.E. cini-er, brisk — A.S. cinfer,
seen in adv. ciciferlice, eagerly ; cf. Dut.
kuiveren. See Q^'^CK and Quaver.]
QUIVERED, kwiv'erd, adj. furnished with
a quiver : sheathed, as in a quiver.
QUIXOTIC, kwiks-ot'ik, adj. like Don
Qulvote, the knight-errant in the novel
of Cervantes : romantic to absurdity. —
adv. Quixot'ic.uj.y.
QUIXOTISM, kwiks'ot-izm, n, romantic
and absurd notions, schemes, or actions
like those of Don Quixote.
QUIZ, kwiz, M. a riddle or enigma : one
who quizzes another : an odd fellow. —
v.t. to puzzle : to banter or make sport
of: to examine narrowly and with an
air of mockery. — v.i. to practice derisive
joking : — J))'.2}. quizz'ing ; j'U.t. nadpa.jy.
quizzed. [Said to have originated in a
wager that a new word of no meaning
would be the talk and puzzle of Dublin
in twenty-four hours, when the wagerer
chalked "the letters q u i z all over the
town witli the desired effect.]
QUOIF, koif, «. a cap or hood. — v.t. to cov-
er or dress with a quoif. [Same as CoiF.]
QUOIN, koin, n. (arch.) a wedge used to
support and steady a stone : an external
angle, esp. of a building : (gnn.) a wedge
of wood or iron put under the breech of
heavy guns or the muzzle of siege mor-
tars to raise them to the proper level :
(print.) a wedge used to fasten the types
in the forms. [Same as CoiN.J
QUOIT, koit, n. a heavy flat rmg of iron
for throwing at a distant point in play.
[Perh. from O. Fr. coiter, to drive, press,
which may be from L. coactare — cogere,
to force. See Cogent.]
QUONDAJM, kwon'dam, at^. that was form-
erly : former. [L., formerly.]
QUORUM, kwo'rum, n. a number of the
members of any body sufficient to trans-
act business : in American legislative
assemblies, a majority of all the mem-
bers constitute a quorum. [The first
word of a commission formerly issued to
certain Justices, of whom (quorum) a cer-
tain number had always to be present
when the commission niet.]
QUOTA, kwo'ta, n. the part or share as-
signed to each. [It. — L. quotus, of what
number — quot, how many.]
QUOTABLE, kw6t'a-bl, adj. that may be
quoted.
QUOTATION, kwo-ta'shun, n. act of quot-
ing : that which is quoted : the current
price of anything.
QUOTE, kwot, v.t. to repeat the words of
any one : to adduce for authority or illus-
tration : to give the current price of. —
n. Quot'er. " [Lit. to say " how many,"
from O. Ft. quoter, to number — Low L.
quotare, to divide into chapters and verses
— L. quotuf.']
QUOTH, kwotli or kwutb, v.t., say, mys,
or said — used only in the 1st and 3d per-
sons present and past, and always fol-
lowed by its subject. [A.S. cwethan,
jpt.t. cu-ceth, to sav.l
QUOTIDIAN, kwo-tid'i-an, adj., every day:
occurring daily. — n. anjrthing returning
daily : (med.) a kind of ague that returns
daily. [Fr. — L. qiiotidianus — quot, as
many .as. and dies, a day.]
QUOTIENT, kwo'shent, n. (math.) the
number which shows hoiv often one num-
ber is contained in another. [Fr. : from
J-k quotiens, quoties, how often — quot.'^
R
RABBET, rab'et, n. a groove cot In the
edge of a plank so that another may fit
iato it. — V. to groove a plunk thus. [Fr.
rahoter, to plane.]
RABBI, rab'i or rab% RABBIN, rab'in, n.
Jewish title of a doctor or expounder of
the law:— ^/. Kabbis (rab'Iz), Rabb'ins.
[Lit. "my master," Gr. — Heb. rabi — rab,
great, a chief.]
RABBINIC, rab-bin'ik, RABBINICAL, rab-
bin'ik-al, adj. pertaining to the rabbis or
to their opinions. learning, and language.
RABBINISM, rab'in-izni, n. the doctrine or
teaching of the rabbis : a rabbinic ex-
pression.
ILVBBINIST, rab'in-ist, n. one who adheres
to the Talmud and traditions of the
rabbis.
RABBIT, rab'it, n. a small rodent burrow-
ing animal of the hare family : a cony.
[M.E. rabet, dim. of a root seen in Dut.
robbe.]
RABBLE, rabl, n. a disorderly, noisy
crowd: a mob: the lowest class of people.
[Allied tt> Dut. rabbelen, to gabble, Prov.
Ger. rabl>eln.]
RABBLE, rab'l, v.t to stir and skim (melt-
ed iron) with a rabble or puddling-tooL
RABID, rah'id. adj., raving : furious: mad,
— adv. Rab'idly.— »t. Rab'idness. [L.
rabies, rage.]
RABIES, ra'bi-es. n. the disease (esp. of
dogs) from which hydrophobia is com-
nmnicated [L. " madness."]
RACA, ra'ka, adj., worthless: — a term of
reproach used by the Jews. [Cbaldee
reka, worthless.]
RACCOON, RACOON, ra-koon', «. a car-
nivorous animal of N. America, valuable
for its fur. [A corr. of Fr. raton, dim. of
rat, a rat.]
RACE, ras, n. family : the descendants of
a common ancestor : a breed or variety :
a herd : peculiar flavor or strength, as of
wine, showing its kind. [Tr. (It. razza)
— O. Ger. reiza, a line ; proo. modified by
the influence of L. radix, a root.]
RACE, ras, n. a running : rapid motion :
trial of speed : progress : movement of
any kind : course of action : a rapid cur-
rent : a canal to a water-wheel. — v.i. to
run swiftly : to contend in running. [A.S.
rces, race, stream, cog. with Ice. ras,
rapid course. Sans, rish, to flow.]
RACECOURSE, ras'kors, n. the ecnirse or
path over which races are run. Also
Rack Track.
RACEHORSE, ras'hors, n. a horse bred for
racing.
RACEME, ra-sem', n. acluster : (bot.)a flow-
er cluster, iis in the currant. [Fr. — L.
racemits, akin to Gr. rax, ragos, a berry,
a grape. Doublet Raisin.1
RACEAIED, ra-semd', adj. having racemes.
RACER, ras'er, n. one who races : a race-
horse.
RACK, rak, n. an instrument for racking
or extending: an engine for stretching
the body in order to extort a confession :
a framework on which articles are ar-
ranged : the grating above a manger for
hay : (meek.) a straight bur with teeth to
work with those of a wheel : (Jig.) ex-
treme pain, anxiety, or doubt. — v.t. to
stretch forcibly : to strain ; to stretch
on the rack or wheel : to torture : to ex-
haust. [Conn, with M.E. rechen — A.S.
rcecan, to reach, and cog. with Ger. reek-
en. Goth, rakjan. See Reach.]
RACK, rak, n. thin or broken clouds, drift-
ing across the sky. Tlce. rek, drift— rewa,
to drive. E. Wreak.")
RACK, rak, v.t. to strain or draw off froro
the lees, as wine. [O. Fr. raqui, ety.
unknown.]
RACKET, rak'et, n. a strip of wood with
the ends together, covered with network,
aad having a handle — used in tennis : a
snow-shoe. — v.t. to strike, as with a
racket. [Fr. raquette — Sp. raqiieta — At,
rahat, the palm of the hand.]
RACKET, rak'et, v. a clattering noise
[Gael, racaid — rac. to cackle.]
RACK-RENT, rak'-rent, n. an annual ren..
stretched to the full value of the thing
rented or nearly so.
RACOON. See Raccoon.
RACY, ra'si, adj. having a strong flavor
showing its origin : rich : exciting to the
mind by strongly characteristic thought
or langiiage : spLi-ited. — adv. Ra'cily. —
n. Ra'ciness. [From Race, a family.]
RADDLE, radl, v.t. to interweave. — n.
a hedge formed by interweaving the
branches of trees : a species of red earth,
colored by sesqiiioxide of iron, used for
marking sheep : a layer of raddle or
other red pigment. "Some of us have
more serious things to hide than a yel-
low cheek behind a raddle of rouge." —
Thackeray. [A.S. wrced, a wreath or
bund.]
RADDLED, rad'ld, p. and adj. smeared or
painted with raddle : coarsely rouged.
" Can there be any more dreary object
than those whitened and raddled old
women who shudder at the slips?" —
Tliackeray.
RADIAL, ra'di-al, adj. shooting out like
a ray or radius : pertaining to tlie radius
of the forearm.
RADIANCE, ra'di-ans, RADIANCY, ra'di-
an-si, n. quality of being radiant : brill«
iancy : splendor.
RADIANT, ra'di-ant, adj. emitting rays oi
light or heat : issuing in rays : beaming
with light : shining. — n. (optics) the lu
minous point from which light emanates :
(geom.) a straight line from a point about
which it is conceived to involve. — adv.
Ra'diantlt. [L. radiaiis, -untis, pr.p.
of radio, radiatum, to radiate — radius."]
RADIATE, ra'di-at, v.i. to emit rays of
light : to shine : to proceed in direct lines
from any point or surface. — v.t. to send
out in rays. [L. radio, -atnm.]
RADIATION, ra-di-a'shun, n. act of radiat-
ing: the emission and diffusion of raj's
of light or heat.
RADICAL, rad'i-kal, adj. pertaining to the
root, or origin : original : reaching to the
principles : implanted by nature : not
derived : serving to originate : (bot.) pro-
ceeding immediately from the root : (pol-
itics) ultra-liberal, democratic. — n. a root:
a primitive word or letter: one who ad-
vocates radical reform : (chem.) the base
of a compound. — adv. Rad'ically. — n.
Rad'icalness. [See Radix.]
RADICALISM, rad'i-kal-izm. n. the prin-
ciples or spirit of a radical or democrat.
RADICLE, rad'i-kl, n. a little root: the part
of a seetl which in growing becomes the
root.
RADISH, rad'ish, n. an annual the root of
which is eaten raw as a salad. [Lit. a
" root," Fr. radis. through Prov. raditz,
from L. radi.v, radicis. Cf. R^vBix.]
RADIUS, ra'di-us. n. (geom.) a straight
line from the centre to the circumference
of a circle : anything like a radius, ae
tiie spoke of a wheel : (anai.) the exterior
bone of the arm : (Ixit.) the ray of a
fl >wer :—<>/. Radii, ril'di-I. [Lit. " a rod,
c T.ay," L. See Ray, aline of light.]
RADIJf, ra'diks, n. a root : a primitive
word : the base of asvstem of logarithms.
[L. raduc, radio-is. See ROOT, and WoKT,
a plant.]
RAFFAELESQUE
352
RANGE
RAFFAELESQUE, raf'fa-el-esk, adj. after
the manner of Raffaele, the celebrated
Italian painter : according to the princi-
ples of Raflfaelism. Written also Rajha-
ELESQtJE. " A strange opulence of splen-
dor, characterizable as half-legitimate,
half-meretricious — a splendor hovering
between the Raffaelesqne and the Japan-
nish.'" — Ccrrlyle.
SAFFLE, raf'l, n. a kind of lottery in which
all the stakes are seized or taken by the
■winner.— I'.z. to try a raffle. — n. Raff'ler.
[Fr. rafle, a certain game of dice — Fr.
rafler, to sweep away, from Ger. raffeln,
freq. of raffen (A.S. reafian), to seize.]
RAFT, raft, n. a collection of pieces of
timber fastened together for a support
on the water: planks conveyed by water.
— n. Rafts'man, one who guides a raft.
[Ice. raptr (pron. raftr), a rafter.]
RAFTER, raft'er, n. an inclined beam sup-
porting the roof of a house. — v.t. to fur-
nish with rafters. [A.S. rceffer, a beam;
Ice. raptr (raftr), a beam; Dan. raft, a
pole.]
RAG, rag, n. a fragment of cloth: anything
rent or worn out. [A.S. raggie, rough,
cog. with Sw. ragg, rough hair, and
Rug.]
RAG AMU FJt'lN, rag-a-mufin, 7i. a low
disreputable person. [Ety. dub.]
RAGE, raj, n., inolent excitement : enthu-
siasm : rapture: anger excited to fury. —
v.i. to be furious with anger: to exercise
fury, to ravage: to orevail fatally, as a
disease: to be violently agitated, as the
waves. [Fr. (Sp. rdbia) — L. rabies — rabo,
to rave; akin to Sans, rabh, to be agitated,
enraged.]
RAGGED, rag'ed, adj. torn or worn into
rags : having a rough edge : wearing
ragged clothes : intended for the very
poor : (B.) rugged. — adv. Raog'edly. — n.
Ragq'edness.
.iAGGEE, rag-gS', n. a species of millet,
grown in Southern India.
RAGIXG, raj'ing, adj. acting with rage,
violence, or fury. — adv. Rao'ingly.
RAGOUT, ra-goo', n. a stew of meat with
kitchen herbs, the French equivalent of
Irish stew. [Fr. — ragouter, to restore
the appetite— -L. re, again, Fr. d (= ad),
to, and goat — L. gustus, taste.]
RAGSTONE, rag'ston, RAGG, rag, n. an
impure lime.5<one, so called from its
ragged fracture.
RAGWORT, rag'wurt, n. a large coarse
weed wdth a yellow flower, so called
from its ragged leaves. [Rao, and A.S.
zcyrt, a plant.]
RAID, rad, n. a hostile or predatory in-
vasion. [Lit. " a riding into an eneiny's
country," Scand., as Ice. reidh. See
Ride. 'Doublet Road.]
RAIL, ral. n. a bar of timber or metal ex-
tending from one support to another, as
in fences, staircases, etc. : a barrier : one
of the iron bars on which railway car-
riages run : (arch.) the horizontal part of
a frame and panel. — v.t. to inclose with
rails. [Low Ger. regel, Ger. riegel, from
the root of Ger. reihe, a row.]
RAIL, ral, v.i. to brawl : to use insolent
language. [Fr. railler, like Span, rallar,
to scrape, from L. rallum, a hoe for
scraping a ploughshare — rado, to scrape.
See Rase.]
SAIL, ral, n. a genus of wading birds with
a harsh cry. [Fr. r&le (G«r. ralle) — rdler,
to make a rattle in the throat, from the
root of Rattle.]
RAILING, ral'ing, n. a fence of posts md
rails : material for rails.
RAILLERY, ral'er-i, 71. railing or mockery:
banter : good-humored irony. [Fr. rail-
lerie — railler. See Raii-. tolbrawl.]
RAILROAD, ral'rod, RAILWAY, ral'wa,
n. a road or way laid with iron rails on
which carriages run.
RAIMENT, ra'ment, n. that in which one
is arrayed or dressed : clothing in gen-
eral. [Contr. of obs. Arraiment — Array.J
RAIN, ran, n. water from the clouds. — v.i.
to fall from the clouds: to drop like rain.
— v.t. to pour like rain. [A.S. regn, ren,
rain ; cog. with Dut. and Ger. regen, and
Scand. regn.]
RAIN-BAND, ran'-band, n. a dark line or
band of atmospheric origin in the solar
spectrum, beingcausedby the absorption
of certain parts of the spectrum by aque-
ous vapor. It is held to be of some im-
portance as a weather predictor, a strong
rain-band showing excess, and a weak
rain-band a deficiency of moisture in the
atmosphere.
RAINBOW, ran'bo, ?;. the brilliant-colored
bow or arch seen when rain is falling op-
posite the sun.
RAIN-GAUGE, ran'-gaj, n. a gauge or in-
strument for measuring the quantity of
rain that falls.
RAINY, ran'i, adj. abounding with rain:
showery.
RAISE, raz, v.t. to cause to rise: to lift
up : to set upright : to originate or pro-
duce : to bring together : to cause to
grow or breed : to produce : to give rise
to : to exalt : to increase the strength
of ; to excite : to recall from death : to
cause to swell, as dough. [M.E. reisen,
from Ice. reisa, causal of risa, to rise.
See Rise and Rear.]
RAISIN, ra'zn, n. a dried ripe grape. [Fr.
(Prov. razim, Sp. racimo) — L. racemus, a
bunch of grapes. Doublet Raceme.]
RAJAH, ra'ja or ra'ja, n. a native prince
or king in Hindustan. [From Sans, ro-
jan, a king, cog. with L. rex.]
RAKE, rak, n. an instrument with teeth
or pins for smoothing earth, etc. — v.t. to
scrape with something toothed : to draw
together : to gather with difficulty : to
level with a rake : to search diligently
over : to pass over violently : {tiaut.) to
fire into, as a ship, lengthwise. — v.i. to
scrape, as with a rake : to search mi-
nutely: to pass with violence. [A.S. roca,
a rake ; cog. with Ger. rechen, Ice. reka,
a shovel, from the root of Goth, rikan
(rak), to collect, L. and Gr. lego.]
RAKE, rak, n. a ra-scal. [Contr. of Rake-
hell.]
RAKE, rak, n. (naut.) the projection of the
stem and stern of a ship beyond the ex-
tremities of the keel : the inclination of
a mast from the perpendicular. [From
the Scand. raka, to reach (A.S. rcecan).
Doublet Reach.]
RAKE, rak, v.i. to fly wide of the quarry,
said of a hawk.
Their talk was all of training, terms of art.
Diet and seeling:, jesses, leash and lure.
" She is too noble," he said, *' to check at pies.
Nor will she rake ; there is no baseness in her."
— TennyBon.
RAKEHELL, rak'hel, n. a rascal or villain:
a debauchee. [Corr. of M.E. rakel, rakle;
cog. with Prov. Sw. rakkel, a vagabond,
Ice. reikall, unsettled, from reika, to wan-
der, and Prov. E. rake, to wander.]
RAKERY, rak'er-i, n. the conduct or prac-
tices of a rake : dissipation. "He . . .
instructed his lordship in all the rakery
and intrigues of the lewd town." —
Roger North.
RAKISH, rak'ish, adj. having a rake or in-
clination of the masts. — adv. Rak'ishly.
RAKISH, rak'ish, adj. like a rake : disso-
lute : debauched. — adv. Rak'ishly.
RALLY, ral'i, v.t. to gather again : to col-
lect and arrange, as troops in confusion :
to recover. — v.i. to reassemble, esp. after
confusion : to recover wasted strength :
— -pa.t. and pa.p. rallied (ral'id). — n. act
of rallying: recovery of order: an Ameri-
can political meeting. [Lit. "tore-ally,'"
Fr. rallier — L. re, again, ad, to, and Ugo,
to bind. See ALLY, r.]
RALLY, ral'i, v.t. to attack with raillery:
to banter. — v.i. to exercise raillery: —
pia.t. and pa.p. rall'ied. [Fr. railler. A
variant of Rail, v.i.]
RAM, ram, n. a male sheep : (astr.) Aries
(L., the ram), one of the signs of the zo-
diac: an engine of war for battering, with
a head like that of a ram : a hydraulic
engine, called water-ram : a ship of war
armed with a heavy iron beak for run-
ning down a hostile vessel. — v.t. to thrust
with violence, as a ram with its head : to
force together : to drive hard down : —
pr.p. ramm'ing; pa.t. and pa.p. rammed.
[A.S. ram, rom : cog. with Ger. ramm,
Sans, ram, to sport.]
RAMBLE, ram'bl, v.i. to go from place to
place without object : to visit many
places : to be desultory, as in discourse.
— n. a roving from place to place : an
irregular excursion. — w.Ram'bler. [Freq.
of Roam.] •
RAMBLING, ram'bling, adj. moving about
irregularly : unsettled : desultory.
RAMIFICATION, ram-i-fl-ka'shun, n. di-
vision or separation into branches : a
branch : a division or subdivision : (bot.)
manner of producing branches.
RAMIFY, ram'i-fi, v.t. to make or divide
into branches. — v.i. to shoot into branch-
es : to be divided or spread out : — pa.t.
and pa.p. ram'ified. [Fr. ramifier — L.
ramus, a branch, facio, to make.]
RAMOSE, ra-mos', RAMOUS, ra'mus, adj.,
branchy : (bot.) branched as a stem or
root.
RAMP, ramp, v.i. to climb or creep, as a
plant : to leap or bound. — n. a leap or
bound. [Fr. ramper, to creep, to clamber;
from the Teut.. Low Ger. rappen, Ger.
raffen, to snatch, as with the claws.]
RAMPANT, ramp'ant, adj., ramping or
overgrowing usual bounds : overleaping
restraint : (her.) standing on the hind-
legs. — adv. Ramp'antly. — n. Ramp'ancy,
state of being rampant. [Fr., pr.p. of
ramper. to creep, to climb.]
RAMPART, ram'part, n. that which de-
fends from a.ssaxi\t or danger : (fort.) a
mound or wall surrounding a fortified
place. [Fr. rempart (orig. rempar) — reni-
parer, to defend — re, again, em, to (=en),
in, and parer, to defend — L. paro, to pre-
pare. See Parapet, Parry.]
RAMROD, ram'rod, n. a rod used in ram-
ming down the charge in a gun.
RAN, pa. f. of Rtjn.
RAN, ran. n. in India, a waste tract of
land. Edirin Arnold.
RANCID, ran'sid, adj. having a putrid
smell, as old oil : sour. — adv. Ran'cidly.
[L. rancidus, putrid.]
RANCIDNESS, ran'sid-nes, RANCIDITY,
ran-sid'i-ti, n. the quality of being rancid:
a musty smell, as of oil.
RANCOR, rang'kur, n. deep-seated enmi-
ty : spite : v-irulence. [Fr. — L. rancor,
rancidness, an old grudge — ranceo, to be
rancid.]
RANCOROUS, rang'kur-us, adj. spiteful :
malicious: virulent.— odr. Ran'corously.
RANDOM, ran'dum, adj. done or uttered
at hazard : left to chance. — adv. At ran-
dom, without direction : by chance. [O.
Fr. randon, urgency, haste ; of doubtful
origin.]
RAND03ILY, ran'dum-li, adv. in a random
manner : at hazard or without aim or
purpose. George Eliot.
RANG. rang. pa.t. of RING.
RANGE, ranj. v.t. to rank or set in a row:
to place in proper order : to rove or pass
over : to saU in a direction parallel to. —
RANGER
353
RATIO
V.i. to he placed in order : to lie in a par-
ticular direction : to rove at large : to
8<ul or pass near. — n. a row or rank : a
class or orcer ; a wandering : room for
passiug to ana fro : space occupied by
anything moving : capacity of mind :
extent of acquirements : the horizontal
distance to wmch a shot is carried : the
long cooking-stove of a Kitchen : (i?.) a
chimney-rack. [Ft. ranger, to range —
rang, a rank. Cf. Rauk.J
BANGER, ranj'er, n. a rover : a dog that
beats the ground : an officer wBo super-
intends a forest or park. — n. Ranqeb-
SHTP.
RAJXINE, ra'nin, adj. pertaining to or like
a frog. [L. rana, a frog.l
RANK, rangk, n. a row or line, esp. of sol-
diers standing side by side : class or order:
grade or degree : station : high social
position. — v.t. to place in a line : to range
in a particular class : to place method-
ically.— v.i. to be placed in a rank : to
have a certain degree of elevation or dis-
tinction.— The banks, the order of com-
mon soldiers. — Rank and file, the whole
body of common soldiers. [^Fr. inng (E.
Ring)— O. Ger. hring or hnne. Cf. Ha-
rangue.]
RANK, rangk, adj. growing high and luxu-
riantly : coarse from excessive growth :
raised to a hiuh degree : excessive : caus-
ing strong growth : very fertOe : strong
scented : strong tasted : rancid : strong.
— adv. Rank'ly.— ra. Rank'ness. [A.S.
ranc, fruitful, rank; Dan. rank, lank,
slender ; a nasalized form of the root of
Rack.]
BANKLE, rangkl, v.i. to be inflamed : to
fester : to be a source of disquietude or
excitement : to rage. [From Rank, adj.}
ftANSACK,ran'sak, v.t. to search thorough-
ly: to plunder. [Lit. " to search a house,"
Ice. rannsaka — rami, a house, and sak
(scekja), E. Seek.]
RANSOM, ran'sum, n. price paid for re-
demption from captivity or punishment :
release from captivity, -v.t. to redeem
from captivity, punisnment, or owner-
ship.— n. Ran'somer. [Lit. " redemption"
or " buying back," Fr. ranfon (It. reden-
zione) — L. redemptio. See Redemption.]
RANSOMABLE, ran'sum-a-bl, adj. capable
of being ransomed or redeemed, as from
captivity, bondage, punishment, or the
like. Chapman.
RANSOMLESS, ran'sum-les, adj. without
ransom : incapable of being ransomed.
RANT, rant, v.t. to use \'iolent or extrava-
gant languag'e : to be noisy in words. — n.
boisterous, empty declamation. [O. Dut.
ranten, to rave ; cog. with Low Ger. ran-
dew, Ger. ranzen, and prob. with O. Ger.
razi. raze, violent.]
RANTER, rant'er, n. a noisy talker : a
boisterous preacher.
RANUNCULUS, rarnun'ku-lus, rt. a genus
of plants, including the crowfoot, butter-
cup, etc., so called oy Pliny because some
grow where /rogrs abound :- nl. Ranttn'-
CULUSES. [L., dim. of ranida, a little
trog, itself a dim. of rana, a frog.]
RAP, rap, n. a sharp blow : a knock. — v.t.
and v.t. to strike with a quick blow : to
knock : — pr.p. rapp'ing ; pa.t. and pa.p.
rapped. [Scand., as Dan. rap; imitative
of the sound.]
RAP, rap, v.t. to seize and carry off : to
transport out of one's self: to affect with
rapture: — pr.p. rapp'ing ; pa.p. rapped or
rapt. [Scand., as Ice. hrapa, to rush
headlong, cog. with Ger. ra^en, to snatch.]
SAP, rap, v.i. to swear, esp. to swear false-
ly. " It was his constant maxim that he
was a pitiful fellow who would stick at a
little rtrpping for his friend." — Fielding.
RAPACIOUS, rarpa'shus, adj., seizing by
violence : given to plunder : ravenous :
greedy of gain. — adv. Rapaciously. — n.
Rapa'ciousness. [L. rapax, rapaeis —
rapio, raptum, to seize and carry off ;
akin to Gr. harp-azo, to seize.]
RAPACITY, ra-pas'i-ti, n. the quality of
being rapacious : ravenousness : extor-
tion.
RAPE, rap, n. the act of seizing by force :
violation of the chastity of a female.
[M.E. rape, haste, from Rap, to seize, in-
fluenced by L. rapere, to snatch.l
RAPE, rap, n. a plant nearly allied to the
turnip, cultivated for its herbage and oil-
producing seeds. [0. Fr. rahe (Fr. rave)
— Jo. rapa, rapum ; cog. with Gr. rapys,
the turnip.]
RAPECAKE, rap'kak, n., cake made of the
refuse, after tne oil has been expressed
from the rapeseed,
RAPEl-OIL, rap'-oil, n., oil obtained from
rapeseed.
RAPHAELISM, rafa-el-izm, n. the prin-
ciples of painting introduced by Raphael,
the Italian painter, 1483-1520.— ji. Raph-
AELITE, raf a-el-It, one who follows the
principles of Raphael.
RAPID, rap'id, adj. hurrying along : very
swift : speedy. — ra. that part of a river
where the current is more rapid than
usual (gen. vapl.). — adv. Rap'IDLT. — n.
Rap'idness. [It. rapide — L. rapidus —
rapio. See RAPACIOUS.]
RAPIDITY, ra-pid'i-ti, n. quickness of mo-
tion or utterance : swiftness : velocity.
RAPIER, ra'pi-er, n, a light sword vrith a
straight, narrow blade (generally four-
sided), used only in thrusting. fFr. rOr
piire, of unknown originj.
RAPINE, rap'in, n. act of seizing and carry-
ing ateay forcibly : plunder : violence.
\Vr. — L. rapina — rapio. See Rapacious.
Doublet Ravine.]
RAPPEE, rap-pe', n. a moist, coarse kind of
snuff. [Fr. r&pi, rasped, grated — rdper,
to rasp. See Rasp.]
RAPPER, rap'er, n. one who raps : a door-
knocker.
RAPT, rapt, adj. raised to rapture : trans-
ported : ravished. [Lit. " carried away,"
from Rap, to seize.influenced by lurapere,
to snatch.l
RAPTORIAL, rap-to'ri-al, eu^., seizing by
violence, as a bird of prey. [L. raptor, a
snatcher — rapere.]
RAPTURE, rap'tur, n. a seizing and carry-
ing away : extreme delight : transport :
ecstasy. IL. rapio, raptus, to seize.]
RAPTUROUS, rap'tur-us, ac^'., seizing and
carrying away : ecstatic : transporting.
— adv. Rap'tubously.
RARE, rar, adj. (conip. Rak'ER, superl.
Rajr'est), thin; of a loose texture: not
dense : uncommon : excellent : extraor-
dinary. — adv. Rare'ly. — n. Raee'ness.
[Fr. — L. rarus, rare, thin.]
RAREFACTION, rar-e-fak'shun or ra-re-
fak'shun, n. act of rarefying ; expansion
of aeriform bodies. [Fr. — L. See Rare-
fy.]
RAREFY, rar'e-fi or ra're-ft, v.t. to make
rare, thin, or less dense : to expand a
body. — v.i. to become thin and porous :
—pa.t. and pa.p. rayefied. [Fr. rarefier
— L. rarus, rare, faeio, factum, to make.]
RARITY, rar'i-ti or rar'i-ti, n. state of being
rare : thinness : subtUty: something val-
ued for its scarcity : uncommonness.
RASCAL, ras'kal, n. *a tricking, dishonest
fellow : a knave : a rogue. [Lit. " the
scrapings and refuse of anything." Fr.
racaille, the scum of the people — racier,
O. Fr. rascler, to scrape, through a sup-
posed L. form rasindare, from rasiis,
scraped. See Rase.]
RiVSCALITY, ras-kal'i-ti, n. mean trickery
or dishonesty : f i-aud.
RASCALLY, rasTcal-i, adj. mean : vile :
worthless : base.
RASE, raz, v.t. to scratch or blot out : to
efface : to cancel : to level with the
ground : to demolish : to ruin (in this
sense Raze is generally used). [Fr. raser
— L. rado, rasuin, to scrape.]
RASH, rash, adj. (comp. Rash'er, siiperl
Rash'EST), hasty : sudden : headstrong
incautious. — adv. Rash'ly. — n. RASff (
NESS. [Dan. and Sw. rask ; Ger. rasci/
rapid.]
RASH, rash, n. a slight eruption on tht
body. [O. Fr. rasche (Fr. rache) — L.
rado, rasum, to scrape, to scratch. Cf.
Rase.]
RASHER, rash'er, n. a thin slice of broiled
bacon, prob. so called because rashly or
quickly roasted.
RASORTATi. ra-zo'ri-al, adj. belonging to
an order of birds which scrape the ground
for their food, as the hen. [Low L. ra^
sor, rasoris, a scraper — L. rado, rasum,
to scrape. See Rase.]
RASP, rasp, v.t. to rub with a coarse file.
—n. a file. — n. Rasp'er. [O. Fr. rasper
(Fr. rQper) — O. Ger. raspon; akin to Dut,
raspen, to scrape together.]
RASPBERRY, raz'ber-i, «. a kind of bram-
ble, whose fruit has a rough outside like
a rasp.
RASURE, ra'zhOr, n. act of scraping
shaving, or erasing : obliteration : an
erasure. [Fr. — L. See Rase.]
Rat, rat, n. an animal of the mouse kind,
but larger and more destructive. [A.S.
rat, cog. with Ger. ratte, Gael, radan,
prob. allied to L. rado, to gnaw.]
RAT, rat, v.i. to desert one's party and
join their opponents for gain or power, as
rats are said to leave a falling house : —
pr.p. ratt'ing; pa.t. tLnApa.p. ratt'ed.
RATABLE, rat'a-bl, adj. that may be rated
or set at a certain value: subject to tax-
ation.— ns. Ratabil'ity, Rat'ableness,
quality of being ratable. — odi'.RAT'ABLY
RATAFIA, rat-a-fe'a, n. a spirituous liquoi
flavored with fruit. [Fr. — Malay araq-
tdf'ta, from Ar. araq (see Arrack), and
Malay tdfia, rum.]
RATCH, rach, n. a rack or bar witli teeth
into which a click drops: the wheel which
makes a clock strike. [A weakened form
of Rack.]
RATCHET, rach'et, n. a bar acting on the
teeth of a rachet-wheel : a click or pall.
RATCHET-WHEEL, rach'et-hwel, n. a
wheel having teeth for a ratchet.
RATE, rat, n. a ratio or proportion : allow,
ance : standard : value : price : the class
of a ship: movement, as fast or slow : a
tax. — v.t. to calculate : to estimate : to
settle the relative rank, scale, or position
of. — v.i. to make an estimate : to be
placed in a certain class. [O. Fr. — L.
reor, ratus, to calculate, to think.]
RATE, rat, v.t. to tax one with a thing : to
scold : to chide.
RATEPAYER, rat'pa-er, n. one who is as-
sessed and pays a rate or tax.
RATH, RATHE, rath, adj. early, soon.
[A.S. hroedh, cog. with O. Ger. hrad,
quick.]
RATHER, redh'er, adv. more willingly : la
preference : especially : more so thar
otherwise : on the contrarj' : somewhat.
[Lit. " sooner," A.S. rathor, comp. oi
Rath, early.]
RATIFICATION, rat-i-fi-Ka'shun, n. act oi
ratifying or confirming : confirmation.
RATIFY, rat'i-fi, v.t. to approve and sanc-
tion : to settle -.—pa.t. and pa.p. rafified.
[Fr. ratijier — L. ratus, fixed by calcula.
tion — reor, ratus, to calculate, and facia.
to make. See Rate, n.]
RATIO. rS'shi-o. n. the relation o' one
thing to another. |L. ratio, calculation,
RATIOCINATION
354
REANIMATE
reason, the faculty which calculates —
reor, raiits. Doublets Ration. Reason.]
KATIOCINATION, rash-i-os-i-na'shuo, n.
the act or process oireasoning: deduc-
ing' conclusions from premises. — adj.
Ratio'cinative. [Fr. — L. ratiocinatio —
ratioeinor, -aUis, to calculate, to reason.]
RATION, ra'shun, n. the rate of provisions
distributed to a soldier or sailor daily :
an allowance. [Fr. — h. ratio. See Ratio.]
RATIONAL, rash'uu-al, adj. pertaining to
the 1-eason : endowed with reason : agree-
able to reason : sane : intelligent : ju-
dicious : (arith. and iilg.) noting a quan-
tity which can be exactly expressed by
numbers : (geog.) noting the plane paral-
lel to the sensible horizon of a place, and
passing through the earth's centre. [See
R.\TIO.]
RATIONAJjE, rash-i-o-na'le, n. an account
of, with reasons : an account of the prin-
ciples of some opinion.
RATIONALISM, rash'un-al-izm, n. the re-
ligious system or doctrines of a ration-
alist.
RATIONALIST, rash'un - al - ist, w. one
guided in his opinions solely by reason :
esp. one so guided in regai'd to religion.
RATIONALISTIC, rash-un-al-ist'ik,
RATIONALISTICAL, rash - un - al-ist'ik-
al, adj. pertaining to or in accordance
with the principles of rationalism.
RATIONALITY, rash-un-al'i-ti, v. quality
of being rational : possession or due exer-
cise of reason : reasonableness.
RATIONALIZE, rash'un-al-iz, v.t. to in-
terpret like a rationalist. — v.i. to rely
entirely or unduly on reason.
RATLINE, RATLIN, rat'lin, RATTLING,
ratling, n. one of the small lines or ropes
traversing the shrouds and forming the
steps of the rigging of ships. [Prob.
" rat-line," i.e. for the rats to clinib by.]
BATTAN, rat-an', n. a genus of palms hav-
ing a smooth, reed-like stem several hun-
dreds of feet in length : a walking-stick
made of rattan : stems of this palm used
as a raft. [Malay rotan.]
RATTLE, rat 1, v.i. to produce rapidly the
sound rat : to clatter : to speak eagerlj'
and noisily. — i\t. to cause to make a
rattle or clatter : to stun with noise. — n.
a sharp noise rapidlj' repeated : a clatter :
loud empty talk : a toy or instrument
for rattling. [A.S. hratele, cog. with
Ger. rasseln, Dut. ratelen ; Gr. krotalon.}
RATTLESNAKE, rat'1-snak, 11. a poisonous
snake having a number of hard, bony
rings loosel}' jointed at the end of the
tail, which make a rattling noise.
RAVAGE, rav'aj, v.t. to lay waste : to
destroy: to pillage. — n. devastation: ruin:
plunder. [Fr. — ravir — L. rajno, to carry
off by force.]
RAVAGER, rav'aj-er, n. he who or that
which laj's waste : a plunderer.
RAVE, rav, v.i. to be rabid or mad : to be
wild or raging, like a madman : to talk
irrationally : to utter wild exclamations.
[O. Fr. rdivr (Fr. r^ver), to dream, to be
delirious — L. rabies, madness. A doublet
of Rage.]
RAVEL, rav'el, v.t. to untwist or unweave :
to conf use.entangle. — v.i. to be untwisted
or unwoven : — pr.p. rav'elling ; pa.t. and
pa.p. rav'elled. [Dut. ravelen, to i-avel,
to talk confusedly.]
RAVELIN, rav'lin, 71. a detached work with
two embankments raised before the
counterscarp. [Fr. ; It. rivellino, perh.
from L. re. back. An^rallmn, ar.ampart.]
RAVEN, rav'n. ». a kind of crow, noted
for its croak and xiluudering habits. —
adj. black, like a raven. [A.S. hraefn :
cog. with Ice. hrafn, Dut. raaf : so called
from its cry.]
EAVEN, rav'n, v.t. to obtain bj- violence :
to devour with great eagerness or vor-
acity.— v.i. to prey with rapacity. — n.
prey : plunder. [M.E. ravine, plunder —
O. Fr. ravine, rapiditj-, impetuosity — L.
i-apina. See Rapine.]
RAVENING, rav'u-iug, n. (B.) eagerness
for plunder.
RAVENOUS, rav'n-us, adj. voracious, like
a raven : devouring with rapacity: eager
for pre}' or gratification. — adv. Rav'en-
OUSLY. — n. Rav'enousness.
RAVIN, (B.) same as Raven, to obtain by
violence.
RAVINE, ra-ven', 7i. a long deep hollow,
worn away bj- a torrent: a deep, narrow
mountain-pass. [Fr. — L. rapina. See
Rapine.]
RAVISH, rav'ish, v.t. to seize or carry away
bj- violence to have sexual intercourse
with by force : to fill with ecstasy. — n.
Rav'isher. [Fr. ravir.]
RAVISHMENT, raVish-ment, n. act of
ravishing : abduction : rape: ecstatic de-
light : rapture.
RAW, raw, adj. not altered from Its nat-
ural state : not cooked or dressed : not
prepared : not mixed : not covered : sore :
unfinished: bleak. — adv. Raw'ly. — n.
Raw'ness. [A.S. hredw, cog. with Dut.
)-aaHU\ Ice. hrar, Ger. roh, akin to L.
crudus, raw.]
RAWBONED, raw'bSnd, adj. with little
flesh on the bones.
RAY, ra, n. a line of light or heat pro-
ceeding from a point : intellectual light :
apprehension. [Fr. 7-aie — L. radius, a
rod, staff, a beam of light.]
RAY, ra, n. a class of fishes including the
skate, thornback, and torpedo. [Fr. raie
— L. raia.]
RAYAH, ra'yah, >(,. a non-Mohammedan
subject of Turkej' who pays the capita-
tion tax. [Ar. rciyah, a herd, a peas-
ant— raya, to pasture, to feed.]
RAZE, raz, v.t. to lay level with the
ground : to overthrow : to destroy. [A
form of Rase.]
RAZOR, ra'zor. j(. a knife for shaving.
RAZOR-STROP, ra'zor-strop, n. a strop
for razors.
REACH, rech, v.t. to stretch or extend : to
attain or obtain by stretching out the
hand : to hand over : to extend to : to
arrive at : to gain : to include. — v.i. to
be extended so as to touch : to stretch
out the hand : to ti'y to obtain. — n. act
or power of reaching- : extent : extent of
force : penetration : artifice : contriv-
ance : a straight portion of a stream.
[A.S. rceean : Ger. reichen, to reach.]
REACT, re-akt', v.i. to act again : to re-
turn an impulse : to act mutually upon
each other. [L. re, again, and Act.]
REACTION, re-ak'shun, n., action back
upon or resisting other action : mutual
action : backward tendency from revolu-
tion, reform, or progress.
REACTIONARY, re-ak'shun-ai--i, adj. for
or implying reaction.
READ, red, r.t. to utter aloud written or
Erinted words : to peruse : to compre-
end : to study. — v.i. to perform the act
of reading : to practice nmch reading :
to appear in reading -.—pa.t. and pa.p.
read (red). [A.S. radan, to discern, in-
terpret, read ; Ger. rathen, to advise.]
READ, red. adj. versed in books : learned.
READABLE, red'a-bl, adj. that may be
read : worth reading : interesting. — adv.
Read' ABLY. — n. Read'ableness. ■
READDRESS, re-ad-dres', v.t. to address
again or a second time. [L. re, again,
and Address.]
READER, red'er, 11. one who reads : one
who reads prayersinachurch, or lectures
on scientific subjects : one who reads or
corrects proofs : one who reads much : a
reading-book. — n. Read'eeship, the office
of a reader. [Ready.
READILY, READINESS. See under
READING, red'ing, adj. addicted to read-
ing.— n. act of reading : perusal : study
of books : public or formal recital : the
way in which a passage reads : an inter-
pretation of a passage or work.
READING-BOOK, red'ing-book, n. a book
of exercises in reading.
READING-ROOM, red'ing-room, n. a room
with papers, etc., resorted to for reading.
READJOURN, re-ad-jurn', v.i. to adjourn
again or a second time. [L. re, again,
and Adjourn.]
READJUST, re-ad-just', v.t. to adjust or
]jut in order again. [L. re, again, and
Adjust.]
READMISSION, re-ad-mish'un, n. act of
readmitting- : state of being readmitted.
READMIT, re-ad-mit', v.t. to admit again.
[L. re. again, and ADMIT.]
READY, red'i. adj. prepai-ed at the mo-
ment : prepared in mind: willing: not
slow or awkward : dexterous : prompt :
quick : present in liand : at hand : near :
easy : on the point of. — adv. in a state of
readiness or preparation. — adv. Read'-
ILY.— H. Read'iness. [A.S. voede ; Scot.
red, to set to rights, to jiut in order. Ger.
be-reit, ready. Conn, with Raid, Ride.]
READY-MAD'E, red'i-mad, adj. made and
ready for use : not made to order.
[Ready and Made.]
REAGENT, re-a'jent, n. a substance that
reacts on and detects the presence of
other bodies : a test. [L. re, again, and
Agent.]
REAL, re'al, adj. actually existing : not
counterfeit or assumed : true : genuine :
(law) pertaining to things fixed, as lands
or houses. [Lit. relating to the tJting,
Low L. realis — L. I'es, a thing.]
REAL, re'al, n. a Spanish and Mexican
silver coin, worth about 12ic. [Sp. — L.
regalis. roval.]
REALIZABLE. re'al-Iz-a-bl, adj. that pjay
be realized.
REALIZATION, re-al-i-za'shun, w. act of
realizing- oi- state of being realized.
REALIZE, i-e'al-Iz, v.t. to make real : to
bring into being or act : to accomplish :
to convert into real property : to obtain,
as a possession : to feel strongly : to com-
prehend completely : to bring home to
one's own experience.
REALISM, re'al-izm, n. the medieval doc-
trine that general terms stand for real ex-
istences (opp. to NOMINAUSM) : the tend-
ency to accept and to represent things
as they really are (opp. to Idealism) :
the doctrine that in external perception
the objects immediately known are real
existences. — n. Re'alist, one who holds
the doctrine of realism. — adj. Realistic,
re-al-ist'ik, pertaining to the realists or
to realism.
REALITY, re-al'i-ti, n. that which is real
and not imaginary : truth : verity : (law)
the fixed, permanent nature of real prop-
erty.
REALLY, re'al-li, adv. in realit}': actually:
in truth.
REALM, relm, n. a regal or royal jurisdic
tiou : kingdom : province : country. [O
Fr. reiilme, through a Low L. form" regal
ime)i. from L. regalis, royal. See Regal.]
REALTY, re'al-ti, n. sam'e as Re.ality in
late.
REAM, rem, n. a quantity of paper consist-
ing of 21) quires. [O. Fr. raime (Fr. rame)
— Sp. resma — Aran, rizmat (pi. rizam),
a bundle.]
REANIMATE, re-an'i-mat, v.t. to restore
to life: to infuse new life or spirit into: to
revive. — Ji. Reanijia'tion. [L. re, again,
and Ammate.1
REAP
355
RECKLESS
REAP, rep, v.t. to cut down, as grain: to
clear off a crop : to gather: to receive as
a reward. — n. Reap'er. [A.S. ripan. to
pluck ; cog. with Goth, raupjan, Ger.
rail fen.]
REAPPEAR, re-ap-per', v.i. to appear
again or a second time. [L. re, again,
and Appear.]
REAR, rer, n. the back or hindmost part :
tht last part of an army or fleet. — 11.
Rear-ad'miral, an officer of the third
-unk, wlio commands the rear division
of a fleet. — n. Rear'-GUAkd, troops which
protect the rear of an army. — n. Rear'-
RANK, the hinder most rank of a body of
troops— H. Rear'ward, (B.) Reee'waed,
the rear-guard. [O. Fr. riere — L. retro,
behind, from re, back, and suffix tro,
denoting motion.]
REAR, rer, v.t. (orig.) to raise: to bring
up to maturity : to educate : to stir up.
— f.!. to rise on the hind-legs, as a liorse.
[A.S. rceran,to raise, the causal of Rise.]
REARMOUSE. Same as Reremouse.
REASON, re'zn, n. that which supports or
justifies an act, etc.: a motive : proof:
excuse : cause : the faculty of the mind
by which man draws conclusions, and
determines right and trutii: the exercise
of reason : just view of things : right
conduct : propriety : justice. — v.i. to ex-
ercise the facuit.y of reason : to deduce
infei'ences from premises : to argue : to
debate : {B.) to converse.— t'.i. to ex-
amine or discuss : to debate : to per-
suade by reasoning. — n. Rea'SONer. —
By reason of, on account of : in conse-
quence of. [Lit. "a calculation," Fr.
raison — L. ratio, rationis — leor, ratu.^,
to calculate, to tliink.]
REASONABLE, re'zun-a-bl, adj. endowed
with reason : rational : acting according
to reason : agreeable to reason: just :
net excessive : moderate. — adv. Rea'sox-
ABLY.— /?. REA'SONABLENESS.
REASONING, re'zun-ing, u. act of reason-
ing : that which is ofl:ered in argument :
course of argument.
REASSEMBLE, re-as-sem'bl, v.t. and v.i.
to assemble or collect again. [L. re,
again, and ASSEMBLE.]
REASSERT, re-as-sert', v.t. to assert again.
[L. re. again, and ASSERT.]
REASSURANCE, re-a-shoor'anS, ?i. re-
peated assurance : a second assurance
against loss.
REASSURE, re-a-shoor', v.t. to assure
anew : to give confidence to : to insure
an msurer. [L. re, again, and Assure.]
REAVE, rev, v.t. to take away by violence:
— pa.t. and pa.j). reft. [A.S. reafian, to
rob, (lit.) "to strip" — reaf, clothing,
spoil : cog. with Get. raubeii. See Rob.]
REBAPTIZE. re-bai)-tiz', v.t. to baptize
again or a second time. [L. re, again,
and Baptize.]
REBATEMENT, rebat'ment, n. deduction:
diminution. [Fr. rehattre, to beat back
— L. re, back, oaffuo, to beat.]
REBEL, reb'el, n. one who rebels. — adj. re-
bellious. [Fr. — L. rebellis, making war
afresh, insurgent — re, again, and helium,
war.] '
REBEL, re-bel', v.i. to renounce authority,
oi to take up arms against it : to oppose
any lawful authority' :—pr.p. rebell'ing ;
}Ki.t. and prt.p. rebelled'.
REBELLION, re-bel'yun, n. act of rebell-
ing: open opposition to lawful authority:
revolt.
REBELLIOUS, re-bel'yus, adj. engaged in
rebellion.
REBOUND, re-bownd', v.i. to bound or
start back : to be reverberated. — i:f. to
drive back : to reverberate. — n. act of re-
bounding. [L. re, back, and Bound.]
REBUFF, re-buf, w. a beating back ; sud-
den resistance : sudden check : defeat :
unexpected refusal. — v.t. to beat back :
to check : to repel violently : to refuse.
[It. ribuffo, a reproof — It. ri (^L. re),
back, and buffo, a puff, of imitative
origin.]^ [renew.
REBUILD, re-bild', v.t. to build again : to
REBUKE, re-buk', v.t. to clieck with re-
proof : to chide or reprove : (B.) to
chasten. — n. direct reproof : reprimand :
(B.) chastisement : reproach : persecu-
tion.— (1. Rebuk'er. [O. Fr. rebouquer
(Fr. reboucher), from re, back, bouque (Fr.
bouohe), the mouth — L. bticca, the cheek.]
REBUS, re'bus, ;;. an enigmatical lepre-
sentation of a word or phrase by pic-
tures of things: {Iier.) a coat of arras
bearing an allusion to the name of the
person : — jjI. Re'buses. [Lit. " by
things," L., from res,rei. a thing.]
REBUT, re-buf, v.t. to butt or drive back:
(law) to oppose by argument or proof. —
v.i. (Jair) to return an answer : — p>r.j}. re-
butt'ing; jja.f. a.nd pa.j). rebutt'ed. [Fr.
rebuter — re, back, and O. Fr. bouter.
See Butt.]
REBUTTER, re-but'er, »i. that which re-
buts : a plaintifl^s answer to a defendant's
rejoinder.
RECALCITRANT, re - kal'si - trant, adj.
showing repugnance or opposition. [Lit.
'• kicking back." L. recalcitraiis, -anti.^—
re, back, calcitro, -atum, to kick — calx,
calcis, the heel.]
RECALCITRATE, re-kal'si-trat, v.t. or v.i.
to express repugnance. [Lit. " to kick
back."]
RECALL, re-kawl', v.t. to call back : to
command to leturn : to revoke : to call
back to mind : to remember. — n. act of
recalling or revokinsr.
RECANT, re-kant', i\t. to withdraw (a
former declaration) : to retract. — v.i. to
rfvoke a former declaration : to unsay
what has been said. — n. Recant'er.
[Lit. " to sound or sing back," L. re, back,
and CaNT.]^
RECANTATION, re-kan-ta'.shun, n. act of
recanting : a declaration contradicting a
former one.
RECAPITULATE, re-ka-pit'u-lat, v.t. to go
over again the lieads or chief points of
anything. [L. recapitulo, -atum — re,
again, and capitulum, dim. of caput, the
head.]
RECAPITULATION,re-ka-pit-u-la'shun,?i.
act of recapitulating : a summary of
main points.
RECAPITULATORY, re-ka-pit'a-la-tor-i,
adj. repeating again : containing reca/-
])itulation.
RECAPTURE, re-kap'tur. v.t. to capture
back or retake, esp. a prize from a captor.
— n. act of .retaking: a prize retaken.
[L. re. back, and Capture.]
RECAST, re-kast', v.t. to cast or throw
again : to cast or mould anew : to com-
pute a second time. [L. re, again, and
Cast.]
RECEDE, re-sed', v.i. to go or fall back :
to retreat : to give up a claim. — v.t. to
cede back, as to a former possessor. [L.
recedo. recessus — re, back, and cedo, to go.
See Cede.]
RECEIPT, re-set', n. act of receiving: place
of receiving: power of holding: a written
acknowledgment of anything received :
that which is received : a recipe. — v.t. to
give a receipt for : to sign. [M. E. receit
— O. Fr. recete (Fr. recefte) — L. recijno.]
RECEIVABLE, re-sev'a-bl, adj. that may
lie receii-ed.
RECEIVE, re-se\-', v.t. to take what is of-
fered, etc. : to accept : to embrace with
the mind: to as.sent to: to allow: to give
acceptance to: to give admittance to: to
welcome or entertain : to hold or con-
tain: (law) to take goods knowing them
to be stolen: {B.i to bear with, to believe
in. [O. Fr. j'ecei-er (Fr. recevoir) — L. re-
cipio. recep>tum — re, back, and capio. to
take.]
RECEIVER, re-sev'er, n. one who receives:
(chem.) a vessel for receiving and condens-
ing in distillation, or for containing- gases:
the glass vessel of an air-jjump in which
the vacuum is formed.
RECENSION, re-sen'shun, n. act of review-
ing or revising : review, esp. critical re-
vival of a text : a text established by
critical revision. [L. recensio, rece}tseo —
re, a"'ain, censeo, to value, estimate.]
RECENT, re'sent, adj. of late origin or oc-
currence : not long parted from : fresh :
modern : (geol.) subsequent to the exist-
ence of man. — adv. Re'cently. — n. Re'-
centxess. [Fr. — L. receHs, ;-eee«fis.]
RECEPTACLE, re-sep'ta-kl, ?i. that into
whicli anything is received or contained :
ibot.) the basis of a flower. [From Re-
ceive.]
RECEPTIBILITY, re-sep-ti-bil'i-ti. n. possi-
bilitv of receiving or of being received.
RECEPTION, re-sep'shun, n. act of receiv-
ing : admission : state of being received :
a receiving or manner of receiving for
entertainment : welcome.
RECEPTIVE, re-sep'tiv, adj. having the
quality of receiving or containing: {2>hil.)
capable of receiving impressions.—?!. Re-
CEPTIv'lTY, quality of being receptive.
RECESS, re-ses', n. a going back or with-
drawing : retirement : state of being
withdrawn : seclusion : remission of busi-
ness : part of a room formed by a reced-
ing of the wall : private abode. [See Re-
cede.]
RECESSION, re-sesh'un, );. act of receding:
a ceding or giving back.
RECIPE, res'i-pe, ik a medical prescription:
any formula for the preparation of a
comiiound : — 2)1. RECIPES, res'i-pez. [Lit.
take, the first word of a medical pre-
scription, L., impei-ative of recijno-]
RECIPIENT, re-sip'i-ent, n. one who re-
ceives.
RECIPROCAL, re-sip'ro-kal, adj. acting in
return : mutual : given and received. —
n. that which is reciprocal : (mafli.) imity
divided by any quantity. [L. reei^jrocus,
peril, from i-eque p>roque, backward and
forward — re, back, p>ro, forward, que,
and.]
RECIPROCALLY, re-sip'ro-kal-li, adv.
mutuallv : interchangeablv.
RECIPROCATE, re-sip'ro-kat, v.t. to give
and receive mutually : to requite. [L.
reci]iroco, reciprocatuvi.']
RECIPROCATION, re-sip-ro-ka'shun, n.
interchange of acts : alternation.
RECIPROCITY, res-i-pros'i-ti, n. mutual
obligations : action and reaction.
RECITAL, re-sit'al. n. act of reciting : re-
hearsal : that which is recited : a narra-
tion.
RECITATION, res-i-ta'shun, ?!. act of re-
cifiiii/ : a public readinar : rehearsal.
RECITATIVE, res-i-ta-tev'. adj. pertaining
to luusical recitation : in the style of
recitation. — n. language delivered in the
sounds of the nmsical scale : a piece of
music for recitation.
RECITE, re-sit', v.t. to read aloud from
pajiei', or repeat from memory : to nar-
rate : to recapitulate. — n. Recit'ee. [Fr.
— L. re. again, and cito, citatum, to call,
from cieo, to move.]
RECK, rek, v.t. to care for: to regard.
[A.S. recnn. from a root seen in O. Ger.
rnocli. care, Ger. ruchlos, regardless,
wicked.]
RECKLESS; rek'les, adj., careless: heedlesi
of consecjuences. — aav. Reck'LESSLY. — n.
Reck'lessness.
RECKLING
RECKLING, reli'ling. n. a reckless person.
RECKON, rek'n, i\t. to count : to place in
the number or rank of : to account : to
esteem. — v.i. to calculate : to charge to
account: to make up accounts: to settle:
to pay a penalty. — n. Reck'oner. [A.S.
ge-recenian, to explain, cog. with Dut.
rekoien. Ger. recJuien.]
RECKONING, rek'n-ing, n. an account of
time : settlement of accounts, etc. :
charges for entertainment : (iiaut.) a
calculation of the ship's position : (B.)
estimation.
RECLAIM, re-klam', v.t. to demand the
return of : to regain: to bring back from
a wild or barbarous state, or from error
or vice : to bring into a state of cultiva-
tion : to bring into the desired condition:
to make tame or gentle: to reform. — v.i.
to cry out or exclaim. [Fr. — L. re, again,
and clmno, to cry out.]
RECLAIMABLE. re-klam'a-bl, adj. that
may be reclaimed or reformed. — adv.
Reclalm'ably.
RECLAMATION, rek-la-ma'shun, n. act of
reclaiming : state of being reclaimed :
demand : recoverj'.
RECLINE, re-klin', v.t. to lean or bend back-
wards : to lean to or on one side. — i:i. to
lean : to rest or repose. [L. reclino — re,
back, clino, to bend.]
RECLUSE, re-kl66s', adj. secluded: retired:
solitary. — n. one shut up or secluded: one
who lives retired from the world : a re-
ligious devotee living in a single cell, gen-
erally attached to a monastery. [Fr. —
L. reclusus, pa. p. of recludo, to open, also
to shut away — re, away, undoing, and
claudo, to shut.]
RECOGNITION, rek-og-nish'un. n. act of
recognizing : state of being recognized :
recollection : avowal.
RECOGNIZABLE, rek-og-niz'a-bl, adj. that
may be recognized or acknowledged.
RECOGNIZANCE, re-kog'ni-zans or re-
kon'i-zans, ?i. a recognition : an avowal :
a profession : a legal obligation entered
into before a magistrate to do, or not do,
some particular act.
RECOGNIZE. rek'og-niz, v.t. to knowagain:
to recollect : to acknowledge. [L. recog-
nosco — re, again, and cognosco, to know.
See Know.]
RECOIL, re-koil', v.t. to start back : to re-
bound : to return : to shrink from. — n. a
starting or springing back : rebound.
[Fr. reenter — L. re, back, and Fr. cul, the
hinder part — L. ndus.']
RECOLLECT, rek-ol-lekt', v.t. to remem-
ber : to recover composure or resolution
(with reflex, pron.). [L. re, again, and
COLiLECT 1
RECOLLECT, re-kol-lekt', v.t. to collect
again.
RECOLLECTION, rek-ol-lek'shun, n. act
of recollecting or remembering : the
power of recollecting : memory : that
which is recollected.
RECOMMENCE, re-kom-mens', v.t. to com-
mence again. — )!. Recommence'ment. [L.
re. again, and Commence.]
RECOMMEND, rek-om-mend'. v.t. to com-
mend to another : to bestow praise on :
to introduce favorably: to give in charge:
to advise. [L. re. again, and Commend.]
RECOMMENDABLE, rek-ora-mend'a- bl,
adj. that may be recommended : worthy
of praise.
RECOMMENDATION, rek - om - men - da'-
shun, )(. act of recommending: act of
introducing with commendation.
RECOMMElSfDATORY, rek - om - mend'a-
tor-i, adj. that recommends : commend-
atory.
RECOMMIT, re-kom-mit', v.t. to commit
again : particularly, to send back to a
356
committee. — ns. Recommit'ment, Re-
COMMITt'al. [L. re. again, and Commit.]
RECOMPENSE, rek'om-pens, v.t. to re-
turn an equivalent for anything : to re-
pay or requite : to reward : to compen-
sate : to X'emunerate. — n. that which is
returned as an equivalent : repayment :
reward: compensation: remuneration.
[Lit. "to weigh out in return," Fr. re-
compenser — L. re, again, and compenso.
See Compensate.]
RECOMPOSE, re-kom-p6z', v.t. to compose
again or anew : to form anew: to soothe
or quiet. [L. re, again, and COMPOSE.]
RECONCILABLE, rek-on-sil'a-bl, adj that
may be reconciled : that may be made to
agree : consistent.
RECONCILE, rek'on-sil, v.t. to restore to
friendship or union : to bring to agree-
ment : to bring to contentment : to
pacify : to make consistent : to adjust
or compose. — n. Rec'oncilee. [Lit. " to
bring into counsel again," Fr. reconcilier
— L. re, again, and concilio, -atum, to
call together — con, together, calo, Gr.
kaleo, to call.]
RECONCILIATION, rek - on - sil - i - a'shun,
RECONCILEMENT, rek'on-sll-ment, n.
act of reconciling : state of being recon-
ciled : renewal of friendship : atonement:
the bringing to agreement things at
variance.
RECONDITE, rek'on-dit or re-kon'dit. adj.
secret : profound. [Lit. " put together
out of the way," L. reconditus, pa. p. of
recondo, to piit away — re, and condo, to
put together — con, together, and do, to
put.]
RECONNAISSANCE, re - kon ' a - sans or
-zans, n. the act of reconnoitring : a sur-
vey or examination : the examination of
a tract of country with a view to military
or engineering operations. [Fr. Doublet
Recognizance. ]
RECONNOITRE, rek-on-noi'ter, v.t. to sur-
vey or examine : to survey with a view
to military operations. [Lit. " to recog-
nize," O. Fr. reconoistre (Fr. reconna'ttre)
— L. recognosco. See Recognize.]
RECONSIDER, re-kon-sid'er. v.t. to con-
sider again: to review.— ji. Reconsidera'-
TiON. [L. re, again, and Consider.]
RECONSTRUCT, re-kon-strukt', v.t. to con-
struct again: to rebuild.— ?^. Reconstruc'-
TiON. [L. re. again, and Construct.]
RECONYEY, re-kon-va', v.t. to transfer
back to a former owner. [L. re, again,
and Convey.]
RECORD, re-kord', v.t. to write anything
formally, to preserve evidence of it : to
register or enroll : to celebrate. [Fr.
recorder — L. recordo, reeordor, to call to
mind — re, again, and cor, cordis, E.
Heart.]
RECORD, rek'ord, ii. a register : a formal
writing of any fact or proceeding : a book
of such writings.]
RECORDER, re-kord'er, )i. one who re-
cords or registers : a keeper of the rolls
of a city : a registrar : the chief judicial
oflicer in some towns. — n. Record'er-
SHIP, his office.
RECOUNT, re-kownt', v.t. to count again.
RECOUNT, re-kownt', v.t. to tell over
again : to narrate the particulars of : to
detail. [Fr. reconter — re, and conter, to
tell, akin to compter, to count. See
Count, v.]
RECOUP, re-koop', v.t. to make good : to
indemnify. [Lit. to cut a piece off. to
secure a piece, Fr. recouper, to cut again
— re-, and couper, to cut. coup, a stroke,
blow, through Low L. colpus, L. eolaphus,
from Gr. kolaphos. a blow.]
RECOURSE, re-kors'. n. a going to for aid
or protection. [Lit. "a running back,"
RECTIFIER
Fr. recours — L. recursus — re, back, and
curro. cursum, to run.]
RECOVER, re-kuv'er, v.t. to get possession
of again : to make up for : to retrieve :
to cure : to revive : to bring back to any
former state : to obtain as compensation:
to obtain for injurj- or debt. — v.i. to re-
gain health : to regain any former state :
(law) to obtain a judgment. [Lit. "to
take again, " Fr. recourrer — L. recuperare
— re, again, and capio, to take.]
RECOVERABLE, re-kuv'er-a-bl, adj that
may be recovered or regained : capable
of being brought to a former condition.
RECOVERY, re-kuv'er-i, n. the act of re-
covering : the act of regaining anything
lost : restoration to health or to any
former state : the power of recovering
anvthing.
RECREANCY, rek're-an-si, n. the quality
of a recreant: a yielding, mean, cowardly
spirit.
RECREANT, rek're-ant, adj. cowardly:
false : apostate : renegade. — n. a mean-
spirited wretch: an apostate: a renegade.
[O.Fr. pr.p. of recroire, to change belief
— Low L. (se) re-credere, to be vanquished
in judicial combat and forced to confess
one's self wrong — L. re, denoting change,
credo, to believe.]
RECREATE, re-kre-at', v.t. to create again
or anew. — n. Recrea'tion. [L. re, again,
and Create.]
RECREATE, rek're-at, v.t. to revive : to
reanimate: to cheer or amuse: torefi'esh:
to delight. — v.i. to take recreation.
RECREATION, re-kre-a'shun, n. a creating ^
again : a new creation.
RECREATION, rek-re-a'shun. n. the act of
recreation or state of being recreated :
refreshment after toil, sorrow, etc. : di
version : amusement : sport.
RECREATIVE, rek're-at-iv. adj. serving tc
recreate or refresh : giving relief in
weariness, etc. : amusing.
RECRIMINATE, re-krim'in-at. v.t. to
criminate or accuse in return. — v.i. to
charge an accuser with a similar crime.
[L. re. in return, and Criminate.]
RECRIMINATION, re-krim-in-a'shun, n.
the act of recriminating or returning
one accusation by another : a counter-
charge or accusation.
RECRIMINATIVE, re-ljrira'in-at-iv, RE-
CRIMINATORY, re-krim'in-a-tor-i, adi.
recriminating or retorting tccusations
or charges.
RECRUIT, re-kro6t', v.i. to obtain fresh
supplies : to recover in health, etc. : to
enlist new soldiers. — v.t. to repair: to
supply : to supply with recruits. — n. the
supply of any want : a newly enlisted
soldier. — ns. Recruit'er. 'Recruit'ment.
[Lit. " to grow again," Fr. recruter, from
re, and croitre—lj. recresco — re, again,
and ('?'ftSCO, to grow.]
RECRUITING, re-kroot'ing, adj. obtaining
new supplies : enlisting recruits. — n. the
business of obtaining new supplies or en-
listing new soldiers.
RECTANGLE, rekt'ang-gl. n. a four-sided
figure witli right angles. [D. rectus,
right, and angtdus, an angle.] „
RECTANGLED, rekt-ang'gld, adj. having |
right angles. '
RECTANGULAR, rekt-ang'gul-ar, adj.,
right-angled.
RECTIFIABLE. rek'ti-fl-a-bl. adj. that
may be rectified or set right.
RECTIFICATION, rek-ti-fi-ka'shun, 7i. the
act of rectifying or setting right : the
process of refining any substance bj- re- '
peated distillation.
RECTIFIER, rek'ti-fi-er, n. one who recti-
fies or corrects : one who refines a sub- n '
stance by repeated distillation.
RECTIFY
35';
REEFY
RECTIFY, rek'ti-fl, v.t. to make straight or
right : to adjust : to correct or redress :
to refine by distillation : — pa.t. and pa.p.
reo'tified. [L. rectus, straight, right, and
fncio. to make.]
RECTILINEAL, rek-ti-lin'e-al, RECTI-
LINEAR, rek-ti-lin'e-ar, adj. bounded
by straight lines: straight. [L. rectus,
straight, right, and linea, a line.]
RECTITUDE, rek'ti-tud. n., uprightness:
correctness of j)rinciple or practice : in-
tegrity. [Fr. — L. rectitudo — rectus,
straight, E. Right.]
RECTOR, rek'tor, n. a rider: in the En-
glish Churcli, a clei'gyman who has tlie
charge and care of a parish, together
with all tlie tithes, etc. : a pastor : a
clergyman : (Scot.) the head master of a
public school : the chief elective oflBcer
of some universities, as in France and
Scotland: the title given by the Jesuits
to tlie heads of their religious houses. —
7is. Rec'torate, Rec'toeship. [L. — rego,
rectum, to rule ; akin to Sans, raj, to
govern.]
EECTORAL, rek'tor-al, RECTORIAL, rek-
to'ri-al, adj. pertaining to a rector or to
a rectorv.
RECTOR'5?', rek'tor-i, n. the province or
mansion of a rector.
RECTUM, rek'tum, n. the lowest part of
the large intestine. [From L. rectus,
straight.]
RECUMBENT, re-kum'bent, adj., lying
back : reclining : idle. — adv. Recum'-
BENTLY. — Its. ReCUM'BENCE, ReCXJM'-
BENCY. [L. recumbo — re, back, and
cumbo, cubo, to lie down.]
RECUPERATIVE, re-ku'per-a-tiv, RECU-
PERATORY, re-ku'per-a-tor-i, adj. tend-
ing to recovery. [L. recuperativus — re-
cvpero, to recover. See Recover.]
RECL^R, re-kur', v.i. to return to the mind :
to have recourse : to resort : to happen at
a stated interval -.—pr.p. recurr'ing ■,pa.t.
and pa.p. recurred'. [L. reeurro — re,
back, and eurro, to run. See Current.]
RECURRENT, re-kur'ent, adj. returning
at intervals. — ns. Recurr'ence, Recurr'-
ENCY.
RECURVATE, re-kur'vat, v.t. to curve or
bend back.
RECUSANCY, re-kuz'an-si, n. state of
being a recusant : nonconformity.
RECUSANT, re-kuz'ant or rek'-, adj. r(= fus-
ing to acknowledge the supremacy of the
sovereign in religious matters. — n. in
England, one who refuses to acknowl-
edge the supremacy of the sovereign in
religious matters ; a nonconformist : one
who refuses to acknowledge some prin-
ciple or party. [Fr. — pr.p. of L. recuso
— re. against, and causa, a cause. See
Cause.]
RED, red, adj. {coinp. Redd'er, superl.
Redd'est) of a color like blood. — n. one
of the primary color-s, of several shades,
as scarlet, pink. etc. — adv. Red'ly. — n.
Red'xess. [A.S. redd, cog. with Ice.
raudh-r, Ger. roth, L. ruf-us, Gr. e-ry-
thros. Celt, ruadh, rhudd.]
REDACTION, re-dak'shun, n. the act of
arranging in systematic order, esp. liter-
ai'v materials : the digest so made. [Fr.
— L. redactus, pa.p. of redigo, to bring
back, to get together.]
REDAN, re-dan', n. {fort.) the simplest
form of field-work, consisting of two
fates which form a salient angle towards
the enemy, serving to cover a bridge or
causeway. [Fr., for O. Fr. redent. See
Redented.]
REDBREAST, red'brest, n. a favorite song-
bird, so called from the red color of its
brt^ast. the roliin.
RED CHALK. RED CLAY. See Reddle.
RED-DEER, red'-der, n. a species of deer
which is reddis/t-brown in summer : the
common stag.
REDDEN, red'u, v.t. to make red.— v.i. to
grow i-ed : to blush.
REDDISH, red'ish, adj. somewhat red :
moderately red. — n. Redd'ishness.
REDDITION, red-dish'un, n. a giving back
or returning of anything : surrender : a
rendering of the sense : explanation. [Fr.
— L. redditi-o, -onis—redditus, pa.p. of
reddo, to restore. See Render.]
REDDITIVE, red'di-tiv, adj., returning an
answer.
REDDLE, red'l, n. a soft clay iron ore of a
reddisli color, also called Red clay or
Red chalk.
REDEEM, re-dem', v.t. to ransom : to re-
lieve from captivity by a price : to rescue:
to pay tlie penalty of : to atone for : to
perform, as a promise : to improve : to
recover, as a pledge. [Lit. "to buy
back,"Fr. redimer—L. redimo — red, back,
and emo, to buy, orig. to take.]
REDEEMABLE, re-dem'a-bl, adj. that may
be redeemed. — n. Redeem' ableness.
REDEEMER, re-dem'er, n. one who re-
deems or ransoms : Jesus Christ, the
Saviour of the world.
REDELIVER, re-de-liv'er, v.t. to deUver
back or again: to liberate a second time.
— ?i. Redeliv'erance. [L. re, back or
again, and Deliver.]
REDELIVERY, re-de-liv'er-i, n. the act of
delivering back : a second delivery or lib-
eration.]
REDEMPTION, re-dem'shun, n. act of re-
deeming or buying back : ransom : re-
lease : the deliverajice of mankind from
sin and misery' by Christ. [Fr. — L. — re-
demptus, pa.p. of redimo. See Redeem.
Doublet Ransom.]
REDEMPTIVE, re-demp'tiv, adj. pertain-
ing to redemption : serving or tending
to redeem.
REDEMPTORY. re-demp'tor-i, adj. serving
to redeem : paid for ransom.
REDENTED, re-dent'ed, adj. formed like
the teeth of a saw. [O. Fr. redent, a
double notching or jagging — L. re, again,
and dens, dentis, a tooth.]
RED-HAND, red'-hand, 71. a bloody hand:
(her.) a sinister hand, erect, open, and
" couped," the distinguishing badge of
baronets. — adv. in the very act, as if
with red or bloody hands.
RED-HEAT, red'-het, n. heat amounting
to redness.
RED-HOT, red'-hot, adj. heated to redness.
REDINTEGRATION, red-in-te-gra'shun, «. ,
restoration to integrity or to a ivhole or
sound state : renovation. [L. redinte-
gratio.]
RED-LEAD, red'-led, n. a preparation of
lead of a fine red color used in painting,
RED-LETTER, red'-let'er, adj. having red
letters: auspicious or fortunate, as a day,
so called from the holidays or saints' days
being indicated by red letters in the old
calendars.
REDOLENT, red'o-lent, adj., diffusing odor
or fragrance : scented. — ns. Red'olence,
Red'olency. [Fr.— L. redol-ens, -entis—
red, re, off, again, and oleo, to emit an
odor. See Odor and Olfactory.]
REDOUBLE, re-dub'l, v.t. to double again
or repeatedly : to increase greatly : to
multiply. — v.i. to become greatly in-
creased : to become twice as much.
[Fr. re-doubler. See Double.]
REDOUBT, re-dowt', n. (Jort.) a field-work
inclosed on all sides, its ditch not flanked
from the parapet. [Fr. redoute, reduit, a
redoubt, retreat — It. ridotto — L. reductus,
retired. See Reduce.]
REDOUBTABLE, re-dowt'a-bl, adj. ter-
rible to foes : valiant. [O. Fr. (Fr. re-
doutable), to be feared — O. Fr. redoubter
(Fr. redouter), to fear greatly — L. I'e,
back, and dubito, to doubt. See DoUBT.]
REDOUND, re-downd', v.i. to be sent back
by reaction: to result. [Lit. "to roll
back as a wave," Fr. redonder — L. re-
dundo — re, back, and undo, to surge—
undo, a, wave.]
REDRAFT, re-draft', n. a second draft or
copy : a new bill of exchanoe which the
holder of a protested bill draws on the
drawer or indorsers, for the amount of
the bill, with costs and charges. [L. re,
again, and Draft.]
REDRESS, re-dres', v.t. to set right : to re-
lieve from : to make amends to. — n.
relief : rejiaration. [Fr. I'edresser — re,
again, and dresser. See Dress.]
REDRESSIBLE, re-dres'i-bl, adj. that may
REDRESSIVE, re-dres'iv, adj. affording re-
dress.
REDSHANK, red'shank, n. an aquatic
bird of the snipe family, with legs of a
bright red color.
RED-TAPE, red-tap', n. the red tape used
in public, and esp. government offices,
for tying up documents, etc. : applied
satirically to the intricate system of
routine in vogue there : official formal-
ity.— adj. pertaining to official formality.
RED-TAPISM, red-tap'izm, n. the system
of routine in government and other pub-
lic offices. — n. Red-tap'ist, a great stick-
ler for routine.
REDUCE, re-dus', v.t. to bring into a lower
state : to lessen : to impoverish : to sub-
due : to arrange : (arith. and alg.) to
change numbers or quantities from one
denomination into another. [Lit. '• to
bring back," L. reduco, i-eductuni — re
back, and duco, to lead. See DuKE.]
REDUCIBLE, re-dus'i-bl, adj. that may be
reduced.
REDUCTION, re-duk'shun, n. act of reduc-
ing or state of being reduced : diminu-
tion : subjugation : a rule foi- changing
numbers or quantities from one denomi-
nation to another. [Fr. — L.]
REDUNDANCE, re-dun'dans, REDUN-
DANCY, re-dun'dan-si, 7t. quality of be-
ing redundant or superfluous: that which
is redundant.
REDUNDANT, re-dun'dant, adj. exceeding
what is necessary : superfluous, in words
or images. — adv. Redun'dantly. [Lit.
"overflowing like waves," Fr. — L. re-
dund-ans, -antis, pr.p. of redundo. See
Redoitnd.]
REDUPLICATE, re-dti'plik-at, v.t. to du-
plicate or double again : to multiply : to
repeat. — adj. doubled.^)*. Reduplica'-
TION. [L. re, again, and DUPLICATE.]
RE-ECHO, re-ek'o, v.t. to echo back. — r.i.
to give back echoes: to resound. — n. the
echo of an echo. [L. re, back, and Echo.]
REED, red, n. a kind of gTass, common at
the sides of rivers, lakes, etc. : a musical
pipe anciently made of a reed: the
mouth-tube of a nivisical instrument:
the part of a loom by which the threads
are separated. [A.S. hreod ; Dut. and
Ger. riet.l
REEDED, red'ed, adj. covered with reeds ;
formed with reed-like ridges or channel*.
REEDY, red'i, adj. abounding with reeds;
resembling or sounding as a reed.
REEF, ref. n. a chain of rocks lying at or
near the surface of the water.' [Ice. rif,
Dan. rev: conn, with RiVE, and so lit. the
"cleft " or " riven."]
REEF, ref. ?i. a portion of a sail. — v.t. \o
reduce the exposed surface of, as a sa 1.
[Dut. rif. reef]
REEFY, ref'i, adj. full of reefs.
REEK
358
REFUjSID
KEEK, rek, n. smoke : vapor.— r.t. to emit
smoke or vapor : to steam. TA.S. rec :
Ice. reyhr. Ger. ranch. Diit. rooA-, smoke.]
REEKY, rek'i, adj. full of reek : smoky :
soiled with steam or smoke : foul.
REEL, rel, n. a lively .Scottish dance.
[Gael, righil.]
REEL. rel. n. a rolling or turning frame for
winding- yarn, etc. — v.t. to wind on a reel.
[A.S. reo'l, hreoL]
REEL, rel. i:i. to stagger : to vacillate.
RE-ELECT, re-e-lekt', v.t. to elect again.
—11. Re-elec'tiox. [L. re, again, and
Elect.]
RE-ELIGIBLE, re-el'i-ji-bl, adj. capable of
re-election. — n. Re-eligibil'ity.
RE-EMBARK, re-em-bark', v.t. to embark
or put onboard again. — n. Re-embabka'-
TiON. [L. re, again, and Embark.]
RE-EXACT, re-en-akt', v.t. to enact again.
— )i. Re-enact'me>"t. [L. re, again, and
Enact.]
RE - ENFORCE, RE - ENFORCEMENT.
Same as REI^TORCE. Reixforcejiest.
RE-ENTER, re-en' ter. v.t. and i:i. to enter
again or anew.— Re-EXTERIN'G aXGLE, an
angle pointing inwards. [L. re, again,
and Exter.]
RE-ENTRY, re-en'tri, n. an entering again:
tlie resuming a possession lately lost.
REERMOUSE. See Reremouse.
RE-ESTABLISH, re-es-tab'lish, v.t. to es-
tablish ag.ain. — )!. Re-estab'lisedient.
[L. re, again, and Establish.]
REEVE, rev, n. a steward or other officer
(mow used onlj' in composition, as in
SHERIFF). [M.E. reve — A.S. gerefa : Ger.
graf: all from Low L. grajio, graphio —
Gr. graphs, to write.]
REEVE, rev, v.t. to pass the end of a rope
through any hole, as the channel of a
blocV::— pa. i. and pa.p. reeved, also rove
{naut.). [See Reef, t-.]
RE-EXAMINE, re-egz-am'in, v.t. to ex-
amine again or anew. [L. re, again, and
Examine.]
REFECTION, re-fek'shun, n. refreshment :
a meal or repast. [Fr. — L. refectio — re-
jicio. refectum — re, again, and facio, to
make.]
REFECTORY, re-fek'tor-i, »i. the place
where refections or meals are taken :
(orig.) a hall in convents or monasteries
where meals were taken.
REFER, re-fer', v.t. to submit to another
person or authority: to assign: to reduce.
— v.i. to have reference or recourse: to
relate: to allude -.^pr.p. referr'ing; pa.t.
and jjrt.jj. referred'. [Fr. referer — L. re-
fero. to carry away or back — re, back, and
fero. to bear.]
REFERABLE, ref'er-a-bl, REFERRIBLE,
re-fer'i-bl. adj. that may be referred or
considered in connection with something
else : that may be assigned or considered
as belonging or related to.
REFEREE, ref-er-e', n. one to whom any-
thing is referred : an arbitrator, \impire,
or judge.
REFERENCE, ref'er-ens, n. the act of refer-
ring : a submitting for information or
decision : relation : allusion : one who or
that which is referred to : (laiv) the act
of submitting a dispute for investigation
or decision.
REFERRIBLE. Same as Referable.
REFINE, re-fIn', v.t. to separate from ex-
traneous matter : to reduce to a fine or
pure state : to purify : to clarify : to
jpolish : to make elegant : to purify the
manners, morals, etc. — v.i. to become
fine or pure : to affect nicety : to improve
in any kind of excellence. — n. Refin'er.
[L. re, denoting change of state, and
Fine ; cf. Fr. raffine^r (reaffiner). It.
raffinareA
REFINEMENT, re-fin'ment, n. act of refin-
ing or state of being refined : purifica-
tion : separation from what is impure,
etc.: cultivation: elegance: polish: purity:
ati excessive nicety.
REFINERY, re-fin'e'r-i, n. a place for refin-
ing.
REFINING, re-fln'ing. n. the act or proc-
ess of refining or purifying, particularly
sugar or metals.
REFIT, re-fit', v.t. to fit or prepare again.
— n. Refit'mext. [L. re, again, and
FlT.]^
REFLECT, re-flekt', v.t. to bend back: to
throw back after striking upon any
surface, as light, etc. — v.i. to be thrown
back, as light, heat, etc. : to revolve in
the mind : to consider attentively or
deeplj' : to ponder : to cast reproach or
censure. [L. refiecto, reflexum — re, and
flecto, to bend or turn.]
REFLECTING, re-flekt 'ing. adj., throwing
hachWght. heat, etc. : given to reflection:
thoughtful.
REFLECTION, re-flek'shun, n. the act of
reflecting : the sending back of light,
heat, etc. : the state of being reflected :
that which is reflected : the action of the
mind by which it is conscious of its own
operations : attentive consideration : con-
templation : censure or reproach.
REFLECTIVE, re-flekt'iv, adj. reflecting :
considering the operations of the mind :
exercising thought or reflection : (gram.)
reciprocal. — adv. Reflect'ively. — n.
Reflect'iveness. -
REFLECTOR, re-flekt'or, n. one who or
that which reflects : a mirror or polished
reflecting surface.
REFLEX, re'fleks, adj., bent or turned
back : reflected : {physiology) said of cer-
tain movements which take place inde-
pendent of the will, being sent back from
a nerve-centre in answer to a stimulus
from the surface : (paint.) illuminated
by light reflected from another part of
the same picture.— h. reflection: light
reflected from an illuminated surface.
REFLEXIBLE, re-fleks'i-bl, REFLECTI-
BLE, re-flekt'i-bl, adj. that may be re-
flected or throion back. — n. Reflexibil'-
ity.
REFLEXrVTE, re-fleks'iv, adj., tiirnedback-
irard : reflective : respecting the past :
turning back on itself.— arir. Reflex'-
IVELY.
REFLUENT, refloo-ent, adj., flowing back:
ebbing. [L. refluens. -entis, pr.p. of re-
flito — re, back, and fluo, flnxum, to
flow.]
REFLUX, re'fluks, adj., flotving or return-
ing back : reflex. — )i. a flowing back :
ebb.
REFORM, re-form', v.t. to form again or
anew : to transform : to make better : to
remove that which is objectionable from :
to repair or improve : to reclaim. — v.i.
to become better : to abandon evil : to be
corrected or improved. — n. a forming
anew : change, amendment, improve-
ment. [L. re. again, formo, to shape,
from forma. See Form, ».]
REFORMATION, re-for-raa'shun, n. the
act of forming again.
REFORMATION, ref-or-ma'shun. n. the act
of reforming: amendment: improvement:
the great religious change of the 16th
century, when the Protestants separated
from the R. Cath. Church.
REFORMATIVE, re-fornVa-tiv, adj. form-
ing again or anew : tending to produce
reform.
REFORMATORY, re-form'a-tor-i, adj. re-
forming: tending to produce reform. — n.
an institution for reclaiming youths and
children who have been convicted of
crime.
REFORMED, re-formd'. adj. formed again
or anew: changed : amended: improved:
denoting the churches formed after the
Reformation, esp. those that separated
from Luther on nuitters of doctrine and
discipline : Protestant.
REFORMER, re-form'er, n. one who re-
forms : one who advocates political re-
form: one of those who took part in the
Reformation of the 16th century.
REFRACT, re-frakt'. v.t. to break back or
open : to break the natural course, or
bend from a direct line, as rays of light,
etc. [L. refringo, refractum — re, back,
aadfrango, to break. See Fraction.]
REFRACTION, re-frak'shun, n. the act of
refracting : the change in the direction
of a ray of light, heat, etc., when it en-
tei's a diff'erent medium.
REFRACTIVE, re-frakt'iv, adj. refracting:
pertaining to refraction. — n. RefraCt-
REFRACTORY, re-frakt'or-i, adj., break-
ing through rules : unruly : unmanage-
able : obstinate : perverse : difficult of
fusion, as metals, etc. — adv. Refract'-
ORILY. — n. ReFRACT'ORINESS.
REFRAIN, re-fran', ?i. a phrase or verse
recurring at the end of each division of a
poem : the burden of a song. [Fr. — O.
Fr. refraindre—'L. refringo (refrango).']
REFRAIN, re-fran', v.t. to curb : to re-
strain.— v.i. to keep from action : to for-
bear. [Fr. refrener — L. refreno — re, and
frenitm, a bridle.]
REFRANGIBLE, re-fran'ji-bl, adj. that
may be refracted or turned out of a di-
rect course, as rays of Ught, heat, etc. —
n. Refrangibll'ity.
REFRESH, re-fresh', v.t. to make fre/ih
again : to allay heat : to give new
strength, spirit, etc., to : to revive after
exhaustion : to enliven : to restore. [L.
re. again, and Fresh.]
REFRESHMENT, re-fresh'ment, n. the
act of refreshing : new strength or spirit
after exhaustion : that which refreshes,
as food or rest.
REFRIGERANT, re-frij'er-ant, adj. mak-
ing cold : cooling : refreshing. — n. that
which cools.
REFRIGERATE, re-frij'er-at, r.f. to make
cold : to cool: to refresh. — n. Refeigera'-
TION. [Fr. — L. re, denoting change of
state, and frigero, -atttm, to cool, from
frigiix, cold. See FRIGID.]
REFRIGERATIVE, re-frij'er-a-tiv, RE-
FRIGERATORY, re-frij'er-a-tor-i, adj.,
cooling : refreshing.
REFRIGERATOR, re-frij'er-ar-tor, n. an
apparatus for preserving food by keeping
it at a low temperature: an ice-safe.
REFRIGERATORY, re-frij'er-a-tor-i, n. a
cooler : a vessel or apparatus for cooling,
used in brewing, etc.
REFT, reft, pa.t. anApa.p. of Reave.
REFUGE, ref'uj, n. that which affords
shelter or protection : an asylum or
retreat : a resource or expedient. [Lit.
"a fleeing back," Fr. — L. refngium—re,
back. anc\ fugio. to flee.]
REFUGEE, ref-u-je', n. one who flees for
refuge to another country, esp. from
religious persecution or political commo-
tion.
REFULGENCE, re-ful'jens, REFULGEN-
CY, re-ful'jen-si, n. state of being reful-
gent : brightness : brilliance.
REFULGENT, re-ful'jent, adj. casting a
flood of Ught : shining: brilliant.— «(/l'.
REFxn:.'GExfLY. [L. rcfulgens. -eyitis. pr.p.
of refulgeo — re, mten's.,/!(?gieo, to shine.]
REFUND, re-fund', v.t. to repay : to re-
store : to return what has been taken.
[Lit. " to pour back," L. refundo, refusum
— re, back, and /i<ndo, to pour.]
REFUSAL
359
REINSTATEMENT
REFUSAL, re-fuz'al. n. denial of anything
requested : rejectioa : the right of taking
in preference to others.
REFUSE, re-fuz', v.t. to reject : to deny,
as a request, etc. — i:i. to decline accept-
ance : not to comply. [Fr. refuser, prob.
due to confusion of L. refiito. to drive
back, and reeuso, to make an objection
against.]
REFUSE, ref'us. adj.. refitsed : worthless.
— /(. that which is rejected or left as
worthless : dross.
REFUTABLE, re-fut'a-bl. adj. that may be
refuted or disproved. — adv. RefxtVablt.
— n. REFrTABIL'lTY.
REFUTATION, ref-u-ta'shun, n. the act of
refutinff or dispro\'ing'.
REFUTATORY. re-fut'a-tor-i. adj. tending
to refute : refuting.
REFUTE, re-fut'. v.i. to repel : to oppose :
to disprove. [Lit. "to pour back," Fr,
refuter — L. refuto—re. back, and base
fud. root o{ fiindo. futilis.]
REGAIN, re-gan', v.t. to gain back or
again : to recover. [L. re, back, and
Gain.]
REGAL, re'gal, adj. belonging to a king :
kingly : royal. — udv. Re'gally. [Fr. — L.
rpgaJi.1 — rex. a king, from rego. to rule.]
REGAL, re'gal, or RIGOLE, rig'ol, n. a
small portable organ used to support
treble voices. " [Fr. — It. — L. regalis. See
Regal, adj.']
REGALE, re-gal', i:t. to entertain in a
sumptuous manner : to refresh : to grati-
fy.— v.i. to feast. — n. a regal or magnifi-
cent feast, [Fr. regaler — Sp. regalar — L,
regehire, to thaw : or from Fr. and It.
gala, good cheer. See Gala.]
REGALEMENT, re-gal'ment, h. the act of
regaling : entertainment : refreshment.
REGALIA. re-ga'U-a. n.pl. the ensigns of
royalty : the crown, sceptre, etc.. esp.
those used at a coronation : the rights
and privileges of a sovereign : the orna-
mental dress, badges, jewels, etc. , worn
by freemasons, and other societies, or by
high officers and dignitaries. [Lit. " roj'al
things." neuter pi. of regali.^/]
REGALITY, re-gal'i-ti, n. state of being
regal : royalty : sovereignty.
REGARD, re-giird'. r.t. to observe particu-
larly : to hold in respect or affection : to
pay attention to : to keep or observe : to
esteem: to consider. — n. {orig.)!ook. gaze:
attention with interest : observation : re-
spect : affection : repute : relation : ref-
erence,— n. Reoakd'er. [Fr. regarder^-
re, and garder, to keep, look after. See
Guard.]
REGARDFUL, re-gard'fool, adj. full of
regard : taking notice : heedful : atten-
tive.— adi: Regaed'eully'.
REGARDLESS, re-gard'les, adj. without
regard : not attending: negligent: heed-
less, -adv. Regard'lesslt. — n. Regard'-
lessness.
REGATTA, re-gat'a. n. a race of yachts :
any rowing or sailing match. [Orig. a
grand fete ami conte.st of the gondohers
at Venice, It. regatta or rigatta — It.
riga. a row — O. Ger. riga, G«r. reihe, a
row.]
REGELATION. re-jel-a'shun, n. the act of
freezing anew. [L. re. again, and gelatin,
freezing. See Gelatin.]
REGENCY, re'jen-si, n. the office, jtiris-
diction. or dominion of a regent : a body
intriisttHl mth vicarious government.
REGENERATE, re-jen'er-at. v.t. to gen-
erate or produce anew: (theol.) to renew
the heart and turn it to the love of God,
— adj. regenerated : renewed. — ns. Re-
GEIvTERATESESS. REGEN'ERACY. State of
being regenerate. [L. rrgenero. -atum,
to bring forth again — re. again, genera,
to beget, bring forth. See Geserate.]
REGENT:RATI0N, re-jen-er-a'shun. it. act
of regenerating : state of being regener-
ated: (theoL\ iieirbirtli: the change from
a carnal to a Christian life.
REGENERATIVE, re-jen'er-at-iv, adj. per-
taining to regeneration. — adv. Regen'-
eratively.
REGENT, re'jent. adj. invested with in-
terim sovereign authority : ruling : gov-
erning.— )(. one invested with interim au-
thority : one who rules for a sovereign :
in the English universities a master of
arts under five years" standing, and a
doctor under two : one of the board,
appointed by the Legislature, who have
the superintendence of all tne colleges,
acadamies, and schools of the State of
New York. [Fr, — L. regens, -entis, pr.p.
of rego. to rule.]
REGENTSHIP, re'jent-ship, n. ofBce of a
regent : deputed authority.
REGICIDE, rej'i-sid. n. the'mnrderer of a
king : the murder of a king. — adj. Regici'-
DAL. [Fr. : from L. rex, regis, a king,
and credo, to kill.]
REGDIE, ra-zhem'. n. mode of riding one's
diet : form of government • administra-
tion. [Fr. — L. regimen — rego, to rule.]
REGIMEN, rej'i-men, n.. rule prescribed :
orderly government : any regulation for
gradually producing benefit : imed.) rule
of diet : {grain.} the government of one
word hv another : words governed. [L.]
REGIMENT.rej'i-ment. n. abody of soldiers
ruled or commanded bj' a colonel, and
consisting of a number of companies or
troops.
REGIMENTAL, rej-i-ment'al, adj. relating
to a regiment : — n.pl. the uniform of a
regiment.
REGION, re'jun, ??. a portion of land :
country : district. [L. regio. regionis —
rego. to rule, direct, mark a boundary.]
REGISTER, rej'is-ter, n. a written record,
regularly kept : the book containing the
register : that which registers or re-
cords : that which regulates, as the dam-
per of a furnace or stove : a stop or
range of pipes on the organ, etc : the
compass of a voice or of a musical in-
strument.— v.t. to enter in a register : to
record. [Fr. registre (It, and Sp, registro)
— Low L. registntm, for L. rcgestum — re,
back, and gero. to carry.]
REGISTRAR, rei'is-trar, n. one who keeps
a register. — »7. Keg'istrarship. office of a
registrar.
REGISTRATION, rej-is-tra'shun, n. act of
registering.
REGISTRY, rej'is-tri, n. act of registering:
piace where a register is kept : facts re-
corded.
REGNANCY. reg'nan-si, n. condition of
being regnant or reigning : reign : pre-
dominance.
REGNANT, reg'nant, adj., reigning or rul-
ing ; predominant : exercising regal au-
thority. [L. regnans. regnantis. pr.p. of
regno — rego. to rule.]
REGRESS, re'gres, n. a going or passage
hack: return: power of returning. — r.(,
to go back : to return to a former place
or state. [L. regressus — re. back, and
gradior. gresmis. to step, go.]
REGRESSION, re-gresh'un. n. act of going
back or returning.
REGRESSn'E, re-gres'iv, ac^'., going back :
returning.
REGRET, re-gret'. v.t. to grieve at : to re-
member with sorrow : — pr.p. regrett'ing :
pa.t. a.m\ pa.p. regrett'ed. — n. sorrow for
anything : concern : remorse. [Fr, re-
gretter — re-, and Goth, gretan, A.8. grce-
tayi. to weep.]
REGRETFUL, re-gi-et'fool. adj. full of re-
gret.—(7<-/?-. Regretftlly,
REGULAR, reg'u-lar, adj. according to
nde or established custom : governed
by rule : uniform : orderly : periodical :
level, unbroken : instituted according to
established forms: (geou).) having all the
sides and angles equal : belonging to the
permanent army : as opp. to "secular"
in the E. Cath. Church, denoting monks,
friars, etc.. under a monastic rule. — n.
a soldier belonging to the permanent
army, — adv. Reg'tjLarly. [L. regidaris.
— regula, a rule — rego. to rule.]
REGULARITY", reg-u-lar'i-ti, ?;. quality of
being regular: conformity to rule: meth-
od : uniformitv.
REGULATE, reg'u-lat, v.t. to make regu-
lar : to adjust by rule : to subject t©
rtUes or restrictions : to put in good
order.
REGULATION, reg-u-la'shun, n. act of
regulating : state of being regulated : a
rule or order prescribed : precept : law,
REGULATm:, reg'u-la-tiv, adj. tending
to regulate.
REGULATOR, reg'u-la-tor, n. one who or
that which regulates : a lever which
regulates the motion of a watch, etc.:
anything that regulates motion.
REGULUS, reg'u-lus. n. an intermediate
and impure product in the smelting of
metallic ores. [Lit. "little king," L.: a
name given by the alchemists.]
REHABILITATTE, re-ha-bil'i-tat, v.t. (laic)
to reinstate, restore to former privileges.
[Fr. rehabiliter — L. re, again, hdbeo, to
have.]
REHEARSAL, re-hers'al. n, act of rehears-
ing : recital : recital before public repre-
sentation.
REHEARSE, re-hers', v.t. to repeat what
has already been said : to narrate : to re-
cite before a pubhc representation. ^n.
Rehears'er. [Lit. "to harrow again, "i
O. Fr. rehercer — i-e. again, herce (Fr.(
herse), a harrow. See Hearse.]
REIGN, ran, n. rule : dominion : royal au-
thority : supreme power : influence :
time during which a sovereign rules. —
v.t. to rule: to have sovereign power : to
be predominant. [Fr. r^gne — L, regnum,
— rego. to rule.]
REIMBLTJSE, re-im-burs', v.t. to refund :
to pay an equivalent to for loss or ex-
pense. [Fr. rembourser — re. ba<-k, and
embonrser. to put in ajiurse, from bourse,
a purse. See P*rPSE.]
REIMBURSEMENT, re-im-burs'ment, n.
act of reimbursing or repaying.
REIN. ran. n. the strap of a bridle : an
instrument for curbing or govei-ning :
government. — r.t. to govern with the
rein or bridle : to restrain or control. —
To GIVE THE REINS TO. to leave unchecked.
[O. Fr. reine (Fr. rene). through Late L.
retina, from retineo, to hold back.]
REINDEER, ran'der. v. a kind of deer in
the north, valuable for the chase and for
domestic uses. [Ice. hreinn. O. Sw. ren
— Lapp, reino, pasture (Skeat), and E.
Df.kr.]
REINFORCE, re-in-fors', v.t. to enforce
again : to strengtlien \vith new force or
support, — n. Reineorce'iient, the act of
reinforcing : additional force or assist-
ance, esp. of troops. [L. re, again, an^
Enforce.]
REINLESS, ran'les, adj. without reic o«
restraint.
REINS, ranz, n.pl. the kidneys: the lower
part of the back over the kidneys : (5.)
the inward parts : the heart. [Fr, — L.
rene.f : Gr. phren, the midriff.]
REINST.\TE. re-in-stat', v.t. to place in a
former state. [ij. re. again, and In-
state. 1
REINSTATEMENT, re-in-stat'ment, n. act
of reinstating: re-estabhshment.
KEINVEST
360
REMISSIOjN'
REES V KST, re-in-vest', i\t. to invest again
or a second time. — n. Eees"\"EST'me>'T, act
ot reinvesting : a second investment. [L.
re, agaio, and Invest.]
REtXVIGOEATE, re-in-vig'or-at, v.t. to
inN-igorate again. [L. re, again, and In-
vigorate.]
REISSUE, re-ish'oo, v.t. to issue again. — n.
a second issue. [L. re, again, and Issue.]
REITERATE, re-it'er-at, v.t. to iterate or
repeat again : to repeat again and again.
— adj. Reit'erative. [L. re, again, a^id
T'pT7'T> i fT? "j
REITERATION, re-it-er-a'shun, n. act of
reiterating.
REJECT, re-jekt', v.t. to tbrow away : to
refuse : to renounce. [Lit. " to tlirow
back," L. rejicio, rejectum — re, back, and
jacio, to tiirow".]
REJECTION, re-jek'shun, n. act of reject-
ing : refusal.
REJOICE, re-jois', v.i. to feel and express
joy again and again : to be glad : to ex-
ult or triuuiph. — v.t. to make joyful : to
gladden. [Fr. rejouir — re, again, and
jouir. to enjoy— joi'e, joy. See Joy.]
REJOICING, re-jois'ing, n. act of being
joyful : expression, subject, or experi-
ence of joy.
REJOICINGLY, re-jois'ing-li, adv. with joy
or exultation.
REJOIN, re-join', v.t. to join again : to
unite what is separated : to meet again.
— v.i. to answer to a replj'. [L. re, again,
and Join.]
REJOINDER, re-join'der, n. an answer
joined on to another, an answer to a re-
ply : (law) the defendant's answer to a
plaintiff's "replication."
REJUVENESCENT. re-jo6-ven-es'ent, adj.,
growing young again. [L. re, again, and
Juvenescent.]
i*EKINDLE, re-kin'dl, v.t. to kindle again:
to set on fire or arouse anew. [L. ?•«,
again, and Kindle.]
HELAPSE, re-laps', v.i. to slide, sink or
fall back : to return to a former state or
practice. — n. a falling back into a former
bad state. [Ij. relator, relapsus — re, back
or again, labor, to slip or slide.]
RELATE, re-lat', v.t. to describe : to teU :
to ally by connection or kindred. — v.i.
to have reference : to refer. [Lit. " to
bring back," L. refero, relatum — re-, back
fero, to carry.]
lELAT""
RELATED, re-lat'ed, adj. allied or con-
nected by kindred or blood.
RELATION, re-la'shun, n. act of relating
or telling: recital: that which is related:
mutual connection between two things:
resemblance : connection by birth or
marriage. — n. Rela'tionship.
RELATIONAL, re-la'shun-al, adj. having
relation : having kindred.
RELATIVE, rel'a-tiv, adj. having relation:
respecting : not absolute or existing by
itself : considered as belonging to some-
thing else: (gram.) expressing relation. —
n. that which has relation to something
else: a relation: (gram.) a pronoun which
relates to something before, called its
antecedent. — adv. Rel'atively. — n.
Relativ'itt.
RELAX, re-laks', v.t. to loosen one thing
a(cn)//rom another : to slacken: to make
less close: to make less severe: to relieve
from attention or effort : to divert: to
loosen, as the bowels : to make languid.
— t-.i. to become less close : to become
less severe : to attend less. [L. relaxo,
-atiun — re-, away from, laxo, to loosen —
laxms. loose, slack.]
RELAXATION, re-laks-a'shun, n. act of
relaxing : state of being relaxed : re-
mission of application.
RELAY, re-la', n. a supply of horses to re-
he ve others on a journey. [Fr. i-elais —
7'e-and laier, a byform of laisser, so that
relay is a doublet of Release.]
RELEASE, re-les', v.t. to let loose from : to
set free : to discharge from : to relieve :
to let go, as a claim : to give up a right
to. — n.a. setting free : discharge or acquit-
tance : the giving up of a right or claim.
[O. Fr. relaisser — re- and laisser — L. laxo.
See Relay.]
RELEGATE, rel'e-gat, v.t. to send aicay :
to consign : to exUe. — n. Relega'tion.
gL. relego, -atmn — re-, away, lego, to send,
ee Legate.]
RELENT, re-lent', v.i. to slacken, to soften
or grow less severe : to grow tender : to
feel compassion. [Fr. relantir, to retard
— O.Yr.alentir — h.lentus, pliant, flexible.]
RELENTLESS, re-lent'les. adj. without
relenting : without tenderness or com-
passion : mercUess. — odi'.RELENT'LESSLY.
— n. Relent'lessness.
RELEVANCE, rel'e-vans, RELEVAN'CY,
rel'e-van-si, n. state of being relevant :
pertinence : applicability.
RELEVANT, rel'e-vant, adj. bearing upon
or applying to the purpose : pertinent :
related. [Fr., pr.p. of relever, to raise
again, relieve. See Relieve.]
RELIABLE, re-ll'a-bl, adj. that may be
relied upon. — adv. Reli'ably. — 7is. Re-
liabil'ity, Eeli'ableness.
RELIANCE, re-li'ans, n. trust: confidence.
RELIC, rel'ik, n. that which is left after
loss or decay of the rest : a corpse : in
R. Cath. Church, the body or other me-
morial of a saint : a memorial. [Fr. re-
lique — L. reliquice — relinqiio, reliclum, to
leave behind. See Relinquish.]
RELICT, rel'ikt, n. a woman left behind
her husband, a widow. [L. relicta — re-
linquo. See Relinquish.]
RELIEF,re-lef , ?i. the removal of any evU:
release from a post or duty : that which
relieves or mitigates : aid : (Jine art) the
projection of a sculptured design from
its ground. [Same as Relievo.]
RELIEVE, re-lev', v.t. to remove from
that which weighs down or depresses :
to lessen : to ease : to help : to release :
(fine art) to set off by contrast : (law) to
redress. [Fr. relever, to raise again — L.
relevo — re-, again, leva, to raise — levis,
light.]
RELIEVO, RHJEVO, re-le'vo, n. See
Alto-relievo, Bass-relief.
RELIGION, re-lij'un, n. the performance
of our duties of love and obedience tow-
ards God : piety : any system of faith
and worship. [Lit. "restraint," L. re-
ligio, -onis — re-, back, and Z/gro, to bind.]
RELIGIONIST, re-lij'un-ist, n. one at-
tached to a religion.
RELIGIOUS, re-lij'us, adj. pertaining to
religion : concerned with or set apart to
religion: pious: godly: in R. Cath. Church,
bound to a monastic life : strict. — adv.
Relig'iously. [L. religiosus.]
RELINQUISH, re-ling'kwish, v.t. to aban-
don: to give up: to renounce a claim to.
— n. Reun'quishment, act of relinquish-
ing or giving up. [O.Fr. relinquir — L.re-
linquo, relictum — re-, away from, linquo,
to leave.]
RELIQUAEY, rel'i-kwar-i, n. a small chest
or casket for holding relics. [Fr. reli-
quaire. See Relic]
RELIQUE, re-lek', n. a relic.
RELISH, rel'ish, v.t. to like the taste of :
to be pleased with. — v.i. to have an agree-
able taste: to give pleasure. — n. an agree-
able peculiar taste or quality : enjoyable
quality: power of pleasing: inclination or
taste for: appetite: just enough to give a
flavor: a sauce. [O. Fr. relecher, to Uck
or taste again, from re and lecher — O.
Ger. lecchon (Ger. lecken), E. lick. See
Lechek and Lick.]
RELUCTANCE, re-luk'tans, RELUCTAN-
CY, re-luk'tan-si, n. state cf being reluc-
tant : unwillingness.
RELUCTANT, re-luk'tant, adj.. struggling
or striving against : unwilling : disin-
clined.— adv. Reluc'tantly. [L. reluet-
ans, -antis, pr.p. of r-eluctor — re-, against,
luctor, to struggle.]
RELY, re-ll', v.i. to rest or repose : to hav«
full confidence in : — pa.t. and pa. p. re-
lied'. [Prob. from re-, back, and Lie, to
rest.]
REMAIN, re-man', v.i. to stay or be left
behind : to continue in the same place :
to be left after or out of a greater num-
ber : to continue in an unchanged form
or condition : to last. — n.pl. Remains', a
corpse : the literary productions of one
dead. [O. Fr. remanoir, remaindre — L.
remaneo — re, back, vianeo, akin to Wr.
meno, to stay.]
RE3IAINDER,' re-man'der, n. that which
remains or is left behind after the re-
moval of a part : an interest in an estate
to come into effect after a certain other
event happens. [See Remain.]
REMAND, re-mand', v.t. to recommit or
send back. [L. remando — re, back.
mando, to order. See Command.]
REMARK, re-mark', v.t. to mark or take
notice of : to express what one thinks or
sees : to say. — n. words regarding any-
thing : notice. [Fr. remarquer — re, in-
tensive, marquer, to mark. See Mark.]
REMARKABLE, re-mark'a-bl, adj. deserv-
ing remark or notice : distinguished :
famous : that may excite admiration or
wonder : strange : extraordinary. — adv.
Remabk'ably. — n. Remark'ableness.
RE3IEDIABLE, re-me'di-a-bl, adj. that
may be remedied : curable. — adv. Rejib'
DIABLY. — n. ReME'DIABLENESS.
RE5IEDIAL, re-me'di-al, adj. tending t«
remed}' or remove. — adv. Reme'dially.
REMEDY, rem'e-di, n. any medicine, ap-
pliance, or particular treatment that
cures disease : that which counteracts
any evil or repairs any loss. — v.t. to re-
move, counteract, or repair :—jja.<. and
lM.p. rem'edied. [L. remedium — re-, back,
again, medeor, to restore, cure.]
REaiEMBER, Ire-mem'ber, v.t. to keep in
mind : (B.) to meditate on : to bear in
mind with gratitude and reverence : to
attend to. [O. Fr. remembrer (Fr. re-
memorer) — L. rememoro — re-, again, me-
moro, to call to mind — memor, mindful.
See Memoir.]
REMEMBRANCE, re-mera'brans, n. mem-
ory : that which serves to bring to or
keep in mind : a memorial : the power of
remembering : the length of time during
which a thinijcan be remembered. [Fr.]
REilEMBRANCER, re-mem'brans-er, n.
that which reminds : a recorder.
REMIND, re-mind', v.t. to bring to the
mind of again : to bring^under the notice
or consideration of. [L. re, again, and
Mind.]
REMINISCENCE, rem-i-nis'ens, w. recol-
lection : an account of what is remem-
bered : the recurrence to the mind of the
past. [Fr. — L. reminiscent io?, recollec-
tions— reminiscor, to recall to mind — re-,
and root men, whence tnens, the mind.
See Mention.]
REMISS, re-mis', adj., remitting in atten-
tion, etc.: negligent: not punctual;
slack : not vigorous. — adv. Remiss'LY.—
n. Remiss'ness.
REMISSIBLE, re-mis'i-bl, adj. that may-
be remitted or pardoned. — n. Remissibil -
ity.
REMISSION, re-mish'un, n. slackeniag ;
abatement : relinquishment of a claim ;
release : pardon.
REMISSIVE
361
REPEXT
REMISSIVE, re-mis'iv, adj., remitting :
forgiving.
RSSUT, re-mit', v.t. to relax : to pardoa :
•o resign: to transmit, as money, etc.:
to put again in custody. — v.i. to abate in
force or violence: — pr.p. remitt'ing ;
pa.t. a.ndi pa.p. remitt'ed. — n. Remitt'er.
[Lit. "to let go back," L. remitto, re-
missus — re-, back, and mitto, to send.]
REMITTAL, re-mit'al, n. a remitting: sur-
render.
REMITTANCE, re-mit'ans, n. that which
is remitted : the sending of money, etc.,
to a distance : also the sum or thing
sent.
REMITTENT, re-mit'ent, adj. increasing
and remitting or abating alternately, as
a disease.
REMNANT, rem'nant, n. that which re-
mains behind after a part is removed,
etc. : remainder : a fragment. [Contr. of
O. Fr. remainant, pr.p. of remaindre.
See Remain.]
REMODEL, re-mod'l, v.f. to model or fash-
ion anew. [L. re, again, and Model.]
REMONSTRANCE,re-mon'strans, n. strong
statement of reasons against an act : ex-
postulation.
REMONSTRANT, re-mon'strant, adj. in-
clined to remonstrate. — n. one who re-
monstrates.
REMONSTRATE, re-mon'strat, v.i. to set
forth strong reasons against a measure.
[Lit. " to point out again and again," L.
re-, again, and monstro, to point out.]
REMORSE, re-mors', n. the gnawing pain
or anguish of guilt. [Lit. '"a biting
again," O. Fr. remors (Fr. remords)—
Low L. remorsus — L. remordeo, re-
morsnm, to bite again — re-, again, and
mordeo. to bite.]
REMORSEFUL, re-mors'fool, adj. full of
remorse. — adv. Remorse'fully.
REMORSELESS, re-niors'les, adj. without
remorse : cruel. — adv. Remorse'lessly.
—n. Remorse'lessness.
REMOTE, re-mot', adj., moved back to a
distance in time or place : far : distant :
primary, as a cause : not agreeing : not
related. — adv. Remote'ly. — n. Remote'-
NESS. [See Remove.]
REMOULD, re-mold', v.t. to mould or
shape anew. [L. re, again, and Mould.]
REMOUNT, re-mownt', v.t. and v.i. to
mount again. [L. re, again, and Mount.]
REMOVABLE, re-moov'a-bl, adj. that may
be removed. — n. Removabil'ity.
REMOVAL, re-moov'al, n. the act of tak-
ing away : displacing : change of place.
REMO'ST;, re-moo v', v.t. to put from its
place : to take awaj' : to withdraw. — v.i.
to go from one place to another. — n.
any indefinite distance : a step in any
scale of gradation : a dish to be changed
while the rest remain. [L. removeo, re-
m,otus — re, away, move.o, to move. See
Mo\'E.]
REMUNERABLE, re-mu'ner-a-bl, adj. that
may be remunerated : worthy of being
rewarded.
REMUNERATE, re-mu'ner-at, v.t. to ren-
der an equivalent for any service : to
recompense. [L. remuner-o, -atus — re-,
in return, munero, to give something —
mil una. muneris, a service, a gift.]
REMUNERATION, re-mu-ner-a'shun, n.
reward : recompense : requital.
REMUNERATIVE, re-mu'ner-a-tiv, adj.
fitted to remunerate : lucrative : yielding
due return.
RENAISSANCE, re-nas'ans, 71. the period
(in the 1.5th century) at which the re-
\'ival of arts and letters took place, mark-
ing the transition from the middle ages
to the modern world. — adj. relating to
the foregoing. [Lit. second or new birth,
Fr. : see Renascent.]
RENAL, re'nal, adj. pertaining to the reins
or kidneys. [L. renalis — renes, renum
(only in pi.).]
RENARD, ren'ard, n. a fox, so called in
fables and in poetry. [Fr. — O. Ger. Rein-
hard, Reginhart, "strong in counsel,"
the name of the fox in a celebrated Ger-
man epic poem.]
RENASCENT, re-nas'ent, adj. rising again
into being. — n. Renas'CENCE, the same
as Renaissance. [L. renascens, -entis,
pr.p. of renascor — re-, again, and iiascor,
to be born.]
RENCOUNTER, ren-kownt'er, RENCON-
TRE, rang-kong'tr, n. a meeting in con-
test : a casual combat : a collision. [Fr.
re^icontre — L. re-, against, and root of
Encounter.]
REND, rend, v.t. to tear asunder with
force : to split : — pa.t. and pa.p. rent.
[A.S. rendaii, to tear.]
RENDER, ren'der, v.t. to give up: to make
up : to deliver : to cause to be : to trans-
■ late into another language : to perform.
— ti. a surrender : a payment of rent.
[Fr. rendre — L. reddo — re-, away, and do,
to give.]
RENDERING, ren'der-ing, n. the act of
rendering : version : translation.
RENDEZVOUS, ren'de-voo or rang"-, n.
an appointed place of meeting, esp. for
troops or ships : a place for enlistment.
— v.i. to assemble at any appointed place.
[Fr. rendez vous, render yourselves —
rendre. See Render.]
RENEGADE, ren'e-gad, RENEGADO, ren-
e-ga'do, 71. one faithless to principle or
party : an apostate : a deserter. [Sp.
renegado — Low L. renegatus — L. re-,
inten., and nego, negatus, to denj'.]
RENEW, re-nil', v.t. to make new again :
to renovate : to transform to new life :
to revive : to begin again : to make
again : to invigorate. — v.i. to be made
new : to begin again. [L. re, again, and
New.]
RENEWABLE, re-nu'a-bl, adj. that may
be renewed.
RENEWAL, re-nu'al, n. renovation : re-
generation : restoration.
RENNET, ren'et, n. the prepared inner
membrane of a calfs stomach, used to
make mOk run together or coagulate.
[From A.S. rennaii, to cause to run; and
cog. with Ger. rensal, {iae\k-)rinse.]
RENNET, ren'et, n. a sweet kind of apple.
[Fr. reinette, rainetie, dim. of raine, a
frog — L. rana ; so called from its spotted
rind. J
RENOUNCE, re-no wns',r./. todisolaira: to
disown: to reject publicly and finally: to
forsake. — v.i. to neglect to follow suit at
cards. [L. renuntio — re-, away, andmwn-
tio, -atus, to announce — nuntius, a mes-
senger.]
RENOUNCEMENT, re-nowns'ment, n. act
of renouncing, disclaiming, or rejecting.
RENOVATE, ren'o-vat, v.t. to rene^o or
make new again : to restore to the origi-
nal state. — n. Ren'ovator. [L. re-, again,
and noi>o, -atus. to make new — novus,
new. See New.]
RENOVATION, ren-o-va'shun, «. renewal :
state of being renewed.
RENOWN, re-nown', n. a great name : ce-
lebi-ity. [Fr. renom — L. re-, again, nomen,
a name.J
RENOWNED, re-nownd', adj. celebrated :
illustrious: famous.
RENT, rent, n. an opening made by rend-
ing : fissure : break : tear.
RENT, rent, n. annual payment in return
for the use of property held of another,
esp. houses and lands. — v.t. to hold or
occupy by paying rent : to let for a rent.
— v.i. to be let for rent. [Fr. rente — ren-
dre, to give back. See Render.]
RENT, rent, pa. ^ and pa.}}, of Rend.
RENTAL, rent'al, n. a schedule or account
of rents, with the tenants' names, etc.: a
rent-roll : rent.
RENTER, rent'er, n. one who holds by pay-
ing rent for.
RENT-ROLL, rent'-rol, n. a roll or account
of rents : a rental or schedule of rents.
RENUNCIATION, re-nun-si-a'shun, ?i. di*.
owning- : rejection : abandonment. [See
Renounce.]
REPAID, re-pad', pa.t. a.ndpa.p. of Repay.
REPAIR, re-par', v.i. to betake one's self
to : to go : to resort. — n. a retreat or
abode. [Fr. repaire, a haunt^ — L. repiatrio,
to return to one's country — re-, back,
patria, native country.]
REPAIR, re-par', v.t. to restore after in-
jury : to make amends for : to mend. —
n. restoration after injury or decay :
supply of loss. [Fr. reparer — L. reparo
— re-, again, paro, to prepare.]
REPAIRER, re-par'er, n. one who restores
or amends.
REPARABLE, rep'ai--a-bl, adj. that may
be repaired. — adv. Rep'arably.
REPARATION, rep-ar-a'shun, n., repair:
supply of what is wasted : amends.
REPARATIVE, re-par'a-tiv, adj. amending
defect or injury. — n. that which restores
to a good state : that which makes
amends.
REPARTEE, rep-ar-te', n. a smart, ready,
and witty reply. [Fr. rejyartie—repartir,
to go back again — i-e-, back, and j)artir,
to set out — L. p>artior, to divide. Cf. the
E. Sally.]
REPAST, re-past', n. a meal : the food tak-
en : victuals. [Low L. repastus (whence
Fr. repas) — L. re-, intensive, and pastus,
food, feeding — pasco, pastus, to feed.]
REPAY, re-pa', v.t. to pay back : to make
return for : to recompense : to pay again
or a second time. [L. re, back, and Pay.]
REPAYABLE, re-pa'a-bl, adj. that is to be
repaid.
REPAYMENT, re-pa'ment, 71. act of repay-
ing : the money or thing repaid.
REPEAL, re-pel', v.t. to revoke by au-
thority, as a law : to abrogate. — 7t. a
revoking or annulling. — 71. Repeal'er,
one who repeals : one who seeks for a
repeal. [Fr. rapp)elei re-, back, and
appelei — L. appello, to call. See Appeal.]
REPEALABLE, re-pel'a-bl, adj. that may
be repealed.
REPEAT, re-pet', v.t. to do again : to speak
again, to iterate: to quote from memory:
to rehearse. — v.i. to strike the hours, as
a watch : to recur. — n. {7nus.) a mark
directing a part to be repeated. [Fr.
7-epeter — L. repeto, repetitus — re-, again,
andpe^o, to attack, seek.]
REPEATEDLY, re-pet'ed-h, adv. many
times repeated : again and again : fre-
quentlv.
REPEATER, re-pet'er, n. one wlio or that
which repeats : a decimal in which the
same figure or figures are continually re-
peated : a watch that .strikes again the
previous hour at the touch of a spring.
REPEL, re-pel', v.t. to drive back : to re-
pulse : to check the advance of. — v.i. to
act with opposing force : (med.) to chegk
or drive inwards : — pr.p). repell'ing •,pa.t.
and po.p. repelled'. — n. Repell'er. [L.
1-epello — re-, off, back, and pello, to
drive.]
REPELLENT, re-pel'ent, adj., driving
back : able or tending to repel. — n. that
which repels.
REPENT, re-pent', v.i. to regret or sorrow
for what one has done or left undone : to
change from past evil: (theol.) to feel
such sorrow for sin as produces newness
of life. — v.t. to remember with sorrow.
[Fr. repentir — j-e-, and O. Fr. peiitir — L.
REPENTANCE
pcenitere, to cause to repent, frompcenio,
piinio, to punish. See PrMSH.]
REPENTANCE, re-pent'ans. ii. sorrow for
wliat has been done or left undone : con-
trition for sin, producing newness of life.
REPENTANT, re-pent 'ant. adj.. repenting
or sorry for past conduct : showing sor-
row for sin.
REPERCUSSION, re-per-kush'un, n. a
striking or driving back : reverberation :
{mus.) frequent I'epetition of the same
sound. [L. rejiercussio — re-, back, per-
cittio — per, through, quatio, to strike.]
REPERCUSSrVE. re-per-kus'iv, adj., driv-
ing back : causing to reverberate.
REPERTORY, rep'er-tor-i. n. a place where
things are kept to be brought forth again:
a lreasur\- : a magazine. [Fr. — L. reper-
torium — reperio. to iind — re-, again, and
pario. to bring forth.]
REPETITION, rep-e-tish'un, n. act of re-
peating : recital from memory.
|IEPINE, re-pIn', v.i. to p)ine again or con-
tinue to pine {at or against) : to fret one's
self : to feel discontent : to murmur : to
envy. — adv. Repin'ingly.— ?!. Repix'er.
[L. re. again, and Pine, r.]
REPLACE, re-plas'. r.t. to place back: to
put again in a former place, condition,
etc.: to repay: to provide a substitute
for : to take the place of. [L. re. back,
again, and Place.]
REPLACEMENT, re-plas'ment, n. act of
replacing.
REPLENISH, re-plen'ish, v.t. toM again:
to fill completely : to stock abundantly.
— n. Replen'ishment. [O. Fr. repleni'r,
from replein. full — L. re-, again, and
plenus. full. See Full.]
REPLETE, re-plet'. adj. full : completely
filled. [L. repletus. pa. p. of repleo — re-,
again, and pleo, to fill.]
REPLETION. re-ple'shun . n . superabundant
fullness : {med.) fullness of blood.
REPLEVIN, re-plev'in, n. an action for
replei-ifing.
REPLEVY, re-plev'i, v.t. (hiir) to recover
goods distrained upon giving a pledge or
security to try the right to them at law.
— adj. Repi.et'iable. [O. Fr. replevir —
re-, back, and plevir, to pledge. See
Pledge.]
REPLICA, rep'li-ka, «. (paint.) a copy of a
picture done by the same hand that did
the original. [It. — h.replico. See Reply.]
REPLICATION, rep-li-ka'shun. n. a reply:
(lair) the plaintifTs answer to a plea.
[See Reply.]
REPLY, re-pli', v.t. and v.i. to answer: —
pa.t. and pa.p. replied'. — n. an answer.
— n. Repli'ER. [Fr. repliqucr — L. rcplico,
-ntus — re-, back, and plico, to fold.]
REPORT, re-port', v.t. to bring back, as an
answer or account of anything: to give
an account of : to relate : to circulate
publicly : to write down or take notes of,
esp. for a newspaper. — v.i. to make a
statement : to write an account of occur-
rences.— n. a statement of facts : de-
scription : a formal or official statement,
esp. of a judicial opinion or decision :
rumor : sound : noise : (R.) reputation.
— n. Report'er. one who reports, esp.
for a newspaper. [L. reporto — re-, back,
and porta, to carrv.]
REPOSE, re-p6z', v.t. to lay at rest: to
compose : to place in trust (with on or
in). — v.i. to rest: to sleep: to rest in
confidence (with on or npcm): to lie. — n.
a hing at rest : sleep : quiet : rest of
mind : (fine art) that harmony which
gives rest to the eve. [Fr. reposer — re-,
back, and poser, feee PoSE. ».]
REPOSIT. re-poz'it. v.t. to lodge, as for
safetv.
REPOSITORY, re-poz'i-tor-i, n. a place
362
where anything is laid up for safe keep-
ing.
REPOSSESS, re-poz-zes'. v.t. to possess
again. [L. re. again, and Possess.]
REPREHEND, rep-re-hend'. r.^ to blame:
to reprove. [L. reprehendo. -hens^is — re-,
inten.. unA prehendo, to lay hold of. See
Hand.]
REPREHENSIBLE, rep-re-hen'si-bl. adj.
worthy of being reprehended or blamed.
— adv! Reprehen'sibly.
REPREHENSION, rep-re-hen'shun, n. re-
proof : censure.
REPREHENSIVE, rep-re-hen'siv. adj. con-
taining reproof : given in reproof.
REPRESENT, rep-re-zent', v.t. to exhibit
the image of : to serve as a sign of : to
personate or act the part of : to stand in
the place of : to bring before the mind :
to describe. [L. reprcesento. -atvm — re-,
again, and pircesento, to place before.
See Present. r.J
REPRESENTABLE. rep-re-zent'a-bl, adj.
that mav be represented.
REPRESENTATION, rep-re-zen-ta'shun. ?!.
act of representing or exhibiting- : that
which represents : an image : picture :
dramatic performance : part performed
bv a representative : statement.
REPRESENT ATm:. rep-re-zent a-tiv. adj.
representing : showing a likeness : bear-
ing the character or power of others :
presenting the full character of a class.
— n. one who stands for another, a dep-
uty, delegate : ijaiv) an heir. [Fr.]
REPRESS, re-pres', r. i. to check or restrain.
[L. re. back, and PRESS.]
REPRESSION, re-presh'un, n. act of re-
pressing : restraint.
REPRESSIVE, re-pres'iv. adj. tending or
able to repress. — adv. Repress'ively.
REPRIEVE, re-prev', v.t. to delay the ex-
ecution cf a criminal : to give a respite
to. — n. a suspension of a criminal sen-
tence : interval of ea.se or relief. [Lit.
to disapprove or disallow (the sentence
passed). O. Fr. reprnver (Fr. reprouver)
— L. reprobo. See REPROVE.]
REPRIiLAND, rep'ri-mand or -mand', n. a
severe reproof. — v.t. to chide : to reprove
severely : to administer reproof publicly
or officially. [Fr. reprimande — L. repri-
mendum—^reprimo. repre.i.'oim. to press
back — re-, and primo, to press.]
REPRINT, re-print', v.t. to print again : to
print a new impression of. — ?!. Re'PRiNT,
another impression of. [L. re, again,
and Print.]
REPRIS.4L. re-prlz'al, ii. a seizimj Inick or
in retaliation: (tear) the retaking of goods
captured by an enemy : anything seized
in retaliation : that which is seized for
injury inflicted. [Fr. represaille — It.
ripresaglia — ripreso (Fr. reprise), retaken
— L. re-pre(he)ndere. to seize again. See
Apprehent> and Get.]
REPROACH, re-proch', v.t. to cast in one's
teeth : to censure severely : to upbraid :
to re\nle : to treat with contempt.— (i.
the act of reproaching: reproof: censure:
blame in opprobriouslanguage: disgrace:
an object of scorn. [Lit. to Oring (some
offence) back or jieartoone. Fr. reprocher
— re-. a.ndp>roche, near — L,.propius, comp.
oiprope. near.]
REPROACHABLE. re-proch'a-bl. adj. de-
serving reproach: opprobrious. — rt(ilJ.|RE-
proach'ably.
REPROACHFUL, re-proch'fool, adj. full of
reproach or blame : abusive : "icurrilous :
bringing reproach : shameful : disgrace-
ful.— adv. Reproach'ftlly.
REPROBATE, rep'ro-bat. adj. condemned :
base: given over to sin : depraved : vile :
(B.) that will not stand proof or trial. —
n. an abandoned or profligate person. —
v.t. to disapprove: to censure: to disown.
REPURCHASE
[L. reprobatus, pa.p. of reprobo. Set
Reprove.]
REPROBATION, rep-ro-ba'shun, n. theaot
of reprobating : rejection : the act of
abandoning to destruction: state of being
so abandoned.
REPRODUCE, re-pro-dus'. v.t. to produce
again : to form anew. [L. re, again, and
Prodi'CE.]
REPRODUCTION, re-pro-duk'shun, v. th«
act of producing new organisms.
REfRODUCTn"!:. re-pro-dukt'iv, aO^
tending to reproduce.
REPROOF, re-proof, n. a reproving or
blaming: rebuke: censure: reprehension.
REPROVABLE. re-pr55v'a-bl, adj. deserve
ing reproof, blame, or censure. — adv.
Reprot'ably'.
REPROVE, re-pro6^'', i\t. to condemn : to
chide : to censure : (B.) to disprove or
refute. — n. Reprover. [Fr. repiroui-er —
L. reprovo, the opposite of app>robo ^see
Approve) — re-, off. away, rejection, and
probo, to try or prove. See I*rote.]
REPTILE, rep'til or -til, adj. moving or
craivling on the belly or with very short
legs: grovelling: low. — n. an animal
that moves or crawls on its belly or with
short legs : a grovelling, low person.
[L. reptilis — repo, serpo, Gr. herpo. Sans.
srip. to creep.]
REPTILIAN, rep-til'yan, adj. belonging to
reptiles.
REPUBLIC.re-pub'lik.Ji. a commonwealth:
a form of government without a mon-
arch, in which the supreme power is
vested in representatives elected bv the
people. [Fr. republique — L. respuhlica,
'• common weal."' See PrBLlc]
REPUBLICAN, re-publik-an. adj. belong-
ing to a republic : agreeable to the prin
ciples of a republic. — n. one- who advo
cates a repubhcan form of ^government :
a democrat : a member of one of twc
great American political parties.
REPUBLICANISM, re-publik-an-izm. ».
the principles of republican government:
attachment to republican government.
REPL^BLISH. re-pub'lish. v.t. to publish
again or renew. — n. Repcblica'TION. [L.
re. again, and P^'BLISH.]
REPLTDIATE, re-pu'di-at. r.f. to reject;
to disclaim : to disavow : specifically, to
deny and refuse to pay a just debt. — n.
Repu'diator. [L. repudio. rejxidiatus—
re2:»idiu>n. a putting awav — re-, away,
and pudere, to be ashamed."]
REPUDIATION, re-pu-di-a'shun. n. the act
of repudiating: rejection: the state of
being repudiated. [L. repudiatio, -ohi>.]
REPUGNANCE, re-pug'nans. n. the state
of being repugnant: resistance: aversion:
reluctance. [L. repugnantia. See Re-
proNANT.]
REPUGNANT, re-pug'nant, adj. hostile:
adverse : contrary : distasteful. — adv.
Refcg'nantly^. [L. repugno—re-, against,
and pugno. to fight.]
REPULSE, re-puls'. v.t. to drive back: to
repel : to beat off. — n. the state of being
repulsed or driven back : the act of re-
pelling : refusal. [L. repidstis, pa.p. of
repello — re-, off. bacTc. and pella. to drive
See Pulsate.]
REPULSION, re-pul'shun, n. act of repul*
ing or driving back: state of being re-
pelled : power by which bodies or their
particles repel each other.
REPULSIVE, re-puls'iv. adj that repulses
or drives off : repelling : cold, reserved,
forbidding.— «f?i-. Repcls'itely.— n. EE-
puls'iyen-ess.
REPLTJCHASE. re-pur'chas. v.t. to pur-
chase or buy back or again. — n. the act
of buying again : that which is bought
again" [L. re, again, and Purchase.]
REPUTABLE
363
RESOUND
REPITTABLE, rep'ut-a-bl. art J. in good re-
pute or esteem : respectaliU^ : honorable:
consistent with reputation. — adv. Rep'-
FTABLT. — n. REP'UTABLEXESS.
REPrXATION, rep-u-ta'shun, n. state of
being held in repute : estimation : char-
acter as established in public opinion :
credit': fame. [Fr. — L. reputcitio, con-
sideration— re-putare, to think over.]
REPUTE, re-piit', v.t. to account or esti-
mate : to hold. — ?i. estimate: established
opinion : character. [L. reptito, -utum —
re-, as'ain, andiputo, to reckon, to count.]
REPUTEDLY, re-put'ed-li, adv. in com-
mon repute or estimation.
REQUEST, re-kwest', v.i. to ask for ear-
nestly: to entreat: to desire. — n. petition:
prayer : desire : demand : that which is
requested : a want : the state of being
desired. [L. requisitum, pa.p. of requlro
— re-, away, and qumro, to seek.]
REQUIEM, re'kwi-em or rek*-, n. a hymn
or mass sung for the quiet or i"est of the
soul of the dead : a grand musical com-
position in honor of the dead. [L., ace.
of reqtiies — (re-, intensive, and qnies,
rest) ; so called from the words Requiem
(ttemam dona eis, Domine, " Give eter-
nal rest to tliem. O Lord ! " which are
repeated in the ser\nce.]
REQUIRABLE, re-kwir'a-bl, adj. that may
be required : fit or proper to be required.
REQUIRE, re-kwlr', v.t. to ask: to demand:
to need : to exact : to direct. [L. re-
quire.]
REQUIREMENT, re-kwir'ment, n. the act
of requiring : that which is required :
claim : demand.
REQUISITE, rek'wi-zit, adj., required:
needful : indispensable. — n. that which
is required : anything necessary or in-
dispensable.
REQUISITION, rek-wi-zish'un, n. the act
of requiring : an application : a demand :
a written request or invitation : a de-
mand made by the governor of one State
upon the governor of another State tor
the surrender of an alleged or convicted
criminal, who has escaped from the jur-
isdiction of his proven or alleged crime.
— n. Requisi'tionist, one who makes a
requisition. [L. requisitio.]
REQUITAL, re-twit'al, n. the act of re-
quiting: payment in return: recompense:
reward.
REQUITE, re-kwit', v.t. to give back so as
to be quits : to repay : to pay in return.
FL. re, back, and QUIT.]
REREDOS, rer'dos, n. the wall of a church
behind the altar : an ornamental screen
there placed. [Fr. arriere. behind — L.
ad, and retro, and Fr. dos, back — L.
dorfni m .1
REREMOtJSE, rgr'mows, n. a bat. [Lit.
'* the mouse that moves " or agitates the
air with its wings. A.S. Iireremns —
hreran, to ino^'e, and mii.s, a mouse.]
REREWARD. Same as Rearward.
RESCIND, re-sind', v.t. to cut uu-ay or off :
to annul : to repeal : to reverse. [L. re-
scindo. reseissitm — re-, and scindo, to cut.
See SasSORS.]
RESCISSION, re-sizh'un, n. the act of re-
scinding : the act of annulling- or repeal-
ing.—orf/. Resciss'ory.
RESCRIPT, re'skript, n. the official answer
of a pope or an emperor to any legal
question: an edict or decree. [Lit. "that
which is written in return." L. rescriptum
— re-, back, scribo. scriptn7n, to write.]
RESCUE, res'ku, v.t. to free from danger
or violence : to deliver : to liberate. — n.
the act of rescuing : deliverance from
violence or danger : forcible release from
arrest or imprisonment: — pr.jt. rescuing;
pa.t. and pa.p. res'cued. [M.E. rescous
— O. Ft. rescousse — O. Fr. rescourre — L.
re-, away, and exntfere, to shake out-
er, out. and qiiatio, to shake.]
RESEARCH, re-serch', n. a careful search:
diligent examination or investigation :
scrutiny : great learning on a difficult or
recondite subject, as archaeologj'. [L.
re, inten.. and Search.]
RESEMBLANCE, re-zemljlans, n. the state
of resembling : similitude : likeness :
similarity : that which is similar.
RESEMBLE, re-zem'bl, v.t. to be similar
to : to have the likeness of : to possess
similar qualities or appearance : to com-
pare : to make Hke. [Fr. ressembler — re-,
and sembler, to seem — L. sinudo. to make
like— 4(»!i7is, like. Of. Assimilate and
RESENT, re-zent', v.t. {orig.) to take well :
to take ill : to consider as an injury or
affront : to be indignant at : to express
indignation. [Fr. ressentir, from L. re-,
in return, and sentio, to perceive, to feel.]
RESENTFUL, re-zent'fool, adj. full of or
prone to resentment. — adv. Resent'-
FfXLY.
RESENTMENT, re-zent'ment, n. the act
of resenting : displeasure : anger : in-
disrnation : wrath.
RESERVATION, rez-er-va'shun, n. the act
of reserving or keeping back : the with-
holding from a statement of a word or
clause necessary to convej' its real mean-
ing : something withheld : a clause, pro-
viso, or limitation by which something is
reserved : public land reserved in the
U.S. for certain purposes ; as military
reservations, Indian reservations.
RESERVE, re-zerv', v.t. to keep back : to
keep for future or other use : to retain.
— n. that which is reserved : that which
is kept for future use : in countries hav-
ing great standing armies and powerful
nasies, a part of an army or a fleet re-
served to assist those engaged in action :
that which is kept back in tlie mind :
mental concealment : absence of freedom
in words or actions : caution. [L. re-
servo — re-, back, and servo, to save, to
keep.]
RESERyED, re-zervd', adj. characterized
by reserve : not free or frank in words or
behavior : shv : cold. — adv. Reserv'edlt.
— n. Reserv'edness.
RESERVOIRirez-er-vwor*, n. a place where
anything is reserved or kept in store : a
place where water is collected and stored
for use. [Fr.]
RESET, re-set', to set again or anew.
RESET, re-set', r.t. (Scot.) to »€ceive and
hide, as stolen goods. [Perh. a corr. of
Receipt.]
RESIDE, re-zld', v.i. to remain sitting : to
dwell permanently : to abide : to live : to
inhere. [L. resid'eo — re-, back, and sedeo,
to sit.]
RESIDENCE, rez'i-dens, n. act of residing
or of dwelling in a place : place where
one resides.
RESIDENCY, rez'i-den-si, n. residence :
the official dwelling of a government
officer in India.
RESIDENT, rez'i-dent, adj., residing or
dwelling in a place for some time : resid-
ing in the place of his duties. — n. one who
resides : a public minister at a foreign
court.
RESIDENTIAL, rez-i-den'shal, «t^". resid-
ing : having actual residence.
RESIDENTIARY, rez-i-den'shar-i, adj.,
residing. — n. one who keeps a certain
residence, esp. an ecclesiastic.
RESIDUAL, re-zid'u-al, adj. remaining as
residue.
RESIDUARY, re-zld'ii-ar-i, adj. pertaining
to the residue ; receiving the remainder.
RESIDUE, rez'i-du, n. that which is left
behind after a part is taken away : the
remainder. [L. residuum, from resideo,
to remain behind. See Reside.]
RESIDLTUM, re-zid'u-um, n.. residue: that
which is left after anj* process of purifi-
cation. [L.]
RESIGN, re-zin', v.t. to >-ield up to another:
to submit calmly. [L. resigno, -atux, te
unseal, to annul, to give back — re, sig
reveisal, signo, to mark, to seal — signuni
a mark.]
RESIGNATION, rez-ig-na'shun, n. act ol
resigning or giving up: state of being
resigned or quietly submissive : acquies-
cence : patience. [Fr. — Low L. — L. re-
signo.]
RESILIENCE, re-zil'i-ens, RESILIENCY,
re-zil'i-en-si, n. act of springing back or
rebounding.
RESILIENT, re-zil'1-ent, adj., springing
back or rebounding. [L. resili-ens, -entis,
pr.p. of risilio—re-, back, and salio, to
leap or spring.]
RESIN, rez'in, n. an inflammable substance,
which exudes from trees. [Fr. risine — L.
resina.]
RESINOUS, rez'in-us, adj. having the qual-
ities of or resembling resin. — adv. Res'IN-
OUSLT.— ??. Res'inousness.
RESINY, rez'in-i, adj. like resin.
RESIST, re-zist', t'.f. to strive against : to
oppose. — v.i. to make opposition. [L.
resisto — re-, against, and si.ito, to stand.)
RESISTANCE, re-zist'ans. )i. act of resist-
ing : opposition : (mech.) the power of a
body which acts in opposition to the im-
pulse of another.
RESISTIBLE, re-zist'i-bl. adj. that may be
resisted. — adi: Resist'ibly. — n. Resisti
BIL'ITY.
RESISTLESS, re-zist'les, adj. irresistible,
—adv. Resist'lessly. — n. Resist'les&
NESS.
RESOLUTE, rez'o-lut, adj., resolved: de-
termined : having a fixed purpose : lon.
stant in pursuing a purpose. — adv. Res'o
LUTELY. — n. RES'OLUTENESS.
RESOLUTION, rez-o-lfl'shun, n. act of re-
solving : analysis : solution : state of be-
ing resolved: fixed determination: steadi-
ness : that which is resolved : forma}
proposal in a public assembly.
RESOLVABLE, re-zolv'a-bl, adj. that may
be resolved or reduced to its elements.
—adv. Resolv'ably.
RESOLVE, re-zolv*, r\t. to separate into
parts : to analyze: to free from doubt or
difficulty : to explain : to decide : to fix
by resolution or formal declaration :
(math.) to solve : (vied.) to disperse, as a
tumor : (music) to carry a discord into a
concord. — v.i. to deterruine. — j(. anything
resolved or determined: re.solution': fixed
purpose. [L. resolvo, resolutum — re-, in-
ten., and salvo, to loose.]
RESOLVED, re-zolvd', adj. fixed in pur-
pose.— adv. Resolv'edly. — n. Resolv'-
EDNESS.
RESONANCE, rez'o-nans, n. act of re-
.tounding: the returning of sound by re-
flection or by the production of vibrations
in other bodies.
RESONANT, rez'o-nant, adj., soiniding
back : returning sound. [L. resono — re-,
back, and sono. to sound.]
RESORT, re-zort', v.i. to go: to betake
one's self: to have recourse : to apply.—
n. act of resorting: a place nuich fre.
quented : a haunt : resource. [Fr. res-^
sortir, lit. "to obtain again," from re-
and L. sortiri. to cast lots, to obtain —
sors. sortis, a lot.]
RESOLTND. re-zownd'. i:t. to so^md back:
to echo : to praise or celebrate with
sound : to spread the fame of. — v.i. to be
sent back or echoed : to echo : to sound
loudly : to be much mentioned. [L. re,
back," and Sound.]
RESOURCE
364
RETIFORM
RESOURCE, re-s6rs', n. a source of help :
an expedient : — pi. means of raising
money: means of any kinil : specifically,
the means possessed by banks, insurance
companies, etc., for doing- a sound and
satisfactory business with the public.
[Fr. ressoiirce — O. Fr. resors, from res-
ordre — L. re-surgere, to rise again.]
RESPECT, re-spekt', v.t. to esteem for
merit : to honor : to relate to. — n. act of
esteeming highly : reg'ard : expression
of esteem : deportment arising from
esteem : relation : reference : (B.) good-
will : partiahty. [Lit. "to look back
upon," L. res]iicio, respectum — re-, back,
and specio, to look.]
RESPECTABLE, re-spekt'a-bl, adj. worthy
of respect or regard : moderate in ex-
cellence or number : not mean or des-
picable. — adv. Respect' ABLY. — v. Re-
spect abil'ity, state or quality of being
respectable.
RESPECTFUL, re-spekt'fool, adj. full of
respect : marked by civility. — adv. Re-
spect'fullt.
RESPECTIVE, re-spekt'lv, adj. having re-
spect or reference to: relative : relating
to a particular person or thing : particu-
lar.—adt?. Respect'ively.
RESPIRABLE, re-spir'a-bl, adj. that may
be breathed : fit for respiration. — n. Re-
SPIRaBIL'ity, quality of being respirable.
RESPIRATION, res-pi- ra'shun, n. the
function of breathing.
RESPIRATOR, res'pi-ra-tor, n. a network
of fine wire for respiring or breathing
through.
RESPIRATORY, re-spir'a-tor-i, adj. per-
taining to or serving for respiration.
RESPIRE, re-spir', v.i. to breathe again
and again : to breathe : to take rest. —
v.t. to breathe out. [L. reapiro — re-, sig.
repetition, continuance, and spiro,-atum,
to breathe.]
RESPITE, res'pit, n. temporary cessation
of anything : pause : interval of rest :
(lair) temporary suspension of the execu-
tion of a criminal.— r.f. to grant a res-
pite to : to relieve by a pause : to delay.
to. Fr. respit (Fr. repit) — L. respectus.
)oublet Respect.]
RESPLENDENCE, re - splen'dens, RE-
SPLENDENCY, re-splen'den-si, n. state
of being resplendent.
RESPLENDENT, re-splen'dent, adj. very
splendid, shining brilliantlj': very bright.
— adv. Resplen'dently. [L. resplendeo —
re-, inten., and sjtlendeo, to shine.]
RESPOND, re-spond', v.i. to answer or re-
ply : to correspond to or suit : to be an-
swerable. [L. respondeo, responsum —
re-, back, and spondeo, to promise. See
Sponsor.]
RESPONDENT, re-spond'ent, adj. answer-
ing : corresponding to expectation. — n.
one who answers, esp. in a law suit : one
who refutes objections.
RESPONSE, re-spons', ?». a reply: an orac-
ular answer : the answer made by the
congregation, the acolytes within the
sanctuary, or the choir to the priest or
minister during divine service : reply to
an objection in a formal disputation.
[See Respond.]
RESPONSIBILITY, re-spon-si-bil'i-ti, n.
state of being responsible : what one is
responsible for.
RESPONSIBLE, re-spon'si-bl, adj. liable to
be called to .account or render satisfac-
tion: answerable: capable of discharging
dutv. — adv. Respon'sibly.
RESPONSIONS. re-spon'shuns, n. the first
of the three examinations for the B.A.
degree at Oxford, familiarly called
"smalls." [See Respond.]
RESPONSIVE, re-spon'siv, adj. inclined to
respond : answering : correspondent. —
adv. Respon'sively.
REST, rest, n. cessation from motion or
distm-bance : peace : quiet : sleep : the
final sleep or death : place of rest : that
on which anything rests : a pause of the
voice in reading : (music) an interval of
silence and its mark. — At REST, applied
to a body, means, having no velocity with
respect to that on which the body stands.
— v.i. to cease from action or labor : to
be still : to repose : to sleep : to be dead:
to be supported : to lean or trust : to be
satisfied : to come to an end. — v.t. to lay
at rest : to quiet : to place on a support.
[A.S. ; Ger. rast. But. rmt.]
REST, rest, n. that which remains after
the separation of a part : remainder :
others. — v.i. to remain. [Fr. reste — L.
resto, to remain — re-, back, and sto, to
stand.]
RESTAURANT, res'to-rang or res'to-rant,
)!. a house for the sale of refreshments.
[Fr.'- — restaurer, to restore. See Re-
store.]
RESTITUTION, res-ti-tu'shun, n. act of
restoring what was lost or taken away.
[L. restitutio — restituo, to set up again
— re-, again, and statuo, to make to
stand. See Statue.]
RESTIVE, rest'iv, adj. unwilling to go for-
ward : obstinate. — adv. Rest'ively. — n.
Rest'i-veness. [O. Fr. restif, Fr. i-etif —
reste. See Rest, that which remains.]
RESTLESS, rest'les, adj. in continual mo-
tion : uneasy : passed in unquietness :
seeking change or action : unsettled :
turbulent. — adv. Rest'lessly. — n. Rest'-
LH6SNESS. [From Rest, cessation from
motion.]
RESTORATION, res-to-ra'shun, n. act of
restoring- : replacement : recovery : re-
vival : reparation.
RESTORATIVE, re-stor'a-tiv, adj., able or
tending to restore, esp. to strength and
vigor. — n. a medicine that restores. —
adv. Restor'atively.
RESTORE, re-stor', v.t. to repair: to re-
place : to return : to bring back to its
former state : to revive : to cure. — /;.
Restor'eh. [Fr. restaurer — L. restauro
— re-, again, and root sta, to stand.]
RESTRAIN, re-stran', v.t. to hold back : to
check : to hinder : to limit. [O. Fr. re-
straindre — L. restringo, restriotum — re-.
back, and strinao, to draw or bind tight-
ly-]
RESTRAINT, re-striint', n. act of restrain-
ing : state of being restrained : want of
liberty : limitation : hinderance.
RESTRICT, re-strikt'. v.t. to limit : to con-
fine : to repress. [See under Restrain.]
RESTRICTION, re-strik'shun. n. act of re-
stricting ^limitation : confinement.
RESTRICTIVE, re-strikt'iv. adj. having
the power or tendency to restrict. — adv.
Restrict'ively.
RESULT, re-zult', v.i. to issue (in) : to fol-
low as a consequence. — n. consequence :
conclusion : decision. [Fr. — L. resulto —
resilio. See Resilient.]
RESULTANT, re-zult'aht, adj., resultitig
from combination. — n. (physics) a force
compounded of two or more forces.
RESUMABLE, re-zum'a-bl, adj. liable to
be taken back again, or taken up again.
RESUME, re-ziim', v.t. to take back what
has been given : to take up again : to be-
gin again after interruption. [L. rmumo
— re-, back, sumo, sumptum, to take.
See SujrpTUARY.]
RESUMPTION, re-zump'shun, n. act of
resuming or taking back again.
RESURGENT, re-s"ur'jent, adj., rising
again, or from the dead. [L. re-, again,
and siirgo. surrecfum, to rise.]
RESURRECTION, rez-ur-rek'shun, n. the
rising again from the dead : the life
thereafter. [The inelegant verb resur-
rect, which is utterly inadmissible from
an etymological point of view, has been
so much used by the American news-
paper press that it is now a standard
Americanism.]
RESUSCITATE, re-sus'i-tat. v.t. to revive :
to revivify. — v.i. to revive : to awaken
and come to lite again. [L. re-, again,
and suscito — sus. from subs, for sub, from
beneath, and cito, to put into quick mo-
tion— cieo. to make to go.]
RESUSCITATION, re-sus-i-ta'shun, n. act
of reviving from a state of apparent
death : state of being revivified.
RESUSCITATIVE,re-sus'i-tat-iv, adj. tend-
ing to resuscitate : reviving : revivifying :
reanimating-.
RETAIL, re-tal', v.t. to sell in small parts :
to deal out in small portions : to tell in
broken parts, or at second-hand. — n.
Retail'er. [Fr. retailler, to cut again
— re-, again, and tailler, to cut. See
Detail.]
RETAIL, re'tal, n. the sale of goods in small
quantities.
RETAIN, re-tan', v.t. to keep in possession:
to detain : to employ by a fee paid. [Fr.
— L. retiueo — re-, back, and teneo, to hold.
See Tenure.]
RETAINABLE, re-tan'a-bl, adj. that may
be retained.
RETAINER, re-tan'er, n. one who is re-
tained or kept in service : a dependent :
a fee paid to a lawyer to defend a cause.
RETALIATE, re-tal'i-at, v.t. to return like
for like: to repay. — v.i. to return like
for like. [L. retalio, -atum — re-, in re-
turn, talio, -onis, like for like — talis, of
such a kind.]
RETALLA.TION, re-tal-i-a'shun, n. act of
retaliating : the return of like for like :
retribution.
RETALIATFV^E. re-tal'i-a-tiv. RETALL\-
TORY. re-^tal'i-a-tor-i, adj. returning like
for like.
RETARD, re-tiird', v.t. to keep back: to
delay : to defer. [Fr. — L. retardo — re-,
inten., and tarda, to make slow — tardus,
slow. See Tardy.]
RETARDATION, re-tar-da'shun, n. delay •.
hinderance : obstacle.
RETCH, rech, v.i. to try to vomit: tostrain.
[A.S. hrcecan, to hawk, cog. with Ice.
hrcekja, to vomit.]
RETENTION, re-ten'shun, n. act or power
of retaining : memorj' : restraint : cus-
tody.
RETENTIVE, re-tent'iv, adj. having power
to retain. — adv. Retent'ively. — n. Re-
tent'iyeness.
RETIARY, re'shi-ar-i, adj., netlike: con-
structing a web to catch prey : pro\-ided
with a net. [L. retiarius, a gladiator
who fights with a net — rete, a net.]
RETICENCE, ret'i-sens, RETICENCY. ret'-
i-sen-si, n. concealment by silence: reserve
in speech.
RETICENT, ret'i-sent, adj. concealing by
silence : reserved in speech. [L. I'eticens,
-entis, pr.p. of reticeo — re-, and taceo, to
be silent.]
RETICULAR, re-tik'u-lar, adj. having the
form of network : formed with inter
sticss
RETICULATE, re-tik'u-lat, RETICULAT-
ED, re-tik'u-lat-ed, adj., netted: having
the form or structure of a net : having
veins crossing like network. — n. Reticu-
la'tion.
RETICULE, ret'i-kul, RETICLE, ret'i-kl,
n. a little netu-ork bag: a lady's work-
bag. [L. reticidutn. dim. of rete, a net.]
RETIFORM. ret'i-form, adj. having th«
form or structure of a net. [L. rete, and
forma, form.]
RETINA
365
REVERT
RETINA, ret'i-na. n. the innermost coat-
ing of the eye, consisting of a fine net-
tfork of optic nerves, [From L. rete, a
net.]
BETINUE, ret'i-nu, n. the body of re-
tainers who follow a person of ranlt : a
suite. [See Retain.]
KETIRE, re-tir', v.i. to clraic back : to re-
treat : to recede. — v.t. to withdraw : to
cause to retire. [Fr. retirer—re-, back,
and tirer, from a Teut. root seen in Goth.
tairan. Ger. zerren. E. Teak.]
RETIREMENT, re-tlr'ment, n. act of re-
tiring or withdrawing from society or
from public life : state of being retired :
solitude : privacy.
RETORT, re-tort', v.t. to throw back : to
retiu-n, — v.i. to make a sharp reply, — n.
a ready and sharp reply: a witty answer:
a vessel used in distillation, properly a
spiral tube, [Fr, — L, retortum, pa,p, of
retorqiieo — re-, back, and torqiieo, to
twist. See Torture,]
RETOUCH, re-tuch', v.t. to improve, as a
picture, by new touches. — n. the re-ap-
plication of tlie artisfs hand to a work.
[L. re. again, and Touch.]
RETRACE, re-tras', v.t. to trace back : to
go back by the same course : to renew
the outline of : in penmanship, the fault
of uniting the up and the down strokes
in making letters. [L. re, back, and
Trace.]
RETRACT, re-trakt', v.t. to retrace or
draic back : to recall : to recant. — v.i. to
take back what has been said or granted,
— n, Retracta'tion, [L. retraho, retrac-
tum — re-, back, and traho, to draw.]
RETRACTILE, re-trakt'il, adj. that may
be dratm back, as claws.
RETRACTION, re-trak'shun, n. act of re-
tracting or drawing back : recantation.
RETRACTIVE, re-trakt'iv, adj. able or
readv to retract.— odt). Retract'ively.
RETREAT, re-tret', n. a draunng back or
retracing one's steps : retirement : place
of privacy : a place of security : a shel-
ter : in the Catholic Church, a religious
devotion observed by the clergy and
ecclesiastical students, and usually last-
ing for a week, during which time prayer,
exhortation, and meditation completely
shut out worldly concerns : (mil.) the act
of retiring in order from before the
enemy, or from an advanced position :
the signal for retiring from an engage-
ment or to quarters. — v.i. to draw back :
to retire, esp. to a place of shelter or
security : to retire before an enemy or
from an advanced position. [O. Fr. re-
tret (Fr. retraite) — L. retr actus, pa. p. of
retrnhn.]
RETRENCH, re-trensh', v.t. to cut off or
away : to render less : to curtail. — v.i.
to live at less expense : to economize.
[O. Fr. retrencher (Fr. retrancher) — re-,
and trencher, to cut, which, ace. to Lit-
tre, is from L, truncare, to cut off, maim,]
RETRENCHMENT, re-trensh'ment, n, cut-
ting off : lessening or abridging ; reduc-
tion : (fort.) a work within another for
prolonging the defence.
RETRIBUTION, ret-ri-bu'shun. n. repay-
ment : suitable return : reward or pun-
ishment. [L. retributio — retribtio. to
give back — re-, back, and tribuo, to give.
See Tribute.]
RETRIBUTIVE, re-trib'u-tiv.of?/. repaying:
rewarding or punishing suitably.
RETRIEVABLE, re-trev'a-bl, 'adj. that
mav be reem^ered. — adv. Retriev'ably,
RETRIEVE, re-trev', v.t. to recover : to
recall or bring back : to bring back to a
former state : to repair,—?), Retriey'aL,
[O, Fr, retruver. Fr. retrorivei re-,
again, and trouver, to find. Cf. Con-
trive and (for the vowel change) Re-
prieve.]
RETRIEVER, re-trev'er, n. a kind of dog
trained to find and fetch game that has
been shot, and to recover an3'thing lost.
[See Retrieve.]
RETROCESSION, re-tro-sesh'un, «. agoing
back: a giving back. [L. retrocessus —
retrocedo, to go back, to yield — retro,
back, and cedo, to go.]
RETROGRADE, re'tro-grad, adj., going
backu-ard : falling from better to worse:
(biology) becoming less highly organized.
— v.i. to go backwards. — )). Retrograda'-
TION. [L. retrogradus — retro, backward,
and gradior, gressus, to go.]
RETROGRESSION, re-tro-gresh'un, n. a
going backirard : a decline in quality or
merit. — adj. Retrogress'ive.- adi-. Re-
TROGRESS'IVELY. [See RETROGRADE.]
RETROSPECT, re'tro-spekt, n. a looking
back : a contemplation of the past. [L.
retrofipectus, pa.p. of retrospicio-^retro,
back, and specio. to look.]
RETROSPECTION, re-tro-spek'shun, n. the
act or faculty of looking back on the past.
— adj. Retrospect'ive. — adv. Retro-
SPECT'IVELY.
RETURN, re-turn', v.i. to come back to the
same place or state : to answer : to re-
tott.—v.t. to bring or send back: to trans-
mit: to give back: to repay: to give back
in reply : to report : to give an account.
— n. the act of going back : revolution :
periodic renewal : the act of bringing or
sending back : restitution : repayment :
the profit on capital or labor : a reply : a
report or account, esp. official : — pi. a
light tobacco : the news of election con-
tests : the result as determined, legally
and officially, with reference to elections:
news and results in general. [Fr. re-
tourner — re-, back, and tourner, to turn
-L. tornare. See Turn.]
a'a-bl.
adj. that may
RETURNABLE, re-turn'
be returned or restored.
REUNION, re-un'yun, n. a union after sep-
aration: an assembly. [Fr. reunion — re-,
and union. See Union.]
REUNITE, re-u-nit', v.t. to join after
separation : to reconcile after variance.
— v.i. to become united again : to join
again. [L. re, again, and Unite.]
REVEAL, re-vel', v.t. to unveil: to make
known: to disclose. [Fr. reviler — lj.
revelo — re-, reversal, and veto, to veil —
velum, a veil. See Veil.]
REVEILLE, ra-vel'ya, n. the sound of the
drum or bugle at day-break to awaken
soldiers, [Lit, -'awake," imperative of
Fr, r&veiller, to awake — re-, again, and
veiller — L, vigilare, to watch. See Vigil.]
REVEL, rev'el, v.i. to feast in a riotous or
noisy manner : to carouse : — pr.p. rev'-
elling ; pa.t. and j)a.p. rev'elled. — w. a
riotous or tumultuous feast: carousal. — n.
Rev'eller, [O, Fr, ret^eler — L. rebellare,
to rebel. See Rebel; prob. influenced
also by Fr. reveiller (see Reveille), and
reve (see Rave).]
REVELATION, rev-e-lii'shun, n. the act of
revealing or making known : that which
is revealed : the revealing divine truth :
that which is revealed by God to man :
the Apocalypse or last book of the New
Testament:— j)^ unexpected and usually
scandalous disclosures touching public
and sometimes private affairs. [Fr. — L.
revelatio— revelo. See Reveal.]
REVELRY, rev'el-ri, n. riotous or noisy
festivity.
REVENCjE, re-venj', v.t. to punish or in-
jure in return : to avenge. — n. the act of
revenging : injury inflicted in return : a
malicious injuring in return for an offence
or injury received : the passion for retali-
ation.—n. Reveno'er. [O. Fr. revenger.
revencher (Fr. revancher) — L. re-, in re-
turn, and vindico, to lay claim to. See
Vindicate and Vengeance.]
REVENGEFUL, re-venj'fool, adj. full of
revenge or a desire to inflict injury in
return : vindictive : malicious. — adv. Re-
venge'fully.
REVENGEMENT, re-venj'ment, n. (B.) re
venge.
REVENUE, rev'en-Q, n. the receipts or
rents from any source : return : income :
the income of a state. — Internal rev-
enue, U. S. government receipts from
sources other than customs duties, in-
cluding taxes on tobacco, liquor, patent
medicines, artificial butter, etc. [Lit.
"that which comes back," Fr. revenue,
pa.p. of revenir, to return — L. revenire —
re-, back, venio, to come.]
REVERBERATE, re-ver'ber-at, v.t. to send
back, as sound :. to echo : to reflect : to
drive from side to side, as flame. — v.i.
to echo : to resound : to bound back : to
be repelled. — n. Reverbera'tion. [Lit.
" to beat back," L. re-, back, and verber-o,
-atus, to beat — verber, a lash.]
REVERBERATORY, re-ver'ber-a-tor-i, adj.
that reverberates : returning or driving
back.
REVERE, re-ver', v.t. to regard with re-
spectful awe : to venerate. [Fr. reverer
— L. revereor — re-, intensive, and vereor,
to feel awe, akin to Gr. horao, O. Ger.
warfen, E, Ward,]
REVERENCE, rev'er-enp, n. fear arising
from high respect : respectful awe : ven-
eration : honor : an act of revering or
obeisance : a bow or courtesy : a title of
the clergy. — v.t. to regard with rever-
ence : to venerate or honor. [See Re-
vere.]
REVEREND, rev'er-end, adj. worthy of
reverence : a title of the clergy : (B.)
awful, venerable. [Fr. — L. reverendus —
revereor. See Revere.]
REVERENT, rev'er-ent, adj. showing rev-
erence : submissive : humble. — adv. Rev'-
ERENTLY'.
REVERENTIAL, rev-er-en'shal, adj. pro-
ceeding from reverence : respectful : sub-
missive.— adv. Reveren'tially.
REVERIE, REVERY, rev'er-i, n. an irreg-
ular train of thoughts or fancies in
meditation : voluntary inactivity of the
external senses to the impressions of sur-
rounding objects during wakefulness.
[Lit. "a dreaming," Fr., from rSver, to
dream. See Rave.]
REVERSAL, re-vers'al, n. the act of re-
versing : a change : an overthrowing or
annulling.
REVERSE, re-ver.s', v.t. to place in the
contrary order or position : to change
wholly : to overthrow : to change by an
opposite decision : to annul. — n. Ihat
which is reversed : the opposite : the
back, esp. of a coin : change : misfor-
tune.— adj. turned backward : having an
opposite direction. [L. reversus, pa,p, of
reverto, to turn back — re-, back, and verto,
to turn,]^
REVERSIBLE, re-vers'i-bl, adj. that may
be reversed,
RI VERSION, re-ver'shun, n. the act of
reverting or returning : that which re-
verts or returns : the return or future
possession of any property after some
particular event : the right to future
possession, [L, reversio.]
REVERSIONARY, re-ver'shun-ar-i, adj.
relating to a reversion : to be enjoyed in
suoce.ssion.
REVERT, re- vert', v.t. to turn or drive
back : to reverse. — v.i. to return : to fall
back : to refer back : to return to the
original owner or his heirs. [L. reverto.}
REA'ERTIBLE
EEVERTIBLE, re-vert'i-bl, adj. that may
revert or be reverted.
REVERY. Same as Reverie.
REVIEW, re-vu', v.t. to re-examine : to
re\ise : to examine critically : to inspect,
as a body of troops. — n. a viewing agfain:
a reconsideration : the examination of a
cause in a higher court, %vhich has al-
ready been adjudicated in a lower ; a
careful or critical examination : a cri-
tique : a periodical with critiques of
books : etc. : the inspection of a body of
troops or a number of ships. [Fr. revue.
pa. p. of revoii — L. re-, again, and video.
See View.]
REVIEWER, re-vu'er, n. an inspector : a
writer in a review.
REVILE, re-\Tl', v.t. to reproach: to calum-
niate.—«. Revil'er. [L. re, and Vile.I
REVINDICATE, re-vin'di-kat, v.t. to%'indi-
cate again : to reclaim. [L. re, again,
and Vij,T)iCATE.]
RE^^SAL, re-vlz^al, REVISION', re-vizh'-
un. )i. review : re-examination.
REVISE, re-viz*, v.t. to review and amend.
— n. review : a second proof-sheet. — n.
Revis'er. [Fr. reviser — L. re-, back, and
viso, to look at attentively, inten. of
video, to see.]
RE\1SIT, re-viz'it, v.t. to visit again. [L.
rf. again, and Visn.]
REVIVAL, re-viv'al, n. recovery from lan-
guor, neglect, depression, etc.: renewed
performance of, as of a play : renewed
interest in or attention to : a time of re-
ligious awakening. — n. Revtv'alist, one
who promotes religious revivals. — n.
REyiy'AUSM.
REVIVE, re-vTv*, i\i. to return to life,
vigor, or fame : to recover from neglect,
oblivion, or depression. — v.t. to restore
to life again : to reawaken in the mind :
to recover from neglect or depression :
to bring again into public notice, as a
play.— n. Revtv'er. [L. re-, again, and
vivo, to live. See Vivid.]
REVIVIFY, re-viv'i-fr, v.t. to cause to re-
vive : to reanimate. — n. Revtvifica'tion.
REVOCABLE, rev'o-ka-bl, wlj- that may
be revoked. — ns. Ret'OCABLE\ess, Reyo
CABiL'iTY.— adi'. Rev'ocably.
REVOCATION, rev-o-ka'shun, n. a recall-
ing : repeal : reversal.
REVOKE, re-v6k', v.t. to annul by recall-
ing: to repeal : to reverse : to neglect to
follow suit (at cards). [L. revoeo—re-,
back, and voce, to call. See Voice.]
REVOLT, re- volt', v.i. to renounce allegi-
ance : to be grossly offended. — v.t. to
cause to rise in revolt : to sliock.— ?t. a
rebellion.— ji. Revolt'er. [Fi-.— It. ri-
volta—ri, against, and volta, a turning—
L. volvere. to turn.]
REVOLTING, re-volt'ing, adj. causing a
turning away from : shocking. — adv. Re-
VOLT'INGLY.
REVOLUTE, rev'ol-ut, adj. lolled back-
ward.
REVOLUTION, rev-ol-fl'shun. n. act of re-
■••olving : motion round a centre : course
which brings to the same point or state :
space measured by a revolving body : ex-
tensive change in the government of a
country : a revolt. [See Revolve.]
REVOLUTIONARY, rev-ol-u'shun-ar-i,o Ij.
pertaming to or tending to a revolution
in ffovernment.
REVOLUTIONIST, rev-ol-u'shun-ist,n. one
who promotes or favors a revolution.
REVOLUTIONIZE, rev-ol-u'shun-Iz, v.t.to
cause a revolution or entire change of
anvthing.
REVOLVE, re-volv-. v.i. to roll back: to
roll round ra an axis : to move round a
centre.— t.?. tocause to turn: to consider.
[L. revolvo, revolutum — re-, back, and
volvo, to roll.]
3C6
REVOLA'ER, re-volv'er, n. that which re-
volves : a firearm which, by means of
revolving barrels, can fire 'more than
ouce witliout reloading.
REVX'LSION, re-vul'shun, n. disgust : the
diverting of a disease from one part to
another. [Lit. "a tearing away," L. re-
viilsio — revello, i-evulsum. to tear off or
away — re-, awav, and vello. to tear.]
REVULSn^E, re-vul'siv, adj. tending to
revulsion.
REWARD, re-wawrd', n. that which is
given in return for good or evil : recom-
pense : retribution : the fruit of one's
own labor. — v.t. to give in return : to
requite, whether good or evil : to punish:
(B.) to recomi)ense. [O. Fr. reswarder,
from re and the Teut. root of Ward or
Guard.]
REYNARD, ra'nard, ?!. Same asRENARD.
RHAPSODIC, rap-sod'ik, RHAPSODICAL,
rai)-sod'ik-al, adj. pertaining to, consist-
ing of, or resembling rhapsody. — adv.
Rhapsod'ically.
RHAPSODIST, rap'so-dist, ?;. one who re-
cites or sings rhapsodies : one who com-
poses verses extempore : one who speaks
or writes disjointedly.
RHAPSODY, rap'so-df, n. any wild uncon-
nected composition : a part of an epic
poem for recitation at one time. [Fr. —
Gr. rhapsodia, lit. " a stringing together
of songs" — rhaiifo, to sew, and ode, a
son"-.]
RHEMSH, ren'ish, adj. pertaining to the
river Rhine. [L. Rhenus.]
RHETORIC, ret'o-rik, n. the art of speak-
ing with propriety, elegance, and force.
[Fr. — Gr. rhetorike — rhetor, a public
speaker— r/feo, to speak.]
RHETORICAL, re-tor'ik-al, adj. pertaining
to rhetoric : oi'atorical. — adv. Rhetor'ic-
ALLY.
RHET0RICL4.N, ret-o-rish'an, n. one who
teaches the art of rhetoric : an orator.
RHEUM, room, n. the flow or discharge
from the lungs or nostrils caused by
cold : increased action of anv organ,
esp. of the mucous glands. [L. — Gr.
rheuma — rheo. to flow.]
RHEUMATIC, roo-mat'ik. RHEmLiTIC-
AL. roo-mat'ik-al, adj. pertaining to, or
affected with rlieumatism.
RHEUlIATISil, room'a-tizm, n. a painful
affection of the muscles, so named from
a notion that the pain was caused by
rheum or hmnor flowing through the
part affected.
RHEUMY, room'i, adj. full of or causing
rheum.
RHINOCEROS, rl-nos'er-os, n. a very large
animal allied to the elephant, having a
very thick skin, and one or two horns
on the 7io.se. [L. — Gr. rhinokeros — rhin,
rhinos, nose, keras, a horn.]
RHODODENDRON, ro-do-den'dron. n. a
genus of plants having evergreen leaves,
and large beautiful flowers like roses.
[Lit. " the rose-tree." Gr. rhodon, a rose,
and dendron. a tree.]
RHODOMONTADE. See Rodomontade.
RHOMB, romb, RH03IBUS, roni'bus, ?i. a
quadrilateral figure having its sides
equal, but its angles not right angles.
[L. — Gr. rhombos — i-hembo, to turn round
and round.]
RHOMBIC, rom'bik, adj. shaped like a
rliomb.
RHOMBOID, rom'boid, n. a figure of the
form of a. rhomb: a quadrilateral figure
having only its opposite sides and angles
equal. [Gr. rhombos, and eidox, form.]
RHOMBOIDAL, roiu-boid'al, adj. liaving
the shape of a rhomboid.
RHUBARB, roo'barb. n. a plant, the stalks
of which are much used in cooking and
the root in medicine, so called because
RICHNESS
brought orig. from the banks of the Rha
or Volga. [Fr. rhubarbe— how L. rha-
barbarum—L. Rha, the Volga, barbarus,
foreign.]
RHUMB, rum, n. (orjgr.) a meridian, es-
pecially the principal meridian of a map ;
any vertical circle, hence anv point of
the compass. [Fr. rumb, a byform of
rhombe, through L., from Gr. rhombos
See Rhomb.]
RHUMB-LINE, rum'-Un, n. a line which
cuts all the meridians at the same angle.
RHYME, rim, n. (orig.) words arranged in
numbers or verse : the correspondence of
sounds at the ends of verses : poetry. —
v.i. to correspond in sound : to nuike
rhymes or verses. — v.t. to put into rhyme.
~ns. Rhym'er, Rhym'ster. [Properly
rime (the hy being due to the influence
of Rhythm)— A. S. rim, number, cog. with
O. Ger. run (Ger. reim).]
RHYTHM, rithm, h., flowing motion :
metre : regular recurrence of accents :
harmony of proportion. [L. rhyihmus —
Gr. ihythmos — rheo. rheusomai, to flow.]
RHYTHMIC, rith'mik, RHYTHMICAL,
rith'mik-al, adj. having or pertaining to
rhythm or metre. — adv. Rhyth'.mically.
RIB, rib, n. one of the bones from the
backbone which encircle the chest :
anything like a rib in form or use : a
piece of timber which helps to form or
strengthen the side of a ship : a vein of
a leaf : a prominence running in a line ;
(arch.) a moulding or projecting band on
a ceihng. — v.t. to furnish or inclose with
ribs : to form with rising lines -.—pr.p.
ribb'ing ; pa.t. and pa.p. ribbed. [A.S.,
cog. with Ger. rippe.]
RIBALD, rib'ald, 7i. a loose, low character.
— adj. low : base : mean. [O. Fr. ribaU
(Fr. riband. It. ribaldo)—0. Ger. ribe, &
prostitute, and sutfix -aid.]
RIBALDRY, rib'ald-ri, n. obscenity ;
ness : low and \-ulgar scurrility."
RIBBING, rib'ing, n. an airangement of
ribs.
RIBBON, rib'on. RIBAND, RIBBAND,
rib'and, n. a fillet or strip of silk : a nar-
row strip. — v.t. to adorn with i-ibbons.
[O. Fr. riban (Fr. ritban), perh. from Dut.
ring-batid. necktie, collar (Diez). or from
Dut. rij (Ger. reihe), a row, and B.asd.]
RICE, ris, n. one of the most useful and
extensively cultivated of grains, like
oats when ripe. [Fr. Hz (It. nso) — L.
and Gr. oryza — Ar. rozz, (with art.) ar
rozz.]
RICE-PAPER, rls-p5'per, n. a white smooth
paper, made by the Chinese from the
pith of a plant. [So called because form-
erly supposed to be inade from rice.]
RICH, rich (comp. Rich'er, superh Rich'-
EST), adj. abounding jn possessions :
wealthy : valuable : sumptuous : fertile:
full of agreeable or nutritive qualities :
bright, as a color : full of harmonious
sounds : full of beauty. — adv. Rich'ly.
[A.S. rice, rule (as rie in bishopric), hav-
ing rule, having means or wealth, rich ;
cog. with Ger. retch, empire, also rich,
Goth, reiks, L. rex, a king, Sans, raj-an.
to rule. The fundamental idea is that of
power shown in stretcliing out the hand
guiding, obtaining, as in E. Reach. Gr
o-reg-i>. to reach after, L. reg-ere, to keep
straight or guide. Sans, arg-, to obtain.
Through the idea of " keeping straight,"
the root is conn, also with E. Right, Ger.
rechf, L. rectus.]
RICHES, rich'ez, n.pl. (in B. sometimes
h.xing.), wealth : richness : abundance.
[M.E. riehesse (n.sing.) — Fr. richesse.]
RICHNESS, rich'nes, n. wealth: abundance:
fruitfulness: value: costliness: abundance
of imagery.
; filthi-
RICK
367
RIPARIAN
RICK, rik, n. a pile or heap, as of hay.
[A.S. hredc, cog. with Ice. hraul-r.]
KICKETS, rik'ets, n.sing. a. disease of chil-
dren, characterized by softness and cur-
vature of tlie bones. [From the Prov. E.
verb (w)rick (S\v. vricka). to twist, whose
nasalized form is Wring, and f req. Weig-
GLE.J
RICKETY, rik'et-i, adj. affected with rick-
ets : feeble.
RICOCHET, rik'o-sha or -shet, m. rebound
along the ground, as of a ball fired at a
low elevation : the skipping of a flat
stone ou the surface of water. [Fr. ; etj'.
unknown.]
RICOCHET, rik-o-shet', v.t to fire at with
guns at a low elevation, so as to make
the balls skip on the ground :— jjr.p. ric-
ochett'ing;^a.<. and j^a.^j. ricochett'ed.
RID, rid. v.t. to free : to deliver: to remove
by violence: to clear: to disencumber: —
jir.j). ridd'ing; pa.t. andpa.jj. rid. [A.S.
hreddan, to snatch away ; Ger. retfen.l
RIDDANCE, rid'ans, n. act of ridding or
freeing.
RIDDLE, rid'l, n. an obscure desci'iption of
something which the hearer is asked to
name : a puzzling question : an enigma.
— v.i. to make riddles: to speak obscurely.
— v.t. to solve, as a riddle. [A.S. rccdels —
rcedan, to guess, to read — reed, counsel,
cog. with Dut. raad, Ger. rath.'\
RIDDLE, rid'l, n. a large sieve for separat-
ing' coarser materials from finer. — v.t.
to separate with a riddle, as grain from
chaff : to make full of holes like a i-iddle,
as with shot. [A.S. briddel — hridrian,
to sift ; G«r. riidel, a riddle — rdden, to
sift.]
RIDE, rid, v.i. to be borne, as on horse-
back or in a carriage : to practice riding:
to float, as a ship at anchor. — v.t. to rest
on so as to be carried :— pa.f. vbAe ; pa.p.
ridd'en. — n. act of riding : an excursion
on horseback or in a vehicle : the course
passed over in riding. [A.S. ridan ; Ice.
reiila, to move, Ger. reiten, to move
along, L. (from Celt.) rheda, a carriage.
See Road.]
RIDER, rid'er, n. one who rides on a horse:
one who manages a horse : an addition
to a document after its completion, on a
separate piece of paper: an additional
clause.
RIDGE, rij, n. the back or top of the back :
anything like a back, as a long range of
hills: an extended protuberance: the earth
thrown up by the plough between the
furrows : the upper horizontal timber of
a roof. — v.t. to form into ridges : to
wrinkle. [A.S. hrycg ; Prov. E. and Scot.
rig : Ice. hryggr, Ger. riicken, the back.]
RIDGY, rij'i, adj. having, or rising in
ridges.
RIDICULE, rid'i-kul, ?i. wit exposing one
to Inughtei- : derision: mockery. — v.t. to
laugh at : to expose to merriment : to
deride : to mock. [L. ridiculus, exciting
laugh.ter — video, to laugh.]
RIDICULOUS, ri-dik'u-lus, adj. deser\-ing
or exciting ridicule : laughable : absurd.
—adv. RlDIC'CLOUSLY.— »^. Ridic'ULOUS-
NESS. [L. ridiculosus — ridiculu.i.]
RIDING, rid'ing, adj. used to ride or travel:
suitable for riding on, as a horse. — n. a
road for riding on. — n. Rid'ixg-Habit,
Rid'ino-skirt, the long upper habit, gar-
ment, or skirt worn by ladies when rid-
ing.
RIDING, rid'ing, n. one of the three di-
visions of the countj' of York. [A corr.
of A.S. thrithing, thriding, a third part
—thry, thri. three.]
RIFE, rit, adj. prevailing- abundant. — adv.
Rife'ly. — n. Rife'nes.s. [A.S. /•(/, prev-
alent ; cog. with Dut. rijf, Ice. rifr,
liberal.]
RIFF-RAFF, rif'-raf, n. sweepings: refuse:
the rabble, the mob. [A reduplication of
obs. raff, sweepings, conn, with Raffle,
Rifle, r. to rob.]
RIFLE, rl'fl, v.t. to carry off by force : to
strip, to rob. — a. Ri'fler. [Fr. rijler,
rafter; from Teut., as Ger. raffen, to
snatch away. See Raffle.]
RIFLE, rl'fl, v.t. to groove spirally, as a
gun-barrel. — n. a musket with a barrel
spirally grooved. [Allied to Low Ger.
gerifelde, rifled, grooved, and Ger. riefeln,
to channel — I'iefe, a channel, a groove.]
RIFLEMAN, ri'fl-man, n. a man armed
with a rifle.
RIFT, rift, n. an opening riven or split in
anything : a cleft or fissure. — v.t. to rive:
to cleave. — v.i. to split: to burst open.
[From Rive.]
RIG, rig, v.t. to clothe, to dress : to put on:
(uant.) to fit with sails and tackling :—
jjc.p. rigg'ing ; pa.t. and pa.p. rigged. — n.
sails and tackling. [Ice. rigga, to band-
age, to put on sails — riga, to be stiff.]
RIG, rig, n. {Scotch) a ridge. [A form of
Redge.I
RIGGING, rigr'ing, n. tackle : the system
of cordage which supports a ship's masts
and extends the sails. [See Rig, v.t.]
RIGHT, rit, adj., straight: most direct:
upright : erect : according to truth and
justice : according to law : true : correct:
just : fit : proper : exact : most conven-
ient : well performed : most dexterous,
as the hand : on the right hand : on the
right hand of one looking towards the
mouth of a river: {'■nath.) upright from
a base : containing 90 degrees. — adv.
Right'lt.— ?i. Right'ness. [A.S. riht,
ryht ; Ger. reeht, L. rectus— rego, to guide.
See Rich.]
RIGHT, rit, adv. in a straight or direct line:
in a right manner: according to truth
and justice : correctly : very : in a great
degree.
RIGHT, lit, 11. that which is right or cor-
rect : truth : justice : virtue : freedom
from error: what one has a just claim
to : privilege : property : the right side.
— v.t. to make right or straight : to set
upright : to do justice to. — v.i. to recover
the pi'0]>er position.
RIGHTEOUS, rit'yus or rl'chus, adj. living
and acting xiccovAmg to right a,\\A justice;
free from guilt or sin: equitable: merited.
— adv. Right'eously. (Liiany)yxst\y.—n.
Rioht'eousness. [Lit. " in a right way,"
A.S. rihtwis — riht, and tvis, a way or
manner. The form righteous is due to
the influence of such words as bounteous,
plenteous, etc.]
RIGHTFUL, rit'fool, adj. having right:
according to justice. — adv. Right'FULLT.
— )(. Right'fulness.
RIGID, rij'id, adj. not easily bent: stiff:
severe : strict. — adv. Rig'IDLY. — n. Rig'-
IDNESS. [L. rigidus — rigeo, to be stiff
with cold ; akin to f rigeo and to Gr. rigeo,
to shiver with cold.]
RIGIDITY, ri-jid'it-i, Ji. the quality of re-
sisting ch9.nge of form : stiffness of man-
ner.
RIGMAROLE, rig^ma-r5l, n. a repetition
of foolish words : a long story. [A corr.
of ragman-roll, a document with a long
list of names, or with numerous seals
pendent.]
RIGOR, rig'ur, n. the quality of being rigid
or severe : stiffness of opinion or temper :
strictness : severity of climate : (ined.)
a sense of chilliness attended by a shiver-
ing.— RiooR MORTIS, the rigidity of the
liuman body caused by death. [L. rigor
— rigeo.]
RIGOROLTS, rig'ur-us. adj. exercising rigor:
allowing no abatcnu-nt : niaikcd by
severity : harsh : scrupulously accurate :
very severe.— adi-. Rig'orously.— >i. Rro'-
OROUSNESS.
RILIEVO. See Relievo.
RILL, ril, n. a small murmm-ing brook : a
streamlet. — v.i. to flow in small streams.
[Prob. a Celt, word, akin to Fr. rigole,
and W. rhigol.a. furrow, a small trench.}
RIM, rim, n. a raised margin : a border :
a brim. — v.t. to put a rim to •.—pr.p,
rimm'ing ; pa.t. andjM.p. rimmed. [A,a
rinia ; ety. unknown.]
RIME, rim, n. hoar-frost : frozen dew.— -
adj. Rim'V. [A.S. hrini ; Dut. rijm, O.
Ger. hrifo, Ger. reif.]
RIND, rind, n. the external covermg. as
the skin of fruit, the bark of trees, etc.
[A.S. rind, rhind, Ger. rinde ; prob. from
a Teut. root seen in Goth, rindan (O. Ger.
rintan), t*o surround.]
RINDERPEST, rin'der-pest, n. a malignant
and contagious disease of cattle. [Ger.
"cattle-plague."]
RING, ring, n. a circle : a small hoop, us-
ually of metal, worn on the finger as an
ornament : a circular area for races, etc. :
a circular group of persons : a clique or
combination for selfish purposes in poli-
tics : the prize ring, the occupation of
tlie pugilist. — v.t. to encircle : to fit with
a ring. [A.S. hring ; Ice. hring-r. Ger.,
Dan. and Sw. ring. Cf. Rink and Cir-
cus.]
RING, ring, v.i. to sound as a bell when
struck : to tinkle : to practice the art of
ringing bells : to continue to sound : to
be filled with report. — v.t. to cause to
sound, as a metal : to produce by ring-
ing :—2}a.t. rang, rung ; pa.pi. rung.— h.
a sound, esp. of metals : the sound of
many voices : a chime of many Ijells.
[A.S. hringan, cog. with Ice. hringia, to
ring bells, hringia, to clink, Dan. ringlt
to tinkle J
RINGDOVE, ring'duv, n. the cushat oi
\\ooA-p!geon : so called from a white
ring or line on the neck.
RINGLEADER, ring'led-er, n. the head of
a riotous body. [Orig. the leader in the
ring of a dance.]
RINGLET, ring'let, n. a little ring : a curl,
esp. of hair.
RING-OUSEL, ring'-oo'zl, n. a species of
tlirush, with a white band on the breast.
[See Ousel ]
RING-STRAKED. ring'-strakt, adj. (B.)
streaked with rings.
RINGWORM, ring'wurm, 7i. a skin diseasa
in which itchj- pimples appear in rings, as
if caused by a icorm.
RINK, ringk, n. the area where a race is
run, or games are played. — n. Skat'ino-
RINK, a place artificially prepared for
skating, chiefly for roller-skating.
[Simpfy a variant of RING, a circle.]
RINSE, rins, v.t. to cleanse by introducing
water : to cleanse with clean water. [O.
Fr. rinser(Fv. rincer) — Ice. Iveinsa; Ger.
and Dut. rein, pure.]
RIOT, ri'ot, n. uproar : tumult : a disturb-
ance of the peace : excessive feasting :
luxury. — v.i. to brawl : to raise an up-
roar : to run to excess in feasting, be-
havior, etc.: to be highly excited. — n,
Rl'OTER. [Fv.riotte; ety.dub.]
RIOTOUS, ri'ot-us, adj. engaging in riot :
seditious : tumultuous : luxurious : wan-
ton. — adv. Riotously. — n. Ri'otous-
NESS.
RIP, rip, v.t. to divide by cutting or tear-
ing : to cut open : to take out by cutting
or tearing : to tear up for search or alter-
ation -.^pr.}). ripp'ing ; pa.t. and pa4>.
ripped. — n. a tear : a rent : a place torn.
JA.S. r/ipaii : Dan. ripjye. akin to Reap.]
RIPARIAN, rip-a'ri-an. adj. belonging to a
river-bank. [L. ripa, a river-bank.]
KIPE
36S
ROGUE
BIPE, rip, adj. ready for harvest: arrived
at perfection: fit for use: developed to
the utmost: finished: ready: resembling
ripe irait.— adv. Ripe'lt.— n. Ripe'ness.
[A.S. ripe, conn, with rip. harvest : cog.
with Dut. rijp. Ger. ret/, akin to A.S.
ripan, E. Reap.]
BIPEN, rip'en, v.i. to grow ripe: to ap-
proach or reach perfection. — v.t. to make
ripe: to bring to perfection. [A.S. ripiun;
Ger. reifen.']
BIPPLE, rip'l, n. the little waves on the
surface of running water: a little wave.
— v.t. to cause a ripple in. — v.i. to curl on
the surface, as running water. [Allied
to Ger. rippeln, Low Ger. repjjen. to
movej
RIPPLE, rip'l, v.t. to pluck the seeds from
stalks of flax by drawing them through
an iron comb. — n. the comb for rippling.
[Low Ger. repel, machine for breaking
flax, Ger. riffel, a flax-comb.]
RISE, rlz, v.i. to move from a lower to a
higher position: to ascend: to grow up-
ward: to swell in quantity or e.xtent: to
take an upright position: to leave the
place of rest: to tower up: to apiiear
above the horizon: to break forth: to
appear: to have its source: to increase
in size, value, etc.: to become excited or
hostile: to break forth into commotion
or insurrection: to increase in rank, for-
tune, or fame: to come to mind: to close
a session: {B.) to ascend from the grave:
— pa.t. rose; pa.p. risen (riz'n). — n. act
of rising: ascent: degree of elevation:
a steep: origin: increase: advance: (mns.)
elevation of the voice. [A.S. risan, cog.
with Ice. risa, Goth, retsan, Ger. reisen;
intransitive form of Raise.]
RISIBLE, riz'i-bl. adj. capable of exciting
laughter: laughable: amusing. — adv.
Rls'lBLY. — n. Risibil'ity, quality of being
risible. [L. risibilis. from rideo, risiim,
to laugh.]
RISING, rlz'ing, n. act of rising: resurrec-
tion: (B.) a tumor.
RISK, risk, n. hazard: chance of loss or
injury. — v.t. to expose to hazard: to ven-
ture. [Fr. risque (It. risico) — Sp. risco. a
rock — L. reseco. to cut off — re, off, seco,
to cut. The connection is, an abrupt
precipice, hence danger.]
RISSOLE, ris'ol, )i. fish or meat minced
and fried with bread crumbs and egg.
[Fr., perh. from the Teut., as Dan. riste,
to roast.]
RITE. rit. V. a religious usage or cere-
mony. [Fr. rite — L. ritus.l
RITUAL, rit'u-al, adj. consisting of or
prescribing' rifes. — n. manner of perform-
mg divine service, or a book containing
it : the body of rites employed in some
churches, and also in certain secret so-
cieties, notably the Freemasons. — adv.
Rit'u.^lly. [L. ritualix. See Rite.]
RITUALISM, rit'u-al-izra, n. system of
rituals or prescribed forms of religion :
the observance of them: the name given
to the great increase of ceremonial in
religious worship which has taken place
in a large section of the Protestant Epis-
copal Church.
RITUALIST, rit'u-al-ist, n. one skilled in
or devoted to a ritual : one of the party
in favor of ritualism in the Protestant
Episcopal Church. — adj. Ritualist'ic,
pertaining to the ritual.
BTVAL, rl'val, n. one pursuing the same
object as another : one who strives to
equal or excel another : a competitor.
— adj. having the same claims: standing
in competition. — v.t. to stand in compe-
tition with : to try to gain the same ob-
ject as another: to try to equal or excel :
—pr.p. ri' vailing; pa.t. and pa.p. ri'-
Tiulea. [Lit. one who lives on the oppo-
site side of a river, and contends some-
times for the use of it. Fr. — L. rivalis —
rivHs. a brook. See Rivulet.]
RIVALRY, ri'val-ri, n. act of rivalUng :
competition: emulation.
RIVE, riv, v.t. to tear asunder: to split.
— v.i. to be split asunder: — pa.t. rived ;
pa.p. rived, riv'en. [A.S. reofan ; Dan.
rive.']
RIVER, riv'er, n. a large running stream
of water. [Fr. rivitre (It. riviera. shore,
river) — Low L. riparia, a shore district
— L. ripa, a bank. J
RIVET, riVet, n. a bolt of metal fastened
by being hammered at both ends. — v.t.
to fasten with a rivet : to make firm or
immovable : — pr.p. riv'eting ; pa.t. and
pa.p. riv'eted. [Fr., ace. to Diez from the
root of Ice. r\fa. Dan. rive, Ger. reiben,
E. Rive.]
RIVULET, riv'u-let, n. a small river or
stream : a brook. [L. rivulus, dim. of
ricus, a stream, akin to Sans, sru, Gr.
rhed, to flow.]
ROACH, roch, n. a fresh-water fish of a
silvery color. [Dut. roch, Ger. roche,
Dan. rofcfce.]
ROAD, rod, n. a highway : an open way
for passengers and traffic : (B.) a plunder-
ing excursion. [A.S. rdd, a riding — rdd,
pu.t. of v'ldan. Ride.]
R0AD,rod,ROADSTEAD,r6d'sted,ROADS,
rodz, n. a place where ships ride at an-
chor : as at Hampton Roads, Va.
ROADSTER, rod'ster, n. (naut.) a vessel
riding at anchor in a road : a horse fitted
for travelling.
ROADWAY, rod'wa. n. the way or part of
a road or street travelled by carriages.
ROAM, rom, v.i. to rove about : to ramble.
— v.t. to wander over. [Prob. formed
from ROAMEE.]
ROAMER, rom'er, n. a wanderer. [Usually
derived from O. Fr. romier, one who
makes a pilgrimage to Rome (Sp. romero.
It. rovieo) — L. Roma, Rome.]
ROAN, ron, adj. having a bay or dark
color, with spots of gray and white : of
a mixed color, with a decided shade of
red. — n. a roan color : a roan horse :
grained sheepskin leather. [Fr. rouan
(It. roano) ; ety. unknown.]
ROAN-TREE, ROWAN-TREE, ro'an-tre,
n, the mountain-ash. [So called either
from the color of its stem (see RoAN), or
it is a corr. of Rune, from its use in
divination. See Rune.]
ROAR, ror, v.i. to utter a full, loud sound :
to cry, as a beast; to cry aloud: to bawl.
— ». a full, loud sound: theory of a beast:
an outcry of mirth, esp. of laughter.
[A.S. rdrian, O. Ger. reran, Ger. rohren,
to cry as a stag, to bellow ; influenced
also by an old verb hroren, the Ger. riih-
ren. to move (cf. Uproae).]
ROARING, ror'ing, n. act or sound of roar-
ing : a disease of horses causing them to
roar in breathing.
ROAST, rost, v.t. to cook before a fire : to
parch by exposure to heat : to heat to
excess : to dissipate the volatile parts
of by heat. — re. that which is roasted.
[O. Fr. rostir (Fr. rotir) — O. Ger. rostan
(whence Ger. rosten), to roast.]
ROB, rob, 71. the juice of ripe fruit mixed
with honey or sugar. [Fr. — Ar. rot)l>,
purified syrup of boiled fruit.]
ROB, rob, v.t. to take away from by force
or theft: to plunder: to steal: to deprive:
(B.) to withhold what is due:— ^r.p. robb'-
ing; pa.t. and pa.p. robbed. — n. Robb'er,
one who robs. [O. Fr. rober — Ger. rau-
ben, A.S. reafian.]
ROBBERY, rob'er-i, n. theft from the per-
son, aggravated by violence or intimida-
tion : pUindering.
ROBE, rob, n. a gown or outer garment: a
dress of dignity or state : a rich dre»s.- -
v.t. to dress, as with a robe to clothe,
[Fr. ; from O. Ger. roubon (Ger. rauben),
E. Rob ; applied to clothes, because they
were so frequently stolen.]
ROBIN, rob'in, ROBIN-REDBREAST, rob'-
in-red'brest, n. a singing bird with a red-
dish breast. [A familiar form of Robert
cf. Jacfc-daw, Jlfag'-pie.]
ROBUST, ro-bust', adj. of great strength o
vigor: requiring strength. — adv. Robust'
LY.— re. Robust'ness. [Fr.— L. robustus-
robur. ■-•ak.]
ROC, rok, n. an enormous bird in Persian
folk-tales. [Pers. rukh.]
ROCHET, rochet, n. a surplice with nar-
row sleeves worn by bishops. [Fr.. dim.
of Low L. roccus — O. Ger. roc (A.S. rocc,
Ger. j'ocfc), a coat.]
ROCK, rok, n. a large mass of stone : (geol.)
a natural deposit of sand, earth, or clay :
that which has the firmness of a rock :
(jB.) defence. [Fr. roc. roche; prob. Celt.,
as in Gael, roc, W. rhtcg, a projection.]
ROCK, rok, n. a distaff. [Dut. rohken. Ice.
rockr.]
ROCK, rok, v- 1. to move backward and for-
ward : to hill to sleep. — v.i. to be moved
backward and forward : to totter. [Teut.,
as Ice. nigga, Ger. riicken, to move.]
ROCKER, rok'er, n. the curved support on
which a cradle or rocking-chair rocks.
ROCKERY, rok'er-i, n. same as Ri'Ck-
WORK.
ROCKET, rok'et, n. a firework whicli is
projected through the air, used for mak-
ing signals in war, and for saving life at
sea by conveying a line over a stranded i
vessel. [It. rocchetta, from root of rock,
a distaff, because its thick upper end is
llKf n fiistfiff I
ROCK-PIGEON, rok-pij'un, n. a ingeon
inhabiting rocks.
ROCKS ALT, rok'sawlt, n., s(dt in rocfc-like 6
masses.
ROCKWORK, rok'wurk, 7i. {arch.) ma,sonry
in imitation of masses of rock : (hart.) a
pile of earth covered with stones with
plants growing between.
ROCKY, rok'i, adj. full of rocks : resem-
bling a rock ; hard : unfeeling. — n. RocK'-
dtess.
ROCOCO, ro-ko'ko, n. a term applied to a
debased style of architecture prevailing
in the 18th century, marked by endless
multiplication of ornamental details.
i Formed from Fr. rocaille, rockwork.]
D, rod, n. a long twig : a slender stick :
anything long and slender : an instru-
ment of correction : an emblem of power
or authority : a pole or perch (5i yards) :
(fig.) punishment : authority : oppres-
sion : (B.) race or tribe. [A.S. ; Dut.
roede, Ger. rttthe : akin to L. r»rfj,s, a
rod, and Sans, ridh, to grow. See Rood.)
RODE, rod, ^«.<. of Ride.
RODENT, ro'dent, adj.. gnau-ing. [L. ro-
dens, rodentis, pr.p. of rodo. to gnaw.]
RODOMONTADE, rod-o-mont-ad', n. vain
boasting, like that of Rodomonte in the
Orlando Furioso of Ariosto. — v.i. to
boast or bluster.
ROE, ro, n. the eggs or spawn of fishes.
ilce. hrogn, Ger. rogen.}
E, ro, n. a species of deer, smaller thar
the fallow-deer : also the female deer.
ROEBUCK, ro'buk, n. the male of the roe
having usually one front antler and twc
hinder ones. [A.S. rah ; Ger. reh. Ice. r«.]
ROGATION, ro-ga'shun, n. an asking:
supplication.— Rogation-days, the three
days before the festival of Ascension,
being daj's of special supplication. [L.,
from rogo, to ask.]
ROGUE, rog, n. a dishonest person : a
knave : a mischievous or frolicsome per-
son : (law) a vagrant. [Fr. rogue, proud;
EOGUERY
369
ROSE-PINK
either from Bret, rok, proud, or ace. to
Diez. from Ice. hrokr, proud, haughty.]
ROGUERY, rog'er-i, n. knavish tricks :
fraud : mischievousness : waggery.
ROGUISH, rog'ish, adj. knavish: mischiev-
ous : waggish. — adv. Rog'tjishly. — n.
ROG'UISHNESS.
ROISTER, roist'er, v.i. to bluster, swagger,
bully. — re. RoiST'EEER. [Fr. rustre, a
rough, rude fellow — O. Fr. mste — L. rus-
ticus. rustic]
ROLE, roi, n. the part performed by an
actor in a play : any important part
played in public life. [Fr., the part of
each actor being written on a roll of
paper. See Roll.]
ROLL, rol, v.i. to turn like a wheel : to
turn on an axis : to be formed into a roll
or cylinder : to move, as waves : to be
tossed about : to move tumultuously : to
be hurled : to rock, or move from side
to side : to wallow : to spread under a
roller : to sound as a drum beaten rapidly.
— v.t. to cause to roll : to turn on an axis :
to wrap round on itself : to inwrap : to
drive forward : to move upon wheels : to
press with a roller : to beat rapidly, as a
drum. — n. act of rolling : that which
rolls : a loller : that which is rolled up :
hence parchment, paper, etc., wound into
a circular form : a document : a register :
a kind of fancy bread : the continued
sound of a drum. [O. Fr. roeller (Fr.
rouler) — Low L. rotalare — L. rotida, a
little wheel — rota, awheel.]
ROLL-CALL, rol'-kawl, n. the calling of
the roll or list of names, as in the army.
ROLLER, rol'er, n. that which rolls : a
cylinder used for rolling, grinding, etc.:
along broad bandage:^p^ heavy waves.
ROLLICKING, rol'ik-ing, adj. careless,
swaggering. [Prob. a form of Roll, with
allusion to FROLIC.]
ROLLING, rol'ing, adj. moving on wheels :
used in rolling.— re. Roll'ing-pin, a cylin-
drical pin or piece of wood for rolling
paste. ^n. Roll'ing-press, a press of two
cylinders for rolling or calendering cloth.
— )i. RoLL'lNG-STOOK, the stock or store
of engines, carriages, etc., of a railway.
ROMAtC, ro-ma'ik, n. modern Greek, the
language of the descendants of the East-
ern Romans. [Fr. Romaique : from mod-
ern Gr. Romaikos — L. Roma.]
ROMAN, ro'raan, adj. pertaining to Rome
or to the Romans : pertaining to the Ro-
man Catholic religion : papal : (print.)
noting the letters commonly used, as op-
posed to Italics : written in letters (used
by the Romans, as IV.), not in figures (as
4). — n. a native or citizen of Rome. [L.
Romanus — Roma, Rome.]
ROMAN CATHOLIC, ro'man kath'ol-ik,
ad/, denoting the Christians throughout
the world who recognize the spiritual su-
premacy of the Pope or Bishop of Rome.
— n. a member of the Roman Catholic
Church.
ROMANCE, ro-mans', n. the dialects in S.
Europe which sprung from a corruption
of the Roman or Latin language : a tale
written in these dialects : any fictitious
and wonderful tale : a fictitious narrative
in prose or verse which passes beyond the
limits of real life. — adj. belonging to the
dialects called Romance. — i\i. to write or
tell romances : to talk extravagantly. —
71 ROMAN'CER. [O. Fr. romans — Low L.
adv. (loqiii) romanice (to speak) in the
Roman or Latin tongue — L. Romanicus,
Roman.]
ROMANESQUE, ro-raan-esk', n.that which
pertains to romance : (arch.) the debased
style adopted in the later Roman empire:
the dialect of Languedoc and other dis-
tricts of the south of France. [Fr. ; It.
roma n esco — Romanicus. ]
X
ROMANISM, ro'man-izm, n. an offensive
term applied to the tenets of the Roman
Cathohc Church.
ROMANIST, ro'man-ist, n. a term applied
in some localities to a Roman Catholic.
ROMANTIC, ro-man'tic, adj. pertaining to
or resembling romance : fictitious : ex-
travagant : wild : fantastic. — adv. Ro-
man'tically.— «. Roman'ticness.
ROMANTICISM, ro-man'ti-sizm, n. in lit-
erature, the revolt from a classical to a
medieval style. [So called because the
latter was orig. imitated from Romance
models.]
ROMISH, rom'ish, adj. belonging to Rome,
or to the Roman Catholic Church.
ROMP, romp, v.i. to play noisily : to skip
about in play. — n. a girl who romps :
rude frolic. [A form of Ramp.]
ROMPISH, romp'ish, adj. fond of romping
or noisy play. — adv. ROMP'iSHLY. — n.
ROMP'ISHNESS.
RONDEAU, ron'do, n. a little poem in
three parts, of which the first two or
three words are repeated at the end of
the second and third part, and which
thus ends as it began. [Fr., from rond,
round. See Round.]
RONDO, ron'do, re. the same as Rondeau.
J"It. form of the same word.]
ROOD, rood, n. the fourth part of an acre,
or forty perches, so called from the rod
used in measuring : a figure of Christ's
cross, and often of the crucifix, in R.
Cath. Churches. [Same as Rod.]
ROOF, roof, n. the top covering of a house
or building : a vault or arch, or the inner
side of it : a hou.se or dwelling. — iKt. to
cover with a roof : to shelter. [A.S.
hrof : Dut. roef.]
ROOFING, roofing, n. covering with a
roof : materials for a roof : the roof it-
self.
ROOFLESS, roof'les, adj. without a roof :
having no house or home : unsheltered.
ROOK, rook, n. a kind of crow, so called
from its croak. [A.S. hroc ; Goth, hruk-
jan. to croak. See Crow.]
ROOK, rook, n. a castle or piece used in
playing chess. [Fr. roc ; from Pers. rokh.
a camel with a tower for archers.]
ROOKERY, rook'er-i, n. a group of trees
to which rooks resort to build their nests :
a group of ruinous buildings.
ROOM, room, n., space: a chamber: ex-
tent of place : space unoccupied : free-
dom to act : fit occasion : place of an-
other : stead : (fi.) a seat. [A.S. and
Ice. rum ; Ger. rarenj.]
ROOMY, room'i, adj. having ample room :
wide : spacious. — adv. RooM'lLY. — n.
ROOM'INESS.
ROOST, roost, n. a pole or support on which
a bird rests at night : a number of fowls
resting together. — v.i. to sit or sleep on a
roost. [A.S. hrost ; Dut. roest.}
ROOSTER, roost'er, n. acock, the male bird
of the domestic fowl.
ROOT, root, n. the part of a plant which is
fixed in the earth, and which draws up
sap from the soil : an edible root : anj'-
thing like a root : the bottom : a word
from which others are derived: the cause
or occasion of anything' : (math.) the fac-
tor of a quantity which multiplied by it-
self produces tliat quantity : the value of
the unknown quantity in an equation. —
v.i. to fix the root : to be firmly estab-
lished.— v.t. to plant in the eartli : to im-
plant deeply. [Ice. and 8%v. rot ; Dan.
rod : akin to L. radix, Gr. riza, a root.
Sans, i^ih, to grow.]
ROOT, root, v.t. to turn up with the snout,
as swine. — v.i. to turn up the earth with
the snout. [A.S. wrotian — wrot, a snout;
Dut. uToeteti.]
ROOT-CROP, root'-krop, n. a crop of plants
v'th esculent roots, especially of plants
having single roots, as turnips, beets, etc,
ROOT- EATER, ro6t'-et-er, n. an animal
that feeds on roots.
ROOT- HOUSE, root'-hows, n. a house
made of roots : house for storing up or
depositing turnips, carrots, cabbages, or
other roots or tops, for winter use.
ROOTLET, root'let, n. a little root : a rad-
icle.
ROPE, rop, 71. a thick twisted cord.— I'.t. to
extend into a thread, as by a glutinous
quality. — adj. Rop'y. — adv. Rop'ily. — n.
Rop'iNESS. [A.S. rap ; cog. with Ice.
reip, Dut. reep, Ger. reif.]'
ROPE-DANCER, rop'-dans-er, n. one who
performs acrobatic feats on a rope.
ROPE-PORTER, rop'-port-er, n. a pulley
mounted on a frame, over which tha
ropes of steam-ploughs are borne off
the ground so as to prevent wear and
tear from friction.
ROPE-PUMP, rop'-pump, n. a machine for
raising water, consisting of an endless
rope or ropes passing over a pulley fixed
at the place to which the water is to
be raised, and under another pulley fixed
below the surface of the water. The
upper pulley being turned rapidly by a
winch, motion is given to the rope, and
the water rises up along with the as-
cending part of the rope, partly by the
momentum it acquires when in motion,
and partly by capillary attraction.
ROPER, rop'er, n. a maker of ropes.
ROPERY, rop'er-i, n. a place where ropes
are made.
ROPEWALK, rop'wawk, n. a long narrow
shed used for the spinning of ropes.
RORQUAL, ror'kwal, 7i. a genus of whales
of the largest size. [Norw.]
ROSACEOUS, ro-za'shus, adj. (bot.) per-
taining to the rose family : having the
petals arranged like those of the rose.
[L. rosaceus7\
ROSARY, ro'za-ri, n. a chaplet: a garland:
the term was formerly often adopted as
a title of numerous books, consisting of
a garland of flowers, as it were, culled
from various authors : string of beads
used by Roman Catholics, on which they
count their prayers ; there are always
in the rosary five or fifteen divisions,
each containing ten small beads and one
large one — for each of the small beads an
Ave Maria, and for each of the larger
a Paternoster is repeated: a rose-garden:
a counterfeit coin of the reign of Edward
I. worth about a cent, coined abroad and
brought surreptitiously into England ;
so called from bearing the figure of a
rose. [L. rosariitm.]
ROSE, im.t. of Rise.
ROSE, roz, re. a plant of many species with
a beautiful flower, generally red : a ro-
sette : a perforated nozzle of a pipe, etc.:
pink, the color of the rose. [A.S. rose —
L. rosa, akin to Gr. rodon ; prob. akin to
eryfhros, red.] [or color.
ROSEAL, roz'e-al, adj. like a rose in smell
ROSEATE, roz'e-at, adj., rosy: full of
roses : blooming : red.
ROSEMARY, roz'mar-i, ROSMARIN, roz'-
ma-ren, n. a small fragrant evergreen
shrub of a pungent taste, once used as
an emblem of fidelity. [M. E. rosemaryne
— L. ros-marinus, '' sea-spray," from its
usually growing on the sea-coast — rot.
dew, marimis — mare, the sea.]
ROSE-MOULDING, roz'- raold-ing, n. in
arch, a kind of Norman moulding orna-
mented with roses or rosettes.
ROSE-PINK, roz'-pingk, adj. of a rosy-pink
color or hue : roseate : having a delicate
bloom : hence, very delicate : affectedly
fine : sentimental. " Rose-pink piety.
— Kingsley.
ROSETTE
370
ROYALTY
ROSETTE, ro-zet', n. an imitation of a -ose
by means of a ribbon : (arch.) a rose-
shaped ornament. [Fr.. dim. of rose.]
ROSE-WATER, roz'-waw'ter, n., tvater dis-
tilled from rose-leaves.
ROSE-WINDOW, roz'-wind'o, n. a circular
u-indotc with its compartments branching
from a centre, like a rose.
ROSEWOOD, roz'wood, n. the u-ood of a
tree haring a fragrance like that of roses.
It is obtained from Brazil, the Canary
Islands, Siam, and other places, and is
in tlie highest esteem for cabinet work,
pianos, etc.
ROSIN, roz'in'i n. the solid left after distil-
ling off the oil from crude turpentine. —
i:t. to rub or cover with rosin. [A form
of Resin.]
ROSINY, roz'in-i, adj. like or containing
rosin.
ROSTER, ros'ter, n. the list of persons lia-
ble to a certain duty ; as the roster of a
regiment. [Prob. Pi-ov. Ger. roster — Ger.
register, a list. See Register.]
ROSTRAL, ros'tral, adj. like a rostrum or
lieak.
ROSTRATE, ros'trat, ROSTRATED, ros'-
trat-ed, adj., beaked.
ROSTRIFORM, ros'tri-form. adj. having
the form or shape of a beak.
ROSTRUM, ros'trum, n. in ancient Rome,
an erection for pubUc speakers in the
Forum, adorned with the beaks or heads
of ships taken in war : the platform from
wliich a speaker addresses his audience.
[L., lit. "the beak" — rodo, rosmn, to
gnaw.]
ROSY, roz'i, adj. like a rose : red : bloom-
ing : blushing : charming. — n. Ros'iness.
ROT, rot, v.i. to putrefy : tobecomf decom-
posed.— v.t. to cause to rot : to bring to
corruption -.—pr.p. rott'ing- ; pa.t. and
pa.p. rott'ed. — n. decay : putrefaction : a
disease of the potato : a decaj' (called
Dry-rot) which attacks timber : a fatal
distemper in sheep. [A.S. rotian, cog.
with Ice. rotna.]
ROTARY, ro'tar-i, adj. turning round like
a ivheel : rotatory. [L. rota, a wheel,
akin to Sans, ratha, a chariot, and Ger.
rad. a wheel.]
ROTATE, ro'tat, v.t. to turn anything
round like a ifheel : to cause to turn. — v.t.
to turn round like a wheel. [L. roto,
rotatus — rotn.]
ROTATION, ro-ta'shun, n. a turning round
like a toheel : series or appropriate suc-
cession, as of crops. [Fr. — L. rotatio.]
ROTATORY, ro'ta-tor-i, adj. turning round
like a wheel : going in a circle : following
in succession.
ROTE, rot, n. the frequent and mechanical
repetition of words %vithout knowledge
of the meaning. [M.E. rote, to hum a
tune — A.S. hmtan. to roar; cf. Scot.
rout, to bellow, O. Fr. rote, a hurdy-
gurdy.]
ROTTEN, rot'n, adj. putrefied : corrupt :
decomposed : unsound : treacherous. — n.
Rott'enness.
ROTTENSTONE, rot'n-ston, «. a soft stone
used in a state of powder to polish soft
metals and glass. [See Rotten and
Stone.]
ROTUND, ro-tund'. ad/., round: spherical.
— ns. RoTUND'NESS, Rotund'ity. [L. ro-
tutidiis — rota. See Rotary.]
ROTUNDA, ro-tund'a, ROTUNDO. ro-
tund'o, n. a rovnd building. [Fr. ro-
tonde. It. rotondo.]
ROUBLE. Same as Ruble.
ROUE, roo'a, n. a fashionable profligate: a
rake: a debauchee. [Lit. "one broken on
the wheel." a name given by Philippe,
Duke of Orleans, Regent of France 1715-
33, to his dissolute companions, Fr., pa.p.
of rouer — rone — L. rota, a wheel.]
ROUGE, roozh, n. a red paint used to color
the cheeks or lips. — v.t. to color with
rouge. [Fr. (It. roggio, robbio) — L. ru-
beus, red. See Ruby".]
ROUGE-ET-NOIR, roozh'-a-nwawr'. n. a
game at cards played at a table, marked
with four diamond-shaped spots, two red
and two black. [Fr. " red-and-black."]
ROUGH, ruf. adj. not smooth : uneven :
uncut : unpolished : unfinished : boister-
ous : tempestuous : violent : harsh :
severe : rude : coarse : disordered in ap-
pearance.— adv. Rough'ly. — n. Rough'-
NESS. [A.S. riih, rough, cog. with G«r.
ranch, rauh, Dut. ruig.]
ROUGH, ruf, v.t. to make rough : to break
in a horse.
ROUGHEN, ruf'n. v.t. to make rough.—
v.i. to become rough.
ROUGH-RIDER, ruf'-rld'er, n. one who
rides rough or untrained horses : a horse-
breaker, especially in the army.
ROULETTE. ro6l-et'. ?i. a little ball or
roller : a game of chance played with a
small ball on a circle divided into red and
black spaces. [Fr. — roider, to roll, from
the balls rolling. See Roll.]
ROUND, rownd, adj. circular : globular :
cylindrical : whole : complete : pliuiip :
large : smooth : flowing : open : plain :
positive : bold : brisk. — adv. in a round
manner : on all sides : from one side or
party to another : circularly. — prep.
around : on every side of : all over. — n.
that which is round : a circle or globe :
a series of actions : the time of such a
series: a turn: routine: revolution: cycle:
an accustomed walk : a step of a ladder :
a song or dance having a frequent re-
turn to the same point : a volley or gen-
eral discharge of firearms : that in which
a whole company takes part. — v.t. to
make round : to surround : to go round :
to complete : to make full aud flowing.
— v.i. to grow or become round or full :
to go round. — adj. ROUND'ISH, somewhat
round. [O. Fr. round, roo^jd (Fr. rond) —
L. rotundus—rota, a wheel. See RotaRY.]
ROUNDABOUT, rownd'a-bowt, adj. en-
circling : circuitous : indirect. — n. a hori-
zontal revolving wheel on wliich children
ride.
ROUNDEL, rownd'el, n. anything of a
round form or figure : a circle : a rounde-
lay. [O. Fr. rondel (Fr. rondeau), dim.
of rond. See ROUND.]
ROUNDELAY, rownd'e-la, n. a round: a
song or dance in which parts are re-
peated. [Same as above, modified by
influence of E. Lay.]
ROUNDHEAD, rownd'hed, n. a name for-
merly given by the Cavaliers or adher-
ents of Charles I., during the English
civil war, to members of the Puritan or
parliamentary party, who distinguished
themselves by having their hair closely
cut, while the Cavaliers wore theirs in
long ringlets. " When in October, l641,
the Parliament reassembled after a short
recess, two hostile parties, essentially the
same with those which, under different
names, have ever since contended, and
are still contending, for the direction of
public affairs, appeared confronting each
other. During some years they were
designated as Cavaliers aud Roundlieads.
They were subsequently called migs and
Tories ; nor does it seem that these ap-
pellations are likely soon to become ob-
solete."— Macnulay.
ROUNDHOUSE, rownd'hows, n. in ships,
a cabin or house on the after-part of the
quarter-deck : the building in which loco-
motives are kept when not in service on
the railroad.
ROUNDLY, rownd'li, adv. in a round
manner : fully : completely : boldly :
openlv : plainly.
ROUNDNESS, rownd'nes, Ji. quality of
being round, globular, or cylindrical :
cylindrical form : fullness : smoothness
of flow : plainness : boldness,
ROUNDROBIN, rownd-rob'in, n. a petition
with the signatures in the form of a cir-
cle or round ribbon, so as not to show
who signed first. [Fr. rondniban, round
ribbon.] ',
ROUP, rowp, n. a sale by auction. — v. to
sell by auction. [A Scotch word.]
ROUSE, rowz, v.t. to raise up : to stir up :
to awaken : to excite to : to put into ac-
tion : to startle or start, as an animal. —
v.i. to awake : to be excited to action.
[Prob. from the root of Rose, pa.t. of
Rise. See also Raise.]
ROUSE, rowz, n. a carousal. [Perh. akin
to Ger. rausch, drunkenness, perh. short
for Carouse.]
ROUT, rowt, ?i. a tumultuous crowd, a rab-
ble : a large party : a fashionable even-
ing assembly, [b. Fr. route, a band,
division — Low L. rupta, thing broken —
L. rumpo, ruptus. to break.]
ROUT, rowt, n. the defeat of an army or
body of troops : the disorder of troops
defeated. — v.t. to put to disorderly flight:
to defeat and throw into confusion : to
conquer. [O. Fr. route — L. ruptus, rupta,
pa.p. of rumpo, to break. See Rupture.]
ROUTE, root, n. a course to be traversed :
a line of march : road : track. [Fr. — L.
rupta (via), "a broken -n-ay."}
ROUTINE, root-en', n. course of duties :
regular course of action. [Fr.]
ROVE, rov, v.t. (lit.) to rob: to wander
over like robbers. — v.i. to wander about :
to ramble : to range. [A byform of
Reave, modified by influence of Dut.
raven, to plunder. See RoB.]
ROVER, rov'er, n. one who roves : a robbei
or pirate : a wanderer : an inconstant
person.
ROW, ro, n. a line : a rank : persons or
things in a line. [A.S. rawa ; Ger. reihe,
Dut. rO'.]
ROW, ro, v.t. to impel with an oar: to
transport by rowing. — v.i. to work with
the oar : to be moved bj' oars. — n. an
excursion in a rowing-boat. — n. Row'er.
J^A.S. rovan ; Ger. rudern, Ice. roa.]
ROW, row, n. a noisy squabble : uproar.
iProb. a corr. of RouT, a rabble.]
WAN-TREE, ro'an-tre, n. See Roan-
tree.
ROWDY, row'di, adj. noisy and turbulent.
—n. Row'dyism. [Short for roicdi/dou',
an expression formed on the basis of Row,
uproar, and RouT, a rabble.]
ROWEL, row'el, v. the little ivheel in a
spur, set with sharp points : a little flat
wheel or ring on horses' bits. [Fr. rmielle
— Low L. rotella, dim. of L. rota, a wheel.]
ROWLOCK, ro'lok or rul'uk, n. a contriv-
ance on the wale of a boat, to hold the
oar in rowing. [Row, v. and Lock.]
ROYAL, roy'al, adj., regal, kingly: mag-
nificent : illustrious : magnanimous : en-
joying the favor or patronage of th«
sovereign. — adv. Roy ally. [Fr. — L.
regalis. See Regal.]
ROYAL, roy'al, n. a large kind of paper : a
sail above the topgallant sail : one of the
soldiers of the 1st British regiment of
foot : one of the shoots of a stag's head,
ROYALISM, roy'al-izm, n. attachment t«
king.s or to kingly government.
ROYALIST, roy al-ist, n. an adherent ot
rovalism.
ROYALTY, roy'al-ti, n., kingship: the
character, state, or office of a king :
majesty : the person of the king or sov-
ereign ~. in England the fixed sum paid to
the crown or other proprietor, as on the
ROYSTEROUS
371
RUNIC
produce of a mine, etc. : in U. S. a sum
paid to the owner of a patent, copyright
or other property in consideration of the
right to make or use the article \vithin
certain limitations : kingdom.
ROYSTEROUS, roi'ster-us. adj. roister-
ing : roisterly : revelling : drunken or
riotous. "The roysterous young dogs;
carolling, howling, breaking the Lord
Abbot's sleep." — Carlyle.
RUB, rub, v.t. to move something over
(the surface of) with pressure or friction :
to clean : to polish : to wipe : to scour :
to erase or beat out : to touch hard. — v.i.
to move along with pressure : to grate :
to fret :—pr.p. rubb'ing : pa.i. anA pa.p.
rubbed. — n. the act of rubbmg : that
which rubs : a collision : an obstruction :
difficulty : a pinch ; a joke. [Gael, nib,
W. rhwbio. to rub, to grind.]
RUBBER, rub'er, n. caoutchouc : a coarse
file : a contest of three games at cards.
RUBBISH, rub'ish, n. wa-ste matter : the
fragments of ruinous buildings : any
mingled mass : nonsense.— arf/. Rubb-
ishy. [From Rub.]
RUBBLE, rub'l, n. the upper fragmentary
decomposed matter of a mass of rock :
water -worn stones: small, undressed
stones used in coarse masonrv. [From
Rt^.]
RUBESCENT, roo-bes'ent, adj. tending to
a red color. [L. iiibesco, to grow red —
ruber, red.]
RUBICUND, roo'bi-kund. adj. inclining to
ruby or redness : ruddy. — n. Rubicun'-
DITY.
RUBLE, roo'bl, n. a Russian silver com
equal in value to 100 copper copecks,
worth about 73 cents, gold standard.
[Russ. riibl, a piece cut off — mbitj, to
cut.]
RUBRIC, roo'brik, n. the title of a statute :
the directions for the service, in Prayer-
books, formerly in reil letter : an ecclesi-
astical injunction : a thing definitely
settled. — adjs. Ru'brical, Ru'bric. [X.
-ntbrica. red earth, hence the title of a
law (because written in red) — niber,
red.]
RUBY, ro5'bi, n., redness: anything red:
a precious stone of a red color. — adj. hav-
ing the color of the ruby: red. — r.t. to
make red : — pa.t. undpa.p. ru'bied. [Fr.
rubis : from L. rubeus — ruber, red.]
RUCKLE, ruk'l, n. a rattling noise in the
throat seeming to indicate suffocation.
[Scotch.]
RUCKLING, ruk'ling, adj. having a ruckle:
making a rattling noise. " The deep ruck-
ling groans of the patient." — Sir W. Scott.
[Scotch.]
RUDDER, rud'er, w. the instrument by
which a ship is rowed or steered, which
originally was an oar working at the
stern. [A.S. rother ; Ger. ruder, an oar.
See Row, r.f.]
RUDDY, rud'i {pomp. Rudd'ier, superl.
Rudd'iest), adj. of a red color : of the
color of the skin in high health. — adv.
Rudd'ily. — n. Rudd'iness. [M.E. rude,
the color of the face, from root of Red.]
RUDE, rood (comp. Rud'er, superl. Rud-
est), adj. crude : uncultivated : barbar-
ous: rough: harsh: ignorant: uncivil. —
adv. Rude'ly. — n. Rude'n-ess. [Fr. — L.
rudis : conn, with Crude.]
RUDIMENT, rood'i-ment. n. anything in
its rude or first state : a first principle or
element.
RUDIMENT AL, r65d - i - ment'al. RUDI-
MENTARY, rood-i-ment'ar-i, adj. per-
taining to, consisting in. or containing
rudiments or first principles : initial.
RUE. roo, n. a plant used in medicine,
ha\ing a bitter taste and strong smell.
[Fr. rite — L. ruta — Gr. rhyte.]
RUE, roo, i:t. to be sorry for : to lament :
— pr.p. rue'ing ; pa.t.' and pa.p. rued.
[A.S. hreoiran, to be sorry for — hreotr,
sorrow ; Grer. reue, O. (?er. hriiaca,
mourning.]
RUE-BARGAIN, roo'-bar-gin, n. a forfeit
paid for withdrawing from a bargain.
" He said it would cost him a guinea
of rue -bargain to the man who had
bought his pony before he could get it
back again."— Sir W. Scott.
RUEFUL, roo'fool, adj., sorrowful: pite-
ous.—arfr. RUE'FULLY.— ». RUE'FUXNESS.
RUFF, ruf, n. an ornament of frills, for-
merly worn round the neck : anything
plaited : a species of wading bird, the
male of which has the neck surroxinded
in the breeding season with a ru^ of long
feathers: — fern. Reeve. — v.t. to ruffle:
to trump at whist instead of following
suit. [Prob. a form of Rough.]
RUFFIAN, ruf'i-an, n. a brutal, boisterous
fellow : a robber : a murderer. — adj.
brutal : boisterous. [Fr. rufien ; It. rufi-
ano, prob. from a root ruf, seen in Prov.
Ger. ruffer, ruffeln, to pander.]
RUFFIANAGE, ruf'i-an-aj, n. the state of
being a ruffian : rascaldom : ruffians col-
lectively. " Rufus never moved unless
escorted by the vilest ruffianage." — Sir
F. Palgrave.
RUFFIANISM, ruf'i-an-izm, n. conduct of
a ruffian.
RUFFIANLY, ruf'i-an-li, adj. like a ruffian:
violent.
RQFFLE, ruf 1, v.t. to make like a ruff, to
wrinkle : to form into plaits : to form
with ruffles : to disorder : to agitate. —
v.i. to grow rough: to flutter.— n. a plaited
article of dress : agitation : a low roll of
the drum. [See RuFF.]
RUFFLER, ruf'ler, n. a swaggerer, abulty.
RUFOUS, roo' f us, adj., reddish or brown-
ish-red : having reddish hair. [L. rufus,
akin to ruber, red.]
RUG, rug, n. a coarse, rough woollen cloth
or coverlet : a soft, woolly mat. [From
root of Rough.]
RUGGED, rug'ed, adj.. rough: uneven:
shaggy : soiu- : stormy : gyrating to the
ear. — adv. Rugg'edly." — n. Rugg'edness.
[M.E. rogge, to shake, Scot, rug, to tear,
from Scand. rugga.]
RUGOSE, roo'gos. RUGOUS, roo'gus, adj.,
twinkled : fidl of wrinkles. [L. rugosus
—ruga, a wrinkle.]
RUIN, roo'in, n. a rushing or falling down
violently : destruction : overthrow: that
which destroj's: the remams of a building
demolished or decayed (usually in jil.). —
i\t. to demolish : to destroy : to defeat :
to impoverish. [Fr. — L. ruina — mo, to
rush or tumble down.]
RUINOUS, roo'in-us, adj. fallen to ruins :
decayed : pernicious. — adv. Ru'iMOUSLY.
RULE, rool, n. government : a principle :
a standard : a statute : a maxim : order:
an instrument used in drawing lines. —
v.t. to govern : to manage : to settle as
by a rude : to establish by decision : to
determine, as a court: to mark with lines.
— v.i. to exercise power : to decide : to
lay down and settle: to stand or range,
as prices. [O Fr. rexde. Fr. r^gle — L.
regula — regro, to keep straight, to rule.]
RULELESSNESS. rool'les-nes, «. the state
or quality of being ruleless or n-ithout
law. " liulessnes.i, or want of rules." —
London Academy.
RULER, rool'er, n. a sovereign: agovernor:
an instrument used in drawing lines.
RULING, rool'ing, adj. predominant : pre-
vailing.
RUM, rum, n. a kind of spirit distilled from
the fermented juice of the sugar-cane, or
from molasses. [Prob. a West Indian
word.]
RUMBLE, nim'bl, n. a seat for servants be-
hind a carriage. [Ety. dub.]
RLlMBLE. rum'bl. v.i. to make a confused
noise from rolling heavily. — n. a low,
heavy, continued sound. [Teut., found
in Dut. rommelen, rummetn, from the
sound.]
RUMBLING, rum'bUng, n. a low, hea\'y,
continued sound.
RUMINANT, roo'mi-nant, adj. having thg
power of i^uminating or chewing the cud.
— 71. an animal that chews the cud, as tha
ox, etc.
RUMINATE, roo'mi-nat, v.i. to chew the
cud : to meditate. — v. t. to chew o vei
again: to muse on. [L. rumino, -atum — .
rumen, the throat, gullet.]
RUMINATION, roo-mi-na'shun, n. act ot
chewing the cud : calm reflection.
RUMMAGE, rum'aj, r.^ and v.i. to search
nan-owly by turning things over: to clear
a ship's hold of goods. — n. a careful
search. [Orig. a naut. term, M. E. rxtme,
to clear a space — A.S. rutn, room, or from
Dut. mini, a ship's hold. See Room.]
RUMMER, rum'er, n. a large drinkLng-
glass. [Dut. roemer, Ger. rinner, perh.
from Low L. romarius, a glass of Roman
ware.]
RUMOR, roo'mur, n. flying report : a cur-
rent story. — v.t. to report : to circulate
bj' report. [L. rumor, a noise ; conn,
with rauciis, hoarse, rudo, to bray, Sans.
ru, to sound.]
RUMP, rump, n. the end of the backbone
of an animal with the parts adjacent.
[Ice. mmpr, Grer. rumpf, Dut. rompe.}
RUMPLE, rum'pl, v.t. to crush out oj
shape : to make uneven. — n. a fold or
wrinkle. [A.S. hrympelle, a fold : Dut.
rompelen, to fold.]
RUN, run, v.i. to move swiftly : to pas«
quickly on the ground : to flee : to go,
as ships, etc. : to have course in any di-
rection : to flow : to dart : to turn : to
extend: to pierce: to melt: to be busied:
to become : to be in force : to discharge
matter, as a sore : to press, esp. for im-
mediate payment. — v.t. to cause to move
swiftly : to force forward : to push : to
cause to pass : to fuse : to discharge, as
a sore : to pursue in thought : to incur :
— pr.p. runn'ing ; pa.t. ran ; pa.p. run.
— n. act of rumi ing : course : flow : dis-
charge from a sore : distance sailed : a
trip by trainmen from one division of a
railroad to the next : voj-age : continued
series : general reception : prevalence :
popular clamor : an unusual pressure,
as on a bank, for payment of notes. [A.S.
rennan ; Ger. rennen, Ice. renna, to run.]
RUNAGATE, i-un'a-gat, n. a vagabond :
renegade. [A corr. of Renegade, but
modified both in form and meaning by
Run.]
RUNAWAY, run'a-wa, n. one who runs
aivay from danger or restraint : a fugi-
tive.— adj. fleeing from danger or re-
straint : done by or in flight.
RUNE, roon, n. one of the characters form-
ing the earliest alphabet of the Teutonic
nations. [A.S. run, a secret, mysterious
talk, mysterious A\-riting ; applied to the
old Teutonic written characters from
their use in divination. The word is
found in M. E. rounen, to whisper, and is
cog. with Ice. mn, with O. Ger. mna, a.
secret, whispering, Goth. runa. secret.]
RUNECRAFT, r66n\-raft, n. knowledge of
runes : skill in deciphering nmic charac-
ters. " Modern Swedish runecraft." — Ar-
chceologia, 1871.
RUNG. rung. /w.f. and pa.p. of Ring.
RUNIC, roon'ik, adj. relating to runes, to
the ancient Teutonic nations, or to their
language.
RUNN
RUNN, run, n. in India, a waste or desert,
as the Riinn of Cutch. Written also Ran.
RUNNER, run'er, 7i. one who or that which
runs : a racer : a messenger : a rooting
stem that runs along the ground : the
moving stone of a mill: a rope to increase
the power of a tackle.
RUNNING, run'ing, adj. kept for the race:
successive : continuous : flowing : easy :
discharging matter. — n. act of moving
swiftly : that which runs or flows : a dis-
charge from a wound.
BUNOLOGIST, roo-nol'o-jist, n. one versed
in runology : a student of runic remains.
"The advanced school of Scandinavian
runologists." — London Athenceum.
RUNOLOGY, roo-nol'o-ji, v. the study of
runes. "Of late, however, great prog-
ress has been made in runology." — ..4/'-
chceologia, 1871.
RUPEE, ro6-pe', n. an E. Indian silver coin,
usually worth about 50 cents. [Hind.
nipiijah — Sans, rupya, silver.]
RUPTURE, rup'tur, n. the act of breaking
or bursting : the state of being broken :
a breach of the peace : (TOerf.)the protru-
sion of any of the viscera. — v.t. to break
or burst: to part by violence. — v.i. to suf-
fer a breach. [Fr. — Low L. ruptura — L.
nimpo, ruptum, to break.]
RURAL, roor'al, adj. of or belonging to
the country : suiting the country : rus-
tic : pertaining to agriculture. — adv.
Rtjr'ajllt. — n. Rural dean, an ecclesi-
astic under the bishop and archdeacon,
with the pecuUar care of the clergy of
a district. [Fr. — L. ruralis — rus, ruris,
the country.]
RURALIZE, roor'al-iz, v.t. to render rural.
— v.i. to become rural.
RUSE, rooz, n. a turning or doubling, as
«f animals to get out of the way of dogs:
a trick : fraud. [Fr. ruser, to turn, O.
Fr. reiiser, to get out of the way ; prob.
from L. recicsare, to decline.]
RUSH, rush, v.i. to move with a shaking,
rustling noise, as the wind : to move
forward violently : to enter rashly and
hastily. — n. a rushing or dri\'ing for-
ward. [A.S. hriscian, to shake, Ger.
ratischen, to make a noise.]
RUSH, rush, n. a plant with a round stem
and no leaves, common in wet ground.
[A.S. ri.sce, like Ger. ri.sch, from L. rtis-
cum.]
RUSHY, rush'i, adj. full of or made of
rushes.
RUSK, rusk, n. a kind of light hard cake :
a kind of light soft cake or sweetened
biscuit. [Ace. to Mahn, prob. from Low
Ger. rtisken, to crackle.]
RUSSET, rus'et, adj., rusty or reddisli-
brown : coar.se: rustic. — n. a coarse
homespun dress. — adj. Russ'ett. [Dim.
of Fr. rousse — L. russus, red ; said to be
from nibeo, to be red, like jussus, from
jubeo.]
RUSSETING, rus'et-ing, n. an apple of a
russet color and rough skin.
RUST, rust, n. the reddish-hrowu coating
on iron exposed to moisture : anj-thing
resembling rust : a disease of cereals and
grasses, showing itself in brown or orange
spots on the leaves, caused by small
fungi. — v.i. to become rusty : to become
dull bj' inaction. — v.t. to make rusty : to
impair by time and inactivity. [A.S. ;
Ger. rost.]
RUSTIC, rus'tik, adj. pertaining to the
. country : rural : rude : awkward : sim-
ple : coarse : artless : unadorned. — adv.
Rus'tically. [Fr.— L. rusticus—rus, the
couQtrv.]
RUSTICATE, rus'ti-kat, v.t. to send into
the country : to banish for a time from a
town or college. — I'.t. to live in the coun-
3:2
try. — n. Rustica'tion. [L. rusticor, ru3-
ticatus—^s.]
RUSTICITY, rus-tis'i-ti, n., rustic manners.
[Fr. rusticite — L. rusticitas.]
RUSTLE, rus'l, v.i. to make a soft, whis-
pering sound, as silk, straw, etc. — n. a
quick succession of small sounds, as
that of drj' leaves : a rustling. [A.S.
hristlan ; Ger. rassebi : perh. from the
sound.]
RUSTLING, rus'ling, n. a quick succession
of small sounds, as of dry leaves.
RUSTY, rust'i, adj. covered with rust : im-
paired bv inactivity : dull. — adv. Rust'-
ILY.—n. RUST'INESS.
RUT, rut, n. a track left by a wheel. — v.t.
to form ruts in : — 2>''-P- rutt'ing ; pa.t.
and pa.p. rutt'ed. [Fr. roiite. See
Route.]
RUT, rut, n. the copulation of animals,
esp. of deer. — v.t. to cover in copulation.
— v.i. to lust, said of animals : — pr.p.
rutt'ing; pa.p. rutt'ed. [Fr. rut — L.
rugitus — rugio, to roar.]
RUTHLESS, rooth'les, adj., without pity
or tenderness : insensible to misery :
cruel. — adv. Ruth'lesslt. — n. Ruth'less-
NESS. [Obs. ruth, pity— Rue, v.]
RYE, rl, n. a genus of grasses allied to
wheat and bai-ley, one species of which
is cultivated as a grain. [A.S. ryge ; Ice.
rugr, Ger. roggen, W. rhyg.]
RYEGRASS, ri'gras, n. a variety of grass
like rye, cultivated for pasture and fod-
der.
RYOT, ri'ut, n. a Hindu cultivatot or peas-
ant. [From Ar. raaya, to pasture.]
RYPECK, ri'pek. n. a pole used to moor a
punt while fishing or the like. " He
ordered the fishermen to take up the ry-
pecks, and he floated away down stream."
— H. Kingsley.
s
SABAISM, sa'ba-izm. Same as Sabianism.
SABAOTH, sa-ba'oth, n.pl.. armies, used
only in the B. phrase, the Lord of Sabaoth.
[Heb. tzebaoth, pi. of tzaba, an army —
tzaba, to go forth.]
SABBATAUIAN, sab-a-ta'ri-an, n. one who
observes tlie seventh day of the week as
the Sabbath: a very strict observer of the
Sabbath. — adj. pertaining to the Sabbath
or to Sabbatarians. — ?i. Sabbata'rianism.
[L. .sabbatarius — Sabbata. See Sab-
bath.]
SABBATH, sab'ath, n. among the Jews,
the seventh day of the week, set apart
for rest from work : among Christians,
the first day of the week, in memory of
the resurrection of Christ : among the
ancient Jews, the seventh year, when the
land was left fallow, [Lit. rest, L. Sab-
bata— Heb. Shabbath, rest.]
SABBATIC, sab-at'ik, SABBATICAL, sab-
at'ik-al, adj. pertaining to or resembling
the Sabbath : enjoying or bringing rest.
[Low L. sabbaticus.]
SABIANISM, sa'bi-an-izm, SABAISM, sa'-
ba-izm, n. the worship of the host of
heaven, i.e. heavenly bodies, angels, etc.,
as well as the Deity. [Prob. from Heb.
tzaba, an army, a host.]
SABLE, sa'bl, n. an animal of the weasel
kind found in N. Europe and N. Asia,
valuable for its glossy blEick fur : its fur.
[0. Fr. sable, through Low L. sabelus,
from Russ. sdbol'.]
SABLE, sa'bl, adj. of the color of the sable's
fur: black : dark : made of the fur of the
sable.
SABRE, sa'br, n. a heavy one-edged sword,
slightly curved towards the point, used
by cavalry. — v.t. to wound or kill with a
SACRIFICE
sabre : to arm or furnish with a sabre ;
as, " A whole regiment of sabred hus-
sars."— Henry Brooke. [Fr. sabre — Ger.
siibel, prob. from the Slav., as Russ. sabla,
Polish szabta.]
SABRE-TACHE, sab'er-tash, n. an orna-
mental leather case worn by cavah-y wfi-
cers at the left side, suspended from th«
sword-belt. [Fr. sabre-tache,troTD sabre.
and Ger. tasche, a pocket.]
SAC, sak, II. (nat. hist.) a sac or bag for a
liquid. [Fr. form of Sack, a bag.]
SACCHARINE, sak'a-rin, adj. pertaining
to or having the qualities of sugar. [Fr.
saccharin — L. saccharuin, sugar. See
Sugar.]
SACCHAEOMETER, sak-ar-om'e-ter, n. an
instrument for measuring the quantity of
saccharine matter in a liquid. [Gr. sak-
charon, sugar, and metron, a measure.]
SACERDOTAL, sas-er-dot'al, adj.,iyriesity.
— adv. Sacerdot'aixy. [L. — sacer-dos,
a priest — sacer, sacred, and prob. either
do, to give, or root dha, to do. See
Sacred.]
SACERDOTALISM, sas-er-dot'al-izm, n.
the spirit of the priesthood: devotion to
priestly interests.
SACHEL. Same as Satchel.
SACHEM, sa'kem, n. the head in civil
affairs of a N. American Indian tribe, the
chief being leader in war.
SACK, sak. n. a large bag of coarse cloth,
for holding grain, flour, etc.: the contents
of a sack : a loose upper garment or cloak.
— v.t. to put into a sack. [A.S. sac, saea,
a word common to all European tongues,
perh. orig. Semitic, as Heb. sak, a coarse
cloth or garment.]
SACK, sak, v.t. to plunder : to ravage. — n.
the plunder or devast.-ition of a town:
ravage. [Fr. sac, a sack, plunder (sac-
eager, to sack) ; cf. Dut. sacken, to put
in sacks, to plunder (from the use of s
sack in removing plunder).]
SACK, sak, n. the old name of a dr^ Spanish
wine. [O. E. seek — Fr. sec (Sp. seco)— L.
siccus, dry.]
SACKBUT,' sak'but, n. the name of the
trombone when first brought to England :
(B.) a kind of lyre or stringed instrument.
[Fr. saquebute ; of uncertain origin.]
SACKCLOTH, sak'kloth, n., cloth for
sacks : coarse cloth formerly worn in
mourning or penance.
SACKING, sak'ing, )i. cloth of which sacks
are made : the coarse cloth or canvas
that supports a bed.
SACKING, sak'ing, /;. the storming and
pillaging of a town.
SACRAMENT, sak'ra-ment, n. one of the
solemn religious rites in the Christian
Church, esp. the Lord's Supper : one of
the seven "outward signs of inward
grace " by which, in the R. Cath. Church,
grace is conveyed to the soul — they are
Baptism, Confirmation, Holy Eucharist,
Penance, Extreme Unction, Holy Orders
and Matrimony. [L. sacramentum, a
sacred thing — sacro, to consecrate— sacer,
sacred.]
SACRAMENTAL, sak-ra-ment'al, adj. be-
loBging to or constituting a sacrament.
— adi: Sacrament' ALLY.
SACRED, sa'kred, adj., set ajjarf or dedi
cated, esp. to God : made holy : proceed
ing from God : religious : entitled to re-
spect or veneration : inviolable. — adv.
Sa'credly. — n. Sa'credness. [M. E
sacre, to set apart, consecrate, pa.p
sacred — Fr. sacre — L. sacer, from root sa
akin to sanus, sound, Gr. sos, safe. Cf.
Whole and Holy.]
SACRIFICE, sak'ri-flz, v.t. to ofl'er up, tssp.
on the altar of a divinity : ta destroy or
give up for something else : to devote 01
destroy with loss or suffering ■ to kill.—
I
SACRIFICE
SALEWORK
v.i. to make offerings to God. — n. Sac"-
RIFICEB. [L. sacrifico — sacer, sacred, and
facio. to make, to do.]
8ACEIFICE, sak'ri-fis, n. act of sacrificing
or offering to a deity, esp. a victim on an
altar: that whicli is sacrificed or offered:
destruction or loss of anything to gain
some object : that which is given up,
. destroved, or lost for some end.
SACRIFICIAL, sak-ri-flsh'al, adj. relating
to or consisting in sacrifice : performing
sacrifice. [L. sacrificialis.]
SACRILEGE, sak'ri-lej, w. profanation of
a sacred place or thing : the breaking
into a place of worship and stealing there-
from. [Lit. the crime of stealing sacred
things, Fr. sacrilige — L. sacrilegium —
sacer. sacred, and }ego, to gather, to
SACRILEGIOUS, sak-ri-le'jus,ad;. polluted
with sacrilege: profane: violating sacred
things. — adv. Sacrile'giously.— «. Sac'-
RiLE aiousxESS. [L. sacrikgiis.]
SACRIST, sa'krist, n. a person in a sacred
place or cathedral who copies out music
for the choir and takes care of the books:
a sacristan. [Low L. sacrista — L. sacer.]
SACRISTAN, sak'rist-an, n. an officer in a
church who has charge of the sacred ves-
sels and other movables : a sexton. [Low
L. sacristamis — L. sacer.]
I] SACRISTY, sak'rist-i, n. an apartment in
a church where the sacred utensils, vest-
ments, etc., are kept : vestry. [Low L.
sa<iristia — L. sacer.]
SAD, sad {covip. Sadd'ee, superl. Sadd'est),
adj. heavy : serious : cast down : ca-
lamitous.— adv. Sad'ly. — n. Sad'ness.
[A.S. sad, sated, weary, with cog. words
in all the Teut. tongues and in L. satur,
full.]
SADDEN, sad'n, v.t. to make sad. — v.i. to
grow sad.
SADDLE, sad'l, n. a seat or pad, generally
of leather, for a horse's back : anything
like a saddle, as a saddle of mutton (the
two loins undivided), etc. — v.t. to put a
saddle on : to load. [A.S. sadel. Cog.
words are in all the Teut. tongues, and
even in Slav, sedlo, Celt, sadell, and Finn.
satula^
SADDLER, sad'ler, n. a maker of saddles.
SADDLERY, sad'ler-i, w. occupation of a
saddler : materials for saddles : articles
sold bv a saddler.
SADDLfc-SICK, sad'1-sik, adj. sick or galled
with much or heavy riding. Carlyle.
SADDUCEAN, sad-u-se'an, adj. of or relat-
ing to the Sadducees.
SADDUCEE, sad'u-se, n. one of a Jewish
school or party who denied the resurrec-
tion, the existence of spirits, and a futiire
state. — n. Sadduceeism, sad-u-se'izm.
[Gr. Saddoukaios ; Heb. Zedukim.]
SADLY, SADNESS. See under Sad.
SAFE, saf, adj. unharmed : free from dan-
ger or injury: secure: securing from
danger or injury : no longer dangerous.
— adv. Safe'ly. — n. Safe'ness. [Fr. sauf
— L. sahnts : allied to Gr. holoos. Sans.
sarva, whole, entire, and Goth, sets.]
SAFE, saf, n. a chest or closet for money,
etc., safe against fire, thieves, etc., gen-
erally of iron : a chest or cupboard for
SAFE-CONDUCT, saf'-kon'dukt, n. a writ-
Hig, passport, or guard granted to a per-
son, to enable him to travel with safety.
[See Safe, adj. and Conduct.]
SAFEGUARD, saf'gard, n. he who or that
which 5r!(ard.s or renders so/e: protection:
a guard, passport, or warrant to protect
a traveller.
SAFETY, saf'ti, n. freedom from danger or
loss : close custodv.
SAFETY-FUSE, saf'ti-fuz, n. a waterproof
woven tube inclosing an inflammable sub-
stance which burns at a regular rate.
[See Safety and Fuse, n.]
SAFETY-LAMP, saf'ti-lamp, n. a lamp
surrounded by wire-gauze, used for safe-
ty in mines.
SAFETY-MATCH, saf'ti-mach, n. a match
which will light only on being rubbed on
a specially prepared friction substance,
sucli as a roughed paper coated with
phosphorus and attached to the match-
box.
SAFETY-VALVE, saf'ti- valv, ?i. a valve in
the top of a steam-boiler, which lets out
the steam when the pressure is too great
for safety.
SAFFLbWER, saf'flowr, n. a plant of Asia
and S. Europe, whose flowers j'ield a red
dye. [Corr. of Saffron Flower.]
SAFFRON, saf'run, n. a bulbous plant of
the crocus kind with deep-yellow flowers:
a coloring substance prepared from its
flowers. — adj. having the color of saffron:
deep yellow. [Fr. safran (It. zafferano)
— Ar. za'/arAit, the plant having been
cultivated by the Moors in Spain. 1
SAGA, sa'ga, n. a Scandinavian legend.
[Ice. saga — segja, E. Say. Doublet Saw,
a saying.]
SAGACIOUS, sa-ga'shus, adj. keen or
quick in perception or thought : acute :
discerning and judicious : wise. — adv.
Saga'ciously. — n. Saga'ciousness. [L.
sagax, sagacis — sag-io, to perceive quick-
ly or keenly.]
SAGACITY, sa-gas'i-ti, n. acuteness of per-
ception or thought: acute practical judg-
ment: shrewdness. [L. sagratn^as — sagax.
See Sagacious.]
SAGA-MAN, sa'ga-man, n. a narrator or
chanter of sagas, who to the ancient
Scandinavians wa-s much the same as the
minstrels wandering and resident of our
remote forefathers. Longfellou:
SAGE, saj, n. an aromatic garden herb, so
called from its supposed healing virtue.
[Fr. sauge (It. salvia) — L. salvia — salvtis,
safe, sound.]
SAGE, saj. adj. discriminating, discerning,
wise : well-judged. — n. a sage or wise
man : a man of gravity and wisdom. —
adv. Sage'ly. — n. Sage'ness. [Fr. sage
(It. saggio, savio), from a L. sapius (seen
in ne-sapius), wise — sapio, to taste, dis-
criminate, De wise.]
SAGITTAL, saj'it-al, adj. of or like an ar-
row'. [L. sagitta, an arrow.]
SAGITTARIUS, saj-i-ta'ri-us, 7i. the Archer,
one of the signs of the zodiac. [L. — sag-
itta, an arrow.]
SAGO, sa'go, n. a dry starch produced from
the pith of several palms in the E. India
Islands, etc., used for food. [Papuan
name for the sago-palm.]
SAID, sed, pa.t. and pa.p. of ^AY.
SAIL, sal. n. a sheet of canvas, etc.. spread
to catch the wind, by which a ship is
driven forward : a ship or ships : a trip
in a vessel. — v.i. to be moved by sails : to
go by water : to begin a voyage : to glide
or float smoothly along. — v.t. to navigate:
to pass in a ship : to fly through. fA.S.
segel. and found in nearlj' all the Teut.
tonguesj
SAILCLOTH, sal'kloth, w. a strong cloth
for .lails.
SAILER, sal'er, n. he who or that which
sails, mainly limited to ships and boats.
SAILING, sal'ing, n. act of sailing : motion
of a vessel on water : art of directing a
ship's course.
SAILOR, sal'or, n. one who sails in or navi-
gates a ship : a seaman.
SAINFOIN, san'foin, n. a leguminous fod-
der-plant. [Fr. sain, wholesome, and
fain, hay — L. sanum fcenum.]
SAINT, sant, n. a sanctified or holy person :
one eminent for piety : one of the blessed
in heaven : one canonized by the R. Cath,
Church. [Fr. — L. sanctus, holy — sancio,
to render sacred.]
SAINTED, sant'ed, adj. made a saint : holy:
sacred : gone to heaven.
SAINTLIKE, sant'lik, SAINTLY, sant'li,
adj. like or becoming a saint. — n. Saint'-
LI NESS.
SAKE, sak, n. cause : account : regard.
[Lit. "dispute," "cause." A.S. sacu (witb
cog. words in all the Teut. tongues) —
sacan, to strive, Goth, sakan. Seek is a
doublet.]
SAKIEH, sak'i-e, SAKIA, sak'i-a, n. a
modification of the Persian wheel used in
Egypt for raising water for irrigation
purposes. It consists essentially of a
vertical wheel to which earthen pots are
attached on projecting spokes, a second
vertical wheel on the same axis with
cogs, and a large horizontal cogged
wheel, which gears with the other
cogged wheel. The large wheel being
turned by oxen or other draught ani-
mals puts in motion the other two
wheels, the one carrying the pitchers
dipping into a well or a deep pit adjoin-
ing and supplied with water from a river,
Tlie pitchers are thus emptied into a
tank at a higher level, whence the water
is led off in a network of channels over
the neighboring fields. Instead of the
pitchers being attached directly to the
wheel, when the level of the water is
very low they are attached to an end-
less rope. 'The construction of these
machines is usually very rude.
SALAAM, SALAM, sa-lam', 7i. a word of
salutation in the Orient, chiefly among
Mohammedans : homage. [Lit. " peace,"
Ar. salam, Heb. shalom.]
SALABLE, sal'a-bl, adj. that may be sold.
in good demand. — n. Sal'ableness.—
adv. Sal'ably.]
SALACIOUS, sal-a'shi-us, adj. lustful •
lecherous. [L. salax — salio, to leap.]
SALAD, sal'ad, n. raw herbs cut up and
seasoned with salt, vinegar, etc. [Fr.
salade (It. salato), lit. salted — L. sal,
salt.]
SAL^RATUS, sal-e-ra'tus, n. a mixture of
carbonate of soda and salt, used in bak-
ing. [See Salt and Aerate.]
SALAM. See Salaaji.
SALAjMANDER, sal'a-man-der, n. a genus
of reptiles allied to the frog, once sup-
posed able to live in fire. [Fr. salamandre
— L. and Gr. salamandra.]
SALAMANDRINE, sal-a-mac'drin, adj.
pertaining to or resembling a salaman-
der : enduring fire.
SAL - AMMONIAC, sal-am-mon'i-ak, n.
chloride of ammonium, a salt of a sharp,
acrid taste. [From L. sal, salt, and Am-
moniacJ
SALARIED, sal'a-rid, adj. receiving a
salary.
SALARY, sal'a-ri, n. a recompense for
services: wages. [Lit. "salt-money,"
O. Fr. salarie (Fr. salaire, It. salario) —
L. sularinm, money given to Roman sol-
diers for salt — sal, salt.]
SALE sal, n. act of selling : the exchange
of anything for money : power or oppor-
tunity of .selling : demand : public show-
ing of goods to sell : auction. [Ice. and
O. Ger. sala. See Sell.]
SALEP, sal'ep, n. the dried tubers of the
Orchis mascula : the food prepared from
it. JAr.]
SALESMAN, salz'man, w. a man wlio sells
goods.
SALEWORK. sal'wurk, n. work or things
made for sale : hence, work carelessly
done. •• I see no more in you than in
the ordinary of Nature's saleicork.'' —
Shah.
SALIAN
374
SALVER
SALIAN, sa'li-an, adj. of or pertaining to
a tribe of Franks who were settled on the
Sala from the third to the middle of the
fourth century.
SALIAN, sa'M-an, >i. a member of a tribe of
Franks. See the adjective.
SALIAN, sa'li-an, adj. of or pertaining- to
the Salii or priests of Mars in ancient
Rome. — Salias hymns, songrs sung at an
annual festival bj' the priests of liars,
in praise of that deity, other gods, and
of distinguished men. The songs were
accompanied bj' warlike dances, the
clashing of ancUia (shields of a peculiar
form), etc.
SALIO, sal'ik, adj. a terra applied to a law
or code of laws belonging to the tialian
Franks. One of the laws in this code
excluded women from inheriting certain
lands, probably because certain military
duties were connected with the holding
of those lands. In the fourteenth cen-
tury females were excluded from the
throne of France bj- the application of
this law to the succession to the crovi-n,
and it is in this sense that the term salic
laic is commonly used. [Fr. salique.1
SALIENT, sa'li-ent, adj„ leaping or spring-
ing: (fort.) projecting outwards, as an
angle : prominent : {geom.) denoting any
angle less than two right angles. — adv.
Sa'lientlt. [L. saliens, -entis, pr.p. of
salio, to leap.]
SALIFY, sal'i-fl, v.t. to combine with an
acid in order to make a salt :—pa.t. and
pa.jy. sal'ifled. — adj. Salifi'able. [L. sal,
salt, and facio. to make.]
SALINE, sa'lin or sal-In', adj. consisting of
or containing .sa?f; partakingof the quali-
ties of salt. — n. a salt-spring. — ?i. SaUNE'-
NESS. [Fr. — L. salimts — sal, salt.]
SALINOMETER, sal-i-nom'et-er, ?;. an ap-
paratus for indicating the densitj' of
brine in the boilers of marine steam-
engines, and thus showing when they
should be cleansed by blowing off the
deposit left by the salt water, which
tends to injure the boilers as well as to
diminish their evaporating power. [Sa-
line, and Gr. metron, measure.]
SALIVA, sa-li'va, n. the fluid which is se-
creted by the salivary glands, and which
serves to moisten the mouth and tongue.
The principal use of saUva is that of con-
verting the starchy elements of the food
into grape-sugar and dextrine. When
discharged from the mouth it is called
spittle. Saliva contains about 5 or 6 parts
of solid matter to 995 or 994 of water,
the chief ingredients being an organic
matter named ptyalin and sulphocyanide
of potassium. In its normal state its
reaction is alkaUne, but the degree of
alkalinity varies, being greatest after
meals. The parotid saliva is limpid, and
serves to moisten the food in the process
of mastication ; the sitb-ma.rillary and
sub-lingual saliva is viscid, and is essen-
tial to deglutition and gustation. [L.,
akin to Gr. sialon, saliva. Cf. Gael, and
Ir. seile, saliva, silim, to drop, to distil, to
spit.]
SALIVAL, sa-U'val, SALIVARY,sal'i-var-i,
adj. pertaining to, secreting, or contain-
ing saliva.
SALIVATE, sal'i-vat, v.t. to produce an
unusual amount of sahva.
SALIVATION, sal-i-va'shun, n. an unusual
flow of saliva.
SALLOW, sal'6, n. a tree or low shrub of
the ivillow kind . [Scot, saiigh, A.S. sealh ;
cog. with Ger. sahl (whence Fr. saule),
L. salix, Gr. helike.]
SALLOW, sal'o, adj. of a j)ale, yellowish
color.— ji. Sall'o\vness. [A.S. salu, cog.
with Dut. zaluiv, O.Ger. salo.J
SALLY, sal'i, n. a leaping or bursting out:
a sudden rushing forth of troops to attack
besiegers : excursion : outburst of fancj',
wit, etc.: levity. — v.i. to ru.shout sudden-
ly : — -^ja.f. and jja.j). sall'ied. [Fr. saillie
— saillir (It. satire) — L. salio, to leap,
spring.]
SALLY-LUN, SALLY-LUNN, sal'U-lun, n.
a kind of sweet bun or tea-cake, larger
than a muffin. It is toasted and eaten
hot with butter. "It is a sort of night
thafs meant for muffins ; likewise
crumpets; also sally -luns.^' — Dickens.
[From Sally Lunn, a young woman who
sold this species of bun through the
streets of Bath, England, about the end
of the eighteenth centui-y.]
SALLY-PORT, sal'i-jwrt, ji. apart, gate,
or passage bj- which a garrison may
make a sally.
SALMAGUNDI, sal-ma-gun'di, n. a mix-
ture of chopped meat and other ingre-
dients: a medley. [Fi\ salmigondis ; ety.
unknown.]
SALMON, sam'un, n. a well-known fish,
living mostly in the sea, but ascending
rivers to spawn. [O. EV. sdtdmon — L.
salmo, perh. from salio, to leap, from
its leaping obstacles on its way from the
sea.]
SALMON-TROUT, sam'un-trowt, n. a trout
like the salmon, but smaller and thicker
in proportion.
SALOMONIAN, sal-o-mo'ni-an, SALO-
KONIC, sal-o-mon'ik, adj. pertaining or
relating to King Solomon or composed
by liim. -'Beyond doubt many of his
."phorisms are to be found in the book
of Proverbs. Yet this book is not all
Salomonic." — Prof. W. R. Smith. [L.
Salomon, Solomon.]
SALOON, sa-l6on', n. a spacious and ele-
gant hall, or apartment for the recep-
tion of company, works of art, or for
refreshment, etc. : a main cabin : a grog
shop. [Fr. salon — salle : from O. G«r.
sal, a dwelling, Ger. saiiZ.]
SALOOP, sa-lo6p', n. a drink composed of
sassafras tea, with sugar and milk. [A
form of Salep.]
SALSIFY, sal'si-fi, n. a biennial plant with
an eatable root like the carrot or pars-
nip. [Fr. — It. sasaefrica.']
SALT, sawlt, Ji. a well-known substance
used for seasoning, found either in the
earth or obtained by evaporation from
sea-water : anything like salt : season-
ing : piquancy : (chem.) a combination of
an acid with a base. — adj. containing
salt : tasting of salt : overflowed with or
growing in salt water : pungent. — adj.
Salt'ish, somewhat salt. — adv. Salt'ly.
— w. Salt'ness. [A.S. sealt, salt : with
cog. forms in all the Teut. and nearly all
the Slav, tongues, and in L. sal, Gr. lials,
Sans, sara.']
SALT, sawlt, v.t. to sprinkle, impregnate,
or season with salt ; as, to salt fish, beef,
or pork : to fill with salt between the
timbers and planks, as a ship, for the
preservation of the timber. — To SALT AN
INVOICE. ACCOCXT, etc., to put on the
extreme value on eacli article, in some
cases in order to be able to make what
seems a liberal discount at paj'ment. —
To SALT A MINE, to Sprinkle a few grains
of gold-dust over an unproductive hole,
a trick among gold-diggers when they
want to obtain a high price for their
claim from an inexperienced person.
SALTANT, sal'tant, adj., leaping: dancing.
[L. saltans, pr.p. of salto, -atum, inten. of
salio, to leap.]
SALTATION, sal-ta'shun, n. a leaping or
jumping : beating or palpitation. [L.
saltatio — salio.]
SALTATORY, sal'ta-tor-i, adj., leaping,
dancing : having the power of or u^d in
leaping or dancing.
SALTCELLAR, sawlt'sel-ar, n. a small hol-
low vessel for holding salt. [CELLAR, a
corr. of M.E. sailer — Fr. saliire, salt-box
— L. salarium (vas), vessel for salt — sal.
Salt has been unnecessarily prefixed.]
SALTIRE or SALTIER, sal'ter, n. {her.) a
diagonal cross, also called a St. Andrew's
Cross, from the belief that he suffered
martyrdom on such a cross. [O. Fr. i;|
saidt'eur (Fr. sautoir) — Low L. .-ialta-
torium, an instrument to help in mount-
ing a horse — L. salto, to leap.]
SALTPAN, sawlt'pan, n. a pan, basin, or
pit where salt is obtained or made.
SALTPETRE, sawlt-pe'ter, n. a salt con-
sisting of nitric acid and potash : nitre.
[Lit. "salt-rock," Salt, and L. and Gr.
petra. a i-ock.]
SALT-RHEUM, sawlt'-rum, n. a vague and
indefinite popular name applied to almost
all the non-febrile cutaneous eruptions
which are common among adults, except
ringworm and itch.
SALTS, sawlts. n.jJl. a colloquial equivalent
of Ejisom-salt or other salt used as a
medicine. — SMELLING SALTS,a preparation
of carbonate of ammonia with some
agreeable scent, as lavender or bergamot,
used by ladies as a stimulant and restor-
ative in case of faintuess.
SALUBRIOUS. sa-lo6'bri-us. Of?/'., /leoZ^/i/wZ;
favorable to health. — ady.SALU'BRlousLY.
— n. Salu'brity. [L. salubris — salus,
salutis, health, akin to Safe.]
SALUT^VRY, sal'u-tar-i, adj. belonging to
health : promoting health or safety :
wholesome : beneficial. — n. Sal'utari-
NESS. [L., from saliis, health.]
SALUTATION, sal-u-ta'shun, ?i. act of
saluting- : that which is said in saluting.
SALUTE, sal-lit', v.t. to address with kind
wishes : to greet with a kiss, bow, etc.:
to honor by a discharge of cannon,
striking colors, etc. — )i. act of saluting :
greeting, a kiss : a discharge of cannon
in honor of anj' one. [Lit. " to wish
health to," L. saluto, -atum, from salus,
salutis.]
SALVAGE, sal'vaj, n. the act of saving a
ship or goods from extraordinai-j- dan-
ger, as from the sea, fire, an enemy, or
the like : in commercial and maritime
laic, (a) an allowance or compensation
to which those persons are entitled by
whose voluntary exertions ships or goods
liave been saved from the dangers of the
sea, fire, pirates, or enemies ; the crew
of a ship are not entitled to salvage for
any extraordinary efforts they may have
made in sa^^ng tlieir own vessel ; if the
salvors and the parties from whom sal-
vage is claimed cannot agree, a compe-
tent court has to fix the sum to be paid
and adjust the proportions, which vary
according to circumstances ; (6) that
portion of the property saved from dan-
ger or destruction by tiie extraordinai-y
and voluntary exertions of the salvors.
[Fr., from Low L. salvagium, from L.
salvus, safe.]
SALVATION, sal-va'shun, ?i. act of saving:
preservation: (theol.) the saving of man
from eternal misery : {B.) deliverance
from enemies.
SALVE, silv, n. (B.) an ointment : any-
thing to cure sores. [A.S. sealf ; Ban.
salve, Ger. salbe.]
SAL\'ER. sal'ver, n. a plate on which any-
thing is presented. [Found in Sp. sal
v^illa, a salver — Low L. salva. a testing,
trial — L. salvo, to save ; from the prac-
tice of tasting food as a guarantee against
poison.]
SALVO
3T5
SANHEDRIM
SALVO, sal'vo, n. an exception : a reserva-
tion. [L. salvo jure, one's right being
safe, an expression used in reserving
riglits.]
SALVO, sal'vo, n. a military or naval salute
with guns : a simultaneous and concen-
trated discharge of artillei-y:— jj?. Salvos,
sal'voz. [Fr. salve— h. salve, a form of
salutation — root of salus. See Safe, adj.]
SAL-VOLATILE, sal-vo-lat'i-le, n. a solu-
tion of carbonate of ammonia. [L., " vo-
latile salt."]
SAJJIARITAN, sa-mar'i-tan. adj. pertaining
to Samaria, the principal city of the ten
tribes of Israel, belonging to the tribe of
Ephraim, and after the captivity of those
tribes repeopled by Cuthites from Assyria
or Chaldea : appUed to the characters of
a kind of ancient Hebrew writing proba-
bly in use before, and partly after, tlie
Babylonish exile.
SAMARITAN, sa-mar'i-tan, n. a native ^~
inhabitant of Samaria, or one that he-
longed to the sect which derived their
appellation from chat city : the language
of Samaria, a dialect of the Chaldean : a
charitable or benevolent person, in allu-
sion to the character of the •' good Sa-
maritan " in the parable.
S A M A R I T A N I S M, sa-mar'i-tan-izm, n.
charitableness : philanthropy : benevo-
lence. '• Mankind are getting mad with
humanity and Samaritanism." — Sydney
Smith.
SAME, sam, adj. identical : of the like
kind or degree : similar : mentioned be-
fore.— n. Same'xess. [A.S.; Goth, sa-
mana : akin to L. similis, like Gr. homos.
Sans. sajna.s.l
SAMITE, sa'mit, n. a kind of silk stuff. [O.
Fr.^Low L. examitum, from Gr. hex, six,
and niitos. thread.]
3A3IOYED, SAMOIED, sa^mo'yed, n. a
member of a race of people inhabiting
the shores of tlie Arctic Ocean from about
the river Mezen on the European side to
the Lena on the Asiatic. Tliey are di-
vided into three tribes, are of small stat-
ure, live by hunting, and their principal
■wealth consists in reindeer. Tlieir lan-
guage is Turanian.
SAMOYEDIC. sam-6-yed'ik, adj. of or be-
longing to the Samoyeds : designating a
group of Turanian or agglutinate tongues
spoken by tribes dwelling along the north
coast of Europe and A.sia from the White
Sea to tlie Lena. Also written Samoiedic.
SAMP, samp, n. in the United States, a
species of food composed of maize, broken
or bruised, boiled and mixed with milk: a
dish borrowed from the natives of Amer-
ica, but not much used.
SAMPHIRE, sam'flr or sam'fer, M. an herb
found chiefly on rocky cliffs near the sea,
used in pickles and salads. [Lit. "the
herb of St. Peter," corr. from Fr. Saint
Pierre. Saint Peter.]
SAMPLE, sam'pl, ti. a specimec : a part to
show the quality of the whole. — v.t. to
make up samples of. [Sliort for esample,
from O. Fr. essample — L exemplum.
Doublet Example.]
SAMPLER, sam'pler, n. one who makes up
samples. [Used in compounds, as woot-
sanipler ; from Sajiple.]
SAMPLER, sam'pler, Ji. a pattern of work :
ornamental needle-work. [Formed from
L. e.vemplar.]
SAMPLE-ROOM, sam'pl-room, n. a room
where samples are kept and shown. In
the United States, often applied to a
place where liquor is sold by the glass ;
a tap-room : a grog-shop ; a saioon.
SAMUEL, sam'u-el, n. the name of two
canonical books of the Old Testament.
Three principal periods are comprised in
them, viz. the restoration of the theoc-
racy of which Samuel was the leader ;
the history of Saul's kingship till his
death ; and David's reign. In all proba-
bility the author was a prophet of the
time of Solomon.
SANABLE, san'a-bl, adj. able to be made
sane or sound : curable. — n. Sanabil'ity.
[L. sanabilis — satio, -atum, to heal. [See
Sane.]
SANATIVE, san'a-tiv, adj. tending or able
to heal : healing. — n. Sar'ativeness.
SANATORIUM, san-a-to'ri-uui, n. a place
for restoring to health, a health-station.
Sa^'ataeittm and Sanitaeix::u are also
used in the same sense in this country,
though never in England.
SANATORY, san'a-tor-i, adj., healing:
conducive to healtli.
SANCTANTjMITY, sangk-ta-nuai'i-ti, n.
holiness of mind. '• A ' hath ' or a ' thou,'
delivered with conventional unction, well
nigh inspires a sensation of solemnity in
its hearer, and a persuasion of the sanc-
tanimity of its utterer." — Fitzedu-ard
Hall. [L. sanctus, holy, and animus, the
mind.]
SANCTIFICATION, sangk-ti-fl-ka'shun, n.
act of sanctifj-ing : state of being sanc-
tified.
SANCTIFY, sangk'ti-fl, v.t. to make sacred
or holy : to set apart to sacred use : to
free from sin or evil : to make the means
of holiness : to secure from violation : —
pa.t. and pa.p. sanc'tified. — n. Sanc'ti-
FIEH, [Fr. — L. sanctijico. -atum — sanc-
tus, sacred, facia, to make.]
SANCTIMONIOUS, sangk-ti-rao'ni-us, adj.
having sanctity : holy : devout : affect-
ing holiness.— fidr. SaNCTIMO'niOUSLT. —
n. Saxctimo'niocssess.
SANCTIMONY, saugk'ti-mun-i, n. devout-
ness : appearance of sanctity. [L., from
sanctus, holv. See Saint.]
SANCTION, sangk'shun, n. act of ratify-
ing, or giving authority to: confirmation:
support. — v.t. to give validity to: to
authorize: to countenance. [Fr. — L.
sanctio.]
SANCTITY, sangk'ti-ti. n. quality of being
sacred or holy : purity : godliness : in-
violability.
SANCTUARY, sangk'tii-ar-i, n. a sacred
place : a place for the worship of God :
the most sacred part of the Temple of
Jerusalem : the Temple itself : the part
of a church round the altar : an inviola-
ble asylum : refuge. [From the time of
Constantine downwai-ds certain churches
have been set apart in many Catholic
countries to be an asylum for fugitives
from the hands of justice. In England,
particularly down to the Reformation,
any person who had taken refuge m a
sanctuary was secured against punish-
ment^-except when charged with treason
or sacrilege — if wthin the space of forty
days he gave signs of repentance, and
subjected himself to banishment. By
thea ct 21 James I. xx viii. . the privilege of
sanctuary for crime was finally abolisshed.
Various sanctuaries, however, for debtors
continued to exist in and about London
tin 1697, when they too were abolished.
In Scotland the Abbey of Holyrood
House and its precincts still retain the
privilege of giving sanctuary to debtors.
When a person retires to the sanctuary
he is protected against personal diligence,
which protection continues for twenty-
four hours : but to enjoy it longer the
person must enter his nami. in the books
kept by the bailie of the abbey. From
the abolition of imprisonment for debt
this sanctuary is no longer used.]
SANCTUM, saugk'tum, n. a sacred place :
a private room. [L.. " holy.'']
SAND, sand, n. fine particles of crushed
or worn rocks :— p7. lands covered with
sand : a sandy beach : moments of time,
from the use of sand in the houi-glass. —
v.t. to sprinkle with sand. [A.S. ; cog.
(vith Ger. sand. Ice. sand-r.}
SANDAL, san'dal, n. a kind of shoe consist-
ing of a sole bound to the foot by straps :
a loose slipper. [Fr.— L. sandalium — Gr.
sandaloii, prob. from Pers. sandal, a kind
of shoe.]
SANDALLED, san'dald, adj. wearing san-
dals.
SANDALWOOD, san'dal-wood, ?i. a wood,
remarkable for its fragrance, brought
from the E. Indies and islands of the
Pacific. [Fr. — Poi-t. sandalo — Ar. sandal
— Sans, tschandana, and Wood.]
SANDEEL. sand'el, n. a small e<'Mike flsh,
which buries itself in tlie sand when the
tide retires.
SANDERLING, sand'er-ling, n. a smalt
wading bird which feeds on the insects in
sea-sands.
SANDGLASS, sand'glas, n. a glass instru-
ment for measuring tune by the running
of sand.
SANDHEAT, sand'het, n. the heat of warm
sand in chemical operations.
SANDIVER, san'di-ver, n. the saline scum
which forms on glass diu'ing its first fu-
sion : glass-gall. [Said to be a corr. of
Fr. sel de verre, " salt of glass."]
SAND-MARTIN, saud'-niar'tin, n. the
smallest of British swallows, which
builds its nest in sandy river-banks and
gravel-pits. [See Martin.]
SAND-PAPER, sand'-pa'per, n., paper cov-
ered with a kind of sand for smoothing
and polishing.
SANDPIPER, sand'pl-per, n. a wading-bird
of the snipe family, which frequents
sandy river-banks, distinguished bj- its
clear pijiing note.
SAND-PUMP, saud'-punp, n. a cylindricjj
metallic case or tube having at the bot-
tom a valve opening inwardly and used
for removing the sand which collects in
the bore when a well, etc., is being
drilled. On the drill being temporarily
removed the sand-pump is lowered, the
water and dirt force up the valve and en-
ter the tube, the valve dropping again
to prevent tlieir return. This being re-
peated again and again the tube becomes
filled, on which it is drawn to the surface
and emptied.
SANDSTONE, sandston, n., stone com-
posed of consolidated sand.
SANDWICH, sand'wich, n. two slices of
bread with ham, etc., between, said to
be named after an Earl of Sandwich ;
hence armor-plating made up of two
plates of iron with a plate of wood be-
tween, or vice versd.
SANDY, sand'i, adj. consisting of or cov-
ered with sand : loose : of the color of
sand. — )). Sasd'ixes.S.
SANE, san, adj.. sound in mind or body :
healthy : not disordered in intellect. — ;i.
Saxe'ness. [L. sanus, akin to Gr. saos,
sus. sound.]
SANG, pa. f. of Sing.
SANGUINARY, sang'gwin-ar-i, ad/. ,Woodj;.*
attended with muc-li bloodshed : blood-
thirsty.—ode. San'guisarily.— H. San'-
GUINAitlXESS. [Fr. Set Sangitne.]
SANGUINE, sang'gwin, adj. abounding
with blood : ardent : hopeful : confident.
— adr. Sax'guixely.— 11. Sax'guineness.
[h.sanguineus — sanguis.sanguinis, blood,
proD. from root sag, sak, to drop, flow, as
in A.S. sne-an. Ger. saugen, E. SCCK.]
SANGUINEOUS, sang-gwin'e-us, adj., san^
guine : resembling or constituting blood.
SANHEDRIM, sanhe-drim, n. the highest
council of the Jews, consisting of seventy
members with the high-priest. [Lit. " a
SANITARY
376
SATURDAY
sitting together," Heb. sanhedrin, from
Gr. synedrion — syn, together, and hedra,
SANITARY, san'i-tar-i, adj. pertaining to,
tending, or designed to promote health.
[From Sanity.]
SANITY, san'i-ti, n. state of being sane :
soundness of mind or body. [L. sanitas
— sanus. See Sane.]
SANJAK, san'jak, n. a subdivision of an
eyalet or minor province of Turkey, so
called because the governor of such dis-
trict, called sanjak-beg, is entitled to car-
ry in war a standard of one horse-tail.
Spelled also Sanqiac. [Turk., a stand-
ard.]
SANJAKATE, san'jak-at, n. a territorial
division of the Turkish Empire: asanjak.
' Written also Sangiacate.
SANKHYA, sang'khya, ?i. the name of one
of the three great systems of Hindu phil-
osophy. It teaches how eternal happi-
ness, or complete exemption from ill, can
be obtained. [Sans., synthetic reasoning.]
SANNUP, san'nup, n. among the American
Indians, a married male member of the
community : the husband of a squaw.
'• Mindfulstill of sannup and of squaw."
— Emerson.
SANSAPPEL. sangz-a-pel, ji. a person from
whose decision there is no appeal : one
whose opinion is decisive : an infallible
person. " He had followed in full faith
such a sansappel as he held Frank to be."
— Kingsley. [Fr. sans, without, and ap-
pel. appeal.]
SANSKRIT, sans'krit, n. the ancient lan-
guage of the Hindus. [Lit. the "perfect"
language, from Sans. sam. with (Gr.
hama), and krita, done, perfected, from
kri, root of L. creo. See Create.]
SAP. sap, n. the vital juice of plants : (bot.)
the part of the wood next to the bark.
[A.S. seep ; Low Ger. sapp, juice, Ger.
soft : all borrowed from L. sapa, new
wine boiled thick.]
SAP. sap, v.t. to destroy by digging under-
neath : to undermine." — i'.i. to proceed by
undermining : pr.p. sapp'ing ; pa.t. and
pa.p. sapped. — n. an approach dug to a
fortification under cover of gabions. — n.
Sapp'ek, one who saps. [Fr. saper, from
Low L. sappa, a pick.]
SAPID, sap'id, adj., well-tasted: savory:
that affects the taste. [Fr.— L. sapidus
— sapio, to taste.]
SAPIDITY, sa-pid'i-ti, n. savoriness.
SAPIDLESS, sap'id-les, adj. without taste,
savor, or . relish : insipid. • Expecting
some savory mess, and to find one quite
tasteless and sopidless." — O. Lamb. [A
badlv formed word.]
SAPIENCE, sa'pi-ens, ?). discernment :
wisdom : knowledge. [Fr. See Sapi-
ent.]
SAPIENT, sa'pi-ent, adj., wise: discerning:
sagacious.— ad c. Sa'piently. [L. sapiens,
sapientis, pr.p. of sapio, to taste, to be
wise, akin to Gr. saphes, clear, distinct.]
SAPLESS, sap'les, adj. wanting sap : not
juicy.
SAPLING, sap'ling, n. a young tree, so
called from being full of sap.
SAPONACEOUS, sap - o - na'shus, adj.,
soapy: soap-like. [Fr. saponace — L.
tape, saponis, Gr. sapon, both borrowed
from the ancient Celts or Germans. See
Soap.]
SAPPHIC, saf'ik, adj. pertaSning to Sap-
pho, a Grecian poetess : denoting a kind
of verse said to have been invented bj-
Sappho.
SAPPHIRE, saf'ir or saf'ir. n. a highly
brilliant precious stone, inferior only to
the diamond. [Fr. — L. sapphinis--Gr.
sappheiros — Ar. safir, Heb. sappir, fair,
from shaphar, to shine.]
SAPPHIRINE. saf'ir-in, adj. made of or
like .sapphire.
SAPPY, sap'i. adj. abounding with sap :
juicy. — )!. Sapp'iness.
SARACEN, sar'a-sen, n. a name applied in
the middle ages to the Mohammedans.
—adjs. Saeacen'ic, Saracen'ical. [L.
Saracentis—Av.sharkeyn, eastern people,
first applied to some tribes of Bedouins
in E. Arabia.]
SARCASM, sar'kazm, n. a bitter sneer : a
satirical remark in scorn or contempt.
[Fr. — L. sarcasmiis — Gr. sarkasmos — sar-
kazo, to tear Jfes/i like dogs, to speak bit-
terly— sarx, sarkos, flesh.]
SARCASTIC, sar-kas'tik, SARCASTICAL,
sar-kas'tik-al, adj. containing sarcasm :
bitterly satirical.— adr. Sarcas'ticallt.
SARCENET, sars'net, ?(. a very thin fine
silk. [O. Fr., from Low L. sericinus,
silken — L. sericiim. silk — L. seres, Gr.
seres, a people of E. Asia, from whom
the ancients got their first silk.]
SARCOPHAGOUS, sar-kof'a-gus, adj.,
^esh-eating : feeding on flesh.
SARCOPHAGUS, sar-kof'a-gus. n. a kind
of lime-stone used by the Greeks for
coffins, and so called because it was
thought to consume the flesh of corpses :
any stone receptacle for a corpse. [L. —
Gr. sarkophagus — sarx, sarkos, flesh,
and phago, to eat.]
SARDINE, sar'din, n. a small fish of the
herring family, abundant about the
island of Sardinia, potted with olive oil
for export. [Fr. (It. sardina)—L. sarda,
sardina — Gr. sardine.^
SARDINE, sar'din. SARDIUS, sar'di-us. n.
a name of the cornelian stone. — adj. re-
lating to the sardius. [Fr. sardoine—L.
sardonyx — Gr. sardonyx.]
SARDONIC, sar-don'ik, adj. forced, heart-
less, or bitter, said of a laugh. [Fr. — L.
sardonius, sardonicus — Gr. sardanios. re-
ferred to sardonion, a plant of Sardinia
(Gr. Sardo). which was said to screw up
the face of the eater, but more prob.
from Gr. sairo, to grin.]
SAKDONYX, sar'don-iks, n. a reddish-
yellow variety of chalcedony, said to have
been found oi-ig. at Sardis, in Asia Minor,
and to be so called because its color re-
sembles that of the flesh under the nail.
[Gr. — Sardios, Sardian, and onyx, a nail.]
SARSAPARILLA, sar-sa-pa-ril'a, SARSA,
sar'sa, n. a twining shrub like the bramble,
found chiefly in Mexico, used in medicine.
[Sp. zarzaparilln — zarza, bramble, and
parilla, a little vine, and sosig. "a thorny
vine."]
SASARARA, sas-a-ra'ra, n. a word formerly
used to emphasize a threat, much in the
same way as "vengeance." "Out she
shall pack with asasarara." — Goldsmith.
[A suggested etymology is certiora7-i.]
SASH, sash, n. a band, riband or scarf worn
as a badge or ornament. [Pers. shash, a
turban, perh. from Heb. shesh, fine cloth.]
SASH, sash, n. a case or frame for panes
of glass. — i:t. to furnish with sashes.
[Fr. chasse, e7ia,s,st.s — L. capsa, the re-
ceiving thing, a case — capio, to take.
See Case, a covering.]
SASSAFRAS, sas'a-fras, n. a kind of laurel,
the wood of which has a pungent taste,
and is much used in medicine, so called
because formerly used to break or dis-
solve stone in the bladder. [Fr. — L.
saxifraga — sa.vum . a stone, and frango,
to break. See Saxifrage.]
SAT, sat, pa. f. and pa.p. of Sit.
SATAN, sa'tan. n. the enemy of men : the
devil : the chief of the fallen angels.
[Heb. satan, enemy — sataii, Ar. shatana,
to be adverse.]
SATANIC, sa-tan'ik, SATANIGAL, sartan'-
ik-al, adj. pertaining to or like Satan:
devilish.
SATCHEL, sach'el, n. a small sack or bag,
esp. for papers, books, etc. [Older form
sachel, dim. of Sack ; cf. L. saccellus, dim.
of saccus.]
SATE, sat, v.t. to satisfy or give enough:
to glut. [A.S. seed ; L. satio, -atum-
satis, enough.]
SATELLITE, sat'el-lit, n. an obsequious
follower : one of the bodies which revolve
round some of the planets. [L. satelles,
satellitis, an attendant.]
SATIABLE, sa'shi-a-bl, adj. that may be
satiated.
SATIATE, sa'shi-at, t'.f. to satisfy or give
enough: to gratify fully : to glut.— aci/.
glutted.— w. Satia'tion. [L. satio — satis,
enough.]
SATIETY, sa-ti'e-ti, n. state of being sati-
ated : surfeit.
S VTIN, sat'in, n. a closely woven glossy
silk. [Fr. (It. seti7w)—Low L. setinus,
adj., from L. seta, hair.]
SATINET, sat'i-net, n. a thin species of
satin : a cloth with a cotton warp and
woollen weft.
SATINITY, sa-tin'i-ti, n. the quality of be
ing satinj', or smooth and glossy : a soft
smoothness like that of satin. "The
smooth saftni<2/ of his style," — C. Lamb.
SATINWOOD, sat'in-wood, n. a beautiful
ornamental irood from E. and W. Indies,
having a texture like satin. [satin.
SATINY, sat'in-i, adj. like or composed of
SATIRE, sat'Ir or safer, n. a species of
poetry, exposing and turning to ridicule
vice or folly : severity of remark : ridi-
cule. [Fr. — L. satira, satura (tanx, a
dish, understood), a dish full of various
kinds of fruit, food composed of various
ingredients, a medley ; hence applied to
a dramatic piece in which dancing, music,
and words were intermixed, afterwards
to satire in its present sense — satur, full,
akin to satis, enough.]
SATIRIC, sa-tir'ik, SATIRICAL, sa-tir'ik-
al, adj. pertaining to or conveying satire:
sarcastic : abusive. — adv. Satir'ically.
SATIRIZE, sat'ir-Iz, v.t. to make the object
of satire : to censure severely. — n. Sat'-
miST, a writer of satire.
SATISFACTION, sat-is-fak'shun, n. state
of being satisfied : gratification : comfort:
that which satisfies: amends: atonement:
payment : conviction.
SATISFACTORY, sat-is-fak'tor-i, adj., sat-
isfying: giving content: making amends
or pavment: atoning: convincing.— «dv.
Satisfac'torily.— ?!. Satisfac'toriness.
SATISFY, sat'is-fi, v.t. to give enough to :
to supply fully : to please fully : to dis-
charge : to free from doubt : to convince.
—v.i. to give content : to supply fully :
to make payment :— pa. ^ and pa.p. sat'-
isfied. [Fr. satisfaire—lj. satis, enough,
and/rtC?o, to make.]
SATRAP, sil'trap or sat'rap, n. a Persian
viceroy or ruler of one of the greater
provinces -.—fern. Sa'trapess. — n. Sat'-
RAPY, the government of a satrap. [Gr.
satrapes, from the Persian, lit. "chief of
a district."]
SATURABLE, sat'u-ra-bl, adj. that may
be saturated.
SATURATE, sat'u-rat, v.t. to fill: to unite
with till no more can be received : to
fill to excess. [L. sattiro, -atum— satur,
full, akin to satis, enough.]
SATURATION, sat-u-ra'shun, n. act of
saturating: state of being saturated:
the state of a body when quite filled
with another.
SATURDAY, sat'ur-da, w. the seventh or
last day of the week, dedicated by the
Romans to Saturn. [A.S. Sceter-dceg,
Scetern-Oceg, day of Sa.tnvn—L.Satumus.\
SATURN
377
SCALE
SATURN, sat'urn or sa'-, n. the ancient
Roman god of agriculture : one of the
planets. [L. Satumus — sero, sattim, to
sow.]
SATURNALIA, sat-ur-nii'li-a, n.pl. the an-
nual ancient Roman festival in honor of
Saturn, a time of unrestrained license
and enjoyment.
8ATURNALIAN, sat-ur-na'li-an, adj. per-
taining to the Saturnalia : riotously
merry : dissolute.
SATURNIAN, sa-turn'i-an, adj. pertaining
to Saturn, whose fabulous reign was
called "the golden age:" happy: pure:
simple : denoting the verse in which the
oldest Latin poems were written.
SATURNINE, sat'ur-nin, adj. grave:
gloomy : phlegmatic : — because the as-
trologers said that those born under the
planet Saturn were so disposed.
SATYR, safer or sa'ter, n. a silvan deity,
represented as part man and part goat,
and extremely wanton. [L. satynis — Gr.
satyros.]
SATYRIC, sa-tir'ik, adj. pertaining to
satyrs.
SAUCE, saws, n. a liquid seasoning for
food, consisting of salt, etc. : a relish :
impudence. — iKt. to put sauce in to relish:
to make poignant : to treat with bitter
or pert language. [Fr. — L. salio, salsiim,
to salt — sal, salt. See Salt.]
SAUCEPAN, saws'pan, 71. a pan in which
sauce or any small thing is boiled.
SAUCER, saws'er, n. the shallow platter
for a tea or coffee cup : (orig.) a small
vessel to hold sauce.
SAUCY, saws'i, adj. (comp. Sauc'IER, sii-
perl. Sauc'iest) sharp : pungent : inso-
lent : impudent. — adv. Sauc'ily. — n.
Sauc'iness. [From Sauce.]
SAUER^KRAUT, sowr'-krowt, n. a favorite
German dish, consisting of cabbage cut
fine, pressed into a cask, with alternate
layers of salt, and suffered to ferment
till it becomes sour. [Ger. sauer, sour,
and kraut, herb, cabbage.]
SAUL, SAL, sal, n. the timber of the saul-
tree. [See Satjl-tree.]
SAULIE, saw'li, n. a hired mourner.
SAULT, so or soo n. a rapid in some rivers
in North America. [O. Fr. sault. Mod.
Fr. saut, a leap, from L. saltus, a leap,
from salio, saltum, to leap.]
SAULTFAT, sawlt'fat, n. a pickling-tub :
a beef-stand. [Scotch.]
SAUXr-TREE, SAL-TREE, sal'-tre, n. the
name given in India to a tree of the
genus Shorea, the S. robusta, which
yields a balsamic resin, used in the
temples under the name of ral or
dhoona. The timber called sal, the best
and most extensively used in India, is
produced by this tree.
SAUNDERS-BLUE, sawn'derz-hlu, n. the
original denomination probably of ultra-
marine. Applied now to an artificial
blue, prepared from carbonate of cop-
per. [Fr. cendres bleues, blue ashes.]
SAUNTER, sawn'ter or san'ter, v.i. to
wander about idly : to loiter. — n. a saun-
tering : a place for sauntering. — n. Saun'-
TERER. [Said to be from Fr. sainte terre,
holv land, to make a pilgrimage to the
Ho\y Land.]
SAURIA, saw ri-a, n.pl. the term by which
the great order of lizards is sometimes
designated. The animal formS more
Btrictly included under it are those com-
prised under the genus Lacerta of Lin-
Bseus; but in the large and now generally
received acceptation of the term saurians.
not only the existing lizards, crocodiles,
monitors, iguanas, chameleons, etc., are
included, but also those monstrous fossil
reptiles whose remains excite our wonder,
as the ichthyosaurus, plesiosaurus, dei-
nosaurus, iguanodon, pterodactyle, etc.
The saurians are covered with scales, and
have four legs. The mouth is always
armed with teeth, and the toes are gen-
erally furnished with claws. They have
all a tail more or less long, and generally
very thick at the base. The fossil species,
the most gigantic and singular members
of the order, occur most abundantly in
the oolitic strata. Some of them were
exclusively marine, others amphibious,
others terrestrial. and others were adapted
for flying, as the pterodactyles. [Fi'om
Gr. satiros, a lizard.]
SAURIAN, saw'ri-an, n. a reptile or animal
covered with scales, as the lizard. — adj.
pertaining toor of the nature of a saurian.
[Gr. saura, sauros, the lizard.]
SAUSAGE, saws'aj, ?i. an article of food,
consisting of chopped or minced meat, as
pork, beef, or veal, seasoned with sage,
pepper, salt, etc., and stuffed into prop-
erly cleaned entrails of the ox, sheep,
or pig, tied at short intervals with a
string. When sausages are made on an
extensive scale the meat is minced and
staffed into the intestines by machinery.
[Old spellings saucidge, sausege, O. Fr.
sausisse, Fr. saunsse ; from Low L. salsa,
sauce (which see).]
SAUTERNE, so-tern', n. a kind of white
wine produced at Sauterne, in France.
SAVAGE, sav'aj, adj. wild : uncivilized :
fierce : cruel: brutal. — n. a human being
in a wild state : a brutal person : a bar-
barian.— adv. Sav'agely. — ns. Sav'age-
NESS, Sav'agery. [Lit. living in the
woods, Fr. sauvage, O.Fr. salvage — L.
silvaticus, pertaining to the woods — silva,
a wood.]
SAVANNA, SAVANNAH, sa-van'a, n. one
of the vast meadows in the west of N.
America. [Sp. savana, sabana, bed-sheet,
a meadow — L. sabanum — Gr. sabannn, a
linen cloth.]
SAVE, sav, v.t. to bring safe out of evil :
to rescue : to reserve : to spare.— r.i. to
be economical.— jjrep. except.—?!. Sav'er.
[Fr. sauver — L. salv>o — salvus. See Sate.]
SAVE- ALL, sav'-awl, n. a contrivance
intended to save anything from being
wasted.
SAVELOY, sav'e-loy, n. a kind ot sausage
made of meat chopped and seasoned,
orig. of brains. [Fr. cervelas, a saveloy,
cervelle. brains — L. cerebellum.]
SAVING, sav'ing, adj. disposed to save or
be economical : incurring no loss, pre-
serving from wrong : (theol.) securing
salvation. — prep, excepting. — adv. Sav-
ingly.— n. Sav'ingness.
SAVING, sav'ing, n. that which is saved :
— pi. earnings.
SAVINGS-BANK, sav'ingz-bangk, n. a
bank in which savings are deposited at
interest.
SAVIOUR, sav'yur, n. one who saves from
evil. — The Saviour, Jesus Christ, the
Redeemer of men.
SAVOR, sa'vur, ??., t<tite : odor: scent:
(B.) reputation. — v.i. to have a particular
taste or smell : to be like. [Fr. saveur —
L. .ia}7or — sapio, to taste.]
SAVORY, sa'vor-i, n. an aromatic kitchen
herb. [From Savor.]
SAVORY, sa'vur-i, adj. having savor or
relish : pleasant. — adv. Sa'vorily. — n.
Sa'voriness.
SAVOY, sa-voy', n. a kind of cabbage
brought orig. from Savoy, in France.
SAW, saw, pa.t. of See.
SAW, saw, n. an instrument for cutting,
formed of a blade, band, or disc of thin
steel, with a toothed edge. — v.t. to cut
with a saw. — v.i. to use a saw : to be cut
with a saw: — pa.t. sawed ; jja.p. sawed
or sawn. FA.S. saga ; cog. with G^e^.
siige. and allied to L. seco, to cut.]
SAW, saw, n. a saying : a proverb. [A.S.
sagu — sagian, secgan, to say. Doublet
Saga. See also Say.]
SAWDUST, saw'dust, n.. dust, or small
pieces of wood, etc., made in sawing.
SAWFISH, saw'Hsh, n. a Jish allied to the
shark, so called from the SOM'-Iike form
of its snout.
SAWMILL, saw'mil, n. a mill for sawing
timber.
SAWPIT, saw'pit, n. a pit where wood is
sawed.
SAWYER, saw'yer, n. one who saivs tim-
ber.
SAXIFRAGE, saks'i-fraj, n. a genus of al-
pine plants formerly used for dissolving
stone in the bladder. [Fr. — L, saxum, a
stone, and frango, to break.]
SAXON, saks'un, n. one of the people of
N. Germany who conquered England in
the 5th and 6th centuries : the language
of the Saxons. — adj. pertaining to the
Saxons, their language, country, or
architecture. [A.S. Seaxe — seax, O'. Ger.
sahs, a knife, a short sword ; so called
from the short sword which they carried.]
SAXONISM, saks'on-izm, n. a Saxon idiom.
SAY, sa, v.t. to utter in words : to speak :
to declare : to state : to answer. — v.i. to
speak : to relate : to state : — pa.t. and
pa.p. said (sed). — n. something said: a re-
mark : a speech. [A.S. sagian, secgan ;
cog. with Ice. segja, Ger. sagen. See Saw,
a saying.]
SAYING, sa'ing, n. something said: an ex-
pression : a maxim.
SBIRRO, zber'ro, n. (pi. Sbirri, zber're), an
Italian police-officer. [It.] •
SCAB, skab. n. a crust over a sore : a dis-
ease of sheep, resembling the mange,
[A.S. scceb ; Dan. scab, Ger. scliabe : L.
scabies, from scabo, Ger. schaben, to
scratch ; akin to Shave.]
SCABBARD, skab'ard, n. the casein which
the blade of a sword is kept. [M. E.
scauberk, prob. from Ice. skafa, chisel,
and biarga, Ger. bergen, to hide.]
SCABBED, skab'ed, adj. affected or covered
with scabs : diseased with the scab. — n.
Scabb'edness.
SCABBY, skab'i, adj., scabbed.— n. Scabb'i-
NESS.
SCAFFOLD, skaf'old, n. a temporarj- plat-
form for exhibiting or for supporting
something : for the execution of a crim-
inal.— v.t. to furnish with a scaffold : to
sustain. [O. Fr. eschafault, Fr. echafattd
(It. catafalco) ; from a Romance word,
found in Sp. catar, to view, anAfalco, It.
palco, a scaffold, f rom Ger. baZfce, a beam.
Doublet Catafalque.]
SCAFFOLDING, skaf'old-ing, n. a scaffold
of wood for supporting workmen while
building: materials for scaffolds: (fig.)
a frame : framework.
SCALABLE, skal'a-bl, adj. that may be
scaled or climbed.
SCALD, skawld, v.t. to burn with hot
liquid : to expose to a boiling liquid. — n.
a burn caused by hot liquid. — Scalding
hot, so hot as to "scald. [O. Fr. eschalder,
Fr. ichauder — L. excaldo, to bathe in
warm water, from calidus, warm, hot.]
SCALD, SKALD, skald, n. one of the
ancient Scandinavian poets. [Ice. and
Sw. skald.]
SCALE, skill, n. a ladder : series of steps :
a graduated measure : (music) a series of
all the tones : the order of a numeral
system : gradation : proportion : series.
— i'.^ to mount, as by a ladder: to ascend.
[L. scala, a ladder (for .icayidla). from
scando. to mount. Sans, si'anrf, to ascend.}
SCALE, skal, n. one of the small, thin
plates on a fish or reptile : a thin layer.
SCALE
378
SCEPTIC
— v.t. M clear of scales : to peel off in
thin layers. — v.i. to come off in thin
layers. [A.S. seealu, the scale of a fish ;
Ger. sehale, shell (whence Fr. ecaille, a
fish-scale). Doublet Shell and Skcll.]
SCALE, skal, n. the dish of a balance : a
balance— chiefly in pi. : — pi. Libra, one of
the signs of the zodiac. [A.S. scalu, a
balance. It is simply a form of Scale,
a thin plate.]
SCALED, skald, adj. having scales.
SCALENE, ska-len', arlj. (geom.) having
three unequal sides. — ii. a scalene tri-
angle. [Lit. " hmping-," Fr. — L. scalenus
— Gr. skalenos, uneven, from root of
skazo, to limij.]
SCALL, skawl, n. (B.) a scab : scabbiness.
[A.S. scalu, scale; simply a form of Scaie,
a thin plate.]
SCALLOP, skol'up, n. a bivalvular shell-
fish, ha^-ing the edge of its shell in the
form of a series of curves: one of a series
of curves in the edge of anything : a lace
band or collar, scalloped round the edges.
" Made myself fine with Capt. Ferrerss
lace band, being loth to wear my own
new scallop it is so fine." — Pepys. — v.t.
to cut the edge or border into scallops
or curves. [O. Fr. escalope : from Ger.
sehale. shell. See Scale, a shell.]
SCALP, skalp, n. the skin of the head on
which the hair grows : the skin of the
top of the head torn off as a token of
victory by the N. American Indians. —
v.t. to cut the scalp from. [Prob. from
Ice. skal, a skull, modified by confusion
with L. scalpo, to cut ; akin to Scale, a
shell, and Shell.]
SCALPEL, skalp'el, ?i. a small surgical
knife foV dissecting and operating. [L.
■^caljxllum, dim. of scalpnim, a knife —
senlpo, to cut.]
SCALY, skal'i, adj. covered with scales :
like scales : (bot.) formed of scales. — ii.
Scal'iness.
SCAMMONY, skam'o-ni, ?i. a cathartic
gum-resin obtained from a species of con-
volvulus in Asia Minor. [Gr. skamonia.]
SCAMP, skamp, n. a vagabond : a mean
fellow. — v.t. in phrase to scamp u-ork, to
do it dishonestly, without thoroughness.
[From Scamper.]
SCAMPER, skamp'er, r.i. to run with
speed and trepidation. [Lit. "to quit
the field," O. Fr. escamper — L. e.v, out
of, from, and campus, field ; cf. Decamp.]
SCAN, skan, v.t. to count the feet or
measures in a verse : to examine care-
fully : to scrutinize : — -iJi'.p. scanu'ing ;
jM.t. and pa.p. scanned. [Lit. "to
climb," Fr. scander, to scan — L. scando,
scansum, Saus. skaud, to ascend.]
SCANDAL, skan'dal, n. something said
which is false and injurious to reputa-
tion : disgrace : opprobrious censure.
[Orig. offence, Fr. scandale — L. scanda-
lu7n — Gr. skandalon, a snare laid for an
enemv. a stumbliny-block.]
SCANDALIZE, skan'dal-Iz, v.t. to give
scandal or offence to : to shock : to re-
proach : to disgrace.
SCANTDALOUS, skan'dal-us, adj. giving
scandal or offence : calling forth condem-
nation : openly vile : defamatory. — adv.
Scan'D ALOUSLY. — M. ScaN'DjVLOUSNESS.
SCANDINAVIAN, skan-di-na'\'i-an. adj. of
Scandinavia, the peninsula divided into
Norway and Sweden. The Scandinavian
languages are Icelandic, Danish, Swed-
ish, and Norwegian. [Latinized form of
the native name : the termination -avia,
sig. "island," being the same as the
Goth, an". Ice. e?/(as in Orkn-ey), A.S. ig.]
SCANSION, skan'.shun. ». act of scanning
or counting the measures in a verse.
8CANS0RIAL, skan-so'ri-al, adj., climb-
ing: formed for climbing. [From L.
scando, scansum. See Scax.I
SCANT, skant, adj. not full or plenti-
ful : scarcely sufficient : deficient. [Ice.
skammt. short, narrow.]
SCANTTLING kant'Hng, n. a little piece :
a piece or quantity cut for a particular
purpose : a certain proportion. [Fr.
echantillon, a sample — 0. Fr. cant, edge,
corner. See Cant, an edge.]
SCANTY, skant'i, adj., scant : not copious
or full : hardly sufficient : wanting ex-
tent : narrow : small. — adv. SCANT'ILY.
— n. SCAN'T'INESS.
SCAPEGOAT, skap'got, n. a goat on
which, once a year, the Jewish high-
priest confessed the sins of the people,
and whicli was. then allowed to escape
into the wilderness. [Escape and Goat.]
SCAPEGRACE, skap'gras, n. a graceless
harebrained fellow. [Lit. " one who has
escaped grace."]
SCAPEMENT. Same as Escapement.
SCAPULAR, skap'u-lar, adj. pertaining to
the shoulder. [Fr. — Low L. scapularis —
L. scapidce, the shoulder-blades.]
SCAPULAR, skap'u-lar, SCAPULARY,
skap'u-lar-i, n. an ornament worn by
some R. Cath. orders, consisting of two
woollen bands, one of which crosses the
shoulders, and the other the breast.
SCAR, skar, ?!. the mark left by a wound
or sore: any mark or blemish. — v.t.
to mark with a scar. — v.i. to become
scarred: — pr.p. scarr'ing; ^ja.f. a.nd jia.p.
scarred. [Fr. escarre — L. eschara — Gr.
eschara, a fireplace, a scab on a wound
produced by burning.]
SCAR, skar, n. a precipitous bank or rock.
[A Scand. word, as Ice. sker, from the
root of Shear, v.. and Shore, the coast.]
SCARAMOUCH, skar'a-mowch, n. a buf-
foon : a bragging, cowardly fellow. [Fr.,
through It., from O. Ger. sker7nayi. to
fight." See Skirmish.]
SCARCE, skars, adj. not jj^entiful : not
equal to the demand : rare : not com-
mon.—adv. SCARCE'LY, (B.) Scarce.— H.
Scarce'ness. [Lit. " picked out," O. Fr.
escars (Fr. echars), niggardly — Low L.
scarpsits == e.r-carjjs«s, for L. excerx>tus,
pa.p. of excerpo — ex. out of, and carpo,
to pick.]
SCARCITY, skars'i-ti, n. state of being
searce : deficiency : rareness.
SCARE, skar, v.t. to drive away by fright-
ening : to strike with sudden terror.
[Scot, skair, to take fright, conn, with
Ice. skjarr, shj", timid, Ger. (sich) scheren,
to make off.]
SCARECROW, skar'kro, n. anything set
up to scare away croifs or other birds :
a vain cause of terror.
SCARE-SINNER, skar'-sin-er, n. one who
or that wliich frightens sinners. "Do
stop that death - looking, long - striding
scoundrel of a scare-sin Her (Death) who
is posting after me." — Sterne.
SCARF. skSrf, n. a light piece of dress worn
loosely on the shoulders or about the
neck : a light handkerchief for the neck :
— pi. Scarfs. [Fr. eeharpe, a scarf, a
girdle, orig. the pocket which a pilgrim
bore suspended from his neck (cf. ScRIP),
from O. Ger. scherbe, a pocket.]
SCARF, skarf, v.t. to join two pieces of
timber endwise, so that they may be used
as one. — n. Scarf'lng. [Sw. skarfa, Dan.
skari-e, to join together ; Ger. scharben,
to cut small, A.S. scearfe. a fragment.
The fundamental idea is that of pointing,
cutting, and so piecing together ; conn.
with Shear, v.]
SCARFSKIN. skarfskin, n. the scurf or
surface skin : the cuticle or outer skin of
animals. [A.S. sceorf, scurf, and SkEs'.
See SCTBF.J
SCARIFICATION, skar-i-fi-ka'shun, n. act
of scarifying.
SCARIFY, skar'i-fi, v.t. to scratch or slight-
ly cut the skin : to make small cuts with
a lancet, so as to draw blood : — jja.t. and
jia.p. scar'ified. [Fr. scarijier — L. scari-
Jico, -atuDi — Gr. skarijJhaomai — skar-
iphos, an etching tool.]
SCARLATINA, skar-la-te'na, SCARLBff-
FEVER, skar'let-fe'ver, n. a contagioas
fever, known by the scarlet flush which
accompanies it.
SCARLET, skar'let, n. a bright-red color :
scarlet cloth. — adj. of the color called
scarlet. [O. Fr. e.scarlate (Fr. ecarlaie ,
throug'h Low L. scarlatum — Pers. sakir-
lat, perh. from Gr. Sikelia, Sicily, which
during the Arab domination had a large
cotton and silk manufacture.]
SCARLET-RUNNT;R, skarlet-run'er, n. a
plant with scarlet flowers which runs up
any support.
SCARP, skarp. Same as Escarp. [Fr. es-
carpe, through It. Scarpa, from O. Ger.
.•icarji (Ger. scharf). E. Sharp.]
SCARPINES, skar'pinz, n.pl. an instru-
ment of tortvire resembling the boot.
"Being twice racked ... I was put to
the sear23ines, whereof I am, as you see,
somewhat lame of one leg." — Kingsley.
[Fr. escarpins.]
SCARY, ska'ri, adj. subject to a scare :
alarmed: frigiitened : scared. \Miittier,
SCATH, SCATHE, skath, n. damage, in-
jury.— v.t. to injure. [A.S. sceatha, an
enemv. cog. with Ger. schade, injury.]
SCATHLESS, skath'les or skath'les, adj.
without damage, or injurv.
SCATTER, skat'^er, v.i. to 'disperse in all
directions : to throw looselv about : to
strew: to sprinkle. — v.i. to be dispersed
or dissipated. [A.S. scateran, scaterian.
See Shatter.]
SCA"S*ENGER, skav'en-jer, n. one who
cleans the streets. [Orig. scavager, an
inspector of goods for sale, and also of the
streets ; from obs. E. scavage, duty on
goods for sale — A.S. sceawian, to inspect,
E. Show.]
SCENE, sen, n. {orig.) the stage of a theatre
on which the actors perform : a picture
of the place of an action : a large painted
view : place of action, occurrence, or
exhibition : the part of a play acted with-
out change of place : a series of events
connected and exhibited : a number of
objects presented to the \iew at once :
spectacle : view : a display of strong
feeling between two or more persons.
[Fr. scene — L. scena — Gr. skene, a covered
place, a booth, a stage.]
SCENERY, sen'er-i, n. tlie painted repre-
sentation on a stage : the appearance of
anything presented to the eye : general
aspect of a landscape.
SCENIC, sen'ik or se'nik, adj. pertaining
to scenery : dramatic : theatrical.
SCENOGRAPHIC, sen-o-graf'ik, SCENO-
GRAPHICAL, sen-o-graf'ik-al, adj.
drawn in perspective. — adv. SCENO-
graph'ically.
SCENOGRAPHY, se-nog'ra-fi, n. the art
of perspective : representation in j)er-
spective. [Gr. skaw. a scene, and ijrapho,
to write, delineate.]
SCENT, sent, v.t. to discern by the sens*
of smell : to perfume. — n. odor : sense
of smell : chase followed by t)ie scent :
course of pursuit. [Fr. sentir—'L. sentio,
lit. "to discern by the senses." See
Sense.]
SCEPTIC, skep'tik, SCEPTICAL, skejj'tik-
al, adj. doubting : hesitating to admit
the certainty of doctrines or principles :
(theol.) doubting or denying the truth of
revelation. — n. Sceptic one who is scei>-
tical : {theol.) one who doubts or denies
SCEPTICISM
379
SCORK
the existence of God or the truths of
revelation. — adv. Sckp'ticalx,y. [L.
scejitieus — Gr. skejitikos, thoughtful, re-
flective— skeptomai, to look about, to
consider.]
SCEPTICISM, skep'ti-sizm, n. doubt : the
doctrine that no facts can be certainly
known : (theol.) doubt of the existence
of God or the truth of revelation.
SCEPTRAL, sep'tral, adj. pertaining to or
resembling a sceptre. "Large red lilies
of love, sceptral and tall." — Sinnburne.
SCEPTRE, sep'ter, n. the staff or baton
borne by kings as an emblem of author-
ity: royal power. [L. sceptrum — Gr. skep-
tron, a staff to lean upon — skejJto, to
lean.]
SCEPTRED, sep'trd, adj. bearing a sceptre.
SCEPTRY, sep'tri, adj. bearing a sceptre :
sceptred : royal. " BUs highness Lu-
dolph's sceptr'y hand." — Keats.
SCHEDULE, sked'ul, n. a piece of paper
containing some writing : a list, inven-
tory, or table. — v.t. to place in a schedule
or Ust. [O. Fr. schedule (Fr. cedule) — L.
schedula, dim. of scheda, a strip of papy-
rus, Gr. schede, anything formed bj' cleav-
ing, a leaf, from L. scindo, Gr. schizo, to
cleave.]
SCHEIK. Same as Sheik.
SCHEME, skem, n. plan : something con-
trived to be done: purpose: plot: a com-
bination of things by design : an illustra-
tive diagram. — v.t. to plan : to contrive.
— v.i. to form a plan or scheme. — n.
Schem'er. [Fr. — L. schema — Gr. schema,
form or shape — echo, scheso, to have or
hold.]
SCHEMING, skem'ing, adj. given to form-
ing schemes : intriguing.
SCHISM, sizm, n. a separation in a church,
from diversitj- of opinion. [L. sehisma —
Gr. schizo, to" split.]
SCHISMATIC,siz-mat'ik,SCHISMATICAL,
siz-mat'ik-al, adj. tending to, or of the
nature of schism. — n. Schisiiat'ic, one
who separates from a church on account
of difference of opinion. — adv. Schismat'-
ICALLY. [L. schismaticus — Gr. schismaii-
kos — sehisma.]
SCHIST, shist, ?i. (geol.) a kind of rock
spZiiiiHgf into thin laj-ers: slate-rock. [Fr.
schiste — Gr. schisios — schizo, to split.]
SCHISTIC, shist'ik, SCHISTOUS, shist'us,
SCHISTOSE, shist-os', adj. like schist :
having a slaty structure.
SCHIZOGNATfi.^, shiz-og'na-the, n.pl. a
sub-order of carinate birds, proposed by
Huxley to include the Gallina3, GrallEe,
and Natatores of Cuvier. [Gr. schizo, to
cleave, and gnathos, jaw-bone.]
SCHOLAR, skol'ar, n. a pupil: a disciple: a
student : one who has received a learned
education : a man of learning : in the
English universities, an undergraduate
partlj' supported from the revenues of a
college. — Scholar's MATE, in chess, a sim-
ple mode of checkmate, frequently prac-
ticed on inexperienced players, in which
the skilled player's queen, supported by
a bishop, mates the tyro's king in four
moves. '■ A simple trip, akin to .scholars
mate at chess." — H. Kiiigsley. [L. schol-
aris. belonging to a school — schola. See
School.]
SCHOLARLY, skol'ar-li, adj. like or becom-
ing a scholar.
SCHOLARSHIP, skol'ar-ship, n. the char-
acter of a scholar : learning : in the En-
glish universities, maintenance for a
scholar.
SCHOLASTIC, sko-las'tik, adj. pertaining
to a scholar or to schools : scholar-like :
pertaining to the schoolmen: excessively
subtle. — li. one who adheres to the meth-
od or subtleties of the schools of the mid-
dle ages. [Fr. — L. scholastieus — Gr. scho-
lastikos — scholazo, to have leisure, to at-
tend .school — schole, leisure. Cf. School.]
SCHOLL\ST, sko'li-ast, n. a writer of scho-
lia. [Gr. scholiastes'—.schoHon, a scholi-
um.]
SCHOLL\STIC, sko-li-ast'ik, adj. pertain-
ing to a scholiast or to scholia.
SCHOLIUM, sko'li-um,?i. one of the margi-
nal notes of the old critics on the ancient
classics : (math.) an explanation added to
a problem -.—pil. Scho'LIA, Scho'LIUMS.
[Low L. — Gr. scholion, a short note or
comment — schole, leisure.]
SCHOOL, sk65l, ?(. a place for instruction :
an institution of learning, esp. for chil-
dren: the pupils of a school: exercises for
instruction : the disciples of a particular
teacher, or those who hold a common
doctrine. — v.t. to educate in a school : to
instruct : to admonish. [L. schola — Gr.
■schole, leisure, a lecture, a school.]
SCHOOLMAN, skool'man. n. one of the
philosophers and divines of the second
half of the middle-ages.
SCHOOLMASTER, skool'mas-ter, n. the
master or teacher of a school : (B.) a
pedagogue -.—fern. School'mistress.
SCHOONER, skoon'er, n. a sharp-built,
swift-sailing vessel, generallj- two-mast-
ed, rigged either witn fore-and-aft sails
on both masts, or with square top and
top-gallant sails on the foremast. [Coined
in I?ew England from the Prov. Eng.
scooii (Scot, scon), to make a flat stone
skip along the surface of water.]
SCIATIC, si-at'ik, SCIATICAL, sl-at'ik-al,
adj. pertaining to or affecting the hip.
[Low L. seiatieus — Gr. ischion, the hip-
joint.]
SCIATICA, sl-at'ik-a, ji. a rheumatic affec-
tion of the hip-joint : a neuralgic affec-
tion of the sciatic nerve. [Low L. sci-
atica— Gr. ischion.']
SCIENCE, si'ens, n., knouiedge (system-
atized) : truth ascertained : pursuit of
knowledge or truth for its own sake :
knowledge arranged under general truths
and principles : that which refers to ab-
stract principles, as distinguished from
" art." [Fr. — L. scientia — sciens, -eiitis,
pr.p. of scto, to know.]
SCIENTIFIC, sl-en-tif'ik, SCIENTIFICAL,
si-en-tif'ik-al, adj. producing or contain-
ing science : according to or versed in
science. — adv. Scientit'ically. [Fr. sci-
entijique — L. scientia, science, fado, to
make.]
SCIENTIST, si'ent-ist, n. one who studies
science, esp. natural science.
SCIMITAR, sim'i-tar, n. a short, single-
edged curved sword, broadest at the
point end, used by the Turks and Per-
sians. [Prob. through Sp. cimitarra,
from Basque cime - terra, something
'• with a fine edge."]
SCINTILLATE, sin'til-lat, v.i. to throw out
sparks: to sparkle. [L. scintilla, a, spAvk.]
SCINTILLATION, .sin-til-la'shun, n. act of
throwing out sparks : shining with a
twinkling light.
SCIOLISM. sT'ol-izm, n. superficial knowl-
edge. [L. sciolus, dim. of sctws, knowing
— scio. to know.]
SCIOLIST, sl'ol-ist, n. one who knows any-
thing superficial!}': a pretender to .science.
SCION, srun,ii. a CM^Jiugr or twig for graft-
ing : a young member of a family. Also
spelt ClON, when used for the shoot of a
plant. [Fr. (for secion) — L. sectio, a cut-
ting—.seco, to cut.]
SCIRRHOUS, skir'rus, adj., hardened:
liroceeding from .scirrhus.
SCIRRHUS, skir'rus, n. (med.) a, hardened
gland forming a tumor: a hardening, esp.
that preceding cancer. [Gr. skiros, hard.]
SCISSOR.S, siz'urz. n.})!. a cutting instru-
ment consisting of two blades fastened
at the middle. [Formerlj- written cisors
— O.Fr. cisoires, conn, with Fr. ci.seaux,
scissors, from LateL. cisorium, a cutting
instrument — L. ccedo, to cut.]
SCLAVE. SCLAVONIAN, etc. See Slav,
Slavonic.
SCLEROTIC, skle-rot'ik, adj., hard, firm,
noting the outer membrane of the eye-
ball.— n. the outermost membrane of th«
eyeball. [From Gr. skleros, bard.]
SCOFF, skof, v.t. to mock: to treat with
scorn. — v.i. to show contempt or scorn.
— n. an expression of scorn or contempt. —
n. Scoff'er. [Dan. skuffe, to delude, al-
lied to Fris. schof.]
SCOLD, skold, v.i. to rail in a loud and vio-
lent manner: to find fault.— f.i. to chide
rudely: to rebuke in words. — n. a rude,
clamorous woman. — n. Scold'er. [Low
Ger. sdielden, Ger. schelten, to brawl, to
scold.]
SCOLLOP. Same as Scallop.
SCONCE, skons, n. a bulwark : a small
fort : a protective headpiece, hence the
head, the skull. [O. Fr. sconcer, escon-
cer, to conceal, to withdraw — L. ab-
.scondere.]
SCONCE, skons, n. the part of a candle-
stick for the candle : a hanging candle-
stick with a mirror to reflect the light.
[O.Fr. esconse — Low L. absconsa, sconsa,
oi-ig. a dark-lantern — L. absconsa can-
dela. a hidden light— abscondo, to hide,
candela, a light.]
SCOOP, skoop, v.t. to lift up, as water,
with something hollow : to empty with
a ladle : to make hollow: to dig out. — n.
anvthing hollow for scooping : a large
hollow shovel or ladle : a place hollowed
out : a sweeping stroke. [Cog. with
Dan. skuffe, Ger. schilppe, prob. from the
same root as Shoyel.]
SCOPE, skop, ?!. that which one sees, space
as far as one can see : room or oppor-
tunity for free outlook: space for action:
the end before the mind : intention. [L.
scopos — Gr. skopos — skopeo, skeptomai,
to look, to view.]
SCORBUTIC, skor-bu'tik, SCORBUTICAL,
-al, adj. pertaining to, resembling, or
diseased with scurvj-. [Late Low L. scor-
buticus^scorbutus, scurvy, prob. from O.
Dut. .schore (Dut. scheur), a break, rent,
and bot, bone, from the wasted appear-
ance of the limbs of a person afflicted
with .scurvv.]
SCORCH, skorch, v.t. to burn slightly : to
roast highly : to affect painfully with
heat. — VA. to be biirned on the surface :
to be dried up. [Lit. "to strip the bark
off," O. Fr. escorchier, from Low L. ex-
eorticare — L. corte,v, eorticis, bark. See
Cork.]
SCORE, skor, n. a mark or notch for keep-
ing count : a hue drawn : the number
twenty, once represented by a larger
notch": a reckoning : account : reason :
the original draught of a musical com-
position with all the parts, or its tran-
script. — v.t. to mark with notches or
lines : to furrow. — )i. Scor'er. [A.S.
scor, cog. with Ice. skor : akin to A.S.
sceran, E. Shear.]
SCORIA, sk6'ri-a, n., dro.s.s or slag left from
metal or ores after being under fire :—pi.
Scorle, sko'ri-a, volcanic ashes. [L.—
Gr. skoria.]
SCORN, skorn. v. disdain caused bj' a meaa
opinion : extreme contempt : object of
contempt. — v.t. to hold in extreme con-
tempt : to disdain : (B.) To laugh to
SCORN, to deride. — To THIXK SCORN, to
disdain or despise. [O. Fr. escoivier (It.
scornare), lit. " to take the horns off."
to humble, to insult, from L. exconiis,
hornless, from e.v, without, and coniua,
horns.]
SCORNER
380
SCROLL
«
SCORNER, skorn'er, n. one who scorns :
(jB.) one who scoffs at religion.
SCORNFUL, skorn'fool, adj. full of scorn :
contemptuous i disdainful. — adv. Scokn'-
FTLLT.
SCORPION, skor'pi-un, n. an insect with
claws like the lobster, and armed with
a poisonous stins; in its tail : one of the
signs of the zodiac : (B.) a whip with
points like a scorpion's tail. [Fr. — L.
Scorpio — Gr. skorpios. ]
SCOT, skot, n. a native of Scotland. [A
Celtic word, ety. dub.]
SCOTCH, skoch, SCOTTISH, skot'ish,
SCOTS, skots, adj. pertaining to Scot-
land, its people, or language. — ns.
Scotch'man, Scots'man, a native of
Scotland.
SCOTCH, skoch, v.t. to cut or wound
slightly. [Ety. dub.]
SCOTER, sko'ter, n. a species of marine
duck with dark plumage, also called the
" surf duck."
SCOT-FREE, skot'-fre, adj., free from scot
(obs.) or payment : untaxed : unhurt,
safe. — Scot and lot, a scot or tax origin-
ally assessed according to the lot or abil-
ity of the payer. [A.S. scot, sceot (cog.
with Ger. scliosz) — sceotan, to shoot, to
throw down as pavment. See SHOOT.]
SCOTTICISM, skot'i-sizm, n. a Scotch
idiom.
SCOUNDREL, skown'drel, n. a low, worth-
less fellow : a rascal : a man without
principle. — n. Scoun'drelism, baseness,
rascality. [It. scondaniolo, a coward —
scondere, to hide — L. abs-condere. See
Abscond.]
SCOUNDRELDOM, skown'drel-dum, n.
the character, habits, or practices of a
scoundrel : the community of scoun-
drels: scoundrels collectively. "High-
born scoiindreldom." — Froude.
SCOUR, skowr, v.t. to clean by rubbing
with something rough : to cleanse from
grease, dirt, etc.: to remove by rubbing :
to pass quickly over : to range. — n.
Scouk'ee. [O. Fr. escurer, Fr. ecurer ;
Ger. scheitern ; prob. both from Low L.
scurare. to sweep — L. ex-curare.]
SCOURGE, skurj, n. a whip made of
leather thongs : an instrument of punish-
ment : a punishment : means of punish-
ment.— v.t. to whip severely : to punish
in order to correct. — n. Scoueg'er. [Fr.
escourgee, ecourgee — L. (scutica) excori-
ata, (a whip) made of leather — corium,
leather.] .
SCOUT, skowt, n. one sent out to bring
in tidings, observe the enemj', etc. : a
college servant at Oxford. [O. Fr.
esconte — escouter (It. ascoltare) — L. aus-
eultare, to listen — auricula, auris, the
ear.]
SCOUT, skowt, v.t. to sneer at : to reject
with disdain. [Ace. to Wedgwood, Scot.
scout, to pour forth a liquid forcibly.]
SCOWL, skowl, v.i. to wrinkle the brows
in displeasure : to look sour or angry :
to look gloomj'. — ?i. the wrinkling of the
brows when displeased : a look of sullen-
ness, anger, or discontent. [Cog. with
Dan. sk^de, Dut. schuileti ; perh. conn,
with A.S. sceol, squint, Ger. schel, squint-
ing, Scot, skelly, to squint.]
SCRABBLE, skrab'l, v.i. (B.) to scrape or
make unmeaning marks : to scrawl.
[Freq. of Scrape!]
3CRAG, skrag, n. anything thin or lean
and rough : the bony part of the neck.
[Gael, sgreag, parched.]
SCRAG, skrag, vj. to put to death by
hanging : to hang. " Intimating by a
lively pantomimic representation that
scragging and hanging were one and the
same thing." — Dickens.
SCRAGGED, skrag-ed, SCRAGGY, skrag-i,
adj. lean and rough : uneven : rugged. —
Ji«. SCRAGG'EDSESS, SCRAGG'INESS. — adv.
SCRAGG'ILY.
SCRAMBLE, skram'bl, v.i. to struggle to
seize something before others : to catch
at or strive for rudelj' : to move on all-
fours. — n. act of scrambling. — n. SCRAM'-
BLER. [Prov. E. scramb, to rake together
with the hands, or scraynp, to snatch at ;
nearly allied to Scrabble and Scrape.]
SCRAP, skrap, n. a small piece : an uncon-
nected extract. — Scrap'-BOOK, n. a blank
book for scraps or extracts, prints, etc.
[From Scrape.]
SCRAPE, skrap, v.t. to make a harsh or
grating noise on : to rub with something
sharp : to remove by drawing a sharp
edge over : to collect by laborious effort:
to save penuriously. — n. a perplexing
situation : difficulty. [A.S. screopan ;
Ice. skrapa, to creak, grate : from the
sound.]
SCRAPER, skrap'er, n. an instrument used
for scraping, esp. the soles of shoes.
SCRAPING, skrap'ing, «. that which is
scraped off.
SCRATCH, skrach, v.t. to rub or mark the
surface with something pointed, as the
nails : to tear or dig with the claws. —
i:i. to use the nails or claws in tearing
or digging. — n. a mark or tear made
by scratching : a slight wound : the line
in a prize-ring up to which boxers are
led, hence test, trial, as in phrase "to
come up to the scratch." [Allied to Ger.
kratzen, Dut. krassen, to scratch, s being
intrusive.]
SCRATCHER, skrach'er, n. a bird which
scratches for food, as a hen.
SCRAWL, skrawl, v.t. and v.i. to scrape,
mark, or write irregularly, or hastily. —
ji. irregular or hasty writing.-ji.ScRAWL'-
ER. [Akin to Dut. schravelen, scrafelen,
to scrape.]
SCREAM, skrem, v.i. to cry out with a
shrill cry, as in fear or pain : to shriek.
— n. a shrill, sudden cry, as in fear or
pain : a shriek. [An imitative word,
found in Sw. skramma, to fear ; cf.
Creak, Crack. Screech, Shriek.]
SCREECH, skrech, v.i. to shriek or utter
a harsh, shrill, and sudden cry. — 7i. a
harsh, shrill, and sudden crj*. [An imi-
tative word, found in Gael, sgreach,
Scot, skreigh. See Scream.]
SCREECH-OWL, skrech'-owl, n. a kind of
oti'l, so called from its screeching cry.
SCREEN, skren, n. that which shelters
from danger or observation : a partition
in churches : a coarse riddle for sifting
coal, etc. — v.t. to shelter or conceal : to
pass through a coarse riddle. [O. Fr.
escren (Fr. ecran); of uncertain origin.]
SCREW, skroo, n. a cylinder with a spiral
groove or ridge on either its outer or
inner surface, used as a fastening and as
a mechanical power: a screw-propeller. —
v.t. to apply a screw to : to press with a
screw: to twist: to oppress by extortion:
to force : to squeeze. [Low Ger. schruve.
Ice. skrufa, Ger. schraube, whence prob.
Fr. ecroti.l
SCREW-DRm;R. skroo'-drlv'er, n. an
instrument for driving or turning scretv-
nails.
SCREW-JACK, skroo'-jak. Same as Jack-
screw.
SCREW-NAIL, skroo'-nal, n. a nail made
in the form of a screic.
SCREW - PROPELLER, skroo'-pro-pel'er,
n. a screiv or spiral-bladed wheel at the
stern of steam-vessels for propelling
them : a steamer so propelled.
SCREW-STEAMER, skroo'-stem'er, n. a
steamer propelled bv a screw.
SCRIBBLE, skrib'l, v'.t. to scratch or write
carelessly : to fill with worthless writ-
ing.— v.i. to write carelessly : to scrawl.
— n. Scribb'ler. [O. Fr. e'scrivailler, to
scribble — escrire, L. scribere. to write,
akin to Gr. grapho, to scratch.]
SCRIBE, skrib. n. a writer: a public or
official writer : a clerk, amanuensis,
secretary : {B.) a copyist or expounder of
the law.' [Fr. — L. scriba — scribo, scribere,
to write.]
SCRIMMAGE, skrim'aj, n. a skirmish : a
general fight. (Prob. a corr. of SKIR3IISH.]
SCRIMP, skrimp, v.t. to make too small or
short : to limit or shorten. — adj. short,
scanty. [Scot, scrimp, scanty ; Ger.
schnimpfen, to shrink.]
SCRIP, skrip, n. that which is written : a
piece of paper containing writing : a cer-
tificate of stock or shares in any joint-
stock company subscribed or allotted.
[L. scriptum, pa.p. of scribo.}
SCRIP, skrip. n. a small bag or wallet.
[Ice. skrcppa ; conn, with Scarf.]
SCRIPT, skript, n. (pnnt)type like icritten
letters. [L. scriptum — scribo. to write.]
SCRIPTURAL, skript'ur-al. adj. contained
in Scripture : according to Scripture :
biblical.— adr.ScRiPT'tTRALLY.—n.SCRlPT'-
PRAT.KESS.
SCRIPTURE, skript'ur, n. sacred writing :
the Bible. — The Scriptures, the Bible.
[Lit. a uriting, L. s?riptura — scribo. to
write.]
SCRIVEN, skriv'n, v.t. and v.i. to write in
a scrivener-like manner. "A mortgage
serivened up to ten skins of parchment."
— Roger North. " Two or three hours'
hard scrivening." — Miss Edgeworth.
SCRIVENER, skriv'en-er, n. a scribe or
writer : a copyist : one who draws up
contracts, etc. : one who receives the
money of others to lay it out at interest
[O. Fr. escrivain (Fr. ecrivain) — Low L
scribanus, L. scriba, a scribe — scribo.]
SCROFULA, skrof'u-la, n. a disease due to
a deposit of tubercle in the glandular
and bony tissues, and in reality a form of
tuberculosis or consumption. It generally
shows itself by hard indolent tumors of
the glands in various parts of the body,
but particularly in the neck, behind the
ears and under the chin, which after a
time suppurate and degenerate into ul-
cers, from which, instead of pus, a white
curdled matter is discharged. Scrofula
is not contagious, but it is often a he-
reditary disease ; its first appearance
is most usually between the third and
seventh j-ear of the child's age, but it
may arise between this and the age of
puberty ; after which it seldom makes its
first attack. It is promoted by every-
thing that debilitates, but it may remain
dormant through life and not show itself
till the next generation. In mild cases
the glands, after having suppurated,
slowh' heal ; in others, the eyes and eye-
lids become inflamed, the joints become
affected, the disease gradually extending
to the ligaments and bones, and produc-
ing a hectic and debilitated state under
which the patient sinks ; or it ends in
tuberculated lungs and pulmonan,- con-
sumption. Called also STRUMA and Klsa'S-
EVIL. [L. scrofulce, a swelling of the
glands of the neck, scrofula, from scrofa,
a breeding sow, so called because swins
were supposed to be subject to a simUar
complaint.]
SCROFULOUS, skrof'u-lus, adj. pertaining
to, resembling, or affected with scrofula.
SCROLL, skrol, n. a roll of paper or parch-
ment : a writing in the form of a roll : a
rough draught of anything : a schedule :
(arch.) a spiral ornament : the volute of
the Ionic and Corinthian capitals. [O.
Fr. escrol, Fr. icrmi; of uncertain or>
gin-]
SCRUB
381
SCUTTLE
SCRUB, skrub, v.t. to rub hard, esp. with
something rough. — v.i. to be laborious
and penurious -.—iw.p. scrubb'ing ; pa.t.
and pa.p. scrubbed. — n. one who works
hard and lives meanly : anything small
or mean : a worn-out brush : low under-
wood.— n. Scrubb'er. [Low Ger. schrub-
ben. Dan. skrubbe, to rub or scrub ; conn.
with SCEAPE.]
SCRUBBY, skrub'i, adj. laborious and pen-
urious: mean: small: stunted in growth.
SCRUPLE, skroo'pl, n. a small weight (20
grains, or i drachm): a very small quan-
tity: reluctance to decide or act, as from
motives of conscience: difficulty. — v.i. to
hesitate in deciding or acting. [Fr. scni-
pule — L. scrupulus, dim. of scrupus, a
rough, sharp stone, anxiety.]
SCRLTPULOUS, skroo'pu-lus, adj. having
scruples, doubts, or objections : conscien-
tious : cautious : exact. — adv. Scru'pu-
LOUSLY. [L. scmpulosus.]
SCRUPULOUSNESS, skroo ' pu - lus - nes,
SCRUPULOSITY, skroo-pu-los'i-ti, n.
state of being scrupulous : doubt : nice-
ness : precision.
SCRUTABLE, skroo'ta-bl, adj. capable of
being submitted to scrutiny : discover-
able by scrutiny, inquiry, or critical ex-
amination, " Shall we think God so
scrutable or ourselves so penetrating
that none of his secrets can escape us ? "
— Dr. H. More.
SCRUTATOR, skrod-ta'ter, n. one who
scrutinizes : a close examiner or in-
quirer : a scrutineer. Ayliffe ; Bailey.
[L., from scnitor, scrutatus, to explore.]
SCRUTINEER, skro6-ti-ner', n. one who
makes a scrutiny, or minute search or
inquiry.
SCRUTINIZE, skroo'ti-nTz, v.t. to search
minutely or closely : to examine care-
fully or critically : to investigate.
SCRUTINY, skroo'ti-ni, n. careful or min-
ute inquiry : critical examination : an
examination of the votes given at an
election for the purpose of correcting
the poll. [L. scrutinium — scrutor, to
search even to the rags — scruta, Gr.
gryte, rags, trash.]
SCUD, skud, v.i. to run quickly : (naut.)
to run before the wind in a gale : — pr.p,
scudd'ing ; pa.t. and pa.p. scudd'ed. — n.
act of moving quickly : loose, vapory
clouds driven swiftly along. [A.S. scu-
dan : Ger. schutterii.]
SCUDO, skoo'do (pi. SCUDI, skoo'de), n. an
Italian silver coin of different value in
the different states in which it was issued.
The Genoese scudo is equivalent to about
f 1.30 ; the Roman, |1.05 ; the Sardinian
and Milanese, 97 cents. This coin is
gradually disappearing before the deci-
mal coinage of the Italian kingdom, but
the name is sometiuies given to the piece
of 5 lire (about 97 cents). The old Roman
gold scudo was worth 10 silver scudi. [It.,
a shield, a crown, from L. scutum, a
shield ; so called from its bearing the
heraldic shield of the prince by whom it
was issued.]
SCUFFLE, skuf'l, v.i. to struggle closely :
to fight confusedly. — n. a struggle in
which the combatants grapple closely :
any confused contest. [A.S. scufan, to
shove ; Dan. skuffe, Sw. skuffa, to shove
or push, skuff, a blow, a thrust. See
Shove, Shovel.]
SCULK. Same as Skulk.
SCULL, skul, n. a short, light oar: a small
boat : a cock-boat. — v.t. to impel bj'
sculls: to propel by working an oar
from side to side of the stern, without
raising the blade from the water. — n.
ScviAJlNQ. [Scand. skol, to splash.]
SCULLER, skul'er, n. one who sculls : a
small boat rowed by two sculls pulled by
one man.
SCULLERY, skul'er-i, n. the place for
dishes and other kitchen utensils. [O.
Fr. esculier — escuelle — L. scutella, a sal-
ver— scutula, dim. of scutra, a dish.]
SCULLION, skul'yun, n. a servant in the
scullery : a servant for drudgery-work.
SCULPTOR, skulp'tor, n. one who carves
figui'es •.—fern. Scux,p'tkess.
SCULPTURAL, skulp'tur-al, adj. belong-
ing to sculpture.
SCULPTURE, skulp'tur, n. the art of carv-
ing figures in wood, stone, etc. : carved-
work. — v.t. to carve : to form, as a piece
of sculpture. [Fr. — L. sculptura — sculpo,
scuptutii, to carve, to cut, Gr. glyplio, to
carve.]
SCUM, skum, n., foam or froth: the ex-
traneous matter rising to the surface of
liquids, esp. when boiled or fermented :
refuse. — v.t. to take the scum from : to
skim : — pr.p. scumm'ing ; pa.t. and pa.p.
scummed. — n. SCUMM'ER. [Ice. skum;
Ger. schaum, foam, froth.]
SCUNCHEON, skun'shun, n. the stones or
arches thrown across the angles of a
square tower to support the alternate
sides of the octagonal spire : also, the
cross pieces of timber across the angles
to give strength and firmness to a frame.
SCUNNER, skun'er, v.t. to affect with
loathing, disgust, or nausea : to satiate.
"Scunnered wi' sweets." — Kingsley.
[Scotch.]
SCUP, skup, n. the name given in Rhode
Island to a small flsh belonging to the
sparoid family. In New York it is called
porgy. [From Indian name.]
SCUP, skup, n. a swing : a term still re-
tained by the descendants of the Dutch
settlers in New York. [Dut. schop, a
swing.]
SCUP, skup, v.i. in New York, to swing.
SCUPPER, skup'er, n. (naut.) a channel
cut through the water-ways and sides of
a ship at proper distances, and lined with
lead, for carrying off the water from the
deck. [Generally connected with scoop.
Wedgwood, however, refers it to O. Fr.
and Sp. escupir, to spit ; Armor, skopa, to
spit. The Teutonic forms (Ger. speigat,
Dan. spy-gat, lit. spit-hole) confirm his
derivation/]
SCUPPER-HOLE, skup'er-hol, n. a scup-
per. [See Scupper.]
SCUPPER-HOSE, skup'er-hoz, n. a leath-
ern pipe attached to the mouth of the
scuppers of the lower deck of a ship to
prevent the water from entering.
SCUPPER-NAIL, skup'er-nal, n. a nail
with a very broad head for covering a
large surface of the scupper-hose.
SCUPPERNONG, skup'er-nong, n. the
American name for a species of grape,
supposed to be a variety of Vitis vulpina,
cultivated and found wild in the Southern
States. It is said to have come from
G reece.
SCUPPER-PLUG, skup'er-plug, n. a plug
to stop a scupper.
SCURF, skurf, n. the crust or flaky matter
formed on the skin : anything adhering
to the surface. [A.S. scurf, cog. with Ice.
skurf II, from a root seen in A.S. sceorfian,
to scrape, scratch ; allied to SCRUB,
Scrape.]
SCURFY, skurf'i, adj. having scurf : like
scurf. — n. Scurf'iness,
SCURRILE, skur'ril, adj., buffoon-like: iest-
iug : foul-mouthed: low. [L. scurrilis —
sciirra, an elegant town-bred man, a
buffoon.]
SCURRILITY, skur-ril'it-i, n. buffoonery:
low or obscene jesting: indecencj* of lan-
guage : vulgar abuse. [L. scuiTilitas.]
SCURRILOUS, skur'ril-us, adj. using scur-
rility, or the language of a buffoon: in-
decent: vile: vulgar: opprobrious: grossly
abusive. — adv. SCUR'RILOUSLY.
SCURVILY, skurv'i-li, adv. in a scurvy
manner : meanly, basely.
SCURVINESS, skurv'i-nes, n. state of being
.scurvy : meanness.
SCURVY, skurv'i, n. a disease essentially
consisting in a depraved condition of the
blood, which chiefly affects sailors and
such as are deprived for a considerable
time of fresh provisions and a due quan-
tity of vegetable food. It is character-
ized by livid spots of various sizes, some-
times minute and sometimes large, pale-
ness, languor, lassitude, and depression
of spirits, general exhaustion, pains in
the limbs, occasionally with fetid breath,
spungy and bleeding gums, and bleeding
from almost all the mucous membranes.
It is much more prevalent in cold climates
than in warm. Fresh vegetables, farin-
aceous substances, and brisk fermented
liquors, good air, attention to cleanliness,
and due exercise, are among the principal
remedies, but the most useful article, both
as a preventative and as a curative agent,
is lime or lemon juice.
SCURVY, skurv'i, adj. scurfy ; covered or
affected by scurf or scabs ; scabby ; dis-
eased with scurvy; " Seurw/ or scabbed."
— Lev. xxi. 20: vile ; mean ; low ; vulgar ;
worthless ; contemptible ; as, a scurvy
fellow ; " A very scurvy tune to sing at
a man's funeral." — Shak. ; "That scurvy
custom of taking tobacco." — Swift: of-
fensive ; mischievous ; malicious ; as, a
scurvy trick :
Nay, but he prated
Aiid spoke such scurvy a.n<i provoking^ terms
Against your honor. — Shak.
SCURVY-GRASS, skurv'i-gras, n. the com-
mon name of several species of plants ot
the genus Cochlearia, nat. order Cruci-
feras. They are herbaceous plants, hav-
ing alternate leaves, the flowers disposed
in terminal racemes, and usually white.
The common scurvy-grass (C. officinalis)
grows abundantly on the sea coast, and
along rivers near the sea. The leaves
have an acrid and slightly bitter taste :
they are eaten as a salad, and are anti-
scorbutic and stimulating to the digest-
ive organs.
Some scurvy-grass do brin^.
That inwardly applied's a wondrous sovereisu thin^.
—Drayton.
[A corruption of scurvy-cress, so named
because used as a cure for scurvy.]
SCUT AGE, sku'taj, n. a pecuniary fine or
tax, instead of personal service, which a
vassal or tenant owed to his lord, some-
times levied by the crown in feudal
times. [From L. scutum, a shield.]
SCUTCHEON. Same as Escutcheon.
SCUTIFORM, sku'ti-form, adj. having the
form of a .shield. [L. scutum, a shield,
and FORM.l
SCUTTER, skut'er, n. a hasty, noisy, short
run : a scuttle: a scamper. " A scutter
downstairs." — E. Bronte. [Provincial.]
SCUTTLE, skut'l, n. a shallow basket : a
vessel for holding coal. [A.S. scutel, O.
Fr. escuelle— 1,. scutella, a salver — scutula,
dim. of scutra, a dish. See Scullery.]
SCUTTLE, skut'l, n. the openings or hatch-
ways of a ship : a hole through the
hatches or in the side or bottom of a
ship. — v.t. to cut holes through any part
of a ship : to sink a ship by cutting holes
in it. [O. Fr. escoutille, a hatchway,
from O. Ger. scoz, Ger. schoosz, bosom,
lap.]
SCUTTLE, skut'l, v.i. to scud or run with
haste : to hurry. — n. a quick run. [From
Scud.]
SCUTUM
382
SEA-SICKNESS
SCUTUM, sku'tum, n. the shield of the
heavy-armed Roman legionaries : it was
generally oval or of a semi-cylindrical
shape, made of wood or wicker-work,
covered witli leather, and defended with
plates of iron : in anat. the patella or
knee-pan, from its shape : in zool. (a)
the second section of the upper surface
of the segment of an insect ; (6) any
shield-like plate, especially such as is
developed in the integument of many
reptiles : in old km-, a pent-house or
awning. [L.]
SCYBALA, sib a-la, n.pl. in pathol. small
indurated balls or fragments into which
the faces become converted when too
long retained in the colon. [Gr. skybalon,
dung.]
SCYE, SI, n. the curve cut in a body piece
of a garment before the sleeve is sewed
in, to suit the contour of the arm.
SCYLE, sil, i'.^ to conceal : to veil. Chau-
cer. [A.S. scylan, to separate, to with-
draw.]
SCTTHE. sith, n. a kind of sickle : an in-
strument with a large curved blade for
mowing grass, etc. — v.t. to cut frith a
scythe, to mow. [A.S. sithe ; Ice. sigd,
Low Ger. sigde, a sickle, akin to L. securis,
an axe, seco. to cut.]
SCYTHE-WHET, sUh'-whet, n. a name
given in the United States to the bird Tur-
mis fuscescens (Wilson's thrush), from
the sharp metallic ring of its note. J. R.
Lowell.
SEA. se. n. the great mass of salt water
covering the greater part of the earth's
surface : any great expanse of water less
than an ocean : the ocean : the swell of
the sea in a tempest : a wave : any large
quantity of liquid: any rough or agitated
place or element. — At SEA, away from
land : on the ocean. — Half-seas over,
half-drunk. — HIGH seas, the open ocean.
— To GO TO SEA, to become a sailor. [A.S.
tee : Ger. see. Goth, saivs, lake, Ice. sior,
Sans. scwa. water.]
SEA-ANEMONE, se'-a-nem'o-ne, n. a kind
of polyp, like an anemone, found on rocks
on the seacoast.
SEABOARD, se'bord, n. the border or shore
of the sea. [Sea, and Fr. bord, border,
the shore.]
SEACOAST, se'kost, n. the coast or shore
of the sea : the land adjacent to the sea.
SEAFARING, se'far-ing, adj., faring or go-
ing to sea: belonging to a seaman. [Sea
and Fare. ]
SEAGAGE. se'gaj, n. the depth a vessel
sinks in the water. [Sea and G.VGE.]
SEAGIRT, se'gert, adj., girt or surrounded
by the sea.
SEA-GOING, se'-go'ing, adj. sailing on the
deep sea, as opposed to coasting or river
(vessels).
SEAGREEN, se'g:ren, adj., green like the
sea.
SEAHORSE, se'hors, n. the walrus : the
hippopotamus or river-horse : the hippo-
campus.
SEA-ISLAND, se'-i'land, adj. a term ap-
plied to a fine long-stapled variety of cot-
ton grown on the islands off the coast of
South Carolina and Georgia.
SEAKALE, se'kal, n. a kind of kale or cab-
bage found on sandy shores of the sea.
SEAKING, se'king, n. a name sometimes
given to the leaders of the early Scandi-
navian piratical expeditions. [Based on
a false ety. of Viking, which see.]
SEAL, sel, n. an engraved stamp for im-
pressing the wax which closes a letter,
etc. : the wax or other substance so im-
pressed: that which makes fast or secure:
that which authenticates or ratifies : as-
surance.— v.t. to fasten with a seal: to set
a seal to: to mark with a stamp: to make
fast: to confirm: to keep secure. — Great
seal, the state seal of Great Britain and
Ireland, and of the commonwealths of the
Union; as of Massachusetts and Pennsyl-
vania. Notaries public usually have au-
thority to affix a seal to public documents
of record, such as mortgages, deeds, etc.
Corporations have corporate seals. [A.S.
sigle (Ger. siegel, It. sigillo), all from L.
sigiUtun, dim. of sigHiim, amark or sign.]
SEAL, sel, n. a marine animal valuable for
its sldn and oil. [A.S. seolh ; Ice. selr. O.
Ger. selah.]
SEAL, sel, v.i. to fix a seal. "Yes. Shy-
lock, I will seal unto this bond." — Shale.
SEAL-ENGRAVING, sel'-en-grav'ing, n.
the art of engra\'lng seals.
SEA-LEVEL, se'-lev'el, n. the level or sur-
face of the sea.
SEALING-WAX. sel'ing-waks, n., wax for
sealing letters, etc.
SEAL-RING, sel'-ring, n, a signet-ring.
" I have lost a seal-ring of my grand-
father's, worth forty mark.'" — Shah:
SEAL-SKIN, sel'-skin, )(. the skin of the
seal, which when dressed with the fur on
is made into caps and other articles of
clothing, or when tanned is used in mak-
ing boots, etc. The skin of some species,
as the sea-bear or fur-seal, when the
coarser long outer hairs are removed,
leaving the soft under fur, is the ex-
pensive seal-skin of which ladies' jackets,
etc., are made.
SEAL-WAX, sel'-waks, n. sealing-wax.
•'Your organs are not so dull that I
should inform you 'tis an inch, sir, of
seal-ioax. " — Sterne.
SEAM, sem, n. that which is sewed : the
line formed by the sewing together of
two pieces : a Une of union : a vein or
stratum of metal, ore, coal, etc. : (geol.)
a thin layer between thicker strata. —
v.t. to unite by a seam : to sew : to make
a seam in. [A.S. seam, from seowian,
to sew; Ice. saiimr. Ger. sawn, a seam.]
SEAMAN, se'man. n. a 7nan who assists in
the na^agation of ships at sea : a sailor.
SEAMANSHIP, se'man-ship, n. the art of
navigating ships at sea.
SEAMARK, se'niark, n. any mark or object
on land serving as a guide to those at
sea .■ a beacon.
SEAMEW, se'mu, n. a species of gull.
SEAMLESS, sem'les, adj., icithout a seam :
woven throughout.
SEAMSTRESS, sem'stres or sem'-, ?i. one
who sews. [From Seam ; doublet Semp-
stress.]
SEAMY, sem'i, adj. ha\nng a seam or
seams.
SEAN, sen, n. a drag-net : a seine. [See
Seine.]
STANCE, sa'angs, n. a sitting, as of some
public body : a sitting for consideration
or inquiry : a meeting of Spiritualists for
purposes of "communication" through
mediums. [Fr., from L. sedeo, to sit.]
SEA-OTTER,se'-ot-er, n. a marine mammal
of the genus Enhydra (E. marina), of the
family Mustelida^, and closely allied to the
common otter. It averages about 4 feet
in length including the tail, which is
about 7 inclies long. The ears are small
and erect, and the whiskers long and
white, the legs are short and thick, the
hinder ones somewhat resembling those
of a seal. The fur is extremely soft, and of
a deep glossy black. The skins of the
sea-otters are of great value, and have
long been an article of considerable ex-
port from Alaska.
SEAPIECE, se'pes, n. a piece or picture
representing a scene at sea.
SEAPORT, se'port, n. a port or harbor on
the seashore: a town near such a harbor.
SEAR, ser, v.t. to dry up : to burn to dry-
ness on the surface : to scorch : to cau-
terize : to render callous or insensible. —
adj. dry, withered. [A.S. .fearian ; O.
Ger. soren, to drv. Low Ger. soor, .year.]
SEARCH, serch. v.t. to look round to find:
to seek : to examine ; to inspect : to ex-
plore : to put to the test. — v.i. to seek
for : to make inquiry. — n. the act of .seek-
ing or looking for: examination: inquiry:
investigation : pursuit. [M.E. serchen,
eercheti — O. Fr. cercher (Fr. chercher)—
L. circare, to go about — circus, a circle.
See Circle.]
SEARCHER, serch'er, n. a seeker : an in-
quirer or examiner.
SEARCHING, serch'ing, adj. looking over
closely : penetrating- : trying : severe. —
adv. Search'ingly.
SEARCH-LIGHT, serch'-llt, n. a powerful
light fitted with reflectors and used in
the modern battle ships of the United
States, for the pvu'pose of illuminating
tlie vessel of an enemj'.
SEARCH-WARRANT, serch'-wor'ant, n.
in laic, a warrant granted by a justice of
the peace to a constable to enter the
premises of a person suspected of secret-
ing stolen goods, in order to discover,
and if found to seize, the goods. Similar
warrants are granted to search for prop-
erty or articles in respect of which other
offences are committed, such as base
coin, coiners' tools, also gunpowder,
nitro-glycerine, liquors, etc., kept con-
trary to law. LTnder the Federal Con-
stitution the law of search-warrant re-
quires that the propertj- sought and tlie
place to be entered and searched must
be specifically described. Before 1776,
Writs of Assistance were issued bj' royal
order in the Colonies, giving officers of
the crown the power to search and in-
vade the homes of the people in very
indiscriminate and outrageous fashion.
The reaction against such tyrannical in-
vasion of privacy gave us om* present
well-hedged law, under which the homes
of citizens may not be so invaded, and
search-warrants may not issue without
probable cause, indemnity bond in civil
cases, and a specific description of the
place and the property involved in the
process.
SEARED, serd, adj., dried up: burned:
hardened.
SEAROOM, se'room, n., room or space at
sea for a ship to drive about without
running ashore.
SEASALT, se'salt, Ji. common salt obtained
from sea-water by evaporation.
SEA-SERPENT, se'-ser'pent, n. a fabulous
sea-monster.
SEASHORE, se'shor, n. the land adjacent
to the sea.
SEA-SICK, se'-sik, adj. affected with sick-
ness through the rolling of a vessel .at
sea.
SEA-SICKNESS, se'-sik-nes, n. a nervous
affection attended with nausea and con-
vulsive vomiting, produced by the roll-
ing, but more especially the pitching of
a vessel at sea. Its origin and nature
are still imperfectly known. It usually
attacks those persons who are unaccus-
tomed to a seafaring life, but persons so
* accustomed do not always escape. It
may attack the strong and cautious,
while the debilitated and incautious may
go free. It may attack on smooth wa-
ters, while a rough sea may fail to pro-
duce it. It max V^^s away after the
lapse of a few hours, or last during a
whole voyage. One good authority ex-
plains it as an undue accumulation of
the blood in the nervous centres along
tlie back, and especially in those seg-
ments of the spinal cord related to the
SEASIDE
383
SEDITI ON
stomach and the muscles concerned in
vomiting, and recommends as the best
remedj- a^inst it the application of ice-
bags to the spinal column. In some
cases its violence may be considerably
mitigated by iced brandy, by small doses
of opium, by soda-water, or by saline
draughts in the effervescent state.
SEASIDE, se'sld, n. the land beside the
sea.
SEASON, se'zn, n. one of the four periods
of the year : the usual or pvoptr time :
any particular time : any period of time.
— v.t. to mature : to prepare for use : to
accustom : to fit for the taste : to give
relish to : to mingle : to moderate. — v.i.
to become seasoned or matured : to grow
fit for use : to become inured. — n. Sea'-
SOSER. [Fr. saison — L. satio, -onis, a
sowing, seedtime.]
SEASONABLE, se'zn-a-bl, adj. happening
in due season : occurring in good, suit-
able, or proper time : timely : opportune.
— adv. Sea'sosablt. — n. 'Sea'sonable-
NESS.
SEASONING, se'zn-ing, n. that which is
added to food to give it greater relish :
anything added to increase enjoyment.
[See Season.]
SEAT, set, n. that on which one sits : a
chair, bench, etc.: the place where one
sits : site : a place where anything is
established : post of authority : station :
abode : a mansion. — v.t. to place on a
seat : to cause to sit down : to place in
any situation, site, etc.: to establish : to
fix : to assign a seat to. [A.S. scete —
sitan. E. Sit, which see.]
SEA-UNICORN, se'-u'ni-korn, n. the imi-
com of the sea, the narwhal.
SEA-URCHIN, se'-ur'chin, n. the sea-
hedgehog. [So called from its spines.]
SEAWARD, se Ward, adj., towards the sea.
— adv. towards or in the direction of the
sea.
SEAWEED, se'wed, n. a weed or plant of
the sea.
SEAWORTHY, se'wur-<7ii, adj., worthy or
fit for sea.—n. Sea'worthiness.
SEBKA, seb'ka, n. a name of salt marshes
in North Africa, sometimes so hard on the
dried surface that laden camels can trav-
erse them, sometimes so soft that these
venturing to enter them sink beyond the
power of recovery.
SEBUNDY, se-buh'di, SEBUNDEE, se-
bun'de, n. in the East Indies, an irregu-
lar or native soldier or local militiarman,
generally employed in the serx-ice of the
revenue and police.
SECANT, se'kant. adj., cutting: dividing
into two parts. — n. a line that cuts an-
other : a straight Une from the centre of
a circle to one extremity of an arc, pro-
duced till it meets the tangent to the
other extremity. [L. secans, secant is,
pr.p. of st'co, to cut.]
SECEDE, se-sed', v.i. to go away: to separ-
ate one's self : to withdraw from fellow-
ship or association: to withdraw from the
Federal Union. [L. secedo, secessum — se,
away, and cedo, to go. See Cede.]
SECEDER, se-sed'er, re. one who secedes :
one of a body of Presbyterians who se-
ceded from the Churcli of Scotland about
1733.
SECESSION, se-sesh'un, n. the act of se-
cedimj : withdrawal : departure.
SECLUDE, se-klood', v.t. to shut apart: to
keep apart. [L. secludo, seclusum — se,
apart, and claudo. to shut.]
SECLUSION, se-klo6'zhun. n. the act of
secluding : a shutting out : the state of
being secluded or apart : separation : re-
tirement : privacy : solitude.
SECOND, sek'und." adj. immediately fol-
lowing the first : the ordinal of two : next
in position : inferior. — n. one who or that
which follows or is second : one who at-
tends another in a duel or a prize-fight :
a supporter : the 60th part of a minute
of time, or of a degree. — v.t. to follow :
to act as second : to assist : to encourage:
to support the mover of a question or
resolution. [Fr. — L. secundiis—sequor,
scckYks, to follow. See Sequence.]
SECONDARILY, sek'und-ar-i-li, adv. in a
secondary manner or degree : (B.) sec-
ondly.
SECONDARY, sek'und-ar-i, adj., foUoiring
or coming after the first : second in posi-
tion : inferior : subordinate : deputed. —
m. a subordinate : a delegate or deputy.
IL. secundarius.]
SECONDER, sek'und-er, n. one who sec-
onds or supports.
SECOND-HAND, sek'und-hand, adj. re-
ceived as it were from the hand of a
second person : not new : that has been
used by another. [place.
SECONCLY, sek'und-li, adv. in the second
SECOND-SIGHT, sek'und-sit, n. a secored
or additional sigh t: povrer of seeing things
future or distant.
SECRECY, se'kre-si. n. the state of being
secret : sepa ration : concealment : retire-
ment : privacj' : fidelity to a secret : the
keeping of secrets.
SECRET, se'kret, adj. put apart or separ-
ate : concealed from notice : removed
from sight : unrevealed : hidden : se-
cluded : retired : private : keeping se-
crets : reserved. — n, that which is con-
cealed : anything unrevealed or un-
known : privacy : a light flexible coat of
chain-mail worn under the ordinary
outer garments. Sir W. Scott. [Fr. — L.
secretus, from secerno,secretum — se, ap.irt,
and eerno, to separate.]
SECRETARIAL, sek-re-ta'ri-al, adj. per-
tainiri^ to a secretary or bis duties.
SECRETARY, sek're-tar-i, 7!. one employed
to write for another : a public officer in-
trusted with the affairs of a department
of government, or of a company, etc. —
n. Sec'retaryship. [Lit. "one who is
intrusted with secrets," a confidant, Fr.
secretaire — Low L. seeretariws. See Se-
cret.]
SECRETE, se-kret', v.t. to put apart or
make secret : to hide : to conceal : to
produce from the circulating fluids, as
the" blood in animals, the sap in vege-
tables. [L. secerno. secretum.']
SECRETION, se-kre'shun, n. the act of se-
creting or separating from a circulating
fluid: that which is secreted.
SECRETIVE, se-kret'iv, adj. tending to or
causing secretion : given to secrecy or to
keeping secrets. — adv. Secret'Ively. — n.
Secret'iveness.
SECRETLY, se'kret-li, adv. in a secret
manner: privately: unknown to others:
inwardly.
SECRETNTISS, se'kret-nes, n. the state of
being secret.
SECRETORY, se-kret'or-i, adj. performing
the office of secretion.
SECT, sekt, n. a body of men who unite in
holding some particular views, esp. in
religion and philosophy : those who dis-
sent from an established church. [Fr.
secte — L. secta, a way, a way of thinking,
hence a school of philosophy — seco, sec-
tuin. to cut off.]
SECTARIAN, sek-ta'ri-an, adj. pertaining
to or peculiar to a sect. — n. one of a sect.
SECTARLA.NISM, sek-ta'ri-an-izm, n. qual-
itj' or character of a sectarian : devotion
to a sect.
SECTARY, sek'tar-i, n. one of a sect : a
dissenter.
SECTILE, sek'til, adj. that may be cut
with a knife. [L. — seco, to cut.]
SECTION, sek'shun, n. act of cutting: a
division : a portion : the plan of any ob-
ject cut through, as it were, to show its
interior: the line formed by the inter-
section of two surfaces : the surface
formed when a solid is cut by a plane :
a square mile or 640 acres of land.
SECTIONAL, sek'shun-al, adj. pertaining
to a .section or distinct part. — adv. Skc-
tionally.
SECTOR, sek'tur, n. that which cuts: that
which is cut off : a portion of a circle be^
tween two radii and the intercepted arc:
a mathematical instrument for finding a
foui-th proportional.
SECULAR, sek'u-lar, adj. pertaining to an
age or generation : coming or observed
only once in a century : (geol.) gradually
becoming appreciable in the course of
ages : pertaining to the present world,
or to things not spiritual : not bound by
monastic rules. — n. a layman : an ec-
clesiastic not bound by monastic rules. —
adv. SEC'tJLARLY. [L. secularis — secu-
lum, an age. a generation.]
SECULARIST, sek'u-lar-ist. n. one who,
discarding religious belief and worship,
applies himself exclusively to the things
of this life.—?!. Sec'ULAKISM.
SECULARITY, sek-u-lar'i-ti, n. state of
being secular or worldlv : worldliness.
SECULARIZE, sek'u-lar-Iz, v.t. to make
secular : to convert from spiritual to
common use. — n. Seculariza'tion.
SECURABLE, se-kur'a-bl, adj. that may
be secured.
SECURE, se-kiir', adj., ivithout care or
anxiety, careless, so in B. : free from fear
or danger: safe: confident: incautious. —
v.t. to make safe : to render certain : to
guarantee : to fasten. — adv. Secuek'lt.
— n. Secure'ness. [L. se (for sine), with-
out, cura, care. See Cake.]
SECURITY, se-kur'i-ti, n. state of being
secure : freedom from fear: carelessness:
protection : certainty : a pledge : — pi.
bonds or certificates* in evidence of debt
or property.
SEDAN, se-dan', n. a covered chair for one,
carried by two men. [Invented at Sedan,
in France.]
SEDATE, se-dat', adj. quiet: serene: serious.
—adv. Sedate'ly.— n. Sedate'ness. [Lit.
" seated," " settled," L. sedatus — sedo,
sedutum, to seat, to compose, aldn to
sedeo. Sans, sad, to sit.]
SEDATIVE, sed'a-tiv, adj. tending to make
sedate or composed : moderating : allay-
ing irritation or pain. — n. a medicine that
allavs irritation or pain.
SEDENTARY, sed'en-tar-i, adj., sitting
much: passed chiefly in sitting: requiring
much sitting: : inactive. — adv. Sed'en-
TARILY. — n. Sed'entabiness. [L. sedcuta-
rius — sedeo, to sit.]
SEDERUNT, sed-e'runt, n. {Scotland) the
sitting of a court. [L. "they sat" —
sedeo, to sit.]
SEDGE, sej, n. a kind of flag or coarse
grass growing in swamps and rivers.
[Older form seg — A.S. secg : from root of
Saw, instrument for cutting, the sedge
being so called from its sharp, sword-like
leaves. Cf. GlabiOLCS.]
SEDGED, sejd, adj. composed of sedge or
flags.
SEDGY, sej'i, adj. overgrown with secge
SEDIMENT, sed'i-ment, n. that which set
ties at the bottom of a liquid : dregs. [L,
sedimentum — sedeo, to sit, to settle.]
SEDIMENTjVRY, sed-i-msnt'ar-i, adj. per-
tainmg to, consisting of, or formed by
sediment.
SEDITION, se-dish'un, n. insurrection :
anj- offence against the state next to
treason. [Lit. " agoing away," L. seditio
— se, away, and eo, itum, Sans, i, to go.]
SEDITIOUS
384
SELECTIVE
SEDITIOUS, se-dish'us, adj. pertaining to
sedition : of the nature of or tending to
excite sedition : turbulent. — adv. Sedi'-
TiousLY. — n. Sedi'tiousness.
SEDRAT, sed'rat, n. in Mohammedan myth.
the lotus-tree which stands on the right
side of the invisible throne of Allah.
Each seed of its fruit contains a houri,
and two rivers issue from its roots. In-
numerable birds carol in its branches,
which exceed in width the distance be-
tween heaven and earth, and numberless
angels rest in their shade.
6EDtJCE, se-dus', v.t. to draw aside from
rectitude : to entice : to corrupt. — n.
Sedu'cer. [L. seduco—se, aside, and duco,
ductum, to lead, to draw. See Duct.]
SEDUCEMENT, se-dus'ment, n. act of se-
ducing or drawing aside : allurement.
SEDUCTION,se-duk'shun,?i.act of seducing
or enticing from virtue : crime of fraud-
ulently depriving- an unmarried woman
of her chastity.
SEDUCTIVE, se-duk'tiv, adj. tending to
seduce or draw aside. — adu. Sedcc'tively.
SEDULOUS, sed'u-lus, adj. diligent : con-
stant. — adv. Sed'ulously. — n. Sed'u-
LOUSNESS. [Lit. " sitting constantly," L.
sedidus — sedeo, to sit.]
SEE, se, n. the seat or jurisdiction of a
bishop or archbishop. [O. Fr. se, sied —
L. sedes — sedeo, to sit. See Sit.]
SEE. se, v.t. to perceive by the eye : to
observe : to discover : to remark : to ex-
perience : to visit. — v.i. to look or inquire:
to discern : to understand : to be atten-
tive -.^pa.t. saw ; pa.p. .seen. — int. look I
behold ! — n. Se'ee. — To see to, to look
after : (B.) to behold. [A.S. seon, sehvan;
cog. with Ger. se/ien.]
SEED, sed, n. the thing somn : the sub-
stance produced by plants and animals
from which new plants and animals are
generated : first principle : original :
descendants. — v.i. to produce seed. [A.S.
seed — sdwan, E. Sow ; cog. with Ice.
sddh, Oer. saat.]
SEEDBUD, sed'bud, n. the bud or germ of
the seed.
SEEDCAKE, sed'kak, n. a sweet cake con-
taining aromatic seeds. [the seed,
SEEDLING, sed'ling, n. aplant reared from
SEEDLOBE, sed'lob, n. the lobe or leaf of
a plant which nourishes the growing
point or seed.
SEEDSMAN, seds'man, n. one who deals in
seeds : a sower : — pi. Seeds'men.
SEEDTIME, sed'tim, n. the time or season
for sowing seed.
SEEDY, sed'i, adj. abounding with seed :
run to seed : having the flavor of seeds :
worn out : shabby. — adv. Seed'ILT. — n.
Seed'iness. [since.
SEEING, se'ing, n., sight: vision. — conj.
SEEK, sek, v.t. to go in search of : to look
for : to try to find or gain : to ask for :
to solicit. — v.i. to make search or inquiry:
totrv : to use solicitation : (B.) to resort
to -.—pa.t. and pa.p. sought. — n. Seek'er.
[A.S. secan, cog. with Ger. suchen, E.
Sake.]
SEEK-SORROW, sek'-sor-6, n. one that
contrives to give himself vexation : a
self-tormentor. Sir P. Sidney.
SEEL, sel, v.t. to close the eyes of with a
thread: a term of falconry, it being acom-
mon practice to run a thread through
the eyelids of a hawk, so as to keep them
together, when first taken, to aid in mak-
ing it tractable. " A seeled dove that
mounts and mounts." — Bacon. Hence,
to close, as a person's eyes : to blind : to
hoodwink.
She that so younjr could give out such a seeniiiiE:,
To seel her fathers eyes up, close as oak. — Shafc.
Cold death . . . his sable eyes did seel. — Chapman.
[Fr. Ciller, siller, from cil, L. cilium, an
eyelash.]
SEEM, sem, v.i. to appear: to have a show:
to look. — v.t. (B.) to befit.— «. Seem'ee.
[A.S. seman, to place together, to adapt
or fit ; conn, with Same, and Ger. ziemen,
to be suitable.]
SEEMING, sem'ing, adj., apparent : spe-
cious. — n. appearance : semblance.— adi).
Seem'ingly. — n. Seem'ingness.
SEEMLY, sem'li, adj. (comp. Seem'lier,
siiperl. Seem'liest). becoming : suitable :
decent. — adv. in a decent or suitable man-
ner.—«. Seem'liness.
SEEN, sen, pa.p. of See.
SEER, se'r, n. one who foresees events : a
prophet.
SEESAW, se'saw, n. motion to and fro, as
in the act of sawing : a play among chil-
dren, in which two seated at opposite
ends of a board supported in the centre
move alternately up and down. — adj.
moving up and down, or to and fro. —
v.i. to move backwards and forwards.
[Prob. a reduplication of Saw.]
SEETHE, seth, v.t. to boil: to cook in hot
liquid. — v.i. to be boiling : to be hot : —
jja.t. seethed or sod ; pa.p. seethed or
sodd'en. [A.S. seothan, cog. with Ice.
sjiidha, and Ger. sieden.']
SEETHER, seth'er, n. one who or that
which seethes : a boiler : a pot for boil-
ing things.
She sets the kettle on;
Like burnished grold the little seeiher shone.
—Dryden.
SEFATIAN, se-fa'shi-an, n. one of a sect
of Mohammedans who hold peculiar
views with regard to the essential at-
tributes of God. They are opposed to
the Motazilites.
SEG, seg, n. sedge: also, the yellow flower-
de-luce.
SEG, SEGG, seg, n. a castrated bull : a
bull castrated when full grown : a bull-
seg. [Scotch.]
SEGAR, se-gar'. See Cigak.
SEGE, 71. a siege. Chaucer.
SEGGAR, seg'gar, n. the case of fire-clay
in which fine stoneware is inclosed while
being baked in the kiln. Written also
Sagger. [Prov. Yi.saggard, saggar, contr.
for safeguard. Cf. seggard, a riding sur-
tout.J
SEGHOL, se-gol', n. a Hebrew vowel-point,
or short vowel, thus •.• — indicating the
sound of the English e in m,en.
SEGHOLATE, se-gol'at, adj. marked* with
a seghol.
SEGMENT, seg'ment, ?i. a part cut off: a
portion : (geom.) the part of a circle cut
off by a straight line : the part of a
sphere cut off by a plane. [L. seco, to
cut.]
SEGMENT, seg'ment, v.t. to separate or
divide into segments : as, a segmented
cell.
SEGREGATE, seg're-gat, v.t. to separate
from others. — n. Segrega'TION. [Lit.
" to set apart fi-om a, Jiock," 1: segrego,
-atus — se, apart, and grex, gregis, a
flock.]
SEIDLITZ, sid'litz, adj. saline water of or
from Seidlitz in Bohemia, also a saline
aperient powder.
SEIGNIOR, sen'yur, n. a title of honor and
address in Europe to elders or superiors:
the lord of a manor. — Grand Seignior,
the Sultan of Turkey.— arfj. Seignorial,
se-no'ri-al. [Fr. seigneur — L. senior —
senex, old. In Low L. senior sometimes=.
domimis, lord. Doublet Sire.]
SEIGNIORY, sen'yur-i, n. the power or
authority of a seignior or lord : a manor.
SEINE, sen, n. a large net for catching fish.
[Fr. — L. sagena — Gr. sagene.'\
SEISMIC, sis'mic, adj. belonging to an
earthquake.
SEISMOLOGY, sis-mol'o-ji, n. the science
of earthquakes. [Gr. seismos, an earth-
quake, and logos.]
SEISMOMETER, sis-mom 'et-er, n. an in-
strument for measuring the direction
and force of earthquakes and similar con-
cussions. There are various contrivances
for this purpose, the most perfect of
which is perhaps the form used in the
observatory on Mount Vesuvius. It con-
sists of a delicate electric apparatus,
which is set to work by the agitation or
change of level of a mercurial column,
which records the time of the first shock,
the interval between the shocks, and the
duration of each ; their nature, whether
vertical or horizontal, the maximum in-
tensity ; and in the case of horizontal
shocks the direction is also given. [Gr.
seismos, a shaking, an earthquake, and
metron, a measure.]
SEISMOMETRY. sTs-mom'et-ri,«.the meas-
urement of the force and direction of
earthquakes, etc.: the art or practice of
using the seismometer.
SEIZE, sez, v.t. to take possession of forc-
ibly : to take hold of : to grasp : to ap-
prehend.— n. Seiz'er.— adj. Seiz'able.
[Fr. saisir (Prov. sazir, to take posses-
sion of) — O. Ger. sazjan, to set, Ger. be-
setzen, E. Beset.]
SEIZIN, sez'in, n. in law, (a) possession.
Seizin is of two sorts — seizin in deed or
fact and seizin in law. Seizin in fact
or deed is actual or corporal possession ;
seizin in law is when something is done
which the law accounts possession or
seizin, as enrolment, or when lands de-
scend to an heir but he has not yet en-
tered on them. In this case the law
considers the heir as seized of the estate,
and the person who wrongfully enters on
the land is accounted a disseizor : (b) the
act of taking possession : (c) the thing
possessed; possession. [Fr. saisine, seizin,
from saisir, to seize. See Seize.]
SEIZURE, se'zhoor, n. act of seizing : cap-
ture : grasp : the thing seized.
SELAH, se'la, n. in the Psalms, a word de-
noting silence or a pause in the musical
performance of the song. [Heb.]
SELDOM, sel'dum, adv., rarely : not often.
[A.S.seldum;lce.sialdan,Ger.selten,rare.]
SELECT, se-lekt', v.t. to pick out from a
number by preference : to choose : to
cull. — adj., picked out : nicely chosen :
choice. — n. Select'ness. [L. seligo, se-
lectum—se, aside, and lego, Gr. lego, to
gather, to pick out.]
SELECTION, se-lek'shun, n. the act of se-
lecting or choosing and taking from
among a number ; a taking by prefer-
ence of one or more from a number : a
number of things selected or taken from
others by preference. — Natural Selec-
tion, that process in nature by which
plants and animals best fitted for the
conditions in which they are placed sur-
vive, propagate, and spread, while the
less fitted die out and disappear ; sur-
vival of the fittest ; the preservation by
their descendants of useful variations
arising in animals or plants. "This
preservation of favorable individual dif-
ferences and variations, and the destruc-
tion of those which are injurious, I have
called Natural Selection, or the Survival
of the Fittest. . . . Several writers have
misapprehended or objected to the term
natural .selection. Some have even im-
agined that natural selection induces
variability, whereas it implies only the
preservation of such variations as arise
and are beneficial to the being under its
conditions in life." — Dartvin.
SELECTm;,se-lek'tiv, adj, selecting: tend-
ing to select. "Selective providence of
the Almighty."— Bp. Hall.
SELECTMAN
385
SENSIGENOUS
SELECTMAN, se-lekt'man, n. in New En-
gland, a town officer chosen annually to
manage the concerns of the town, pro-
vide for the poor, etc. Their number is
usually from three to seven in each town,
and these constitute a kind of executive
authority.
SELENIUM, sel-e'ni-um, n. an elementary
substance allied to sulphur. [Coined
from Gr. selene, the moon, like tellurium
from L. tellns.]
SELENOGRAPHY, sel-en-og'raf-i. n. de-
scription of the moon. [Gr. selene, and
grapho, to write.]
SELF, self, n. one's own person: one's per-
sonal interest : selfishness : a flower or
blossom of a uniform color, especially one
without an edging or border distinct from
the ground color:— p?. Selves (selvz).—
adj. very: particular: one's own. — Self is
the first element in innumerable com-
pounds, generally of obvious meaning, in
most of which it"denotes either the agent
or the object of the action expressed by the
word with which it is joined, or the person
on behalf of whom it is performed, or the
person or thing to, for, or towards whom
or which a quality, attribute, or feeling
expressed by the following word, belongs,
is directed, or is exerted, or from which
it proceeds; or it denotes the subject of,
or object affected bj', such action, qual-
ity, attribute, feeling, and the like. [A.S.
self, silf, cog. with Ger. selbe, Goth, silba.']
SELF-DENIAL, self-de-ni'al, n. the denial
of one's self: the not gratifying one's own
appetites or desires.
SELF-EVIDENT, self-ev'i-dent, adj. evi-
dent of itself or without proof: that com-
mands assent.
SELF-EXISTENT, self-egz-ist'ent, adj. ex-
isting of or by himself, independent of any
other being.' — n. Self-exist'ence.
SELFISH, selfish, adj. chiefly or wholly
regarding one's own self : void of regard
to others.— adr. Self'ishly. — Ji. Self*-
ISHNESS.
SELF-POSSESSION, self-poz-zesh'un, n.
the possession of one's self or faculties in
danger: calmness.
SELF-RIGHTEOUS, self-rlt'yus, adj.
righteous in one's own estimation. — n.
Self-right'eousness.
SELFSAME, self'sam, adj. the verv same.
SELF-SUFFICIENT, self-suf-fish'ent, adj.
confident in one's own sufficiency :
haughty. — n. SELF-StnFFl'ciENCY.
SELF-WILLED, self-wild, ady. governed
by one's own uHll.
SELICTAE, se-lik'tar, n. the sword-bearer
of a Turkish chief.
Selictar! uDsbeatbe then our chief's scimitar.
— Byron.
SELL, sel, v.t. to deliver in exchange for
something paid as equivalent, : to betray
for money. — t\i. to have commerce : to
be sold:— pa.t. andpa.p. sold. — n. Sell'-
ER. [A.S. i<eUan, to give, with cog. words
in all the Teut. tong:ues, as Ice. selja. O.
Ger. sellen, Goth. saJJan, to offer in sac-
rifice.]
SELTZER, selt'zer, adj. denoting a mineral
water brought from Lower Selters, a
village of Nassau, in German v.
SELVAGE, sel'vaj, SELVEDGfe. sel'vej, n.
that part of cloth which forms an edge
of itself without hemming : a border.
[From Self and Edge.]
SELVES, selvz, p/. of Self.
SEMAPHORE, sem'a-for, n. a kind of tele-
graph or apparatus for conveying infor-
mation by signals visible at a distance,
such as oscillating arms or flags by day-
light and lanterns at night. Many kinJls
of semaphores were in use before tlie in-
vention of the electric telegraph, and a
simple form is still employed on rail-
Y
ways to signal trains approaching a sta-
tion. [Gr. sema, a sign, and phero, to
bear.]
SEMAPHORIC, sem-a-for'ik, SEMAPHOR-
ICAL, sem-a-for'ik-al, adj. relating to a
semaphore or to semaphores : tele-
graphic.
SEMBLANCE, sem'blans, n., likeness: ap-
pearance : figure. [Fr. — sembler, to seem
— L. similo, to make like — similis, like.]
SEMIBREVE, sem'i-brev, n. a musical
note, half the length of a breve. [L.
semi, half. Breve.]
SEMICIRCLE, sem'i-serk-1, n. half a cir-
cle : the figure bounded by the diameter
of a circle and half the circumference.
— adj. Semicir'cular. [L. semi, half,
and Circle.]
SEMICIRCUMFERENCE, sem-i-ser-kum'-
fer-ens, n., half of the circumference of
a circle. [L. semi, half, and CmcUMFER-
ENCE.l
SEMICOLON, sem'i-ko-lon, n. the point (;)
showing a division greater than the
comma. [Lit. "half a colon," L. se7ni,
half, and COLON.]
SEMIDIAMETER. sem-i-dl-am'e-ter, n.,
half the diameter of a circle : a radius.
[L. semi, half, and Diameter.]
SEMIFLUID, sem-i-floo'id, adj., half or
imperfectly fluid. [L. semi, half, and
Fluid.]
SEMINAL, sem'ln-al, adj. pertaining to
seed : radical : rudimental. [L. semen,
seminis, seed — sero, to sow.]
SEMINARY, sem'in-ar-i, n. a place of
education : (lit.) a place where seed is
sown.
SEMINATION, sem-i-na'shun, n. act of
smcing : natural dispersion of seed
SEMIQUAVER, sem'i-kwa-ver,}i. a mus-
ical note, half the length of a quaver.
[L. sem.i, half, and Quaver.]
SEMITIC, sem-it'ik, adj. pertaining to the
great family of languages that includes
Hebrew and Arabic. [Derived from Shem
in Genesis x. 31.]
SEMITONE, sem'i-ton, n., half a tone:
one of the lesser intervals of the musical
scale, as from B to C. — adj. Semiton'IC.
[L. semi, half, and Tone.]
SEMI - TRANSPARENT, sem'i - trans - pa'-
Tent.adj. ,half or imperfectly transparent.
— n. Sem'i-transpa'rency. [L. semi, half,
and Transparent.]
SEMrVOCAL, sem-i-v6'kal, adj. pertaining
to a semivowel. [L. semi, half, an3
Vocal.]
SEMIVOWEL, sem-i-vow'el, n. a half vowel:
a letter with a half vowel sound, as m.
[L. semi, half, and Vowel.]
SEMOLINA, sem-o-le'na, n. the particles
of fine hard wheat which do not pass
into flour in milling. [From It. semola —
L. simila, the finest wheat flour.]
SEMPITERNAL, sem-pi-ter'nal, adj., ever-
lasting: endless. [L. sempiternus — sem-
per, ever, and cetemus. See Eternal.]
SEMPSTER, .sem'ster, SEMPSTRESS, sem'-
stres, n. a woman who sews. [See Seam-
stress.]
SEMPSTRY-WORK, sem'stri-wurk, n. nee-
dle-work : sewing. Henry Brooke.
SENARY, sen'ar-i, adj. containing si.r ; of
or belonging to six. [L. senarius — seni,
six each — sex, six.]
SENATE, sen'at, n. a legislative or deliber-
ative body, esp. the upper house of a
national legislature : that branch of the
American Congress chosen by the Legis-
latures of the States and whose members
are elected for a term of si.x years : one
of the two co-ordinate branches of the
State Legislature or Assembly. [L. sena-
tns, (lit.) a council of elders — senex, senis,
old, an old man.]
I
E
SENATOR, sen'a-tur, n. a member of a
senate. — «. Sen'atorship.
SENATORIAL, sen-a-to'ri-al, adj. pertain-
ing to or becoming a senate or a senator.
—adv. Senato'rially.
SEND, send, v.t. to cause to go: to cause
to be conveyed : to despatch : to com-
mission : to diffuse : to bestow. — v.i. to
despatch a message or messenger : — pa.t.
and pa.p. sent. — n. Send'er. [A.S. sen-
dan : Ice. senda ; Goth, sandjan ; prob.
allied to Sans, sadh, to go away.]
SENDAL, sen'dal, n. a thin silk or linen.
O. Fr. — Low L. sindalum — L. sindon —
r. sindon, a fine cloth from India.]
SENESCHAL, sen'esh-al, n. a steward. -ji.
Sen'eschalship. [Lit. " the senior or
oldest of the servants," Fi\ seneehal — Low
L. siniscaleus, from a Teut. root sin found
in Goth, sini-sta, oldest (cog. with L.
sene.v, senis, old), and Goth, skalks, O.
Ger. sc«7c, a servant.]
SENILE, se'nil, adj. pertaining to old age
or attendant on it : aged. — n. Senility,
se-nil'i-ti. [L. senilis — sejie.T, se7iis, old.]
SENIOR, sen'yur, adj., elder: older in of-
fice.— n. one older than another: one
older in office : an aged person. — ?;. Sen-
iority, sen-i-or'i-ti. [L., comp. of senex.]
SENNA, sen'a, n. the dried, purgative leaf-
lets of several species of cassia. [Ar.
sena.]
SENNIGHT, sen'it, n. contracted from
seven night : a week. [See Fortnight.]
SENSATION, sen-sa'shun, n. perception by
the senses : feeling excited by external
objects, by the state of the body, or by
immaterial objects : a state of excited
feeling : an unexpected or startling news
item or other article in the newspapers :
any surprising or shocking intelligence
— adj. Sensa'tional.
SENSATIONALISM, sen-sa'shun-al-izm, n.
the doctrine that our ideas originate
solely in sensation, and that there are no
innate ideas : the practice of dealmg in
newspaper, pulpit, or forensic sensations.
— n. Sensa'tionalist, a believer in sensa-
tionalism.
SENSE, sens, w. a faculty by which objects
are perceived : perception : discernment :
understanding : power or soundness of
judgment : reason : opinion : conviction :
import -.—pi. The SENSES, or FIVE sensbB,
sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch,
[Fr. — L. sensus — sentio, to discern by the
senses.]
SENSELESS, sens'les, adj. without sense :
incapable of feeling : wanting sympathy :
foolish. — adv. .Sense'lessly. — h. Sense'-
lessness.
SENSE - RHYTHM, sens'-rithm, n. an
arrangement of words characteristic of
Hebrew poetry, in which the rhythm
consists not in a rise and fall of accent
or quantity of syllables, but in a pulsa-
tion of sense rising and falling through
the parallel, antithetic, or otherwise
balanced members of each verse : paral-
lelism. Prof. ir. B. Smith.
SENSIBILITY, sens-i-bil'i-ti, n. state or
quality of being sensible : actual feeling :
capacity of feeling: susceptibility: acute
ness of feeling : delicacy.
SENSIBLE, sens'i-bl, adf. capable of bemg
perceived by the senses or by the mind ;
capable of being affected, easily affected
delicate: intelligent: judicious: cognizant,
aware. — n. Sens'ibleness. — adv. Sens'i
ELY.
SENSIFACIENT, sen-si-fa'shi-ent, adj. pro
ducing sensation : sensific. Huxley. [L,
seii.'ins. sense, and f ado, to make.]
SENSIFICATORY, sen-sifi-ka-tor-i, adj.
sensifacient : sensific. Huxley.
SENSIGENOUS, sen-sij'e-nus, adj. origin
ating or causing sensation. " The sensi
SENSITIA'E
386
SERIES
tive subject, the setisigenous object." —
Huxley. [L. sensus, sense, and gen, root
of gigno. to beget.]
SENSITIVE, sens'i-tiv, adj. having sense
or feehng : susceptible to sensations :
easily affected : pertaining- to or depend-
ing- on sensation. — adv. Sexs'itivelt. —
ns. SENS'rnvENESS, Sensitit'ity. — Sens'-
TTIVE PLANT, a plant, the leaves of which
are so sensitive that they close when
touched.
SENSORIAL, sen-so'ri-al, adj. pertaining
to the sensorium.
SENS0RIU3I. sen-s5'ri-um, SENSORY,
sen'sor-i, n. the organ which i-eceives the
impressions made on the senses.
SENSUAL, sen'shoo-al, adj. pertaining to,
affecting, or derived from the senses, as
distinct from the mind: not intellectual
or spiritual : given to the pleasures of
sense : voluptuous : lewd. — adv. Sen'su-
ALLY.— ?i. Sex'scaljtess. [Fr.— L. sen-
siialis.}
SENSUALISM, sen'shoo-al-Lzm, n. sensual
indulgence : the doctrine that all our
knowledge is derived orig-inally from the
senses.
SENSUALIST, sen'shoo-al-ist, 7i. one given
to sensualism or sensual indulgence: a
debauchee : a believer in the doctrine of
sensualism.
SENSUALITY, sen-sho5-al'i-ti, n. indul-
gence in sensual pleasures : lewdness.
SENSUALIZE, sen'shoo-al-iz, v.t. to make
sensual: to debase by carnal gratification.
SENSUOUS, sen'sh66-us, adj. pertaining
to sense : full of passion: connected with
sensible objects.
SENTENCE, sent'ens, n. opinion : a judg-
ment pronounced on a criminal Jby a
court or judge : a maxim : (gram.) a
number of words containing a complete
thought. — v.t. to pronounce judgment
on: to condemn. [Fr. — L. sententia {lit.)
what one thinks — sentio, to feel, to think.]
SENTENTIAL, sen-ten'shal, adj. pertaining
to a sentence : comprising sentences. —
adv. Sentes'tially.
SENTENTIOUS, sen-ten'shus, adj. abound-
ing with sentences or maxims : short and
pithy in expression : bombastic, or affect-
ed in speech. — ady. SeXTES'tiozsi.Y. — n.
Senten'tiousness.
SENTIENT, sen'shi-ent, adj., disceminghy
the senses : having the faculty of percep-
tion and sensation. — Ji. Sen'tiexce. [Pr.p.
of L. .sentio, to feel.]
SENTIMENT, sen'ti-ment, n. a thought
occasioned by feeling : opinion : judg-
ment : sensibility : feeling : a thought
expressed in words : a maxim : a toast.
[From L. sentio, to feel.]
SENTIMENTAL, sen-ti-ment'al, adj. hav-
ing or abounding in sentiments or reflec-
tions : having an access of sentiment or
feeling : affectedly tender. — adv. Senti-
ment'ally.
SENTIMENTALISM, sen-ti-ment'al-izm,
SENTIMENTALITY, sen-ti-men-tal'i-ti,
n. quality of being sentimental : affecta-
tion of fine feeUng.
SENTIMENTALIST, sen-ti-ment'al-ist, n.
one who affects sentiment or fine feeling.
SENTINEL, sen'ti-nel, n. one who keeps
, watch by pacing to and fro a little path :
a sentry. [Fr. sentinelle ; of doubtful
* origin.J
SENTRl , sen'tri, n. a sentinel : a soldier on
' guard to observe the approach of danger.
[A corr. of Sentinel.]
SENTRY-BOX, sen'tri-boks, n. a box to
shelter a sentry.
SEPARABLE, sep'ar-a-bl, adj that may be
separated or disjoined. — adv. Sep'abably.
— n. Sepaeabil'ity.
SEPARATE, sep'ar-at, v.t. to di\-ide : to
part : to withdraw : to set apart for a
certain purpose. — v.i. to part : to with-
draw from each other : to become dis-
united.— adj. separated : divided : apart
from another : distinct. — adv. Sep'ar-
ATELY. [L. separo, separaius (lit.) to jyut
aside or by itself — se, aside, and jjaro, to
put, to prepare.]
SEPARATION, sep-ar-a'shun, n. act of
separating or disjoining : state of being
separate : disunion : the state of a mar-
ried couple legally living apart, without
an absolute divorce.
SEPABATISM, sep'ar-a-ti2m, n. act of
separating or withdrawing, esp. from an
established church.
SEPARATIST, sep'ar-a-tist, n. one who
separates or withdraws, esp. from an es-
tablished church : a dissenter.
SEPIA, se'pi-a, n. a fine brown pigment
prepared from the "ink "of the ciittle-
Jish: Indian or China ink. [L. — Gr., the
cuttle-fish.]
SEPOY, se'poy, n. a native soldier, wheth-
er Hindu or Mohammedan, in the British
' army in India. [Hind, sipahi, a soldier,
(lit.) a, bowman, the spahi of Turkish and
Algerian armies, from sij), a bow and
arrow.]
SEPT, sept, n. in Ireland, a subdivision of
a tribe. [Probablv a corr. of Sect.]
SEPTEMBER, sep-tem'ber, n. the ninth
month of the year. [L. septem, seven,
and her = fer. Sans, bhar, to carry, bear.
It was the seventh month of the old Ro-
man vear, which began in March.]
SEPTE'NARY, sep'ten-ar-i, adj. consisting
of seven. [L. septenariiis — septem, seven.]
SEPTENTSriAL, sep-ten'yal, adj lasting
seven years: happening every seven years.
— adv. Septen'n'ially. [£. septennis —
septem, .seven, annus, a year.]
SEPTIC, sep'tik, adj. pronioting putrefac-
tion.— n. a substance that promotes the
putrefaction of bodies. [Gr. septikos —
sepo, to make putrid.]
SEPTUAGENARLA>C, sep-tu-a-jen-a'ri-an,
71. a person .sei-enty vears old.
SEPTUAGENAEY, sep-tu-aj'en-ar-i, adj.
consisting of seventy.— n. one 70 j-ears
old. [L. sepituagenarius — septnageni,
seventy each — septem, seven.]
SEPTUAGESIilA, sep-tu-a-jes'i-ma, ?(.
the third Sunday before Lent — the sev-
entieth day before Easter. [L. septuages-
imus — septem, seven.]
SEPTUAGESnLAL. sep-tu-a-jes'i-mal, adj.
consisting of seventy : counted by seven-
ties.
SEPTUAGINT, sep'tu-a-jint, n. the Greek
version of the Old Testament, said to
have been made by seventy translators at
Alexandria about 300 years B.C. [L. sej>
tuaginta — septem, seven.]
SEPULCHRAL, se-pul'kral, adj. pertam-
ing to a sepulchre, or to monuments
erected for the dead : (fig.) deep, hollow,
as tone.
SEPULCHRE, sep'ul-ker, n. a place of
bta-ial : tomb. [Fr. — L. sepulchrum — se-
2)elio, si'pKltus, to burv.]
SEPULTURE, sep'ul-tui-, n. act of burying
the dead : interment : burial.
SEQUEL, se'kwel, n. that which foliates :
succeeding part : result : consequence.
[Fr. — L. sequela — sequor, Gr. hepomai,
to foUowJ
SEQUENCE, se'kwens, ?i. state of being
sequent or following : order of succession:
that which follows : consequence: (music)
a regidar succession of similar chords.
[L. sequor, to follow.]
SEQUENT, se'kwent, adj. follo-n-ing : suc-
ceeding.
SEQUESTER, se-kwes'ter, v.t. to separate:
to withdraw from society : to set apai-t :
(law) to place anything contested into the
hands of a third person till the dispute
is settled: to hold the property of another
till the profits pay the demands : to
take possession of the estate of a bank-
rupt in order to distribute it among the
creditors. — v.i. (law) to renounce any in-
terest in the estate of a imsband. [Low
L. sequestra, -atum — L. sequester, a de-
positary, from sequi, to follow.]
SEQUESTERED, se-tnes'terd, adj retired,
secluded. |
SEQUESTRATE, se-kwes'trat, v.t. to se-
quester.
SEQL'ESTRATION, sek-wes-tra'shun, n.
act of sequestering, esp. the seizure of
any one's property for the use of the
state dui-ing dispute, or for the benefit of
creditors : state of being separated : se-
clusion from society.
SEQUESTRATOR, sek-wes-tra'tor, n. one
who sequesters another's property : one
to whom property is committed during
dispute.
SEQUIN, se'kwin, n. a gold "Venetian coin
of the 13th century =isi3.2o. [Fr. — It.
zecchino — zecca, the mint.]
SERAGLIO, se-ral'yo, Ji. the palace of the
Turkish Sultau, esp. the part in which
the women are kept. [It. sen-aglio —
serrare, to lock up, from L. sera, a door-
bar, which came to be used for Pers.
.serai, a palace.]
SERAPH, ser'af, n. an angel of the hlgn-
est rank :^j?. Seraphs, ser'afs. Seraph-
im, ser'af-im. [Heb., lit. "a prince of
heaven,'' akin to sar, a prince, in pi. an-
gels.J
SERAPHIC, se-raf'ik. SERAPHICAL, se-
raf'ik-al, aclj. pertaining to or becoming
a seraph : angelic : pure : sublime : re-
fined.— adv. Seraph'ica-LLY.
SERE. Same as Sear.
SERENADE, ser-e-nad', n. evening music
in the open air : music performed by a
gentleman under a lady's window at
night : a piece of music for such an oc-
casion.— v.t, to entertain with a sere-
nade. [Fr. — It. serenata, from Prov.
Serena, even-song — L. sents, late.]
SERENE, se-ren', adj. calm : unclouded :
undistiu'bed : unruffled : a form of ad-
dress used to the princes of Germany
and their families. — adv. Seeen'E'ly.
[L. serenus, clear.]
SERENITY, se-ren'i-ti, n. state or quality
of being serene : clearness : calmness :
peace.
SERF, serf, n. a slave attached to the soil
and sold with it. [Fr. — L. serv^is, a
slave. See Serve.]
SERFDOM, serfdom, n. condition of a
serf.
SERGE, serj, ji. a cloth made of twilled
worsted or silk. [Fr. — L. serica, silk,
from Seres, the Chinese.]
SERGEANCY, sar'jen - si, SERGEAXT-
SHIP. sar'jent-ship, n. office of a ser-
geant.
SERGEANT, sar'jent, Ji. a non - commis-
sioned officer next above a corporal. — n.
Sergeant-major, the highest non-com-
missioned officer, employed to assist the
adjutant. [Lit. "a servant," Fr. sergent
— L. scrviens, -entis, pr.p. of servio, to
serve. See Serve.]
SERIAL, se'ri-al, adj. pertaining to or con-
sisting of a series: appearing periodic-
ally.— n. a tale or other composition
appearing in successive parts, as in a
periodical.
SERIALLY, se'ri-al-li, adv. in a se7'ies op
regular order.
SERIATE, se'ri-at, adj. arranged in a
series.
SERIES, se'ri-ez, 7i.sing. and pi. a sv cces-
sion of things connected by some l.ke-
ness : sequence: order: (math.) a pro-
gression of numbers or quantities ac-
I
SERIOUS
387
SEVOEJA
cording to a certain law. [L. — sero,
sertus, to join, akin to Gr. eiro, to fasten,
Saus. sarat, thread. See Sermon, Ser-
ried.]
SERIOUS, se'ri-us, adj. solemn: in earnest:
important : attended witb danger. — adv.
Se'riocsly. — n. Se'riousness. [L. seriics,
akin to severus, severe.]
SERJEANT, sai-'jent, n. in England, a law-
yer of the highest i-ank. — n. Serjeant-
AT-AHMS, an officer who attends a king,
a lord-high-steward, etc.: an officer of a
legislative body for keeping order, etc.
[Same as Sergeant.]
SERMON, ser'mun, n. a discoui-se on a text
of Scripture. [L. serrno, sei-monis, from
sero, to join or bind together, to com-
pose.]
SEROIJS, se'rus, adj. resembling serum :
thin : watery. — n. Seros'ity.
SERPENT, ser'pent, n. a reptile without
feet which moves by means of its ribs
and scales : a person subtle or malicious:
one of the constellations : (music) a bass
wind-instrument, so called from its form.
[Lit. •• the creeping- animal," L. serpens,
-entis, pr.p. of serjio, to creep, akin to
Gr. herpo, L. repo, and Sans, srip, to
creep.]
SERPENTINE, ser'pen-tin, adj. resembling
a, serpent : winding: spiral : crooked. — n.
a mineral of a green, black, or red color,
sometimes spotted like a serpent's skin.
SERRATE, ser'rat, SERRATED, ser'rat-ed,
adj. notched or cut like a saw. [L. ser-
ratus — serra, a saw.]
SERRATION, ser-ra'shun, n. state of being
serrated.
SERRIED, ser'rid, adj. crowded : pressed
together. [Pa. p. of obs. v. serry, to press
together — Yr.serrer, to crowd (It. serrare,
to lock uj)) — L. sera, a door-bar, conn.
with sero, to join together.]
3ERUM, se'rum, n. the watery part of
curdled milk : whey : the thin fluid which
separates from the blood when it coiigu-
lates. [L. ; prob. akin to Gr. ores, serum,
anH Sans, saras, water.]
SERVANT, servant, n. one who is in the
service of another : a domestic : (B.) a
.slave : one of low condition or spirit :
a word of civility. [Fr., pr.p. of servir,
to serve — L. sennre. Doublet Sergeant.]
SERVE, serv, ir.i. to be a servant to : to
work for and obey : to discharge the
duties of an office : to attend or wait :
to be sufficient : to suit. — v.t. to work
for : to be in the employment of : to
obey : to be subservient or subordinate
to : to wait upon at table, etc. : to do
duty for : to treat.— Serve cp, to bring
to table.— Serve out, to deal or distrib-
ute. [Fr. servir— L. servio, from servus,
a slave, perh. conn, with sero, to bind
together. See Series.]
SERVER, serv'er, n. one who serves : a
salver.
SERVICE, serv'is, n. condition or occupa-
tion of a servant : a working for an-
other: duty required in any office:
military or naval duty : office of devo-
tion : a musical composition for devo-
tional purposes : labor, assistance, or
kindness to another: benefit: profes-
sion of respect : order of dishes at
table, or a set of them. — n. Serv'ice-
BOOK, a book of forms of religious .serv-
ice: a prayer-book. [Fr.—h. servitium.]
SERVICEABLE, serv'is-a-bl, adj. able or
willing to serve : advantageous: useful.
—adv. Seev'iceablt.— ?j. Serv'iceable-
NESS.
SERVILE, serv'Il, ad/, pertaining to a, slave
or servant : slavish : meanlv submissive :
cringing.— adi'. Sert'ilely".
SERVILITY, ser-vil'i-ti, n. state or quality
of being senile : slavery : obsequious-
ness.
SERVITOR, serv'i-tor, n. one who serves :
a servant : a follower or adherent.
SERVITUDE, serv'i-tud, n. state of being a
slave : slaverv : state of slavish depend-
ence. [Fr. — t,.]
SESAME, ses'a-me, SESAMUM, ses'a-mum,
n. an annual herb of Southern Asia,
whose seed vields a valuable oil. [Gr.]
SESQUIBASIC, ses'kwi-ba-sik, adj. iachem..
a term applied to a salt containing' one
and a half equivalents of the base for
each equivalent of acid. [L. sesqui, one
and a half, and basis, a base.]
SESQUIPEDALIAN, ses - kwi - pe-da'li-an,
adj. containing a foot and a half : often
humorously said of a very long word.
[L. sesqui-pedalis— sesqui, one half more,
and pes, ped-is, E. Foot.]
SESQUIPEDALIANISM, ses-kAvi-pe-da'li-
an-izm, n. the state or quality of being
sesquipedalian : the use of long words.
" Masters of hyperpolys}'llabic'«es3"«iJe-
daliani^m.'' — Fitzedica'rd Hall.
SESSION, sesh'un, n. the sitting or assem-
l3ly of a court or public body : the time
it sits : the period of time between the
meeting and adjournment of Congress :
(Scotland) the lowest ecclesiastical court
of a Presbyterian church. [Fr. — ^L. sessio,
sessionis, from sessum, pa.p. of sedeo, E.
Sit.]
SESSPOOL. Same as Cesspool.
SET, set, v.t. to make to sit : to place : to
fix : to put in a condition : to render mo-
tionless : to determine beforehand : to
obstruct : to plant : to fix iu metal, as to
arrange the teeth of a saw so as to cut
narrow or wide : to assign, as a price : to
put in order for use : to sharpen : to
spread, as sails: to pitch, as a tune : to
adapt music to : to adorn with some-
thing fixed : to stud : to point, as a dog.
-^.i. to sink below the horizon : to de-
cline : to i^laut : to become fixed : to con-
geal : to have a certain direction in
motion : to point out game : to apply
(one"s self) :— ^jr.j;. sett'ing ; paj. and
jja.jj. set.— To SET aside, to put awav,
to omit or reject :— at naught, to de-
spise : — BY (B.), to value or esteem : —
FORTH, to exhibit: to publish: (B.) to
set off to advantage : to set out on a
journey :— forward (B.), to furthei-, pvo-
mote : — in, to put in the way : to begin :
—OFF, to adorn : to place against as an
equivalent :— on (B.), to attack :— to, to
affix. [A.S.seftan, cog. withGer. setzen.
Ice. setja, Goth, satjan : being the weak
causative of the Goth, root-verb sitfan,
E. Sit.]
SET, set, adj. (lit.) seated, so in B.: fixed :
firm : determined : regular : establislied.
—n. a number of things similar or suited
to each other, set or used together : a
number of persons associated : direction.
SET-OFF, set'-of, n. a claim set up against
another : a counterbalance.
SETON, se'tn, n. a passage made by a
needle under the skin, through which
threads of silk are drawn to cause irrita-
tion and discharge. [Fr. seton (It. setone)
—Low L. seto—L,. seta, a bristle. See
Satin.]
SETTEE, set-te', n. a long seat witli a back.
SETTER, set'er, n. one who sets, as words
to music : a dog which sets or crouches
when it sees the game.
SETTING, set'ing, n. act of setting : direc-
tion of a current of wind : the hardening
of plaster : that which sets or holds, as
the mounting of a jewel.
SETTLE, set'l, v.t. to set or place iu a fixed
state : to fix : to establish in a situation
or business : to render quiet, clear, etc.:
to decide : to free from uncertainty : to
quiet : to compose : to fix by gift or legfal
act : to adjust : to liquidate or pay : to
colonize. — v.i. to become fixed or station-
ary : to fix one's residence : to grow calm
or clear : to sink by its own weight : to
sink to the bottom :' to ceaso from agita-
tion : to adjust differences or accounts.
[M.E. setlen—A.S. setlan.]
SETTLE, set'l, n. a long bench with a high
back for sitting on : (S.) also, a platform
lower than another part. [M.E. setel—
A.S. .setl, from sittan, to sit ; cog. with
Ggi* scss^I 1
SETTLEMENT, set'1-ment, n. act of set-
tling : state of being settled : pavment :
arrangement : a colony newlv settled : a
sum newly settled on a woman at her
marriage. [colonist.
SETTLER, set'ler, n. one who settles : a
SEVEN, sev'n. adj. and n. six and one.
[A.S. .seofon ; cog. with Dut. zeven. Ger,
sieben, Goth, sibun, Gr. hepta, L. septem,
Sans. saptan.'\
SEVENFOLD, se's''n-f6ld, adj. folded seven
times : multiplied seven times. [A.S.
seofon-feald. See Seven aud Fold.]
SEVENTEEN, sev'n-ten, adj. aud «.. seven
and ten. [A.S. seofontine—seofon, and
tin, ten.]
SEVENTEENTH, sev'n-tenth, adj. and n.
the seventh after the tenth. [A.S. seofon-
teotha — seofon, and teotha, tenth.]
SEVENTH, sev'nth, adj. last of seven, next
after the sixth.— ?;. one of seven equal
parts.— adr. SEVENTHLY. [A.S. seofotha 1
SEVENTIETH, sev'u-ti-eth. adj. last of
seventy: the ordinal of 70.— 7(. a seven-
tieth part.
SEVENTY, sev'n-ti.adj. and »., .seven times
ten : the name given to the body of schol-
ars who first translated tlie Old Testa-
ment into Greek. [A.S. seofontig— seo-
fon. seven, and tig, ten.]
SEVER, sev'er. v.t. to sejxirate with vio
lence : to cut apart : to divide: (B.) to
keep distinct.— r.i. to make a separation
or distinction : to be rent asunder. [Fr.
■sevrer, to wean (It. sevrare. sceverare)—
L. separo. Doublet Separate.]
SEVERAL, sev'er-al, adj. distinct : par-
ticular : different : various : consisting
of a number : sundry.— orfr. Set'erally.
[Lit. "separate." O. Fr.— L. separo. See
Separate. Se\'er.]
SE^'ERALTY, sev'er-al-ti, n. a state of sep-
aration from the rest, or from all others.
—Estate in severalty, an estate which
the tenant holds in his own right with-
out being joined in iutei-est with any
other person. It is cHstingui.shed from
joint-tenancy, and coninioii. "The rest
of the land in the country, however, was
not possessed in severalty, but by the in-
habitants of each district in com'mon."
Brougham.
SEVERANCE, sev'er-ans, n. act of sever-
ing : separation.
SEVERE, se-ver', adj. sei-ious : grave :
austere : strict : not mild : strictlv ad-
hering to rule: sharp: distressing": in.
clement : searching : difficult to be en-
dured.— adf. Severe'ly. [Fr. severe— t..
severus, akin to Gr. seb-omai, to worship.
Sans. Si'v.]
SEVERENESS, se-ver'nes, n. severity. Sir
ir. Trmple.
SEVERIAN, se-ve'ri-an, n. (eccles.) one of
the followers of Severius, a Monophvsite,
who held, in opjiositiou to the Julianists,
that the Saviour's body was corruptible.
SEVERITY, se-ver'i-ti, v. quality of being
severe : gravity : harshness : exactness :
inclemency.
SEVOEJA, sev-o-a'ha, 7i. a Mexican plant,
the Stenanthiuinfrigidum. It possesses
acrid aud poisonous qualities, aud is used
as au anthelmintic.
SEVRES WARE
388
SHAGREEN
SEVRES AVAEE, sa-vr war, n. a kind of
porcelain ware, unsurpassed for artistic
design and brilliancy of coloring, manu-
factured at Sivres, in France.
SEW, so, v.i. to join or fasten together
with a needle and thread.— I'.i. to practice
sewing. — n. Sew'er. [A.S. seowian, si-
irian, cog. with O.Ger. simcen, and Goth.
siujan ; also conn, with L. sii-o, and Sans.
root, sir.]
SEWAGE, su'aj, n. refuse carried off bj'
sewers.
SEWEL, su'el, n. in hunting, a scarecrow,
generally made of feathers, hung up to
prevent deer from entering a place.
[Probablj' for sheirell or showell, from
shew, s/ioic]
SEWELLEL, se-wel'el, n. a gregarious
American rodent which unites some of
the characteristics of the beaver with
those of the squirrel family and the
prairie-dog. It is remarkable for its root-
less molars. It is about the size of a
muskrat, and the reddish-brown skin
which covers its plum]) heavy body is
much used by the Indians as an article
of dress. [Indian name.]
SEWER, su'er, n. an underground passage
for draining off water and filth. [Lit.
"a drainer," from an obs. verb sew, to
drain — O. Fr. essuer (Fr. essuyer, It. as-
ciugare) — Late L. exsiicare — L. ex, out of,
and sucus. moisture.]
SEWERAGE, su'er-aj, n. the whole sewers
of a city : drainage by sewers.
SEWIN, su'in, SEWEN, su'en, n. a fish
which has often been regarded as a vari-
ety of the salmon trout, salmon peal, or
bull trout, but is regarded by Couch as a
distinct species, the silver salmon (Salmo
cambricu^).
SEWING, so'ing, n. act of sewing : what
is sewed.
SEWING-MACHINE. s6'ing-ma-shen, n.
a machine for sewing or stitching cloth,
etc., now in extensive use, and largely
superseding sewing by hand. Sewing-
machines are of several classes ; as, (a)
those in which the needle is passed com-
pletely through the work, as in hand-
sewing ; (b) those making a chain-stitch,
which is wrought by the crotchet hook,
or by an eye-pointed needle and auxiliary
hook ; (c) those making a fair stitch on
one side, the upper thread being inter-
woven bj' another thread below ; (d)
those making the lock-stitch, the same
on both sides. The modifications, im-
provements, and additions made to the
sewing-machine since its introduction
are very numerous. It has now been
adapted to produce almost all kinds of
stitching which can be done by the hand.
SEX, seks, n. the distinction between male
and female: the characteristics by which
an animal or plant is male or female. —
The Sex, womankind. [Lit. " a division
or section," Fr. sexe — L. sexus, from the
root of seco, to cut. See Sect.]
SEXAGENARIAJN, seks-a-jen-a'ri-an, n. a
person sixty years old.
SEXAGENAR"^, seks-aj'en-ar-1 or seks'a-
jen-ar-i. adj. designating the number
sixty. — n. a sexagenarian: something
containing sixty. [L. sexaginta, sixty —
sex. six.]
SEXAGESIMA, seks-a-jes'i-ma, n. the
second Sunday before Lent, being about
the sixtieth day before Easter. [L. sexa-
gesimus. sixtieth.]
SEXAGESIMAL, seks-a-jes'i-mal, adj. per-
taining to the number si.vty: proceeding
by sixties.
SEXENNIAL, seks-en'yal. adj. lasting six
years : happening once in six years. —
adv. Sexenn'ially. [L. sex, six, and
an JIMS, a year.]
SEXTANT, seks'tant, n. (math.) the sixth
part of a circle : an optical instrurtient
having an arc = the sixth part of a cir-
cle, and used for measuring angular dis-
tances. [Fr. — L. sextaiis, -antis, a sixth
— sex, six. J
SEXTILE, seks'til, adj. denoting the as-
pect or position of two planets when dis-
tant from each other 60 degrees or two
signs. "The moon receives the dusky
light we discern in its sextile aspect from
the earth's benignity.'" — Olanville. Used
also as a noun. [L. sextus, sixth, from
sex, six.]
SEXTILLION, seks-til'yun, n. according to
English notation, a million raised to the
sixth power ; a number represented by
a unit with thirty-six ciphers annexed:
according to French notation, used in the
United States, by a unit with twenty-one
ciphers annexed. Spelled also Sexttj.ton.
[From L. sex, six, and E. million.}
SEXTO, seks'to (pi. Sextos, seks'toz), Ji. a
book formed bj' folding each sheet into
six leaves. [L.]
SEXTO- DECIMO, seks-to-des'i-mo, n. a
book, pamphlet, or the like, folded so
that each sheet makes sixteen leaves :
the size of the book thus folded. Usually
indicated thus, 16mo, 16°. Used also ad-
Jectively. Called also Sixteenmo. [L.
sextus decimus, sixteenth — sextus, sixth,
and decimus, tenth.]
SEXTON, seks'tun, n. an officer who has
charge of a church, attends the clergy-
man, digs graves, etc. — n. SEx'TONSHn>,
his office. [A corr. of Sacristan.]
SEXTUPLE,seks'tu-pl, adj.,sixfold: (music)
having six parts. [Fr. — L. sextus. sixth,
and -plus, akin to plenus, E. FULL.]
SEXUAL, seks'u-al, adj. pertaining to sex :
distinguishing or founded on the sex :
relating to the distinct organs of the
sexes. — adv. Sex'uallt.
SEXUALITY, seks-u-al'i-ti, n. state or
quality of being sexual.
SHABBY, shab'i, adj. threadbare or worn,
as clothes : having a look of poverty :
mean in look or conduct : low : paltry. —
adv. Shabb'ily. — n. Shabb'iness. [Adj.
from shah, an old byform of Scab ; cog.
with Ger. schiibig, scabby, threadbare.
Doublet Scabby.]
SHABBY-GENTEEL, shab'i-jen-tel', adj.
retaining in present shabbiness traces
of former gentility : aping gentility but
really shabby. Tttackeray.
SHACKLE-BAR, shak'1-bar, n. the coup-
ling bar or link on the pilot of a 'oco-
motive.
SHACKLE- BOLT, shak'l-bolt, n. a shackle:
a g'j've : a shack-bolt. "'What device
does he bear on his shield ? ' asked Ivan-
hoe. — ' Something resembling a bar of
iron, and a padlock painted blue on the
black shield.' — ' A fetterlock and shackle-
bolt azure,' said Ivanhoe ; ' I know not
who may bear the de\'ice, but well I ween
it might now be mine own.' " — Sir W.
Scott.
SHACKLE-BONE, shak'1-bon, n. the
wrist. [Scotch. Lit. the bone on which
shackles are put ; Low Ger. shakebein.']
SHACKLES, shak'lz, n.pl. a chain to con-
fine the limbs : handcuffs : fetters : any-
thing that liinders free action. — v.t.
Shack'le, to fetter : to tie the limbs
of : to confine. [A.S. sceaeid, scacid. a
shackle ; cog. with O. Dut. shakel, a link
of a chain. Ice. skokull, the pole of a
cart.]
SHAD, shad, n.sing. and pi. a teleostean
fish of the genus Alosa, family Clupeidje,
which inhabits the sea near the mouths
of large rivers, and in the spring ascends
them to deposit its spawn. It attains a
length of three feet, and is distinguished
by the absence of sensible teeth, and by
an irregular spot behind the gills. Two
species of shad are found off the British
coast, the Twaite (A. vulgaris) and the
Allice shad (A. finta), but their flesh is
dry and not much esteemed. In this
country a species of shad, plentiful in
the Hudson, Delaware, Chesapeake, and
St. Lawrence is much esteemed, and is
consumed in great quantities in the fresh
state. [Prov. Ger. schade, a shad ; comp.
Arm. sgadan, W. ysgadan, a herring.]
SHAD-BUSH, shad'-boosh, u. a name of a
shub or small tree common in the North-
ern United States (Amelanchier cana-
densis), so called from its flowering in
April and Maj', when the shad ascend
the rivers. The fruit is edible and ripens
in June, whence the name JOJE-BERRY.
Called also Service-berry.
SHADDOCK, shad'dok, n. a tree and its
fruit, which is a large species of orange,
the produce of the Citrtis decumana, a
native of China and Japan. The fruit
weighs sometimes from 10 to 20 lbs. [Af-
ter Captain Shaddock, who first brought
it to the West Indies, early in the eigh-
teenth century.]
SHADE, shad, ji. partial darkness : inter-
ception of light : obscurity : a shady
place: protection: shelter: a screen: de-
gree of color : a verj' minute change :
(paint.) the dark part of a picture : the
soul separated from the body : a ghost.
— v.t. to scj-een from light or heat : to
shelter: to mark with gradations of color:
to darken. — v.i. to act as a shade. — n.
Shad'er. [A.S. scead, sceddii, cog. with
Ger. schatte, schatten : perh. conn, with
Gr. skia, shadow, skotos, darkness, and
with root ska. to cover.]
SHADOW, shad'6, Ji., shade caused by an
object: shade: darkness: shelter: secur
ity: favor: the dark part of a picture: aD<
inseparable companion: a mj'stical repre- 1
sentation : faint appearance : somethingj
only in appearance. — v.t. to shade : to!
cloud or darken: to shade, as a paiutiugJ
to represent faintly : to follow, uuob-l
served, as a detective shadoics a suspect-]
ed criminal.— orf/. Shad'ovtless. [Doub-J
let of Shade.]
SHADOWING, shad'6-ing, «., shading:
gradation of light and color.
SHADOWY, shad'o-i, adj. full of shadow :
dark : obscure : typical : unsubstantial :
doubtful, in a bad sense.
SHADY, shad'i, adj. having or in shade :
sheltered from Ught or heat.— odr. SHAjy-
ILY.— )i. Shad'iness.
SHAFT, shaft, n. anything long and
str.iight, as the stem of an arrow, etc.:
the part of a column between the base
and capital : the stem of a feather : the
entrance to a mine : a pole of a carriage.
[A.S. sceaft, cog. with Ger. schaft, prob.
from root of SHAPE.]
SHAFTED, shaft'ed, adj. having a shaft
or handle.
SHAG, shag, n. that which is rough or
bushy : woolly hair : cloth with a rough
nap : a kind of tobacco cut into shreds.
[A.S. sceacga, a head of hair. prob. from
a Scand. root seen in Ice. skegg, beard,
skagi, cape (in Shetland, skaic).]
SHAGGY, shag'i, adj. covered with rough
hair or wool: rough: rugged. — n. Shauo'-
INESS. ■
SHAGREEN, sha-gren', n. a species ot
leather prepared without tanning, from
horse, ass, and camel skin, its granular
appearance being given by imbedding in it,
whilst soft, the seeds of a species ot chen-
opodiuni, and afterwards shaving down
the surface, and then by soaking causing
. the portions of the skin which had been '
indented by the seeds to swell up into re-
9
SHAGREEN
389
SHANTY
tief. It is dyed with the green produced
by the action of sal ammoniac on copper
filings. It is also made of the skins of
the shark, searotter, seal, etc. It was
formerly much used for watch, spectacle,
and instrument cases. [Fr. chagrin,
Venetian sagrin, from Tui-k. sagri, Per.
saqhri, shagreen.]
5HAGREEN, sha-gren', SHAGREENED,
shagrend', adj. made of the leather called
shagreen. " A shagreen case of lancets."
—T. Hook.
SHAH, sha, n. a title given by European
writers to the monarch of Persia, but in
his own country he is designated bj' the
compound appellation of Padishah. —
Shah Nameh [Per., the Book of Kings],
the title of several Eastern works, the
most ancient and celebrated of which is
the poem in the modern Persian language
by the poet Firdousi. It contains the his-
tory of the ancient Persian kings. [Per.,
a king, a prince (hence c/iess).]
SHAHI, sha'hi, n. a Persian copper coin of
the value of one cent.
SHAKE, shak, v.t. to move with quick,
sliort motions : to agitate : to make to
tremble : to threaten to overthrow : to
cause to waver : to make afraid : to give
a tremulous note to. — v.i. to be agitated :
to tremble : to shiver : to lose firmness :
— pa.t. shook, (B.) shaked ; pa.}), shak'en.
— n. a rapid tremulous motion : a trem-
bling or shivering : a concussion : a rent
in timber, rock, etc. : (jnusic) a rapid
repetition of two notes. [A.S. scaean,
cog. with Ice. shaka, and perh. akin to
Ger. schaiikeln, to make to swing. Cf.
Shock.]
SHAKE-BAG, shak'-bag, n. a lai'ge-sized
variety of game-cock. " I would pit her
for a cool hundred . . . against the best
shake-bag of the whole main." — Smollett.
SHAKES, sha-ke', n. an East Indian coin
of the value of about 6 cents.
SHAKER, shak'er, n. a person or thing
that shakes or agitates ; as, Neptune, the
shaker of the earth : a member of a
religious sect founded in Manchester,
England, about the middle of the eigh-
teenth century, so called popularly from
the agitations or movements in dancing
which forms part of their ceremonial,
but calling themselves the United Societj'
of Believers in Christ's Second Appearing.
The Shakers teach a system of doctrine
founded partly on the Bible and partly
on the supposed revelations of Mother
Ann Lee, their first inspired leader, and
her successors. Thej' lead a ceUbite life,
hold their property in common, engage
in agriculture, horticulture, and a few
simple trades. They believe the millen-
nium has come, that they hold communi-
cation with the spirits of the departed,
and have the exercise of spiritual gifts.
They wear a peculiar dress, and abstain
from the use of pork as food. They teach
the theory of non-resistance as opposed
to war and bloodshed. They are now
mostly confined to the United States.
Sometimes called SHAKING Quaker.
SHAKESPEAREAN or -IAN, SHAK-
SPEAREAN or -IAN, SHAKSPEREAN
or -IAN, shak-sper'ean, adj. pertaining
to or in the style of Shakespeare, or to
his works.
SHAKO, sliak'5, n. a kind of military cap.
[Hun.] ^
SHAKY, shak'L adj. in a shaking condi-
tion : feeble : unsteady : full of cracks
or .lefts.— n. Shak'iness.
SHALE, slial, /(. a rock of a slaty structure,
often found in the coal-measures. [Doub-
let of Scale and Shell.]
SHALL, shal, v.i. to be under obligation :
used in ihe future tense of the verb. —
Shall and ivill are often confounded by
inaccurate speakers or writers, and even
writers such as Addison sometimes make
a slip. In quoting the following lines
from a song in Sir George Etherege's
" She Would if she Could " (1704), Mr.
R. Grant White says, " I do not know in
English literature another passage in
which the distinction between shall and
vnll and would and should is at once so
elegantly, so variously, so precisely, and
so compactly illustrated."
How long I shaU love him I cau no more tell,
Thau, had I a fever, when I should be well.
My passion sha2l kill me before I wiU show it,
And yet I wou^d j^ive all the world he did know it ;
But oh how I sii^h, when I think should he woo me,
I cannot refuse what I know icou^d undo me.
[Originally " to owe," A.S. sceal, to be
obliged, Ger. soil, Goth, skal. Ice. skal, to
be in duty bound : ace. to Grimm orig.
the pa.t. of a root-verb skilan, to kill,
thus lit. sig. "I have slain," hence, "I
am liable for the fine or tcer-gild."]
SHALLOON, shal-loon', ?i. a light kind of
woollen stuff said to have been first made
at Chalons in France.
SHALLOP, shal'op, n. a large schooner-
rigged boat with two masts. [Fr. cha-
loupe — Dut. sloep. Doublet Sloop.]
SHALLOW, shal'o, n. a sandbank : a flat
place over which th« water is not deep :
a shoal. — adj. not deep : not profound :
not wise : trifling. — n. Shall'owness.
[Conn, with Shoal, and perh. with
Shelf.]
SHALOT, SHALLOT, sha-lot', n. a kind
of onion with a flavor like that of garlic.
[Short for Eschalot.]
SHALT, Shalt, 3d per. sing, of Shall.
SHALY, shal'i, adj. pertaining to or hav-
ing the qualities of shale.
SHAM, sham, n. a pretence : that which
deceives expectation : imposture. — adj.
pretended: false. — v.t. to pretend: to
feign: to impose upon. — v.i. to make
false pretences: — pr.p. shamm'ing; pa.t.
and pa.p. shammed. [From root of
Shame.]
SHAMAN, sham'an, n. a professor or priest
of Shamanism : a \vizard or conjurer,
among those who profess Shamanism.
SHAMAN, sham'an, adj. relating to Sham-
anism.
SHAMANISM, sham'an-izra, n. a general
name applied to the idolatrous religions
of a number of barbarous nations, com-
prehending those of the Finnish race, as
the Ostiaks, Samoyedes, and other inhab-
itants of Siberia, as far as the Pacific
Ocean. These nations generallj' believe
in a Supreme Being, but to this they add
the belief that the government of the
world is in the hands of a number of
secondary gods both benevolent and
malevolent towards man, and that it is
absolutely necessary to avert their ma-
lign influence by niagic rites and spells.
The general belief respecting another life
a ppears to be that the condition of man
will be poorer and more wretched than
the present ; hence death is an object of
great dread. [Shamanism.
SHAMANIST, sham'an-ist, n. a believer in
SHAMBLE, sham'bl, v.i. to walk with an
awkward, unsteady gait. — adj. Shaji'-
BLING. [Conn, vv-ith Scamper?]
SHAMBLES, sham'blz, w.p/. a slaughter-
house. [Lit. stalls on which butchers ex-
posed their meat for sale, A.S. scamel
(Ger. sehanieT), a bench — Low L. scamel-
lum, for L. scabelliim, dim. of scamnum,
a bench.]
SHAME, sham, ?i. the feeling caused by
the exposure of that which ought to be
concealed, or by a consciousness of
guilt : the cause of shame: dishonor:
(B.) the parts of the body which mod-
esty requires to be concealed. — v.t. to
make ashamed : to cause to blush : to
cover with reproach. [A.S. sceamu,
scamu, modesty ; cog. with Ger. scham,
prob. from a root-verb skiman, to become
red, seen in SHIMMER.]
SHAMEFACED, sham'fast (properly
Shamefast, sham'fast), adj. very mod-
est or bashful : easily confused. — adv.
Shame' facedlt. — n. Shame'facedness,
modesty. [For M. E. shamefast — A.S,
sceam-faest — sceamu, modesty, /ccs^, fast,
perfectly, very.]
SHAMEFAST, sham'fast, adj. shamefaced;
modest. " He saw her wise, shamefast
and bringing forth children." — North.
" It is a pity that shamefast and shame-
fastness . . . should have been corrupted
in modern use to shamefaced and shame-
facedness. The words are properly of
the same formation as steadfast, stead-
fastness, .soothfast, soothfastness, and
those good old English words now lost
to us, rootfast, rootfastness. As by root-
fast our fathers understood that which
was firm and fast by its root, so bv
shamefast, in like manner, that which
was established and made fast by (an
honorable) shame. To change this into
shamefaced is to allow all the meaning
and force of the word to run to the sur-
face, to leave us, ethically, a far inferior
word." — Trench. [A.S. sceam-fcest.]
SHAMEFASTNESS, sham ' fast - nes, ii.
shamefacedness : great modesty. " la
mannerly aparell with shamfastnes "~
Bible, Tyndale's trans., 1.536.
SHAMEFUL, sham'fool, adj. disgraceful:
raising shame in others : indecent. — odv,
Shame'fctlly.— Ji. Shame'fulness.
SHAMELESS, sham'les, adj. immodest :
done without shame : audacious. — adv
Shame'lessly. — u. Shame'lessskss.
SHAMMT, sham'i, SHAMOY, sham'oy n
leather orig. prepared from the skin of
the chamois, but now from that of the
deer, goat, etc. [A corr. of Chamois.]
SHAMPOO, sham-poo', v.t. to squeeze and
rub the body, in connection with the hot
bath : to wash thoroughly with soap and
water, as the head. — n. Shampoo'er,
[Hind, tshamjma, to squeeze.]
SHAMROCK, sham'rok, n. a species of
clover, the national emblem of Ireland.
[A Celt, word ; Ir. seamrog, Gael, seam-
rag.\
SHANk, shangk, n. the leg below the knee
to the foot : the long part of any instru-
ment, as of an anchor between the arms
and ring. [A.S. sceanca, the bone of the
leg, the leg ; cog. with O. Ger. scincho
(Ger. schinken, sclienkel).]
SHANKLIN-SAND, shangk'lin-sand, u. in
geol. another name for lower greensand
of the chalk formation : so called from
its being conspicuously developed at
Shankliii in the Isle of Wight.
SHANK-PAINTER, shangV-pan-ter, Jt.
(naut.) a short rope and chain which sus-
tains the shank and flukes of an anchor
against the ship's side, as the stopper
fastens the ring and stock to the cat-head.
SHANNY, shan'ni, n. a small fish allied to
the blenny, and found under stones and
seaweeds,'where it luiks. It is the Blen-
7lius pholis of Linnanis, and the Pholis
licvis of modern authors. By means of
its pectoral fins it is able to crawl upon
land, and when the tide ebbs will often
creep upon shore until it finds a crevice
wherein it can hide until the tide returns.
SHANTY, shant'i. n. a rude, improvised
dwelling or hut, to be found in lumber
ciitnps. on fishing groimds. and along the
line of raih'oads. canals, etc., in course of
construction. [Perh. from Ir. sean, old,
and tig, a liouse.]
SHAPABLE
590
SHED
8HAPABLE, shap'a-bl, adj. that may be
shaped.
SHAPE, shap, v.t. to form. -to fashion:
to adapt to a purpose : to regulate : to
direct: to conceive: — pa.p. shaped. (B.)
shap'en. — n . form or figure : external
appearance : that which has form or fig-
ure : an appearance : particular nature :
expression, as in words. [A.S. sceapian,
seapan. cog. with Goth, skapjan, Ger.
gchaffen. Ice. skapa. to form ; prob. conn,
with Ship, Shaft. Shift.]
SHAPELESS, shiip'les, adj. having no
shape or regular form : wanting sym-
metry.— n. Shape'lessness.
SHAPELY, shap'li, adj. having shape or a
regular form : symmetrical. — n. Shape'-
LIXESS.
SHAPESMITH, shap'smith, n. one that un-
dertalies to improve the form of the body.
Xo shapesmitli yet set up and drove a trade.
To mend the work that Providence had made.
—Garth.
SHARD, shard, n. a piece or fragment of
an earthen vessel or of any brittle sub-
stance: a potsherd: a fragment; ••Shards,
flints, and pebbles." — Shak.: "Dashed
your cities into shards." — Tennyson;
Thus did that poor soul wander in want and
cheerless discomfort.
Bleeding, bare-tooted, over the shards and thorns
of existence. — Longfellotc:
the shell of an egg or of a snail : the
wing-case of a beetle ; " Thev are his
shards, and he their beetle." — §hak.: the
leaves of the artichoke and some other
vegetables whitened or blanched ; ' 'Shards
or mallows for the pot." — Dryden. [Also
sherd: A.S. sceard, from sceran, to shear,
to separate ; cog. Ice. skard, a notch, a
gap : Dan. skaar, an incision, a sherd ;
akin share.]
8HARD-B0RKE. shard'-born, adj. borne
along by its shards or scaly wing-cases.
•• The shard-borne beetle." — Shak.
8HARDED, shard'ed, adj. having wings
sheathed with a hard case. "The sharded
beetle."— S/iflfc.
SHARDY, shard'i, adj. consisting of or
formed by a shard or shards ; furnished
with shards. " The hornet's shardy
wings." — J. R. Drake.
SHARE, shar, n. a part shorn or cut off :
a portion : dividend : one of a number
of equal portions of anything. — v.t. to
divide into parts : to partake with others.
— v.i. to have a part : to receive a divi-
dend.— )!. Shae'er. [A.S. scearn — sceran,
E. Shear : cog. with Ger. schar, schaar,
a division.]
SHARE, shar, n. the iron blade of a plough
which shears or cuts the ground. [M.E.
sc7(or— A.S. scear — sceran. E. Shear ;
cog. with Ger. schar, schaar. a division,
also a ploughshare. Cf. above word.]
SHAREHOLDER, shar'hold-er, n. one ivho
holds or owns a share in a joint fund or
property.
SHARK, "shark, n. a large voracious fish
with large sharp teeth. [Ety. dub. ;
perh. from L. carcharus — Gr. karcharos,
sharp-pointed, having sharp teeth.]
SHARP, sharp, adj. having a thin, cutting
edge or fine point : peaked or ridged :
affecting the senses as if pointed or cut-
ting : severe : keen : of keen or quick
perception : pungent : biting : sarcastic :
eager : fierce : impetuous : shrill. — n. an
acute sound : (music) a note raised a
semitone: the character ;, directing this :
a shrewdly dishonest person, especially
at gaming and speculating. — adv. Shakp'-
LY. — n. Sharp'xess. [A.S. scearp : cog.
■with Ice. skarp-r, Ger. scharf : from a
root skarp seen in A.S. sceorfan, to split,
sceran, to Shear : conn, with L. sarp-
ere, to prune, Gr. harp-e. Cf. also Scarf
and EscAiiP.]
SHARPEN, sharp'n, v.t. to make sharp or
keen : to give edge or point to : to make
pungent or painful : to make severe : to
make eager, active, or acute. — v.i. to
grow sharp.
SHARPER, sharp'er, n. a trickster : a
swindler : a cheat.
SHARP-SET, sharp'-set, adj. eager : keen :
ravenous.
SHARP-SIGHTED. sharp'-sTt'ed, adj. hav-
ing acute sight : shrewd : discerning.
SHARP-WITTED, sharp'-wit'ed, adj. hav-
ing an acute wit : sagacious.
SHATTER, shat'er, vA. to break so that
the pieces are scattered : to break or dash
to pieces : to crack : to disorder : to ren-
der unsound. — n. a fragment. [A doublet
of Scatter.]
SHATTER-BRAIN, shat'ter-bran, n. a care-
less Eriddv person : a scatter-brain.
SHATTER"- BRAINED, shat'ter- brand,
SHATTER-PATED. shat'ter-pat-ed. adj.
disordered in intellect : intellectually
weak: scatter-brained. "You cannot
. . . but conclude that religion and
devotion are far from being the mere
effects of ignorance and imposture, what-
ever some shatter-brained and debauched
persons would fain persuade themselves
and others." — Dr. J. Goodman.
SHATTERY, shat-ter'i, adj. brittle : easily
falling into many pieces : not compact :
loose of texture. "A coarse grit-stone
.... of too s/i af fen/ a nature to be used
except in ordinarv buildings."' — Pennant.
SHAUCHLE, SHAUGHLE, shawch'l, v.i.
to walk with a shuffling or shambling
gait. [Scotch.]
SHAUCHLE, SHAUGHLE. shawch'l, v.t.
to distort from the proper shape or right
direction by use or wear. — Shaughled
SHOON. shoes trodden down on one side
by bad walking : (fig.) applied to a jilted
woman. Burns ; Sir W. Scott. [Scotch.]
SHAUL, shawl, adj. shallow. "Duncan
deep, and Peebles shard." — Bums.
[Scotch.]
SHAVE, shav, v.t. to cut off the hair with
a razor: to pare closely: to make smooth
by paring : to ctit in t"liin slices : to skim
along the surface: to strip: — pa.p. shaved
or shav'en. [A.S. scafan ; Dut. scharen,
to rub, to shave, Ger. scliaben. L. scabo,
to scrape, Gr. skapto, to dig. See Shape.]
SHAVELING, shav'ling, n. a monk or
friar (in contempt), from his shaven
crown.
SHAVER, shav'er, n. one who shaves : a
barber : a sharp dealer : a plimderer.
SHAVIE, shav'i. n. a trick or prank.
"Mony a prank an' mirthfu" s/iOfiC." —
Blackwood's Mag. [Scotch.]
SHAVING, shav'ing, n. the act of shaving:
that which is shaved or pared off.
SHAW, shaw, n. a thicket ; a small wood ;
a shady place ; " This grene shau:'' —
Chaucer : " Close hid beneath the green-
wood .s/iCrtf." — Fairfa.v : a stem with the
leaves, as of a potato, turnip, etc. [Now
only Scotch or Northern English in both
senses. A Scandinavian word; Dan. skov.
Ice. skogr, Sw. skog. a wood or grove.]
SHAW. shaw. v.t. to show. [Scotch.]
SHAW-FOWL, shaw'-fowl. n. the repre-
sentation or image of a fowl made by
fowlers to shoot at. [Shaw here a form
of Show.]
SHAWL, shawl, n. a cloth of wool, cotton,
silk, or hair, used, particularly by wom-
en, as a covering for the shoulders : a
kind of mantle. — v.t. to wrap in a shawl.
[From the Pers. word shal, a fine cloth
(Ger. shaicl, Fr. ehdle are from the E.
word).]
SHAWL -WAISTCOAT, shawl'-wast - kot,
n. a vest or waistcoat with a lai-ge prom-
inent pattern like a shawl. 2 hackeray.
SHAWM, SHALM, shawm, n. an old
wind-instrument similar in form to the
clarionet. Otliers think it was formed of
pipes made of reed or of wheaten or oaten
straw. [O. Fr. clialemel. Mod. Fr. chain-
mean, from calamellus. a dim. of L. cala-
mus. a reed, a reed-pipe.]
SHAY, sha, ?(. a chaise. Lamb.
SHE, she, pron. fern, the female undei-stood
or previously mentioned : sonietiuies
used as a noun for female. [Orig. the
fem. of tlie def. art. in A.S. — viz. seo or
sia. which in the 12th century began to
replace hed, the old fem. pron.]
SHEAF, shef, n. a quantity of things, esp.
the stalks of grain, shoved together and
bound: any bundle or collection: — pi.
Sheaves, shevz. — v.t. to bind in sheaves.
— v.i. to make sheaves. [A.S. seeaf, Ger.
.9chaxib — A.S. sceofan, Ger. schieben, to
shove.]
SHEAFY, shef'i, adj. consisting of sheaves.
SHEAR, sher, v.t. to cut or clip: to clip
with shears or any other instrument. —
i:i. to separate: — jia.t. sheared, (obs.)
shore ; jjo.p. sheared or shorn. — n.
Sheae'er. [A.S. sceran; Ice. .tkera, to
clip, Ger. scheren, to shave, to separate.}
SHEARHOG, sher'hog. n. a ram or wether
after the first shearing; provinciallj- pro-
nounced as li ncitten sherrng or shdrrag.
"To talk of .'hearhogs and ewes to men
who liabitually said sharrags and yowes."
— George Eliot.
SHEARLING, sher'ling, n. a sheep only
once sheared.
SHEARS, siierz, n.pl. an instrument for
shearing or cutting, consisting of two
blades that meet each other ; anything
Like shears : an apparatus for raising
heavy weights, consisting of upright
spars fastened together at the top and
furnished with tackle.
SHEATH, sheth, n. a case for a sword or
other long instrument : a scabbard : any
thin defensive covering ; a membrane
covering a stem or branch : the wing-
case of an insect. [A.S. sceath. -tcceth;
cog. with Ger. scheide, a sheath. Ice.
skeid-ir ; from the root of Shed, to
separate.]
SHEATHE, sheth, v.t. to put into a sheath:
to cover with a sheath or case: to inclose]
in a lining-.
SHEATHING, sheWi'ing, n. that which'
sheathes, esp. the covering of a ship's]
bottom.
SHEA'ST;, shev, n. a grooved wheel in a|
block, mast, yard, etc.. on which a rope|
works : the wheel of a pulley : a shiver :'
a sliding scutcheon for covering a key
hole. [O. Dut. schijve. Mod. Dut. schi^f,
Ger. scheibe, a round slice, a disc. Seei
Shite, which is a slightly different fori
of this word.]
SHEA^'E, shev, v.t. to bring together into]
sheaves : to collect into a sheaf or into]
sheaves.
SHEAVED, shevd, adj. made of straw.
Shak.
SHEA\T:-H0LE, shev'-hSl, n. a channel
cut in a mast, yard, or other timber, in
which to fix a slieave.
SHEBANDER, sheb'an-der, n. a Dutch;
East India commercial officer.
SHEBEEN, she-ben', n. a place when-
toxicating- drinks are privately and in.
lawfully sold. [Ir.]
SHECHINAH, she-ki'na,?;. See Shekikah,
SHED, shed, v.t. to scatter : to throw out:
to pour : to spill. — v.i. to let fall -.—pr.p.
shedd'ing ; pa.t. a.m\ pa.p. shed. — n.
Shedd'er. [A.S. sceddan; cog. with Grcr.
schiitten. to pour.]
SHED, shed, v.t. to part, separate. [A.S.
sceadan : cog. with Ger. scheiden. Se*
Watershed.]
SHED
391
SHERIFF
SHED, shed, n. that which shades: aslig-ht
erection, usually of wood, for shade or
shelter : an outhouse : a hut : a disnding
line, as a water -shed, in geography.
[From Shade.]
SHEDDIXG, shed'ing, n. the act of one
that sheds : that which is shed or cast
off: a parting or branching off, as of two
roads ; the angle or place where two
roads meet. -'That shedding of the
roads which marks the junction of the
highways coming down for Glasgow and
Edinburgh."— ir. Black.
SHEEN, shen, n. that which nhines :
brightness or splendor. [From Shine.]
SHEEP, shep. n.sitig. and pi. the well-
known animal covered with wool: a silly
fellow (in contempt). [A.S. sceap ; Dut.
schaap. Ger. sehaf.]
8HEEPC0T, shep'kot, n. a cot or inclosure
for sheep.
SHEEPFOLD. shep'fold, n. a fold or in-
closure for sheej) : a flock of sheep.
SHEEPHEADED, shep-hed'ed. adj. dull:
simple-minded: silly. "Simple, sheep-
headed fools." — John Taylor
8HEEPH00K. shep'hook. ». a hook fast-
ened to a pole, by which shepherds lay
hold on the legs oi' their sheep : a shep-
herd's crook.
Thou a sceptre's heir,
That thus aifect^st a sheephookl — Shak.
SHEEPISH, shep'ish. adj. like a sheep :
bashful: foolishly diffident. — adv. Sheep'-
ISHLT. — n. Sheep'ishness.
SHEEP-LAUREL, shep'-law-rel, ?i. a small
North American evergreen shrub of the
genus Kalraia (K. angustifolia). nat. or-
der Ericaceae. Like many other plants
of the heathwort order, it has been intro-
duced into our gardens, and is deservedly
a favorite. It has received tliis name, as
well as that of Lambkill. from its leaves
and shoots being deleterious to cattle.
SHEEPMASTER, shepmas-ter, n. (B.) a
master or owner of sheep.
SHEEPSHEARER, shep'sher-er,)i. one who
Kheurs slieep.
SHEEPSHEARING. shep'sher-ing, n. the
shearing or i-eraoving the fleece of sheep :
the time of shearing the sheep.
SHEEPWALK, shep'wawk, n. the place
where the shee^) iralk and pasture: sheep-
pasture.
SHEEP-WHISTLING, shep-whis'ling, adj.
whistling after sheep : tending sheep.
"An old sheep-u-histling rogue, a ram-
tender." — Shak.
SHEER, sher, adj. pure: unmingled: simple:
without a break, perpendicular. — adv.
clear : quite : at once. [A..S. scir : Ice.
skirr. bright, clear, Ger. schier, Goth.
skeirs, clear.]
SHEER, sher. v.i. to deri'/fe from the line
of the proper course, as a ship : to turn
aside. — n. the deviation from the straight
line, or the longitudinal ou-ve or bend of
a ship's deck or sides. [From Shear, v.i.}
SHEERS, sherz, n. same as Shears.
SHEET, shet. n. a large, thin piece of any-
thing : a large, broad piece of cloth in a
bed: a large, broad piece of paper: a sail:
the rope fastened to the leeward corner
of a sail to e.rtend it to the wind. — v.t. to
cover with or as with a sheet. [Lit.
" that which is shot or spread out," A.S.
seedt, scefe. from sceotan, to shoot, to ex-
tend. Ger. schote. the sheet (naut.).]
SHEET-ANCHOR, shet'-ang'kor, n. the
largest anchor of a ship, shot or thrown
out in extreme danger : chief support :
last refuge. [See Sheet.]
SHEETING, shet'ing, Ji. cloth used for bed-
sheets.
SHEET -LIGHTNING, shet' - lit'ning, ?i.
lightning appearing in sheets or having
a broad appearance.
SHEIK, shek or shak. n. a title of dignity
properly belonging to the chiefs of the
Arabic tribes or clans. The heads of
monasteries ai-e sometimes called sheiks
among the Mohammedans, and it is
also the title of the higher order of
religious persons who preach in the
mosques. The sheik-iil-I.'ilam is the chief
mufti at Constantinople. The name is
now widely used among Moslems as a
title of respect or reverence. [Ar., an
old man. an elder.]
SHEKARRY, she-kar'i, n. a name given in
Hindustan to a hunter.
SHEKEL, shek'l, n. an ancient weight and
coin among the Jews and other nations
of the same stock. Dr. Arbuthnot makes
the weight to have been equal to 9 dwts.
2J gTS. Troy weight, and the value 55
cents, others make its value 60 cents.
The golden shekel was worth nearly $9.
The shekel of the sanctuary was used
in calculating the offerings of the temple,
and all sums connected with the sacred
law. It differed from the common shekel,
and is supposed to have been double its
value. [Heb., from shakal, to weigh.]
SHEKINAH, she-kl'na, n. the Di\'ine pres-
ence wliich rested like a cloud or visible
light over the mercy-seat. [Heb., from
shakan, to rest.]
SHELF, shelf, n. a board fixed on a wall,
etc., for laj'ing things on : a flat layer of
rock : a ledge : a shoal : a sandbank : —
pi. Shelves (shelvz). — adj. Shelf'y.
[M.E. scelfe — A.S. seylfe — scelan, to sep-
arate, to split ; cog. with Scotch skelve
and Ger. schelfe, a shell or husk.]
SHELL, shel, n. a hard covering of some
animals : any framework : a rough kind
of coffin : an instrument of music : a
bomb : the semicircular hilt which pro-
tected part of the hand in some forms of
rapiers. Tliackeray. — v.t. to break off
the shell : to remove the shell from : to
take out of the shell : to throw shells or
bombs upon, to bombard. — v.i. to fall off
like a shell : to cast the shell. [Lit.
•'something thin like a scale" A.S. scell,
cog. with Ice. skell, Ger. schale. Doublet
Scale.]
SHELLAC, SHELL-LAC, sheHak, n. lac
prepared in thin plates. [See Lac, a res-
inous substance.]
SHELLFISH, shel'fish, n. a fish or an
aquatic animal with an external shell.
SHELLPROOF. shel'proof, adj., proof
against or able to resist shells or bombs.
SHELLWORK, shel'wurk, w., work com-
posed of or adorned with shells.
SHELLY, shel'i, adj. full of or made of
shells.
SHELTER, shel'ter, n. that which shields
or protects : a refuge : a retreat, a har-
bor : one who protects, a guardian : the
state of being covered or protected : pro-
tection.— i\t. to cover or shield : to de-
fend : to conceal. — v.i. to take shelter.
[Prob. from the M. E. sheld (E. Shield),
through the influence of M.E. scheltrone
(from A.S. scildtrinna a covering com-
posed of shields, a line of soldiers).]
SHELVE, shelv, v.t.io furnish with shelves:
to place on a shelf : to put aside. — v.i.
to slope like a shelf.
SHELVING, shelv'ing, n. the furnishing
with shelves : the act of placing on a
shelf : shelves or materials for shelves.
SHELVY, shelv'i, adj. full of shelves or
shoals : shallow.
SHEMITIC. Same as Semitic.
SHE>-OAK, she'-ok, n. a peculiar jointed,
leafless, tropical or sub-tropical tree, of
the genus Casuarina (C. qiiadrivalvis),
whose cones and yoimg shoots, when
chewed, yield a grateful acid to persons
and cattle suffering from thirst.
SHEOL. she'ol, n. a Hebrew word of fre
quent occurrence in the Old Testament,
and rendered by the Authorized Version
grave, hell, or pit. The word is generally
understood to be derived from a root
signifying hollow, and taken literallj- it
appears to be represented as a subter-
ranean place of vast dimensions in which
the spirits of the dead rest. Sometimes
the idea of retribution or punishment is
connected with it,but never that of future
happiness.
SHEPHERD, shep'erd, n. a man employed
in tending, feeding and guarding sheep
in the pasture : a pastor, one who exer-
cises spiritual care over a district or com-
munity.— Shepherd kings, the chiefs of
a conquering nomadic race from the East
who took Memphis, and rendered the
whole of Egypt tributary. The dates of
their inva.sion and conquest liave been
computed at from 2567 to 2500 B.C., and
they are stated by some to have ruled
for from 260 to 500 years, when the
Egyptians rose and expelled them. At-
tempts have been made to connect their
expulsion with the narrative in the book
of Exodus. Called also Hycsos or Hyk-
shos. — Shepherd's crook, a long staff
ha\ing its upper end curved so as to form
a hook, used by shepherds. — Shepherd's
DOG, a variety of dog employed by shep-
herds to protect the flocks and control
their movements. It is generally of con-
siderable size and of powerful litfie build;
the hair thick-set and wavy : the tail in-
clined to be long, and having a bushy
fringe ; the muzzle sharp, the eyes large
and bright. The collie or sheep-dog of
Scotland is one of the best known and
. most intelligent dogs of this wide-spread
and useful variety. — Shepherd's (or-
SHEPHERD) TAETAX, (o) a kind of smalE
check pattern in cloth, woven with black"
and white warp and weft : (h) a kind of
cloth, generally woollen, woven in this
pattern — generally made into shepherd's
plaids, and often into trouserings, etc.
fA.S. sceap-hirde — sheep and herd.}
SHEPHERD, shep'erd, v.t. to tend or guide,
as a shepherd. (Poetical.)
White, fleecy clouds
Were wandering in thiclc flocks along the mount*
ains,
Shepherded by the slow, unwilling wind. — Shelley:
to attend or wait on ; to gallant. " Shep-
herding a ladv." — Edin. Rev.
SHEPHERDESS, shep'erd-es, n. a woman
that tends sheep ; hence, a rural lass.
She put herself into the garb of a shepherdess.
— Sir P. Sidney.
SHERBET, sher'bet, n. a drink of water
and fruit juices, sweetened and flavored.
[Arab, sherbet, a drink, from shariba. to
drink, perh. conn, with L. sorbeo. to sip ;
other forms are SHRUB and Sirup.]
SHERD, sherd, n. (B.) a shred, a fragment.
SHERIAT, sher'i-at. n. the sacred or'rather
civil-religious law of Tin-key. which is
founded on the Koran, the Sunna or tra-
dition, the commentaries of the fu'st four
caliphs, etc. "The Lflema declared that
the Sultan ruled the empire as Caliph,
that he was bound by the sheriat, or sa-
cred law Civil law can never take
the place of the .sheriat. and the emanci
nation of the Christian subjects of the
Porte is an impossibilitv." — Contemp
Rev.
SHERIFF, shcr'if, n. originally and in En-
gland the governor of a shire : an officer
in a county who executes the law : the
executive officer of the county and circuit
courts of the States. — n. Sher'iffship.
[M. E. shir-reeve — A.S. scirgerefa — scir
(E. Shire), and gerefa. a governor, cog.
with Ger. graf. a count, E. Reeve ; cf.
Landgrave and Margrave.]
SHERIFFALTY
39i
SHOOT
SHERIFFALTY, sher'if-al-ti, SHERIFF-
DOM, sher'if-dura, )!. the office or juris-
diction of a sheriff. In U. S., Shriev'al-
TY is generally used.
SHERRIS, sher'^is, SHERRIS-SACK, sher'-
is-sak, 71. sherry.
Your skerris warms the blood.— 5/tafc.
But, all his vast heart sherris-vKiruxed^
He flashed his random speecheB. — Tennysmi.
SHERRY, sher'ri, n. a species of wine, so
called from Xeres in Spain, where it is
made. The highest class of the many
varieties are those tliat are technically
called " dry," that is, free from sweetness,
such as the Amontillado, Montilla, Man-
zanilla, etc. It is much used in this
country, and when pure it agrees well
with most constitutions. Genuine and
unadulterated sherry, however, brings a
very high price, and is rarely to be had,
inferior wines being extensively sold
under this name. [Formerly sherris.]
SHERRY-COBBLER, sher-ri-kob'Ier, w.
sherry and iced water sucked up through
a straw.
SHERRY-VALLIES, sher'ri-val-iz, n.pl.
pantaloons of thick cloth or leather,
worn buttoned round each leg over other
pantaloons when riding. [Corrupted
from Fr. chevalier, a horseman.]
SHERTE, n. a shirt : also a skirt or lap.
Chmicer.
SHE-SLIP, she'-slip, n. a young female
scion, branch, or member. "The slight
slie-sUps of loyal blood." — Tennyson.
SHE -SOCIETY, she-so-si'e-ti, n. female
society. Tennyson.
SHEW, sho. Same as Show.
SHEWBREAD, sho'bred. Same as Show-
bread.
SHIBBOLETH, shib'bo-leth, n. (B.) a word
used as a test by the Gileadites to detect
the Ephraimites, who could not pro-
nounce the sh : the criterion or watch-
word of a party. [Heb. an ear of corn ;
or a stream, from shabal, to grow, to
flow.]
SHIELD, sheld, n. a broad plate worn for
defence on the left arm : defence : a
person who protects : an escutcheon. —
v.t. to defend. [A.S. scyld — scyldan, to
defend ; cog. with Ger. schild. Ice.
skiiild-r. protection.]
SHIELDLESS, sheld'les, adj. without a
shield : defenceless.
SHIFT, shift, v.t. to change : to put out
of the way : to dress in fresh clothes. — •
v.i. to change about : to remove : to
change one's clothes : to resort to ex-
pedients for some purpose. — n. a cliange:
a contrivance : an artifice : last resource:
a chemise (orig. sig. a change of linen). —
n. Shift'er. [A.S. sciftan, to divide, to
order ; cog. with Ice. skipta, to divide,
to change; conn, with EQUIP.]
SHIFTLESS, shift'les, adj. destitute of
shifts or expedients : unsuccessful, for
want of proper means.
SHILLALAH, shil-la'la, SHILLALY, shil-
la'li, n. an oak sapling : a cuagel [Said
to be named from an iJish wood, famous
for its oaks.]
SHILLING, shillng, n. an English silver
coin = 13 pence, or a little less, by the
gold standard, than twenty-five cents.
[Lit. " the ringing (coin)," A.S. scilUng,
cog. with Ger. schilling : the root is seen
in O. Ger. scellan, Ger. sehallen, to
sound, to ring.]
SHIMMER, shim'er, v.i. to gleam: to
glisten. — n. Shimm'er. [A.S. scymrian —
seimian, to shine— scrma, lustre, bright-
ness, cog. with Ger. schimmer7i.]
SHIN, shin, n. the large bone of the leg or
the forepart of it. [A.S. scina, the shin
(esp. in the compound scin-ban, shin-
bone), cog. with Dut. scheen, Ger. schien.]
SHINE, sbin, v.i. to beam with steady
radiance : to glitter : to be bright or
beautiful : to be eminent : — JJa.^ and
pa.p. shone (shon), (B.)2ia.t. and pa. p.
shined. — n. brightness : splendor : fair
weather. [A.S. scinan ; Goth, skeinan,
Ger. scheinen ; conn, with root of
Shimmer.]
SHINGLE, shing'gl, n. wood sawed or
split thin, used instead of slates or tiles,
for covering houses : the coarse gravel
on the shores of rivers or of the sea. —
v.t. to cover or roof with shingles : to
trim, as the hair. [Orig. shindle (cog.
with Ger. schindel) — soindula, a late
form of L. scandula, perh. from seindo,
to split.]
SHINGLES, shing'glz, n. an eruptive dis-
ease which often spreads round the
body like a belt. [A corr. of L. cingulum,
a belt or girdle — cingo, to gird.]
SHINGLY, shing'gli, adj. abounding with
shingle.
SHINING, shin'ing, adj. scattering light :
bright : resplendent : conspicuous. — re.
effusion or clearness of light : bright-
ness.
SHINY, shin'i, adj., shining : diffusing
hght : bright : splendid : unclouded.
SHIP, ship, n. a vessel having three masts,
with tops and yards to each : generally,
any large vessel. — v.t. to put on board a
ship : to engage for service on board a
ship : to receive on board ship : to fix in
its place. — v.i. to engage for service on
shipboard: — pr.j). shipping; pa.t. and
pa.p. shipped. — n. Shipp'er. — n. Ship-
OF-THE-LINE, One of the large war-ships
of the navy. [Lit. "a vessel;" A.S.
scip, cog. with Goth, skip, Ice. skip,
Ger. schiff ; conn, with E. Shape, and
with Gr. skap-to, to dig, skaph-os, the
hull of a ship, a sliip, and L. scapha, a
boat. Doublet Skiff.]
SHIPBOARD, ship'bord, n. the board or
deck of a ship. — adv. upon or within a
ship.
SHIP-BROKER, ship'-brok'er, n. a broker
who effects sales, insurances, etc., of
shijjr..
SHIP-CHANDLER, ship'-chand'ler, 7i. a
chandler or dealer in cordage, canvas,
and other furniture and provisions for
ships.
SHIPMAN, ship'man, n. (B.) a man who
manages a ship : a sailor -.—pi. Ship'men.
[A.S. .sc/p?«a?wi.]
SHIPMASTER, ship'mas-ter, n. the master
or captain of a ship.
SHIPMATE, ship'mat, n. a mate or com-
panion in the same ship.
SHIPMENT, ship'ment, 7i. act of putting
on board ship : embarkation : that which
is shipped.
SHIP-MONEY, ship'-mun'i, n. in English
history, 7noney for providing ships for
the service of the king in time of war,
raised at intervals in England 1007-1640.
SHIPPING, ship'ing, adj. relating to ships.
— 71. ships collectively: tonnage. — To
TAKE shipping, (B.) to embark.
SHIP'S - HUSBAND, ship's-huz'band, n.
the owner's agent in the management of
a ship.
SHIPWRECK, ship'rek, n. the vn-eck or
destruction of a ship : destruction. — v.t.
to destroy on the sea : to make to suffer
SHIPWRIGHT, ship'rit, ?i. a 7m-ight who
constructs ships.
SHIPYARD, ship'yard, 7i. a yard where
ships are built or repaired.
SHIRE, shir, n. a division of the island of
Great Britain under a sheriff : a county.
(When added to the name of a county
the i is pronounced as in hill.) [A.S.
sdr, a division — scera7i, to shear, to cut.
See Share and Shear.]
SHIRK, sherk, v.t. to avoid, get off or slink
away from. [A form of vulgar shark, to
play the thief, to shift for a living, from
Shark, the fish.]
SHIRT, shert, 7i. a short garment worn
next the body by men. — v.t. to cover as
witli a shirt. [Cog. with Ice. skyrta,
Ger. schurz, an apron ; conn, with SHORT
and Skirt.]
SHIRTING, shert'ing, 7i. cloth for shirts.
SHIST, etc. See Schist, etc.
SHITTAH, shit'a, SHITTIM, shit'im, n. a
precious wood used in the construction
of the Jewish Tabernacle and its furni-
ture, supposed to be a species of acacia.
[Heb. shittah, pi. shitti7n,]
SHIVER, shiv'er, ?i. a spUnter, or small
piece into which a thing breaks by sud-
den violence. — v.t. to shatter. — v.i. to
fall into shivers. [From root of Sheave ;
allied to Ger. schiefer, a splinter.]
SHIVER, shiv'er, v.i. to shake or tremble :
to shudder. — v.t. to catise to shake in the
wind, as sails. [An imitative word ; al-
lied to O. Dut. schoevere7i, to shake, prov.
Ger. schubber7i.]
SHIVERY, shiv'er-i, adj. easily falling into
shivers or fragments : cohering loosely.
SHOAL, shol, n. a great multitude of fishes
swimming together. — v.i. to crowd,
[A.S. scolu, a company — L. schola, a
school. See School.]
SHOAL, shol, ?). a shallow : a place where
the water of a river, sea, or lake is not
deep : a sandbank. — adj. shallow. — v.i,
to grow shallow: to come upon shallows.
[From root of Shallow.]
SHOALY, shol'i, adj. full of shoals or shal-
lows : not deep. — n. Shoal'iness.
SHOAK, shor, 7i. a prop. Same as SHORE,
a prop.
SHOCK, shok, 7i. a violent shake : a sud
den dashing of one thing against another:
violent onset : an offence. — i:t. to shake
by violence : to offend : to disgust : to
dismay. [Prob. through Fr. c/ioc, a dash-
ing, from O. Ger. schoc, shock ; allied to
Shake.]
SHOCK, shok, ?t. a heap or pile of sheaves
of corn. [Ger. schock, Dut. schokke, a
heajjj
SHOCK-HEADED, shok'-hed'ed, adj. hav
ing a thick and bushy head of hair. [From
Prov. E. shock, a rough dog . a ?orm of
Shag.]
SHOCKING, shok'ing, adj. giving a shock
or sliake from horror or disgust : highly
offensive.— adr. Shock'ingly.
SHOD, shod, im.t. and pa.j}. of SHOE.
SHODDY, shod'i, n. (orig.) the waste shed
or thrown off in spinning wool : now ap-
plied to the wool of old woven fabrics
reduced to the state in which it was be-
fore being spun and woven, and thus fit
for re-manufacture. [From SHED,to part.]
SHOE, shoo, 71. a covering for the foot : a
rim of iron nailed to the hoof of an
animal to keep it from injury : anything
in form or use like a shoe -.—jjl. SHOES
(shooz). — v.t. to furnish with shoes : to
cover at the bottom : — 2^''-P- shoe'ing ;
pa.t. and pa.j). shod. [A.S. sco, sceo;
Goth, skohs, Ger. sclmh.}
SHOEBLACK, shoo'blak, n. one who blacks
and cleans shoes or boots.
SHOEHORN, shoo'horn, 7i. a curved piece
of /ior» or metal used in putting on a, shoe,
SHONE, shon, pa.f. and pa.p. of SHINE.
SHOOK, shook, pa.f. of Shake.
SHOON, shoon, n., oldpl. of Shoe. [A.S.
sced7i. See Shoe.]
SHOOT, shoot, v.t. to dart : to let fly with
force : to discharge from a bow or gun :
to strike with a shot: to thrust forward:
to send forth new parts, as a plant. — v.i.
SHOOTING
393
SHRUNK
to perform the act of shooting : to be
driven along: to fly, as an arrow: to jut
out : to germinate : to advance : — pa.t.
and pa.p. shot. — n. act of shooting : a
young branch. — n. Shoot'er. [A.S. see-
htan; cog. with Dut. schieten, Ger. schies-
sen, to dart.]
SHOOTING, shoot'ing, n. act of discliarg-
ing firearms or an arrow : sensation of a
quick pain : act or practice of killing
game.
SHOOTING-BOX, shoot'ing - boks, n. a
small house in the country for use in the
shooting season.
SHOOTING -STAE, shoot'ing- star. n. a
meteor, so called from its quick, darting
motion.
SHOP, shop, n. a building in which goods
are sold by retail : a place where me-
chanics work. — v.i. to visit shops for the
purpose of buying: — p>'-p. shopp'ing ;
pa.p. shopped. [A.S. sceoppa, a treasury
(influenced by O. Fr. esclioppe, a stall —
Ger. schoppen, a shed).]
SHOP-LIFTING, shop'-lift'ing, n., lifting
or stealing anything from a shop. — n.
Shop'-lift'er. "
SHOP-WALKER, shop'-wawk'er, n. one
who walks in a shop or store and sees the
customers attended to: in the U. S., usu-
ally termed a floor-walker.
SHORE, shor, n. the coast or land adjacent
to the sea, a river, or lake. [Lit. the
place where the land is cut or broken off,
A.S. .score — sceran, to shear, to divide.]
SHORE, shor, n. a prop or support for the
side of a building, or to keep a vessel in
dock steady on the slips. — v.t. to prop. —
n. Shor'er. [Allied to O. Dut. schore,
and conn, witn Shear.]
SHORELESS, shor'les, adj. having no
shore or coast : of indefinite or unlim-
ited extent.
SHORN, shorn, pa.p. of Shear.
SHORT, short, adj. {comp. Short'er, mi-
perl. Short'est), not long in time or
space : near at hand : scanty : insuffi-
cient : narrow : abrupt : brittle. — adv.
not long.— ?i. Short'ness. — In short, in
a few words. [A.S. sceort, cog. with O.
Ger. seurz, prob. conn, with Shear. The
Dut. and Scand. kort, Ger. kurz. are bor-
rowed from L. curtus. See CuRT.]
SHORTCOMING, short'kum-ing, n. act of
coming or falling short of produce or re-
sult : neglect of or failure in duty: usu-
allv in the plural.
SHORT-DATED, short'-dat'ed, adj. having
s}iort or little time to run from its date,
as a bill.
SHORTEN, short'n, v.t. to make short : to
deprive: to make friable. — v.i. to become
short or shorter : to contract.
SHORTHAND, short'hand, n. an art by
which writing is made shorter and eas-
ier, so as to keep pace with speaking.
SHORT-LIVED, short'-livd, adj., living or
lasting only for a short time.
SHORTLY, .short'li, adv. in a short time :
in a brief manner : quicklv : soon.
SHORT-SIGHTED, short'-slt'ed, adj hav-
ing sight extending but a short distance :
unable to see far : of weak intellect :
heedless. — n. Short'-siqht'edness.
SHORT-WINDED, short' -wind'ed, adj.
affected with shortness of rciwd or breath.
SHOT, pa.t. and pa.p. of Shoot.
SHOT, shot, n. act of shooting : a marks-
man : a missile: flight of a missile or the
distance passed by it : small globules of
lead : (gun.) solid projectiles generally. —
v.t. to load with shot: — pr.p. shott'ing ;
pa.p. shott'ed.
SHOULD, shood, pa.t. of Shall. [A.S.
sceolde, pa.t. of seeal. See Shall.]
SHOULDER, shol'der, n. the joint which
connects the human arm or the foreleg of
a quadruped with the body : the flesh
and muscles about the shoulder : the
upper joint of the foreleg of an animal
cut for market : a prominence : (Jig.)
that which sustains.^i'.f. to push with
the shoulder or violently : to take upon
the shoulder. [A.S. seuldor ; Ger. schul-
ter, Dut. schouder.]
SHOULDER-BELT, shol'der-belt, n. a belt
that passes across the shoidder.
SHOULDER-BLADE, shol'der-blad, n. the
broad, flat, 6Zade-like bone of the shoul-
der.
SHOULDER-KNOT, shol'der-not, n. a knot
worn as an ornament on the shoidder.
SHOUT, showt, n. a loud and sudden out-
cry of joy, triumph, or courage. — v.i. to
utter a shout. — v.t. to utter with a shout:
to cry. — n. Shout'er. [Either merely
imitative, or a by-form of ScouT, as being
the sentinel's challenge.]
SHOVE, shuv, v.t. to drive along : to push
before one. — r.i. to push forward: to push
ofl. — n. act of shoving : a push. [A.S.
sceofan, cog. with Dut. schuiven, Ger.
schieben.]
SHOVEL, shuv'l, n. an instrument with a
broad blade, and a handle for shoving and
lifting. — v.t. to lift up and throw with a
shovel : to gather in large quantities. —
v.i. to use a shovel : — pr.p. shov'elling ;
pa.t. and pa.p. shov'elled. [From Shove;
cog. with Ger. schaufel.'\
SHOW, sho, v.t. to present to view : to
enable to perceive or know : to inform :
to teach: to guide: to prove: to explain:
to bestow. — v.i. to appear: to look: —
pa.p. shown or showed. — n. act of show-
ing : display : a sight or spectacle : par-
ade: appearance: plausibility: pretence.
— n. Show'er. [A.S. sceaivian ; Dut.
schouwen, Ger. schauen, Goth, us-scav-
Jan : probably allied to SEE.]
SHOWBILL, sho'bil, n. a bill for shotcing
or advertising the price, merits, etc., of
goods.
SHOWBREAD, sho'bred, Ji. among the
Jews, the twelve loaves of bread shoirni
or presented before the Lord in the sanc-
tuary.
SHOWER, show'er, n. a fall of rain or
hail, of short duration : a copious and
rapid fall. — v.t. to wet with rain: to
bestow liberally. — v.i. to rain in showers.
[A.S. scur ; Ice. skur, O. Ger. scur (Ger.
.fchauer); perh. orig. sig. "a raincloud."]
SHOWERY, show'er-i, adj. abounding
with showers.
SHOWY, sho'i, adj. making a show : cut-
ting a dash : ostentatious : gay. — adv.
Show'ily. — n. Shovt'iness.
SHRAPNEL, shrap'nel, n. (gun.) a shell
filled with musket-balls, called after its
inventor, Col. Shrapnel.
SHRED, shred, n. a long, narrow piece cut
or torn off : a strip or fragment. — v.t. to
cut or tear into shreds. [A.S. screade ;
Ger. schrof, Scot, screed.}
SHREW, slu'oo, Ji. a brawling, trouble-
some woman : a scold. [Prob. closely
connected with Dut. schreeuiren. Low
Ger. schraiien, Ger. schreien, to brawl.]
SHREWD, shrood, adj. of an acute judg-
ment : {obs.) malicious, wicked, cunning.
— adv. Shrewd'ly. — n. Shrevhj'ness.
[Lit. " having the nature of a shrew."}
SHREWISH, shroo'ish, adj. having the
qualities of a shrew, peevish and trouble-
some : clamorous. — adv. Shrew'ishly. —
—n. ShREW'ISHNESS.
SHREWMOUSE, shroQ'mows, n. a harm-
less little animal like the mouse, which
burrows in the ground. [A.S. screawa,
and Mouse.]
SHREW-STRUCK, shroo'-struk, ad/ poi-
soned or otherwise harmed by what was
formerlv believed to be the vemomous
bite or contact of a shrew-mouse.—
Kingsley.
SHRIEK, shrek, v.i. to utter a shriek : to
scream. — n. the shrill outcry caused by
terror or anguish. [Ice. skrika. See
Scream and Screech.]
SHRIEVALTY, shre\''al-ti, n. same aa
Sheriffalty in England and the Domin-
ion of Canada.
SHRIFT, shrift, n. confession made to a
priest : absolution — especially of a dying
man. [From Shrive.]
SHRIKE, shrlk, n. a bird which preys on
insects and small birds, impaling its prey
on thorns, hence called the Butcher Bird.
[Lit. the "shrieking" bird, Ice. skrikja.
Cf. Shriek.]
SHRILL, shril, adj. piercing : sharp : ut-
tering- an acute sound. — adv. Shril'ly. —
n. Shrill'ness. [Allied to Low Ger.
schrell, Ger. schrill, and conn, with G€r.
schreien, toci-y.]
SHRIMP, shrimp, n.a.small shellfish, about
two inches long, much esteemed as food.
[Prov. E. shrimp, anything very small ;
conn, with A.S. scrymman, to wither, and
Ger. schrumpfen, to shrivel.]
SHRINE, shrin, n. a place in which sacred
things are deposited : a sacred place : an
altar. — v.t. to enshrine. [Lit. "a chest
for ivritten papers," A.S. serin, O. Fr.
escrin — L. scrinium — scribo, to write.]
SHRINK, shringk, v.i. to contract : to
wither : to occupy less space : to become
wrinkled by contraction : to recoil, as
from fear, disgust, etc. — v.t. to cause to
shrink or contract: — pa.i.shrank, shrunk;
pa.p. shrunk, shrunk'en. — n. act of
shrinking : contraction : withdrawal or
recoil. [A.S. scrincan ; akin to Ger.
schrunken, to place obliquely or cross-
wise : perh. also conn, with Shrug.]
SHRIVE, shrlv, v.t. to hear a confession. —
v.i. to receive confession (said of a priest);
— pa.t. shrove or shrived ; pa.p. shriv'en.
[A.S. scrifan, to write, to prescribe pen-
ance— L. scribo.]
SHRIVEL, shriv'l, v.i. and v.t. to contract
into wrinkles -.—pr.p. shriv'elling ; pa.t.
and pa.p. shriv'elled. [Ety. dub. ; perh.
conn, with A.S. screpa, to become dry,
and obs. E. rivel, to shrink, to wither.]
SHROUD, shrowd, n. the dress of the dead:
that which clothes or covers : — pi. a set
of ropes from the mast-heads to a ship's
sides, to support the masts. — v.t. to in-
close in a shroud : to cover : to hide : to
shelter. [A.S. scrud, cog. with Ice.
skrudli, clothing.]
SHROVE-TIDE, shrov'-tid, n. the time at
which confession used to be made, the
time immediately before Lent. — n.
Shrove-Tues'day, the day before Ash-
Wednesday. [M.E. schrof (pa.t. of
schriven) — A.S. scraf (pa.t. of scrifan).
See Shrive and Tide.]
SHRUB, shrub, n. a low, dwarf tree : a
woody plant with several stems from the
same root. [A.S. scrobb, perh. conn,
with prov. E. shruff, light rubbish wood,
and with the root of Shrivel.]
SHRUB, shrub, n. a drink or liquor of
lemon-juice, spirit, sugar, and water. [A
corr. of Sherbet.]
SHRUBBERY, shrub'er-i, n. a collection
of shrubs.
SHRUBBY, shrub'i, adj. full of shrubs:
like a shrub : consisting of shrubs or
brush.
SHRUG, shrug, v.t. to draw up : to con-
tract.— v.i. to draw up the shoulders :
— pr.p. shrugg'ing ; pa.t. and pa.p.
shrugged. — n. a drawing up of the
shoulders. [Ety. dub.; perh. conn, with
Shrink.]
SHRUNK, pa.t. and pa.p. of Shrink.
SHUDDER
394
SILK
SHUDDER, shud'er, v.i. to tremble from
fear or horror. — n. a trembling' from fear
or horror. [Dut. schudclern, schudden,
Ger. schandern^ to shudder.]
SHUFFLE, shuf'l. v.t. to chang-e the posi-
tions of : to confuse : to remove or intro-
duce by purposed confusion. — r.i. to
change the order of cards in a pack : to
shift ground : to evade fair questions :
to move by shoving the feet along'. — n.
act of shuffling : an evasion or artifice. —
n. Shuff'ler. [A by-form of ScUFFLE,
thus conn, with Shove and SHOVEL.]
SHUN, shun. v.t. to avoid : to keep clear
of: to neglect: — pr.p. shunn'ing' ; pn.f.
and ^a.^.'shunned. [A.S. scunian, sceo-
nian : akin to Dut. scnninen, to slope.]
SHUNT, shunt, v.t. to turn off upon a
siderail, as cars in a railroad y.ird. — n.
the British name for a short siderail for
allowing the main-line to be kept free. —
n. Shx.-st'ixg. [M. E. shunteii; a form
of Serx.]
SHUT, shut, v.t. to close, as a door : to
forbid entrance into : to contract or
close. — v.i. to close itself :—j3r.2j. shutt'-
ing ; pa.t. a,nApn.p. shut. [A.S. scyttnn,
conn, with Shoot, from the shooting
forward of the bar.]
SHUTTER, shut'er, n. one ivho or that
whicla shuts : a close cover for a win-
dow or aperture.
SHUTTER, shut'er, v.t. to provide, pro-
tect, or cover over with a shutter or
shutters. "The school-house windows
were all shuttered up." — T. Hughes.
SHUTTLE, shut'l, «. an instrument used
for shooting the tliread of tlie woof be-
tween the threads of the warp in weav-
ing. [A.S. scytel, sceathel — seeotan, E.
Shoot : cog. with Dan. and Sw. skyttel.^
SHUTTLECOCK, shut'I-kok, w. a cork
stuck with feathers, like a eocA:, shot,
struck, or driven with a battledore.
SHY, shl. Mtj. timid : reserved : cautious :
suspicious. — v.i. to start aside, as a
horse from fear : — pia.t. and pa.}}, shied.
—adv. Shy'ly or Sm'LY. — n. Sht'ness.
[A.S. sceoh : Qer. scheu.]
SIBILANT, sib'i-lant, adj. making a hissing
sound. — n. a sibilant letter. [L. sibilo,
to hiss.]
SIBILATION, sib-i-la'shun, n. a hissing
sound.
SIBYL, sib'il, n. (lit.) she that tells the
will of Zeus or Jupiter : a pagan proph-
etess. [L. — Gr. Sibylla, Doric Gr. si'o-
bolla — Dies, Doric Sios, genitive of Ze«s,
and boule, Doric bolla, counsel.]
SIBYLLINE, sib'il-In, adj. pertaining to,
uttered, or written by sibyls : prophetical.
SICK, sik, adj. affected witli disease : ill :
inclined to vomit: disgusted: used by the
sick. — n. SiCK'XESS, p?. (B.) Sick'xesses,
diseases. [A.S. sioc; Ger. siech, Goth.
sinks.]
SICKEN, sik'n, v.t. to make sick: to disgust.
— v.i. to become sick: to be disgusted:
to become disgusting or tedious : to be-
come weak.
SICKISH. sik'ish, adj. somewhat sick. —
adv. SICK'ISHLT.— H. SiCK'iSHXESS.
SICKLE, silv'l, n. a hooked instrument for
cutting grain. [A.S. sicel: Ger. sichel.
Low Ger. sekel ; all from a rustic L. secula
— seco. to cut.]
3ICKLY, sik'li, adj. inclined to sickness :
unhealthy : somewhat sick : weak : lan-
fuid : producing disease. — n. Sick'liness.
•E, sid, n. the edge or border of anything:
the surface of a solid : a part of a thing
as seen by the eye : region : part : tlie
part of an animal between the hip and
shoulder : any party, interest, or opinion
opposed to another : faction : line of
descent. — adj. being on or toward the
side : lateral : indirect. — v.i. to embrace
the opinion or cause of one partv against
another. [A.S. side, cog. with Ice. sida,
Ger. seiYe.]
SIDEARMSi sid'armz, n.pl., arms or weap-
ons worn on the side, as a sword or
bayonet.
SIDEBOARD, sid'bord. n. a piece of furni-
ture on one side of a dining-room for
lioldiug dishes, etc.
SIDEBOX, sid'boks, n. a box or seat at the
side of a theatre.
SIDED, sid'ed. adj. having a side.
SIDELING, sid'ling, adj. inclining to a
side : sloping.
SIDELONG, sid'long. adj. oblique: not
straight. — adv. in the direction of the
side : obliquely.
SIDEREAL, si-de're-al, adj. relating to a
star or stars: starry: (astr.) measured
by the apparent motion of the stars. [L.
sidus. sideris. a star.]
SIDE-SADDLE, sld'-sad'l, n. a saddle for
women.
SIDE-SLIP, sid'-slip, n. an illegitimate
child. "This side-slip of a son that he
kept in the dark." — Oeorge Eliot : a divis-
ion at the side of the stage of a theatre,
where the scenerv is slipped off and on.
SIDEWAYS, sid'waz, SIDEWISE, sld'wiz,
adv. toward or on one side : inclining :
laterally.
SIDING, sTd'ing, n. a short line of track on
wliich railroad cars are shunted or
switched off from the main line.
SIDLE, sT'dl, v.i. to go or move side-fore-
most.
SIEGE, sej, n. a sitting down with an army
round or before a fortified place to take
it by force : a continued endeavor to gain
possession. [Orig. a "seat," Fr. siege,
seat (It. seggia, sedia) — L. sedes, a seat
—sedeo, E. Sit.]
SIENNA, si-en'a. n. a fine orange-red pig-
ment used in paintinEr. [From Siexna in
Italy.]
SIERRA, se-er'ra, n. a ridge of mountains,
tlie summits of which resemble tlie teeth
of a saw : the name given to various
peaks and ranges in the American Cor-
dilleras : as Sierra Mad re, Sierra Nevada,
etc. [Sp., from L. serra, a saw.]
SIESTA, si-es'ta, n. a short sleep taken
about midday or after dinner. [Sp. — L.
se.vta {hora),'the sixth (hour) after sun-
rise, the hour of noon.]
SIEVE, siv, n. a vessel with a bottom of
woven hair or wire to separate the fine
part of anything from the coar.se. [A.S.
sife: cog.'withGer. sieb. Sift is a de-
rivative.]
SIFT, sift, v.t. to separate with or as with
a. sieve: to examine closely. — h. Sift'er.
[A.S. siftan — sife (see Sieve) ; cog. with
Ger. siehten.}
SIGH, si, v.i. to inhale and respire with a
long, deep, and audible breathing, as in
grief : to sound like sighing. — v.t. to ex-
press by sighs. — n. a long, deep, audible
respiration. [A.S. sican: from the sound.]
SIGHT, sit, n. act of seeing : view : faculty
of seeing : that which is seen : a spec-
tacle : space within vision : examination:
a small opening for looking through at
objects : a piece of metal on a gun to
guide the eve in taking aim. — v.t. to
catch sight "of. [A.S. ge-siht : O. Ger.
siht. Ger. sicht. from root of See.]
SIGHTED, sit'ed, adj. having sight.
SIGHTLESS, sit'les, adj. wanting sight:
blind. —adu. Sight'lessly. — n. Sight'-
LESSNESS.
SIGHTLY, sit'li, adj. plea.sing to the sight
or eye : comely.— n. SlGHT'lJNESS.
SIGN," sin, n., mark, token: proof: that
by which a thing is known or repre-
sented : a word, gesture, or mark, in-
tended to signify something else : a
remarkable event : an omen . a miracle :
a memorial : something set up as a notice
in a public place : (math.) a mark show-
ing the relation of quantities or an opera-
tion to be performed : (med.) a symptom :
(astr.) one of the twelve parts of the
zodiac. — r.t. to represent or make known
by a sign : to attach a signature to. [Fr,
signe — L. signum.]
SIGNAL, sig'nal, n. a sign tor giving no-
tice, generally at a distance : token : tha ,
notice given. — v.t. and v.i. to make sig-
nals to : to convey by signals : — pr.p.
sig'nalling ; pa.t. and pa.p. sig'nalled. —
adj. having a sign : remarkable: notable :
eminent. — n. SiG'NAJXrNG. — adv. Sig'nal-
LY. [Fr.]
SIGNALIZE, sig'nal-iz. v.t. to make signal
or eminent : to signal.
SIGNATURE, sig'na-tur, n. a sign or mark :
the name of a person written by himself :
(mi(sic) the fiats and sharps after the clef
to show the key. [Fr. — Low L. signu'
tura.]
SIGNBOARD, sin'bord, n. a board with a
sign telling- a man's occupation or ar-
ticles for sale.
SIGNET, sig'net. n. a private-seal : (B.) a
seal. [From Sign.]
SIGNIFICANCE, sig-nif'i-kans, n. that
which is signified : meaning : import-
ance : mcUic-nt.
SIGNIFTCANT, sig-nif'i-kant, adj., signify-
ing : expressive oi' something : standing
as a sign. — adv. Signtf'icantly.
SIGNIFICATION, sig-ni-fi-ka'shun. n. act
of signifying : that which is signified :
meaning.
SIGNIFICATIVE, sig-nif'i-kat'iv, adj., sig-
nifying: denoting by a sign: having
meaning : expressive.
SIGNIFY, sig'ni-fl, v.t. to make known by
a sign or by words : to mean : to indicate
or declare : to have consequence : — pa.t.
and pa.pi. sig'nified. [L. .^igyiifico, -atus
— signum. and facio, to make.]
SIGNIOR, SIGNOR, sen'yur, n. an ItaUan
word of address equivalent to Sir, Mr.
[It. signore. See SEIGNIOR.]
SIGN-JIANUAL, sin-man'u-at, n. (lit.) a
sign made by one's own hand : the sig-
nature of a sovereign, usuallj' only the
initial, with R. for Bex (L. "king"), or
Regina (L. "queen"). [Sign and Man-
UAL.]
SIGNORA, sen-yo'ra, n. feminine of SiGNOE.
SIGNPOST, sin'post, n. a post on which
a sign is hung: a direction-post.
SILENCE, si'lens, n. state of being silent :
absence of sound or speech: muteness:
cessation of agitation : ca Imness: obli\ion.
— v.t. to cause to be silent: to put to rest:
to stop. — int. be silent !
SILENT, sl'lent, adj. free from noise : not
speaking: habitually taciturn : still: not
pronounced. — adv. Si'lextly. [L. s-ilens,
-entis, pr.p. of sileo, to be silent.]
SILEX, sl'leks, n., silica, as found in nature,
occurring as flint, quartz, rock-crystal,
etc. [L. silex. silicis. flint.]
SILHOUETTE, sil'oo-et, ». a shadow-out-
line of the human figure or profile filled
in of a dark color. [From Silhouette, a
French minister of finance in 1759. .ifter
whom everything cheap was named, from
his excessive economy in financial mat-
ters.]
SILICA, sil'i-ka, n. pure silex or flint, the
most abundant solid constituent of our
globe.
SILICEOUS, SILICIOUS, si-lish'us, adj.
pertaining to, containing, or resembling
sile.v or flint.
SILK, silk, n. the delicate, soft thread pro-
duced by certain caterpillars : thread or
cloth woven from it.— adj. pertaining to
or consisting of silk. [A.S. seolc—L. ser-
SILKEN
395
SINGSONG
icum — Gr. serikoii, neut. of adj. Serikos,
pertaining to the Seres — Ser, a native of
Ciiina. whence silk was first obtained.]
SILKEN, silk'n, adj. made of silk : dres.sed
in silk : resembling' silk : soft : delicate.
SILK-MERCER, silk'-mer'ser, n. a mercer
or dealer in .s)7A-s.
SILK- WEAVER, sQk'-wev'er, n. a xceaver
of silk stuffs.
SILKWORM, silk'wurm, n. the icorm or
caterpillar which produces silk.
SILKY, silk'i, adj. like silk in texture: soft:
smooth: glossy. — n. Silk'lness.
SILL, sil. n. the timber or stone at the foot
of a door or window: the lowest piece in
a window-frame. [A.S. syll, cog. with
Ice. .'n/lla, Ger. schwelle, conn, with
Swell.]
SILLABUB, sil'a-bub, n. a liquor made
of wine or cider mixed with milk and
sweetened. [Perh. from slabbering it up
quickly.]
SILLY, sil'i. adj. simple : harmless : fool-
ish : witless : imprudent : absurd : stu-
pid.—arfr. Snx'iLY.— n. Sill'iness. [Orig.
" happy,'' '• blessed," and so "innocent,''
"simple," A.S. scelig ; cog. with Ger.
selig. and Goth. sels. good.]
SILT, silt, >!. that which is left by s?rain-
ing : sediment: the sand, etc., left by
water, [Prov. E. sile, allied to Low Ger.
sielen, Sw. sila, to let water off, to
strain.]
SILURIAN, si-lo6'ri-an, adj. belonging to
Siluria. the country of the Silures, the
ancient inhabitants of part of Wales and
England : applied to the strata below
the old red sandstone, which are found
best developed in that district.
SILVAN, sil'van. adj. pertaining to ifoorfs:
woody: inhabiting woods. [Fr. — T^. silva;
cf. Gf. hyle, a wood.]
SILVER, sil'ver, n. a soft white metal,
capable of a high pohsh : money made
of silver : anything having the appear-
ance of silver. — adj. made of silver : re-
sembling silver: white: bright: precious:
gentle. — v.t. to cover with silver: to
make like silver : to make smooth and
bright : to make silvery. [A.S. silfer,
scoffer, cog. with Ice. silfr, and Ger. sil-
ber.]
SILVERING, sil'ver-ing, n. the operation
of covering with silver: the silver so used.
SILVERLING, sil'ver-ling, n, (B.) a small
silver coin.
SILVERSMITH, sil'ver-smith, n. a smith
who works in silver.
SILVERY, sil'ver-i, adj. covered witli sil-
ver : resembling silver : white : clear,
soft, mellow.
SIMILAR, sim'i-lar, adj., like: resembling:
uniform : (geom.) exactly corresponding
in sliape, witliout regard to size. — adv.
SiM'lLAKLT.— )i. SlMILAE'lTY. [Fr. sivii-
laire — L. similis, like, same.]
SIMILE, sim'l-le, n. something similar :
similitude : {rhet.) a comparison to illus-
trate anvthing.
SIMILITUDE, si-mil'i-tud, n. the state of
being similar or like : resemblance: com-
Earison : simile : (B.) a parable. [Fr. —
i. similitude.]
8IMI0US, sim'i-us, adj. pertaining to or
resembling an ape or monkey: monkey-
like. [From L. simius, an ape — simns,
flat-nosed.]
SIMilER. sim'er, v.i. to boil with a gentle,
hissing sound. [From the sound.][
BIMONIAC, si-mo ni-ak, n. one guilty of
simont/.
SIMONIACAL, sim-o-nT'ak-al, adj. pertain-
ing to. guiltvof, or involving simony.
SIMONY, sim^on-i, li. the crime of buj-ing
or selling ecclesiastical preferment, so
named from Simon Magus who thought
to pur(?hase the gift of the Holy Spirit
with monev. Acts viii.
SIMOOM, si-mo6m', SIMOON, si-moon', n.
a destructive hot wind which blows in
Northern Africa and Arabia and the ad-
jacent countries from the interior des-
erts. [Ar. semum — serum, to poison.]
SIMPER, sim'per, v.i. to smile in a silly
affected manner. — n. a silly or affected
smile. [Prob. conn, with SlJiMER.]
SIMPLE, sim'pl, adj. single : undivided :
resisting decomposition : elementary :
homogeneous : open : unaffected : un-
desig-ning : true : clear : straightforward:
artless : guileless : unsuspecting : cred-
ulous : not cunning : weak in intellect :
silly. — H. something not mixed or com-
pounded : a medicinal herb. [Lit. " one-
fold," Fr. — L. simplus — sim- (L. semel,
Gr. hama. Sans, sam), once, and root of
plica, to fold.]
8IMPLENESS, sim'pl-nes, n. the state or
quality of being simple : artlessness :
simplicity : follj'.
SIMPLETON.sim'pl-tun, n. a,simvle person:
a weak or foolish person.
SIMPLICITY, sim-plis'i-ti. n, the state or
quality of being simple : singleness :
want of complication : openness : clear-
ness : freedom from excessive adorn-
ment : plainness : sincerity : artlessness :
credulity, silliness, folly. [L. simplicitas.']
SIMPLIFY, sim'pli-fi, v.t. to make simple :
to render less difficult : to make plain :
—pa.t. and pa.p. sim'plified. — n. Simpli-
fica'tion. [I', simplex, simple, and/nci'o,
to make.]
SIMPLY, sim'pli, adv. in a simple manner :
artlessly : foolishly : weakly : plainly :
considered by it.self : alone : merely :
solelv.
SIMULACRUJI, sim-u-la'krum, n. that
which is made like, or formed in the like-
ness of any object : an image : a form :
hence, a mere resemblance as opposed to
realitv. Thackeray. [L.]
SIMULATE, sim'u-lat. v.t. to imitate : to
counterfeit : to pretend : to assume the
appearance of without the reality. — n.
Sim'ulator. [L. simidatus, pa.p. of
simnlo, to make (something) similar to
(another thing) — similis, like.]
SIMULATION, sim-u-la'shun, n. the act
of simulating or putting on what is not
true.
SIMULTANEOUS, sim-ul- tau'e-us, adj.
acting, existing, or happening at the
same time. — adv. Simultan'eously. [Low
L. sivndtaneus — L. simul, at the same
time, akin to similis. like.]
SIN, sin. Ti. willful violation of law : neg-
lect of duty : neglect of the laws of mo-
rality and religion: wickedness: iniquity.
— v.i. to commit sin : to violate or neg-
lect the laws of morality or religion : to
do wrong •.—p>r.p. sinn'ing ; pa.t. and
pa.p. sinned. [A.S. synn, cog. with Ice.
syn-d, Ger. si'mde: prob. from a root seen
in Goth, sunja, truth, and syn-jon, to
vindicate (both from sun-is, true), also in
Ice, -lyn. denial. Prob. it thus orig. meant
" a thing to be cleared up or accounted
for," " an act as to which one must just-
ify one's self," " a deed involving respon-
sibility or guilt," hence " a crime."]
SINCE, sins, adv. from the time that :
past : ago. — prep, after : from the time
of. — cojy. seeing that : because: consid-
ering. [M.E. sin. sith. sithencc : A.S.
sitli-than, lit. " after that," from sith,
late (Ger. seit), and than, dative case of
the article,]
SINCERE, sin-ser', adj. clean ; pure : (B.)
unadulterated : being in reality what it
is in appearance : unfeigned : frank :
honest : true, — adv. Sixcere'ly. [Fr. —
L. sincerus, clean, generally derived from
sine, without, and oera, wax: better from
sim-. single, and the root of Ger. schier,
E. Sheer. See Simple, Sixgle.]
SINCERITY, sin-ser'i-ti, n. state or quality
of being sincere : honesty of mind : free-
dom from pretence.
SINCIPUT, sin'si-put, n. the forepart o*
the head from the forehead to the rer-
tex. [L., lit. " half a head " — semi, half,
and caput, the head.]
SINE, sin, n. a straight line drawn from
one extremity of an arc perpendicular to
the diameter that passes through the
other extremity. [L. siiius, a curve.]
SINECURE, sl'ne-kur, n. an ecclesiastical
benefice u-ifhont the cure or care of
souls : an office with salarj' but without
work. — n. Si'necurist, one who holds a
sinecure. [L. sine, without, and eura,
care.]
SINEW, sin's, li, that which joins a mus-
cle to a bone, a tendon : muscle, nerve :
that which supplies vigor. — v.t. to bind
as by sinews : to strengthen. [A.S.
sinu~ cog. with Ice. sin. Ger. sehne.]
SINEWY, sin'H-i, adj. furnished with sin-
ews : consisting of, belonging to, or re-
sembling sinews : strong : vigorous.
SINFUL, sin'fool, adj. full of or tainted
with sin : iniquitous : wicked : depraved:
criminal : imholy. — adv. Sin'fully. — )i.
Sin'fulness.
SING, sing, i\i. to utter melodious sounds:
to make a small, shrill sound : to relate
in verse. — To sing small, to adopt a
humble tone : to assume the demeanor of
a conquered, inferior, or timid person: to
play a very subordinate or insignificant
part, " I must myself sing small in her
company.'' — Richardson. — v.t. to utter
musically : to chant : to celebrate or re-
late in verse : — pa.t. sang or sung : pa.p.
sung. [A.S. singan, cog. with Ger. sin-
gen, Goth, siggvan ; cf. Gael, seinn. Sans.
svan.]
SINGE, sinj, v.t. to burn on the surface : to
scorch : — pr.p. singe'ing ; jjo.f. and pa.p,
singed. — n. a burning of the surface : a
slight burn. [M.E. sengen (cog. with
Ger. sengen.) — A.S. be-sengan, the causa-
tive of Sing, from the singing noise pro-
duced by scorching,]
SINGER, sing'er, n. one who sings : one
whose occupation is to sing,
SINGING, sing'ing, n. the act or art of
singing".
SINGING-MASTER, sing'ing-mas'ter, n. a
master who teaches singing.
SINGLE, sing'gl, adj. consisting of one
only : individual : separate : alone : un-
married: not combined with others : un-
mixed : having- one only on each .side :
straightforward : sincere : simple : pure.
— v.t. to separate : to choose one from
others : to select from a number. [L.
sin-gulus, one to each, separate, alcin to
sem-el, once, Gr. ham-a. See Simple,
Sincere.]
SINGLE-HEARTED, sing'gl-hart'ed. adj.
having a single or sincere heart: without
duplicitv.
SINGLE-MINDED, sing'gl - mind'ed, adj.
having a single or sincere mind: upright.
SINGLENESS," sing'gl-nes, n. state of being
single or alone : freedom from deceit :
sinceritv : simplicitv.
SINGLESTICK, sing'gl-stik, n. asinglestick
or cudgel used in fighting : a fight or
game with singlesticks.
SINGLETREE, sing'gl-tre, n. the same as
Swinoi.etree. '
SINGLY, sing'gli, adv. one by one ; partic-
ularly : alone : by one's self : honestly :
sincerelv.
SINGSO^fe, sing'song, n. bad singing:
drawling.
SINGULAR
396
SKEW
eiNGULAR, sing'^-lar, adj. alone: (ffram.)
denoting one person or thing : single :
not complex or compound : standing
alone : rare : unusual : uncommon : ex-
traordinary : strange : cdd: (B.) particu-
lar. [L. singularis.]
SINGULARITY, sing-gu-lar'i-ti, ?i. the
state of being singular : peculiarity :
anything curious or remarkable : par-
titailar privilege or distinction.
SINGULARLY, sing'gil-lar-li, adi\ in a
singular manner : peculiarly : strangely :
so as to express one or the singular num-
ber.
SINISTER, sin'is-ter, adj., left: on the left
hand : evil : unfair : dishonest : unlucky :
inauspicious. [L.]
SINISTRAL, sin'is-tral, adj. belonging or
inclining to the left : reversed. — adv.
Sl^'lSTRALLY.
SINISTROUS, sin'is-trus, adj. on the left
side : wrong : absurd : perverse. — adv.
Sin'istrously.
SINK, singk, v.i. to fall to the bottom : to
fall down : to descend lower : to fall
gradually : to fall below the surface : to
enter deeply : to be impressed : to be
overwhelmed : to fail in strength.— v.i.
to cause to sink : to put under water : to
keep out of sight : to suppress : to de-
grade : to cause to decline or fall : to
plunge into destruction : to make by
digging or delving : to pay absolutely :
to lower in value or amount : to lessen :
— pa.t. sank and sunk; j^a.p. sunk,
sunk'en. — n. a drain to carry off dirty
water : a box or vessel connected with a
drain for receiving dirty water. — n. Sink'-
ER. [A.S. sencan, cog. with Ger. sinkeii,
Goth, siggqiian, Ice. sokkva, to fall to
the bottom.]
SINLESS, sin les, adj. without sin : inno-
cent : pure : perfect. — adv. Sin'lessly.
—n. Sin'lessness.
SINNER, siu'er, n. one who sins ; an of-
fender or criminal : (theol.) an unregen-
erate person.
SIN-OFFERING, sin'-of'er-ing, n. an offer-
ing for or sacrifice in expiation of sin.
SINTER, sin'ter, n. a name given to rocks
precipitated in a cr3'stalline form from
mineral waters. [Ger., " iron sparks."]
SINUATE, sin'u-at, adj., curved: (hot.)
with a waved margin. — v.t. to bend in
and out. — ?i. Sinua'tion. [L. sinuatus,
pa.p. of sinuo, to bend.]
SINUOSITY, sin-u-os'i-ti,Jt. quality of being
sinuous : a bend or series of bends and
turns.
SINUOUS, sin'u-us, SINUOSE, sin'u-os,
adj., bending in and out: winding: un-
dulating.—adu. Sin'uously. [L. simiosus
— sinus, a bending.]
SINUS, si'nus, n. a bending : a fold : an
opening : a baj" of the sea : a recess in
the shore : (anat.) a cavity wider in tlie
interior than at the entrance: a venous
canal : (med.) a cavity containing pus.
[L. sinus, a bending, a curve.]
SIP. sip, v.t. to sup or drink in small quan-
tities : to draw into the mouth: to taste:
to drink out of. — )'./. to drink in small
quantities : to drink by the lips : — ^jr.p.
sipp'ing ; jM.t. and pa.p. sipped. — n. the
taking of a Uquor with the lips : a small
draught taken with the lips. [A.S. supan,
cog. with Ger. saufen ; conn, with Sop,
Soup, Sup.]
SIPHON, si'fun, n. a bent tube for drawing
off liquids from one vessel into another.
[Fr.— Gr. siphon — siphlos, hollow.]
SIPPET, sip'et, vi>a small sop.
SIR, ser, n. a word of respect used in ad-
dressing a man : the title of a knight or
bai-onet. [Lit. "senior" or "elder," O.
Fr. sire, through O. Fr. sendre, from L.
senior, an elder, comp. of senex, old. Cf.
the parallel forms Sire, Seizor, Seign-
ior, SiGNOR.]
SIRE, sir, ?i. (lit.) a "senior" or father: one
in the place of a father, as a sovereign :
the male parent of a beast, esp. of a
horse: — p>^- (poetry) ancestors. — v.t. to
beget, used of animals. [See above word.]
SIREN, si'ren, n. (myth.) one of certain
fabulous nymphs in S. Italy who enticed
mariners to destruction by sweet nmsic :
a fascinating woman : any one insidious
and deceptive : an eel-like, amphibious
animal, with only one pair of feet. — adj.
pertaining to or like a siren : fascinating.
[L. siren — Gr. seiren, lit. an "entangler"
— seira, a cord, a band.]
SIRENE, si'ren, n. a musical instrument
for determining the number of pulses per
second in a given note. [Same word as
above.]
SIRIUS, sir'i-us, n. the Dogstar. [L.— Gr.
seirios, scorching ; cf. Sans. su7'ya, the
sun.]
SIRLOIN, ser'loin, n. a loin of beef. [Fr.
surlonge — sur ( — L. super, above), and
longe (see Loin). The first syllable has
been modified by confusion with E. SiR.]
SIRNAME, ser'nara, n. [A corruption of
Surname.]
SIROCCO, si-rok'o, n. a hot, oppressive
wind, from the south-eas< in S. Italy and
adjoining parts. [It. sirocco, Sp. siroco,
Ar. schoruq — scharq, the east.]
SIRRAH, ser'a, n. sir, used in anger or con-
tempt. [M. E. sirrha — sir, ha : or from
Ir. sirreach, poor.]
SIRUP, sir'up, n. a solution of sugar in
water, simple, flavored, or medicated.
[Fr. 'sirop — Low L. siniptis — Ar. sharCib,
sharbat, a drink. See Sherbet and
Shrub.]
SISKIN, sis'kin, n. a migratory song-bird,
resembling the green canary. [Dan.
sisgen, Sw. siska.}
SISTER, sis'ter, n. a female born of the
same parents : a female closely allied to
or associated with another. — n. Sister-
in-law, a husband's or wife's sister, or a
brother's wife. [M. E. susten — A.S. stveos-
ter, cog. with Dut. suster, Ger. schwester,
Slav, sestra, L. soror (for sosor, orig. sos-
tor). Sans, svasri, svasdr (orig. .tvastdr).]
SISTERHOOD, sis'ter-hood, n. (orig.) state
of being a sister, the duty of a sister : a
society of females.
SISTERLIKE, sis'ter-Uk, SISTERLY, sis'-
ter-li, adj., like or becoming a sister: kind:
affectionate.
SIT, sit, v.i. to rest on the haunches : to
perch, as birds : to rest : to remain : to
brood : to occupy a seat, esp.-ofRcially :
to be officially engaged : to blow from a
certain direction, as the wind. — v.t. to
keep the seat upon : to seat : — Jir.ji. sitt'-
\ng;pia.t. a.nd pa.p. sat. — n. Sitt'er. —
Sit out, to sit during. — Sit xtp, to rise
from a lying to a sitting position. [A.S.
sittan, cog. with Ger. sitzen, L. sed-eo,
Gr. hed-os, a seat, hezomai, to sit. Cf.
Seat and Set.]
SITE, sit, n. the place where anything is
set down or fixed : situation : a place
chosen for any particular ]>urpose. [Fr.
— L. situs — sitiiin, pa.p. of sitiv, to set
down. Cf. Situate.]
SITH, sith, adv. (B.) since. [A.S. sidh; cog.
with Goth, seidhti, Ger. seit. See Since.]
SITTING, sit'ing, n. state of resting on a
seat : a seat : the act or time of resting
in a posture for a painter to take a like-
ness : an official meeting to transact
business: uninterrupted application to
anything for a time : the time during
which one continues at anything: a rest-
ing on eggs for hatchins;.
SITUATE, sit'u-at, SITUATED, sit'u-at-ed,
adj., set or permanently fixed: placed with
respect to other objects: residing. [Low
L. situatiis — L. situo, to place — sittis, a
site, situation.]
SITUATION, sit-u-a'shun, n. the place
where anything is situated: position:
temporary state : condition : office : em-
ployment.
SIX, siks, adj. and n. five and one: a figure
denoting six units (6, or VI.). [A.S. six,
sex ; cog. with Scand. sex, Goth, saihs,
Ger. sechs, Gael, se ; also with L. sex, Gr.
hex, Pers. shesh. Sans, s/m.s/i.]
SIXFOLD, siks'fold, adj., folded or multi-
jilied si.v times.
SIXPENCE, siks'pens, n. an English silver
coin=13 cents.
SIXTEEN, siks'ten, adj. and n.,sw and (en.
SIXTEENTH, siks'tenth, adj. and n. the
si.vth after the tenth.
SIXTH, siksth, adj. the last of six : the or-
dinal of six. — )(. the sixtli part : (music)
an interval of four tones and a semitone,
or six intervals. [A.S. Sia'ta.]
SIXTHLY, siksth'li, odr. in the sixth place.
SIXTIETH, siks'ti'eth, adj and?i. the sixth
tenth : the ordinal of sixty. [A.S. six-
teogeotha.]
SIXTY, siks'ti, adj. and n., six times ten.
[A.S. sixtig.]
SIZAR, siz'ar, n. in University of Cam-
bridge, Eng., orig. one who served out the
sizes or rations : one of tlie lowest rank
of students. [From Size, orig. a ''fixed
quantity."]
SIZE, siz, n. extent of volume or, surface :
magnitude. — v.t. to arrange according to
size. [Orig. a "fixed quantity," contr.
of Assize, which see.]
SIZE, siz, SIZING, sTz'ing, n. a kind of
weak glue, used as varnish : any gluey
substance. — Size, v.t. to cover with size.
[W. syth, stift'ening, glue — mjth, stiff.]
SIZY, siz'i, adj., size-like : g\\xt\no\xs. — n.
SiZ'iNESS.
SKALD, n. See Scald, a poet.
SKATE, skat, n. a kind of sandal or frame
of wood with a steel ridge under it for
moving on ice. — v.i. to slide on skates. —
?!s. Skat'er, Skat'ing. [Dut. schaats; cf.
also Dan. skuite.]
SKATE, skat, n. a large flat fish belonging
to the Ray family, with spikes or thorns
on the back. [M.E. schate (Ice. skata) —
L. squatus : cf. Shad.]
SKATHE. Same as Scathe.
SKEAN, sken, ?!. a dagger. [Gael, sgian,
a knife.]
SKEIN, skan, n. a knot or number of
knots of thread or j'arn. [O. Fr. escaigne;
Gael, sgeinn.^
SKELETON, skel'e-tun, n. the bones of an
animal separated from the flesh and pre-
served in their natural position : the
framework or outline of anj-thing. [Gr.
skeleton (soma), a dried (body) — skeletos,
dried — skello, to dry, to parch.]
SKELETON-KEY, skel'e-tun-ke, n. a key
for picking locks, without the inner bits,
and so like a skeleton.
SKEPTIC. Same as Sceptic.
SKERRY, sker'i, 7i. a rockj- isle. [Ice.]
SKETCH, skech, n. a first draft of any
plan or painting: an outline. — v.t. to
make a rough draft of : to draw the
outline : to give the principal points of.
— 1'.(. to practice sketching. [Lit." some-
thing made offhand," Fr. esquisse, influ-
enced by Dut. sclieis, from L. schedius,
made offhand— Gr. schedios, sudden—
schedon, near — echo, .seheso, to have.]
SKETCHY, skech'i, adj. containing a sketch
or outline : incomplete.— adi'. Sketch'-
ILY.— )i. SkETCH'INESS.
SKEW, sku, adj. oblique : intersecting a
road, river, etc., not at right angles, as
a bridge. — adv. awry : obliquely. [Ice.
skeifr, Dan. skjev : conn, with Shy.]
SKEWER
397
SLAV
SKEWER, sku'er, n. a pin of wood or iron
for keeping meat in form while roasting.
— v.t. to fasten with skewers. [Prov. E.
skiver, prob. the same as Shiter, a splint
of wood.]
8KID. skid, n. a piece of timber hung
against a ship's side to protect it from
injury : a sliding wedge or drag to check
the wheel of a wagon on a steep place :
a slab put below a gun to keep it off the
ground. — v.t. to check with a skid. [A.S.
seide. a piece split off, a billet of wood —
seidan. to cleave.]
SKIFF, skif, n. a small light boat. [A
doublet of Ship.]
SKILL, skil. n. knowledge of anything :
dexterity in practice. — (B.) v.r. to under-
stand. [Lit. " separation," " discrimina-
tion," prob. first from the Scand., as Ice.
skil. and skilja (verb), cog. with A.S. scy-
lan. to separate.]
SKILLED, skild, adj. having skill: skillful:
expert.
SKILLET, skil'et, n. a small metal vessel
with a long handle, used for boiling
water, in cooking, etc. [Prob. from O.
Fr. escuellette, dim. of escuelle (Fr. ecuelle)
— L. seutella, dim. of scutra, a dish. See
Scullery.]
SKILLFUL, skil'fool, adj. having or dis-
placing skill : dexterous. — adv. Skill'-
FULLY. — n. Skill' FULNESS.
SKIM, skim, v.t. to clear off scum : to take
off by skimming : to brush the surface of
lightly. — v.i. to pass over lightly : to
glide along near the surface: — pr.p.
skimm'ing ; pa.t. and pa.p. skimmed.
[A by-form of ScUM.]
SKIMSIER. skim'er, n. a utensil for skim-
ming milk.
SKIM-MILK, skim'-milk, «., skimmed mHk:
milk from which the cream has been
skimmed.
SKIN, skin, n. the natural outer covering
of an animal body : a hide : the bark or
rind of plants, etc. — v.t. to cover with
skin : to cover the surface of : to strip
the skin from, to peel. — v.i. to be covered
with a skin : — pr.p. skinn'ing ; pa.t. and
pa.p. skinned. — n. Sktnn'er. [A.S. scinn,
cog. with Ice. skinn, skin, Ger. sehinden,
to flay.]
SKIN-CEEP, skin'-dep, adj. as deep as the
skin only : superficial.
SKINFLINT, skin'flint, n. one who takes
the smallest gains, who would, as it were,
even skin a. flint : a very niggardly per-
son.
SKINNY, skin'i, adj. consisting of skin or
of skin only : wanting flesh. — n. Skinn'-
INESS.
SKIP, skip, v.i. to leap : to bound lightly
and joyfully: to pass over. — v.t. to leap
over : to omit : — pr.p. skipp'ing ; pa.t.
and pa.p. skipped. — n. a light leap : a
bound : the omission of a part. [Either
Celt., conn, with W. cip. a sudden effort,
and Gael, sgiab, to move suddenly, or
Teut., conn, with Ice. skopa. to run.]
SKIPPER, skip'er, n. the master of a mer-
chant-ship. [Lit. ■' a skipper or sailor,"
Dut. sehipjxr. Dan. skipper. See Ship.]
SKIPPING-ROPE, skip'ing-rop, n. a rope
used in skipping.
SKIRMISH, sker'mish, n. an irregular fight
between two small parties : a contest. —
v.i. to fight slightly or irregularly. [M.E.
scarmvih — Fr. escarmouchc—O. Ger. sker-
mnn. to fight, Ger. schirmen.]
SKIRMISHER, sker'mish-er, n. a soldier
belonging- to troops dispersed to cover
front or flank, and prevent surprises.
SKIRT, skert, n. the part of a garment
below the waist : a woman's garment
like a petticoat : the edge of anj- part of
the drees : border : margin : extreme
part. — v.t. to border : to form the edge
of. — v.i. to be on the border : to live near
the extremity. [A doublet of Shirt. Cf.
Skiff and Ship.]
SKITTISH, skit'ish, adj. unsteady, light-
headed, easily frightened : hastj' : vola-
tile, changeable : wanton. — adv. Skitt'-
iSHLY.— )!. Skitt'ishness. [M.E. sket—
Ice. skjotr, quick, hasty, conn, with root
of Shoot.]
SKITTLES, skiL'lz, n.p}. a game in which
wooden pins are shot or knocked down
with a wooden ball : ninepins : in the
U. S., the game is usually played with
ten pins, and is often called tenpins.
[From root of Skittish.]
Skulk, skulk, v.i. to sneak out of the
way: to lurk. — n. Skulk'er. [Scand., as
Dan. skulke, to sneak, conn, with Ice.
skjol, cover, hiding-place ; also with E.
Scowl.]
skull, skul, n. the bony case that in-
closes the brain: the head. [Ice. and Dan.
sfcaZ, a shell; conn, with Shell and Scale,
a thin plate. The fundamental idea is
that of a thin plate or case, with which a
body is covered, or in which anything is
contained.]
SKULLCAP, skul'kap, n. a cap which flts
closely to the skull or head.
SKUNK, skungk, n. a small N. American
carnivorous quadruped allied to the otter
and weasel, which defends itself bj- emit-
ting a most offensive fluid. [Contr. from
the Indian segankii.]
SKY, ski, ?!. the apparent canopy over our
heads: the heavens: the weather. [Dan.,
Sw., and Ice. sky, a cloud ; akin to A.S.
scua, Gr. skia, a shadow. Sans, sku, to
cover.]
SKY-BLUE, ski'-bloo, adj, blue like the
sky.
SKr^EY, skl'i. Of?;', like the sky : ethereal.
SKYLARK, ski'lark, n. a species of lark
that mounts high towards the sky and
sings on the wing.
SKYLARKING, ski'lark-ing, n. running
about the rigging of a ship in sport :
frolicking. [From Sky, and Lauk, a
game.]
SETYLIGHT, ski'lit, n. a window in a roof or
ceiling towards the sky for the admission
of light.
SKY-ROCKET, skt'-rok'et, n. a rocket that
ascends high towards the sky and burns
as it flies.
SKYSAIL, ski'sal, n. the sail above the
"royal."
SKY-SCRAPER, skl'-skrap'er, n. a skysail
of a triangular shape.
SKYWARD, ski' ward, adv. , toward the sky.
SLAB, slab, n. a thin slip of anything, esp.
of .stone, having plane surfaces : a piece
sawed from a log. [W. ysldb, llab, a thin
slip.]
SLABBER, slab'er, v.i. to slaver : to let the
saliva fall from the mouth : to drivel. —
v. t. to wet by saliva. — n. Slabb'eeer. [Al-
lied to Low Ger. and Dut. slabbern ; from
the sound. Doublet Slaver.]
SLACK, slak, adj. lax or loose : not firmly
extended or drawn out: not holding fast:
weak: not eager or diligent: inattentive:
not violent or rapid : slow. — adv. in a
slack manner : partially : insuflSciently.
—adv. Slack'ly.— H. Slack'ness. [^A.S.
sleac. cog. with Sw. .-ilak. Ice. slakr.i
SLACK, slak. SLACKEN, slak'n, v.i. to be-
come loose or less tight: to be remiss: to
abate : to become slower : to fail or flag.
— v.t. to make less tight: to loosen: to
relax: to remit : to abate : to withhold :
to use less liberally : to check : (B.) to
delay.
SLAG, slag, n. vitrified cinders from smelt-
ing-works, etc. : the scoriaj of a volcano.
[Low Ger. slagge. Ger. seblacke—schlagen,
to east off, Ice. slagga, to flow over.]
SLAGGY, slag*!, adj. pertaining to or like
slag.
SLAIN, slan, pa.p. of Slay.
SLAKE, slak, v.t. to quench: to extinguish:
to mix with water. — v.i. to go out : to
become extinct. [Lit. to slacken or make
less active ; it is simply a form of Slack.]
SLAM, slam, v.t. or v.i. to shut with vio-
lence and noise -.^pr.p. slamm'ing ; pa.t.
and pa.p. slammed. — n. the act of slam-
ming : the sound so made. [From the
sound.]
SLANDER, slan'der, n. a false or mali-
cious report : defamation by words : ca-
lumny.— v.t. to defame: to calumniate.
— n. Slan'derer. [M.E. sclaunder—Fr.
esclandre — L. scandalnm — Gr. skandalon.
See Scandal.]
SLANDEROUS, slan'der-us, adj. given to
or containing slander : calumnious. —
adv. Slan'derously.
SLANG, slang, ?i. low language. [Ety.
dub.]
SLANT, .slant, adj.. sloping: oblique: in.
clined from a direct line. — n. a slope.—
v.t. to turn in a sloping direction. — v.i
to slope. [Scot, sclent, Prov. E. slen, to
slope, allied to Sw. slinta. to slide.]
SLANTLY, slant'li, SLANTWISE, slant'-
wlz, adv. in a sloping, oblique, or inclined
manner.
SLAP, slap, M. a blow with the hand or
anything flat. — v.t. to give a slap to : —
pr.p. slapp'ing ; pa.t. and jm.p. slapped.
— adv. with a slap : suddenly, violently.
[Allied to Low Ger. slappe, Ger. schla^jpe:
from the sound.]
SLAPDASH, slap'dash, adv. in a bold, care-
less way. [From Slap and Dash.]
SLASH, slash, v.t. to cut by striking with
violence and at random : to make long
cuts. — v.i. to strike violently and at ran-
dom with an edged instrument. — n. a long
cut : a cut at random : a cut in cloth to
show colors through the openings. [Ice.
slasa, to strike: from the sound.]
SLATE, slat, 7i. a well-known stone which
splits into thin plates : a rock or stone of
a slaty structure : a piece of slate for
roofing, or for writing upon. — iKt. to
cover with slate. — n. Sla'ter. [M.E.
sclat — O. Fr. esclat, from O. Ger. skleizan,
Ger. sehleiszen, to split.]
SLATE-PENCIL, slat'-pen'sil, n. a pencil
of soft slate, or for writing on slate.
SLATING, slat'ing, n. the act of covering
with slates : a covering of slates : ma-
terials for slating.
SLATTERN, slat'ern, n. a woman sluttish
and negligent of her dress : an untidy
woman. [Allied to Low Ger. sluddern,
Dut. slodderen, to hang and flap ; prob.
from the flapping sound of loose, untidy
clothing : conn, with SLUT.]
SLATTERNLY, slat'ern-li, adj. like a slat-
tern : negligent of person : sloveiilj' :
dirty : sluttish. — adv. negligently : un-
tidily.
SLATY, slat'i, adj. resembling slate : hav-
ing the nature or properties of slate.
SLAUGHTER, slaw'ter, n. a slaying or
killing : a great destruction of life : car-
nage : butchery. — v.t. to slaj' : to kill for
the market : to destroy by violence (as
numbers): to massacre. — n. Slauqh'ter-
ER. [Ice. slatr, prob. influenced by A.S.
sleahf : both are from root of Slay.]
SLAUGHTERHOUSE, slaw'ter-hows. 71. a
hou.<ie where beasts are slaughtered or
killed for the market.
SLAUGHTERMAN, slaw'ter-man, n. ajiian
employed in slaughtering, killing, or
butchering animals.
SLAUGHTEROUS, slaw'ter-us. adj. given
to slaughter : destructive : murderous.
SLAV, SLAVE. Slav, n. the name of the
peoples inhabiting E. Europe. — adj.
SLAVE
39S
SLOA^EN
Slav'ic. [Lit. " the speaking men,"
from Polish slovo, a word, in contrast
to nieviiez, the "dumb," "unintelligi-
ble." applied by the Poles to the Ger-
mans. Cf. Barbariax.]
SLAVE, Slav, n. a captive in servitude: anj-
one in bondage: a serf: one who labors
like a slave : a drudge: one wholly under
the will of another : one who has lost all
power of resistance. — v.i. to work like a
slave : to drudge. [Orig. a Slav made
captive bj' the Teutons, Fr. esclave — Ger.
sclave, from Slat, the national name.
During the earlj' wars of the Germans
against the Slavs, many of the latter were
captured and reduced to servitude.]
SLAVER, slav'er, n. a ship employed in
tlie .s/ai'C-trade.
SLAVER, slav'er, n., s2}Utle or saliva run-
ning from the mouth. — v.i. to let the
saliva run out of the mouth. — v.t. to
smear with saliva. — n. Slat'erek. [A
form of Slabber.]
SLAVERY, slaVer-i, n. the state of being
a slave : serfdom : the state of being en-
tirely under the will of another: bondage:
drudgerv.
SLAVE-TRADE, siav'-trad, n. the trade oi
bu^■ing and selling slaves.
SLAVE-TRADER, slaV-trad'er, 7i. a trader
in slaves.
SLAVISH, slav'ish, adj. of or belonging to
slaves: becoming slaves : servile: mean:
base : laborious. — adv. Slav'ishly. — n.
Slav'ishness.
SLAVONIC, sla-von'ik. SCLAVONIC, skla-
von'ik, SLAVONIAN, sla-von'yan, SCLr\.-
VONIAN, skla-von'yan, adj. of or belong-
ing to the Slavs, or their language.
SLAY, sla, v.t. to strike: to kill : to put
to death : to destroy: — 2)a.t. slew (sloo) ;
jM.p. slain. — n. Slay'er. [A.S. slean ;
Ice. sld, Goth, slahau, Ger. schlagen, to
strike.]
SLED, sled, SLEDGE, slej, n. a carriage
made for sliding upon suow : a sleigh.
[Low Ger. slede, lee. sledi : from a root
seen in A.S. slidan, to slide.]
SLEDGE, slej, n. an instrument for strik-
ing : a large heavy hammer used chiefly
by irousmiths. [A.S. slecge — slean, to
strike, slay (cf. Ger. schliigel, a beater —
schlagen). See Slat.]
SLEEK, slek, adj., smooth: glossy: soft:
not rough. — adv. Sleek'ly. — n. Sleek'-
NESS. [Ger. schlicht, Ice. slikja, to smooth
or polisli ; perh. akin to Sijght.]
SLEEP, slep, v.i. to take rest by relaxation:
to become unconscious : to slumber : to
rest : to be motionless or inactive : to
remain unnoticed : to live thoughtlessly :
to be dead : to rest in the grave : — -jja.^.
and pa.p. slept. — n. the state of one who
or that which sleeps : slumber : rest. —
Ox SLEEP (B.) asleep. [A.S. slmpan ; Ger.
sehlafen, Goth. sle2)aii, from O. Ger. slaf,
relaxed. Ice. slap)a, to hang loose.]
SLEEPER, slep'er, n. one who sleeps : a
liorizontal timber supporting a weight,
I'ails etc.
SLEEPLESS, slep'les, adj. without sleep :
vmable to sleep. — adv. Sleep'lessly. — n.
Sleep'lessness.
SLEEP-WALKER, slep'-wawk'er, n. one
wlio walks wliile asleep: a somnambulist.
— u. Sleep'-walk'ing.
SLEEPY, slep'i, adj. inclined to sleep :
drowsy : dull : lazy. — adv. Sleep'ily. —
n. Sleep'iness.
SLEET, slet, n. rain mingled with snow or
hail. — v.i. to hail or snow with rain
mingled. [Prob. allied to Low Ger.
slate, slote, hail, Ger. schlosze.]
SLEETY, slet'i, adj. consisting of or bring-
ing sleet.— K. Sleet'ines.s.
SLEEVE, slev, 71. the part of a garment
which covers the arm. — v.t. to furnish
with sleeves. [A.S. slefe, a sleeve ; cog.
with Ger. schlauf.]
SLEIGH, sla, n. same as Sledge.
SLEIGHT, slit, n. cunning: dexteritj- : an
artful trick. — n. Sleight-of-haxd, leg-
erdemain. [Ice. sloegth, cunning, slcegr,
sly.]
SLENDER, slen'der, adj., thin or narrow :
feeble : inconsiderable : simple. — adv.
Slen'derly. — n. Slex'der>'ess. [O. Dut.
slinder, thin, conn, with Dut. slenderen,
Ger. schlendern, to saunter.]
SLEPT, slept, 2^a.t. andpa.p. of Sleep.
SLEUTH-HOUND, slooth-hownd, n. a dog
that tracks game by the scent, a blood-
hound. See Slot.
SLEW, slo5, 2M.t. of Slay.
SLICE, slis, v.t. to slit or divide into thin
l)ieees. — n. a thin broad piece : a broad
knife for serving- fish. [O. Fr. esclisse —
O. Ger. sleizan, to split, E. Slit.]
SLICER, slis'er, n. one who or that which
slices : a broad, flat knife.
SLID, slid.jja.i. audpa.jj. of Slide.
SLIDDEN, slid'u, 2Ja.p. of Slide.
SLIDE, slid, v.i. to slip or glide : to pass
along- smoothly : to fall. — v.t. to thrust
along : to slip :^ju.f. slid ; pa.jj. slid or
slidd'en. — n. a smooth passage : the fall
of a mass of earth or rock : a smooth
declivity : a slider : (music) two notes
sliding- into each other. [A.S. slidan, to
slide ; Dut. slidderen, to slip.]
SLIDER, slld'er, n. one who or that which
slides : the part of an instrument or ma-
cliine that slides.
SLIDING-SCALE, slld'ing-skal, n. a scale
of duties which slide or vary according
to the value or market prices : a sliding-
rule.
SLIGHT, slit, adj. weak : slender : of little
value : trifling- : small : negligent : not
decided. — adv. Slight'ly. — n. Slight'-
XESS. [Orig-. "plain, smooth;" found
in Low Ger. sligt, Ger. schlicht, plain,
smooth. See Sleex.]
SLIGHT, .slit, v.t. to disregard, as of little
value : to neglect. — n. neglect : disre-
gard.—add. Slight'ingly. [From Slight,
adj.]
SLILY, sll'li, adv. See under Sly.
SLIM, slim, adj. (eonqy. Slimm'er, siqyerl.
Slijim'est), weak : slender : slight. [Orig.
"vile, worthless;" found in Low Ger.
slim, Ger. schlimm.]
SLIME, slim, n. glutinous mud : (jB.) prob.
bitumen. [A.S. slim, cog. with Ger.
sohlcim.]
SLIMY, sllm'i, adj. abounding with or con-
sisting of slime: glutinous. — ji. Slim'I-
NESS.
SLING, sling-, n. an instrument consisting
of a strap and two cords, for throwing
stones to a great distance, by whirling it
rapidly round; a throw: a hanging- band-
age for a wouudedlimb : a rope with
hooks, used in hoisting and lowering
weights. — v.t. to throw with a sling : to
hang so as to swing- : to move or swing
by rieans of a ropi; : to cast : — -jja.f. and
pa.jj. slung. — n. Sung'er. — n.2Jl. Sling'-
STONES (B.) stones thrown from a sling.
[A.S. slingan, to turn in a circle, cog.
with Ger. schlingen, to move or twine
round.]
SLINK, sliugk, v.i. to creep or crawl away,
as if ashamed: to sneak: — jjn.f. and jja.p.
slunk. [A.S. slincan ; Low Ger. sliken,
Ger. schleichen.]
SLIP, slip, v.i. to slide or glide along : to
move out of place : to escape : to err :
to slink : to enter by oversight. — v.t. to
cause to slide : to convey secretly : to
omit : to throw ofl' : to let loose : to es-
cape from : to part from the branch or
stem ■.—2>i'-P- slipp'ing ; 2)a.t. and jja.^J.
slipped. — n. act of slipping : that on
which anything may slip : an error : an
escape : a twig : a strip : a leash : a slop-
ing Dank for ship - building- : anytiiing
easily slipped on. [A.S. sli2)aH ; Sw! sli2)a,
Dut. sli2i})ea, to glide.]
SLIP-KNOT, slip'-uot, n. a knot which
s/ip.s along the rope or line around wliich
it is made.
SLIPPER, slip'er, n. a loose shoe easily
slip2)ed on.
SLIPPERED, slip'erd, adj. wearing slip-
pers.
SLIPPERY, slip'er-i, adj. apt to slip away :
smootli : not affording firm footing "or
confidence : unstable : uncertain. — 11.
Slipp'eriness.
SLIPSHOD, slip'shod, adj., shod with slip-
2)ers, or shoes down at the heel like slip-
pers : careless.
SLIT, slit, v.t. to cut lengthwise : to split :
to cut into strips : — 2"'-P' slitt'ing- : p(/.^
andpa.p. slit. — n. a long cut : a narrow
ojjening. [A.S. slitan ; Ice. slita, to tear.]
SLOE, slo, -11. a small sonr wild plum, the
fruit of the blackthorn. [A.S. sla, Dut.
sleeuive, a sloe — sleeuw, sour.]
SLOGAN, slo'gan, n. a war-cry among the
ancient Highlanders of Scotland. [Gael.,
contracted from sluagh-ghairm, an army-
cry.]
SLOOP, sloop, Ji. a light boat : a one-
masted cutter-rigged vessel. [Dut. stejje.
See Shallop.]
SLOP, slop, M. water carelessly spilled : a
puddle : mean liquor or liquid food : — -j^/.
dirty water. — v.t. to soil by letting a
liqviid fall upon : — pr.jj. slopp'ing ; 2}a.p.
slopped. [Ace. to Wedgwood, imitative
of the sound of dashing water.]
SLOPE, slop, n. any incline down which
a thing- may sli2) : a dii-ection downward.
— i-.^. to form with a slope, or obliquely.
— v.i. to be inclined. — adv. in a sloping
manner. [From slo2)en, pa.j). of A.S.
sliipan.]
SLOPPY, slop'i, adj. wet : muddy. — n.
Slopp'iness.
SLOPS, slops, n.2il. any loose lower gar-
ment, that sli2JS on easily, esp. trousers:
ready-made clothing, etc. [From Slip.]
SLOT, slot, n. a broad, flat, wooden bar
which locks or holds together larger
pieces. [Allied to Low Ger. slot, Dut.
slot, a lock.]
SLOT, slot, M. the track of a deer. [Ice.
sloth, track, path ; Scot, sleuth, track by
the scent.]
SLOTH, sloth or sloth, n. laziness : slug-
gishness : a quadruped which lives on
trees, so named from its slow movement
when on the ground. [Lit. " slowness,"
A.S. slcewth, slewth — slau; slow. See
Slow.]
SLOTHFUL, sloth'fool or sloth'-, adj.
given to sloth: inactive: lazy. — adv.
Sloth'fctlly.- n. Sloth'fulness.
SLOUCH, slowch, n. a hanging down
looselj' of the head or other part: clown-
ish gait : a clouu. — (-./. to hang down :
to have a clownish look or gait. — v.t. to
depress. [Allied to Slack, Slow, Slug.]
SLOUGH, slow, n. a hollotc filled with
tmtd: a soft bog or marsh. [A.S. slog, a
hollow place ; perh. from Gael, sliigaid,
W. yslwch, a deep miry place.]
SLOUGH, sluf, n. the cast-oft skin of a ser-
pent : the dead part which sepaiates
from a sore. — v.i. to come away as a
slough : to be in the state of sloughing.
[Allied to O. Ger. sluch, Gev. schlauch,
the cast-off skin of the serpent.]
SLOUGHY, slow'i, adj. full of sloughs :
miiy. [slough.
SLOUGHY, sluf'i, adj. like or containing
SLOVEN, sluv'n, n. a man carelessly or
dirtily dressed -.—-fern. Slut. [Dut. slof
Low Ger. sluf, slow, indolent.]
SLOVENLY
399
SMUTCH
SLOVENLY, slu\''en-li, adj. like a sloven :
negligent of neatness or cleanliness : dis-
orderly : done in an untidy manner. — n.
Slov'enliness.
SLOW, slo, adj. not swift : late : behind in
time : not hastv : not ready : not pro-
gressive.— aclr. Slotv'lt. — ti. Slow'sess.
[A.S. skiu; slow, lazy ; cog. with Dut.
slee. Ice. slinfr, blunt.]
SL0W-W0R5I, slo'-wurm, n. a species of
u-orm, so called from the sloimess of its
motion.
SLUDGE, sluj, 11. soft mud or mire. [A
form of Slush.]
SLUG, slug, 11. a neavj', lazytellow: a snail
verv destructive to vegetation. [From
M.fi. slugge, lazy ; conn, with Slack.]
SLUG, slug, n. a cylindrical or oval piece
of metal for firing from a gun. [From
root of Slat.]
SLUGGARD, slug'ard, Ji. one habitually
idle or inactive.
SLUGGISH, slug'ish, adj. habituallv lazy :
slothful : having little motion : liaving
little or no power. — adv. Slugg'ISHLT. —
7i. Sluog'ishxess.
SLUICE, sloos, J), a sliding gate iu a frame
for shntting off or regulating the flow of
water : the stream which flows through
it : that through which anything flows :
a source of supply. [Like Dut. sluis,
Ger. schleuse, froni O. Fr, cscluse (Fr.
eelvse) — Low L. exclusa (aqua), a sluice,
lit. " (water) shut out," pa.ji. of L. ex-
chido. See Exclude.]
SLUM, slum, )(. a low street or neighbor-
hood. [Etv. dub.]
SLUMBER, .slum'ber, v.i. to slee}} lightly :
to sleep : to be in a state of negligence
or inactivity. — n. light sleep : repose. —
n. Slum'beeer. [with intrusive b from
A.S. alumerian, to slumber — sluma, slum-
ber, cog. with Ger. scJdummern.]
SLUMBEROUS, slum'ber-us, adj. inviting
or causing slumber : sleepy.
SLUMP, slump, v.i. to fall or sink suddenly
into water or mud. [From the sound.] '
SLUMP, slump, v.t. to throw into a lump
or mass. [A corr. of Lturp.]
SLUNG, po.?. and pa.}), of SuxG.
SLUNK, pa.t. and pa.}}, of SLDfK.
SLUR, slur, i:t. to soil : to contaminate :
to disgrace : to pass over lightly : to
conceal : (music) to sing or play in a
gliding manner: — 2}r.2). slurr'ing ; jia.t.
and 2}a.p. slurred. — n. a stain : slight
reproach : (music) a mark showing that
notes are to be sung to the same syllable.
[Prob. orig. " to draw or touch in a care-
less way," found in Low Ger. sliiren, Dut.
sleuren, to drag along the ground.]
SLUSH, slush, n. liquid mud : melting
snow. — adj. Slush'y. [Prob. conn, with
Slough ; cf. Dan. slaske, to dabble.]
SLUT, slut, n. (fem. of Slov'en). a dirty,
untidy woman, used sometimes in con-
tempt : a female dog, a bitch. [Dan.
shitte, r?av. schlutf, an uncleanlv person.]
SLUTTISH, slut'ish, adj. resembling a slut:
dirty : careless. — adv. Slutt'ishly. — n.
Slutt'ishness.
SLY, sli, adj. dexterous in doing anything
so as to be unobserved: cunning : wily :
secret: done with artful dexteritv. — adv.
Sly'ly or Sli'ly.— )i. Sly'ness." [Prob.
from Scand. alag-r ; cf. Ger. schlau.]
SMACK, siuak, n. taste: flavor: a pleasing
taste: a small quantitj' : a taste. — v.i. to
make a noise with the lips, as after tast-
ing : to have a taste : to have a quality,
[A.S. smoec ; Dut. smak : from the sound
made by the lips.]
SMACK, smak, n. a small vessel used chief-
ly in the coasting and fishing trade.
[From A.S. snacc (Dut. sniak, Ger.
schmacke), perh. from Ice. sndk-r, E.
Snake.]
SMALL, smawl, adj., little in quantity or
degree: minute: not great: unimportant:
of little worth or ability : short : having
little .strength : gentle'. — n. SmaLL'ness.
[A.S. sma:l ; O. Ger. smal (Ger. schmnl).'\
SMALLPOX, smawl'poks, n. a contagious,
feverish disease, characterized by small
2>i}.r, or eruptions on the skin. [See PocK,
of which it is a mistaken form.]
SMALT, smawlt, n. glass melted, tinged
blue by cobalt, and pulverized when cold.
[Low L. S7naltum — O. Ger. smalzjan (Ger.
schmelzen), to melt. See Smelt, v. and
Melt.]
SJIART. smart, n. quick, stinging pain of
body or mind. — v.i. to feel a smart: to be
punished. — adj. causing a smart : prick-
ing : severe : sharp : vigorous : acute :
witty : vivacious. — adv. SmaEt'LY. — n.
Smart'ness. [M. E. smerte ; cog. with
Dut. smerte, Ger. schmerz ; perh. also
conn, with L. mord-eo, to bite. Sans.
mard.]
SMART-5I0NEY, smart'-mun'i, n., money
required of a person in order that he may
smart or be punished by its loss : in En-
gland, money allowed to soldiers and
sailors for wounds received.
SMASH, smash, v.t. to break in pieces vio-
lently : to crush. — n. act of smashing. —
11. Smash'er. [Prob. imitative, and perh.
also influenced bv Mash.]
SMATTER, smat'e'r, v.i. to talk superfi-
cially : to have a superficial knowledge.
—11. Smatt'erer. [M.E. smateren, to
rattle, to chatter; cog. with Ger. schmet-
tern, to rattle, to jabber, to shatter; perh.
from the root of Smite.]
SMATTERING, smat'er-ing, n. a superfi-
cial knowledge.
SMEAR, smer, v.i. to overspread with any-
thing sticky or oily, as grease : to daub.
[A.S. smerian — smeru, fat, grease, cog.
with Ger. schmeer, grease, Ice. smjor,
butter.]
SMELL, smel, v.i. to affect the nose : to
have odor : to use the sense of smell. —
v.t. to perceive by the nose i—pa.t. and
pa.p. smelled or smelt. — n. the quality
of bodies which affects the nose : odor :
perfume : the sense which perceives this
quality, [Allied to Low Ger. smellen, to
smoke ; .so Ger. riechen, to smell, from
rauch. smoke.]
SMELLING-BOTTLE, smel'ing-bot'l, n. a
bottle containing a smelling substance for
stimulating the nose and reviving the
spirits.
SMELT, smelt, n. a fish of the salmon or
trout familj", having- a cucumber-like
smell. [A.S.]
SMELT, smelt, v.t. to melt ore in order to
separate the metal. — n. Smelt'er. [Allied
to Dut. smelten; prob. conn, with Melt.]
SMELTERY, sraelfer-i, n. a place for smelt-
ing.
SMEW, smu, n. a species of duck or diver.
Called also white-nun, vare-widgeon. and
smee. [Ety. unknown.]
SMILE, smil, v.i. to express pleasure by
the countenance : to express slight con-
tempt : to look joyous : to be favorable.
— n. act of smiling : the expression of
the features in smiling: favor. [Dan.
smile, Sw. smila ; conn, with E. S.^^RK,
L. minis, wonderful, Sans, smi, to smile.]
SMIRCH, smirch, v. to besmear, dirty. [A
weakened form of smer-k, from M.E.
smeren, to smear.]
SMIRK, smerk, v.t. to smile affectedly : to
look affectedly soft. — n. an affected smile.
[A.S. smereian ; akin to Smile.]
S5IITE, smit. v.t. to strike with the fist,
hand, or weapon : to beat : to kill : to
overthrow in battle : to affect with feel-
ing : (B.) to blast : to afflict. — v.i. to
strike i—^a.t. smote ; 2"^-P- smitt'en. — n.
Siht'er. [A.S. smitan ; cog. ^vith Dut.
smijten, Ger. schmeiszen.]
SillTH. smith, it. one who forges with the
hammer : a worker in metals : one who
makes anything. [A.S. ; cog. with Ger.
sti'lunied.'l
S:JIITHERY, smlth'er-i, n. the workshop of
a .'iinifli : work done by a smitli.
SJIITHY, smith'i, n. the workshop of a
sni ith .
SMITTEN, smit'n, ^a.^;. of Smite.
SMOCK, smok, };. a woman's shift : a
smock-frock. [A.S. smoe, perh. from A.S.
smeogan, Ger. schmiegen. to creep : and
so lit. SIS'. '• a garment cre2}t into."]
SMOCK-FROCK, smok'-frok. v. a loose
shirt of coarse linen worn over the other
clothes. [Smock and Frock.]
SMOKE, smok, ?!. the vapor from a burning
body. — v.i. to emit smoke: to draw in
and puff out the smoke of tobacco : to
raise smoke bj' moving rapidly : (B.) to
burn : to rage. — v.t. to apply smoke to :
to dry, scent, or medicate by smoke : to
inhale the smoke of : to use in smoking :
to try to expel by smoking. — On a SMOKE
(B.) smoking, or on fire. [A.S. s»)oca ;
cog. with Low Ger. and Dut. smock. Ger.
schmauch ; perh. conn, with the root of
Ssiack.]
SMOKER, sniok'er, n. one who smokes
tobacco : one who dries by smoking.
SMOKY, .smok'i. ad/, giving out smoke: like
smoke: filled, or subject to be filled, with
smoke: tarnished or noisome with smoke.
— adv. Smok'ily. — n. Smok'iness.
SMOOTH, smooth, adj. having- an even
surface : not rough : evenly spread : glos-
sy : gently flowing : easy : regular : un-
obstructed : bland: mild. — v.t. to make
smooth : to palliate : to soften : to calm :
to ease. — ?;. (B.) the smooth part. —
adv. Smooth'lt.— )i. Smooth'xess. [Lit.
" j-ielding to the hammer," A.S. smoethe;
cog. with Low Ger. smoedig, and with
Ger. schmeidig, ge-schmeidig, soft; from
the same root as Smith.]
SMOOTHING-IRON, smoof/i'ing-I'urn, n.
an instrument of iron for smoothing
clothes.
SMOOTH-TONGUED, smo6f7i'-tungd, adj.
having a smooth tongue : flattering.
SMOTE, smot, 2}a.t. of SJUTE.
SMOTHER, smu^7i'er, v.t. to suffocate by
excluding the air : to conceal. — v.i. to be
suffocated or suppressed: to smoulder. —
71. smoke : thick floating dust, [Closely
conn, with A.S. smoriau (cog. with Ger.
schmoren, to stew); perh. from the same
root as Smeak.]
SMOULDER, smol'der, r.j. to burn slowly
or without vent. [Conn, with Smother,
also influenced by Smell.]
SMUG, smug, adj. 'neat, prim, spruce : af-
fectedly smart. [From the Scand.. as
Dan. smuk, handsome ; cf. A.S. smeag,
fine.]
SMUGGLE, smug'l, v.t. to import or ex-
port without paying the legal duty : to
convey secretly. — )(. Smvgglixg. [Low
Ger. smuggeln, cog. with Ger. schmug-
geln; from a root found iu Dut. smiiigen,
to do seci-etly.]
SMUGGLEll, smug'ler, n. one who
snuiggles : a vessel used in smuggling.
SMUT, smut, 11. a spot of dirt, soot, etc.:
foul matter, as soot : a disease of corn
by which the ear becomes a soot-like
powder : obscene language. — v.t. to soil
with smut : to blacken or tarnish. — v.i.
to gather smut : to be turned into smut:
— 2}r.j>. sniutt'ing ; ^ja.f. and 2^'^'P-
snuitt'ed. [Cog. with Sw. smuts, Ger.
sehmittz, prob. from root of Smite. Cf.
Sja-TCH.]
SMUTCH, .smuch, v.t. to blacken, as with
soot. — «. a dirty mark. [From Smut.]
SMUTTY
400
SOCIALISM
SMUTTY, smut'i, adj. stained with smut.
— adv. SMrTT'lLT.— Ji. Smutt'iness.
SNACK, snak, n. a share : a slight, hasty
meal. [A form of Snatch.]
SNAFFLE, snaf'l, n. a bridle which crosses
the nose and has a slender mouth-bit
without branches. [Perh. an extension
of Snap.]
SNAG, snag, n. a sharp protuberance : a
short branch : a projecting tooth or
stump. [Akin to Gael, and Ir. snaigh, to
cut down, to prune.]
SNAGGED, snag'ed, SNAGGY, snag'i, adj.
full of snags.
SNAIL, snal, n. a slimy creeping mollusc,
witli or without a shell. [Lit. " the
craiiiing animal," A.S. miegl, sncegl: Ger.
schnecke ; conn, with Snake and Sneak.]
SNAKE, snak, n. a kind of serpent. [Lit.
•• the creepingr animal, "A.S. snacn, prob.
from swica?!, to creep ; Ice. siidk-r. Cf.
Snail and Sn^eak.]
SNAP, snap, v.t. to break short or at once:
to bite, or catch at suddenly : to crack.
— v.i. to break short : to trj' to bite : —
pr.p. snapp'ing; pa.t. anApa.p. snapped.
— n. act of snapping, or the noise made by
it : a small catch or lock. [Allied to Ice.
snapa, Dut. snappen, Ger. schnappen.
See Snip.]
SNAPDRAGON, snap'drag-un, n. a plant,
so called because the lower lip of the
corolla when parted shuts with a sna})
like a dragon's jaw : a play in which
raisins are snatched from burning
brandy, also the raisins so taken.
SNAPPISH, snap'ish, adj. inclined to snap:
eager to bite: sharp in reply.— k. Snapf-
ISHNESS.
SNARE, snar, n. a running noose of string
or wire, etc., for catching an animal: a
trap: that by which anyone is entrapped.
— v.t. same as Insnare. — n. Snae'er. —
adj. Snar'y. [A.S. snear, cord, snare ;
cog. with Ger. schnur, Goth, snorjo: also
conn, with L. nennis, Gr. neuron, string,
nerve.]
SNARL, snarl, v.i. to growl as a surly dog:
to speak in a surly manner. — n. Snakl'er.
[Prob. imitative; Low Ger. miarren, Ger.
sehnarren ; conn, with E. Snore.]
SNATCH, snach, v.t. to seize quickly : to
take without permission : to seize and
carry away. — v.i. to try to seize hastily.
— n. a hasty catching or seizing : a short
time of exertion : a small piece or frag-
ment. [M. E. snecchen ; cog', with Dut.
snakken, and with Prov. E. sneck, a bolt;
also conn, with Snap.]
SNEAK, snek, v.i. to creep or steal away
privately or meanly : to behave meanly.
— n. a mean, servile fellow. — adj. Sneak'-
DJG. — adv. Sneak'inglt. [A.S. snican, to
creep ; Dan. snige. See Snake.]
SNEER, sner, v.i. to show contempt by the
expression of the face, as by turning up
the nose : to insinuate contempt. — ii. an
indirect expression of contempt. — ?i.
Sneer'ek.— adj. Sneer'ing.— odr. Sneer'-
DJGLT. [Imitative ; conn, with Snarl.]
SNEEZE, snez, v.i. to eject air rapidly and
audibly through the nose. — n. a sneezing.
rM.E. nesin, hneosen (the A.S. is fneosan),
cog. with Ice. hniosa. Ger. niesen.]
SNIFF, snif, v.t. to draw in with the breath
through the nose. — i:i. to smiff or Anivr
in air sharply through the nose: to snuff:
to scent. [p*rom the root of Sntff.]
SNIP. snip. v.t. to cut off at once with scis-
sors : to cut off the nib of : to cut off: —
pr.p. snipp'ing ; pa.t. and pa.p. snipped.
— ?!. a single cut with .scissors : a clip or
small shred. [Allied to Dut. snippen, Ger.
schnippen: closely conn, with Snap.]
SNIPE, snip, n. a bird which frequents
marshy places. [Prob. so called from its
long bill : Dut. snip, Ger. schnepfe ; conn.
with Ger. sekneppe, E. Neb.]
SNIVEL, sniv'l, r.i. to run at the nose : to
cry, as a child: — pr.p. sniv'elling ; pa.t.
and pa.p. sniv'elled. — adj. Sniv'elling.
[A.S. s7iofel, mucus from the nose ; akin
to Snife^ Snuef.]
SNIVELLER, sniv'l-er, n. one prone to
snivelling : one who cries for slight
causes.
SNOB, snob, n. a vulgar person, esp, one
who apes gentility : (orig.) a shoemaker.
— adj. Snobb'ish." — n. Snobb'ishness. —
adv. Snobb'ISHLY. [Prov. E.]
SNOOD, snood, n. the fillet which binds a
maiden's hair. [A.S. snod, prob. orig.
Celtic]
SNOOZE, snooz, v.i. to doze : to slumber.
—n. a quiet nap. [From root of Sneeze.]
SNORE, snor, v.i. to breathe roughly and
hoarsely in sleep. — n. a noisy breathing
in sleep. — n. Snor'er. [From the root
of Snael, influenced by imitation of the
sound.]
SNORT, snort, v.i. to force the air with
violence and noise through the nostrils,
as horses. — ns. Snort'ing, Snort'er.
[Extension of SNORE.]
SNOT, snot, n. mucus of the nose. — adj.
Snott't. [A.S., and in other Teut.
tongues ; conn, with Snout.]
SNOUT, snowt, n. the projecting nose of
a beast, as of a swine. [Low Ger. snute;
cog. with Dut. snuit, Ger. scimaiize.l
SNOW, sno, n. frozen moisture which falls
from the atmosphere in light, white
flakes. — v.i. to fall in snow. [A.S. snaw
(cog. with Goth, snaivs, Ger. schnee, L.
nix, nivis) — sniwan, to snow (cog. with
Ger. schneien, L. ningo, Gr. niphd.'[
SNOW -BLINDNESS, sno'- blind'nes, n.,
blindness caused by the reflection of light
from snon:
SNOWDRIFT, sno'drift, n. a bank of snow
drifted together by the wind.
SNOWDROP, sno'drop, ?!. a bulbous-rooted
plant with beautiful drop-like flowers,
which often come forth before the snow
has disappeared.
SNOWLINE, sno'lin, n. the line upon a
mountain that marks the limit of per-
petual snow.
SNOWPLOUGH, sno'plow, n. a machine
like a plough for clearing roads and rail-
ways from snoie.
SNOWSHOE, sno'shoo, n. a great flat shoe
worn to prevent sinking in the snow.
SNOWSLIP, sno'slip, n. a mass of snow
which slips down a mountain's side.
'SNOWY, sno'i, adj. abounding or covered
with snow : white, like snow : pure :
spotless.
SNUB, snub, v.t. to check : to reprimand : —
pr.p. snubb'ing ; pa.t. anAjja.p. snubbed.
[Dan. snuhbe (af), to nip (off), and Ice.
snubba (lit. "to cut short"), to chide.]
SNUB-NOSE, snub'-noz, n. a short or flat
nose. [See under Sntjb.]
SNUFF, snuf, v.i. to draw in air violently
and noisily through the nose : to snifl. —
v.t. to draw into the nose : to smell : to
take off the snuff of (as a candle). — n.
powdered tobacco or other substance for
snuffing : the charred part of a candle-
wick. [Cog. with Dut. sntiffeji. Ger.
schnaufen, Sw. snufva. See Sniff,
Snivel.]
SMJFF-BOX, snuf'-boks, n. a box tor snuff.
SNUFF-DISHES, snuf'-dish'ez, n.pl. (S.)
dishes for the snuff of the lamps of the
tabernacle.
SNLtFFER, snuf'er, n. one who snuffs:—
pi. an instrument for taking the snuff off
SNUFFLE, snuf'l, v.i. to breathe hard
through the nose. [Freq. of SNTJFi .]
SNUFFY, snufi, adj. soiled with or smell-
ing of sniiff.
SNUG, snug, f(dj'. Ijang close and warm :
comfortable : not exposed to view or no-
tice : being in good order : compact. —
adv. Sntjg'ly. — JI. Snug'n-ess. [Scand.,
as Ice. sniigg-r, short-haired, smooth ;
perh. conn, with E. Sneak.]
SO, so, adv. and conj. in this manner or
degree : thus : for like reason : in sui'h
manner or degree : in a high degree : as
has been stated : on this account : i)e it
so : provided that : in case that. [A.S.
swd. Ice. and Goth, svd ; whence E. and
Ger. so {sva being changed to sua, and
the n coalescing with the a to form o).]
SOAK, sok, v.t. to steep in a fluid : to wet
thoroughly : to drench : to draw in by
the pores. — v.i. to be steeped in a liquid:
to enter into pores.^?;. Soak'er. [A.S.
soeian ; conn, with SrcK.]
SOAP, sop, n. a compound of oils or fats
with soda or potash, used in washing. —
v.t. to rub or \vash with soap. [A.S.
sape, from the root of sipan, to drip ;
cog. with Ger. seife ; conn, also with L.
sebum, fat (L. sapo is borrowed from the
Teut.).]
SOAPSTONE, sop'ston, n. a soft kind of
magnesiau rock having a soapy feel,
also called Steatite.
SOAPY, sop'i, adj. like soap : having the
qualities of soap : covered with soap. —
n. SOAP'IXESS.
SOAR, sor, v.i. to mount into the air: to
fly aloft : to rise to a height. [O. Fr. es-
sor-er, to balance in air (Fr., to air or
dry, as linen ; cf. es-sor. flight of birds,
and It. sor-are, to flutter, to soar) — L.
ex, out of, and aura, air.]
SOB, sob, r.i. to sigh in a convulsive man-
ner, with tears : — /;r.p. sobb'ing ; jxi.i.
and pa.p. sobbed. — n. a short, convulsive
sigh. [Conn, with A.S. seofiaii, to sigh,
Ger seuf-z-en, and E. Sigh.]
SOBER, so'ber, adj. not drunk : temperate,
esp. in the use of liquors : not mad : not
wild or passionate : self-possessed : se-
date : grave: calm: regular. — v.t. to
make sober : to free from intoxication. —
adv. So'berly.— n. So'berness. [Fr. so-
bre — L. sobrius, conn. \.'ith Gr. sopihron,
of sound mind, and sos (for saos), sound,
L. sajM/s.]
SOBRIETY, so-brl'et-i, n. state or habit of
being sober : calmness : gravity. [Fr.
sobriete — L. sobrietas. [See Sober.]
SOBRIQUET, s6'bri-ka, n. a contemptuous
nickname : an assumed name. [Fr. ;
ety. dub. ; ace. to Diez, perh. comp. of
Fr. sot, simple, and O. Fr. briquet, a
young ass, a simpleton.]
SOCAGE, sok'aj, n. a tenure of lands in
England, for which the service is fixed
and determinate in quality. [A.S. soc. a
right of holding a court ; from hlaford-
socn, seeking a lord — secan, to seek.]
SOCIABILITY, so-sha-bil'i-ti, n. quality of
being sociable : good-fellowship.
SOCIABLE, s6'sha-bl. adj. inclined to so-
ciety : fit for company : companionable:
affording opportunities for intercourse. —
adv. So'ciABLY. — n. So'CIablen-ess. [Fr.
— L. sociabilis — socio, to associate —
socius, a companion.]
SOCIAL, so'shal, adj. pertaining to society
or companionship: relating to men united
in a society : inclined for friendlj- inter-
course : consisting in mutual converse :
convivial.— od)-. So'cially. — ns. Social'-
ity, So'cialness. [L. socialis — socius, »
companion.]
SOCIALISM, so'shal-izm. n. the name
given to schemes for regenerating society
by a more equal distribution of property,
and esp. by substituting the principle of
SOCIALIZE
401
SOLITUDE
association for that of competition. — n.
So'CIAIIST, an adherent of socialism.
SOCIALIZE, so'shal-Iz, v.t. to reduce to a
social state : to render social.
SOCIETY, so-sl'e-ti, n. a number of per-
sons associated for a common interest : a
community or partnership : the civilized
body of mankind: persons who associate:
a rehgious or ecclesiastical bodj-. [L.
societas — socius, a companion.]
SOCINIAN, so-sin'i-an, adj. pertaining to
Socitius, who in the 16th century denied
the doctrine of the Trinity, the deity of
Christ, etc. — n. Socin'iakism, the doc-
trines of Socinus.
SOCIOLOGY, so-shi-ol'o-ji, n. the science
that treats of the conditions and develop-
ment of human society, including ethics,
politics, political economy, etc. — adj.
Sociolog'ical. [A hybrid from L. soeitis,
a companion, and Gr. logos, science.]
SOCK, sok, 71. a kind of half-stocking :
comedy. [Orig. a low-heeled light shoe,
worn by actors of comedy, A.S. socc —
L. soeeus.]
SOCKET, sok'et, n. a hollow into which
something is inserted : the hollow of a
candlestick. [From Sock.]
SOCRATIC, so-krat'ik, SOCRATICAL, so-
krat'ik-al, adj. pertaining to Socrates, a
celebrated Greek philosopher, to his phil-
osophy, or to his manner of teaching,
which was by a series of questions lead-
ing to the desired result. — adv. Socrat'-
ICALLY.
SOD, sod, n. any surface of earth grown
with grass, etc.: turf. — adj. consisting
of sod. — v.t. to cover with sod. [Low
Ger. sode, Ger. sode : perh. connected
with sod, pa.t. of Seethe, and thus orig.
sig. " fuel for making the pot boil."]
SOD. soA, pa.t. of Seethe.
SODA, so'da, n. oxide of the metal sodium.
[Sp. soda (It. soda. Fr. sonde)—!.. soHda,
firm, because found in hard masses.]
SODA-WATER, so'da-wa'vv'ter, n., water
containing soda charged with carbonic
acid.
SODDEN, sod'n, obs. pa.p. of Seethe.
SODDY, sod'i, adj. covered with sod: turfy.
SODIUM, so'di-um, 71. a yellowish-white
metal, the base of soda.
SODOMITE, sod'om-it, 71. an inhabitant of
Sodom : one guilty of sodomy. — adj.
Sodomit'ical. — adv. Sodomit'ically.
SODOMY, sod'om-i, 71. unnatural lust, so
called because imputed to the inhabitants
of Sodom.
SOFA, so'fa, 71. a long seat with stuffed
bottom, back, and arras. [Fr. — Ar. siiffa
— saffa. to arrange or set in order.]
SOFT, soft, adj. easily yielding to pressure:
easily cut or acted upon : malleable: not
rough to the touch: smooth: pleasing or
soothing to the senses: easily yielding to
any influence: mild: gentle: effeminate:
gentle in motion : easy : free from lime
or salt, as water. — adv. gently : quietly.
adv. — Soft'ly. — n. Soft'ness. [A.S.
sefte : cog. with Dut. .sa/f, Ger. saiift.]
SOFTEN, sof'n, v.t. to make soft or softer.
— v.i. to grow soft or softer. — n. Soft'-
'.ner.
iIL, soil, 71. the ground : the mould on
the surface of the earth which nourishes
plants : country. [Fr. sol — L. sohi7n,
conn, with solidus, solid. It has been
much confused with the following
word.]
SOIL, soil, n. dirt: dung: foulness: a spot
or stain. — v.t. to make dirty : to stain :
to manure. — v.i. to take a soil : to tar-
nish. [Fr. souille, wallowing-place — L.
suilhis, piggish — xus, a pig. a hog.]
SOIREE, swa'ra, 7i. an evening party : a
public meeting with refreshments. [Fr.
7.
— soir, evening (Prov. sera) — L. serus,
late.]
SOJOURN, so' j urn, v.t. to stay for a day :
to dwell for a time. — w. a temporary
residence. — ?i. So'JOURNER. [Fr. sejourn-
er — L. sub, and Low L. jotoms — L. di-
urmi.^, relating to day — dies, a day.]
SOLACE, sol'as, «., consolation, comfort
in distress : relief. — v.t. to comfort in
distress : to console : to allay. [O. Fr.
— L. solatiu7ii — solor, -atus, to comfort in
d-istt'GSs I
SOLAN-GOOSE, solan-goos, 7i. the gan-
net. [Ice. sttZo.]
SOLA_R, so'lar, adj. pertaining to the sun :
measured by the progress of the sun:
produced by the sun. [L. Solaris — sol,
the sun.]
SOLD, sold, pa.f. and pa.p. of Sell. [A.S.
sealde, scald.']
SOLDER, sol'der, v.t. to unite two metal-
lic surfaces by a fusible metallic cement:
to cement. — 71. a metallic cement for
uniting metals. [Lit. " to make solid,"
O. Fr. solider, solder (Fr. souder) — L.
solidare, to make solid — solidus, solid.]
SOLDIER, sol'jer, 71. a man engaged in
military service : a private, as distin-
guished from an officer : a man of much
military experience or of great valor.
[Lit. '■ one who serves for pay," M.E.
souldiei — O. Fr. soldier (Fr. soldat) — L.
solidus, a piece of money, the pay of a
soldier.]
SOLDIERLIKE, sol'jer-Uk, SOLDIERLY,
sol'jer-li, adj., like a soldier: martial:
brave.
SOLDIERSHIP, sol'jer-ship, n., state or
quality of being a soldier : military qual-
ities : martial skill.
SOLDIERY, sol'jer-i, 71., soldiers collect-
ively : the body of military men.
SOLE, sol, »!. the lowest part or under side
of the foot : the foot : the bottom of a
boot or shoe : the bottom of anything. —
v.t. to furnish with a sole. [A.S. — L.
solea — solimi, the lowest part. See Soil,
the ground.]
SOLE, sol, ?(. a genus of flat-fish which keep
on or near the botto7n of the sea. [Fr.
sole — L. solea.]
SOLE, sol, adj., alone : only : being or
acting without another : single : (law)
unmarried. — ». Sole'ness. [L. solus,
alone. Cf. Solo.]
SOLECISM, sol'e-sizni, 71. a breach of syn-
tax : any absurdity or impropriety. [Fr.
— soloikos, speaking incorrectly, awk-
solecisme — L. soloecismus — Gr. soloikismos
ward ; said to come from the corruption
of the Attic dialect among the Athenian
colonists of Soloi in Cilicia, but this is
very iniprob. (Liddell and Scott).]
SOLECIST, soi'e-sist, n. one who commits
solecisms.
SOLECISTIC, sol-e-sist'ik, SOLECISnC-
AL, -al, adj. pertaining to or involving a
solecism : incorrect : incongruous. — adv.
Solecist'ically\
SOLELY, sol'li, adv., alo7ie: only : singly.
SOLEMN, sol'eni, adj. (lit.) taking place
et'ej-y year, said especially of religious
ceremonies : attended with religious
ceremonies, pomp, or gravity: impress-
ing with seriousness : awful : devout :
having the appearance of gravity : de-
votional : attended with an appeal to
God, as an oath : serious. — adv. Sol'EMN-
LY. — 71. Sol'emnness. [Fr. solen7iel. It.
solenne, L. sollenniis, solennis — Oscan sol-
Ins, all, every, L. a7i7ius, a year. See
Solid.]
SOLEMNITY, so-lem'ni-ti, n. a solemn re-
ligious ceremony : a ceremony adapted
to inspire with awe : reverence : serious-
ness : affected gravity.
SOLEMNIZE, sol'em-niz, v.t. to perform
religiously or solemnly once a year, or
periodically : to celebrate : to render
grave. — «s. Sol'emnizer, Solemniza'-
TION.
SOL-FA, sol-fa', v.i. to sing the notes of
the gamut, do, re, mi,/a, .wZ, etc.: — pr.p.
sol-fa'ing.
SOLFEGGIO, sol-fej'i-o, n. (music.) an ex-
ercise on the notes of the scale as repre-
sented by do, re, mi, etc. [It.]
SOLICIT, so-lis'it, 17.^ to ask earnestly : to
petition : to seek or try to obtain. [Fr.
solUcitei — L. sollicito—sollieit'us. See So-
licitous.]
SOLICITANT, so-lis'it-ant, 71. ons who so-
licits.
SOLICITATION, so-Us-i-ta'shun, n. a.s-oZic-
ititig : earnest request : invitation. [L.
sollicitatio.]
SOLICITOR, so-lis'it-or, 71. one who asis
earnestly: one who is legally qualified to
act for another in a court of law. — n.
Soucitor - GENERAL, in England, the
second law-officer of the crown. [Fr.
solliciteur — solliciter. See Soucit.]
SOLICITOUS, so-lis'it-us, adj., soliciting or
earnestly asking or desiring : very desir-
ous : anxious : careful. — adv. SoLlc'lT-
OUSLY. [Lit. " thoroughly moved," L.
sollicittis — sollus (see Solemn), and citus,
pa.p. of cieo.]
SOLICITUDE, so-lis'i-tud, 71. state of being
solicitous: anxiety or uneasiness of mind:
trouble. [Fr. sollicitude — L. sollicitudo.]
SOLID, sol'id, adj. having the parts firmly
adhering : hard : compact : full of mat-
ter: not hollow: .strong: having length,
breadth, and thickness (opp. to a mere
surface) : cubic : substantial : weighty.
— n. a substance having the parts firmly
adhering together: a firm, compact body,
opposed to fluid. — adv. Sol'idly. — jt.
SoL'iDNESS. [L. solidtts, akin to O. Lat.
.mllus, Gr. holos, whole. Sans, sarvas, all.
Cf. Solemn.]
SOLIDARITY, sol-i-dar'i-ti, n. the being
made solid or co7npact: the being bound:
a consolidatio7i, or oneness of interests.
[Fr. solidarite — solidaire, jointly and
severally liable — solide — L. solidus.]
SOLIDIFICATION, so-lid-i-fi-ka'shun, 71.
act of making solid or hard.
SOLIDIFY, so-lid'i-n, v.t. to make solid or
compact. — v.i. to grow solid : to harden :
— 2}a.2y. solid'ifled. [Fr. solidijier — L. soli-
dus, facio, to make.]
SOLIDITY, so-lid'i-ti, n. a being solid: full-
ness of matter : strength or firmness,
moral or physical : soundness : (geoin.)
the solid content of a body.
SOLILOQUIZE, so-lil'o-kwiz, v.i. to speak
to one's self or utter a soliloquy.
SOLILOQUY', so-lil'o-kwe, n. a talking
when solitary or to one's self : a discourse
of a person, not addressed to any one.
[L. soliloquium — solus, alone, and loqui.
to speak.]
SOLIPED, sol'i-ped, 71. an animal with a
single or uncloven hoof on each foot.
[L. solus, alone, pes. 2)edis, a foot.]
SOLITAIRE, sol-i-tar', 71. a recluse or one
who lives alone : a game played by one
person with a board and balls : an orna-
ment worn singly on the neck or wrist.
SOLITARY, sol'i-tar-i, adj. being the sole
person present : alone or lonely : single :
living alone : without company : remote
from society : retired : gloomy. — Ji. one
who lives alone : a recluse or hermit. —
adv. Sol'itarily. — n. Sol'itabiness. [Fr.
solitaire — L. solitarius — solus, alone.]
SOLITUDE, sol'i-tvd, 71. a being alone : a
lonely life : want of company : a lonely
place or desert. [Fr. — L. solitudo— solus,
alone.]
SOLMIZATION
403
SOT
SOLiQZATION, sol - mi - za'shun, n., sol-
faing: a recital of the notes of the gamut,
do, re, mi, etc.
SOLO, so'lo, n. a musical piece performed
by only one voice or instrument •.—jpl.
S'o'LOS. — ji.So'LOIST. [It. — L. solus, alone.]
SOLSTICE, sol'stis, n. that point in the
ecliptic where the sun is farthest from
the equator, and seems to stand still :
the time when the sun reaches this point.
[Fr. — Ij.solstitimn — sol, tlie sun, and sisto,
to make to stand — sto, to stand.]
SOLSTITIAL, sol-stish'al, adj. pertaining
to or happening at a solstice, esp. at the
north one.
SOLUBILITY, sol-u-bil'i-ti, n. capabiUty
of being dissolved in a fluid.
SOLUBLE, sol'u-bl, adj. capable of being
solved or dissolved in a fluid. [L. soltt^
bilis. See SOLVE.]
SOLUTION, sol-u'shun, n. act of solving
or dissolving, esp. a solid by a fluid : the
separating of the parts of any body:
the preparation resulting from dissolv-
ing a solid in a liquid : explanation : re-
moval of a doubt : construction or solv-
ing of a problem. [L. sohitio — solvo,
solutum, to loosen.]
SOLVABLE, solv'a bl adj. capable of be-
ing solved or explained: capable of being
paid. — n. Solvabil'ity. [Fr. — L. solvo,
to dissolve, pay.]
SOLVE, solv, v.t. to loosen or separate the
parts of: to clear up or explain : to re-
move.— n. SOLV'ER. [L. solvo, to loosen,
prob. from se, aside, and luo, to loosen.]
S0L"\':ENCY, solv'en-si. 7i. state of being
solvent, or able to pay all debts.
SOLVENT, solv'ent, adj. having power to
solve or dissolve : able to paj' all debts. —
n. an\'thing that dissolves another. [L.
solvent, -eiitis, pr.p. of solvo, to loosen,
to pay.]
SOJIBRE, scm'ber, adj. dull : gloomy :
melancholy. — n. Som'breness. [Lit. "un-
der a shade," Fr. sombre — Sp. sombra, a
shade — L. sub, under, umbra, a shade.]
SOJIE. sum, adj. denoting an indefinite
number or quantity : certain, in distinc-
tion from others : moderate or in a cer-
tain degree: about. [A.S. sttm; Goth.
sums. Ice. stimr.]
SOMEBODY, sumTjod-i, n., some or any
bodi/ or person : a person of importance.
SOMEHOW, sum'how, adv. in some way
or other.
SOMERSAULT, sum'er-sawlt, SOMERSET,
sum'er-set, n. a leap in which a person
turns with his heels over his head. [Corr.
of Fr. soubresaxit, It. soprassalto — L.
supra, over, saltus, a leap — salio. to leap.]
SOMETHING, sum'thing, n. an indefinite
thing or event : a portion, an indefinite
quantity. — adv. in some degree.
SOMETIME, sum'tim, adv. at a time not
tixfd : once : at one time or other.
SOMETIMES, sum'timz, adv. at certain
times : now and then : at one time : (B.)
once^
SOMEWHAT, sum'hwot, n. an unfixed
quantity or degree. — adv. in some degree.
[Some a'nd What.]
SOMEWHERE, sum'hwSr, adv. in some
place : in one place or another. [SOME
and Where.]
SOJIEWHITHER, sumTiwii/i-er, adv. to
some place.
80MNAMBULATE, som-nam'bu-lat. v.i. to
walk in sleej}. — n. SOMNAMBtTLA'TlON. [L.
somtius, sleep, and ainbulo, -atum, to
walk.]
S05INA3IBULISM, sora-nam'bu-lizm, n.
act or practice of walking in sleep.
SOMNAMBULIST, som-nam'bu-list, ji. a
SOMNIFEROUS, som-nif er-us, adj., bring-
ing or causing sleep. [L, somnus, sleep,
and fero, to bring.]
SOMNOLENCE, sora'no-lens, SOMNO-
LENCY, som'no-len-si, n., sleepiness :
inclination to sleep. [L. somnolentia —
somnus, sleep.]
SOMNOLENT, som'no-lent, adj., sleepy or
inclined to sieep. [L. somnolentus.}
SON, sun, n. a male child or descendant:
any young male person spoken of as a
child : a term of affection generally : a
disciple: a native or inhabitant: the
produce of anji-hing. [A.S. sjtnu ; Ger.
sohn, Russ. siin; Sans, sunu — sii, to be-
get, bring forth ; conn, with Gr. hiiios,
a son.]
SONATA, so-na'ta, n. a musical composi-
tion for one or more instruments, con-
sisting of three or more movements or
di\-isions. [It. — L. sono, to sound.]
SONG, song, n. that which is sung : a short
poem or ballad: the melody to which it
IS adapted: a poem, or poetry in general:
the notes of birds : a mere trifle : (B.)
an object of derision. [A.S. song, sang ;
G«r. ge-sang, Goth, saggus. Ice. songr ;
from root of SiNG.]
SONGSTER, song'ster, n. a singer or one
sldlled in singing : esp. a bird that sings:
—fern. SONG'STRESS. [A.S. sangestre, from
Song.]
SON-IN-LAW, sun'-in-law, n. the husband
of one's daughter.
SONNET, son et, n. a skort song or poem
of fourteen lines, with varying rhymes.
[Fr. — It. sonetto, dim. of sono, a sound,
song— L. somis, a sound.]
SONNETEER, son-et-er', n. a composer of
sonnets.
SONOROUS, so-n5'rus, adj., sounding
when struck: giving a clear, loud sound :
high sounding. — adv. Soxo'rocsly. — n.
Sono'rouskess. [L. sonorus — sowoj" or
soniis, a sound — sono, to sound. See
Sound.]
SONSHIP, sun'ship, n. state or character
of a son.
SOON, soon, adv. Immediately or in a short
time : without delay : early : readily :
wilUngly. [A.S. sona, cog. with Goth.
suns, immediately, soon.]
SOOT, soot, n. the black powder condensed
from smoke. [A.S. and Ice. sot ; Dan.
SOOf/J
SOOTH, sooth, 71. truth, reality. — adj.
true : pleasing. [A.S. soth, true ; Ice.
aannr, true, Goth, sunis: conn, with Gr.
i^teos. Sans, satyas, true.]
SOOTHE, sbbth, v.t. to please with soft
words : to flatter : to soften. — adv.
Sooth'inglt. [Lit. "to please any one
by agreeing with him, by receiving his
words as true," A.S. ge-wdhian, to soothe,
gesoth, a flatterer — soth, true.]
SOOTHSAY, sooth'sa. v.i. to foreteU.--««.
Sooth'sayer, Sooth'satixg. [Lit. "to
say or teU the truth."]
SOOTY, soot'i, adj. producing, consisting
of, containing, or like soot. — n. SoOT'l-
NESS. [A.S. sotig.]
SOP, sop, n. an\'thing dipped or soaked,
esp. in soup, to he eaten : anything given
to satisfy. — v.t. to steep in liquor i—pr.p.
sopp'ing; pa.t. and pa.p. sopped. [A.S.
sop (in sopcoppa, a soup-cup, dish), from
supan, to sip, soak ; Ice. soppa, broth,
soup. See SuP, SOCT.1
SOPHISM, sof'izm, n. a specious fallacy.
[Fr. sophisme — Gr. sophisma — sophizo, to
make wise — sophos, cleverness.]
SOPHIST, sof'ist, n. one of a class of public
teachers in Greece in the fifth century
B. c. : a captious or fallacious resisoner.
[Lit. and orig. "a wise or clever man,"
Gr. sophistes — sophos. wise.]
SOPHISTIC, so-fist'ik, SOPHISTICAL, so-
fist'ik-al, adj. pertaining to a sophist or
to sophistry : fallatiouslj- subtle. — adet
SopraST'lCALLT. [Gr. sophistikos.]
SOPHISTICATE, so-fist'i-kat, v.t. to render
sophistical, or unsound : to corrupt by
mixture.
SOPHISTICATION, so-fist-i-ka'shun, n. act
of sophisticating, adulterating, or injur-
inar bv mixture.
SOPHISTRY, sof'ist-ri,»2. specious but fal
lacious reasoning.
SOPORIFEROUS, sop - or - if'er - us, adj.,
bringing, causing, or tending to cause
slee}} : sleepy. [L. sopor, sqporis, sleep,
and fero. to bring.]
SOPORIFIC, sop-or-iPik, adj., making or
causing sleep. — n. anything that causes
sleep. [Fr. soporijique — ^L. sopor, sleep,
anAfaeio, to make.]
SOPPY, sop'i, adj., sopped or soaked in
liquid.
SOPRANIST, so-pra'nist, n. a singer of so-
prano.
SOPRANO, so-pra'no, 7i. the highest kin(!l
of female voice : air '.—pi. Sopra'nos or
Sopra'ni. [Lit. "superior," It., from
sopra — L. supra or super, above.]
SORCEREK, sor'ser-er, n. one who prac-
tices sorcery : an enchanter : a magician;
— ^_/e»!. Sor'CEEESS. [Fr. somer — LowL.
sdrtiai'ins — L. sors, sortis, a lot.]
SORCERY, sor'ser-i, n. divination by the
assistance of evil spirits : enchantment :
magic. [Lit. " casting lots," O. Fr. sor-
cerie — L. sortior, to cast lots — sors, sortis,
a lot.]
SORDID, sor'did, adj. vile : mean : meanly
avaricious. — adv. Sor'didly. — n. Sok'did-
KESS. [Fr. sordide — L. sordidus — sordeo,
to be dirty.]
SORE, sor, 71. a u-ound : an ulcer or boil :
(B.) grief, affliction. — adj. wounded : ten-
der : susceptible of pain : easily pained
or grieved : (B.) severe. — adv. (B.) same
as Sore'ly. — 71. Sore'ness. [A.S. sar, a
wound ; cog. with Ger. sehr (orig pain-
fully), very. Ice. sar, woimd, sore, pain.
See'SoRRY.]
SORELY', sorli, adv. in a sore manner :
grievously.
SORREL, sor'el, n. a plant of a sour tuste,
allied to the dock. [Fr. surelk — f^tr, sour;
from G«r. sauer, A.S. sur, sc\u-.j
SORREL, sor'el, adj. of a reddish-brown
color. — ». a sorrel or reddish-brown color.
[Ft. saure, sorrel ; of uncertain oiigin.]
SORROW, sor'6, w. pain of mind : grief :
aflliction. — v.i. to feel sorrow or pain of
mind : to grie\^e. [A.S. sorg, sorh ; cog.
with Ger. sorge, Ice. sorer, and perhaps
allied to SORE.]
SORROWTUL, sor'o-fool, adj. full of sor-
row : causing, showing, or expressing
sorrow : sad : dejected" — adv. Sorr'ow-
rrxLY. — n. Sorr'owfuutess.
SORRY, sor'i, adj. grieved for something
past : melancholy : poor : worthless. —
adv. Sorr'ily. — n. Sorr'ineso. [^■^•
sarig, wounded, sorrowful ; O. Dut.
sorigh ; conn, with Sore, but has come
to be regarded as the adj. of Sorrow.]
SORT, sort, n. a numbej of persons or
things having like qualities : class, kind
or species : order or rank : manner. — v.t.
to separate into lots or classes : to put
together : to select. — v.i. to be joine('
with others of the same sort : to a.sso-
ciate : to suit. — 7). Sort'ke. — Our or
sorts, out of order : imwell [Lit
"lot," Fr. sorte — L. sors, sortis. a lot-
sero. to join.]
SORTIE, sor'te, 7i. the issuing of a body of
troops from a besieged place to attack
the besiegers, [Ft. — sortir, to go out, to
issue.]
SOT. sot, n. one stupefied bv drinking . a
habitual drunkard. [Old fV. sot, perh.
of Celt, origin.]
SOTERIOLOGY
403
SPARTAN
SOTERIOLOGY, s6-te-ri-oI'o-ji, n. (theol.)
the doctrine of salvation by Jesus Chirist.
[Gr. soterios, saving, soter, saviour, and
logos, discourse.]
SOTTISH, sot'ish, adj. like a sot : foolish :
stupid with drink. — adv. Sott'ishlt. — n.
SOTT'ISHNESS.
sou, soo, n. a French copper coin — -j'jth
of a franc, or about one cent. [Fr. sou ;
I It. soldo — L. solidus, a coin.]
SOUCHONG, soo-shong', n. a fine sort of
black tea.
SOUGH, sooch (c7t g-uttural), v.i. to whistle
or sigh, as the wind. — n. a sighing of the
wind. [From the sound.]
SOUGHT, sawt, pa.f. a.nApa.p. of Seek.
SOUL, sol, n. that part of man which
thinks, feels, desires, etc. : the seat of
life and intellect : life : essence : internal
power : energy or grandeur of mind : a
human being, a person. [M.E. saide —
A.S. sau-ol ; Ger. seele, Goth, saivala.]
SOULED, sold, adj. full of soul or feeling.
SOULLESS, sol'les, adj. without a soul or
nobleness of mind : mean : spiritless.
SOUND, sownd, adj. safe, whole, entire :
perfect: healtny, strong: profound: cor-
rect : orthodox : weighty. — adv. Somm'-
LY. — n. Socnd'ness. [A.'S. sund, gesund;
cog. with Ger. gesund, allied to L. sanus,
sound, Gr. saos, sos, safe and sound.]
SOUND, sownd, n. a narrow passage of
water: a strait. [A.S. sund, a swimming,
a narrow arm of the sea, from sviniman,
to swim ; cog. with Ger. sund, a strait.]
SOUND,' sownd, n. the air or sicimming
bladder of a fish. [A.S. sund, swimming.]
SOUND, sownd, v.i. to make a noise : to
utter a voice : to spread. — v.t. to cause
to make a noise : to utter audibly : to
• direct by a sound or audible signal : to
publish audibly. — n. the impression pro-
duced on tlie ear by the vibrations of air:
aoise : report : empty or meaningless
noise. [M. E. sonnen — Fr. sonner — L.
sono; cog. with O. Ger. svana. Sans, suon,
to sound.]
BOUND, sownd, v.t. to measure the depth
of, esp. with a line and plummet: to probe:
to try to discover a man's secret wishes,
etc. : to test : to introduce an instrument
into the bladder to examine it. — v.i. to
use the line and lead in ascertaining the
depth of water. — n. an instrument to dis-
cover stone in the bladder. [Fr. sonder,
to sound ; ace. to Diez, from Low L. sub-
undare, to put under the wave — L. sub,
under, und.a, a wave.]
SOUNDING, sownd'ing, n. the ascertain-
ing the depth of water i—pl. any part of
the ocean where a sounding-line will
reach the bottom.
SOUP, soop, n. the juice or liquid obtained
by boiling flesli, seasoned, and often
mixed with vegetables. [Fr. soupe ;
from Ger. suppe, soup, cog. with E. Sup.]
SOUR, sowr, adj. having a pungent, acid
taste : turned, as milk : rancid : crabbed
or peevish in temper: bitter. — adv. Sour'-
LY. — n. Sour'ness. [A.S. sur; Ger. sauer.
Ice. siirr.]
SOUR, sowr, v.t. to make sour or acid : to
make cross, peevish, or discontented.^
i\i. to become sour or acid : to become
peevisli or crabbed.
SOURCE, sors, n. that from which any-
thing rises or originates : origin : the
spring from which a stream flows. [Fr.
source, from sourdre (It. sorgere) — L. sur-
go. to raise up, to rise.]
BOUSE, sows, n. pickle made of salt : any-
thing steeped m pickle : the ears, feet,
etc., of swine pickled. — v.t. to steep in
pickle : to plunge into water. — v.i. to fall
on suddenly. [Written also soiiee, a form
of Sauce.]
SOUTH, sowth, n. the direction in which
the sun appears at noon to the people
N. of the Tropic of Cancer : any land op-
posite the >f. — adj. lying towards the
south. — adv. towards the south. [A.S.
sudh ; Ger. sud (whence Fr. sud). Ice.
sudr, prob. from root of Son.]
SOUTH-EAST, sowth-est', n. the direction
equally distant from the soiitli and east.
SOUTH-EAST, sowth-est', SOUTH-EAST-
ERLY, sowth-est'er-li, SOUTH-EAST-
ERN, so\vth-est'ern, adj. pertaining to,
in the direction of, or coming from the
south-east.
SOUTHERLY, suf/t'er-li, SOUTHERN,
su<7i'ern, adj. pertaining to, situated in,
or proceeding from or towards the south.
— superl. South'ernmost, Southmost,
sowth'most, most southern, furthest to-
wards the south.
SOUTHERNWOOD, siii/i'ern-wood, n. an
aromatic plant of Southern Europe,
closely ;dUed to wormwood.
SOUTHWARD, sowth' ward or su^fc'ard.
adv., toward the south.
SOUTH-WEST, sowth-west', n. the direc-
tion equally distant from the south and
u'est.
SOUTH-WEST, sowth-west', SOUTH-
WESTERLY, sowth-west'er-li, SOUTH-
WESTERN, sowth-west'ern, adj. per-
taining to, proceeding from, or lying in
tlie direction of the south-ivest.
SOUTHWESTER, sow-west'er, n. a storm
or gale from tlie south-west : a painted
canvas hat with a broad flap behind for
the neck.
SOUVENIR, s55v'ner. n. a remembrancer.
[Fr. (It. sovvenire) — L. suhvenire. to come
up, to come to mind — sub, under, from
under, and venio, venire, to come.]
SOVEREIGN, sov'er-in, adj., supreme:
possessing supreme power or dominion :
superior to all others : utmost. — n. a su-
preme ruler : a monarch : an English
gold coin=|4.86, gold standard. [M.E.
sovernine — Fi-. souverain — ^Low L. super-
anus — L. super, siqrra, above.]
SOVEREIGNTY, soVer-in-ti, w. supreme
power : dominion. [Fr. souverainete.'\
SOW, sow, n. a female pig : an oblong
piece of metal larger than a pig. [A.S.
su, siigu; cog. with Ger. sau, Ice. syr ;
L. sus, Gr. hys; conn, with SwriNE.]
SOW, so, v.t. to scatter seed that it may
grow : to plant by strewing : to scatter
seed over : to spread. — v.i. to scatter
seed for growth •.—pa.p. sown and sowed.
— n. Sow'er. [A.S. sawan ; Ger. sden.
Ice. sa, Goth, saian ; akin to L. sero (for
seso). See Seed.]
SPA, spaw, n. a place where there is a
mineral spring of water. [From (Spa, a
famous watering-place in Belgium.]^
SPACE, spas, n. extension as distinct from
material substances : room : largeness ;
distance between objects : interval be-
tween lines or words in books : quantity
of time : distance between two points of
time : a short time : interval. — v.t. to
make or arrange intervals between. [Fr.
espace — L. spatium, from root spa. Sans.
spha, to draw, as in Gr. spa5, Ger. span^
nen.]
SPACIOUS, spa'shus, adj. having large
.space .' large in extent : roomy : wide. —
rtrfw.SPA'CIOUSLY.— w. Spa'ciousness. [Fr.
spacieux — L. spatiosus.^
SPADE, spad, 7?. a broad blade of iron with
a handle, used for digging. — v t. to dig
with a spade. [A.S. spadu ; cog. with
Ger. svaten, L. spatha, Gr. spathe, any
broad blade.]
SPAKE, spak, old pa. ^ of Speak.
SPAN, span, n. the space from the end of the
thumb to the end of the little-finger when
the fingers are e.rtended: nine inches: the
spread of an arch between its abutments:
a space of time. — v. t. to measui-e by spans:
to measure : to embrace i^pr.p. spann'-
ing ; pa.t. and pa.p. spanned. [A.S.
spann — spannan; cog. with Ger. spanneti,
L. pando (for spando). See Space.]
SPAN, span, n. a yoke of horses or oxen.
[Borrowed fromDut.; from the same root
as above word.]
SPANDREL, span'drel, n. the irregular tri-
angular space between the span or curve
of an arch and the inclosing right angle.
[From Span.]
SPANGLE, spang'gl, n. a small, thin plate
or boss of shining metal: anything spark-
ling and brilliant, like a spangle. — v.t. to
adorn with spangles. — v.i. to glitter.
[A.S. spange, a clasp, being prob. conn,
with Span ; cog. with Ger. spange, Ice.
spang.]
SPANIARD, span'yard,n. a native ot Spain.
SPANIEL, span'yel, n. a kind of dog, usu-
ally liver and white colored, and with
large pendent ears, once supposed to be
of Spanish origin. [O. Fr. espagneid
(Fr. epagneul), Spanish.]
SPANISH, span'ish, adj. of or pertaining
to Spain. — ». the lang^uage of Spain.
SPANKER, spang'ker, n. the after-sail of a
ship or bark, so called from its flapping
in the breeze. [From Prov. E. spank, to
flap, to move quickly.]
SPAR, spar, n. a rafter : a general term
for masts, yards, booms, and gaffs, etc.
[Ice. spam, Dut. spar; prob. conn, with
Bae.]
SPAR, spar, n. a mineral which is perfect-
ly crystalline. [A.S. spcer{-stan), gyp-
sum, perh. from the spar or spear form
it assumes ; cf. Ger. spar{-kalk).]
SPAR, spar, v.i. to box with the hands : to
fight with showy action : to dispute: — •
pr.p. sparr'ing; pa.t. andpa.p. sparred.
— n. Spake'eb. [O. Fr. esparer, Fr.
eparer, to kick out, from root of Parry.]
SPARE, spar, v.t. to use frugally : to do
without : to save from any use: to with-
hold from : to treat tenderly : to part
with willingly. — v.i. to be frugal : to for-
bear : to be tender : to forgive. [A.S.
spavian ; cog. with Ger. sparen ; allied
also to L. par-co (for spar-co).]
SPARE, spar, adj., sparing: frugal*
scanty : lean : superfluous. — n. Spabb'-
NESS.
SPARERIB, spar'rib, n. a piece of meat
consisting of the ribs with a spare or
small amount of flesh.
SPARING, spar'ing, adj. scarce : scanty :
saving.
SPARK, spark, n. a small particle of fire
shot off from a burning body : any small
shining body or light: a small portion of
anything active or vivid. [A.S. spearca,
a spark ; Dut. spark, sperk.}
SPARKLE, spilrk'l. ?t. a Uttle spark i
lustre. — v.i. to emit sparks: to shine:
to glitter. [Dim. of Spaek.]
SPARKLING, spark'ling. adj. gi\nng out
.sjxrrAs ; glittering : brilliant : lively.
SPARRER. See under SPAE, to box.
SPARROW, spar'6, n. a well-known small
bird. [A.S. speanva ; cog. with Goth_
sparva. Ice. spiirr, Ger. sper-ling.]
SPARROW-BILL, spar'o-bil, n. a small
shoe-nail, so called from its shape.
SPARROW-HAWK, spar'o-hawk, n. a
small species of hauk destructive to
.fpavoirs, etc. [A.S. spear-hafoc]
SPARRY, spar'i, adj. consisting of or like
sjMtr.
SPARSE, spars, adj. thinly scattered.—
adv. Sparse'ly. — n. Spaese'nbss. [L.
.<iparsum, pa.p. of spargo, to scatter ;
allied to Gr. speiro, to sow.]
SPARTAN, spar'tan, adj. of or pertaining
to Sparta in Greece : hardy : fearless.
SPASM
404
SPERM-WHALE
SPASM, spazm, n. an irregular, violent and
involuntary dramng or contraction of the
muscles — less violent than a convulsion.
[Fr. spasme — L. spasmus— Gr. spasmos —
spao, to draw.]
SPASMODIC, spaz-mod'ik, SPASMODIC-
AL, spaz-mod'ik-al, adj. relating to or
consisting in spasms: convulsive. — n.
Spasmod'ic, a medicine for removing
spasms.
8PAT, spat, pa.t. of Spit, to throw from
the mouth.
SPAT, spat, n. the spawn or young, spit or
thrown out by shellfish. [From root of
Spit.]
SPATTER, spat'er, v.t. to spit or throw
out upon : to scatter about : to sprinkle
with dirt or anything moist : to defame.
IFreq. from SPAT. pa.t. of SPIT.]
SPATTER-DASHES, spat'er-dash'ez, n.jil.
coverings for the legs, to keep them
clean from water and mud, a kind of
gaiters.
SPATULA., spat'u-la, SPATTLE, spat'l, n.
a little spade : a broad kind of knife for
spreading plasters. [L. spatula, spathula,
dim. of spatha, any broad blade — Gr.
spathe. See Spade.]
SPAVIN, spav'in, 7i. a disease of horses
affecting the hock-joint, or joint of the
hind-leg, between the knee and the fet-
lock. It occurs in two forms: (a) bog or
blood spavin, in which the joint is dis-
tended by synovia or joint oil ; (6) hone
spavin, or spavin proper, where there is
a morbid deposition of bonj'^ substance,
such as to unite separate bones — a form
which is sometimes incurable. [O. Fr.
espavent ("a spaven in a horse." — Cot-
grave), also esparvain. Mod. Fr. eparvin.
It. spavenio. Origin doubtful.]
SPAVINED, spav'ind, adj. affected with
spat^in.
SPAWN, spawn, n. the eggs of fish or frogs
when ejected: offspring. — v.t. to produce,
as fishes and frogs do their eggs, to bring
forth. — v.i. to deposit eggs, as fishes or
frogs : to issue, as offspring. [Etv. dub.]
8PAWNER, spawn'er, n. the female fish,
from which the spauii is ejected.
SPEAK, spek, v.i. to utter words or ar-
ticulate sounds : to say : to talk : to con-
verse : to sound. — v.t. to pronounce : to
converse in : to address : to declare : to
express by signs : — pa.t. spoke or spake ;
pa.2}. spok'en. [A.S. sjjecan (for sprecan):
cog. with Dut. spreken, Ger. sprechen.]
SPEAKER, spek'er, n. one who speaks :
the person who presides in a deliberative
or legislative body, as the House of Rep-
resentatives.— n. Speak'ership.
SPEAKING - TRUMPET, sp§k'ing - trum'-
pet, n. an instrument somewhat resem-
bling a trumpet, used for intensifying
the sound of the voice, so as to convey
it to a greater distance.
SPEAR, sper, n. a long weapon used in war
and hunting, made of a pole pointed with
iron : a, lance with barbed prongs used
for catching fish. — v.t. to pierce or kill
with a spear. [A.S. spere ; cog. with Ger.
speer, W. ysper, L. spams ; prob. further
conn, with Spar and Spike.]
SPEARMAN, sper'man, n. a man armed
with asjxar.
SPEARMINT, sper'mint, n. a species of
mint having speai'-shaped leaves.
SPECIAL, spesh'al, adj. of a.speci'esor sort:
particular : distinctive : imcommon : de-
signed for a particular purpose : confined
to a particular subject. — adv. Spe'CIALLY.
SPECIALIST, spesh'al-ist, 7i. one who de-
votes himself to a special subject.
SPECIALITY, spesh-i-al'i-ti, n. the special
or particular mark of a person or thing :
a special occupation or object of atten-
tion. [Fr.— L.]
SPECIALIZE, spesh'al-iz, v.t. to determine
in a special manner. — n. Specializa'tion.
SPECIALTY, spesh'al -ti, n. something
s^iecial: a special contract: that for which
a person is distinguished.
SPECIE, spe'shi, n. gold and silver coin,
because visible wealth, and not merely
representing it, as bills and notes do. [Cf.
next word.]
SPECIES, spe'shez, n. a group of individu-
als having common marks or character-
istics : — subordinate to a Genus. [L. (lit.)
" that which is seen," then a form, a par-
ticular sort — specio, to look.]
SPECIFIC, spe-sit'ik, SPECIFICAL, spe-
sif'ik-al, adj. pertaining to or constituting
asjiedes: that specifies: precise: infallible.
— adv. Specif'icaIjLX.
SPECIFIC, spe-sif'ik, n. a remedy which
has a special power in a particular dis-
ease : an infallible remedy.
SPECIFICATION, spes-i-fi-ka'shun, n. act
of specifying: a statement of particu-
lars.
SPECIFY, spes'i-fi, v.t. to make sjjecial:
to mention particularly : — pa.t. and pa.p.
spec'ified. [Low L. specifieo — L. spedes,
and facio. to make.]
SPECIMEN, spes'i-men, n. a portion of
anything to show the kind and quality of
the whole : a sample.
SPECIOUS, spe'shus, adj. that looks well
at first sight : showy : plausible. — adv.
Spe'CIOUSLT. — 71. Spe'ciousness.
SPECK, spek, n. a spot: a blemish. — v.t.
to spot. [A.S. specca; Low Ger. spaafc.]
SPECKLE, spek'l, n. a little speck or spot
in anything different in substance or color
from the thing itself. — v.t. to mark with
speckles.
SPECTACLE, spek'ta-kl, n. a sight : show :
exhibition : — pi. glasses to assist the
sight. — adj. Spectac'ulab. [L. sjiecta-
culum, — speeto, sjxctatum, mtens. of
spec-io, to look at.]
SPECTACLED, spek'ta-kld, adj. wearing
spectacles.
SPECTATOR, spek-ta'tur, n. one who looks
on:— fern. Specta'tress.
SPECTRAL, spek'tral, adj. relating to, or
like a spectre.
SPECTRE, spek'ter, n. a ghost. [Lit.
" something seen." Doublet Spectrum.]
SPECTROSCOPE, spek'tro-skop, n. an in-
strument for forming and examining
spectra of luminous bodies, so as to de-
termine their composition. [Specteum,
and Gr. skoped, to look at.]
SPECTRUM, spek'trum, n. the image of
something seen continued after the eyes
are closed : the colors of light separated
by a prism, and exhibited as spread out
on a screen -.—pi. Spectra. [Lit. " some-
thing seen," from L. spec-io, to see.
Doublet Spectre.]
SPECULAR, spek'ii-lar, adj. resembling a
speculum : having a smooth reflecting
SPECULATE, spek'u-lat, v.i. to look at or
into with the mind : to consider : to
theorize : to traffic for great profit. — n.
Spec'ulator. [L. sjieculatus, pa.p. of
s2)eculor — specula, a look-out — spec-io, to
look.]
SPECULATION, spek-u-la'shun, n. act of
speculating- : mental view : contempla-
tion : theory : the buying goods, etc., to
sell them at an advance.
SPECULATIVE, spek'u-lat-iv, adj. given
to speculation or theory : ideal : pertain-
ing to speculation in business, etc. — adv.
Spec'ulatitely.
SPECULUM. spek'u-lum,M. (op?.) a reflector
usually made of polished metal: (surgery)
an instrument for bringing into view
parts otherwise hidden :—pl. Spec'CLA.
-spec-io, ta
[Lit. " a looking-glass," L.-
look.]
SPED, sped, pa.t. and pa. 2J. of Speed.
SPEECH, spech, n. that which is spoken :
language : the power of speaking : ora-
tion: any declaration of thoughts : men-
tion. [A.S. spoEC, sprcec ; Ger. sprache.
See SpeakJ
SPEECHLESS, spech'les, adj. destitute or
deprived of the power of speech. — n,
Speech'lessness.
SPEED, sped, ?i. quickness, velocity : suc-
cess.— v.i. to move quickly : to succeed :
to fare. — v.t. to despatch quickly : to
hasten, as to a conclusion : to execute :
to aid: to make prosperous:— pr.p. speed-
ing ; pa.?, and pa.p. sped. [A.S. sped;
cog. with Dut. speed, speed, Ger. sputen,
to speed.]
SPEEDY, sped'i, adj. hasty: quick: nimble.
— adi: Speed'ilt. — n. Speed'iness.
SPELL, spel, n. any form of words supposed
to possess magical power. — adj. Spell'-
BODOT). [A.S. spell, a narrative or tale ;
cog. with Goth, spilll. Ice. spial, a tale.]
SPFLL, spel, v.t. to tell or name the letters
of : to name, write, or print the proper
letters of. — v.i. to form words with the
proper letters: — jn-.p. spell'ing ; pa.?,
and pa.p. spelled, spelt. [Same word as
above, modified iDy O. Fr. espaler (Fr.
epeler) — O. Ger. spellon, to tell, Goth.
spillon.]
SPELL, spel, v.t. to take another's place at
work. — ;;. a turn at work : a short period :
— pr.2}. spell'ing ; 2}a.t. and pa.p'. spelled.
[A.S. S2)elian, to act for another, perh.
conn, with A.S. spilian, Ger. spielen, to
play.]
SPELLING, spel'ing, n. act of spelling or
naming the letters of words : orthog
raphy.
SPELLING-BOOK, spel'ing-book, n. a book
for teaching to s/je//. — ;/. Spell'ikg-bek,
a competition in spelling-.
SPELT, spelt, n. a kind of grain: also called
German wheat. [A.S. (Ger. spelt) — L.
spelt a.]
SPELTER, spel'ter, 7i. zinc. [Allied to
Dut. spiauter. See Pewter.]
SPENCER, spens'er, n. a short over-
jacket worn by men or women, named
after a Lord Spencer who introduced it
or made it fashionable.
SPENCER, spens'er, n. (in ships and barks)
a fore-and-aft sail abaft the fore and
main masts. [Ety. unknown.]
SPEND, spend, v.t. to expend or weigh
out : to give for any purpose : to con-
.sume : to waste: to pass, as time. — v.i.
to make expense : to be dissipated : —
2}r.p. spending; po.?. and pa.p. spent.
— n. Spend'er. [A.S. d-spendan, for
•S2}endan — L. ex2yendo or dispendo. to
weigh out.]
SPENDTHRIFT, speud'thrift, n. one who
S2)ends tiie savings of thrift : a prodigal.
[See Spend and 'Thrift.]
SPENT, spent, pa.?, and 2M.p. of Spend.
SPERM, sperm, n. animal .seed : spawn of
fishes or frogs: spermaceti. [Lit. " that
which is sotni," Late L. — Gr. si)ertn-a,
S2}erm-atos — S2)eird, to sow.]
SPERMACETI, sper-ma-se'ti, n. a wax>
matter from the head of the sperm-wliale.
[L. (lit.) "the sperm of the whale" —
sperma (see Sperm), and ce?MS, a whale
— Gr. ketos.l
SPERMATIC, sper-mat'ik, SPERMATIC-
AL, sper-mat'ik-al, adj. pertaining to or
consisting of sperm or seed : seminal.
SPERM-OIL, sperm'-oil, n., oil from the
sperm-vihaXe.
SPERM-WHALE, sperm'-hwal, n. a specie?
of whale from which sperm, or sperma-
ceti is obtained.
SPEW
405
SPLENETIC
SPEW, SPUE, spQ, v.t. and v.i. to vomit :
to eject with loathing. [A.S. sphcan ;
cog. with Dut. spmt^n, Gter. speien: also
conn, with L. spuo, Gr. ptyo, and with
Spit.]
SPHERE, sfer, n. a, ball or globe : an orb :
circuit of motion : province or duty :
rank : (geom.) a surface every point of
which is equidistant from one and the
same point, called the centre. — adj.
Spheb'al. [Fr. — L. sphcera—Gr. S2)haira.]
SPHERIC, sfer'ik, SPHERICAL, sfer'ik-al,
adj. pertaining to or like a sphere. — adv.
Spher'icatj.y.
SPHERICITY, sfer-is'i-ti, Ji. state or qual-
ity of being spherical : roundness.
SPllEROID, sfer'oid, n. a body or figure
having the form of a sphere, but not
quite round. [Fr. spMroide — Gr. sphaira,
and eidos, form.]
SPHEROIDAL, sfer-oid'al, adj. having the
form of a spheroid.
SPHERULE, sfer'ul, n. a little sphere.
SPHINCTER, sflngk'ter, n. (anat.) a muscle
that contracts or shuts an orifice or open-
ing which it surrounds, [Gr. " that
which binds tight" — sphinggo, to bind
tight.]
SPflINX, sfingks, n. {a)iciciit myth.) a mon-
ster with the head of a woman and the
body of a lioness, that proposed riddles to
travellers, and strangled those who could
not solve them. [Lit. "the throttler,"
Gr. — sphinggo, sphingxo, to squeeze, akin
to L.figo, to fix.]
SPICE, spis, n. an aromatic vegetable used
for seasoning food, formerly one of the
most valuable kinds of merchandise : a
small quantity. — v.t. to season with spice:
to tincture. [O.Fr. espice (Fr. ipice)—
Late L. species, kinds of goods, spices —
L. species, a particular kind, etc. (see
Species). Cf. the use of Gr. materialien
{lit. "materials "J, to signify drugs.]
8PICERY, spls'er-i, n. spices in general : a
repository of spices.
SPICK, spik, n. a nail : ohs. save in the
phrase Spick and span new, i.e. as new
as a spike just made and a chi^- just
split. [Prov. form of Spike, a nail.]
SPICY, spls'i, adj. producing or abounding
with spices : fragrant : pungent. — adv.
Spic'ily. — n. Spic'iness.
SPIDER, spi'der, n. an animal remarkable
for spinning webs to take its prey. [Lit.
"the spinner," for spinder, from Spin;
cf. Dan. spinder, O. Ger. spinna, Ger.
spinne.]
SPIGOT, spig'ut, n. a spike or pointed piece
of wood for stopping a small hole in a
cask. [Gael, spiocaid, W. yspigdd; conn,
with root of Spike, a nail.]
SPIKE, splk, n. an car of grain : (bot.) an
inflorescence, of which the flowers are
sessile, or issue directly from a, simple
undivided axis. [From L. spica. an ear
of grain.]
SPIKE, splk, n. a small pointed rod : a
large nail. — v.t. to set with spikes : to
stop the vent of with a spike. [A.S.
spicing, cog. with Ger. spieker ; conn,
with Spike, an ear of grain, and Spoke,m.]
SPIKELET, splk'let, ??. a little spike.
SPIKENARD, splk'nard, n. a highly aro-
matic oil or balsam obtained from an
Indian plant, the iWtrdits, with spike-
shaped blossoms : the plant itself. [L.
spica nardi. See Nard.]
fiPLKY, splk'i, adj. furnished with spikes :
having a sharp point.
SPILL, spil, v.t. to allow to run out of a
vessel : to shed : to waste. — v. i. to be
shed : to be allowed to fall, be lost, or
wasted: — pa.t. and /)«./). spilled, spilt. —
n. Spill'er. [A.S. spiillan: cog. with Dut.
spillen. Ice. spilla, to destroy; also conn,
■with Spur.]
SPILL, spil, SPILE, spll, n. a small peg or
pin to stop a hole. [Lit. " a splinter,"
Dut. spil, Ger. spille, conn, with E. Spin-
dle.]
SPIN, spin, v.t. to draw out and twist into
threads: to draw out a thread as spiders
do : to draw ovit tediously : to cause to
whirl rapidl.y. — v.i. to practice the art or
trade of spinning, to perform the act of
spinning : to issue in a .small or thread-
like current : to whirl:^3c.p. spinn'ing ;
pa.t. and pa.t). spun. — n. Spinn'er. [A.S.
spinnan, cog. with Dut. and Ger. spin-
nen ; closely conn, with Spak.]
SPINACH, SPIN AGE. spin'aj, n. an escu-
lent vegetable with jagged or spiny
leaves. [It. spinace — Low L. spinaceus
— spina, a thorn.]
SPINAL, spln'al, adj. pertaining to the
spine or backbone.
SPINDLE, spin'dl, n. the pin from which
the thread is spun or twisted : a pin on
which anything turns : the fusee of a
watch. [A.S. spinl (from Spin) ; cog.
with Ger. spindel. Cf. Sphi,, n.]
SPINE, spin, n. a thorn : a thin, pointed
spike, esp. in fishes : the backbone of an
animal. [O. Fr. espine (Fr. epine) — L.
spina, a thorn, conn, with root of Spike,
a nail, applied to the backbone because
of its sharp-pointed projections.]
SPINET, spin et or spin-et', n. (mus.) an
old-fashioned keyed instrument like the
harpsichord, [ft. spiiietta (Fr. epinette),
dim. of spina — L. spina, a thorn ; so
called from the pointed quills used in
playing on it.]
SPINNING, spin'ing, adj. used in spinning.
SPINOSE, spi'nos, SPINOUS, spt'nus, adj.
full of spines : thorny.
SPINSTER, spin'ster, n. (law) an unmar-
led female. [Lit. a woman who spi7is.]
SPINY, spin'i, adj. full of spines : tliorny :
troublesome : perplexed. — 71. Spin'iness.
SPIRACLE, spir'a-kl, n. a breathing hole :
any minute passage. [L. spiraculum,
formed as a double dim. from spiro, to
breathe.]
SPIRAL, spir'al, adj. pertaining to or like
a spire: winding like the thread of a
screw. — 71. a spiral line : a curve which
continually recedes from a centre about
which it revolves : a screw.
SPIRALLY, spir'al-li, adv>. in a spiral form
or direction.
SPIRE, spir, n. a winding line like the
threads of a screw: a curl: a wreath: a
tapi;ringbody: a steeple. [L. spi'ca — Gr.
speira, anything wound round or upon a
thing ; akin to eiro, to fasten together in
rows.]
SPIRIT, spir'it, n. vital force : the soul : a
ghost : mental disposition : enthusiasm :
real meaning: chief quality: a very lively
person : any volatile, inflammable liquid
obtained by distillation, as brandy •.—pi.
intellect uai activity : liveliness • persons
with particular qualities of mind : men-
tal excitement : spirituous liquors. —
Holy Spirit. See under Holy.— The
Spirit, the Holy Spirit : the human spirit
under the influence of the Holy Spirit. —
v.t. to take away suddenly or secretly, as
by a spirit. [L. spiritus, a breath — sjyiro,
to breathe.]
SPIRITED, spir'it-ed, adj. full of spirit, life,
or Are: animated. — adv. Spib'itedly. — n.
Spir'itedness.
SPIRITISM, spir'it-izm,n. see under Spirit-
UAUSM.
SPIRITLESS, spir'it-les, adj. without spirit,
cheerfulness, orcourage: dejected: dead.
— adv. Spir'itlessly.
SPIRIT-RAPPER, spir'it-rap'er, v. a spir-
itualist wbo professes that spirits convey
intelligence to him by raps or knocks.
SPIRITIJAL, spir'it-u-al, adj. censisting of
spirit : having the nature of a spirit ;
immaterial : relating to the mind : mtet
lectual : pertaining to the soul : holy :
divine : relating to sacred things : not
lav or temporal. — adv. Spnt'iTUALLV.
SPIRITUALISM, spir'it-u-al-izra, n. a being
spiritual : the philosophical doctrine that
nothing is real out soul or spirit: the
doctrine that spirit has a real existence
apart from matter : the belief that cer
tain peculiar phenomena (as rapping
table-turning, etc.) are directly due to
the influence of departed spirits, invoked
by a "medium" (in this sense better
called Spiritism).
SPIRITUALIST, spir'it-u-al-ist, 7i. one who
has a regard only to spiritual things :
one who holds the doctrine of spiritual-
ism (or spiritism).
SPIRITUALITY, spir-it-u-al'i-ti, n. state
of being spiritual : essence distinct from
matter.
SPIRITUALIZE, spir'it-u-al-iz, v.t. to make
spiritual : to imbue with spirituality : to
refine : to free from sensuality : to give
a spiritual meaning to.
SPIRITUOUS, spir'it-u-us, adj. possessing
the qualities of spirit : containing- spirit:
volatile.
SPIRT, spert. Same as Spurt.
SPIRY, splr'i, adj. of a spiral form :
wreathed : tapering like a spire or a
pyramid : abounding in spires.
SPIT, spit, n. an iron prong on which meat
is roasted. — v.t. to pierce with a spit : —
pr.p. spitt'ing; pa.t. and pa.p. spitt'ed,
[A.S. spitu ; Dut. spit, Ger. spiesz.]
SPIT, gpit, v.t. to throw out from the
mouth : to eject with violence. — i:i. tc
throw out saliva from the mouth : — pr.p
spitt'ing: pa.i. spit, spat; pa.p. spit
[A.S. spittan ; Ice. spyta, Ger. spUtzen,
These are all extensions of Spew.]
SPITE, spit, M. grudge : lastmg ill-will .-
hatred. — v.t. to vex : to thwart : to hate
[Short for Despite.]
SPITEFUL, spit'iool, adj. full ot spite : de-
sirous to vex or injure : malignant. -
adv. Spite'fully. — )(. Spite'fclness.
SPITTED, spit'ed (B 1 pa.p. of Spit, to
throw out from thf mouth.
SPITTLE, spit'l, n. t e moist matter spit
or thrown from tV, mouth: saliva.
SPITTOON, spit-too r,-, n. a ^ressel for re-
ceiving spittle.
SPLASH, splash, v.t. to spatter with water
or mud. — v.i. to dash about water or any
liquid. — n. water or mud thrown on anv-
thing. [Like Plash, an imitative word.]
SPLASHBOARD, splash'bord, n. a board
to keep those in a vehicle from being
splashed with mud.
SPLASHY, splash'i, adj., splashing: wet
and muddy : full of dirty water.
SPLAY splil, v.t. {arch.) to slope or slant :
to dislocate, as the shoulder-bone. — adj.
turned outward, as in splay-foot. [A
•ontr. of Display.]
SPLEEN, splen, n. a spongy gland near
the large extremity of the stomach, sup-
posed by the ancients to be the seat of
anger and melancholy : hence, spite : ill-
humor : melancholy. [M.E. splen — L. —
Gr. splen ; cog. with L. lien (for p-lien),
Sa,nR.plihan!]
SPLENDENT, splen'dent, adj. splendid or
shining: bright. [L., pr.p. of splendeo,
to shine.]
SPLENDID, splen'did, a(^'. magnificent :
famous : illustrious : heroic. — odv.
Splen'didly. [Lit. " shining," L. splen-
didus — splendeo, to shine.]
SPLENDOR, splen'dur. ji. the appearance
of anything splendid : brilliance : mag-
nificence.
SPLENETIC, .sple-net'ik or splen'e-tik,
SPLENETICAL, sple-net'ik-al, adj. af-
SPLENIC
406
SPOTLESS
fected with spleen: peevish: melancholy.
— n. Splen'etic, a splenetic person. — adv.
SPLEN"ET'ICAIJL.T.
SPLENIC, splen'ik, adj. pertaining to the
spleen.
SPLENITIS, sple-nl'tis, n. inflammation of
the spleen.
SPLICE, splis, v.t. to unite two ends of a
rope by interweaving the strands. — n. act
of splicing: joint made by splicing. [Lit.
"to split in order to join;" a form of
Split ; alliedto Dut. splitsen.]
SPLINT, splint, n. a small piece of wood
split off : (med.) a thin piece of wood,
etc., for confining a broken or injm-ed
limb : a hard excrescence on the shank-
bone of a horse. — v.t. to confine with
splints. [A nasalized form of Split.]
SPLINTER, splint'er, n. a piece of wood
or other substance split off. — v.t. and v.i.
to split into splinters.
SPLINTERY, splint'er-i, adj. made of or
hke splinters.
SPLIT, split, v.t. to cleave lengthwise : to
tear asunder violently : to divide : to
throw into discord. — v.i. to divide or part
asunder : to be dashed to pieces : — pr.p.
splitt'ing; pa.t. and pa.p. split. — n. a
crack or rent lengthwise. [Allied to Dut.
splijteii, Grer. spleiszen. Cf. Splice and
Splint.]
SPLUTTER, splut'er, v.i. to eject drops of
saliva while speaking : to scatter ink
upon a paper, as a bad pen. [By-form of
Sputter.]
SPODOMANCY, spod'o-man-si, n. di\-ina-
tiou by ashes. [Gr. spodos, a cinder, and
viantcia, divination.]^
SPODOMANTIC, spod-6-man'tik, adj. re-
lating to spodomancy, or divination by
means of ashee. Kingslsy.
SPODUMENE, spod'u-men, n. a mineral,
hard, brittle, and translucent, called by
Haiiy triphane. It occurs in laminated
masses, ea.sily divisible into prisms with
rhomboidal bases ; the lateral faces
smooth, shining, and pearlj' ; the cross
fracture uneven and splintery. Before
the blowpipe it exfoliates into little
yellowish or grayish scaJes ; whence its
name. It is found at Uto in Sweden, in
the Tyrol, in Ireland, and North America.
It consists of silica and alumina, with 8
to 10 per cent of lithia, and a little
protoxide of iron. [Fr. spodumhte, Gr.
spodoumenos, part, passive of spodoo, to
reduce to ashes, from spodos, ashes.]
SPOIL, spoil, v.t. to take by force : to
plunder. — v.i. to practice robbery. — n.
that which is taken by force : plunder :
pillage : robbery. — n. Spoil'er, a plun-
derer. [Prob. short for despoile — O. Fr.
despoiller (Fr. depouUler) — L. despoliare
— cfe-, and spolio — spoliitm, spoil.]
SPOIL, spoil, v.t. to corrupt: to mar : to
make useless. — v.i. to decay : to become
useless. — n. SpOIL'er, a corrupter. [Same
as above word.]
SPOKE, spok, pa.t. of Speak.
SPOKE, spok, 11. one of the bars from the
nave to the rim of a wheel. [A.S. spaca ;
cog. with Ger. speiche ; conn, with Spike.
a small pointed rod.]
SPOKEN. sipbVn, pa.p. of Speak.
SPOKESHAVE, spok'shav, n. a plane for
dressi:.g the spokes of wheels. [Cf.
Shavlsg.]
SPOKESMAN, spoks'man, n. (B.) one who
speaks for another, or for others.
SPOLIATE, sp6'li-at, v.t. to sjioil : to plun-
der : to pillage. — v.i. to practice robbery.
[L. spoliatus, pa.p. of spolio — sjxiliwn,
spoil.]
SPOLIATION, sp6-li-a'shun, n. act ot spoil-
ing : robbery.
SPONDAIC, spon-da'ik, adj. pertaining to
or consisting of spondees.
SPONDEE, spon'de, n. in classical poetiy,
a foot of two long syllables, as belto. [Fr.
— L. sjyondeus (pes)— Gr. spondeios (ixyus),
(a foot) of two syllables, so called be-
cause much used in the slow solemn
hymns sung at a sponde or drink-ofler-
iug {— spends). See Sponsor.]
SPONGE, spunj, n. the pcrous framework
of an animal, found attached to rocks,
etc., under water, remarkable for its
power of sucking up water : an instru-
ment for cleaning cannon after a dis-
charge : the htel of a horse's shoe. — v.t.
to wipe -with a sponge : to wipe out with
a sponge : to wipe out completely : to
destroy. — v.i. to suck in, as a sponge : to
gain by mean tricks. [A.S. , O.Fr. esponge
(Fr. eponge)—h. spongia—Ov. sponggia,
sponggos. Doublet Ftngus.]
SPONGECAKE, spunj'kak, n. a very light
cake.
SPONGING-HOUSE, spunj'ing-hows, n. a
victualling house, or tavern, in England,
where persons arrested for debt were
kept by a bailiff for twenty-four hours
before being lodged in prison, in order
that their friends might have an oppor-
tunity of settling the debt. Sponging-
houses were usually the private dwell-
ings of baQLffs, and were so named from
the extortionate charges made upon pris-
oners for their accommodation therein.
SPONGY, spunj'i, adj. like a sxionge : of an
open texture : soft and porous : wet and
soft: capable of imbibing fluids. — n.
Spong'in'Ess.
SPONSAL, spon'sal, adj. pertaining to a
betrothal, a marriage, or a spouse. [L.
— sponsus, a betrothal — spondeo, s2)onsus,
to promise solemnly. See Sponsor.]
SPONSOR, spon'sur, n. one who promises
solemnly for another : a surety : a god-
father or godmother. — n. Spon'sorship.
[L. — spondeo, sponsus, to promise sol-
emnly, akin to Gr. spendo, to pour a
libation, spondai, a solemn treaty. Cf.
Spouse.]
SPONSORIAL, spon-so'ri-al, adj. pertain-
ing to a »po)isor, or sponsorsliip.
SPONTANEITY, spon-ta-ne'i-ti, n. state or
quality of being spontaneous.
SPONTANEOUS, spon-ta'ne-us, adj. of
one's free-iciU : involuntary : acting by
its own impulse or natural law : pro-
duced of itself or without interference.
— adv. Sponta'keouslt. [L. spontaneits
— sponte, of one's own accord — spondeo.']
SPOOL, spool, n. a hollow cylinder for
winding yarn upon. — v.t. to wind on
spools. [Low Ger.; Ger. sjyule.]
SPOON, spoon, n. an instrument for sup-
ping liquids. [Lit. "ac/a>of wood," A.S.
spon ; Grer. span, a chip, Ice. spann, a
chip, a spoon.]
SPOON-BILL, spoon'-bil, n. the popular
name of the birds of the genus Platalea
belonging to the heron famUy (Ardeida?),
order Grallatores, from the shape of the
bill, which is somewhat like a spoon or
spatula. They live in society in wooded
marshes, generalU' not far fiom the
mouths of rivers, and on the se.a-shore.
Tlie white spoon-bill (P. leucorodia) iu-
habits Europe generally, being rare, how-
ever, in England, although conmion in
Holland in summer. As winter approaches
it migrates to more southern regions, par-
ticularly the salt marshes on the coast of
Italy, till tlie milder weather recalls it.
The roseate spoon-bill (P. ajaja) is an
American species, with the plumage of a
fine rose color. The name is also given
to a kind of .sturgeon (Polyodon S2}atula)
found in the Ohio, Mississippi, etc. It
is remarkable for the uncommonly elon-
gated and flattened snout, wUion it uses
for digging in the mud in search of food,
and for wanting those bony plates whick
generallj- form so charactei-istic an adorn'
ment of the sturgeon.
SPOONEY, spoon'i, adj. silly, weakly affec-
tionate. [As if fed on sjjooii-meat.]
SPOONFUL, spoon'fool. n. as much as a
sjMon contains when full : a small quan-
titv.
SPOOR, spoor, )!. track or trail of an ani-
mal, esp. when hunted as game. [Dut.
spoor, a track, cog. with Scot, speir, to
ask.]
SPORADIC, spo-rad'ik, adj., scattered— Si
term specially applied to solitary cases
of a disease lisually epidemic. [Gr. spo-
radikos — sporas, sporados, scattered —
speiro, to sow.]
SPORE, spor, 71. a minute grain which
serves as a seed in flowerless plants like
the fern. [Gr. sjJoros, a sowing, seed —
speiro, to sow.]
SPORRAN, spor'an, ?(. an ornamental
pouch worn in front of the kilt by the
Highlanders of Scotland. [Gael, sporan.]
SPORT, sport, v.i. to play : to frolic : to
practice field diversions: to trifle. — v.t.
to amuse : to make merry : to represent
playfully. — n. that which amuses or
makes merry : play : mirth : jest : con-
temptuous mirth : anything for playing
with: a toy : idle jingle: field diversion :
any organism deviating from tlie normal
or natural condition ; an aberrant nat-
ural production ; a monstrosity ; a lusus
natura;; as, "Yes — I nursed thee, . . .
thou monstrous sport of nature." — By-
ron ; specifically, in bot. a plant that as-
sumes a character and appearance dis-
tinct from the normal type, a bud or
portion of a plant that assumes such a
form. [Short for DlSPoRT.]
SPORTFUL, sport'fool, adj. full of sport f
merry: full of jesting.— ai/i'.SpORT'FtXLY.
— II. Sport'FULNESS.
SPORTING, sport'ing, adj. relating to or
engaging in sports. — adv. SpORT'INGLT.
SPORTIVE, sport'iv, adj. inclined to sjwrt :
playful : merry. — adv. Sport'ively. — n.
Sport'iveness.
SPORTSSIAN, sports'man, n, one who
practices, or one skilled in fteid-sporfs. —
ji. Sports'jiakship, practice or skill of a
sportsman.
SPORTULARY, sport'u-la-ri, adi. subsist-
ing on alms or charitable contributions.
" These sportulary frsa.cheTS."—Bp. Hall.
[See Sporttle.]
SPORTULE, sport'ul, n. an alms : a dole:
a charitable gift or contribution : a lar-
gess, either of meat or money, given by
princes or great men to the poor people.
Ayliffe. [L. spiortula, a little basket, dim.
of sporta, a wicker basket.]
SPORULE, spor'ul, n. in bot. a little spore.
The word is sometimes used generally in
the same sense as spore, sometimes to
denote a distinct granule within a spore.
Trects. of Bot. [A dim. from Spore.]
SPORULIFEROUS, spor-u-Iif'er-us, adj.
in hot. beai'ing or producing sporules.
[E. spomle, and L. fero, to produce.]
SPOT, spot, )i. a mark made by a drop of
wet matter : a blot : a discolored place :
a small part of a different color : a small
extent of space : any particular jjlace :
sometliing that soils : a stain on charac-
ter or reput.ition.— r./. to mark with
drops of wet : to stain : to discolpr : to
taint : to tarnish, as reputation -.—j/r.p.
sijott'ing ; jia.t. and pa.2>. spott'ed. [M.
E. sjiat, Scot, and Dut. «2Jaf, prob. from
tlie root of Spit, to throw out from the
movitli.]
SPOTLESS, spot'les, ac^". without a spot :
untainted : pure.— <idi'. Spot'lesslt.— ft.
Spot'lessness.
SPOTTED
407
bPUMOUS
SPOTTED, spot'ed, SPOTTY, spot'i, aijj.
niarkea with spots or discolored places.
SPOUSAL, spowz'al, adj. pertaining to a
s2youse, or to marriage : nuptial ; matri-
monial.— n. usually in pi. nuptials : mar-
riage.
SPOUSE, spowz, n. a husband or wife.
[Lit. "one promised in marriage," " a
betrothed person," O. Fr. esimus (Fr.
epoiix, fem. epouse) — L. sjMiisus, pa. p. of
spondeo, to promise, to promise in mar-
riage. Cf. Espouse and Sponsor.]
SPOUT, spowt, v.t. to throw out, as from
a pipe. — v.i. to issue with violence, as
from a pipe. — n. the projecting mouth of
a vessel from which a stream issues : a
pipe for conducting a liquid. [Allied to
but. spuiten. Ice. spyta, from root of
Spit, to throw out.]
SPSACK, sprak, adj. vigorous : siiriglitly:
spruce : lively: animated : quick: alert.
(Old and provincial English.) Shake-
speare has it in the form sprag, being
put into the mouth of Sir Hugh Evans, a
Welshman, who pronounces liic, hcec. hoc,
as hig, hceg, hog. "Ifj-our Royal High-
ness had seen him dreaming and dozing
about the banks of Tully Veolaii like an
hypochondriac person, j-ou would won-
der where he hath .sae suddenly acquired
all this fine sprack festivity and jocular-
ity."— Sir W.Scott. [Ice. sjjroeAT, brisk,
sprightly, also spai-kr, brisk, lively. Cf.
also Ir. and Gael, spraic, strength, vigor,
spraiceach, vigorous, strong; E. Spree.]
SPR.AG, sprag, ii. a young salmon. [Ct.
Ice spraka, a small flounder.]
SPRAG, sprag, ii. a billet of wood : spe-
cifically, in mining, a diagonal prop or
stay for preventing the roof of a mine
from sinking in. Edin. Rev. [Allied to
Spriq.]
SPRAG, sprag, v.t. to prop by a sprag :
also to stop, as a carriage, on a steep
gradient, by putting a sprag in the spokes
of the wheel.
SPRAICH, sprach, n. a cry, a shriek : a
collection : a multitude, from the idea
of the noise made ; as, a spraich of
bairns. Jamieson. [Scotch.]
SPRAICH, sprach, v.i. to cry : to shriek.
[Scotch.]
SPRAICKLE, sprak'l, SPRACKLE, .sprakl,
v.i. to clamber: to g-et on with difficulty.
Sir W. Scott : Buriis. Written also
Sprachle. [Scotch. Ice. spriikla.]
SPRAIN, spran, v.t. to overstrain the
muscles of a joint. — n. an excessive
strain of the muscles of a joint. [Lit.
"to strain,'' "to squeeze out." O. Fr.
espreindre (F-. epreindre), to force out,
to strain — L. e.rprimere. See Express.]
SPRANG, pa. t. of Spring.
SPRAT, sprat, n. a sea-fish like the heri'ing,
but much smaller. [M.E. sprotte ; Dut.
sprot. Ger. sprotte.']
SPRAWL, sprawl, v.i. to toss or kick about
the limbs : to stretch the body carelessly
when lying: to spread ungracefully. — n.
SPRAwi'ER. [Akin to Low Ger. spa'ddeln,
Dan. spraUe, to toss about the limbs.]
SPRAY, spra, n. small particles of water
driven by the wind, iis from the top of
waves, etc. [From A.S. spregan, to
pour.]
SPRAY, spra, v. a small shoot of a tree.
[Akin to A.S. spree, Ice. .tj)rpA-, a twig.
Doublet Sprig.]
SPREAD, spred, v.t. to scatter abroad or
in all directions : to stretch : to extend :
to overlay : to shoot out, as branches :
to circulate, as news : to cause to affect
numbers, as a disease : to diffuse : to Set
with provisions, as a table. — i:i. to ex-
tend or expand in all directions : to be
extended or stretched : to be propagated
or circulated :—pa.t and pa.p. spread. —
n. extent : compass : expansion of parts :
a cloth used as a cover, as a bed spread.
[A.S. sprcedan ; Dut. spreiden, Ger.
S2}feiten7\
SPREE, spre, n. a merry frolic : a drunken
frolic. [Prov. E. adj. sjjrag, sjiry, sjiree,
M.E. sprac, from Ice. .sprcekr, lively.]
SPRIG, sprig, n. a small shoot or twig. —
v.t. to embroider with representations of
twigs ■.—pr.2}. sprigg'ing ; jj«.f. and^ja.p.
sprigged. [Doublet of SPRAT.]
SPRIGHTLY, sprit'li, adj., i<pirit-lihe: airy:
full ot life : lively : brisk.— w. Spright'iJ-
NESS. [From spright, a corr. of Spirit.
Cf. SPRiri..]
SPRING, spring, v.i. to bound: to leap: to
rush hastily: to move suddenlj- by elastic
foi'ce : to start up suddenly : to break
forth : to aijpear : to issue : to come into
existence : (/?.) to rise, as the sun. — v.t.
to cause to s|)ring up : to start : to pro-
duce quickly : to contrive on a sudden :
to explode, as a mine: to open, as a leak:
to crack, as a mast: — pa.i. sprung,
sprang ; pa.p. sprung. — u. a leap : a fly-
ing back with elastic force: elastic power:
an elastic body : any active power : that
by which action is produced : cause or
origin : a source : an outflow of water
from the earth : (B.) the dawn: the time
when plants begin to spring up and grow,
the vernal se.ason — March, April, May: a
starting of a plank in a vessel: a crack in
a mast. [A.S. spj'ingrare; Ger. springen.']
SPRINGAL, sprit^'awl, n. an ancient war-
like engine, used for shooting large ar-
rows, pieces of iron, etc. It is supposed
to have resembled the cross-bow in its
construction. Written also Springald.
[O. Fr. esjJringale, from Ger. springen,
to spring.]
SPRING-BACK, spring'-bak, n. in book-
binding, a curved or semicircular false
back, made of thin sheet-iron or of stiff
pasteboard fastened to the under side of
the true back, and causing the leaves
of a book thus bound to spring up and lie
flat — commonly used in binding ledgers
and other blank books.
SPRING-BALANCE, spring'-bal-ans, n. a
contrivance for determining the weight
of any article by observing the amount
of deflection or compression which it
produces upon a helical steel spring
properly adjusted and fitted with an in-
dex working against a graduated scale.
Another form of spring-balance is made
in the shape of the letter C, the upper
end being suspended by a ring, and the
lower end afl'ording attachment for the
hook whereby the object is suspended.
As the bow opens a finger traverses a
graduated arc and registers the weight.
SPRINGBOK, spring'bok, ?;. a sort of South
African antelope, larger than a roebuck.
[Dut. for "spring-buck," from its leaping
motion.]
SPRINGE, sprinj, n. a snare with a spring-
noose : a gin. — v.i. to catch in a springe.
[Prov. E. springle — Spring ; cf. Ger.
spren Icel — sprin flf<?» . ]
SPRINGER, spring'er, n. a kind of dog
allied to the spaniel, useful for springing
game in copses.
SPRING-TIDE, spring'-tid, n. a tide which
springs or rises higher than ordinary
tides, after new and full moon.
SPRINGY, spring'i, ndj. pertaining to or
likeasjiWnjf : elastic : nimble : abounding
with springs or fountains. — n. Spring'i-
NESS.
SPRINKLE, spring'kl, v.t. to scatter in
small drops or particles : to scatter on :
to baptize with a few drops of water : to
pui-ify. — i:i. to .scatter in drops. — n.
Sprin'kle or Sprink'lino, a small miau-
tity sprinkled. — n. Sprink'LKR. [Freq.
formed from A.S. sprengan, the causative
of Spring ; cf. Ger. sprenheln.']
SPRIT, sprit, n. (naut.) a spar set diago-
nally to extend a fore-and-aft sail. [A.S.
spreot, a pole ; Dut. and Ger. spriet, a
bowsprit ; conn, with Sprout.]
SPRITE, sprit, n. a spirit : a shade . a
ghost. [A corr. of Spirit. Cf. Sprightly.]
SPROUT, sprowt, n. a germ or young
shoot : — -pZ. young shoots from old cab-
bages.— v.i. to shoot : to push out new
shoots. [M. E. spiriite — A.S. spreotan
(Ger. spneszen) ; cog. with Dut. spruit,
Cf. Sprit and Spruce-beer.]
SPRUCE, sproos, adj. smart : neat. — adv.
Spruce'ly. — n. Spruce'ness. [Prob. from
O. Fr. preiis (Fr. x>reux), gallant.]
SPRUCE, sproos, v.t. to trim or dress in a
sjjruce manner, or with affected or finical
neatness: to prink or prank. " To spyruce
his plumes." — Dr. H. More.
SPRUCE, sproos, v.i. to dress one's self
with affected neatness. — To spruce up,
to dress one's self sprucely or neatly.
"Till she had spruced vp her.self first."—
Burton.
SPRUCE, sproos, SPRUCE-FIR, sproos'-
fer, n. the name given to several species
of trees of the genus Abies. The Norway
spruce-flr is A. excelsa, which yields the
valuable timber known under the name
of white or Christiana deal. The white
sjiruce is the A. alba, which grows in the
colder regions of North America. The
black spruce-fir is the A. nigra, which is
a native of the most inclement regions of
North America, and attains the height
of 70 or 80 feet, with a diameter of from
1.5 to 30 inches. Its timber is of great
value on account of its strength, light-
ness, and elasticity. It is employed for
the yards of ships, and from the young
branches is extracted the essence o/.yjiv/cc,
so well known as a useful anti-scorbutic.
The red spruce is A. rubra. The Iiem-
lock spruce-fir is the ^-i. canadensis, a.
noble species, rising to the height of 70
or 80 feet, and measuring from 3 to 3 feet
in diameter. It grows abundantly near
Quebec, in Nova Scotia, New Bruns-
wick, Termont, and the upper parts of
New Hampshire. The wood is employed
for laths, and for coarse in-door work.
The bark is exceedingly valuable for tan-
ning. [According to one view from O.
E. Spruce, Pruce, Prussian, because the
tree was first known as a native of Prus-
sia. But cf. Ger. sprofsxcn-jichtc, the
spruce-fir, lit. sprout-llr, from sprossen,
young sprouts, spriessen, to sprout. Ac-
cording to Wedgwood the tree was called
the sprout-fir from its sprouts being used
in making beer, spruce-hear (that is
.■!/>ro!(f-beer).]
SPRUCE- BEER, sprOos'-ber,H. a fermented
liquor made from the leaves and small
branches of the spruce-fir or from tlie
essence of spruce, boi'.ed with sugar or
molasses, and fermented with yeast.
There ai-e two kinds, the brown and the
white, of whicli the latter is considered
the bfcst, as being made from white sugar
instead of molasses. Spruce-beer forms
an agreeable and wholesome beverage,
and is useful as an antiscorbutic.
SPRUNG, pn.f. a.xn\pa.p. of Spring.
SPUD. spud. n. a narrow spade with a
shoi-t handle. [From root of Spade.]
SPUE. Same as Spew.
SPUME, spurn, n. scum or froth sp>eu-ed or
thrown up by liquids: foam. — v.i. to
throw up scum : to foam. [L. spuma-~
spun, E. Spew.]
SPUMOLTS, spum'us, SPUMY, spum'i, adj.
consisting of spume or froth : frothy :
foamy.
SPUN
40S
SQUEAMISH
SPUN, jpa.f. AnApa.p. of Spin.
SPUN-GOLD, spun' -gold. ». flattened gold,
or silver-gilt wire wound on a thread of
yellow silk.
SPUNK, spungk, n. touchwood ; tinder ; a
kind of tinder made from a species of
fungus; "Spunk, or touchwood pre-
pared."— Sir T. Broicne : a quick, ardent
temper ; mettle ; spirit ; pluck ; " Thy
girl, perhaps a lass of spunk." — Wolcot ;
" Men of spunk, and spirit, and power,
both of mind and body." — Prof. Wilson :
a ver3' small fire ; a fiery spark or small
flame ; also, a lucifer-match. [Scotch.
Ir. sponc, tinder, touchwood, sponge,
Gael, spong ; from L. spongia, a sponge.]
SPUNKIE, spungk'i, n. the ignis fatuus, or
Will-o'-the-wisp. Burns: a person of a
fiery or irritable temper. Gait. [Scotch.
From Spunk.]
SPUNKY, SPUNKIE, spungk'i, adj. spir-
ited: fiery: irritable: brisk: an epithet ap-
plied to a place supposed to be havinted,
from the frequent appearance of the ignis
fatuus. "The spimkie howe." — Tanna-
hill. [Scotch.]
SPUN-SILVER, spun'-sil-ver, n. flattened
silver wire wound round a thread of
coarse silk.
SPUN-YARN, spun'-yarn, n. {naut.) a line
or cord formed of two, three, or more
rope-yarns twisted together. The yarns
are usually drawn out of the strands of
old cables and knotted together. Spun-
yarn is used for various purposes, as serv-
ing ropes, weaving mats, etc.
SPUR, spur, n. an instrument on a horse-
man's heels, with sharp points for goad-
ing the horse: that which goads or insti-
gates : something projecting : the hard
projection on a cock's leg : a small
range of moimtains extending laterally
from a larger range. — i\t. to urge on with
spurs : to urge onward : to impel: to put
spurs on. — r.i.to press forward: to travel
in great haste : — pr.p. spurr'ing ; pa.t.
and pa.p. spurred. [A.S. .<<pura. spora :
Ice. spori, Ger. spor-n ; akin to SPAKand
Spear.]
SPURGE, spurj, n. a class of acrid plants
with a milky juice, used for taking off
warts. [0. iFr. espurge (Fr. ipurge) — L.
expurgare, to purge — ex, off, purgo, to
clear. See Purge.]
SPURIOUS, spur'i-us, adj. illegitimate :
bastard: not genuine : false. — adv. Spur'-
lousLY. — n. Spur'iousness. [L. spnrius.]
SPURN, spurn, v.t. to drive away as with
the foot : to kick : to reject with disdain.
— n. disdainful rejection. [A.S. ajjurnan,
an extension of SPUR.]
SPUR-PRUNING, spur'-proon-ing, n. a
mode of pruning trees by which one or
tW'O eyes of last year's wood are left and
the rest cut off. so as to leave short rods.
SPURr- ROYAL, spur'-roi-al. n. a gold coin,
first made in the reign of Edward IV. In
the reign of James I. its value was about
equal to $3.60 of our money. It was so
named from ha\nng on the reverse a sun
with the four cardinal rays issuing from
it so as to suggest a resemblance to the
rowel of a spur. Sometimes written
Spur-rial or Spur-ryal.
SPURT, spurt, v.t. to spout, or send out in
a sudden stream, as water. — v.i. to gush
out suddenly in a small stream : to flow
out forcibly or at intervals. — n. a sudden
er violent gush of a liquid from an open-
ing : a jet : a sudden and short effort.
[Like Spirt, formed by transposition
from sprit (Ger. spritzen), conn, with
Sprit and Sprout.]
SPUR-WHEEL, spur'-hwel, n. in mach. a
wheel in which the teeth are perpen-
dicular to the axis, and in the direction
of radii. A train of such wheels work-
ing into each other is called spur-gear.
SPUR-WING, spur'-wing, n. the English
name for a species of wading birds of the
genus Parra, having the wing armed with
a bony spur ; they inhabit Africa and
South America : the name given to the
species of geese of the genus Plectrop-
terus, which are natives of Africa, and
have two strong spurs on the shoulder
of the wing.
SPUTATION, spu-ta'shun. ??. the act of
spitting : that which is spit up. " A
moist sputation or e.^pectoration." — Har-
vey. [L. sputo, sputatum, to spit.]
SPUTATIVE, spiVta-tiv, adj. spitting
much : inclined to spit. M'otton.
SPUTTER, sput'er, v.i. to spit in small
drops, as in rapid speaking : to throw
out moisture in scattered drops : to speak
rapidlj' and indistinctly. — i:t. to throw
out with haste and noise : to utter hastily
and indistincth'.— n. moist matter thrown
out in particles. [Like Spatter, from
the stem of Spit and Spout.]
SPY,spI,w.one sent into an enemy's country
or camp to find out their strength, etc.:
one who keeps a watch on others : one
who secretly conveys information. — v.t.
to see: to discover.generally at a distance:
to discover by close search : to inspect
secretly:— pa.?, and po.js. spied. [O. Fr.
espie — O. Ger. speha ; cog. with L. specio,
Sans, spac]
SPYGLASS, spT'glas, n. e glass for spying :
a small telescope.
SPY- WEDNESDAY, spi-wens'da, n. an old
name given to the Wednesday immedi-
ately preceding Easter, in allusion to the
betrayal of Christ by Judas Iscariot.
SQUAB, skwob, adj. fat; short and stout ;
plump ; bulky : unfledged ; unfeathered;
as, a squab pigeon.
Why must old pigeons, and they stale, be drest,
When there's so many squab ones in the nest ?
—Dr. W. King.
[A word which also occurs without the s.
According to Wedgwood, from the sound
made by a soft lump falling.]
SQUAB, skwob, n. a young pigeon or dove:
a short fat person;
Gorgonius sits abdominous and wan^
Like a fat squab upon a Chinese fan.
—CoKper :
A kind of sofa or couch ; a stuffed
cushion; "Punching the squab o( chairs
and sofas with their dirtj- fists."— Dickens;
Ou a larj^e squab you find her spread. — Pope.
SQUAB, skwob, adv. striking at oLce:
with a heavy fall : plump. "The eagle
took the tortoise up into the air and
dropt him, sqxiab, upon a rock." — Sir B.
L'Estrange.
SQUAB, skwob, v.i. to fall plump.
SQU ABASH, skwa-bash'. v.t. to crush : to
quash. "His (Gifford's) satire of the
Baviad and Majviad squabashed, at one
blow, a set of coxcombs who might have
humbugged the world long enough." —
Sir W. Scott.
SQUABBISH, skwob'ish, SQUABBY,
skwob'i, adj. thick ; fat : heavy. " Diet
renders them of a squabbish or lardy
habit of body." — Harvey.
SQUABBLE, skwob'i, v.i. to dispute in a
noisy manner : to wrangle. — n. a noisy,
petty quarrel : a brawl. — n. Squabb'ler.
[Akin to Low Ger. kabbeln, to quarrel,
and Prov. Ger. schwabbeln, to jabber.]
SQUAD, skwod, ??. a small bodj' of men
assembled for drill. [Fr. escouade (It.
squadra)—!^. e.rqnadrare, to make square.
See Squadron.]
SQUADRON, skwod'run, n. a body of cav-
alry, consisting of two troops, or 120 to
200 men: a section of a fleet, commanded
by a flag-officer. [Orig. a square of
troops, Fr. escouade (It. squadra). See
Square.]
SQUALID, skwol'id, adj.. stiff with dirt:
filthy. — adv. Squax'idly.— ». Squal'id-
NESS. [L. squalidus — squaleo, to be
stiff ; akin to Gr. skello, to dry.]
SQL^ALL, skwawl, v.i. to crj' out vie-
lently. — 7i. a loud cry or scream : a vio-
lent gust of wind. [Ice. sqvala ; Ir. and
Gael, sgal, to shriek; an imitative word ;
cf. Squeal.]
SQUALLY, skwawl'i, adj. abounding or
disturbed with squalls or gusts of wind •.
gusty.
SQUALOR, skwol'or, n. state of being
squalid : dirtiness : filthiness. [L.]
SQUANDER, skwon'der, v.t. to spend
lavishly or wastefuUy. — 7i. Squan'derer.
[Ety. dub. ; perh. a nasalized form of
Prov. E. squatter, to splash, to disperse ;
allied to E. Scatter.]
SQUARE, skwar, adj. having fmir equal
sides and angles : forming a right angle :
having a straiglit front or an outline
formed by straight lines. — n. that which
is square : a square figure : a four-sided
space inclosed by houses : a square body
of troops : the length of the side of any
figure squared: an instrument for measur-
ing right angles : (arith.) the product of
a quantity multiplied by itself. — v.t. to
form like a square : to form with four
equal sides and angles : (arith.) to mul-
tiply by itself : (naut.) to place at right
angles with the keel. — n. Square'ness.
[O. Fr. esquarre (Fr. equerre) — L. ex-
quadrare, to square — qiiadrus, conn, with
quattnor, four. Cf. Squad and Quarry.}
SQUASH, skwosh.r'.f. to beat or press into
pulp : to crush flat. — n. a sudden fall or
shock of soft bodies : anything soft and
easily crushed, anything soft or unripe.
[Conn, with QUASH.]
SQUASH, skwosh, ii. a plant of the genus
Cucurbita, C. Melopepo. and its fruit,
cultivated in America as an article of
food. "Squash is an Indian kind of pum-
pion that grows apace.'" — Boyle. [From
American Indian name : •• Asktttasquash,
. . . which the English fro^n t;iem call
squashes." — Boger IVilliams. From as-
quash (pi.), raw, green.]
SQUASH, skwash, n. the American name
for a species of weasel. "The smell of
our weasels, and ermines, and polecats
is fragrance itself, when compared to
that of the squash and the skuuk." —
Ooldsm ith.
SQUASH-BUG, skwosh'-bug, n. a name
given in the United States to insects well
known for their destructive ravages upon
squash and pumpkin plants.
SQUAT, skwot. v.i. to .sit down upon the
hams or heels : to cower, as an animal :
to settle on new land without title: — pr.p.
squatt'ing ; pa.t. and pa.p. squatt'ed.
[Prov. E. quat, to squat; prob. aRomance
word ; cf. It. quatto, cowering, Fr. (se)
cacher, to crouch down, to hide one's self,
both from L. coactus, pa.p. of cogo — co-,
together, and ago, to drive.]
SQUATTER, skwot'er, n. a settler on new
land without title : one who leases pas-
ture land from the government, in Aus-
tralia and New Zealand. [See Squat.]
SQUAW, skwaw, n. among the American
Indians, a woman, esp. a wife.
SQUEAK, skvvek, v.i. to utter a shrill and
usually short cry. — n. a sudden, shrill cry.
[Imitative; cf. Sw. sqvaka, to croak. Grer.
quicken, to squeak.]
SQUEAL, skwel, v.i. to utter a shrill and
prolonged sound. [Imitative ; cf. Sw.
sqvala, to cry out.]
SQUEAMISH, skwem'ish, adj. sickish at
stomach : easily disgusted or offended :
fastidious in taste. — adv. Squeam'ishlt.
SQUEEZE
409
STALK
— n. Squeam'ishness. [Akin to Ice.
sveini-r, stir. Ger. scluveini-en, to become
giddy or faiat, conn, with Sv^^iI ; prob.
also influenced hy qualmish {see Qualm).]
SQUEEZE, skwez, v.t. to crush or press
between two bodies : to embrace closelj-:
to foi'ce through a small hole : to cause
to pass. — v.i. to push between close bod-
I ies: to press: to crowd. — «. act of squeez-
ing : pressing between bodies. [Si. E.
qiteisen — A.S. ewisan ; akin to Ger. quet-
SQUETEAGUE, skwe-teg*, n. an American
fish, the Labrus squeteaffue of Mitchell,
the Otolithus regalisoi Cuvier, very com-
mon in the waters of Long Island Sound
and adjacent bays, where it is captured
in large quantities for the table. It pro-
duces a dull sound like that of a drum.
SQUIB, skwib, n. a paper tube filled with
combustibles, thrown up into tlie air
burning and bursting : a petty lampoon.
[Ety. unknown.]
SQUILL, skwil, n. a genus of plants (in-
cluding the bluej)ell) allied to the lily, an
African species of which is used in medi-
cine. [Fr. squille — L. sqiiilla, scilla — Gr.
skiUa.]
SQUINT, skwint, adj. looking obliquely :
having the vision distorted. — v.i. to look
obliquely : to have the \'ision distorted.
— v.t. to cause to squint. — n. act or habit
of squinting : an oblique look : distortion
of vision. [Prob. allied to Dut. schiiin,
oblique ; of. Wink, and Fr. guigner, to
squint.]
SQUIRE, skwir, n. short for Esqoee.
SQUIRREL, skwir'el, n. a nimble, reddish-
brown, rodent animal with a bushy tail.
[Lit. "shadow-tail," O. Fr. esquirel (Fr.
eeureuil) — Low L. seiiriolus, dim. of L.
scinms—Gr. skiouros — skia, shade, oiira,
tailj
SQUIRREL-CORN, skwir'el-korn. n. the
American name for a fragrant plant of
the genus Dicentra (D. canade7isi^), nat.
order Fumariaceae.
SQUIRREL-FISH, skwir'el-fish, n. a sort
of perch.
SQUIRREL-MONKEY, skwir'el-mung-ki,
n. a platyrhine or flat-nosed monkey of
the genus CaUithrix, inhabiting Brazil,
resembling in general appearance and
size the familiar squirrel.
SQUIRREL-TAIL, skwir'el-tal, n. a name
for a species of wild barley, Hordeum
maritimum.
SQUIRT, skwert, v.t. to throw out water
in a stream from a narrow opening. — n.
a small instrument for squirting: a small,
quick stream. [Allied to Low Ger. swirt-
jen, O. Sw. squattra, to scatter. Cf.
Squander.]
SRADHA, srad'ha, SHRADDHA. shrad'-
ha. n. a funeral ceremonj' puid by the
Hindus to the ma"nes of deceased ances-
tors, to eS'ect, by means of oblations, the
re-embodying of the soul of the deceased
after burning his corpse, and to raise his
shade from this world up to heaven
among the manes of departed ancestors.
SRAVAKA, sra'va-ka or shra'va-ka, n. a
name given to those disciples of Buddha
who through the practice of the four
Jrreat truths attain the dignity of saints.
Sans, sru, to hear.]
AB, stab, v.t. to wound w^ith a pointed
weapon : to wound : to injure secretly,
or h)- falsehood or slander. — v.i. to give
a stab or a mortal wound : — pr.p. stabb'-
ing ; pa.t. and pa.}), stabbed. — n. a wound
with a pointed weapon : an injury given
secretly. [Orig. " to pierce witli a staff
or stake." See Staff.]
STABILITY, sta-bil'i-ti, n. state of being
stable : firmness : steadiness : inamova-
bility. [Fr.— L.]
STABLE, sta'bl, adj. that stands firm :
firmly established : durable : firm in pur-
pose or character : constant. — adv. Sta'-
BLY. — n. Sta'bleness. [Fr. — L. stabilis
— sto, E. Stam).]
STABLE, sta'bl, n. a building for horses
and cattle. — v.t. to put or keep in a sta-
ble.— v.i. to dwell in a stable. [O. Fr.
estable (Fr. Hable) — L. stabidum — sto, E.
Stand.]
STABLING, sta'bling, n. act of putting
into a stable : accommodation for horses
and caittle
STABLISH,' stab'lish, v.t. old form of Es-
tablish.
STACCATO, stak-ka'to, adj. (mus.) giving
a clear distinct sound to each note. [It.,
from staccare, for distaccare, to separ-
ate, from root of Tack.]
STACK, stak, n. (lit.) that which sticks
out : a large pile of hay, grain in the
sheaf, corn, wood, etc.: a number of
chimneys standing together. — v.t. to pile
into a stack or stacks. [Dan. stak, Ice.
■stak-r ; conn, with St a KB, Stick, and
Stock.]
STACKYARD, staVyard, n. a yard for
stacks.
STACTE, stak'te, n. one of the sweet spices
which composed the holy incense of the
ancient Jews. Two kinds have been de-
scribed, one the fresh gum of the myrrh
tree (Balsamodendron Myrrlia), mixed
■with water and squeezed out through
a press ; the other kind, the resin of the
storax (Styra.v officinale), mixed with
wax and fat. Exod. xxx. 34. [Gr. stakte,
the oil that drops from myrrh, from
stazo, to drop, to distilj
STADIUM, sta di-um,?(. a Greek measure of
135 geometrical paces, or 625 Roman feet,
equal to 606 feet 9 inches English ; con-
sequently the Gi-eek stadium was some-
what less than our furlong ; it was the
principal Greek measure of length : the
course for foot - races at Olympia in
Greece, which was exactly a stadium
in length ; the name was also given to
all other places throughout Greece
wherever games were celebrated : in
vied, the stage or period of a disease,
especially of an intermittent disease.
[L., from Gr. stadion.']
STADTHOLDER, stat'hold-er, n. formerly,
the chief magistrate of the United Prov-
inces of Holland, or the governor or
lieutenant-governor of a province. [Dut.
stadhouder — stad, a city, and houder,
holderj
STADTHOLDERATE, stat ' hold - er - at,
STADTHOLDERSHIP, stat'hold-er-ship,
11. the office of a stadtholder.
STAFF, staf, n. a stick carried for support
or defence: a prop: a long piece of wood:
pole : a flagstaff : the long handle of an
instrument : a stick or ensign of author-
ity : the five lines and spaces for music :
a stanza (the previous n'leanings have pi.
Staffs or Staves, stavz) : an establish-
ment of officers acting together in an
army, esp. that attached to the com-
mander : a similar establishment of per-
sons in any undertaking ; as, the edito-
rial staff of a newspaper (the last two
meanings have pi. Staffs, stafs). [A.S.
stoef ; cog. with Ice. staf-r, Ger. stab.'\
STAG, stag, n. the male deer, esp. one of
the red deer -.^em. Hind. [Ice. stegg-r,
a male bird, 'Yorkshire steg, a gander,
Scot. stag, staig, a young horse ; prob.
from root stig, to mount.]
STAGE, staj, n. an elevated platform, esp.
in a theatre : theatre : theatrical repre-
sentations : any place of exhibition or
performance : a pUice of rest on a jour-
ney or road : distance between places :
degree of progress. [O. Fr. estage (Fr.
etage), a story of a house, through a L,
form staticus, from sto, E. Stand.]
STAGECOACH, staj'koch, n. a coach that
runs regularly with passengers from stage
to stage.
STAGE-PLAYER, staj'-pla'er, n. a piayer
on the stage.
STAGGER, stag'er, v.i: to reel from side te
side : to begin to give way : to begin to
doubt : to hesitate. — v.t. to cau.se to reel,
to cause to ,doubt or hesitate : to shock.
[Ice. stakra, to totter, O. Dut. staggeren.]
STAGGERS, stag'erz. n. a disease of horses.
STAGHOUND, stag'hownd, n. a hound
used in hunting the stag or deer.
STAGING, staj'ing. n. a stage or structure
for workmen in building.
STAGNANT, stag'nant, adj., stagnating:
not flowing : motionless : impure from
being motionless : not brisk : dull. — adv.
Stag'nantly. [L. stagnant, -antis, pr.p.
of stagno. See Stagnate.]
STAGNATE, stag'nat, v.i. to cease to flow:
to become dull or motionless. [L. stagno,
stagnatvs — stagnum, a pool.]
STAGNATION, stag-na'shun, n. act of
stagnating : state of being stagnant or
motionless : dullness.
STAID, stJld, adj. steady : sober : grave.
— adv. Staid'lt. — n. Staid'ness. [From
Stay.]
STAIN, stan, v.t. to tinge or color : to give
a different color to: to dye: to mark with
guilt or infamy : to bring reproach on :
to sully : to tarnish. — n. a discoloration :
a spot: taint of guilt: cause of reproach:
shame. [Short for Distain.]
STAINLESS, stan'les, adj. without or free
from stain.
STAIR, star, ?). (orig.) a series of steps for
ascending to a higher level : one of such
steps : a flight of steps, only in jj?. [A.S.
stager — stigan, to ascend, Ger. steigen,
Ice. stigi, a ladder. See Stile, a stepi
and StyJ
STAIRCASE, stilr'kas, n. a case or flight of
stairs with balusters, etc.
STAKE, stak, n. a strong stick pointed at
one end : one of the upright pieces of a
fence : a post to which an animal is tied,
esp. that to which a martyr was tied to be
burned : mart^'rdom : anything pledged
in a wager. — v.t. to fasten, or pierce with
a stake : to mark the bounds of with
stakes: to wager; to hazard. [A.S. staca
— stecan. See Stick.]
STALACTIC. starlak'tik, STALACTITIC,
sta-lak-tit'ik, adj. having the form or
properties of a stalactite.
STALACTITE, sta-lak'llt, n. a cone of car-
bonate of lime, hanging like an icicle,
in a cavern, formed by the dripping of
water containing carbonate of lime. [Fr.
— Gr.6/a7nA-<o.s,dropping — stalazo. to Ar'vp,
to drop.]
STALAGMITE, sta-lag'mit, n. a coue of
carbonate of lime on the floor of a cavern,
formed by the dripping of water from
the roof. [Fr. — Gr. stcdagmos, a drop-
ping— stalazo, to drip.]
STALAGMITIC, sta-lag-mit'ik, adj. hav-
ing the form of stalagmites.
STALE, stal, adj. too long kept : tainted :
vapid or tasteless from age, as beer : not
new : worn out by age : decayed : no
longer fresh : trite. — n. Stale'ness
[Prov. E. stale, conn, with O. Dut, .<fei,
old.l
STALE, stal, v.i. to make water, as beasts.
[Ger. stallen — stall, a stable, A.S. steall,
(See Stall).]
STALK, stawk, n. the stem of a plant :
the stem on which a flower or fruit
grows : the stem of a quill. [An exten-
sion of A.S. stel (cf. Ice. stilkr, Dan.
stilk), cog. with Ger. stiel, which is al-
lied to, perh. borrowed from, L. stilus, a
STALK
410
STAR-GAZER
stake, a pale, further coan. with Gr.
steleckos.]
STALK, stawk, v.i. to walk as on stilts :
to walk with long, slow steps : to walk
behind a stalking-liorse : to pursue game
by approaching behind covers. — i\t. to
approach secretly in order to kill, as
deer. — n. Stalk'ee. [A.S. stealcian —
stecUc, high, elevated ; Dan. stalke, to
walk with long steps.]
STALKING-HORSE, stawk',ing-hors, n. a
horse behind which a sportsman hides
while sfaifctrtgr game : a mask or pretence.
STALL, stawl, n. a place where a horse or
other animal stands and is fed : a division
of a stable for a single animal : a stable :
a bench or table on which articles are
exposed for sale : the fixed seat of a
church dignitary in the choir : a reserved
seat in a theatre. — v.t. to put or keep in
a stall. [A.S. steal!, Ice. stall-r, Ger.
stall : eonn. with Ger. stellen, and Gr.
stem.]
STALLAGE, stawl'aj, n. liberty of erecting
stalls in a fair or market : rent paid for
this liberty.
STALL-FEED, stawl'-fed. v.t. to feed and
fatten in a stall or stable.
STALLION, stal'j'un, ?;. a horse not cas-
trated. [Lit. " a horse kept in the stall,"
Fr. estaloii (Fr. etalon), through Low L.
from O. Ger. stall (see Stall).]
STALWART, stawl'wart, adj.stout: strong:
sturdy : in American politics the more
intense and sturdy partisans are called
the Stalwarts. [Lit. " worth stealing,"
A.S.stcel-wordh. See Steal and Worthy.]
STAMEN, sta'men (pi. Sta'mens), n. one of
the male organs of a flower which pro-
duce the pollen : — pi. Stam'INA, the prin-
cipal strength of anything : the firm
part of a body which supports the whole.
[Lit. " a thread," L. stamen (pi. .ttami-
na), the warp in an upright loom, hence,
a thread — sto, E. Stand ; like Gr. stemon,
from stenai, to stand.]
STAMMER, .stam'er. v.i. to halt in one's
speech : to falter in speaking : to stutter.
— v.t. to utter with hesitation. — n. hesi-
tation in speech : defective utterance. —
ns. Stamm'erer, Stamm'ering. — adv.
St.\jim'eringly. [A.S. stamor, stammer-
ing ; cog. with Low Ger. stammern.]
STAMP, stamp, v.i. to .itep or plant the
foot firmly down. — v.t. to strike witli the
sole of the foot, by thrusting it down :
to impress with some mark or figure : to
imprint : to fix deeply : to coin : to form:
(B.) to pound. — n. the act of stamping:
the mark made bj' pressing something on
a soft body : an instrument for making
impressions on other bodies : that whicli
is stamped: an official mark put on things
chargeable with duty, as proof tliat the
duty is paid : a small piece of paper hav-
ing a certain figure impressed bj' the
government, sold to the public to be
attached to a paper, letter, or document
liable to duty, in order to show that such
has been paid; as, a postage stamp, a re-
ceipt stomp; an instrument for cutting
materials into a certain shape by a down-
ward pressure : cast : form : character :
a heavy hammer worked by machinery
for crushing- metal ores. — n.i. StaMP'er,
Stamp'ing. [Low Ger. stampen. Ice.
stappa, to stamp ; cog. with Gr. stemph-,
Sans, .'^tambh : a nasalized form of Step.]
STAMP -ACT, stamp'-akt, n. an act for
regulating the imposition of stamp-
duties ; especially, an act passed by the
British parliament in 1765, imposing a
duty on all paper, vellum, and parcli-
ment used in the American colonies, and
declaring all writings on unstamped ma-
terials to be null and void. This act
roused a general opposition in the colo-
nies, and wa-sone cause of the Revolution.
STAMPEDE, stam-ped', n. a sudden fright
seizing on large bodies of horses or other
cattle, causing them to stamp and run :
flight caused by panic. [Sp. estampeda\;
from root of St.amp.]
STANCH, stansh, v.t. to stop the flowing
of, as blood. — v.i. (B.) to cease to flow. —
adj. constant : trusty : zealous : sound :
firm. — adv. Stanch'ly.— ». Stanch'ness.
[O. Fr. estanchier (Fr. etancher)—hosv L.
stancare, to stanch — L. stagno. stagnare,
to be or make stagnant. See Stagnant.]
STANCHION, stan'shun, n. an upright iron
bar of a window or screen : (naut.) an
uprig-ht beam used as a support. [O. Fr.
estangon — estancer, to stop, to stay. See
Stencil.]
STAND, stand, v.i. to cease to move : to
be stationary : to ocoupj' a certain posi-
tion : to stagnate : to be at rest : to be
fixed in an upright position : to have a
position or rank : to be in a particular
state : to maintain an attitude : to be
fixed or firm : to keep one's ground : to
remain unimpaired : to endure : to con-
sist : to depend or be supported : to offer
one's self as a candidate : to have a cer-
tain direction : to hold a course at sea. —
v.t. to endure : to sustain : to suffer : to
abide bj' : — pa.t. and pa.p. stood. — n.
Stand'er. — Stand against, to resist : —
BY, to support : — fast, to be unmoved : —
FOR, to be a candidate for : (naut.) to
direct the course towards : — OUT, to pro-
ject : — TO (B.) to agree to : — UP, to rise
from a sitting posture : — UPON (B.) to
attack : — with, to be consistent. [A.S.
standan, Goth, standan, Ice. sta))da. O.
Grer. stdn (for stantan), whence Ger.
stelien ; from a root seen in Gr. h i-sta-nai,
to place, L. sta-re, to stand. Sans, stha.]
STAND, stand, n. a place where one stands
or remains for any purpose : a place be-
yond which one does not go : an erection
for spectators : something on which any-
thing rests: a stop : a difficulty : resist-
ance.— n. Standstill, a stop.
STANDARD, stand'ard, n. that which
stands or is fixed, as a rule : the upright
post of a truss : that which is established
as a rule or model : a staff with a flag :
an ensign of war : one of the two flags of
a cavalry regiment (not dragoons): (hort.)
a standing- tree, not supported bj' a wall.
— adj. according to .some standard: legal:
usual: having a fixed oi- permanent value.
[A.S. — O. Fr. estendard (Fr. etendard),
which is either from the Teut. root found
in Ger. stehen, E. Stand, or from L. ex-
tendere, to stretch out.]
STANDING, stand'ing, adj. established:
settled : jiermanent : fixed : stagnant :
being erect. — n. continuance : existence:
place to stand in : position in society.
STANDISH, stand'ish, n. a standing dish
for pen and ink. [Stand and Dish.]
STANNARY, stan'ar-i, adj. of or relating
to tin mines or works. — ». a tin mine.
[L. staiinHm, tin.
STANNIC, stan'ik. ac^. pertaining to or
procured fi'om tin.]
STANZA, staii'za, Ji. (poetry) a series of
lines or verses connected witli and ad-
justed to each other: a division of a poem
containing every variation of measure in
the poem. [It. stanza, a stop — L. stans,
pr.p. of sto, to .stand.]
STAPLE, sta'pl, n. (orig.) a settled mart or
market : the principal production or in-
dustrj' of a district or country : the prin-
cipal element : the thread of textile fab-
rics: unmanufactured material: a loop of
iron for holding a pin, bolt, etc. — adj. es-
tablished in commerce : regularly pro-
duced for market. [A.S. stapul and staffel,
a prop, a table; G«r. stapel, a heap, mart;
L. stabilis. fixed. See St.^ble.]
STAPLER, sta'pler, n. a dealer.
STAR, star, n. one of the bright bodies in
the heavens, except the sun and moon :
one of the heavenly bodies shining by
their own liglit, and which keep the same
relative position in the heavens: a repre-
sentation of a star worn as a badge of
rank or honor : a person of brilliant or
attractive qualities: (p/-i«f.) an asterisk
(*). — v.t. to set with stars : to bespangle.
— v.i. to shine, a.s a star : to attract at-
tention:— pr.p. starr'ing; pa.t. and pa.p.
starred. — Stars ant) Stripes, the Ameri-
can flag. — Star of Bethlehem, n. a gar-
den plant of the lily family, so called from
the likeness of its white s/«r-like flowers
to old drawings of the star of Nativitj
(Matt. ii. 2, 9, 10). [M. E. sterre— A.S.
steorra, cog. with Ger. stern, L. Stella \
(for stertda), Gr. aster, Sans, stri, pi. I
star-as.]
STARBOARD, star'bord, n. the right-hand 1
side of a ship, to one looking toward the 1
bow. — adj. pertaining- to or lying on the I
right side of a .ship. [Lit. '•the steer- j
ing- side," A.S. steorbord — steora-n, E. I
Steer, and bard, a board, the side of aj
ship. See Board, Larboard, and of.}
the Ger. .steuerbord.]
STARCH, starch, adj. stiff, precise. — n.\
stiffness : formality. [Simply a form of I
Stark.] " I
STARCH, starch, n. a glistering white!
powder, forming when wet a sort of gum J
much used for stiffening cloth. — v.t. to|
stiffen with starch. — n. Starch'ER. [Lit.
"that which makes .^tark or stiff;" aJ
special use of the adj. Stark ; cf. Ger.
starke. starch — stark, strong.]
STAR-CHAMBER,star'-cham-ber, n. form-(
erly a court of civil and criminal juris-
diction at Westmin.ster. It consisted
originally of a committee of the privy-
council, and was remodelled during the
reign of Henry VIII., when it consisted
of four high officers of state, with power
to add to their number a bishop and tem-
poral lord of the courcil, and two jus-
tices of the courts of Westoiinster. It
had jurisdiction of forgery, perjury,
riots, maintenance, fraud, libel, and con-
spiracy, and in general of every misde-
meanor, especially those of public im-
portance ; it was exempt from the in-
tervention of a jury, and could inflict
any punishment short of death. L'^nder
Charles I. the scope of the Star-cham-
ber was extended to cases properly be-
longing to the courts of common law,
solelj- for the purpose of levying fines.
Its process was sumniar\-, and often in-
iquitous, and the punishment it inflicted
often arbitrary and i-ruel. This court
was abolished by statute 16 Charles. I.
[Said to be so called because the roof
was ornamented with stai-s, or from cer-
tain Jewish contracts and obligations,
called Starrs (Heb. shetar, pronounced
shtar), preserved in it.]
STARCHED, starcht, adj. stiffened with
starch : stiff : formal. — adv. Starch'ed-
LY. — )(. ST.UICH'EDNESS.
STARCHY, starch'i, adj. consisting of or
like starch: stiff: precise.
STARE, star, v.i. to look at with a jixed
gaze, as in horror, astonishment, etc.: to
look fixedly. — v.t. to influence by gazing.
—n. a fixed look. [A.S. starian, from a
Teut. root seen in Ger. .'■tarr, fixed, rigid;
also in E. Stern.]
STARFISH, star'fish, n. a marine animal
usually in the form of a five-ra3-ed star.
STAR-GAZER, star'-gaz'er, n. one who
gazes at the stars : an astrologer : an as-
tronomer.
STARK
411
STAY
STARK, stark, adj., stiff: gross: absolute:
entire. — adv. absolutely : completely. —
adv. Stakk'ly. [A. S. steare, hard,
strong, cog. with Ice. sterk-r, Ger. stark.
Doublet Starch.]
STARLING, star'ling, n. a bird about the
size of the blackbird : (arch.) a ring of
piles supporting the pier of a bridge.
[Formed as a dim. from the obs. stare —
A.S. star, cog. with G«r. staar, L. stur-
nils, Gr. psar.]
STARRED, stard, adj. adorned or studded
with .■^tars.
STARRY, star*!, adj. abounding or adorned
with stars : consisting of or proceeding
from the stars : like or shining like the
stars. — n. Staer'iness.
^TART, start, v.i. to move suddenly aside:
to wince : to deviate : to begin. — v.t. to
cause to move suddenly : to disturb sud-
denly : to rouse suddenly from conceal-
ment : to set in motion : to call forth :
to invent or discover : to move suddenly
from its place ; to loosen : to empt3- : to
pour out. — n. a sudden movement: a
sudden motion of the body : a sudden
rousing to action : an unexpected move-
ment : a sally : a sudden fit : a quick
spring : the first motion from a point or
place : the outset. [Ice. sterta ; closely
akin to Dut. and Low Ger. sforten, ti)
plunge, Ger. stiirzen.]
STARTLE, start'l, v.i. to start or move
suddenly: to feel sudden alarm. — v.f. to
excite suddenly : to shock : to frighten.
— n. sudden alarm or surprise. [Exten-
sion of Start.]
STARVATION, star-va'shun, n. act of
starring : state of being starved.
STARVE, stiirv, v.i. to die of hunger or
cold: to suffer extreme hunger or want:
to be in want of anything necessary. —
v.t. to kill with hunger or cold: to destroy
by want : to deprive of power. [A.S.
steorfan, cog. with Dut. sterven, Ger.
sterben, to die, orig. prob. " to work one's
self to death," the Ice. starf, work, pains,
and starf a, to work, to take pains, being
from the same root.]
STARVELING, starv^ing, adj. hungry:
lean : weak. — n. a thin, weak, pining
animal or plant. [See Starve.]
STATE, stat, n. condition as determined
by wiiatever circumstances ; the condi-
tion or circumstances of a being or tiling
at any given time ; situation ; position ;
as, the state of one's health, the state of
public affairs, the roads are in a wretched
state, to be in a state of uncertainty ;
"Nor laugh with his companions at thy
state." — Shak. ; "The past and present
state- of things."— I>r2/de)i; "The state of
the questioi." — Boyle: rank; condition;
quahty ;
Fair dame, I am not to j-ou known,
Thouirh in vour state of lionor 1 am perfect.
—Shak. :
royal or gorg^eous pomp ; appearance of
greatness ;
In state the monarchs niarcli'd.— Drj/den ;
Where least of state tliere most of loTe is sliowii.
— Dryden :
dignity; grandeur; " She instructed him
how he should keep state, yet with a
modest sense of his misfortunes." — Ba-
con : a person of high rank ; " She is a
duchess, a great state." — Latimer ;
The bold design
Pleas'd highly those infernal states.— Milton :
any body of men constituting a commun-
ity of a particular character in virtue of
certain political privileges, who partake
either directly or oy representation in the
government of their country ; an estate ;
a;S, the states of the realm in Great
Britain are the Lords, spiritual and tem-
poral, and the Commons : a whole people
united into one body politic ; a civil and
self-governing community ; a common-
wealth—often with the, "and signifying
the body politic to which the party speak-
ing belongs ; " Municipal law is a rule of
conduct prescribed by the supreme power
in a state." — Blackstone ;
In Aleppo once.
Where a inalismant and a turban'd Turk
Beat a Venetian and traduc'd the state. — Shak. :
the power wielded by the government of
a country ; the civil power, often as
contrasted with ecclesiastical ; as, the
union of church and state : one of the
commonwealths or bodies politic which
together make up the Federal Republic,
which stand in certain specifled relations
with the central or national government,
and as regards internal affairs are more
or less independent : a republic, as op-
posed to a monarchy. Dryden : a seat of
dignity ; a throne ;' "This chair shall be
my state." — Sliak. : a canopy; a cover-
ing of dignity ; " His high throne, under
state of richest texture spread." — Milton:
estate ; possession ;
Strong was their plot.
Their states far off, and they of wary wit.— Daniel :
the highest and stationary condition
or point, as that of maturity between
frowth and decline, or as that of crisis
etween the increase and the abating
of a disease. ^Viseman : that which is
stated or expressed in writing or in words
or figures ; a statement ; a document
containing a statement ; " He sat down
to examine Mr. Owen's states." — Sir IF.
Scott. When stati' is used adjectively,
or as the first eleniftit in a compound, it
denotes public, or what belongs to the
community or body politic ; as, state
affairs : state policy. [O. Fr. estat, state,
case, condition, circumstances, etc.; Mod.
Fr. etat ; L. status, state, position, stand-
ing, from sto, to stand. See Stand.]
OTATE. stat, v.t. to set ; to settle ; to es-
tablish ;
Who calls the council states the day. — Po}ie :
to express the particulars of ; to set down
in detail or in gross ; to represent fully
in words ; to make known speciflcallj' ;
to explain particularly : to narrate ; to
recite ; as, to state an opinion, to state
the particulars of a case ; " I pretended
not fully to state, much less demonstrate,
the truth contained in the text." — Atter-
biiry. — To STATE IT, to assume state or
dignity : to act or conduct one's self
pompously. " Rarelj' dressed up, and
taught to state it." — Beav. & Fl.
STATED, stat'ed, adj., settled: established :
fixed : regular. — adv. Stat'edly.
STATELY, stut'li, adj. showing state or
dignity: majestic: grand. — ?i. State'-
LIXESS.
STATEMENT, stat'ment, n. the act of
stating : that which is stated : a narra-
tive or recital.
STATE-PAPER, stat'-pa'per, n. an official
paper or document relating to affairs of
state.
STATE-PRISONER, stat'-pri/n-er, n. a
prisoner confined for offences against
the slate.
STATEROOM, stat'room, n. a stately room
in a palace oi' mansion : principal room
in tlie cabin of a ship.
STATESMAN, stats'man, n. a man ac-
quainted with the affairs of the state or
of government : one skilled in govern-
ment : one employed in public affairs : a
politician. — n. States'manship.
STATESMANLIKE, stats'man - lik, adj.,
like a statesman.
STATIC, stat'ik, STATICAL, stat'ik-al. adj.
pertaining to statics: pertaining to bodies
at rest or in equilibrium: resting' acting
by mere weight.
STATICS, stat'iks, 71. the science which
treats of the action of force in maintain-
ing rest or preventing change of motion.
SGrr. statike (episteme, science, being tin-
erstood) — histemi, cog. with E. Stand.]
STATION, sta'shun, n. the place where a
person or thing stands: post assigned:
position : office : situation : occupation ;
business : state : rank : condition in life ;
the place where railway trains come to i
stand : a district or branch post-office.--
v.t. to assign a station to : to set : to ap
point to a post, place, or ofBce. [Lit. "a
standing," Fr. — h.statio^sto. See Stand.]
STATIONARY, sta'shun-ar-i, adj. pertain-
ing to a station : standing: fixed: settled:
acting from or in a fixed position (as an
engine): not progressing or retrogressing:
not improving.
tJTATIONER, sta'shun-er, n. one who sells
paper and other articles used in writing.
[Orig. a bookseller, from occupying a
stall or station in a market place.^
STATIONERY, sta'shun-er-i, adj. belong-
ing to a stationer. — n. the articles sold
by stationers.
STATIST, sta'tist, n. a statesman, a politi-
STATISTIC, sta-tist'ik, STATISTICAL, sta-
tist'ik-al, adj. pertaining to or containing
.'itatistics. — adv. Statist'ically.
STATISTICIAN, stat - ist - ish'an, n. one
skilled in the science of statistics.
STATISTICS, sta-tist'iks. n. a collection of
facts and flg'ures regarding t'ne condition
of a people, class, etc.: the science which
treats of the collection and arrangement
of statistics. [Coined (as if from a form
statisfiki') from the Gr. statizo, to set up,
establish.]
STATUARY, stat'u-ar-i, n. the art of carv-
ing statues : a statue or a collection ot
statues : one who makes statues : one
who deals in statues. [L. statnarius.]
STATUE, stat'il, ?;. alikenessof a living be
ing carved out of some solid substance :
an image. [Lit. " that which is made to
.stand or is set up," Fr. — Ij.statua — stat'io,
to cause to stand — sfo.]
STATUESQUE, stat-fl-esk', adj. like a
statue. [Fr.]
STATUETTE, stat-u-et', n. a small statue.
[Fr.]
STATURE, stat'ur, n. the height of any
e : condition: rank
animal. [L. statura.}
STATUS, sta'tus, n., stati
STATUTABLE, stat'ut-a-bl, adj. made by
statute: according to statute.— adr. Stat-
utablv.
STATUTE, stat'iit, n. a law expressly en-
acted by the legislature (as distinguished
from a customary law or law of use and
wont) : a written law : the act of a cor-
poration or its founder, intended as a per-
manent rule or law. [L. statutwn, that
which is set up — statue]
STiVTUTORY, stat'ut-or-i, adj. enacted by
statute : depending on statute for its
authoritv.
STAUNCH. STAUNCLHY, STAUNCH-
NESS. See Stanch, etc.
STAVE, .stav, ?(. one of the pieces of which
a cask is made : a staff or part of a jiiecc
of music : a stanza. — v.t. to break a stave
or the staves of : to break : to burst : to
drive off, as with astaff : to delay —pa.t.
and 2)a.p. staved oi' stove. [By form of
Stab and Staff.]
STAY, sta, v.i. to remain : to abide for any
time : to continue in a .state : to wait :
to cease acting : to dwell : to trust, —v.t.
to cause to stand : to stop : to restrain :
to delay : to prevent from falling : to
prop : to support -.—pa.t. AnA pa.p. staid,
stayed. — n. continuance in a place: abode
for" a time : stand : stop : a fixed state :
STEAD'
413
STEIN
(B.) a stand-still : prop : support : (naut.)
a large strong rope running from the
head of one mast to another mast (" fore-
and-aft " stay), or to the side of the ship
("back "-stay) : — pi. a kind of stiff inner
waistcoat worn by women. [O. Fr. es-
teir — L. stare, to stand.]
STEAD, sted, n. the place which another
had or might have. [Lit. "a standing-
place," A.S. stede, from root of Stand ;
cog. with Ger. statt.]
STEADFAST, sted'fast, adj. firmly fixed or
established : firm : constant : resolute :
steady. — adv. Stead'fastly.— n. Stead'-
FASTNESS.
STEADY, sted'i, adj. (comp. Stead'iee,
sriperl. Stead'eest), firm in standing or
in place : fixed : stable : constant : reso-
lute : consistent : regular : uniform. —
adv. Stead'ily.— ?i. Stead'iness.
STEADY, sted'i, v.t. to make steady : to
make or keep firm: — pa.t. and pa.p.
stead'ied.
STEAK, stak, n. a slice of meat (esp. beef)
broiled, or for broiling'. [M.E. steike,
proh. from Ice. steik, steikja. to broil.]
STEAL, stel, v.t. to take by theft, or felo-
niously : to take away without notice :
to gain or win by address or by gradual
means. — v.i. to practice theft : to take
feloniously : to pass secretly : to slip in
or out unperceived : — pa.t. stole; pa.p.
stol'en. — re. Steal'er. [A.S. stelan; cog.
with Ger. stehlen; further conn, with Gr.
stereo, to rob. Sans, stenas, a thief.]
STEALTH, stelth, n. the act of stealing: a
secret manner of bringing anything to
pass.
STEALTHY, stelth'i, adj. done by stealth :
unperceived : secret. — adv. Stealth'ilt.
—re. STEALTH'INESS.
STEAM, stem, n. the vapor into which
water is changed when heated to the
boiling-point, water in the gaseous state:
the mist formed by condensed vapor :
any exhalation. — v.i. to rise or pass off
in steam or vapor : to move by steam. —
v.t. to expose to steam. [A.S. steam;
cog. with but. stoom, Fris. .'itoame.]
STEAJMBOAT, stem'bot. STEAMSHIP,
stem'ship, STEAM-VESSEL, stem'-ves'-
el, ?i. a boat, ship, or vessel propelled by
steam.
STEAM-ENGINE, stem'-en'jin. n. an en-
gine or machine which changes heat
into useful work through the medium of
steam.
STEAMER, stem'er, n. a vessel moved by
steam : a vessel in which articles are
steamed.
STEAMY, stem'i, adj. consisting of or like
steam : full of steam or vapor.
STEARINE, ste'a-rio, n. the solid substance
of beef and mutton suet. [Gr. stear,
steatos, suet — stenai, aorist inf. of his-
temi. to make to stand.
STEATITE, ste'a-tit, n. soapstone, a soft
magnesian rock, soapy and unctuous to
the touch. [Gr. steatites — stear. See
Steaeine.]
STEED, sted, n. a horse or stallion, esp. a
spirited horse. [A.S. steda, from the root
of Stand.]
STEEL, stel, n. any instrument of steel :
an instrument of steel for sharpening
inives on : extreme hardness : a chaly-
i>eate medicine : iron combined with a
jmall portion of carbon. Steel usually
contains also small quantities of silicon,
phosphorus, manganese, and sulphur, but
iron and carbon appear to be its only es-
sential constituents. The relative pro-
portions of iron and carbon vary in steel
of different qualities : but in that used
for ordinary purposes the carbon amounts
from about 0'5 to 1'5 per cent, the tough-
ness, tenacity, and hardness increasing
with the increase of the carbon, the elas-
ticity diminishing as the hardness in-
creases, and vice versa. At a red heat
steel is malleable and may be welded.
The c_lor is a bright grayish white, the
texture closely granular, the specific
gravity varying from 7'63 to 7'81. Steel
formed from bar-iron by cementation is
called blistered steel, from its surface ac-
quiring a blistered character in the proc-
ess. When blistered steel is rolled or
beaten down into bars, it is called shear-
steel, and if it be melted, cast into ingots,
and again rolled out into bars, it forms
cast-steel. Natural or German steel is an
impure and variable kind of steel pro-
cured from cast-iron, or obtained at once
from the ore. The natural steel yielded
by cast-iron, manufactured in the refin-
ing houses, is known by the general name
of furnace steel, and that which has only
been once treated with a refining furnace
is particularly called rough steel. The
peculiarity of steel, upon which its high
value in the arts in a great measure de-
pends, is its property of becoming hard
after being heated to redness and then
suddenly cooled by being plunged into
cold water, and of being again softened
down to any requisite degree by the ap-
plication of a certain temperarure. This
process is called tempering. It is found
that the higher the temperature to which
steel is raised, and the more sudden the
cooling, the gTeater is the hardness; and
hence, any degree of hardness can be
given to steel which is required for the
various purposes to which it is applied.
According to the degree of hardness to
which steel is tempered it assumes vari-
ous colors, and formerlj' these colors
served as guides to the workman. Now,
however, a thermometer, with a batli of
mercury or oil, is employed, and the op-
eration of tempering is performed with a
much greater degree of certainty. The
uses of steel in forming various kinds of
instruments, edge-tools, springs, etc., are
well known. — adj. made of steel. — x\t. to
overlay or edge with steel : to harden :
to make obdurate. [A.S. styl ; cog. with
Ice. stal, Ger. stahl.'\
STEEL-BRONZE, stel'-bronz, n. a very
hard and tenacious alloy, composed of
about 90 parts copper to 10 parts tin, used
as a substitute for steel, especially in the
manufacture of cannon.
STEEI^ENGRAVING. stel'-en-grav-ing, n.
the art of engraving upon steel-plates for
the purpose of producing prints or im-
pressions in ink, upon paper and other
substances : the design engraved upon
the steel-plate : an impression or print
taken from the engraved steel plate.
STEELING, stel'ing, n. the process of weld-
ing a piece of steel on that part of a cut-
ting instrument which is to receive the
edge: the process of covering a metal-
plate with steel by voltaic electricity for
the purpose of rendering it more durable;
it is applied to stereotype and engraved
copper-plates.
STEEL-PLATE, stel'-plat,re. a piece of steel
flattened or extended to an even surface,
and of uniform thickness ; such plates
are used as armor for the sides of war-
ships, being much improved on by the
addition of nickel in our modern cruisers:
a plate of polished steel on which a design
is engraved for the purpose of transfer-
ring it to paper by impressing or printing:
the impression or print taken from the
engraved plate.
STEELYARD, stil'yard, n. a weighing ma-
chine, in which a single weight is moved
along a graduated beam. [Orig. the yard
in London where steel was sold by Ger>
man merchants.]
STEEP, step, adj. rising or descending with
great inclination : precipitous. — re. a pre-
cipitous place: a precipice. — adv. SlEEP'-
LY. — re. Steep'ness. — Steep'en, v.i. to be-
come steep. [A.S. steap.'\
STEEP, step, v.t. to dip or soak in a liquid;
to imbue. — n. something steeped or used
in steeping : a fertilizing liquid for seed,
[M. E. stopen ; prob. conn, with Steep.
adj.']
STEEPLE, step'l, n. a tower of a church or
building, ending in a point. [A.S. stepel;
conn, with Steep, adj.. and'with Staple.]
STEEPLECHASE, step'1-chas, 7!. a chase or
race, over all obstacles, direct toward a
distant object, orig. a steeple. •
STEER, ster, re. a young ox, esp. a cas-
trated one from two to four years old,
[A.S. steor: Ger. stier; akin toL. taurus,
Gr. tauros. Sans, sthfira, Ice. thior, Celt.
tarbh.]
STEER, ster, v.t. to direct with the helm ;
to guide: to govern. — v.i. to direct a ship
in its course : to be directed : to move.
[A.S. steoran ; cog. with Ger. steuern.
Ice. styra. to guide.]
STEERAGE, ster'aj, n. act or practice of
steering : the efi'ect of a rudder on the
ship : an apartment in the forepart of a
ship for passengers paying a lower rate
of fare.
STEERSMAN, sterz'man, n. a vian who
.steers a ship.
STEERSMATE, sterz'mat, n. one who
steers : a steersman or helmsman. " Such
a steersmate at the helm." — Milton.
STEEVE, stev, v.i. (natit.) to project from
the bows at an angle instead of horizon-
tall^', said of a bowsprit. [Akin to stiff,
and perhaps directly from the Dutch ;
cf. Dut. stevig, stiff, firm. A steeving
bowsprit has its name from the lower
end being fixed stiff or firmly and im
movably in the vessel, a horizontal one
being movable.]
STEEVE, stev, v.t. {naiit.) to give a cer-
tain angle of elevation to, said of the bow-
sprit.
STEEVE, stev, ?;. (naut.) the angle which
the bowsprit makes with the horizon : a
long heavy spar, with a place to fix a
block at one end, and used in stowing
certain kinds of cargo, which need to be
driven in close.
STEEVE, stev, adj. firm : compacted : not
easily bent or broken. [Scotch. A form
of Stiff.]
STEEVELY, stevli, adr. firmly : stoutly.
[Scotch.]
STEEVING. stev'ing, n. (naut.) the angle
of elevation which a ship's bowsprit
makes with the horizon.
STEGANOGRAPHIST, steg-a-nog'ra-flst,
n. one who practices the art of writing in
cipher. [Gr. steganos, secret, and graj)h6,
to write.]
STEGANOGRAPHY, steg-a-nog'ra-fi, n.
the art of writing in cipher, or in char-
acters which are not intelligible except
to the persons who correspond with each
other: cryptography. "Occult notes,
steganography, polygraphy." — Burton.
STEGNOSIS, steg-no'sis, re. constipation.
STEGNOTIC, steg-not'ik, adj. tending to
render costive, or to diminish excretions
or discharges generally. [Gr. stegnbt-
ilcos.]
STEGNOTIC. steg-not'ik, n. a medicine
which tends to produce costiveness : one
that diminishes excretions or discharges
generally.
STEIN, sten, v.t. to line with stone and
brick, as a well. London. [A.S. st<enan„
to stone.]
STEINBOCK
413
STERLING
STEINBOCK, stin'bok, 7i.the German name
of the ibex, an animal inhabiting the
mountainous regions of southern Europe.
STELA, ste'la, STELE, ste'le, n. in arch.
a small column without base or capital,
serving as a monument, a milestone, and
the like : in archceol. a sepulchral slab or
column, which in ancient times answered
the purpose of a gravestone. [Gr. stele,
a, post or slab, an upright stone, from
stem sta, to stand.]
STELL, stel, v.t. to iix : to set : to place in
a permanent manner : to place against a
fixed support ; as, to stell his foot against
the wall. (Old English and Scotch.)
Mine eye hath played the painter and hath stefd
Thy beauty's form in table of my heart. — Shak,
[Dut. and Ger. stclleii. to set, to place ;
aKn to stall.]
STELLA, stel'a, 7i. in surg. a bandage so
named because it makes a cross or star
on the back. It is a roller applied so as
to keep back the shoulders, and has been
often employed in cases of fracture of
the clavicle, sternum, and scapula. [L.,
STELLAJR, stel'ar, STELLARY, stel'ar-i,
adj. relating to the stars : starrj'. [L.
stellaris — stella, a star.]
STELLATE, stel'at, STELLATED, stel'at-
ed, adj. like a star : radiated.
STELLULAR, stel'u-lar, adj. formed like
little stars. [From L. stellula, dim. of
STELLULATE, stel'u-lat, adj. (bot.) like a
little star.
STEM, stem, n. the part of a tree between
the ground and the branches : the little
branch supporting the flower or fruit : a
race or family: branch of a family. [A.S.
stefn. stemm, cog. with Ger. stamm. The
root is found in A.S. stcef, Ger. stab ; see
Staff.]
STEM, stem, 7i. the prow of a ship : a
curved piece of timber at the prow to
which the two sides of a ship are united.
— v.t. to cut, as with the stem: to resist
or make progress against : to stop, to
check : — pr.ji. steram'ing;^a.<. axidjM.p.
stemmed. [Same word as above, the
trunk of a tree forming the forepart of a
primitive ship.]
STENCH, stensh, n., stink: bad odor or
smell. [A.S. stenc; Ger. stank. See
Stink .1
STENCIL, sten'sil, n. a plate of metal, etc.,
with a pattern cut out, which is im-
presised upon a surface by drawing a
brush with color over it. — r.f. to print or
paint by means of a stencil : — 2^''-P- sten'-
cilling ; pa. f. and pa.p. sten'oilled. [O.
Fr. estance (Fr. etancon), a support — Low
L. stantia — L. sto, E. Stand.]
STENOGRAPHY, sten-og'ra-fi, n. art of
writing verj' quickly by means of abbre-
viations: shorthand. — n. Stenog'rapher.
— adjs. Stenograph'ic, Stenograph'ical.
[Gr. sfenos, nari-ow, and graphO, to write.]
STENOPHYLLOUS, ste-nof'il-us or sten-6-
fil'us, adj. in bot. having narrow leaves.
[Gr. stenos, narrow, and phyllon, a leaf.]
STENT, stent, v.t. to keep within limits :
to restrain : to stint. Spenser.
STENT, v.i. to stint : to cease : to desist.
Chaucer.
STENT, stent, n. in Scots law, a valuation
of property in order to taxation : a taxa-
tion : a tax. — Stent master, a person
appointed to allocate the stent or tax
on the persons liable. — Stent roll, the
assessment-roll : an allotted portion or
quantity : a task : a piece of work to be
performed in a determined time : stint.
[Scotch. O. E. and Scand. e-xtent. valua-
tion : Low L. extenta. valuation, from
extendere, O. Fr. estendre, to estimate.]
STENT, stent, v.t. in Scots law, to assess :
to tax at a certain rate.
STENT, stent, n. in mining, the rubbish
constituting the waste heaps at mines.
Called also TRADE, Deads, Attal, Stuff.
STENTORIAI^, sten-to'ri-an, adj. very loud
or powerful, like the voice of Stentor, a
herald mentioned by Homer. [L. sten-
toreus — Gr. — Stentor, Stentor.]
STEP, step, 11. a pace : the distance crossed
by the foot in walking or running : a
small space : degree : one remove in as-
cending or descending a stair : round of
a ladder : footprint : manner of walking :
proceeding : action : — pi. walk : a self-
supporting ladder with flat steps. — v.i.
to advance or retire by pacing : to walk :
to walk slowly or gravely. — v.t. to set,
as a foot: to fix, as a mast -.—pr.p. stepp'-
ing ; pa.t. and pa.p. stepped. [A.S.
stoepe : Ger. sfcfp/e.]
STEP-CHILD, step'-chlld, «. one who
stands in the relation of a child through
the marriage of a parent. [A.S. steop,
Ger. stief, orig. an adj. sig. bereft, and
Child.] — So Step'- broth'er, S t e p'-
daugh'ter, Step'-fa'ther, Step'-moth'-
er, Step'-sis'ter, Step'-son.
STEPPE, step, n. one of the vast unculti-
vated plains in the S. E. of Europe and
in Asia. [Russ. stepj.]
STEPPING-STONE, step'ing-ston, n. a
st07ie for stepinng on to raise the feet
above the water or mud.
-STER, a termination as in maltster, game-
ster, spinster, songster, denoting occupa-
tion. In the earliest times, and up to
about the end of the thirteenth century,
it was generally the sign of the feminine
gender, corresponding to the masculine
-ere or -er. In the fourteenth century it
began to give place as a feminine termi-
nation to the Norman -ess. In modern
literary English there is now only one
feminine word with this suffix, viz.
spinster, but hitckster was used very late
as a feminine ; and in Scotch and Pro-
vincial English seu-ster is still used.
When the suffix -ster was felt no longer
to mark the feminine distinctively, some
new feminines were formed by the ad-
dition of the termination -ess to the -ster,
a.s songstress and seainstress. " The suf-
fix -ster now often marks the agent with
more or less a sense of contempt and de-
preciation, as punster, trickster, game-
ster."— Dr. Morris. " But we cannot
recognize the termination -ster as being,
or as having been at some time past, a
feminine formative in every instance.
Not only does the present use of such
old words as Baxster, huckster, malt-
ster, songster, Webster, not to urge the
more recent oldster, youngster, roadster,
make it hard to prove them all femi-
nines ; but even if we push our inquiries
further back we nowhere find the group
clearly defined as such except in modern
Dutch. There was in Anglo - Saxon
bceeere and bceoistre, and yet Pharaoh's
baker in Genesis xl. is bcee'istre. Grimm
conjectured that these nouns in -e.itre
are all that is left of an older pair of de-
clensions, whereof one was masculine in
-estra, the other feminine in -estre." —
J. Earle.
STEREO, ster'e-o, n. a contr. of Stereo-
type : used also adjectively ; as, a stereo
phite.
STEREOGRAPHIC, ster-e-o-graf'ik, STER-
EOGRAPHICAL. ster-e-o-graf'ik-al, adj.
\)cvta.\mng to stereography: made accord-
ing to stereography : delineated on a
plane. — adr. Stereograph'icaLLY.
STEREOGRAPHY, ster-e-og'ra-fi, ?(. tlie
art of .ihowing solids on a plane. [Gr.
stereos, hard, solid, and grapho, to
write.]
STEREOSCOPE, ster'e-o-skop, Ji. an opti-
cal contrivance bj' which two flat pict-
ures of the same object are seeii having
an appearance of solidity and reality. — n.
Stereos'copy. [Gr. stereos, solid, and
skopeo, to see.]
STEREOSCOPIC, ster-e-o-skop'ik, STERE-
OSCOPICAL, ster-e-o-skop'ik-al, adj. per-
taining to the stereoscope.
STEREOTROPE, ster'e-o-trop, n. an instru-
ment by which an object is perceived as
if in motion and with an appearance of
solidity or relief as in nature. It con-
sists of a series of stereoscopic pictures,
generally eight, of an object in the suc-
cessive positions it assumes in complet-
ing any motion, affixed to an octagonal
drum revolving under an ordinary len-
ticular stereoscope, and viewed through
a solid cylinder pierced in its entire
length by two apertures, which makes
four revolutions for one of the picture-
drum. The observer thus sees the object
constantly in one place, but its parts ap-
parently in motion and in solid and nat-
ural relief. [Gr. stereos, solid, and trope,
a turning, from trepb, to turn.]
STEREOTYPE, ster'e-o-tTp, n. a solid me-
tallic plate for printing, cast from an
impression of movable types, taken on
some plastic substance : art of making
or printing with such plates. — adj. per-
taining to or done with stereotypes. [Gr.
stereos, solid, and Type.]
STEREOTYPE, ster'e-o-tip, v.t. to cast, as
a stereotype plate : to prepare for print-
ing by means of stereotype plates ; as,
to stereotype the New Testament, cer-
tain societies have stereotyped the Bible :
to fix or establish firmly or unchangeably.
" He throws the whole of his heart into
eloquent descriptions of places that have
stereotyped themselves in his memory in
their most minute details." — Edin. Rev.
STEREOTYPED, ster'e-o-tipt, p. and adj.
made or printed from stereotype plates :
formed in a fixed unchangeable manner ;
as, stereotyped opinions. "From 1797 to
the present hour, the amount of the
land-tax remains stereotyped." — Eclec.
Rev.
STEREOTYPER, ster'e-o-tlp-er, n. one who
makes stereotype plates.
STERILE, ster'il, adj. unfruitful : barren :
destitute of ideas or sentiment. [Fr. — L.
sterilis, akin to Gr. stereos, hard, and to
steira, a barren cow. Sans, stari.]
STERILITY, ster-il'i-ti, n. quality of being
sterile : unfruitfulness : barrenness.
STERLING, sterling, adj. an epithet by
which English money of account is dis-
tinguished, signifjang that it is of the
fixed or standard national value ; as, a
pound sterling, a shilling stei'ling. a
jjenny .sterling : according to a fixed
standard ; having a fixed and permanent
value; "If my word be sterling yet in
Engbuid." — Shak. : genuine ; pure ; of
excellent qualitj' ; as, a work of sterling
merit, a man of sterling wit or sense ;
" Do these foreign contemporaries of ours
still exhibit, in their characters as men,
something of that sterling nobleness, that
union of majesty with meekness, which
we must ever venerate in those our
spiritual fathers?" — Carlyle. [Said to be
from the Esterlings or Easterlings, the
old popular name in England of traders
from the north of Germany (east from
England), whose monej' was of peculiar
purity, and who in the reign of King John
first stamped pure coin in England. But
this origin is doubtfid. According to
Wedgwood sterling was originally the
name of the English penny, the standard
STERLING
414
STIGMA
coin in which it was stipulated that
payment should be made ; it was subse-
quently applied to the coinage of England
in treneral.j
STERLING, ster'ling, n. an old name in
England for a penny : English money.
"And Roman wealth" in English sterling
view." — Arbutbnot : standard; rate.
8TERX. stern, adj. severe of countenance,
manner, or feeling: austere : harsh : un-
relenting: steadfast. — adv. Sterx'ly. — n.
Stebn'ness. [Orig. '• rigid," A.S. sterne,
from the root of Staee ; conn, with M.E.
stur, Scot, stour, Ger. starr.]
STERN, stern, n. the hindpart of a vessel.
— n. Stern'post, the aftermost timber of
a ship that supports the rudder. [Lit.
" the part of a ship where it is steered ; "
cf. Ice. stjorn, a steering.]
STERN ALGIA, ster-nal'ji-a, n. pain about
the sternum or breast-bone : a name of
the pectoral angina ; angina pectoris.
Diingluon. [Gr. stemon, the breast-bone,
and algos, pain.]
STERNMOST, stern'most, adj. furthest
astern.
STERNSHEETS, stern'shets, n. the part of
a boat between the stern an-i the rowers.
STERNUM, ster'num, n. the breast-bone.
— adj. Ster'nal. [L. — Gr. sternoii, the
chest.]
STERNUTATION, ster-nu-ta'shun, n. the
act of sneezing. [L. sternutatio, sternu-
tationis, from stermito, to sneeze, freq.
of sternuo, to sneeze.]
STERNUTATIVE, ster-nu'ta-tiv, adj. hav-
ing the qualitj' of provoking to sneeze.
[L. .'iternuo. to sneeze.]
STERNUTATORY, ster-nu'ta-tor-i, adj.
having the quality of exciting- to sneeze.
[Fr. sternutatoire, from L. sterntw, to
sneeze.]
STERNUTATORY, ster-nu'ta-tor-i, n. a
substance that provokes sneezing. The
most familiar sternutatories are snuffs of
different kinds. They are chiefly em-
ployed to occasion a violent succession
of the frame, either to restore suspended
respiration, as in some cases of fainting,
or to dislodge some foreign body from
the nasal passages or windpipe.
STERN-WAY, stern'-wa, n. the movement
of a ship backward, or witli her stern
foremost.— To FETCH STERN-way, to ac-
quire motion astern.
STERQUILINOUS.ster-kwil'in-us, adj. per-
taining to a dunghill : mean : dirty : pal-
try. ' ' Any sterqmlinous rascal is licensed
to throw dirt in the faces of sovereign
princes in open printed language." —
Howell. [L. sferquilinium, a dunghill,
from stercus. dung.]
STERTOROUS, ster'to-rus, adj., snoring.—
adv. Steb'torocslt. [Ft. stertoreux — L.
sterto, to snore.]
STET, stet, in printing, a word written
upon proofs to signify that something
which has been deleted is after all to
remain. It is often used as a verb ;
as, the passage was stetted. [L., let it
stand.]
STETHOMETER, ste-thom'et-er, n. an in-
strument for measuring the external
movement in the walls of the chest
during ordinary or tidal respiration. In
one form a cord or baud is extended
round the chest, and its extension as
the thorax is expanded works an index
figure on a dial-plate. [Gr. stethos, the
breast, and metron, a measure.]
STETHOSCOPE, steth'o-skop, n. an instru-
ment used by medical men for distin-
guishing sounds within the thorax and
other cavities of the body. In its sim-
plest and most common form it consists
of a simple hollow cylinder of some fine-
gTained light wood, as cedar or maple,
with one extremity funnel-shaped and
furnished with a conical plug; the other
with a comparatively large orbicular
ivoi-y plate, fastened by a screw. In
using it the funnel-shaped extremity,
either with or without the plug. Is
placed upon the body, and the ivory
plate to the ear of the listener. Flexi-
ble instruments of rubber are also used,
and are provided with one or two ear-
tubes, in the latter case the sounds be-
ing appreciable by both ears. [Gr. ste-
thos, the breast, and skopeo, to examine.]
STETHOSCOPIC, steth-o-skop'ik, STETH-
OSCOPICAL, steth-o-skop'ik-al, adj. of
or pertaining to a stethoscope : obtained
or made by means of a stethoscope : as, a
stetlioscopic examination.
STETHOSCOPIC ALLY, steth -o-skop'ik-al-
U, adv. in a stetlioscopic manner : by
means of a stethoscope.
STETHOSCOPIST, steth'o-skop-ist, n. one
versed in the use of the stethoscope.
STETHOSCOPY, ste-thos'ko-pi, n. the art
of stethoscopic examination.
STE'S'^DORE, stev'e-dor, n. one whose oc-
cupation is to load and unload vessels.
[A corr. of Sp. estivador. a wool-packer
— estivar. to stow, to pack wool — L. sti-
pare, to press together.]
STEW, stu, v.t. to boil slowly with little
moisture. — v.i, to be boiled slowly and
gently.— w. meat stewed. [Lit. "to put
into a stove" O. Fr. estuver, Fr. ituve,
stove — Low L. stuba. See Stove.]
STEWARD, stu'ard, n. one who manages
the domestic concerns of a family or
institution : one who superintends an-
other's affairs, esp. an estate or farm:
the manager of the provision department,
etc., at sea. [JI. E. stiward — A. 8. sti-
u-eard — stiqa, E. Sty. and Ward.]
STEWARDESS, stu'ard-es, n. a female
steward : a female who waits on ladies
on shipboard.
STEWARDSHIP, stu'ard-ship, n. office of
a steward : management.
STICCADO, stik-ka'do, n. a musical in-
strument, the sounds of which are pro-
duced by striking on little bars of wood,
which are tuned to the notes of the dia-
tonic scale, and struck with a little ball
at the end of a stick. [It.]
STICH, stik, n. a verse, of whatever meas-
ure or number of feet : a line in the
Scriptures: a row or rank of trees. [Gr.
stichos, a line, a verse.]
STICHIC, stik'ik, adj. relating to, or con-
sisting of lines or verses.
STICHIDIUM, sti-kid'i-um, n. a peculiar
kind of lance-shaped, pod-like receptacle
in the alga', containing tetraspores. [Gr.
stieiios. a rank, a line, and eiaos, appear-
ance, resemblance.]
STICHOMANCY, stik'o-man-si, n. divina-
tion by lines or passages in books taken
at hazard: bibliomancy. [Gr. stichos. a
line or verse, and manteia, di\nnation.]
STICHOMETRICAL, stik-o-met'rik-al, adj.
of or pertaining to stichoraetry : charac-
terized bv stichs or lines.
STICHOMETRY, sti-kom'et-ri, n. measure-
ment or length of books as ascertained
by the number of verses which each book
contains : a division of the text of books
into lines accommodated to the sense : a
practice followed before punctuation was
adopted.— P)-o/. TI'. R. Smith. [Gr. stichos,
a verse, and metron, measure.]
STICK, stik, n. a piece of wood of indefinite
size and shape, generally long and rather
slender ; a branch of a tree or shrub cut
or broken off ; a piece of wood chopped
for burning or cut for any purpose ; as,
to gather sticks in a wood ; "He that
breaks a, stick oi Gloster"s grove. "-S/iafc.,-
"And wliile the children of Israel were
in the wilderness they found a man that
gathered sticks upon the Sabbath day." —
Num. XV. 32 : a rod or wand ; a staff; a
walking - stick ; as, he never goes out
without his stick : anything shaped like
a stick; as, a stick of sealing-wax: a con-
temptuous term applied to an awkward
or incompetent person ; "He is a stick
at letters." — Cornhilll Mag.: in printing,
an instrument in wliich types are com-
posed in words, and the words arranged
to the required length of the lines.
Called also Composing-stick: a thrust
with a pointed instrument that pene-
trates a body ; a stab. [A.S. sticca, a
stick, a staff, a stake, a spike : Ice. stika,
a stick, as for fuel, a yard measure; from
the root seen in verb to stick (which see),
and akin to stake, stock.]
STICK, stik, r.;. to stab : to thrust in: to
fasten by piercing : to fix in : to set with
something pointed : to cause to adhere.
— r.j. to hold to : to remain : to stop : to
be hindered : to hesitate, to be embar-
rassed or puzzled : to adhere closely in
affection : — pa.t. and pa.p. stuck. [A.S.
stieian ; cog. with Dut. steken, Grer.
stechen ; from the same root as Gr. stizo.
See Sting.]
STICKLE, stik'l, v.i. to interpose between
combatants: to contend obstinately. [See
Stickler.]
STICKLEBACK, stik'1-bak, ?i. a small river-
fish, so called from the spines on its.baek.
[Prov. E. stickle — A.S. sticel (dim. of
Stick), a spine, cog. with Ger. stachel,
and Back.]
STICKLER, stik'ler, n. a second or umpire
in a duel : an obstinate contender, esp,
for something trilling. [Orig. one of the
seconds in a duel, who were placed with
sticks or staves to interpose occasionallv.]
STICKY', stik'i, adj. that sticks or adheres :
adhesive : glutinous. — ». Stick'iness.
STIFF, stif, adj. not easily bent : rigid :
not liquid : rather hard than soft : not
easil}' overcome : obstinate : not nat-
ural and easy : constrained : formal. —
adv. Stifp'ly. — n. Stiff'ness. [A.S.
stif ; cog. with Ger. steif ; prob. conn,
with L. stipo, to cram.]
STIFF, stif, }(. in commercial slang, nego-
tiable paper, as a bill, promissory note,
or the like. — To DO .\ BIT OF STIFF, to ac-
cept or discount a bill. "I wish you'd
do me a bit of stiff, and just tell your
father if I maj' overdraw my account 111
vote witii him."^77iacfccra2/.
STIFFEN, stif'n, v.t. to make stiff.— v.i. to
become stiff : to become less impressible
or more obstinate.
STIFF-NECKED, stif'-nekt, adj. {lit.) stiff
in the neck : obstinate : contumacious.
STIFLE, sti'fl, v.t. to stop the breath of by
foul air or other means : to suffocate: to
extinguish : to suppress the sound of :
to destroy. [Prob. from Stiff, and so "to
make stiff; hut influenced by stive, M.E.
form of E. Stew.]
STIFLE, sti'fl, v.i. to suffocate: to perish by
suffocation or st'-angulation. Shak.
STIFLE, sti'fl, n. the joint of a horse next
to the buttock, and corresponding to the
knee in man. Called also the Stifle-
JOINT : a disease in the knee-pan of a
horse or other animal. [Perhaps from
Stiff.]
STIFLE-BONE, sti'fl-bon, n. a bone in the
leg of a horse, corresponding to the knee-
pan in man.
STIGMA, stig'ma, n. a brand : a mark of
infamy : (bot.) the top of a pistil -.—pi.
Stio'mas or Stig'mata. [Lit. "the mark
of a pointed instrument," L. — Gr. — root
stig, to be sharp (Sans, tig), seen also in
L. -stinguo, -stigo, and in E. Stick,
Sting.]
STIGMATA
415
STOCKING
STIGMATA, stig'ma-ta, n. the marks of
the wounds on Christ's body, or marks
resembhng them, said to have been mi-
raculously impressed on the bodies of
saints.
STIGMATIC, stig-mat'ik, STIGJIATICAL,
stig-mat'ik-al, adj. marked or branded
with a stigma : giving iufamj- or re-
proach.—adi-. Stigmat'ically.
STIGMATIZE, stig'ma-tiz, v.t. to brand
with a stigma. [Gr. stigmatizo. See
Stigma.]
STILE, stil, n. a step or set of steps for
climbing over a wall or fence. [A.S.
stigel, a step — stig-an, akin to Ger. stei-
geii, to mount.]
STILE, stil, 11. the pin of a dial. Same as
Style.
STILETTO, sti-let'o, n. a little style or dag-
ger with a round pointed blade : a pointed
instrument for making eyelet holes : — pi.
Stilett'OS. — v.t. to stab with a stiletto :
— pir.pi. stilett'oing ; pa.t. and pa.p. sti-
lett'oed. [It., dim. of stilo, a dagger —
L. stilus. See Style.]
STILL, stil, adj. silent : motionless : calm.
— v.t. to quiet : to silence : to appease :
to restrain. — adv. always : nevertheless :
after that.— »i. Still'ness. [A.S. stille,
fixed, firm; Dut. stille, Ger. stiU; from
the root of Stall.]
STILL, stil, r.;. to cause to fall by drops :
to distil. — w. an apparatus for distOling
liquids. [L. siillo, to cause to drop —
stilla. a drop, or simply a contr. for Dis-
till, like Spoet from DISPORT.]
STILL-BORN, stil'-bawrn, adj. dead when
born.
STILLINGIA, stil-lin'ji-a, n. a genus of
plants, one of the species being the fa-
mous tallow-tree of China. The species
consist for the most part of shrubs with
stipulate alternate leaves and flowers in
spikes, the upper being male and the
lower female, found in the warmer parts
of both hemispheres. The tallow-tree of
China grows to the height of a pear-tree,
having a trunk and branches like the
cherry, and fohage like the black poplar.
Its fruits, which are about half an inch
in diameter, contain three seeds thickly
coated with a fatty substance which fur-
nishes the Chinese with candles and oil
for their lamps. The tallow obtained
from the fruit is also employed in medi-
cine instead of lard. [In honor of Dr.
Benjamin Stillingjieet, an eminent En-
glish botanist. ]
STILL-LIFE, stil'-lif, n. the class of pict-
ures representing inanimate objects.
STILL-ROOM, stil'-room. n. an apartment
where liquors, preserves, and the like, are
kept : a housekeeper's pantry.
STILLY, stil'i, adj., still: quiet : calm.
STILLY, stil'li, adv. silently : gently.
STILT, stilt, n. a supjMvt of wood with a
rest for the foot, used in walking. — v.t.
to raise on stilts : to elevate by unnat-
ural means. [Low Ger. and Dut. stelte, a
stilt ; Sw. stylta, a support.]
STILT-BIRD, stilt' -lAt;rd, STILT-PLOVER,
stilt'-pluv-er, n. a wading bird having re-
markably long slender legs, a feature
from which it derives its common name.
It has a long straight bill, also very long
wings for its size. It exhibits a general
white color, the back and wings in the
male being deep black, whilst those of
the females are of a brownish-black hue.
The average length of the stilt-bird is
about 13 or 13 inches. The legs, which
are of a red color, measure from 18 to 20
inches. They are destitute of a hind toe,
and the three front ones are unitec' by a
membrane at their bases. Different spe-
cies are found in America, Australia, and
England.
STIMULANT, stim'u-lant, adj., stimulat-
ing : increasing or exciting vital action.
—H. anything that stimulates or excites:
a stimulating medicine. [See Stimulus.]
STIMULATE, stim'u-lat, v.t. to prick with
anything sharp : to incite : to instigate.
—H. Stlmuxa'tion.
STIMULATIVE, stim'u-lat-iv, adj. tending
to stimulate. — n. that which stimulates
or excites.
STIlVrULUS, stim'ii-lus, n. a goad : any-
thing that rouses the mind, or that ex-
cites to action : a stimulant : — pi. Stim'-
ULl. [L. stimulus (for stig-mulus) — Gr.
stizo, to prick. See Stigma.]
STING, sting, v.t. to stick anything sharp
into, to pain acutely i^ia.t. and pa.p.
stung. — )i. the sharp-pointed weapon of
some animals : the thrust of a sting into
the flesh : anything *-hat causes acute
pain : the point in the last verse of an
epigram. [A.S. sting-an ; cog. with Ice.
stinga, Gr. stizo, to prick (whence Stig-
ma).]
STINGY, stin'ji, adj. niggardly: avaricious.
— adv. Stin'gily. — n. Stin'giness. [Ety.
unknown.]
STINK, stingk, v.i. to s^nell : to give out a
strong, oflensive smell: — pa.t. stank;
pa.pj. stunk. — n. a disagreeable smell.
[A.S. stincan ; Ger. stinken, to smell.]
STINKPOT, stingk'pot, n. an earthen jar
ov pot charged with a stinking, combust-
ible mixture, and used in boarding an
enemy's vessel.
STINT, stint, v.t. to shorten : to limit : to
restrain. — n. limit; restraint: proportion
allotted. [A.S. astyntan, from Stunt.]
STIPEND, stl'pend, n. a salary paid for
services : settled paj'. [L. stipendium —
slips (akin to L. stipo. to crowd or press
together, and therefore orig. " small coin
in heaps "), a donation, and pendo, to
weigh out.]
STIPENDIARY, stl-pend'i-ar-i, adj. receiv-
ing stipend. — n. one who performs ser-
vices for a salarj', applied to certain
magistrates in England and the Domin-
ion of Canada.
STIPULATE, stip'u-lat, ii.i. to contract ; to
settle terms. — n. Stip'ulatoe. [L. stip-
ulor, -atus. prob. from O. L. stipulus,
firm, conn, with stipo, to press firm.]
STIPULATION, stip-u-la'shun, n. act of
stipulating : a contract.
STIR, ster, v.t. to move : to rouse : to in-
stigate.— v.i. to move one's self : to be
active ; to draw notice: — pr.p. stirr'ing ;
pa.t. and pa.p. stirred. — ?i. tumult: bus-
tle.— n. SHEE'ES. [A.S. stifrian ; Dut.
storen, Ger. sioren, to drive ; conn, with
Steer, v.]
STIRRUP, stir'up, n. a ring or hoop sus-
pended by a rope or strap from the sad-
dle, for a horseman's foot while mounting
or riding. [A.S. stigerap — stigan, to
mount, and rai), a rope.]
STITCH, stich, n. a pass of a needle and
thread : an acute pain. — v.t. to sew so
as to show a regular line of stitches : to
sew or unite. — v.i. to practice stitching.
[A.S. .ttice, a prick, stitch ; Ger. sticken,
to embroider : conn, with STICK.]
STITCHWORT, stich'wurt, /!. a genus of
slender plants, including the chicUweed,
so called because once believed to cure
" stitch " in the side.
STITHY, stith'i, n. an anvil. "'Let me
sleep on that hard point,' said Varney ;
' I cannot else perfect the device I have
on the stithy.' " — Sir XV. Scott. [Also
stiddy, Scand. studdy, Ice. stethi, an
anvil ; from the same root as E. steady,
stead.]
STITHY, sti<7i'i, v.t. to forge on an anvil.
" The forge that stithied Mars bis helm."
— Shak.
STIVE, stiv, v.t. to stuff ; to cram ; to
crowd ; hence, to make hot, sultry, and
close; "His chamber being commonly
stived with friends or suitors of one kind
or other."' — Sir H. Wotton : to stew, as
meat : — pr.p. stiv'ing ; pa.t. and pa.p.
stived. [Prob. from an O. Fr. estiver,
corr. to It. stivare, Sp. estivar, to stuff,
to stow, from L. stipare, to cram.]
STIVE, stiv, V. to be stifled : to stew, as
in a close atmosphere. "I shall go out
in a boat. One can get rid of a few hours
in that waj- instead of stiving in a
wretched hotel.'' — George Eliot.
STIVE, stiv, n. the floating dust in flour-
mills during the operation of grinding.
Simmonds. [Cf. Ger. stauh, Dan. stoev,
dust.]
STIVER, sti'ver, n. a Dutch coin, worth
two cents ; anything of little value.
[Dut. stuiver.l
STOAT, stot, V. a kind of weasel, called the
ermine when in its winter dress. [Ety.
unknown.]
STOCCADO, stok-ad'o. n. a thrust in fenc-
ing. [It. stoccata, a thrust ^ — stocco. a ra-
pier, stake — Ger. stock, a stick. See Stick,
Stock.]
STOCK, stok, n. something stuck or thrust
in: the stem of a tree or plant: a post: a
stupid person: the part to which others
are attached : the original progenitor :
family: a fund: capital: shares of a public
debt : shares of capital in railroad and
other corporations : store : cattle i—pl.
Stocks, an instrument in which the legs
of criminals are confined : the frame for
a ship while building : the public funds
of Great Britain, the Consols. — v.t. to
store : to supply : to fill. [A.S. stocc, a
stick ; cog. with Dut. stoc, Ger. stock.
For the root see Stick.]
STOCK, stok, n. a favorite garden-flower.
[Orig. called stock-gillj'flower, to distin-
guish it from the stemless clove-pink,
called the gillyflower, which see.]
STOCKADE, stok-ad', n. a breastwork
formed of stakes fixed in the ground. —
v.t. to surround or fortify with a stock-
ade. [Fr. estooade — estoc — Ger. stock, a
stick.]
STOCKBROKER, stok'brok-er, n. a broker
who deals in stock or shares.
STOCKBROKING, stok'brok-ing, n. the
business of a stockbroker, or one who,
acting for a client, buys or sells stocks
or shares, and is paid by commission.
STOCKDOVE, stok'duv, n. a. species of
pigeon, believed at one time to be the
stock of the tame dot^e : or the dove that
lives on trees or in the woods.
STOCK-EXCHANGE, stok'-eks-chanj', n.
the place where stocks are e^ccltanged, or
bought and sold.
STOCKFISH, stok'fish, v.. a general term
for cod, ling, tusk, and other fishes usijd
in a dried state.
STOCKHOLDER, !,tok'hold-er, n. in En-
gland, one who holds stock in the public
funds, or in a company : in U. S., one
who holds public funds is a bondholder ;
the term idvckholder is applied only to
those who hold shares of stock in rail-
road and other corporations.
STOCKINET, stok'in-et, n. an elastic, knit,
textile fabric, of which stockings, under-
garments, etc.. are made. Goodrich.
STOCKING, stok'ing, n. a close fitting
covering for the foot and leg. Stockings
were anciently made of clotli or milled
stuff, sewed together, but they are now
usually knitted by the hand or woven in
a frame, t he material being wool, cotton,
or silk. [From stock, in sense of stocking
or leg covering. "The clothing of the
legs and lower part of tlie body formerly
consisted of a single garment called hose,
STOCK-JOBBING
416
STORM
in French ehaiisses. It was afterwards
cut in two at the knees, leaving two
pieces of dress, viz. knee-breeches, or, as
thev were then called, tcpperstocks, or in
French haut de chausses, and the nether-
stocks or stockings, in French has de
chausses, and then simply bas. In these
terms the element stock is to be under-
stood in the sense of stump or trunk, the
part of a body left when the limbs are
cut off." — Wedgtvoud.]
STOCK-JOBBING, stok'-job'ing, n., job-
bing or speculating in stocks. — n. Stock'-
jobb'er.
STOCK-STILL, stok'-stil, adj., still as a
stock or post.
STOIC, sto'ik, n. a disciple of the ancient
philosopher Zeno, who taught under a
porch at Athens : one indifferent to
pleasure or pain. [L. Stoicus — Gr. Sto-
'ikos — stoa, a porch.]
STOIC, sto'ik, STOICAL, sto'ik-al, adj.
pertaining to the Stoics, or to their
opinions: indifferent to pleasure or pain.
— adv. Sto'ically. — n. Sto'icalness.
STOICISM, sto'i-sizm, n. the doctrines of
the Stoics : indifference to pleasure or
pain.
STOKE, stok, v.i. to stick, stir, or tend a
fire.— n. Stok'er. [From STICK.]
STOLE, stol, pa.t. of Steax.
STOLE, stol, Ji. a long robe or garment
reaching to the feet: a long, narrow scarf
with fringed ends worn by a priest. [A.S.
stol — L. stola — Gr. stole, a robe, a garment
— steUo, to arriiy.]
STOLEN, stol'en, pa.p. of Steal.
STOLID, stol'id, adj. dull : heavy : stupid :
foolish. [L. .itolidus ; from a root star,
seen also in Gr. stereos, firm.]
STOLIDITY, sto-lid'i-ti, n. state of being
stolid : dullness of intellect. [L. stoliditas
— stolidus.1
STOMACH, stum'ak,w. the strong muscular
bag into which the food passes when
swallowed, and where it is principally
•digested : the cavity in any animal for
the digestion of its food : appetite. — v.t.
to resent, (orig.) to bear on the stomach:
to brook or put up with. [L. stomachus
— Gr. sfomachos, orig. the throat, gullet;
then the oriflce of the stomach; and later,
the stomach itself — stoma, a mouth.]
STOMACHER, stum'a-cher, n. an ornament
or support for the stomach or breast worn
bv women.
STOMACHIC, sto-mak;ik. STOMACHIC-
AL. sto-mak'ik-al, adj. pertaining to the
stomach: strengthening or promoting the
action of the stomach. — Stomach'ic, n. a
medicine for the stomach.
STOMACH-PUMP, stum'ak- pump, n. a
small pump or syringe used in medical
practice, for the purpose of emptying the
stomach and introducing cleansing or
■other liquids. It resembles the common
syringe, except that it has two apertures
■near the end, instead of one, in which the
valves open different ways, so as to con-
stitute a sucking and a forcing passage.
When the object is to extract from the
stomach, the pump is worked while its
sucking orifice is in connection with a
flexible tube passed into the stomach ;
and the extracted matter escapes by the
forcing orifice. When it is desired, on the
contrary, to throw cleansing water or
other liquid i;ito the stomach, the tube is
connected with the forcing orifice, by
which the action of the pump is reversed.
STOMACH-STAGGERS, stum'ak-stag-erz,
n. a disease in horses, depending on a par-
alytic affection of the stomach. In this
disease the animal dozes in the stable and
rests his head in the mangei' : he then
■wakes up, and falls to eating, which he
continues to do till the stomach swells to
an enormous extent, and the animal at
last dies of apoplexy or his stomach
bursts.
STONE, ston, n. a hard mass of earthy or
mineral matter: a precious stone or gem:
a tombstone: a concretion formed in the
bladder: a hard shell containing the seed
of some fruits: a standard weight of 14 lbs.
avoirdupois : torpor and insensibility. —
v.t. to pelt with stones : to free from
stones : to wall with stones. — Stone'-
BLIND, adj. as blind as a stone, perfectly
blind. [A.S. stan, cog. with Ger. stein,
Gr. stia/\
STONECHAT, ston'chat, STONECHAT-
TER, ston-chat'er, 71. a little bird, allied
to the robin, so called from its chattering
and perching on large stones.
STONECUTTER. ston\-ut-er, n. one whose
occupation is to cut or hew stone.
STONE-FRUIT, ston'-froot, r;. a fruit
with its seeds inclosed in a sto7ie or hard
kernel .
STONE'S - CAST, stonz'-kast, STONE'S-
THROW, stonz'-thro, n. the distance
which a stone may be cast or th roini by
the hand.
STONE- WARE, ston'-war, n. a species of
potter's ware made from a composition
of clay and flint. The clay is beaten in
water and purified, and the flint is cal-
cined, ground, and suspended in water,
and then mixed (in various proportions
for various wares) with the former liquor.
The mixture is then dried in a kiln, and
being' afterwards beaten to a proper tem-
per, it becomes fit for being formed at
the wheel into dishes, plates, bowls, etc.
These are baked in a furnace and glazed
by common salt. The salt being thrown
into the furnace is volatilized by heat,
becomes attached to the surface of the
ware, and is decomposed, the muriatic
acid flying off and leaving the soda be-
hind it to form a fine thin glaze on the
ware, which resists ordinary acids.
STONY, ston'i, adj. made of or resembling
stone : abounding with stones : hard :
pitiless : obdurate : {B.) rocky.
STOOD, stood, pa.t. and pa.p. of Stand.
[A.S. stod.]
STOOL, stool, Ji. a seat without a back :
the seat used in evacuating the bowels :
the act of evacuating the bowels. [A.S.
.itol, Ger. stuhl : akin to Ger. stellen, to
set, to place ; also to Still, adj.. Stall,
Stand.]
STOOP, stoop, v.i. to bend the body : to
lean forward: to submit: to descend from
rank or dignity: to condescend: to swoop
down on the wing, as a bird of prey. —
v.t. to cause to incline downward. — n.
the act of stooping : inclination forward:
descent : condescension : a swoop. [A.S.
stupian : O. Dut. stoepen, Ice. .stiipa ;
akin to Steep and STOP.]
STOOP, stoop, n. a pillar. Quarles. — Stoop
Al^'D Room, a system of mining coal,
where the coal is taken out in parallel
spaces, intersected by a similar series of
passages at right angles. Between these
"rooms" "stoops" of coal are left for
the support of the loof of the seam.
Called also Pillae and Stall or Post
AND Stall.
STOOP, stoop, 71. a vessel of liquor ; as, a
stoop of wine or ale. " A .stoop of wine."
• — Shak. [A.S. stoppa, Ice. stau2), a cup,
a drinking vessel ; Dut. stoop, a measure
of about two quarts ; Sw. stop, a meas-
ure of about three pints.]
STOOP, stoop, n. the steps at the entrance
of a house: door-steps: also a porch with
a balustrade and seats on the sides.
" Nearly all the houses were built with
their gables to the street, and each had
heavy wooden Dutch stoops, with seats
at the door." — J. F. Cooper. [Dut. stoep
(pron. stoop) ; the word was brought to
America by the Dutch colonists.]
STOP, stop, v.t. to stuff or close up : to ob
struct : to render impassable: to hinder:
to intercept : to restrain: to apply musi-
cal stops to : to regulate the sounds of a
stringed instrument by shortening the
strings with the fingers.- — v.i. to cease
going forwards : to cease from any mo-
tion or action : to leave off : to be at an
end : — pr.p. stopp'ing ; pa.t. and pa.p.
stopped. — n. act of stopping: state of
being stopped : hinderance : obstacle :
interruption : (music) one of the vent-
holes in a wind instrument, or the place
on the wire of a stringed instrument, by
the stopping or pressing of which certain
notes are produced: a mark used in punc-
tuation. [Lit. " to stuff with to7P," M.E.
stoppen — O. Fr. estouper (Ice. stoppa,
Ger. stopfen, to stuff); all from L. stupa,
the coarse part of flax, tow.]
STOPCOCK, stop'kok, n. a short pipe in a
cask, etc., opened and stopped by a cock
or key.
STOP-MOTION, stop'-mo-shun, n. an ar-
rangement in a machine by which the
breakage of material in transitu, or the
failure of supply of the material under
treatment, causes an arrest of the mo-
tion.
STOPPAGE, stop'aj, n. the act of stopping
or arresting progress or motion : or the
state of being stopped ; as, the stoppage
of the circulation of the blood, the stop-
page ot commerce. "We were tripping
away . . . when we came upon my lady
in a street stoppage in her chair." —
Thackeray : a deduction made from pay
or allowances to repay advances, etc. —
Stoppage in transitu, in law, the right
which an unpaid vendor of goods has,
on hearing that the vendee is insolvent,
to stop and reclaim the goods while in
their transit and not yet delivered to the
vendee.
STOPPER, stop'er, n. one who stops: that
which closes a vent or hole, as the cork
or glass mouthpiece for a bottle : (wajff.)
a short rope for making something fast.
— v.t. to close or secure with a stopper.
STOPPLE, stop'l, n. that which stops or
closes the moutli of a vessel : a cork or
plug. — V.I. to close with a stopple.
STORAGE, stor-aj, n. the placing in a
store: the safe keeping of goods in
a store : the price paid or charged for
keeping goods in a store.
ST0RA5, sto'raks, n. a fragrant gum-resin
produced on several species of trees grow-
ing round the Mediterranean Sea. [L.
and Gr. styrax.']
STORE, stor, n. a hoard or quantity gath-
ered : abundance : a storehouse : any
place where goods are sold : — pi. supplies
of provisions, ammunition, etc., for an
army or a ship. — v.t. to gather in quan-
tities : to supply : to lay up in store : to
hoard : to place in a warehouse. [O. Fr.
estoire, provisions-^L. instauro, to pro-
vide.]
STOREHOUSE, stor'hows, n. a house for
.storing goods of any kind : a repositorj' :
a treasury.
STORIED, sto'rid, acfj. told or celebrated in
a story : having a history : interesting
from the stories belonging to it.
STORK, stork, n. a wading bird nearly
allied to the heron. [A.S. store; Ger.
storch.]
STORK'S-BILL, storks'-bil, n. a kind of
geranium, with the fruit like the bill of
a stork. [See Pelargonium.]
STORM, storm, n. a stir or violent commo-
tion of the air producing wind, rain, etc.:
a tempest : violent agitation of society :
STORMY
417
STRENGTH
commotion: tumult: calamity: (mil.)
an assault. — v.i. to raise a tempest : to
blow with violence : to be in a violent
passion. — v.t. to attack by open force :
to assault. [A.S. ; Ice. stormr ; from
root of Stir.]
STURMY, storm'i, adj. having many
storms: agitated with furious winds: bois-
t»-rous : violent : passionate. — n. Storm'-
I.VESS.
STLiRTHING, stor'ting', n. the parliament
oi- supreme legislative assamblj' of Nor-
«-iy : the great court or representative
of tlie sovereign people. It is elected
triennially, and holds annual .sessions.
When assembled the storthing divides
itself into two houses, one fourth of the
members constituting the lagthing, and
the remaining three-fourths the odels-
thing. [Dan. star, great, and thing,
court.]
STORY, sto'ri, n. a history or narrative of
incidents (so in B.): a little tale : a fic-
titious narrative. [O. Fr. estoire. It is
simply a short form of History.]
STORY', also STOREY, sto'ri, n. a division
of a house reached by one flight of stairs:
a set of rooms on the same floor or level.
[Ety. dub.; perh. from Store, and orig.
sig. "storehouse."]
STOUT, stowt, adj. strong : robust : cor-
pulent : resolute : proud : (B.) stubborn.
— n. a name for porter. — adv. Stout'ly.
—n. Stout'ness : (B.) stubbornness.
[Allied to O. Fr. estout, bold, Dut. stout,
and Ger. .^tolz, bold, stout ; perh. from
the root of Stilt.]
8TOVE, stov, n. an apparatus with afire
for warming a room, cooking, etc. — i\t.
to heat or keep warm. [Orig. " a hot-
house," allied to Low Ger. stove, O. Ger.
stupa (Grer. siuhe, room) ; cf . also It. stufa,
Fr. etuve — Low L. stuha ; but whetlier
the Low L. word is from the O. Ger., or
Vice versa, is doubtful. Cf. Stew.]
arOW. sto, v.t. to place : to arrange : to
fill by packing things in. [Partly from
M.E. stoutven, to bring to a stand, partly
from M.E. stowen, to place — stow, a place
— A.S. stov ; cf. Dut. stuwen, to stow, to
push, Ger. stauen.'\
STOWAGE, sto'aj, n. act of stowing or
placing in order : state of being laid up :
room for articles to be laid away.
STRADDLE, strad'l, v.i. to .stride or part
the legs wide : to stand or walk with
the legs far apart. — v.t. to stand or sit
astride of. — n. act of striding. [Freq.
formed from A.S. strad, pa.t. of stridan,
E. Stride.]
STRAGGLE, strag'l, v.i. to wander from
the course : to ramble : to stretch be-
yond proper limits : to be dispersed.
[Freq. formed partly from stray, partly
from A.S. strak, pa.t. of strican, to go,
to proceed, E. Strike.]
STRAGKjLER, strag'ler, n. one who strag-
gles or goes from the course : a wander-
ing fellow : a vagabond.
STRAIGHT, strat, adj. direct : being in
a right line : not crooked : nearest :
upright. — adv. immediately : in the
shortest time. — adv. Straight'ly. — n.
Straight' NESS. [Lit. "stretched," A.S.
streht. pa. p. of streccan, E. Stretch, in-
fluenceil also by STRAIT.]
STRAIGHTEN, strat'n, v.t. to make
straight.
STRAIGHTFORWARD.strat-for'ward.adj.
going- /ortcard in a straight course : hon-
est : open : downright. — adv. Straight-
FOR'WARDLY.
STRAIGHTWAY, strat'wa, adv. directly :
immediately : without loss of time. [See
Straight and Way.]
STRAIN, stran, i'.*. to stretch tight: to
draw with force: to exert to the utmost:
A A
to injure by overtasking: to make tight:
to constrain, make uneasy or unnatural:
to filter. — t\i. to make violent efl'orts: to
pass through a filter. — n. the act of strain-
ing : a violent efl'ort : an injury inflicted
by straining: a note, sound, or song. [O.
Fr. straindre — L. stringo, to stretch tight.
See String and Strong.]
STRAIN, stran, 7i. race: stock: generation:
descent. [M.E. strend — A.S. sirynd, stock
— strynan, to beget.]
STRAINER, stran'er, )(. one who or that
which strains : an instrument for filtra-
tion : a sieve, colander, etc.
STRAIT, striit, adj. difficult : distressful :
{obs. strict, rigorous : narrow, so in B.).
— 71. a narrow pa.ss in a mountain, or in
the ocean between two portions of land :
difficulty: distress. [O. Fr. estreit, estroit
(Fr. etroit) — L. strictus. pa. p. of stringo,
to draw tight. Doublet Strict.]
STRAITEN, strat'n, v.t. to make strait or
narrow : to confine ; to draw tight : to
distress : to put into difficulties.
STRAITLACED, strat'last, adj. rigid or
narrow in opinion. [Lit. " laced strait
or tight with stavs."]
STRAITLY', strat'Ii, adv. narrowly : (B.)
strictly.
STRAIT'NESS, strat'nes, n. state of being
strait or narrow : strictness : (B.) distress
or difficulty.
STRAND, strand, n. the margin or beach
of the sea or of a lake. — v.t. to run
aground. — v.i. to drift or be driven ashore.
[A.S. ; Ger. strand. Ice. strond, border,
shore.j
STRAND, strand, n. one of the strings or
parts that compose a rope. — v.t. to break
a strand. [Allied to O. Ger. streno (Ger.
strdhn), string, rope, with excrescent -d.]
STRANGE, stranj, adj. foreign : belonging
to another country: not formerly known,
heard, or seen : not domestic : new :
causing surprise or curiosity : marvel-
lous : unusual : odd. — adv. Strange'ly.
— n. Stranqe'ness. [O. Fr. estrange (Fr.
strange) — L. extranexis — extra, bej'ond.]
STRANGER, stranj'er, n. a foreigner : one
from home : one unknown or unac-
quainted : a guest or visitor : one not
admitted to communion or fellowship.
[O. Fr. estrangier. See Strange.]
S'TEANGLE, strang'gl, v.t. to draw tight
the throat so as to prevent breathing
and destroj' life : to choke : to hinder
from birth or appearance : to suppress.
— n. Strano'ler. [O. Fr. estrangier
(Fr. etrangler) — L. strangulo, -atum —
Gr. stranggo, to draw tight. Cif. Strang-
UKY.]
STRANGULATED, strang'gu-lat-ed, adj.
having the circulation stopped by com-
pression.
STRANGULATION, strang-gu-la'shun, n.
act of strangling : (med.) compression of
the throat and partial suffocation in
hysterics.
STRANGURY, straug'gu-ri, ?«. painful re-
tention of, or difficultj' in discharging
urine, [h. stranguria — Gr. strang.v, a
drop, from stranggo, to squeeze, conn,
with L. stringo (see Strain) ; and ouron,
urine.]
STRAP, strap, n. a narrow strip of cloth or
leather : a razor-strop : (arch.) an iron
plate secured by screw-bolts, for connect-
ing two or more timbers. — v.t. to beat
or bind with a strap : to strop : — pr.p.
strapp'ing ; pa.t. and pa.p. strapped. —
adj. Strapp'ing, tall, handsome. [Orig.
strop, from A.S. stropj), cog. with Dut.
stroj) ; allied to L. strnppus ; cf. Gr.
strepho, to twist.]
STRATA, stra'ta, pi. of STRATUM.
STRATAGEM, strat'a-jem, n. a piece of
generalship : an artifice, esp. in war : a
plan for deceiving an enemy or gaining
an advantage. [L. — Gr. strategema—
strategos, a general — stratos, an army,
and ago. to lead.]
STRATEGIC, stra-tej'ik, STRATEGICAL,
stra-tej'i-kal, adj. pertaining to or done
bv strategy. — adv. Strateg'ICALLY.
STRATEGIST, strat'e-jist, n. one skilled in
strategy.
STRATEGY, strat'e-ji, n., generalship, or
the art of conducting a campaign and
manoeuvring an army.
STRATH, strath, n. {in Scotland) an ex-
tensive valley through which a river
runs. [Gael.l
STRATIFICATION, strat-i-fi-ka'shun, Ji.
act of stratifying : state of being strati-
fied : process of being arranged in layers.
STRATIFORM, strat'i-form, adj., formed
like strata.
STRATIFY, strat'i-fi, v.t. to form or lay in
strata or layers: — pr.j). strat'ifying ; pa.t.
and pa.p. strat'ifled. [Fr. stratifier — L.
stratum, and facio, to make.]
STRATUM, stra'tum, ?). a bed of earth or
rock formed by natural causes, and con-
sisting' usually of a series of layers : any
bed or layer : — -p/. Strata, stra'ta. [£.
— sterno, stratum, to spread out.]
STRATUS, stra'tus, n. a form of cloud oc-
curring in a horizontal layer. [L. See
Stratum.]
STRAW, straw, n. the stalk on which grain
grows, and from which it is thrashed .
a quantity of them when thrashed : any-
thing worthless. [A.S. streaw, Ger. sir oh,
from the root of STREW.]
STRAWBERRY, straw'ber-i, n. a plant and
its berry or fruit, which is highly es-
teemed— prob. so called from its strewing
or spreading along the ground. [A.S.
streaw-herie.1
STRAWED (B.) for strewed, pa.t. and paj).
of Strew.
STRAWY', straw'i, adj. made of or lika
straw.
STRAY', stra, v.i. to wander : to go from
the inclosure, company, or proper limits:
to err : to rove : to deviate from duty or
rectitude. — n. a domestic animal that has
strayed or is lost. [O. Fr. estraier, perh.
from estrai — L. strata. E. Street ; perh.
influenced by Strew.]
STREAK, strek, n. a line or long mark dif-
ferent in color from the ground : (min.)
the appearance presented by the surface
of a mineral when scratcned. — v.t. to
form streaks in : to mark with streaks.
[A.S. stric, strica, a stroke, line ; cog.
with Ger. strich; from root of Strike.]
STREAKY, strek'i, adj. marked with
streaks : striped.
STREAM, strem, n. a current of water, air,
or light, etc. : anything flowing out from
a source: anything forcible, flowing, and
continuous: drift: tendency. — v.i. to flow
in a stream : to pour out abundantly :
to be overflown with : to issue in rays :
to stretch in a long line. [A.S. stream ;
Ger. .ftrom. Ice. stratim-r.]
STREAMER, strem'er, n. an ensign or flag
streaining or flowing in the wind : a lu-
minous beam shooting upward from the
horizon.
STREAMLET, strem'let, n. a little stream,
STREAMY', strem'i, adj. abounding with
streams : flowing in a stream.
STREET, stret, n. a road in a town lined
with houses, broader than a lane. [A.S.
street (Dut. straat, Ger. strasze. It. strada)
— L. strata {via), a paved (way), from
sterno, E. Strew.]
STRENGTH, strength, n. quality of being
strong : power of any kind, active or
passive : force : vigor : solidity or tough-
ness: power to resist attack: excellence:
intensity : brightness : validity : vigor
STRENGTHEN
418
STRYCHNIA
of style or expression: security: amount
of force : potency of liquors : a fortifica-
tion. [A.S.— Strang. E. Stroxg.]
STRENGTHEN, streugth'n, v.t. to make
strO)ig or stronger : to confirm : to en-
courage : to increase in power or secur-
ity.— v.i. to become stronger.
STRENUOUS, stren'u-us, adj. active : vig-
orous : urgent : zealous : bold. — adv.
Strex'uously. — n. Strex'uocssess. [L.
strenuus, akin to Gr. strenes, strong,
hartl.l
STRESS, stres, n. force : pressure ; urgen-
cy : strain : •violence, as of the weather :
(mech.) force exerted in any direction or
manner between two bodies. [Short for
Distress "1
STRETCH, strech. r.^. to extend : to draw
out ; to expand : to reach out : to exag-
gerate, strain, or carry further than is
right. — v.i. to be drawn out: to be ex-
tended : to extend without breaking. — n.
act of stretching : effort : struggle :
reach : extension : state of being stretch-
ed-: utmost extent of meaning : course.
[A.S. streccan — strac. strong, violent,
cog. with Ger. struck, straight, right
out.]
STRETCHER, strech'er, n. anj-thing used
for siretching : a frame for carrjang the
sick or dead : a footboard for a rower.
STREW, stroo, v.t. to spread by scattering:
to scatter loosely : — pa.p. strewed or
strewn. [A.S. streoic-ian ; allied to Ger.
streuen, L. sterno (perf. strai-i), Gr. stor-
ennjfmi. Sans, stri.]
STRIATED, strl'at-ed, adj. marked with
strke or small channels running parallel
to each other.— n. Stria'tion. "[L. stria-
tus. pa.p. strio, to furrow — stria, a fur-
row.]
STRICKEN, strik'n, {B.)pa.p. of Strike.—
Strickex in years, advanced in years.
STRICT, strikt. orfj. exact: extremely nice:
observing exact rules: severe: restricted:
thorouglily accurate. — adv. Strict'lt.
— n. Strictness. [Orig. "drawn tight,"'
L. utrietus, pa.p. of stringo, to draw tight.
Cf. Strain and Strangle.]
STRICTURE, strik'tur, n. (med.) a morbid
contraction of any passage of the body :
an unfavorable criticism : censure : crit-
ical remai'k.
STRIDE, strld, v.i. to walk with long steps.
— v.t. to pass over at astep: — pa.t. strode
(obs. strid) ; po.p. stridd'en. — n. a long
step. [A.S. -stridan (in be-stridan, be-
stride), prob. conn, with A.S. stridh,
strife. Ger. streit. from the idea of
'• stretching," " straining."']
STRIDENT, strl'dent, adj., creaking, grat-
ing, harsh. [L. stridens, -entis, pr.p. of
strideo, to creak.]
STRIFE, strif, n. contention for superiority:
struggle for victory : contest : discord.
r^I. E. strif— O. Fr. e-strif. See Strive.]
STRIKE, strik, v.t. to give a blow to : to
hit with force : to dash : to stamp : to
coin : to thrust in : to cause to sound :
to let down, as a sail : to ground upon,
as a ship : to punish : to affect strongly :
to affect suddenly with alarm or surprise:
to make a compact or agreement : (£.)
to stroke. — v.i. to give a quick blow : to
hit : to dash : to sound by being struck :
to touch : to run aground : to pass with
a quick effect : to dart : to lower the flag
j in token of respect or surrender : to give
up work in order to secure higher wages
or the redress of some grievance: — pa.t.
struck ; pa.p. struck {obs. strick'en). — n.
act of striking for higher wages : (geol.)
vertical or oblique direction of strata,
being at right angles to the dip. — n.
Strik'er.— To STRIKE OFF, to erase from
an account : to print. — To STRIKE OlT, to
efface : to bring into hght : to form by
sudden effort.— To strike hands (J5.) to
become surety for any one. [Prob. orig.
sig. " to draw," A.S. strican ; Ger. strei-
chen, to move, to strike.]
STRIKING, striking, adj. affecting: sur-
prising- : forcible : impressive : exact. —
adv. Strik'inglt.
STRING, string, n. a small cord or a slip of
anything for tying: a ribbon: nerve, ten-
don: the chord of a musical instrument :
a cord on which things are filed : a series
of things. — v.t. to supply with strings :
to put in tune : to put on a string : to
make tense or firm : to take the strings
oS:^pa.t. and pa.p. strung. [A.S. streng;
cog. with Dut. streng. Ice. streng-r, Ger.
Strang: conn, with L. stringo. to draw
tight. Gr. stranggo. Cf. Strangle.]
STRINGED, stringd, adj. having strings.
STRINGENCY, strin'jen-si. n. state or
quality of being stringent : severe press-
ure.
STRINGENT, strin'jent, adj.. binding
strongly : urgent. — adv. Strin'GENTLY.
[L. striiigens, -entis, pr.p. of stringo. See
Strict.]
STRINGY, string'i, adj. consisting of
strings or small threads : fibrous : capa-
ble of being drawn into strings. — n.
String'in-ess.
STRIP, strip, v.t. to pull off in strips or
stripes: to tear off: to deprive of a cover-
ing : to skin : to make bare : to expose:
to deprive : to make destitute : to plun-
der.— v.i. to undress : — pr.p. stripping ;
pa.t. and pa.j). stripped.- — n. same as
Stripe, a long narrow piece of anything.
[A.S. strypan. allied to Ger. streifen.]
STRIPE, strip, n. a blow, esp. one made
with a la.sh, rod, etc.: a wale or discol-
ored mark made by a lash or rod : a line,
or long naiTOw di^"ision of a different
color from the ground. — i:t. to make
stripes upon : to form with lines of dif-
ferent colors. [Allied to Low G«r. stripe,
Ger. streif ; belonging to the stem of
Strip.]
STRIPLING, stripling, ?i. a youth : one
yet growing. [Dim. of Strip, as being a
strip from the main stem.]
STRIVE, strTv, v.i. to make efforts : to en-
deavor earnestly : to labor hard : to
struggle : to contend : to aim : — pa.t.
strove ; pa.p. striv'en. — n. Striv'er.
[O. Fr. e-strive-r, from the root of Ger.
streben. Dut. streveii. Cf. Strife.]
STROKE, strok, n. a blow : a sudden at-
tack : calamity : the sound of a clock : a
dash in writing: the sweep of an oar in
rowing : the movement of the piston of
a steam-engine : the touch of a pen or
pencil : a masterly effort. [From A.S.
strac, pa.t. of strican, E. Strike ; cf. Grer.
sfreich. a stroke.]
STROKE, strok, v.t. to rub gently in one
direction : to rub gentlj' in kindness.
— n. Strok'er. [A.S. stracian, from the
root of Stroke, n.; cf. Ger. streichen,
stvdcfi^t^i 1
STROKESMAN, stroks'man, n. the after-
most rower, whose stroke leads the rest.
STROLL, strol, v.i. to ramble idly or leis-
urely : to wander on foot. — n. a leisurely
walk : a wandering on foot. — n. Stroll'-
ER. [Ety. unknown.]
STRONG, strong, adj. firm : having physi-
cal power : hale, healthy: able to endure:
solid : well fortified : having wealth or
resources : moving with rapidity : im-
petuous : earnest : having great vigor,
as the mind : forcible : energetic : affect-
ing the senses, as smell and taste, forci-
bly : having a quality in a great degree :
intoxicating . bright : intense : well es-
tablished.—adr. Strong'ly. [A.S. stra7ig,
strong: Ice. strang-r, Ger. streng, tight,
strong ; from root of Strinq.]
STRONGHOLD, strong'hold, n. a place
strong to hold out against attack : a fast-
ness or fortified place : a fortress.
STROP, strop, n. a strip of leather, or of
wood covered with leather, etc., for
sharpening razors. — v.t. to sharpen on a
strop: — pr.p. stropping; pa.t. and pa.p.
stropped. [Older form of Strap.]
STROPHE, strof'e, n. in the ancient drama,
the song sung by the chorus while danc-
ing towards one side of the orchestra, to,
which its reverse, the antistrophe, an-
swers.— adj. Stroph'ic. [Lit. " a turn-
ing,"' Gr. strophe — strepho, to turn,
twist.]
STROPHULUS, strof'u-lus, n. a papular
eruption upon the skin peculiar to in-
fants, and exhibiting a variety of forms
known popularly as red-gum, white-gum,
tooth-rash, etc. [L., dim. of strophus,
from Gr. strophos, a bandlet, from
strepho, to turn.]
STROSSERS, stros'erz, n.pl. a kind of cov-
ering for the leg, supposed by some com-
mentators to be the same as Trousers.
Shak.
STROUD, strowd, n. a kind of coarse blan.
ket or garment made of strouding, \i orn
bv North American Indians.
STROUDING, strowdlng, n. a coarse kind
of cloth employed in the trade with the
North American Indians : materia] for
strouds.
STROVE, strov,pa.f. of Strive.
STROW, stro. Same as Strew : — pa.p.
strowed or strown.
STRUCK, struk, pa.t. and jja.p. of Strike.
STRUCTURE, strukt'ur, n. manner of
building: construction : a building, esp.
one of large size : arrangement of parts
or of particles in a substance : manner
of organization. — adj. Struct'osal. [L.
striictura — struo. stritctum, to build. J
STRUGGLE, strug-1. v.i. to make great
efforts with contortions of the body : tc
make great exertions : to contend : to
labor in pain : to be in agony or distress.
— n. a violent effort with contortions of
the body: great labor: agonj-. [Ety. dub.]
STRUM, strum, v.t. to play on (as a musi-
cal instrument) in a coarse, noisy man-
ner ; — pi:p. strumming; pa.t. and pa./),
strummed. [From the sound.]
STRU5IPET, strum'pet, w. a prostitute,--
adj. like a strumpet : inconstant : false.
[Prob. from L. stuprata. pa.p. of stupro,
to debauch.]
STRUNG, strung, pa. f. and pa.p. of String.
STRUNT, strunt, v.i. to walk sturdily : to
walk with state : to stiiit. [Scotc'n.]
STRUNT, strunt, n. spirituous liquor of
any kind. Burns : a pet ; a sullen fit.
Ramsay. [Scotch.]
STRUSE, stroo'se, n. a long, burdensome
craft used for transport on the inland
waters of Russia.
STRUT, strut, v.i. to walk in a pompous
manner: to walk with affected dignity:—
pr.v. strutting; pa.t. andp«.p. strutt'ed.
— n. a proud step or walk: affectation of
dignity in walking. [Allied to Ger. strot-
zen, to be swollen or puffed up. Low Ger
strutt. sticking out.]
STRYCHNIA, strik'ni-a, STRYCHNINE,
strik'nin, 71. a vegetable alkaloid, the
sole active principle of Strycltnos Tieiite
the most active of the Java poisons, and
one of the active principles of S. Ignatii.
S. niuc-vomica, S. colubrina, etc. It is
usually obtained from the seeds of S. nux-
vomica. It is colorless, inodorous, crys-
talline, unalterable by exposure to the air,
and extremely bitter. It is very insoluble,
requiring 7000 parts of water for solution.
It dissolves in hot alcohol, although
sparingly, if the alcohol be pure and not
diluted. ' It forms crystallizable salti.
STRYCHNIC
419
STY
•which are intensely bitter. Strychnine
and its salts, especially the latter from
their solubility, are most energetic pois-
ons. They produce lock-jaw and other
tetanic affections, and are used in very
small doses as remedies in paralysis. [Gr.
strychnas. a name of several plants of
the nightshade order.]
STRYCHNIC, strik'nik, aclj. of, pertaining
, to,obtained from,or including strychnine;
as, strychnic acid.
STUB, stub, ?j. the stump left after a tree
is cut down. — v.t. to take the .stubs or
roots of from the ground : to strike the
toes against a stump, stone, or other fixed
object:— pr.p. stubb'ing: pa.t. and pa.p.
stubbed. [A.S. styb. cog. with Ice. stubbr;
akin to L. stipes, Gr. stypos, a stem, a
stake.]
STUBBED, stubd, adj. short and thick like
a stub or stump : blunt : obtuse. — n.
Stubb'edness.
STUBBLE, stub'l, h. the stubs or stumps
of corn and other grain, and of grasses,
left when the stalk is cut. [Dim. of
Stub.]
STUBBORN, stub'orn, adj. immovably fixed
in opinion: obstinate: persevering: steady:
stiff: inflexible: hardy: not easily melted
or worked .— adr. Stcbb'ornly. — » .Stcbb'-
ORNXESS. [Lit. " fixed like a stub."]
STUBBY, stub'i, adj. abounding with stubs:
short, thick, and strong.
STUCCO, stuk'o, n. a plaster of lime and
fine sand, etc., used for decorations, etc.:
work done in stucco. — v.t. to face or
overlay with stucco : to form in stucco.
[It. stucco ; from O. Ger. stru;chi,'a crust,
a shell.]
STUCK, stuk, pa.t. and pa.p. of Stick.
STUD, stud, )(. a collection of breeding
horses and mares : the place where tliey
are kept. [A.S. stod, .ftodliors, a stallion;
cog. with Ger. stiite, a mare ; prob. conn,
with Stand. See Stalliox, Steed.]
STUD, stud, n. a nail witli a large head :
an ornamental double-headed button. —
v.t. to adorn with studs or knobs : to set
thickly, as with stiiids : — pr.p. studd'ing ;
pa.t. and pa.p. stndd'ed. [A.S. studu, a
post, nail , " something fixed," from root
of Stand.]
STUD-BOOK, stud'-book, n. a book con-
taining a genealogy or register of horses
or cattle of particular breeds, especially
of the offspring of famous thoroughbred
.sires or dams.
STUDDERY,stud'er-i,?!. a place for keeping
a stud of hor.ses. " For whose breede and
maintenance . . . KingHenry the Eight
erected a noble studdery.'' — HoUnshea.
STUDDING, stud'ing, n. in carp, studs or
joists collectively, or material for studs
or joists.
STUDENT, stu'dent, n. one who studies, a
scholar : one devoted to learning : a man
devoted to books.
8TUDENTRY. stu'dent-ri. n. students col-
lectivelv : a.body of students. Kingsley.
STUDHORSE, stud'hors, n. a breeding-
horse : a stallion.
STUDIED, stud'id, adj. qualified by or
versed in study: learned: planned with
study or deliberation : premeditated.
STUDIO, stu'di-o, n. the study or workshop
of an artist -.—pi. Stu'DIOS. [It.]
•TUDIOUS, stu'di-us, adj. given to study:
thoughtful : diligent : careful (with of) :
studied: deliberately planned. — adv. Stu'-
DIOUSLY. — 1\. StU'DIOUSNESS.
STUDY, stud'i, i\t. to bestow pains upon:
to apply the mind to : to examine closely,
in order to learn thoroughly : to form and
arrange by thought : to con over. — v.i.
to apply the mind closely to a subject :
to try hard : to muse : to' apply the mind
to books:— pa. <. and pa.p. stud'ied. — n.
a setting of the mind upon a subject :
application to books, etc.: absorbed at-
tention : contrivance : any object of
attentive consideration: any particular
branch of learning : a place devoted to
study. [O. Fr. estudier. Fr. etudier — L.
studco. to be eager or zealous ; perh. akin
to Gi-. spoude. haste.]
STUFF, stuf, n. materials of which any-
thing is made : textile fabrics, cloth,
esp. when woollen : worthless matter :
(B.) household furniture, etc. — v.t. to fill
by crowding : to fill very full : to press
in : to crowd : to cause to bulge out by
filling : to fill with seasoning, as a fowl:
to fill the skin of a dead animal, so as to
repi-oduce its living form. — v.i. to feed
gluttonously. [O. Fr. estoffe, Fr. etoffe —
L. stnppa, the coarse part of flax, tow,
oakum.]
STULTIFICATION, . stul-ti-fi-ka'shun, n.
act of stultifying or making foolish.
STULTIFY, stul'ti-fi, v.t. to make a fool
of: to cause to appear foolish: to destroy
the force of one's argument bj- self-con-
tradiction : — j)a.t. and pa.p. stul'tified.
[L. stidtus. foolish, facio, to make.]
STUM, stum, n. unfermented grape-juice ;
must or new wine, often mixed with
dead or vapid wine to raise a new fer-
mentation;
Let our wines, without mixture or stum, be all fine,
Or call up the master, and break his tluU noddle.
— B. Jonson:
wine revived by being made by must to
ferment anew. Hudihras. [£)ut. stcmi,
unfermented wine, must, wine that has
not worked, from stom, Ger. stunun,
Dan. and Sw. stum, dumb, mute.]
STUM, stum, v.t. to renew by mixing with
must and fermenting anew. "We .'<tum
our wines to renew their spirits." — Sir
J. Flayer : to fume a cask with brim-
stone.
STUTVIBLB, stum'bl, v.i. to strike the feet
against somethirg : to trip in walking :
(fol. by upon) to liglit on by chance : to
slide into crime or error. — v.t. to cause
to trip or stop : to puzzle. — n. a trip in
walking or running- : a blunder : a fail-
ure. [Akin to vulgar E. stump, to walk
with heavy steps, and to O. Dut. stoni-
eleti, also to E. Stamp.]
STUMBLING-BLOCK, stum'bling - blok,
STUM'BLING-STONB, -ston, n. a block
or stone over which one would be likely
to stumble : a cause of error.
STUMP, stump, n. the part of a tree left in
the ground after the trunk is cut down :
the part of a body remaining after a part
is cut off or destroyed : one of the three
sticks forming a wicket in cricket.— r.?.
to reduce to a stump : to cut off a part
of: to knock down the wickets in cricket
when the batsman is out of liis ground.
[jVllied to Low Ger. stuuq), Dut. stomp).]
STUJIP-ORATOR, stump-or'a-tor, n. one
who harangues the multitude from a
temporary platform, as the stumj] of a
tree : a speaker who travels about the
country, and whose appeals are mainly
to the passions of his audience : a polit-
ical speaker who travels from place to
place durins: the campaign.
STUMPY, stump'i. ?;. money. "Forked
out the stumpy." — Dickens. "Down with
the stumpy." — Kingsley.
STUN, stun, v.t. to stupefj' or astonish
with a loud noise, or with a blow : to
surprise completelv : to amaze :— pr./>.
stunn'ing; pa.t. ancl pa.p. stunned. [A.S.
stunian, to strike against, to stun (cog.
with Ger. staunen), but prob. modified by
confusion with O. Fr. cstonner, Fr. c^ou-
ner. See ASTONISH.]
STUNG, stung, pn.t. and pa.p. of Sting.
STUNK, stungk, pa.p. of Stink.
STUNT, stunt, v.t. to hinder from growth.
[A.S. stunt, blunt, stupid ; Ice. stuttr,
short, stunted.]
STUPA. stoo'pa, n. the name given by
Buddhists to certain sacred monumental
structures. As distinguished from the
dagoba, the true stupa cominemorates
some event, or marks some spot, held
dear by the followers of Buddha ; whila
the dagoba contains relics of that deity.
The names, however, are sometimes con-
founded. [Sans, sti'ipa, an accumulation,
a mount, a stupa or tope.]
STUPA, stu'pa, STUPE, stup, n. flannel,
flax, or other such articles wrung out
of liot water, plain or medicated, applied
to a wound or sore. [L. stupa, tow.]
STUPE, stup, v.t. to apply a stupa oi' stupe:
to foment. Wiseman.
STUPEFACTION, stu-pi-fak'shun, n. the
act of making stupid or senseless : in-
sensibility : stupiditj-.
STUPEFACTIVE, stu-pi-fak'tiv, adj. caus-
ing stupefaction or insensibility.
STUPEFY, stu'pi-n, v.t. to make stupid or
senseless : to deaden the perception : to
deprive of sensibility -.^oa.t. and pa.p.
stu'pefled. [L. stupeo, to be struck sense-
less, facto, to make.]
STUPENDOUS, stu-pen'dus, adj., to be
icondered at for its magnitude : wonder-
ful, amazing, astonishing. — adv. Stupen'-
DOUSLY. — n". Stupen'dousness. [L. stu-
pendus.]
STUPID, stu'pid, axlj. struck senseless : in-
sensible : deficient or dull in understand-"
ing : formed or done without reason or
judgment : foolish : unskillful. — adv.
Stu'pidly. — ns. Stupid'ity, Stu'fidness.
[Fr. — L. stupid us.]
STUPOR, stu'por, n. the state of being
struck senseless : suspension of sense
either complete or partial : insensibility
intellectual or moral : excessive amaze-
ment or astonishment.
STUPRATE. stu'prat. v.t. to ravish : to
debauch. Heywood. [L. stupro. stupra-
tttm. to defile, from stuprum, defilement.]
STLTPRATION, stu-pra'shun, n. rape : vio-
lation of chastity by force. Sir T.
Bromie.
STUPRUM, stu'prum, n. forcible violation
of the person : rape : in civil law, every
union of the sexes forbidden by morality.
STURDY, stur'di. adj. (comp. Stur'diee,
superl. Stue'diest), stubborn or obsti-
nate : resolute : firm : forcible : strong :
robust : stout. — adv. Stur'dily. — n.
Stxtr'diness. [Lit. "stunned," O. Fr.
estourdi, pa.p. of estourdir (Fr. itourdir).
It. stordire, to stun ; prob. from L. tor-
pidus. stupefied.]
STURGEON, stur'jun, n. a large cartOag-
inous sea-fish yielding caviare and isin-
gl.ass, and used for food. [Fr. esturgeon,
from O. Ger. sturio, Ger. ■■itur.]
STUTTER, stut'er, v.i. to hesitate in speak-
ing : to stammer. — n. the act of stutter-
ing : a hesitation in speaking. [M.E.
stiitten — Ice. stauta : cog. with Ger. .stot-
tern, Low Ger. stiiten ; an imitative
word.]
STUTTERER, stut'er-er, )i. one who stut-
ters.
STUTTERING, stut'er-ing, adj hesitating
in speaking : stammering. — adv. Stutt'-
ERINGLY.
STY. str, n. a small inflamed tumor on the
eyelid. [Lit, anything risen. A.S. stigend,
from stigan, Goth. .<tteigan, Sans, stigh,
to step up.]
STY, sti, n. an inclosure for swine : any
place extremely filtliy. [A.S. stige (Ger.
steige), from same root as Sty above, and
lit. sig. the place where beasts go up, and
lie.]
STYGIAN
420
SUBMISS
STYGIAN, stij'i-an, adj. {myth.) relating to
Btyx, the river of Hades, over which de-
parted souls were ferried: hellish. [L. —
Gr. styged, to hate.]
STYLAR, stil'ar, adj. pertaining to the pin
of a dial. [See Style.!
STYLE, stil, n. anything long and pointed,
esp. a pointed tool for engraving or writ-
ing : (fig.) manner of writing, mode of
expressing thought in language : tlie dis-
tinctive manner peculiar to an author :
characteristic or peculiar mode of ex-
pression and execution (in the fine arts) :
title : mode of address : practice, esp. in
a law-court : manner : form : fashion :
the pin of a dial : {bot.) the middle por-
tion of the pistil, between the ovary and
the stigma : in chronology, a mode of
reckoning time with regard to the Julian
and Gregorian calendar. Stvle is Old or
Neic. The Old Style follows the Julian
manner of computing the months and
days, in which the year consists of 365
days and 6 hours. " This is something
more than 11 minutes too much, and in
the course of time, between Caesar and
Pope Gregory XIII., this accumulated
error amounted to 10 days. Gregory re-
formed the calendar by retrenching 10
days, and fixing the ordinary length of
the civil year at 365 days ; and to make
up for the odd hours it was ordained that
every fourth year (which we call leap-
year) should consist of 366 days. But the
true length of the solar year is onlj' 365
d»ys 5 hours 48 minutes 51 '6 .seconds ;
hence, four solar years would fall short
of four years of 365 days 6 hours each, or
of four Julian years, three of 365 days
and one of 366 daj's, by 44 minutes 33'6
seconds, and 400 solar j'ears would fall
short of 400 Julian years by 74 hours 16
minutes, or by a little more than three
days. This error it was ordained should
be rectified by omitting three daj-s in
three of the four years which com-
pleted centuries ; or, in other words,
that the centuries divisible without re-
mainder by 400, should alone of the
centuries be accounted leap-years. Thus
1600, 3000, 2400 would be leap-years, but
not 1700, 1800, 1900, 2100, 2200, 2300.
This mode of correcting the calendar has
been adopted at different times in almost
all civilized nations with the exception
of Russia and those countries where the
Greek Church is predominant, which still
adhere to the Old Stj-le. In England the
Gregorian or New Style was adopted by
act of parliament in 1752, and as one of
the years concluding a century in which
the additional or intercalary day was to
be omitted (the year 1700) had elapsed
since the correction by Pope Gregory, it
was necessarj' to omit 11 instead of 10
days in the current year. Accordingly
11 days in September, 1753, were re-
trenched, and the 3d day was reckoned
the 14th. The difference between the
Old and New Styles is now 12 days. All
dates in U. S. history previous to 1752,
maj', therefore, be g^iven in eitlier Old or
New Style. — f.<. to entitle in addressing
or speaking of : to name or designate.
[Fr.— L. stilus, for stiglns, from root
round in Gr. stizo, to puncture. See
Stigma.]
STYLISH, stll'ish, adj. displaying style :
fashionable: showy: pretending to style.
— adv. Sttl'ishly. — n. Styl'ishness.
STYLISTIC, sti-lis'tik, adj. of or relating
to style. " Still, the extreme uncertainty
of the evidence which identifies anj' ex-
isting manuscript as an actual produc-
tion of the translator Wycliffe, and the
great stylistic differences between the
works usually ascribed to him require
us to use great caution in speaking of the
characteristics of his diction." — G. P.
Marsh.
STYLITE, sti'lit, n. in eccles. hist, a pillar-
saint : one of those ascetics who, bj- way
of penance, passed the greater part of
their lives on the top of high columns
or pillars. This mode of self-torture was
practiced among the monks of the East
from the fifth to the twelfth centurj-.
Perhaps the most celebrated was St.
Simeon the Stylite, who lived in the fifth
century, and is the subject of one of
Tennyson's shorter poems. [Fr. stylltes,
from stylos, a pillar.]
STYPTIC, stip'tik, adj., contracting or
drawing- together : astringent : that
stops bleeding. — n. an astringent medi-
cine. [Fr. — L. stypticus — Gr. styptikos
— stypho, to contract.]
SUASION, swa'zhun, n. the act of per-
suading or advising: advice. [Fr. — L.
suasio — suadeo, to advise.]
SUASlVE, swa'siv, adj. tending to per-
suade : persuasive. — adv. Sua'sively. —
n. SuA'srvENESS.
SUAVE, swav, adj. pleasant : agreeable.
— adv. Suave'ly. — n. Suavity (swav'it-i).
[Fr. — L. suavis, sweet. See Sweet.]
SUBACID, sub-as'id, adj. somewhat acid
or sour. [L. sub. under, and Acid.]
SUBALTERN, sub'al-tern, adj. inferior:
subordinate. — n. a subordinate : an officer
in the armj' under the rank of captain.
[Lit. " under another," L. sv.b, under,
and alternus, one after the other — alter,
the other.]
SUBALTERNATE, sub-al-tern'at, adj. suc-
ceeding by turns : subordinate. — n. SuB-
alterna'tion.
SUBAQUEOUS, sub-a'kvve-us, adj. lying
under irater. [L.s^ib, under, and Aque-
ous.]
SUBDIVIDE, sub-di-vid', v.t. to divide into
smaller divisions : to divide again. — v.i.
to be subdivided : to separate. [L. siib,
under, and Divide.]
SUBDIVISION, sub-di-vizh'un, n. the act
of subdividing: the part made by sub-
dividing.
SUBDUAL, sub-du'al, n. the act of sub-
duing.
SUBDUE, sub-dQ', v.t. to conquer: to bring
under dominion : to render submissive :
to tame: to soften. — adj. Subdu'able. — n.
Sudbu'ee. [O. Fr. subduzer — L. sub,
under, and ducere, to lead.]
SUBEDITOR, sub-ed'i-tur, n. an under or
assistant editor. [L. sub, under, and
Editor.]
SUBFAMILY, sub'fam-i-li, n. a subordinate
family : a division of a family. [L. sub,
under, and Family.]
SUBGENUS, sub-je'nus, n. a subordinate
gen us ; a division of a genus. [L. sub,
under, and GENUS.]
SUBJACENT, sub-ja'sent, adj., lying under
or below: being in a lower situation. [L.
subjacens — sub, under, and jaceo, to lie.]
SUBJECT, sub'jekt, adj. under the power
of another: liable, exposed: subordinate:
sub.servient. — n. one under the power of
another : one under allegiance to a sov-
ereign : that on which any operation is
performed : that which is treated or
handled : (anat.) a dead body for dis-
section : (art) that which it is the object
of the artist to express : that of which
anything is said : topic : matter, ma-
terials. [Fr. sujet — L. subjectus — sub,
under, and jacio, to throw.]
SUBJECT, sub-jekt', v.t. to throw or bring
under : to bring under the power of : to
make subordinate or subservient : to sub-
due: to enslave: to expose or make liable
to : to cause to undergo.
SUBJECTION, sub-jek'shun, n. the act of
subjecting or subduing: the state of being
subject to another.
SUBJECTIVE, sub-jekt'iv, adj. relating
to the subject : derived from one's own
consciousness : denoting those states of
thought or feeling of which the mind is
the conscious subject, opposed to o6;ec-
tive.—adv. Subject'ively.— n. Subject'
IVENESS.
SUBJECTH'ITY, sub-jek-tiv'i-ti, n. state
of being subjective : that which is treated
subjectively.
SUBJOIN, sub-join', v.t. to join under: to
add at the end or afterwards : to affix or
annex. [L. sub, under, and JOIN.]
SUBJUGATE, sub'joo-gat, v.t. to bring
under the yoke : to bring under power or
dominion: to conquer. — ns. Subjugator,
Sitbjuga'tion. [Fr. subjuguei — L. sub,
under, and jugum, a voke.]
SUBJUNCTIVE, sub-jungk'tiv, adj. sub-
joined: added to something: denoting
that mood of a verb whicli exiu-esses con-
dition, hypothesis, or contingencj-. — n.
the subjunctive mood. [L. .mb, under,
and jungo, to join. See JOIN.]
SUBKINGDOM. sub-king'dum. 7i. a s^d>-
ordinate kingdom : a division of a king-
dom : a sub-division. [L. s»fi, under, and
Kingdom.]
SUBLEASE, sub-les', 7i. an under-lease or
lease by a tenant to another. [L. sub,
under, and Lease.]
SUBLET, sub-let', v.t. to let or lease, as a
tenant, to another. [L. sub, under, and
SUBLIEUTENANT, sub-lu-ten'ant, n. the
lowest commissioned officer in the En-
glish army and navy : iu the army, it
has taken the place of Ensign.
SUBLIMATE, sub'lim-at, v.t. to lift up on
high : to elevate : to refine and exalt : to
purifj' by raising by heat into vapor
which again becomes solid. — n. the pro-
duct of sublimation. [L. sublimo, sub-
limatum.]
SUBLIMATION, sub-lim-a'shun, n. the act
of sublimating or purifying l)y raising
into vapor by heat and condensing by
cold : elevation : exaltation.
SUBLIME, sub-llm', adj. high : lofty :
majestic : awakening feelings of awe or
veneration. — n. that which is sublime:
the lofty or grand in thought or style :
the emotion produced by sublime objects.
— v.t. to exalt : to dignifj', to ennoble : to
improve : to purify, to bring to a state
of vapor by heat and condense again by
cold. — v.i. to be sublimed or sublimated,
[L. sublimis, of which ety. dub. ; peril.
sub-limen, up to the lintel.]
SUBLIMELY, sub-lim'li, adv. in a sublime
manner : loftilj' : with elevated concep-
tions.
SUBLIMITY, sub-lim'i-ti, n. loftiness : ele-
vation : grandeur : loftiness of thought
or style : nobleness of nature or charac-
ter : excellence.
SUBLUNAR, sub-loon'ar, SUBLUNARY,
sub'loon-ar-i, adj., under the moon:
earthly : belonging to this world. [L.
sub. under, and LuNAR.]
SUBMARINE, sub-ma-reir, adj.. under or
in the sea. [L. sub. under, and Marinb.]
SUBMERGE, sub-merj', SUBMERSE, sub-
mers', v.t. to plunge under water : to
overflow with water : to drown. — v.i. to
plunge under water.— »is. Submerg'ENCE,
Submer'sion. [L. subniergo. -mersum —
.nib, under, mergo, to plunge.]
SUBMERSED, sub-merst', adj. being or
growing under irater : submerged.
SUBMISS, sub-mis', adj. (obs.) cast down,
prostrate. — adv. Submiss'ly {obs.), hum-
bly, now Submissively.
SUBMISSION
421
SUCCULENT
SUBMISSION, sub-mish'un, n. act of sub-
mitting or yielding : acknowledgment of
inferiority or of a fault : humble be-
havior : resignation.
SUBMISSIVE, sub-mis'iv. adj. willing or
ready to submit : j'ielding : humble : obe-
dient.— adv. SuBiass'iVELY. — n. SuBsnss'-
IVENESS.
SUBMIT, sub-mit', v.t. to refer to the
judgment of another : to surrender to
another. — v.i. to j'ield one's self to an-
other : to surrender : to yield one's opin-
ion : to be subject : — pr.p. submitt'ing ;
pa.t. and pa.p. submitt'ed. [L. submitto
— sub, under, mitfo. missitm. to send.]
SUBORDINATE, sub-or'di-nat, adj., lower
in order, rank, nature, power, etc.: de-
scending in a regular series. — adv. SUB-
or'dinately. [L. sub, under — ordo, or-
dinis. order.]
SUBORDINATE, sub-or'di-nat, n. one in a
lower order or rank : an inferior. — v.t. to
place in a lower order : to consider of
less value : to make subject.
SUBORDINATION, sub-or-di-na'shun, n.
act of subordinating or placing in a lower
order : state of being subordinate : in-
feriority of rank or position.
SUBORN, sub-orn', v.t. to procure private-
ly or indirectly: to cause to commit a
perjury. — n. SuBORN'ER. [L. suborno —
sub. under, orno, to adorn, to supply.]
SUBORNATION, sub-or-na'shun, n. act of
suborning or causing a person to take a
false oath : crime of procuring any one
to do a bad action.
SUBPCENA, sub-pe'na, n. a writ command-
ing the attendance of a per.son in court
tinder a. penalty. — v.t. to serve with a writ
of subpoena. [L. sub, under, and poena,
punishment.]
SUBSCRIBE, sub-skrib',i'.i. to writeunder-
neath : to give consent to something
written, or to attest by writing one's
name underneath : to sign one's name :
to promise to give by writing one's sig-
nature.— v.i. to promise a certain sum by
setting one's name to a paper : to enter
one's name for anything. — n. Subscrib'-
ER. [L. subscribo — s\ib, under, and scribo,
serij}tum, to write.]
SUBSCRIPTION, sub-skrip'shun, n. act of
subscribing : a name subscribed : a paper
with signatures : consent by signature :
sum subscribed.
SUBSECTION, sub-sek'shun, n. an under
section or division : a subdivision. [L.
sub, under. Section.]
SUBSEQUENT, sub'se-kwent, adj.,follou^
ing or coming after. — adv. Sub'sequent-
LY. [L. snbsequens, -entis, pr.p. of siibse-
qtior — sub, under, after, segiwr, to follow.]
SUBSERVE, sub-serv', v.t. to serve subor-
dinatelj' or instrumentally : to help for-
ward. [L. subservio^sub, under, servio,
to serve.]
SUBSERVIENCE, sub-serv'i-ens, SUB-
SERVIENCY, sub-serv'i-en-si, n. state
of being subservient : anything that pro-
motes some purpose.
SUBSERVIENT, sub-serv'i-ent, adj., sub-
serving : serving to promote : subject :
submissive. — adiK Subserv'iently.
SUBSIDE, sub-sid', r\i. to settle down : to
settle at the bottom : to fall into a state
■ of quiet : to sink. [L. subsido — sub,
down, and sido, to sit.]
SUBSIDENCE, sub-sid'ens, SUBSIDENCY,
sub-sid'en-si, n. act "or process of subsid-
ing, settling, or sinking.
SUBSIDIARY, sub-sid'i-ar-i, adj. furnish-
ing a subsidy, help, or additional sup-
plies : aiding. — n. one who or that which
aids or supplies : an assistant.
SUBSIDIZE. sub'si-dJz. v.t. to furnish with
a subsidy : to purchase the aid of.
SUBSIDY, sub'si-di, n. assistance : aid in
money : a sum of money paid by one
state to another for assistance in war :
public money given in aid of enterprises
of great and semi-public importance,
such as railroads, steamship lines, etc.
[L. subsidium, orig. troops stationed be-
hind in reserve, aid — sub, under, and
sido. to sit.]
SUBSIST, sub-sist', v.i. to have existence :
to have the means of li^^ng. [L. sub-
sisto, to stand still — sub, under, sisto, to
stand, be fixed.]
SUBSISTENCE, sub-sist'ens, n. state of
being subsistent : real being: means of
supporting life : livelihood.
SUBSISTENT, sub-sist'ent, adj. , subsisting:
having real being : inherent.
SUBSOIL, sub'soil, n. the tinder soil : the
bed or stratum of earth which lies imme-
diately beneath the surface soil. [L. sub,
under, and Soil.]
SUBSTANCE, sub'^stans, 7i. that in which
qualities or attributes exist : that which
constitutes anything what it is : the es-
sential part : body : matter : property.
[L. substantia — substo, to stand under —
sub. under, and sto, to stand.]
SUBSTANTIAL, sub-stan'shal, adj. belong-
ing to or having substance : actually ex-
isting : real : solid : material : having
property or estate. — adv. StiBSTAN'TlAi/-
LY.— H. SlTBSTANTlAL'lTY. [Fr. substautiel
— L. substantialis.l
SUBSTANTIALS, sub-stan'shalz, n.pl. es-
sential parts.
SUBSTANTIATE, sub-stan'shi-at, v.t. to
make .'substantial : to prove or confirm.
SUBSTANTIVE, sub'stan-tiv, adj. express-
ing e-xistence : real : of real, independent
importance. — adv. Sub'STANTIVELY.
SUBSTANTIVE, sub'stan-tiv,M. (gram.) the
part of speech denoting something that
exists ' a noun
SUBSTITUTE, sub'sti-tut, v.t. to put in
place of another. — n. one who or that
which is put in place of another. [L.
substituo, substitutuni — sub, under, and
statuo, to .set, place.]
SUBSTITUTION, sub-sti-tti'shun, n. act of
.substituting or putting in place of an-
other.— adj. SUBSTITU'TIONAL. [L. sub-
stifutio.]
SUBSTRATUM, sub-stra'tum, n. an imder
stratum or layer: the substance in which
qualities exist. [L. i-ub, under, and STRA-
TUM.]
SUBSTRUCTURE, sub-strukt'ur, n. an un-
der structure or building : foundation.
[L. sub, and Structure.]
SUBTEND, sub-tend', r.^ to extend under
or be opposite to. [L. sub, under, and
Tend.]
SUBTERFUGE, sub'ter-fuj, j). that to
which one resorts for escape or conceal-
ment : an artifice to escape censure or an
argument: evasion. [Fr. — L. subferfugio,
to escape secretly — subter, under, secret-
ly, and fugio, to tiee.]
SUBTERRANEAN, sub-ter-ran'e-an, SUB-
TERRANEOUS, sub-ter-ran'e-us, adj.,
under the earth or ground. [L. SM6,under,
and terra, the earth.]
SUBTIL. SUBTILLY. See under Subtle.
SUBTILE, sub'til, adj. delicately con-
structed : fine : thin or rare : piercing :
shrewd. — adi'. Sub'tilely. — n. Scb'tile-
NESS. [Lit. " woven fine," L. subtilis —
sub, under, fine, and tela, a web.]
SUBTILIZE, sub'til-Tz, v.t. to make subtile,
thin, or rare : to spin into niceties. — r.i.
to make nice distinctions : to refine in
argument. [Fr. snbtiliser.]
SUBTILTY, sub'til-ti. n. state or quality
of being subtile: fineness: extreme acute-
ness : cunning.
SUBTLE, sut'l (B., Sub'til), adj., subtile in
a fig. sense : insinuating : sly : artful :
cunningly de\'ised. — adv. Subt'ly (B.,
Sub'tilly).— n. Subt'leness. [Contr. of
Subtile.]
SUBTLETY, sut'l-ti, n. quality of being
subtle : artfulness : shrewdness: extreme
acuteness.
SUBTRACT, sub-trakt', v.t. to take au-ay
a part from the rest: to take one number
or quantity from another to find their
difference. [L. sub, under, and traho,
tractum, to draw awaj'.]
SUBTRACTION, sub-trak'slum, n. the act
or operation of subtracting : the taking
of a less number or quantity from a
greater. [L. subtraetio!]
SUBTRACTIVE, sub-trak'tiv, adj.. sub-
tracting : tending to subtract or le.ssen.
SUBTRAHEND, sub'tra-hend, n. the sum
or number to be subtracted from another.
[L. subtrahendus.]
SUBURB, sub'urb, SUBURBS, sub'ui'bz,
n. the district which is near, but beyond
the walls of a city : the confines, [h.
suburbitim — sub, under, near, and tirbs,
a city.]
SUBURBAN, sub-urb'an, adj. situated or
living in the suburbs. [L. suburbanus.]
SUBVENTION, sub-ven'shun, n. act of
coming to relief, support : a government
aid or subsidy. [L. sub, under, and vento,
ventum, to come.]
SUBVERSION, sub-ver'shun, n. act of sub-
I'erting or overthrowing from the foun^
dation : entire overthrow : ruin. [JL.
subversio.'\
SUBVERSIVE, sub-ver'siv, adj. tending to
subvert, overthrow, or destrov.
SUBVERT, sub-vert', v.t. to turn as from
beneath or upside down : to overthrow
from the foundation : to ruin utterlj- : to
corrupt. — n. Subvebt'er. [L. sub, under,
and verio. versum, to turn.]
SUCCEDANEUM, suk-se-da'ne-um. n. one
who or that which comes in the place of
another : a substitute. [L. siiccedaneiis
—succedo.]
SUCCEED, suk-sed', v.t. to come or folloio
up or in order : to follow : to take the
place of. — r.(. to follow in order : to take
the place of : to obtain one's wish or ac-
complish what is attempted : to end with
advantage. [L. succedo — sub, up, from
under, and cedo, to go.]
SUCCESS, suk-ses', n. act of succeeding or
state of having succeeded : the prosper-
ous termination of anything attempted.
[L. .tucce.'isiis — succedo.]
SUCCESSFUL, suk-ses'fool, adj. resulting
in success: having the desired effect or
termination: prosperous. — adv. SucCESS'-
FULLY.
SUCCESSION, suk-sesh'un, n. act of suc-
ceeding or following after : series of
persons or things following each other
in time or place : series of descendants :
race : (agri.) rotation, as of crops : right
to take possession. [L. successio.]
SUCCESSIONAL, suk-sesh'un-al, adj. ex-
isting in a regular succession or order.
SUCCESSIVE, suk-ses'iv, adj. following in
succession or in order. — adv. SuCCESS'-
IVELY.
SUCCESSOR,suk-ses'or,H. one who sticceeda
or comes after : one who takes the place
of another. [L.]
SUCCINCT, suk-singkt', a(}j. short : con
cise.— ofir. Succinct'ly. — n. Succinct'
NESS. [Lit. " girded up," L. si(CCi>ic?»s-
sub, up, and cingo, to gird.]
SUCCOR, suk'ur. v.t. to assist : to relieve.
— n. aid : relief. — n. Succ'orer. L. .■iuo-
curro. to run up to — stib, up. and curro,
to run.]
SUCCORY, suk'or-i, n. a form of Chicory.
SUCCLTLENT. suk'u-lent, adj. full ot juice
or moisture. — n. SuCC'ulence. — adv.
Succ'ulently. [L. succulentus — succus.
SUCCUMB
422
;UiN
Juice, the tlung sucked up — sugo, to
suck.]
SUCCUMB, suk-kumb', v.i. to lie down w?!-
der : to sink under : to yield. [L. sub,
under, cumbo, to lie down.]
SUCH, such, adj. of the like kind : ot that
quality or character mentioned : denot-
ing a particular person or tiling, as in
such and such: {B.) Such like = Such.
[Lit. "so like," A.S. swelc, su-ile, from
sit-a. so, and lie, like, cog. with Goth.
svaleiks. See So and Like.]
SUCK, suk, v.t. to draw iu with the mouth:
to draw milk from with the mouth : to
imbibe : to drain. — v.i. to draw with the
mouth : to draw the breast : to draw in.
— n. act of sucking: milk drawn from the
breast. — n. Suck'br. [A.S. sucan, sugan;
Ger. saugen : allied to L. sugo, snctum.
Sans, chush. to suck ; from tiie .sound.]
SUCKLE, suk'l. i:t. to give suck to : to
nurse at the breast. [Dim. of SrcK.]
SUCKLING, suk'ling-, 7i. a young child or
animal being suckled or nursed at the
breast.
SUCTION, suk'shun, n. act or power of
sucking : act of drawing, as fluids, by
exhausting the air.
SUDATORY, su'da-tor-i, adj., sweating.—
n. a sweating-bath. [L. sudatoriiis —
sudo, sudatum, akin to Sans, svid, to
sweat, and to Sweat.]
SUDDEN, sud'en, adj. unexpected : hasty :
abrupt. — adv. Sudd'exlt. — n. Sudd'en-
*NESS. [A.S. soden — Fr. soiidain — L. $ubi-
taneus, sudden — subitus, coming stealth-
ily— sub, up, and co, itum, akin to Sans, i,
to a'o.J
SUDORIFIC, su-dor-ifik, adj.. causing
sweat. — n. a medicine producing sweat.
[L. sudor, sweat, and facio, to make.]
SUDS, sudz. n.pl., seething or boiling water
mixed with soap. [From pa. p. ofseothan,
to seethe ; cog. with Ger. sod — sieden.
See Seethe.]
SUE, sii, v.t. to prosecute at la.v,-.—^:i. to
make legal claim : to make application :
to entreat : to demand. [M.E. suen — O.
Fr. snir (Fr. suivre)—L. sequor, secutns,
akin to Sans, sach, to follo%v.]
SUET, su'et, n. the hard/a< of an animal,
particularly that about the kidneys. —
adj. Su'ety. [O. Fr. sen (Fr. suij^ — L.
.5e&i(m, fat.]
SUFFER, suf'fT", v.t. to undergo: to endure:
to be affected by: to permit. — v.i. to feel
pain or punishment : to sustain loss : to
be injured. — n. Scef'erer. [L. suffero-~
sub. under, and/ero, to bear.]
SUFFERABLE, suf'er-a-bl, adj. that may
be suffered : allowable.
SUFFERANCE, suf'er-ans, n. state of suf-
fering : endurance : permission : tolera-
tion.
SUFFERING, sufer-ing, n. distress, loss,
or injury.
SUFFICE, suf-fis', v.i. to be enough : to be
equal to the end in view. — v.t. to satisfy.
[L. sujflcio, to take the place of, to meet
the need of — sub, under, and facio, to
make.]
SUFFICIENCY, suf-fish'en-si, n. state of
being sufficient : competence : ability :
capacity : conceit.
SUFFICIENT, suf-fish'ent, orf/., sufficing:
enough : equal to any end or purpose :
competent. — adv. SrFFl'ciEXTLY.
SUFFIX, suf'iks, n. a particle added to the
root of a word. — SuFFix', to add a letter
or syllable to a word to mark different
notions and relations. [L. sub, under,
after, and ftgo, to fix.]
SUFFOCATE, suf'o-kat, v.t. to choke by
stopping the breath: to stifle. [L. snffoco
— .<"('<. under, and fauces, the throat.]
SUFFOCATION, suf-fo-ka'shun. n. act of
sjiffocating : state of being suffocated.
SUFFRAGAN, suf'ra-gaii, adj. assisting;. —
n. an assistant bishop. [Lit. "voting
for.n
SUFFRAGE, suf'raj, n. a vote: united voice,
as of a nation, or a congregation in prayer:
the right to vote. [L. suffragiuni — suf-
fragor. to vote for.]
SUFFUSE, suf-fuz'. v.t. topour underneath:
to overspread or cover, as with a fluid.
[L. sub, underneath, and fundo, fusum,
to pour,]
SUFFUSION, suf-fu'zhun, oi. act or opera-
tion of suffusing: state of being suffused:
that which is suffused.
SUGAR, shoog'ar, n. a sweet substance
obtained chiefly from a kind of cane. —
v.t. to sprinkle, or mix with sugar : to
compUment. [Fr. sucre — Low L. zucara
— Arab, sokkar — Pers. schakar, Sans.
carkara, sugar, orig. gi-ains of sand,
applied to sugar because occurring in
grains.]
SUGAR-CANE, shoog'ar-kan, n. the cane
or plant from which sugar is chiefly ob-
tained,
SUGARY, shoog'ar-1, adj. sweetened ^vith,
tasting of or like sugar : fond of sweets.
SUGGEST, sug-jest', v.t. to introduce in-
directly to the thoughts : to hint. [L.
sub, under, from under, and gero, gestuni,
to carrv.]
SUGGESTION, sug-jest'yuu, n. act of sug-
gesting : hint : proposal.
SUGGESTIVE, sug-jest'iv, adj. containing
a suggestion or hint. — adv. Suggest'ive-
LY.
SUICIDAL, sa-i-.sl'dal, adj. pertaining to
or partaking of the crime of suicide. —
adv. Soci'dally.
SUICIDE, su'i-sid, n. one who falls or dies
by his own hand : self-murder. [Coined
front L. sui, of himself, andccedo, to kill.]
SUIT, sut, n. act of suing : an action at
law : a petition : a series : a set : a num-
ber of things of the same kind or made to
be used together, as clothes or armor :
courtship. — v.t. to fit: to become: to
please. — v.i. to agree : to correspond.
SUITABLE, sut'a-bl, adj. that suits: fit-
ting: agreeable to: adequate. — adf.SuiT'-
ABLY.— HS. SUITABIL'ITY, SCIT'ABLENESS.]
SL'ITE, swet, n. a train of followers or at-
tendants : a regular set, particularly of
rooms. [Fr., from Sue.]
SUITOR, sut'or, n. one who sues in love or
law: a jjetitioner : a wooer.
SULCATE, sul'kat, SULCATED, sul'kat-
ed, adj., furrowed : grooved, [h. sulcus,
a furrow.]
SULK, sulk, v.i. to be sullen. — SUT.KS, n.
a fit of suUenness.
SULKY, sulk'i, adj. silently sullen. — n.
SuLKiXESS. [A.S. solcen, slow : or perh.
for sidty — O. Fr. soltif, sullen, solitary.
Compare SuTLiLEX.]
SULLEN, sul'en. adj. gloomily angry and
silent : malignant : dark : dull. — adv.
Sull'en'LY.— ». Slxl'exxesS. [Lit. ".soli-
tary, dull," O. Fr. solain — L. solus, alone.
See" Sole, adj.]
SULLY, sul'i, v.t. to soil : to spot : to tar-
nish.— v.i. to be soiled •.—pa.t. and jju.jj.
suU'ied. — n. spot : tarnish. [Fr. souiller.
See Soil, v.]
SULPHATE, sul'fat, n. a salt formed by
sulphuric acid with a base.
SULPHITE, sul'fit, n. a salt formed by
sulphurous acid.
SL'LPHLTJ. sul'fur, v. a yellow mineral
substance, very brittle, fusible, and in-
flammable : brimstone. [L. : .said to be
conn, with Sans, culvari.]
SLXPHL"RATE, sulfur-at, v.t. to combine
with or subject to the action of sulphur.
SULPHUREOUS, sul-fu're-us, adj. consist-
ing of. containing, or ha\ing the quali-
ties of sulph ur.
SULPEXTKET, sul'fu-ret, n. a combination
of sulphur with an alkali, earth, or
metal.
SULPHURETTED, sul'tu-ret-ed, adj. hav-
ing- sulphur in combination.
SULPHURIC, sul-fii'rik, adj. pertaining to
or obtained from sidj)hnr : denoting a
certain well-known strong acid, formerly
called oil of vitriol.
SULPHUROUS, sul'fur-us, adj. pertaining
to, resembling', or containing sulphur :
denoting the pungent acid given out
when sulphur is burned in air.
SULTAN, sul'tan, n. tlie supreme head of
the Ottoman empire. — n. Sul'tanship.
[Ar. sultan, power, prince — salita, to be
strong ; allied to Heb. shalat. to rule.]
SULTANA, sul-ta'na or sul-ta'na, n. the
wife or queen of a sultan : a small kind
of raisin.
SULTRY, sul'tri, ac^f., sweltering: very
hot and oppressive : close. — n. SUL'TRI-
KESS. [Another form is sweltry, from
root of Swelter.]
SUM, sum, n. the amount of two or more
things taken together: the whole of any-
thing : a quantity of money : a problem
in arithmetic: chief points: substance or
result of reasoning : summarj- : height :
completion. — v.t. to collect into one
amount or whole: to count: to bring into
a few words: — 2)r.j). summ'ing; jx.t. and
pa.p. summed. [L. sumnia — summus,
supremus, highest, superl. of superus, on
high — sujjer, above.]
SUMMARIZE, sum'ar-Iz, i\t. to present in
a sunuuary or briefly.
SU3DIARY, sum'ar-i. adj., summed iq) or
condensed : short : brief : compendious:
done by a short luethod. — n. an ab-
stract, .ibridgment, or compendium.—
adv. Sujm'.\EiLY.
SUMJL\TION, sum-a'shun, n. act of sum-
ming or forming a total amount : an ag
gregate.
SUMMER, sum'er, ii. the second and warm=
est season of the year— June, July, August.
— v.i. (B.) to pass the summer. Hi-.S.
sumor, with cog. words in most Teut.
tongues. The root is perh. found in Ir.
sauih. sun.]
SUMMER-HOUSE, sum'er-hows, n. a, house
in a garden used in summer : a house for
summer residence.
SUMMERSET. Same as So.mersault.
SUMMIT, sum'it, 7i. the highest point or
degree : tlie top. [L. suinmitas — sum-
mus, .sn(premus.]
SUMMON, sum'un, v.t. to call with author-
ity: to command to appear, esp. iu court:
to rouse to exertion. — n . Simsi'oxER. [L.
summoneo — sub, secretly, and moneo, to
warn . ]
SUMMONS, sum'unz, «. a summoning or
an authoritative call : a call to appear,
esp. in court.
SUMPTER, sump'ter, n. a horse for carry-
ing-j)ac^>' or burdens. [With inserted/)
from Fr. sommier — L. sagmarius — L. and
Gr. .'nagma, a pack-saddle — Gr. satto, to
pack.]
SUMPTUARY, sumpt'u-ar-i, adj. pertain-
ing- to or regulating exjiense, as in Su'JIPT-
UARY laws, which sought to curtail the
expensive habits of the citizens. [L.'
sum2)tuarius — sumo, sunqitum, to take,
contr. of sub. up, emo. to buv.l
SUMPTUOUS, sumpt'u-us, at/j. costly,
magnificent. — adv. Sujipt'uously. — n.
SuirPTUOUSNESS.
SL'N, sun, n. the body which is the source
of light and heat to our planetary sys-
tem : a body which forms the centre of
a system of orbs : that which resembles
the" sun in brightness or value. — v.t. to
expose to the sun's rays -.—pr.p. sunn*-
ing ; pa.t. and pa.p. sunned. [A.S.
SUNBEAM
423
SUPERINDUCE
sunne ; Ice. sunna, Goth, suntio ; an old
word, of unknown ety.]
SUNBEAM, sun'beni, ii. a beam or ray of
the sun.
SUNBURNED, suu'burnd, SUNBURNT,
suu'burnt, adj., burned or discolored bj'
the sun.
SUNDAY, sun'da, n. the first day of the
week, so called because anc. dedicated to
the .snii or its worship.
SUNDER, sun'der, t'.f. to separate: to di-
vide : (J5.) In sunder, asunder. [A.S.
sundrian, to separate; sunder, separate;
Ice. snndr, asunder.]
SUNDRY, sun'dri. adj., separate: more
than one or two : several : divers. —
n.pl. Sun'dries.
SUNFISH, suu'fish, n. a Jish whose body
resembles the forepart of a larg^er fish
cut short off, supposed to be so called
from its nearlv circular form.
SUNFLOWER, sun'flow-er, n. a plant so
called fi'om its Jtower, which is a larg'e
disc with yellow rays.
SUNG, sung, pa.t. and JM-P- of SiNG.
SUNK, sungk. SUNKEN, suugk'u, pa.j).
of Sink.
SUNLESS, sun'les, adj. without the sun :
deprived of the sun or its rays : shaded :
dark.
SUNN, sun, SUNN-HEMP, sun'-hemp, n.
a material similar to hemp, imported
from the East Indies, and extensively
used in the manufacture of cordage, can-
vas, etc. It is obtained from the stem
of the Crofalaria jiincea, a shrubby le-
guminous plant, 8 to 13 feet high, with
a brandling stem, lance-sliaped silvery
leaves, and long racemes of briglit j-el-
low flowers. Called also Bombay Hemp,
Madras Hemp, Sun, Sun-hemp, 'Sun-
plant.
SUNNA, SUNNAH, soon'a, n. the name
given by Mohammedans to the tradition-
ary portion of tlieir law, which was not,
like the Koran, committed to writing l>y
Mohammed, but preserved from his lips
by his innnediate disciples, or founded
on the authority of his actions. The
orthodox Mohammedans who receive tlie
Sunnah call themselves Sunnites, in dis-
tinction to the various sects compre-
hended under the name of Shiites.
SUNNY, sun'i, adj. ])ertaiuing to, coming
from, or like the sun : exposed to,
warmed, or colored by the sun's rays. —
11. Sunn'iness.
SUNRISE, sun'riz, SUNRISING, sun'rlz-
ing, n. the risi>ig or first appearance of
tlie sun above the horizon : the time of
this rising: the east.
SUNSET, .sun'set, SUNSETTING, sun'set-
ing, n. the setting or going down of the
sun : the west.
SUNSHINE, sun'shin, n. the .s7n')u"»gr light
of the sun : the place on which he shines:
warratli.
SUNSHINE, sun'shin, SUNSHINY, sun'-
sliln-i, adj. bright with sunshine : pleas-
ant : bright like the sun.
SUNSTROKE, sun'strok, n. a sudden affec-
tion of the human body caused by the
sun or liis heat ; spooiticully, a very fatal
affection of the nervous system of fre-
quent occurrence in tropical climates,
especially among the white races, and
in temperate regions during very warm
summers. It lias been described as acute
poisoning of the nerve-centres witli .super-
heated blood, the resulting phenomena
being acute paralysis of the nerve-cen-
tres, principally the centres of respira-
tion and heart movements. It is gener-
ally caused by exposure of the head and
neck to the direct rays of the sun. but is
not infrequently brought on by intense
tropical heat, the contamination of the
air, as from overcrowding in barracks
and on shipboard, prolonged marches or
other overexertion, intempei-ate habits,
and the like. Called also ICTUS SOLIS,
Coup de Soleil, and Insolation.
SUNWARD, sunward, adc. toward the
sun.
SUP, sup, i\t. to take into the mouth, as a
liquid. — v.i. to eat the evening meal: (B.)
to sip: — -i^r.j). supp'iug ; j)a.t. and jia.j).
supped.— K. a small mouthful, as of a
liquid. [A.S. sujjan ; Ice. snpa, Ger.
saufen, to drink.]
SUPERABOUND, su-per-ab-owiuV, v.i. to
abound e.rceedingiy : to be more than
enough. [L. super, above, and Abound.]
SUPER.\BUNDANT, su - per - ab - und'ant,
adj., abundant to excess: more than
enough: copious. — adv. Superabund'-
antly. — n. Superabund'ance.
SUPERADD, su-per-ad', v.t. to add over
and above. — n. SUPERADDI'TION. [L. su-
per, above, and Add.]
SUPERADVENIENT. su-per-ad-ve'ni-ent,
adj. coming upon : coming to the in-
crease or assistance of something. "The
soul of man may have matter of triumph
when he has done bravely by a superad-
venient assistance of his God." — Dr. H.
More. [Prefix s»/jjer, and ADVE^^ENT.]
SUPERALTAR, su'per-awl-ter, n. a ledge
or shelf over or at the back of an altar
for supporting the altar-cross, vase and
flowers, etc. Called also Retable.
SUPERzi.NGELIC, su-per-an-jel'ik, adj.
more than angelic : superior in natvu'e or
rank to the angels : relating to or con-
nected with a woi'ld or state of existence
higher than that of the angels. Mil-
man.
SUPERANNUATE, su-per-an'u-at, v.t. to
impair or disqualify by old age and in-
firmity; as, a superannuated magistrate:
to allow to retire from service on a pen-
sion, on account of old age or infirmity ;
to give a retiring pension to : to pension ;
as, to .viperrinnuate a seaman.
SUPERANNUATE, su-per-an'u-at, r.('. to
last beyond the year : "The dying- in the
winter of the roots of plants that are an-
tiual seemeth to be partly caused bj- the
overexpense of the sap into stalk and
leaves, which being jjrevented, they will
superannuate." — Bacon : to become im-
paired or disabled by length of years ; to
live until weakened or useless; "Some
suj)erannunfei1 virgin tliat hatli lost her
lover."— Howell. [Prefix super, above,
beyond, and L. annus, a vear.]
SUPERANNUATION, su-per-an-u-a'shun,
n. the state of being too old for office or
business, or of being disqualified b}' old
age ; senility ; decrepitude ; " The mere
doting of superannuation." — Pou-nall ;
"Slyness blinking througli the watery
eye of suj)erannuafion." — Coleridge : the
state of being superannuated or removed
from office, employment, or the like, and
receivingan annual allowance on account
of old age, long service, or infirmity: the
pension or annual allowance granted on
account of long service, old age, and the
like.
SUPERB, su-perb', adj. ])roud: magnificent:
stotely : elegant. — adv. Superb'ly. [L.
superbus. haughtv, proud — .iujjcr, above.]
SUPERCARGO, su-per-kiir'go. >i. an officer
oi' person in a m(;rchant-shi|) |)laced oi'Cr
the cargo and superintending all the
conunercial transactions of the voyage.
[L. .•nijM'r, over, and C.\Rf>o.]
SUPERCILIARY, .su-per-siri-ar-i, adj.,
above the eyebron:. [From L. super,
above, and cilium. the evelid.]
SUPERCILIOUS. sQ-))er-sil'i-us, adj. lofty
with pride: disdainful: dictatorial: over-
bearing. — adv. Superciliously. — n.
SUPERCIL'IOUSNESS. [L. siq)erciliosus —
supercilium, an eyebrow — swjjer, above,
and cilium, eyelid, akin to Gr. kyla, the
parts under the eves.]
SUPERCILIUM. sii - per - .sil'i-um, n. (pi.
SUPERCILI.4^. su-per-sil'i-a), in anat. the
eyebrow ; the projecting arch, covered
with short hairs, above the eyelids : in
anc. arch, the upper member of a cornice.;
It is also applied to the small fillets on
each side of the scotia of the Ionic base.
[L., an evebrow.]
SUPERCOLUMNIATION, su-per-ko-lum-
ni-a'shun. n. in arch, the placing of one
order above another.
SUPERCONCEPTION, su - per - kon - sep'-
shun, n. a conception after a former con-
ception : superfetation.
SUPEREMINENT, su-per-em'i-nent, adj.,
eminent in a superior degree: excellent
beyond others. — adv. Supereminently.
— n. SUPEREMINENCE. [L. sujjcr. above,
and Eminent.]
SUPEREROGATION, sQ-per-er-6-ga'shun,
H. doing more than duty requires or is
necessary for salvation. — adj. Super-
eroo'atory". [Lit. " paying ovei- and
above." L. super, above, and erogo,-atum,
to pav out — ex, out of, and rogo. to ask.]
SUPESEXCELLENT, su - per - ek'sel - lent,
adj., excellent above others, or in an un-
common degree.— ». Superex'cellence.
[L. super, above, Excellent.]
SUPERFETATION, .SUPERFCETATION,
su-per-fe-ta'shun, n. a second conception
after a prior one, and before the birth of
the first, by which two fetuses are grow-
ing at once in the same womb : super-
conception. The possibility of super-
fetation in the human female has been
vigorously opposed by some eminent
physicians and as vigorously defended
by others. Some believe that up to the
third month of gestation a second con-
ception may follow the first, and that
this will satisfactorily account for all the
cases of superfetation on record.
SUPERFICIAL, su-per-fish'al, adj. pertain-
ing' to or being- on the surface : sliallow :
slight : containing- only what is apparent
and simple : not learned. — adv. SuPERFl'-
CIALLY. — ns. SUPERFI'CLVLNESS. SUPERFI-
cial'ity. [From Superficies.]
SUPERFICIES, su-per-fish'ez, n. the tipper
face or surface : the outer face or part of
a thing. [L.—siqjer, above, and fades,
face.]
SUPERFINE, su'per-fin, adj.. fine above
others : finer than ordinary. [L. super,
above, and Fine.]
SUPERFLUITY, su-per-flo6'i-ti, n. a super-
Jtuous quantity or more than enough :
state of being superfluous : superabund-
ance.
SUPERFLUOUS, su-per'floo-us, adj. more
than enough : unnecessary or useless. —
adv. Super'fluously. [£. superrluus —
sujMr. ;iliove. and Jluo, to flow.]
SLTERHUMAN, su-per-hu'man,arf;'..a6we
wliat is human: divine. [L. suj^er, above,
and Human.]
SUPERHUMERAL, su-per-hu'mer-al, n.
{t'ccles.) a term of no very definite appli-
cation, being sometimes applied to an
archbishop's pallium, and .sometimes to
an amice. [L. super, above, a,uAhumerus,
till- shoulder.]
SUPERIMPOSE. su-i)erim-p6z', v.t. to im-
]>ose or lay above. [L. sujier, above, and
Impose.]
SUPERINCUMBENT, su-per-in-kum'bent,
adj., lying above. [L. s(yj«r, above, and
I.vcumbent.]
SUPERINDUCE, su-per-in-dus', v.t. to
bring in over and above something else.
[L. sujter, above, and induco — in, in, and
dueo, to bring.]
SUPEKINTEND
SUPERINTEND, su-per-in-tend', v.t. to
have the oversight or charge of : to
control. [Lit. "to be intent over any-
thing," L. super, above, and intendo — in,
on, and tendo. to stretch.]
SUPERINTENDENCE, sii-per-in-tend'ens,
n. oversight : direction : management.
SUPERINTENDENT, su-per-in-tend'ent,
adj., siqjeriniending. — n. one who super-
intends : overseer.
SUPERIOR, su-pe'ri-or, adj., vpper: higher
in place, rank, or excellence : surpassing
others : beyond the influence of. — Ji. one
superior to others : the chief of a monas-
tery, etc., and of certain churches and
colleges. [L., comp. of supertis, high —
super, above.]
SUPERIORITY, su-pe-ri-or'i-ti, n. quality
or state of being su2xrior: pre-eminence:
advantage.
SUPERLATIVE, su-per'la-tiv, adj., carried
above others or to the highest degree :
superior to all others : most eminent :
(gram.) expressing the highest degree
of a quality. — )). (gram.) the superlative
or highest degree of adjectives and ad-
verbs.— adv. SuPER'LATivELY. [L. super-
lativiis — siiperlatns, pa.p. of superfero —
super, above, fero. to carry.]
SUPERMOLECULE, su-per-'mol'e-kul, n. a
compounded molecule or combination of
two molecules of different substances.
SUPERMUNDANE, sii-per-mun'dan, adj.
being above the world.
SUPERNACULAR, su-per-nak'u-ler, adj.
having the quality of supernaculum : of
first-rate quality : very good — said of
liquor. •' Some white hermitage at the
Haws (by the way, the butler only gave
me half a glass each time) was supernae-
idar." — Tfiackeray.
SUPERNACULUM, su-per-nak'u-lum, n. a
kind of mock Latin term intended to
mean upon the nail, used formerly by
topers. Narcs. " To Ariak supernaculum
was an ancient custom not only in En-
gland, but also in several other parts of
Europe, of emptying the cup or glass, and
then pouring the drop or two that re-
mained at the bottom upon the person's
nail that drank it, to show that he was
no flincher." — Brand : good liquor, such
as one will drink till not enough is left to
wet one"s nail.
For the cup's sake I'll bear the cupbearer. —
'Tis here, tne supernaculum ! twenty years
Of afre, if 'tis a A^y.— Byron.
[Low L. supernaculum — super, above,
over, and Ger. nagel, a nail. The term
was borrowed from the Continent.]
SUPERNAL, su-per'nal. adj. that is ahoi-e
or in a higher place or region: relating to
things above : celestial. [L. supernus —
super, above.]
SUPERNATANT, su - per - na'tant, adj.
swimming above: floating on the sur-
face: as, oil supernatant on water; su-
pernatant leaves. Boyle. [L. superna-
tans. supernatantis. pr.p. of sujiernato —
super, above, over, and nato, to swim.]
8UPERNATATION, sii-per-na-ta'shun, n.
the act of floating on the surface of a
fluid. Bacon : Sir T. Brou-ne.
SUPERNATURAL, sQ-per-nat'u-ral, adj.
being beyond or exceeding the powers or
laws" of nature ; not occurring through
the operation of merely physical laws,
but by an agency above and separate
from these. It is stronger than preter-
natural, and is often equivalent to mi-
raeidous. •' No man can give any rational
account how it is possible that such a
general flood should come by anj' nat-
ural means. And if it be supernatural.
that grants the thing I am proving,
namely, such a Supreme Being as can
alter the course of nature."' — Bp. Wilkins.
424
" Cures wrought by medicines are nat-
ural operations: but the miraculous ones
wrought by Christ and his apostles were
supernatural." — Boyle. — The Supernat-
ural, that which is above or beyond the
established course or laws of nature :
that which transcends nature : super-
natural agencies, influence, phenomena,
and so forth ; as, to laugh at a belief in
the supernatural.
SUPERNATURALISM. su - per - nat'ii - ral-
izni, 11. the state of being supernatural :
a term used chiefly in theology, in contra-
distinction to rationalism. In its widest
extent supernaturalism is the doctrine
that religion and the knowledge of God
require a revelation from God. It con-
siders the Christian religion as an ex-
traordinary phenomenon, out of the circle
of natural events, and as communicating
truths above the comprehension of hu-
man reason.
SUPERNUMERARY, su-per-num'er-ar-i,
adj., over and above the mtmher stated,
or which is usual or necessarj'. — n. a
person or thing beyond the usual, nec-
essary, or stated number. [L. super-
numerarius — super, over, and tmmerus,
a number.]
SUPERPOSE, su-per-p6z', v.t. to place over
or upon. [L. super, over, and Fr. poser
(see Pose, n.).]
SUPERPOSITION, su-per-po-zish'un, n.
act of supjerposing : state of being su-
perposed : that which is above any-
thing.
SUPERSCRIBE, su-per-skrlb', v.t. to u-rite
or engrave over, on the outside or top :
to write the name on the outside or cover
of. [L. super, over, above, and scribo,
serij^funi, to write.]
SUPERSCRIPTION, su-per-skrip'shun, n.
act of superscribing : that which is writ-
ten or engraved above or on the outside.
SUPERSEDE, siVper-sed', v.t. to sit or be
above or superior to : to make useless by
superior power : to come in the room of :
to displace. [L. super, above, and sedeo,
se^sunt to sit.l
SUPERSEDEAS, su-per-se'de-as. n. in late,
a writ having in general the effect of a
command to stay, on good cause shown,
some ordinary proceedings which ought
otherwise to have proceeded. [L.. 2d
pers. sing. pres. subj. of supersedeo. See
SUPERSEDERE, su - per - se - de're, n. in
Scots lau; (a) a private agreement
amongst creditors, under a trust-deed
and accession, that they will supersede
or sist diligence for a certain period ; [b)
a judicial act by which the court, where
it sees cause, grants a debtor protection
against diligence, without consent of the
creditors.
SUPERSEDURE. su-per-se'dur, n. the act
of superseding : supersession : as, the
super.'tedure of trial by jury.
SUPERSEMINATE, su-per-sem'i-nat, v.t.
to scatter seed over or above : to dis-
seminate. ■' That cannot be done with
jo}', when it shall be indifferent to any
man to suj}crseminate what he pleases."
— Jer. Taylor.
SUPERSENSIBLE, sii-per-sen'si-bl, adj.
beyond the reach of the senses : above
the natural powers of perception : super-
sensual.— The supersensible, that which
is above the senses : that which is super-
sensual. " The felt presence of the super-
sensibh." — Brit. Quart. Rev.
SUPERSENSITH^NESS, su-per-sen'si-tiv-
nes. n. morbid sensibility: excessive sen-
sitiveness.
SUPERSENSUAL. su-per-sen'su-al, adj.
above or bevond the reach of the senses.
SUPERSENSUOUS, su-per-sen'su-us, adj.
SUPINE
supersensible : supersensual : extremely
sensuous : more than sensuous.
SUPERSERVICEABLE. su-per-ser'vis-a-
bl, udj. over serviceable or oflicious :
doing more than is required or desired.
••A . . . superserviceabh, finical rogue."
—Shak.
SUPERSTITION, su-per-stish'un, «. ?xces- i
sive reverence or fear : excessive exact'
ness in religious opinions or practice,
false worship or religion : an ignorant j
and irrational belief in supernatural '
agency : belief in what is absurd, with-
out evidence. [L. superstitio, excessive
religious belief— swper, over, above, and
sto, to stand ; it orig. meant a ••.■stand-
ing still over or by a thing," in fear,
wonder, dread.]
SUPERSTITIOUS, su-per-stish'us, adj. per-
taining to or proceeding from supersti-
tion : showing or given to superstition :
over-exact. — adv. Supersti'tiously.
SUPERSTRUCTURE, su-per-strukt ur. n.
a structure obore or on something else :
anything erected on a foundation. [L.
stiper, above, and STRUCTrRE.]
SUPERSUBSTANTIAL, su-per-sub-stan'-
shal. adj. more than substantial : beyond
the domain of matter : being more than
substance. " Heavenly supersubstantial
bread." — Jer. Taylor.
SUPERSUBTLE, su-per-sut'l, adj. over-
subtle : cunning : crafty in an e.xcessive
degree. "An erring barbarian and a sti-
persubtle Venetian." — Shak.
SUPERTEMPOR AL, su-per-tem'po-ral . adj.
and }). transcending time, or independent
of time : what is independent of time.
" Plotinus and Numenius, explaining
Plato's sense, declare him to have a*
serted three supertemporals or eternals,
good, mind or intellect, and the soul o)
the universe." — Ctidu-orth.
SUPERTERRENE, su-per-te-ren', adj. be-
ing above ground or above the earth :
superterrestrial.
SUPERTERRESTRIAL,su-per-te-res'tri-al,
adj. beinn' above the earth, or above
what belongs to the earth.
SUPERTONIC, su-per-ton'ik, n. in music,
the note next above the key-note : the
second note of the diatonic scale : thus
D is the supertonic of the scale of C : A
the supertonic of the scale of G ; and so
on.
SUPERTUBERATION, su - per - tu - ber-a'-
shun, n. the production of young tubers,
as potatoes, from the old ones while stiU
growing.
SUPERVENE, su-per-ven', v.i. to cotmMJL
above or upon : to occur, or take place^aP
[L. super, above, and venio, ventum, to
come.]
SUPERVENTION, su-per-ven'shun, >i. act
of superi^ening or taking place.
SUPERVISAL, su-per-Viz'al, SUPER-
VISION, su-per-vizh'un. n. act of super-
i^ising : inspection : control.
SUPERVISE, su-per-viz'. v.t. to oversee : to
superintend. [L. super, over, and video,
i^isiim. to see.]
SUPERVISOR, su-per-viz'or. n. one who
supervises : an overseer : an inspector :
a member of a coimty Board in some of
the States which has general executive
control of township and county local
affairs.
SUPINE, su-pin', adj.. lying on the back:
leaning backward : negligent : indolent.
— »(. sil'pln (Latin grain.) name given to
the verbal form in urn and u (so called
perh. because though furnished with c;»se-
endings. it rests or falls back on the verb).
— arfr. Supine'lt.— Ji. Supine'ness. [L.
supinus — sub. under, below ; cf. Gr. hyp-
tios, from hypo.]
SUPPER
425
SURFACE-GAUGE
SUPPER, sup'er, n. a meal taken at the
close of the day. [Lit. " taking of soiip,"
Fr. sonpe) — soupe ; from Ger. suppe.
See Soup and Sup.]
SUPPERLESS, sup'er-les, adj. without
sapper.
SUPPLANT, sup-plant', v.t. to displace by
stratagem : to take the place of : to un-
dermine.—h. Supplant'er. [h.supplanto,
to trip up one's heels — sub, under, planta,
the sole of the foot.]
SUPPLE, sup'l, (kJJ. pliant : lithe : yielding
to the humor of others : fawning. — r.f. to
make supple : to make soft or compliant.
— v.i. to become supple. — n. Supp'leness.
[Fr. souple — L. mtpplex, bending the
knees— s((f», under, and plico, to fold.
See Pliant.]
SUPPLEMENT, sup'le-ment, n. thatwlii h
supplies or fills up: any addition by which
defects are supplied. — v.t. to suppU- or
fill up : to add to. [L. supplementtim —
suppleo. to fill up.]
SUPPLEMENTAL, sup-ple-ment'al, SUP-
PLEMENTARY, sup-ple-ment'ar-i, adj.
added to supply what is wanting : ad-
ditional.
SUPPLIANT, sup'li-ant, adj., supplicating:
asking earnestly: entreating. — n. a hum-
ble petitioner. — adv. Supp'liantly. [Fr.
suppliant, pr.p. of supplier — L. supplico.]
SUPPLICANT, sup'li-kant, adj., supplicat-
ing : asking submissively. — n. one who
supplicates or entreats earnestly. [L.
supplicans, pr.p. of stipplico.]
SUPPLICATE, sup'li-kat, v.t. to entreat
earnestly : to address in prayer. [L.
supplico, -atum — supplex, kneeling down
— sub. under, and plico. to fold.]
SUPPLICATION, sup-li-ka'shun, n. act of
supplicating: earnest prayer or entreaty.
[L. supplicatio.]
SUPPLICATORY, sup'li-ka-tor-i, adj. con-
taining supplication or entreaty : hum-
ble.
bUPPLY, sup-pli'. i\t. to fill up, esp. a de-
ficiency : to add what is wanted : to fur-
nish : to fill a vacant place : to serve
instead of : — pa.t. and pa.p. supplied'.
[Fr. — L. suppleo — sub, up, and pleo, to
fillj
SUPPLY, sup-plT', n. act of supplying :
that which is supplied or which supplies
a wan'. . amount of food or money pro-
vided (used generally in pi.).
SUPPORT, sup-port', v.t. to hear up: to
endure or sustain : to keep up as a part
or character : to make good : to defend :
to represent : to supplj' with means of
living : to uphold by countenance, pat-
ronize : to follow on same side as a
speaker. — n. act of supporting or upliold-
ing : that which supports, sustains, or
maintains : maintenance. [L. .s?tb, up,
and porto, to bear.]
SUPPORTABLE, sup-port'a-bl.ad;'. capable
of being supported : endurable : capable
of being maintai ned . — adv. Support' ably.
SUPPORTER, sup-port'er, n. one who sup-
ports or maintains ; as, one wlio gives
aid or helps to carry on ; a defender : an
ailvocate ; a vindicator ; as, the support-
ers ot the war, the supporters of religion,
morality, justice, etc.: "Worthy sup-
porters of such a reigning impietj-." —
South : an adherent; one who takes part;
as, the supporter of a party or faction :
one who accompanies another on some
public occasion as an aid or attendant ;
one who seconds or strengthens by aid
or countenance: a sustainer: a comforter;
" The saints have a companion and .tup-
porter in all their miseries." — Honth :
that which supports or upholds : that
vrpon which anything is placed ; a sup-
port, a prop, a pillar, etc.; "A building
Bet upon supporters.'' — Mortimer: in ship-
building, a knee placed under the cat-
head : in surg. a broad, elastic, or cush-
ioned band or truss for the support of
any part or organ, as the abdomen.
SUPPOSABLE, sup-p6z'a-bl, adj. that may
be supposed.
SUPPOSE, sup-poz', v.t. to lay down, as-
sume, or state as true : to imagine. — n.
Suppos'er. [Lit. "to place under," Fr.
supposer — L. sub. under, and Fr. poser, to
place (see PoSE, ?!.).]
SUPPOSITION, sup-po-zish'un, ??. act of
supposing : that which is supposed : as-
sumption. [Fr. — L.]
SUPPOSITITIOUS, sup-poz-i-tish'us, adj.
put by trick in the place of a7wther : spu-
rious : imaginary. [L. supposititius —
suppono, to put in the place of another
— sub, under, and pono, to place.]
SUPPOSITIVE, sup - poz'i - tiv, adj. sup-
posed: including or implying supposition.
" A supposifive intimation and an express
prediction." — Bj). Pearson.
SUPPOSITIVE, sup-poz'i-tiv, n. a word de-
noting or impljing supposition, as if,
granted, provided, and suchlike. "The
supposifives denote connection, but as-
sert not actual existence." — Harris.
SUPPOSITIVELY, sup-poz'i-tiv-li, adv.
with, by, or upon suppo.sition. " The un-
reformed sinner may have some hope sup-
positively if he do change and repent; the
honest penitent may hope positively." —
, Hammond.
SUPPOSITORY, sup-poz'i-tor-i, n. in med.
a bod}' introduced into the rectum, there
to remain and dissolve gradually in order
to procure stools when clysters cannot be
administered : a plug to hold back haim-
orrlioidal protrusions.
SUPPOSURE, sup-poz'ur, n. supposition :
hypothesis. Hudibras.
SUPPRESS, sup-pres', v.t. to press or put
doirni : to crush : to keep in : to retain or
conceal : to stop. — n. SUPPRESS'OR. [L.
suppressum, pa.p. of supprimo — sub,
down, under, and pr em o (see PRESS).]
SUPPRESSION, sup-presh'un, 7i. act of
suppressing : stoppage : concealment.
SUPPRESSIVE, sup-pres'iv, adj. tending
to suppress : subduing.
SUPPURATE, sup'u-ra't, v.i. to gather pus
or matter. [L. sub, under, and^JMs, pur-
is (see Pus).]
SUPPURATION, sup-u-ra'shun, u. act or
process of suppurating or producing pus:
matter.
SUPPURATIVE, sup'u-rat-iv, adj. tending
to suppurate: promoting suppuration.^
11. a medicine that promotes suppura-
tion.
SUPRALAPSARIAN, su-pra-lap-sa'ri-an.
u. in theol. one who maintains that God,
antecedent to the fall of man or any
knowledge of it, decreed the apostasy
and all its consequences, determining to
save some and condemn others, and that
in all he does he considers his own glory
only. [L. supra, above, over, and lap-
sus, a fall.]
SUPRALAPSARIAN, su-pra-lap-sa'ri-an,
adj. of or pertaining to the Supralapsai'i-
ans or to their doctrines.
SUPRALAPSARIANISM, su-pra-lap-sa'ri-
an-izm, n. the doctrine or system of the
Supralap.sarians.
SUPRALAPSARY. su-pra-lap'sa-ri, n. and
adj. supralapsarian.
SUPRALUNAR, su-pra-lu'ner, adj. (lit.)
beyond the moon : hence, very lofty : of
very great height. [L. supra, ahove,
and luna. the moon.]
SUPRAMUNDANE. su-pra-mun'dan, adj.
lieing or situated above the world or
above our system- celestial. "In the
form of God. clothed with all the majesty
and glory of the supramundane life." —
Hallyn-ell. [L. supra, above, and mundus,
the world.]
SUPRA-ORBITAL, su-pra-or'bit-al, adj m
anat. being above the orbit of the eye. —
Supra-orbital abtery. an artery' sent
off by the ophthalmic, along the superior
wall of t lie orbit.
SUPRA - ORBITARY, su-pra-or'bit-a^ri,
SUPRA-ORBITAR, su-pra-or'bit-er, adj
same as Supra-orbital.
SUPRAPROTEST, su-pra-pro'test, n. in
law, an acceptance of a bill bj' a tliird
person, after protest for non-acceptance
by the drawer.
SUPRARENAL, su-pra-re'nal, adj. in anat.
situated above the kidneys.— SUPRARENAL
CAPSULES, two minute, yellowish, tri-
angular, glandular bodies which exist,
one at the front portion of the upper end
of each kidney. Their exact functions
are as yet uncertain. [L. siq^ra. above,
over, and ren, renes, the kidneys.]
SUPREMACY, su-prem'a-si, n. state of
being supreme : highest authority or
power. [Coined from Supreme, on the
model of Primacy.]
SUPREME, su-prera', adj., highest : great-
est : most excellent. — adv. Supreme'ly.
[L. sujjreinus, superl. of superus, high —
super, above.]
SURCEASE, sur-ses', v.i. to cease. — v.t. to
cause to cease. — n, cessation. [Fi'. snrsis,
pa.p. of sur-seoir, to leave off — L. super-
sedere, io sit over, to refrain from. Cf.
Assize, Assess. Doublet Supersede.]
SURCHARGE, sur-charj', v.t. to over-
charge or overload. — n. an excessive
load. [Fr. sur — L. super, over, and
Charge.]
SURD, surd, adj. (dig.) involving surds :
produced by the action of the speech
organs on the breath (not the voice), as
the "hard" sounds A', t. p, f, etc. — n.
(alg.) a quantity inexpressible by rational
numbers, or which has no root. [Lit.
"deaf," L. surdus ; allied to Sans, svar,
heavy.]
SURE, shoor, adj. .secure : fit to be depended
on : certain : strong : confident beyond
doubt.— <-(dt'S. SlIRE,~'SuRE'LY. [Fi'. siir —
L. securus. Doublet Secure.]
SURETISHIP, shoor'ti-ship, w. state of be-
ing surety : obligation of one person to
answer for another.
SURETY, shoor'ti. ?i. state of being s!/re;
certainty : he who or that which makes
sure : security against loss : one who
becomes bound for another. [Doublet
Security.]
SURF. surf. n. the foam made by the
dashing of waves. — adj. SURP'Y. [Ety.
very dub. ; perh. from SURGE ; under in-
fluence of L. sorbeo, to suck in.]
SURFACE, sur'fas, n. the exterior part of
anything. [Fr. (lit.) the " upper face,"
from .s»r — L. super, and face — L. fades.
See Face. Doublet Superficies.]
SURFACE-CHUCK, sur'fas-chuk. u. a
face-plate cliuck in a lathe to which an
obiect is fixed for turning.
SURFACE-CONDENSER, sur'fas-kon-den-
.ser, n. in steam-engines, an apparatus by
which steam from the cylinder is con-
densed. It usually consists of a large
number of brass tubes united at their
ends by means of a pair of flat steam-
tight vessels, or of two sets of radiating
times. This set of tubes is inclosed in a
casing, through which a suflScient quan-
tity of cold water is driven. The steam
from the exhaust pipe is condensed as it
passes through these tubes, and is
pumped away by the air-pump.
SURFACE-GAUGE, sur'fas-gaj, n. an in-
strument for testing the accuracy of
plane surfaces.
SUKFACE-GRUB
426
SUSPICIOUS
SUEFACE-GEUB, sur'fas-grub, n. the
caterpillai- of the great yellow under-
wing' luotli (Triphcena pronuba). When
full growu it is nearly li inch long, pale
green with a brownish tinge, black dots,
three pale lines down the back. It is
fi'equently destructive to the roots of
grass, cabbages, and turnips.
SURFACE-JOINT, sur'fas-joint, n. a joint
uniting the ends or edges of metallic
sheets or plates. They are generally
formed by laps or flanges, soldered or
riveted. E. H. Knight.
SURFACEMAN, sur'fas-man, n. m rail, a
person whose duty it is to keep the per-
manent wav in order.
, SURFACE - PRINTING, sur'fas-print-ing,
n. printing from an inked surface, in con-
tradistinction to jjtoie-jjrinfwg', in which
the lines are filled witli ink, the surface
cleaned, and the ink absorbed from the
lines by pressure on the plate. Books,
newspapers, woodcuts, and lithographs
are examples of surface-printing. E. H.
Kn igh t.
SURF ACER, sur'fas-er, Ji. a machine for
planing and giving a surface to wood :
one who digs for gold in the surface soil.
SURFACE-ROLLER, sur'fas-rol-er, ji. the
enarraved cylinder used in calico-printing.
E.'H. Knight.
SURFACE-WATER, sur'fas-waw-ter, n.
water which collects on the surface of
the ground, and usually runs off into
drains, sewers, and the like.
SURFACE - WORKING, sur'fas-wurk-ing,
n. the operation of digging for gold or
other minerals on the top soil.
SURF- BOAT, surf'-bot, n. a peculiarly
strong and buoyant boat capable of pass-
ing ^vith safetv through surf.
SURF-DUCK, surt'-duk, n. a species of
scoter (Oidemia perspiciUata) about the
size of a mallard, frequent on the coasts
of Labrador, Hudson's Baj-, and other
parts of North America. It dives so
swiftly that it is extremely difficult to
shoot except when on the wing.
SURFEIT, sur'fit, r.t. to fill to satiety and
disgust. — n. excess in eating and drink-
ing : sickness or satiety caused by over-
fullness. [Fr. s!/r/a!Y, overdone — L. su-
per, and factum.']
SURFEITING, sur'flt-ing, n. eating over-
much : gluttony.
SURGE, surj, n. the rising or swelling of a
large wave. — v.i. to rise high : to swell.
[Through O. Fr. forms fi-om L. surgo, to
rise. See SOUECE.]
SURGEON, sur'jun, n. one who treats in-
juries or diseases by operating upon them
with the hand. [From serurgien. an O.
Fr. form of Fr. chirurgien (whence E.
Chiruegeon), which see.]
SLTtGEONCY, sur'jun-si, n. the office or
emplojTiient of a surgeon in the army or
tia.\-y.
SURGERY, sur'jer-i, n. act and art of
treating diseases by manual operations :
a place for surgical operations.
SURGICAL, sur'jik-al. adj. pertaining to
surgeons, or to surgery : done by surgeiy.
rt(h-.— SUR'GICAULY.
6URGY, surj'i, adj. full of surges or
waves : billowy.
SURLOIN, the preferable form of SiRLOIN.
SURLY, sur'U, adj. morose : uncivil : tem-
pestuous. — adv. Sur'lily. — n. Suk'li-
NESS. [From A.S. sur, sour, and lie.
lice, like ; Wedgwood thinks it a modi-
fication of sir-ly. for sirlike, arrogant.]
SURMISE, sur-ml/, n. suspicion : conject-
ure.— v.t. to imagine : to suspect. [O.
Fr. surmise, accusation — surmettre, to
accuse — ^L, sujier, upon, mitto, to .send,
to put.]
SURMOLTNT. sur-mownt', v.t. to mount
above : to surpass. — adj. SCKMOfTfr'ABLE,
that may be surmounted. [Fr. — sur (L.
super), and mouter (.see MOUNT).]
SURMULLET, sur'mul-et, n. the common
name for fishes of the family Mullida;,
formerly included in the jjerch familj-,
but distinguished by having two dorsal
fins placed at a very wide interval, tlie
first being spinous. Two long barbels
hang from the under jaw, or, when not
in use. are folded up against it. The
typical genus is Mulhis. The red or plain
surmullet (3/. barbatusov ruber) inhabits
the Mediterranean, and attains a length
of about 13 inches. Its flesh is esteemed
very delicious, and was extravagantl3'
prized by the Romans. It is remarkable
for the brilliancy of its colors. The
striped or common surmulljt (J/, sur-
muletus) is somewhat lai'ger, but equal
to the red surmullet in delicacy. It is
prettj- common on the southern and
south-western shores of England. [Fr.
surmulet, the red mullet, for sormulet,
from O. Fr. sor. Mod. Fr. saur, reddish-
brown, sorrel, and midet, a mullet. See
Sore, a hawk, a deer.]
SURMULOT, sur'mu-lot, n. a name given
by Buffon to the brown rat {Mus decuma-
nus). [Fi-., from saur. O. Fr. sor, reddish-
brown, sorrel, and mulot, a. field-mouse.]
SURNAME, sur'uam,n. an additional name:
a name or appellation added to the bap-
tismal or Christian name, and which be-
comes a family name. Surnames with
us originallj- designated occupation,
estate, place of residence, or some par-
ticular thing or event that related to the
person. Thus William Riifus, or I'ed ;
Edmund Ironsides ; Robert Smith, or the
smith; 'William Turner. Surnames seem
to have been formed at first by adding the
name of the father to that of the son,
and in this manner sevei'al of our sur-
names were produced. Thus from Tliomas
William's son we have Thomas William-
son ; from John's son we liave Johnson,
etc. '■ There still, however, wanted
something to ascertain gentility of blood,
where it was not marked by the actual
tenure of land. This was .supplied by
two innovations, de\ised in the eleventh
and twelfth centuries, the adoption of
surnames and of armorial bearings." —
Hallam. [Prefix sur, over and above,
and Name.]
SURNAME, sur'nam, v.t. to name or call
by an appellation added to the original
name: to give a surname to. "Another
shall subscribe with his hand to the Lord,
and surname himself by the name of
Israel." — Is. xliv. 5. "And Simon he sur-
named Peter." — Mark. iii. 16.
SURNOMINAL, sur-nom'in-al, adj. relat-
ing to surnames. [Prefix sur, over,
above, and L. nomen, nominis, a name.]
SURPASS, sur-pas', v.t. to jta.ss beyond : to
exceed : to excel. [Fr. surpasser. from
sur — L. sujier, bevond, and passer (see
Pass).]
SURPASSABLE. sur-pas'a-bl, adj. that
may be surpassed or excelled.
SLTRPLICE, sur'plis, ji. a white outer gar-
ment worn by the clergy. [Fr. surplis —
Low L. superpellioium^ d.n over-garment.
See Peusse.]
SURPLUS, sur'plus, n. the overphus: excess
above what is required. [Fr., from sur
— L. suj)er. over, and p/«.s, tiiore.]
SURPLL'^SAGE, sur'plus-aj, n., overplus.
SURPRISE, sur-priz', n. act of taking un-
awares: the en)otion caused by anything
.sudden : amazement. — v.t. to come upon
suddenly or unawares: to strike with won-
der or astonishment : to confuse. [Fr. —
surpris, pa.p. of sur-prendre — ^L. super,
and preheyido, to take, catch. See Get.]
SLTIPRISING, sur-prlz'ing, adj., exciting
surprise : wonderful : unexpected. — adv.
SCRPRIS'INGLY.
SURRENDER, sur-ren'der, v.t. to render
or deliver over : to resign. — v.i. to yield
up one's self to another.- — n. act of yield-
ing, or giving u]> to another. [(3. Fr.
surrendre. from sur, over — L. super, and
rendre (see Render).]
SLTIREPTITIOUS, siu--rei>tish'us, adj.
done by stealth or fraud. — adv. Sl"REEP
TI'TIOUSLY. [Lit. •'.■seized in an under-
hand manner,'' L.. from surripio. s^tr-
repfum — sub. under, and rapio. to seize.]
SURROGATE, sur'ro-gat, n. a substitute :
the deputy of an ecclesiastical judge : a
probate judge who presides over the set-
tlement of estates, wills, etc. [Lit. "one
asked to act in the place of another,"
L. surrogo, surrogatu.n — sub, in the place
of. and rogo, to ask.]
SURROUND, sur-rowud', v.t. to go round
about: to encompass. [Fr. sur — L. s«-
2}er. about, and ROUND.]
SURTOUT, sur -too', n. a close-bodied
frock-coat. [Fr. — Low L. super-totus, a
garment worn over all others.]
SURVEILLANCE, sur-vel'yans, ?i. a being
r/gitoHf or watchful : inspection. [Fr. —
surveiller — sur, over — L. sitper, and veil-
ler. to watch — L. vigilare. See Vigil.]
SURVEY, sur-va', v.t. to see or look over:
to inspect : to superintend: to examine :
to measure and estimate, as land. [O.
Fr. surveoir — L. super, over, and i-idere,
to see.]
SURVEY, sur'va, ?!., oversight : \-iew : ex-
amination : the measuring of land, or of
a country.
SURVEYOR, sur-va'or, it. an overseer : a
measurer of land : a public oflicer who
keeps records of and does surveying io
counties, states, etc. — n. Survey'ORSHIP.
SURVIVAL, sur-viv'al, Ji. a surviving ot
living after.
SURVn'E, sur-viV, v.t. to live beyond : to
outlive. — v.i. to remain alive. [Fr. — L.
super, beyond, and vivere, to live.]
SURVIVOR, sul•-^•lv'or, n. one who sur\'jve3
or lives after another. — n. SrEvlv'ORSHIP.
SUSCEPTIBILITY, sus-sep- ti -bil'i-ti, n.
quahty of being susceptible : capability :
sensibility.
SUSCEPTLBLE, .sus-sep'ti-bl, adj. capable
of recei%"ing anything : uupressible : dis-
posed to admit. — adv. Suscep'tibly. [Fr.
— L. susci^no, susce2)tiim, to take up, to
undergo — sub, from beneath, up, and
cajtio. to take.]
SUSCEPTH'E, sus-sep'tiv, adj. capable of
receiving or admitting: readily admitting.
SUSPECT, sus-pekt'. v.t. to mistrust : to
imagine to be guilty : to doubt : to con-
jecture. [L. suspic'io. suspectum, to look
at secretly — sub, from beneath, up, and
specio. to look at.]
SUSPEND, sus-penil', v.t. to /laugrone thing
beneath another : to make to depend on :
to make to stop for a time : to delay : to
debar. — ((. Suspend'er. [L. suspehdo —
.s(/b. beneath. X)endo. pensum. to hang.]
SL'SPENSE. sus-pens', n. stati'of being sus-
pended: act of withholding- the judgment:
uncertainty: indecision: -stop betwixt two
opposites.
SUSPENSION, sus-pen'shuu, n. act of suS'
pending: interruption: delay: temporary
privation of office or privilege : a condi-
tional withholding.
SUSPENSORY, sus-pens'or-i. adj. that sus-
pends: doubtful. — n. that which suspends:
a bandage.
SUSPICION, sus-pish'un, n. act of suspect-
ing: the imagining of something without
evidence oron slender evidence: mistrust.
SUSPICIOUS, sus-pish'us. adj. full of sus-
jncion : showing suspicion : incUned to
SUSTAIN
427
SWEETEN
suspect : liable to suspicion : doubtful. —
adv. Suspi'ciousLY. — n. Suspi'ciousness.
SUSTAIN, sus-tan', v.t. to hold up: to bear:
to maintain : to i-elieve : to prove : to
sanction: to prolong. — n. Sustais'er. [L.
sustineo — sub, from beneath, up, and
teiieo, to hold.]
SUSTAINABLE, sus-tan'a-bl, adj. that may
be sustained.
SUSTENANCE, sui'ten-ans, n. that -n-hich
sustains : maintenance : provisions.
SUSTENTATION, sus-ten-ta'shun, n. that
which sustains : support : maintenance.
SUTLER, sut'ler, n. a person who foUows
an army and sells liquor or provisions :
a camp hawker. [O. Dut. soeteler, a
small trader — soetelen, to do mean work ;
Ger. sudler, a dabbler — sudeln, to do dirty
work.]
SUTLING, sutling-, adj. pertaining- to sut-
lers: engaged in the occupation of a sutler.
SUTTEE, sut-te', n. formerly in India, the
sacrifice of a widow on the funeral pile
of her husband : the widow so sacrificed.
[Sans, cuddhi. voluntary sacrifice.]
SUTURAL, sut'ur-al, adj. relating to a
suture.
SUTURE, sut'ur, n. {med.) the sewing to-
gether of a wound : the seam uniting the
bones of the skull : (bot.) the seam at
the union of two margins in a plant. [L.
sutura — suo, to sew.]
SUTURED, sut'urd, adj. having or united
by sutures.
SUZERAIN, soo'ze-ran, n. a feudal lord :
supreme or paramount ruler. [Lit. " one
who is above,'' Fr. sus — Late L. susitm,
for sursunu^sub-i-ersiim, above ; the ter-
mination in imitation of Fr. souverain,
E. Sovereign.]
SUZERAINTY, s5o'ze-r5n-ti, n. the do-
minion of a suzerain: paramount author-
ity.
SWAB, swob, n. a mop for cleaning or dry-
ing floors or decks. — v.t. to clean or dry
with a swab : — pr.p. swabb'ing ; pa.t.
and pa.p. swabbed. [Prob. orig. from
the splashing movement of water, and
so conn, with S\rEEP.]
SWABBER, swob'er, n. one who uses a
swab : an oflicer who sees that the ship
is kept clean.
SWADDLE, swod'l, v.t. to swathe or bind
tight with clothes, as an infant. [A.S.
swethel, a swaddling-band ; an extension
of Swathe, to bindj
SWADDLING - BAND, swod'ling - band,
SWADDLING-CLOTH, swod'Uug-kloth,
• n. a band or clotli formerly used for
stvaddling an infant i-^pl. (B.) Swad-
DUNGt-CLOTHES.]
SWAGGER, swager, v.i. to .^way or swing
the body in bluster : to brag noisily : to
bull}-. — n. boastfulness : insolence of
manner. — n. Swagg'erer. [From the
root of Sway, Svitng.]
SWAIN, swan, 7i. a young man: a peasant:
a country lover. [A.S. swan, a servant ;
Ice. sveinn, young man, servant, Dan.
svend, servant ; perh. conn, with root of
Son.]
SWALLOW, swol'o, 7i. a migratory bird
with long wings, which seizes its insect
food on the wing. [A.S. swalewe ; cog.
with Ger. schwalbe.'^
SWALLOW, swol'S, v.t. to receive through
the gullet into the stomach : to inopulf :
to absorb: to occupy: to exhaust. [A.S.
strelgan, to swallow ; cog. with Ger.
schicelgen ; conn, with Swill.]
SWAM, svraxa, pa.t. of Swim.
SWAMP, swomp, n. wet, spongy la.nA : low
ground filled with water.^— r.f. to sink m,
or as in a swamp: to overset, or cause to
fill with water, as a boat. [Closely conn,
with Low Ger. and Scand. svanip, which,
with A.S. swamm and Ger, schwamm.
r
signify "sponge," and '•mushroom;"
all from the root of Swim.]
SWAMPY, swomp'i, adj. consisting of
swamp : wet and spongj".
SWAN, swon, n. a web-footed bird like the
duck and goose. [A.S.; cog. with Ger.
schwan, Dut. zwaan ; from L. sono, to
sound. Sans. svan.'[
SWARD, svvawrd, n. the grassy surface of
land: green turf. — v.t. to cover with
sward. [Orig. the " skin of bacon," A.S.
mceard ; cog. with Ger. schwarte, thick,
hard hide. Ice. svordr, the skin (esp. of
the head), the sward or surface of the
f 3.rth 1
SWARDED, swawTd'ed, SWARDY,
swawrd'i, adj. covered with sward.
SWARE, swar, {B.) pa.t. of Sweak.
SWARM, swawrm, n. a body of humming
or buzzing insects: a cluster of insects,
esp. of bees : a great number : throng. —
v.i. to gather as bees : to appear in a
crowd : to throng : to abound : to
breed multitudes. [A.S. swearm; Ger.
Schwann ; from the same root as Ger.
schivirren. Sans, svr, to sound.]
SWARTHY, swawrth'i, adj. of a blackish
complpxion: dark-skinned: tawny. — adv.
Swabth'ily. — n. Swaeth'iness. [A.S.
sweart ; cog. with Ice. svart-r, Ger.
schwarz, black ; conn, also with L. sor-
didus. dirt J'.]
SWATH, swawth, n. a line of gi-ass or
corn cut by the scythe : the sweep of a
scythe. [A.S. swoeihe ; Dut. zicade, also
a scythe, which may have been the
original meaning.]
SWATHE, swath, v.t. to bind with a band
or bandage. — n. a bandage. [A.S. be-
su-ethian. Cf. Swaddle.]
SWAY, swa, v.t. to swing or wield with the
hand : to incline to one side : to influ-
ence by power or moral force: to govern.
— v.i. to incline to one side : to govern ;
to have weight or influence. — n.the sweep
of a weapon : that which moves with
power: preponderance: power in govern-
ing : influence or authority inclining to
one side. [Prob. Scand., as Ice. sveigja,
Dan. svaie, to swaj', sveie, to bend ; akin
to Swing and Wag.]
SWEAR, swar, v.i. to affirm, calling God
to witness : to give evidence on oath : to
utter the name of God or of sacred things
profanely. — v.t. to utter, calling God to
witness : to administer an oath to : to
declare on oath : — jja.t. swore ; pa.p.
sworn. — n. St\tlar'ee. [^-S. swerian ;
cog. with Dut. zweren, Ger. schworen.
Cf. Answer.]
SWEAT, swet, n. the moisture from the
skin : labor : drudgery. — v.i. to give out
sweat or moisture: to toil. — v.t. to give
out, as sweat : to cause to sweat. [A.S.
swat ; cog. with Low Grer. sweet, Ger.
sehweisz ; further conn, with L. sudor,
Gr. hidros. Sans, svedas.]
SWEATING-ROOM, swet'ing-room, n. a
room for sweating persons : in dairy
business, a room for sweating cheese and
carrying off the superfluous juices.
SWEATING-SICKNESS, swet'ing-sik-nss,
n. sudor anglicanus, ephemera sudatoria,
or ephemera maligna : an extremely
fatal, febrile epidemic disease which
made its appearance in England in Au-
gust, l-18o, and at different periods up
till 1551, and which spread very extens-
ively on the Continent. It was char-
acterized by profuse sweating, and was
frequently fatal in a few hours. — Mal-
WAH SWEATING-SICKNESS, a disease oc-
curring in India, which appears to be
allied to tlie worst form of cholera, and
to bear a close relation to malignant
congestive fever. Dunglison.
SWEATING - SYSTEM , swet'ing-sis-tem,
>i. a term applied, particularly in the
tailoring trade, to the practice of em-
ployiug men. women, and children to
make up clothes in theu- own houses at
very low wages.
SWEATY, swet'i, adj. wet with sweat : con-
sisting of sweat : laborious. — n. Sweat'-
INESS.
SWEDE, swed, n. a native of Sweden.
SWEDENBORGIAN, swe-den-bor'ji-an, ».
one who holds the doctrines of the New
Jerusalem Church as taught by Emanuel
Swedenborg, a Swedish nobleman, born
at Stockholm in 1689. He professed
himself to be the founder of the New
Jerusalem Church, alluding to the New
Jerusalem spoken of in the book of the
Revelation, and conceived that the
members of this church were gifted with
peculiar insight into spiritual things.
The Swedenborgians believe that the
regenerate man is in direct communica-
tion with angels and with heaven. They
maintain that the sacred Scriptures con-
tain three distinct senses, called celestial,
spiritual^ and natural, which are united
by correspondences, and are accommo-
dated respectively to particular classes,
both of men and angels. They hold that
there have been various general judg-
ments ending particular dispensations of
divine revelation. The last was in 1757,
when Swedenborg received the office of
teaching the doctrines of the new church
promised in the Apocalypse. As this
church is to be eternal there will be no
other general judgment, but each indi-
vidual is judged soon after death. There
are numerous societies of them both io
Great Britain and America.
SWEDENBORGL\NISM, swe - den - bor'ji-
an-izm, n. the doctrines and practice of
the Swedenborgians.
SWEDISH, swed'ish, adj. pertaining to
Sweden.
SWEEP, swep, v.t. to wipe or rub over
with a brush or broom : to carry along
or off by a long brushing stroke or foi'ce:
to destroy or carr.v off at a stroke : to
strike with a long stroke : to carry with
pomp : to drag over : to pass rapidly
over. — v.i. to pass swiftly and forcibly :
to pass with pomp : to move with a long
reach : — pa.t. and pa.p. swept. — n. act
of sweeping : extent of a stroke, or of
anything turning or in motion : direction
of a curve : a chimney-sweeper. — n.
Sweeper. [A.S. swap'an ; cog. with
Low Ger. swepen, Ger. schweifen. Cf. E.
Swab, Swoop, and Swift.]
SWEEPINGS, swep'ingz, n.pl. things col-
lected bv sweeping : rubbish.
SWEEPSTAKES, swep'stakz, n. all the
money or other things staked or won at
a horserace, or in gaming. [So called
because the winner sweeps up all the
stakes or deposits.]
SWEET, swet, adj. pleasing to the taste
or senses : tasting like sugar : fragrant :
melodious : beautiful : fresh, as opp. to
salt or to sour: not stale, sour, or putrid:
mild : obliging. — n. a sweet substance :
a term of endearment : — pi. sweetmeats,
— adv. Sweetly.—)). Sweet'ness. [A
S. swet, cog. with Ger. sUsz, Gr. hedys
L. suavis. sweet. Sans, svad, to taste.]
SWEETBREAD, swet'bred, n. the pan
creas of an animal used for food, .so
called from its sweetness and resem-
blance to bread.
SWEET-BRIER, swet'-brl'er, n. a thorny
shrub of tlie rose kind resembling the
brier, having a .s-ireet smell.
SWEETEN, swet'n, v.t. to make sweet:
to make pleasing, mild, or kind : to in-
crease the agreeable qualities of : to
make pure and healthy. — n. Sweet'enkr.
SWEETENING
428
SWING
SWEETENING, swet'n-ing. n. act of
sweetening : that which sweetens.
SWEET-FERN, swet'-fern, n. a small
Nortli American shrub, having sweet-
scented or aromatic leaves resembling
fern-leaves [Comptonia asplenifolia).
Goodrich.
SWEETHEABT, swet'hart, n. a lover or
mistress. [Simply from Sweet and
Heakt ; an expression found in Chau-
cer.]
SWEETISH, swet'ish, adj. somewhat
sweet to the taste.—?!. Sweet'ishness.
SWEETMEAT, swet'met, n. confections
made wholly or chiefly of sugar. [SwEET
and Meat.]
SWEET-PEA, swet'-pe. n. a, pea cultivated
for its siceet fragrance and beauty.
SWEET-POTATO, swet'-po-ta'to, Ji. a plant
common in tropical countries, having
tubers like the potato, which are sweet
and highly esteemed as food.
SWEET-RUSH, swet'-rush, n. a plant of
the genus Acorus (-.4. C'alamas), found
growing in ponds, by the banks of rivers,
and other wet places in England, and in
the cooler parts of the Continent, of
India, and of Nortli America. From the
lower part of the thick jointed rhizome
or root-stock numerous roots are thrown
down, while from the upper surface arise
a number of sword-shaped leaves, from
8 to 3 feet in length, sheathing at the
base, also a long leaf-like stalk from
which issues a spike of densely-packed
greenish flowers. All parts of the plant,
but especially the perennial rhizome
(known as calamus-root), have a strong
aromatic and slightlj acrid taste ; and
hence the rhizome is used in medicine as
a stimulant and tonic in some kinds of
indigestion, and it is said to be useful in
ague. It is also used by confectioners as
a candj' ; by perfumers in the prepara-
tion of aromatic vinegar and other per-
fumed articles, as hair-powders ; and by
manufacturers of beer and gin as a flav-
oring ingredient.
SWEET-WILLIAM, swet-wil'yam, n. a
species of pink of many colors and
varieties.
SWELL, swel, v.i. to grow larger : to ex-
pand: to rise into waves: to heave: to be
inflated: to bulge out: to grow louder: to
be bombastic, to strut: to become elated,
arrogant, or angry : to grow upon the
view: to grow louder, as a note. — v.t. to
increase the size of: to aggravate: to in-
crease the sound of: to raise to arrogance:
— pa.p. swelled or swollen (svvoln). — n.
act of swelling; increase in size or sound:
a gradual rise of ground : a wave : the
waves or tides of the sea, esp. after a
storm: a strutting foppish fellow, a dandy.
[A.S. sicellan ; cog. with Ger. schicellen,
Ice. si^ella.]
SWELLING, swel'ing, adj. (B.) inflated,
proud, haughty. — n. protuberance : a
tumor : a rising, as of passion : (B.) in-
flation by pride.
SWELTER, swelt'er, v.i. to be faint, or op-
pressed with heat. [A.S. stveltan, to die ;
Ice. stelta, to hunger.]
SWEPT, swept, pa.*, and pa.p. of Sweep.
SWERVE, swerv, i\i. to turn, depart from
any line, duty, or custom : to incline.
[A.S. hweorfan ; Dut. swerven ; conn,
with Warp.]
SWIFT, swift, n. the current of a stream.
" He can live in the strongest sirifts of
the water." — Iz. Walton. (Rare): a reel
or turning instrument for winding yarn :
the common name of birds of the genus
Cypselus, family Cs'pselidae. They have
an outward resemblance to the swallows,
but differ much from them in various
structural points. The common swift
(C. apiis) has the greatest powers of
flight of any bird that visits Britain.
Its color is in general a sombre or sooty
black, with a grayish-white patch imder
the chin. The beak is black, shorter
than that of the swallow, and without
the lateral bristles. The wings are even
longer than those of the swallow, and
are sickle-shaped. The tarsi are short,
and feathered to the toes, which are all
directed forwards. The swifts pass most
of their time in the air, where they pur-
sue their insect prey. Their flight is
swift and shooting, and their scream
very different from the twittering of the
swallow. They build their nests in holes
in the walls of houses, in rocks, and
sometimes in hollow trees. The swift
reaches its summer quarters later, anl
leaves earlier than the swallows. An-
other species, the white-bellied or Alpine
swift (C. alpimis), is known in Gt. I?rit-
ain, but it is only a rare stragglei-. The
weight of the swift is most dispropor-
tionately small to its extent of wing,
the former being scarcely an ounce, the
latter 18 inches, the length of the body
being near 8 inches. The swift is widely
spread through Europe, Asia, and Africa.
The American swift {Chcet^ira pelasgia)
is smaller, has the hind - toe directed
backwards, and the tail-feathers stiff as
in woodpeckers. It is commonly called
the chimney su-aUow : the common newt
or eft, a species of lizard.
SWIFT, swift, adj. moving with great
speed, celerity, velocity, or rapidity;
fleet; rapid; quick; speedy; "The
race is not to the smft, nor the battle
to the strong." — Eccles. ix. 11.;
True hope is sicift, and flies with swallow's wings ;
King's it makes gods, and meaner creatures kin^s.
— &•7la*.•..•
ready ; prompt ; quick ; " Ha^'ing so
sn-ift and excellent a wit." — Shak.;
"Let every man be svift to hear, slow-
to speak, slow to wratli." — Jam. i. 19 :
coming suddenly, without delay; "There
shall be false teachers among you, who
privily shall bring in damnable heresies,
even denying the Lord that bought
them, and bring upon themselves simft
destruction." — 3 Pet. ii. 2 : of short
continuance; rapidly passing; "Make
sivift the pangs of my queen's travails."
— Shak. [A.S. sivift, from the stem of
sic'ifan, to move quickly, to turn round,
to revolve ; Ice. srifa, to be carried, to
glide, svif, sudden movement ; Dut.
ziceven, Ger. schweben, Dan. srai-e, to
wave, to float, to liover ; same root as E.
Sweep and Swoop.]
SWIFT, swift, adv. in a swift or rapid
manner: swiftly. "Light boats sail
siiift." — Shak.
SWIFTER, swift'er, n. (naut.) a rope used
to confine the bars of the capstan in
their sockets while men are turning it :
also, a rope used to encircle a boat longi-
tudinally to strengthen and defend her
sides in collision. Swifters also are two
shrouds fixed on the starboard and lar-
board sides of the lower masts, above all
the other shrouds, to give tlie masts ad-
ditional security. [Ice. sviptingr.]
SWIFTLY, swift'li, adv. with swiftness:
rapidly.
SWIFTf^SS, swift'nes, n. quality of being
swift : quickness : fleetness : rapidity :
speed.
SWILL, swil, t\t. or r\i. to drink greedily
or largely. — n. a large draught of liquor :
the liquid mixture given to swine. — n.
SwiLL'ER. [A.S. Sicilian, conn, with
Swallow.]
SWIM, swim, v.i. to float, as opp. to sink :
to move on or in water : to be borne
along by a current : to glide along with
a waving motion : to be dizzy : to be
drenched : to overflow : to abound. — r.t,
to pass by swimming : to make to «wim
or float : — pr.p. swimm'ing : pu.t. swam;
pa.p. swam or swum. — n. act of swim-
ming : any motion like swimming : air
bladder of a fish. [A.S. swimman, cog
with Ger. schu-immen.l
SWIMMER, swim'er, n. one who swims : a
web-footed aquatic bird.
SWIMMING, swim'ing, n. the act or art of
sustaining and propelling the body in
water. A great proportion of the ani-
mal tribes are furnished with a greater
or less capacity for swimming either in
water or on its surface, but man is un-
qualified for swimming without learning
to do so as an art, owing to the structure
of his body. The head by its gravity
naturally sinks in water, and thus causes
drowning, unless it. or at least the mouth,
can be kept above the surface by art.
The art of swimming chiefly consists in
keeping the head above water, and using
the hands and feet as oars and helm.
SWIMMINGLY, swim'ing-li, fl(/r. in a glid-
ing manner, as if sirimming : smoothly:
successfully.
SWINTDLE, swin'dl, v.t. to cheat under the
pretence of fair dealing. — n. the act of
swindling or defrauding. [Lit. " to make
dizzy," Dut. zwendelen, from the root of
A.S. sirindan, to become weak, Ger.
schicinden, to disappear; conn, with
Swoon.]
SWINDLER, swin'dler, w. one who de-
frauds by imposition : a cheat or rogue.
SWINE, swin, n.sing. and jjI. an ungulate :
a mammal of the genus Sus, wliich fur
nishes man with a large portion of hiE
most nourishing food : a hog. The fat
or lard of this animal enters into various
dishes in cookerj'. The numerous varie-*
ties of the hog or swine bred in U. S. are
partly the result of climate and keep.
Theyare all, however, of English impor-
tation originally. [A.S. sw'in, a widely
spread word ; Dut. zmjn, Ger. sclnrein,
Dan, svJin, Ice, svin, Goth, svein. Pol.
sivinia, Bohem. sunne ; same root as sotv,
L. s)(s.]^
SWINE-BREAD, swin'-bred, n. a kind of
plant, truffle.
SWINE-CASE, swin'-kiis, SWINE-CRUE,
swin'-kroo, n. a liog-sty: a pen for sv.ine.
Called also a SwiNE-coT. (Local.)
SWINE-DRUNK, swin'-drungk, adj. in a
state of beastly intoxication : beastly
drunk. Shak.
SWINE -GRASS, swin'-gras, Ji. a plant,
knot-grass. Polygonum aviculare.
SWINEHERD, swin'herd, n. a herd or
keeper of swine.
SWINE-OAT, swin'-ot. n. a kind of oats
cultivated for the use of pigs ; the Arena
fiitda of botanists.
SWINE-PIPE, swin'-pip, n. a local name
of the redwing thrush (Turdiis iliautis).
SWINE- POX, swin'-poks, n. a variety of
the chicken-pox, witli acuminated ves
icles containing a watery fluid : the wa-
ter-pox.
SWINE'S-CRESS, swlnz'-kres, n. a plant of
the genus Senebiera, the S. Coronopus.
called also Waet-CEESS.
SWINE'S-FEATHER, swinz'-feWi-er, n. c
small spear about 6 inches long, called
also a Hog's Bristle, anciently used as a
bayonet. The name was afterwards, in
the seventeenth century, applied to a
similar spear fitted into' the musket rest
in order to render it a defence against
cavaliy.
SWING,' swing, v.i. to sway or wave to and
fro, as a body hanging in air: to vibrate:
to practice swinging : to turn round at
SWINGLE-TREE
429
SYNCOPE
anchor : to be hanged. — v.t. to move to
and fro : to cause to wave or vibrate: to
whirl, to brandish:— pa. f.andpa.ji.swung.
— n. the act of swinging' : motion to and
fro : a waving motion : anytliing sus-
pended for swinging in : the sweep or
compass of a swinging body : power of
anything swinging : free course. [A.S.
siringan. Ger. schicingen, to swing;
allied to Wag, Sway.]
3WINGLE-TREE, swing'gl-tre, SINGLE-
TREE, sing'gl-tre, n. the cross-piece of
a carriage, plough, etc., to which the
traces of a harnessed horse are fixed.
[From Swing.]
Swinish, swin'ish, adj. like or befitting
swine : gross : brutal. — adv. Swin'ishly.
— n. Swin'ishness.
SWIRL, swerl, v.i. to sweep along with a
whirling motion. — n. whirling motion,
as of wind or water. [Imitative like
Whirl.]
SWISS, swis, adj. of or belonging to Switz-
erland.— n. a native of Switzerland : the
language of Switzerland.
SWITCH, swich, n. a small flexible twig : a
movable rail and its appendages used for
transferring a car or an entire railway
train from one track to another. — r.f. to
strike with a switch : to transfer a car-
riage from one line of rails to another by
a switch. [Low Ger. zwukse, sunitsche.]
SWIVEL. swiVl, n. something fixed in an-
other body so as to turn round in it : a
ring or link that turns round on a pin or
neck: a small cannon turning on a swivel.
[A.S. swifan, to move quickly, to turn
round. See Swift.]
SWOLLEN, swoln, pa.p. of Swell.
SWOON, swoon, v.i. to faint : to fall into
a fainting-fit. — n. the act of swooning : a
fainting-fit. [A.S. and O. Ger. swindan,
to become weak, to fail.]
SWOOP, swoop, v.t. to sweep down upon :
to take with a sweep : to catch while on
the vnng : to catch up. — v.i. to descend
with a sweep. — n. the act of swooping:
a seizing as a bird on its prey. [A form
of Sweep.]
SWOP, -swop, ■«.<. to exchange, to barter: —
pr.p. swopp'ing; jia.t. and^Ja.p. swopped.
— n. an exchange.
SWORD, sord, n. an offensive weapon with
a long blade, sharp upon one or both
edges, for cutting or thrusting : destruc-
tion by the sword or by war : war : the
emblem of vengeance or justice, or of
authority and power. [A.S. sweord, cog.
with Ice. sverd, Ger. schtvert.]
SWORD-BAYONET, s6rd'-ba'on-et, n. a
bayonet shaped somewhat like a sword,
and used as one.
SWORDCANE, sord'kan. SWORDSTICK,
sord'stik, n. a cane or .stick containing a
su^ord.
SWORDFISH, sord'fish, ?i. a large sea-fish
having the upper jaw elongated so as to
resemble a sword.
SWORDSJLAN, sordz'man, n. a vian skilled
in the use of the sword. — n. SwoRDS'-
MANSHIP.
SWORE. SWORN. See Swear.
SYBARITE, sib'a-rit, n. an inhabitant of
Syharis, a Greek town in ancient Italy,
noted for the effeminacy and lu.\ury of
its inhabitants : one devoted to luxury.
— <(«7/^. Sybarit'ic, Sybarit'ical.
3TCAMINE, sik'a-min, n. (B.) supposed to
be the black mulberry tree.
SYCAMORE, sik'a-mor, n. the fig-mul-
berry, growing in Egj'pt and other East-
ern countries : in Britain, applied to a
large maple, and in America, to the
plane-tree. [Gr. sykomoros — .■iykon, a fig,
and moron, the black nmlberrv.]
SYCOPHANCY, sik'o-fan-si, SYCO-
PHANTISM, sik'o-fant-izm, n. the be-
havior of a sycophant : mean tale-bear-
ing : obsequious flattery : servility.
SYCOPHANT, sik'o-fant, n. a common in-
former : a servile flatterer. [Gr. syko-
phantes, usually said to mean one who
informed against persons exporting figs
from Attica, or plundering the sacred
fig-trees ; but more prob., one who
brings figs to light by shaking the tree,
hence one who makes rich men yield up
their fruit by informations and other
vile arts — sykon, a fig, and phaino, to
bring to light, to show.]
SYCOPHANTIC, sik-o-fant'ik, SYCO-
PHANT'ICAL,-ik-al, SYCOPHANT'ISH,
-ish, adj. like a sycophant : obsequiously
flattering : parasitic.
SYLLABIC, sil-lab'ik, SYLLAB'ICAL, -ik-
al.adj. consisting of a syllable or syllables.
— adv. Syllab'ically.
SYLLABICATE, sil-lab'i-kat, v.t. to form
into syllables. — n. Syllabica'tion.
SYLLABIFY, sil-lab'i-fT, v.t. to form into
syllables :—pa.t. and pa.p. syllab'ifled. —
n. Syllabifica'tion. [Syllable, and L.
facio, to make.]
SYLLABLE, sil'a-Dl, n. several letters taken
together so as to form one sound : a word
or part of a word uttered by a single
effort of the voice : a small part of a
sentence. [L. syllaba — Gr. syllabe — syn,
with, together, and lab, root of lambano,
to take.]
SYLLABUB. Same as Sillabub.
SYLLABUS, sil'a-bus, n. an abstract or
compendium : a table of contents. [L.]
SYLLOGISM, sil'o-jizm, w. logical form of
every argument, consisting of three prop-
ositions, of which the first two are called
the premises, and the last, which follows
from them, the conclusion. [Gr. .syllogis-
vios — syllogizoniai — syn, together, logi-
zomai, to reckon — logos, speech, reckon-
ing.]
SYLLOGISTIC, sil-o-iis'tik, SYLLOGIS-
TICAL, sil-o-jis'tik-al, adj. pertaining to
0, syllogism : in the form of a syllogism.
—adv. Syllogis'tically.
SYLLOGIZE, sil'o-jiz, v.i. to reason by
si/llogisms.
SYLPH, silf, n. an imaginary being inhabit-
ing the air : a fairy. [Fr. sylphe, of Cel-
tic origin ; but cf. Gr. silphe, a kind of
beetle.]'
SYLPHID, silf id, n. a little sylph. [Dim.
of Sylph.]
SYLVAN. A wrong form of Silvan.
SYMBOL, sim'bol, n. a sign by which one
knows a thing : an emblem . that which
represents something else : a figui-e or
letter i-epresenting something : (theol.) a
creed, compendium of doctrine, or a typi-
cal religious rite, as the Eucharist. [Gr.
synibolon, from symballb, to put together,
to compare, infer, conclude — syn, to-
gether, and hallo, to throw.]
SYMBOLIC, sim-bol'ik, SYMBOLICAL,
sim-bol'ik-al, adj. pertaining to or of the
nature of a symbol: representing by signs:
emblematic : figurative : typical. — adv.
Symbol'ically.
SYMBOLISM, simTjol-izm, n. representa-
tion by symbols or signs : a system of
symbols: use of symbols : {theol.) the sci-
ence of symbols or creeds.
SYMBOLIZE, sim'bol-iz, v.i. to be symbol-
ical: to resemble in qualities. — v.t. to
represent by symbols.
SYMBOLIZER, sim'bol-Iz-er, SYMBOLIST,
sini'bol-ist, ?). one who uses .symbols.
SYMMETRICAL, sim-met'rik-al, adj hav-
ing symmetry or due proportion in its
parts: harmonious. — adv. Symmet'rical-
lv. with svmmetry.
SYMMETRIZE, sim'^e-triz, v.t. to make
itym metrical.
SYMMETRY, sim'e-tri, n. the state of one
part being of the same measure ivith. or
proportionate to another : due propor-
tion: harmony or adaptation of parts to
each other. [L. and Gr. symmetria — syn,
together, and metron, a measure.]
SYMPATHETIC, sini-pa-thet'ik, SYMPA-
THETICAL, sim-pa-thet'ik-al, adj. show-
ing or inclined to sympathy: feeling with
another : able to sympathize : compas
sionate : produced by sympathy. — adv.
Sympathet'ically.
SYMPATHIZE, sim'pa-thiz, v.i. to have
sympathy : to feel with or for another :
to be compassionate.
SYMPATHY, sim'pa-thi, n., feeling with
another : like feeling : an agreement of
inclination, feeling, or sensation : com-
passion : pity : tenderness. [Gr. sym-
patheia — s^?i, with, and root of Pathos,
Patient.]
SYMPHONIOUS, sim-fo'ni-us, adj., agree-
ing or harmonizing in sound: accordant:
harmonious.
SYMPHONIST, sim'fo-nist, n. a composer
of symphonies.
SYMPHONY, sim'fo-ni, n. an agreeing to-
gether in sound : unison, consonance, or
harmony of .sound : a musical composi-
tion for a full band of instruments : an
instrumental introduction or termination
to a vocal composition. [Gr. symphonia
— syn, together, phone, a sound.]
SYMPOSIUM, sim-po'zi-um, n. a drinking
together: a banquet with philosophic con-
versation : a merry feast : a magazine
discussion in which several authors write
on the same subject in the same number,
and usually in reply, one to another. [L.
— Gr. symposion — syn, together, posis, a
drinking — pino, to drink.]
SYMPTOM, simp'tum, n. that which at-
tends and indicates the existence of
something else, not as a cause, but as a
constant effect : (med.) that which indi
cates disease. [Gr. symptoma — syn, with,
pipto, to fall.]
SYMPTOMATIC, simp-tom-at'ik, SYMP-
TOMAT'ICAL, -al, adj. pertaining to
symptoms : indicating the existence of
something else : {med.) proceeding from
some prior disorder. — adv. Symptomat'-
ICALLY.
SYN.^RESIS, sin-er'e-sis, n. the taking or
pronouncing of two vowels together, or
making one of them sUent. [Gr. syn-
airesis — syn, together, haired, to take.
See Dleresis.]
SYNACrOGUE, sin'a-gog, n. an assembly of
Jews for worship: a Jewish place of wor-
ship. [Fr. — Gr. synagoge — syn, together,
agro, to lead.]
SYNCHRONAL, siugk-ro-nal, SYNCHRO-
NOUS, sing'kro-nus, adj. happening or
being at the same time : simultaneous :
lasting for the same time. [Gr. syn,
together, chronos, time.]
SYNCHRONISM, sing'kro-nizm, n., con-
currence of events in time : the tabular
arrangement of contemporary events,
etc., in history. [Gr. synchronismos —
syncJironizo, to agree in time.]
SYNCOPATE, singTio-pat, v.t. to cut away
so as to bring other parts together : to
contract, as a word, by taking away let-
ters from tlie middle : {music) to unite
by a slur the last note of a bar to th«
first note of the next [Xow L. synco2)0,
-atum — L. syncope — Gr. .syti, together;
kopto, to cut off. J
SYNCOPATION, sing-ko-pa'shun, v. act of
syncopating.
SYNCOPE, sing'ko-pe, n. the omission of
letters from the middle of a word, as
ne'er for never: {med.) a, fainting-fit, an
attack in which the breathing and cir-
culation become faint : {music) syncopa-
tion. [L. — Gr. syngkope.}
SYNDIC
430
TABLE
SYKDIC, sin'djk, n. one who helps in a
court ot Justice: an advocate : a govern-
ment oflBcial : a magistrate : one chosen
to transact business for others. [L. syn-
dic}is — Gr. syndikos — syn, with, dike,
justice.]
SYNDICATE, sin'dik-at, n. a body of syn-
dics : a council : the office of a syndic : a
body of men chosen to watch the in-
terests of a company, or to manage a
bankrupt's property.
SYNECDOCHE, sin-ek'do-ke, n. a figure of
speech by which a part is made to com-
prehend the whole, or the whole is put
for a part. [Gr. synekdoehe — syn, to-
gether, ekdechomai, to receive.]
SYNECDOCHICAL, sin-ek-dok-ik-al, a^f.
expressed by or implying synecdoche.
SYNOD, sin'o'd, re. a meeting : an ecclesias-
tical council : among Presbyterians, a
church court consisting of several pres-
byteries. [A.S. sinod — L. synodus — Gr.
synodos — syn, together, hodof. a way.]
SYNODIC, sin-od'ik, SYNOD'ICAL, -aJ,
adj. pertaining to a synod: done in a
svnod. — adv. Syxod'icallt.
SYNONYM, SYNONY^IE, sin'o-nim, w. a
name or word having the same meaning
wiHi another: one of two or more words
which have the same meaning. [Gr.
synonymon — syn, with, onoma, a name.]
SYNONYMOUS, sin-on'i-mus, adj. per-
taining to synonyms : expressing the
same thing : having the same mean-
ing-.— adv. Synox'ymously.
SYNONYMY, sin-on'i-mi, n. the qua'.Jty of
being synonymous: a rhetorical figure by
which synonymous words are used. [Gr.
synonymia.]
SYNOPSIS, sin-op'sis, n. a vieii' of the
whole together : a collective or general
view of any subject: — pi. Stnop'ses.
[Gr. synopsis — syn. with, together, apsis,
a view — root op, to see.]
SYNOPTIC, sin-op'tik, SYNOFTICAL, -al,
adj. affording a general view of the whole.
— adv. Stnop'ticaixy.
SYNTACTIC, sin-taU'tik, SYNTACTICAL,
-al. adj. pertaining to synta.v : according
to the rules of syntax. — adv. Syntac'-
TICALLT.
SYNTAX, sin'taks, n. (gj-am.) the correct
arrangement of words in sentences. [Gr.
synta,ris — syn, together, tasso, ta.ro, to
put in order ]
SYNTHESIS, sin'the-sis, ?i. a putting to-
gether, a making a whole out of parts :
the combination of separate elements of
thought into a whole, or reasoning from
principles previously established to a
conclusion, as opp. to analysis : (gram.)
the imiting of ideas into a sentence :
{med.) the reunion of parts that have
been dixnded : (chem.) the uniting of ele-
ments to form a compound :—^pl. Syx'-
THESES (-sez). [Gr. synthesis — syn, with,
together, thesis, a placing — tithemi, to
place.]
SYNTHETIC, sin-thet'ik, SYNTHET-
ICAL, -al, adj. pertaining to synthesis :
consisting in synthesis or composition. —
adv. Synthet'icaix.y.
SYPHILIS, sit'i-lis, Ji. an infectious vene-
real disease. — adj. Syphilit'ic. [Ety. un-
SYPHON, SYREN. Same as yiPHON,
Siren.
SYRINGE, sir'inj, n. a tube with a piston,
by which liquids are sucked up and eject-
ed : a tube used bj' surgeons for inject-
ing, etc. — v.t. to inject or clean with a
syringe. [Gr. syringx, a reed, a pipe.]
SYRUP. Same as Sratnp.
SYSTEM, sis'tem, n. anything formed of
parts placed together : an assemblage of
bodies as a connected whole : an orderly
arrangement of objects according to some |
common law or end : regular method or
order : a full and connected view of some
department of knowledge : the universe.
[Gr. systema — syn, together, histemi, to
place.]
SYSTEMATIC, sis-te-mat'ik, SYSTEMAT-
ICAL, -al, adj. pertaining to or consist-
ing of system : formed or done according
to system: methodical. — adv. Systemat-
ically.
SYSTEMATIZE, sis'tem-a-tiz, v.t. to re-
duce to a system.. — n. Sys'tejiatizer.
SYSTOLE, sis'to-le, n. a bringing together
or contraction of the heart for expelling
the blood : (gram.) the shortening of a
long syllable. [Gr. systole — stfn, together,
Stella, to set, place.]
T
TABANIDiE, ta-ban'i-de, n.pl a family of
dipterous insects, of which Tabanus is
the typical genus. They are popularly
known by the names fireeze, cleg, or
gadfly, and are particularly annoying to
cattle, the skins of which are otten
streaked with blood from their bites.
TABANUS, ta-ba'nus, n. a genus of dip-
terous insects, family Tabanidje, of
which T. bovinus, or gadfly, is the larg-
est American species. It is extremelv
troublesome to cattle. [L., a horse-fly.]
TABARD, ta'bard, n. an ancient close-flt-
ting garment, open at the sides, with
wide sleeves, or flaps, reaching to the
elbows. It was worn over the body ar-
mor, and was generally emblazoned
with the arms of the wearer or of his
lord. At first the tabard was very long,
reaching to the mid-leg, but it was after-
wards made shorter. It was at first
chiefly worn by the military, but after-
wards becatne an ordinary article of
drees among other classes in France and
England in the middle ages. In En-
gland the tabard is now only worn by
heralds and pursuivants of arms, and is
embroidered with the arms of the sov-
ereign. This garment gaye name to the
ancient hostelry from which Chaucer's
Canterbury pilgrims started. [Fr. ta-
bard, Sp. and Port, tahardo. It. tabarro.
Low L. tabarrus, tabardus, a cloak,
origin doubtful.]
TABARDER. ta-bard'er, n. one who wears
a tabard : specifically, a scholar belong-
ing to the foundation of Queen's College,
Oxford, Eng., whose original dress was a
tabard.
TABARET, tab'a-ret', 71. a stout satin-
striped silk, used for furniture. [Prob.
conn, with Tabby.]
TABASHEER, tab-a-sher", n. a concretion
found in the joints of the bamboo and
other large grasses. It consists of silica
mixed with a little lime and vegetable
matter, and is formed probably by ex-
travasation of the juices in consequence
of a morbid state of the plant. It is
highly valued in the East Indies as a
tonic, and as such is often chewed along
with betel. It is used also in cases of
bilious vomitings, bloodj' flux, piles, etc.
Its optical properties are peculiar, inas-
much as it exhibits the lowest refracting
power of all known substances. The
sweet juice of the bamboo-stalks has also
been called tabasheer. [Ar. tabdshtr.]
TABBINET, tab'i-net, n. a more delicate
kind of tabby, resembling damask, used
for window-curtains.
TABBY, tab'i, n. a coarser kind of waved
or watered silk : an artificial stone, a
mixture of shells, gravel, stones, and
water. — adj. brindted : diversified in
color. — v.t. to water or cause to look
wavy : — pa.t. and pa.p. tabb'ied. [Fr.
tabis — At. atabi, a kind of rich, waved
silk.]
TABER. v.i. (B.) same as Tabouk.
TABERNACLE, tab'er-na-kl. n. a sUghtly
constructed temporary habitation ; es^
pecialty, a tent or pavilion ; " How goodly
are thy tents. O Jacob, and thy taber-
nacles, O Israel ! " — Num. xxiv. 5 ;
Pavilions numberless and sudden rear'd,
Celestial tabernacles, where thej' slept.
—Milton :
in Jeirish antiq. a movable building, so
contrived as to be taken to pieces with
ease and reconstructed, for the conven-
ience of being carried during the wander-
ings of the Israelities in tlie wilderness.
It was of a rectangular figure, 45 feet by
15. and 15 feet in height. The interior
was divided into two rooms or compart-
ments by a vail or curtain, and it was i
covered with four different spreads orj
carpets. The outer or larger compart-
ment was called the holy place, being \
that in which incense was burned and
the show-bread exhibited ; and the inner j
the most holy place, or holy of holies, in |
which was deposited the ark of the cov-
enant. It was situated in a court 150j
feet by 75, surrounded by screens 7+ feet]
high:'a temple ; a place of worship; a]
sacred place; specifically, the temple of I
Solomon. Ps. xv. 1: any small cell orj
repository in which holy or precious I
things are deposited, as an ornamented!
chest placed on Roman Catholic altars!
as a receptacle of tlie ciborium and pj-x ;T
or, a reliquary or small box for the pre-
sentation of relics and the like : the hu-
man frame; "Yea I think it meet, as
long as I am in this tabernacle, to stir
you up by putting vou in remembrance ;
Knowing that shortly I must put off this
ray tabernacle, even as our Lord .lesus
Christ hath showed me." — 1 Pet. i.»13. 14 :
in Goth. arch, a canopied stall or niche ;
a cabinet or shrine ornamented with
open-worked tracery, etc.; an arched
canopy over a tomb ; also, a tomb or
monument : (nant.) an elevated socket
for a boat's mast, or a projecting post
to which a mast may be hinged when
it is fitted for lowering to pass beneath
bridges. — Feast of tabernacles, the last
of the three great annual festivals of the
Israelites, which required the presence
of all the people ir Jerusalem. Its ob-
ject was to commemorate the dwelling
of the people in tents during their jour-
neys in the wilderness ; and it was also a
feast of thanksgiving for the harvest and
vintage. It was celebrated in autumn,
at the conclusion of the vintage, and
lasted eight days, during which the
people dwelt in booths made in the
streets, in courts, or on the tops of their
houses, of the leafy branches of certain
trees. These booths were intended to
represent the tents in which the Israel-
ites dwelt in the wilderness. [L. taber-
nacuhim, a tent, a dim. from tabema, a
hut, a shed, a tavern, from root of tabula,
a board, a tablet, a table.]
TABID, tab'id, adj., uuistedhj disease. — n.
Tab'idness. [L. tabidus — tabeo, to waste
awav.]
TABLATURE, tabla-tur, n. something tab-
ular : a painting on a wall or ceiling: a
picture in general : (anat.) a division of
the skull into two tables. [Fr., from L.
tabula, a board, plank.]
TABLE, taTjl, n. a smooth, flat slab or
board, with legs, used as an article of
furniture: supply of food, entertainment:
the company at a table : the board for
backgammon or draug-hts : a surface on.
m
TABLE-D'HOTE
431
TAILOR
■which something is written or engraved:
that which is cut or written on a flat
surface : an inscription : a condensed
statement: syllabus or index : (B.) a writ-
ing tablet. — v.t. to make into a table or
catalogue : to lay on the table, i.e. to
postpone consideration of. [Ft. table — L.
tabula, a board, plank.]
TABLE-D'HOTE, ta'bl-dot, n. a meal for
several persons at the same hour and at
fixed prices. [Fr., " table of the host,"
from the landlord presiding at the head
of his own table.]
TABLELAND, ta'bUand, n. an extensive
flat of elevated land, Uke a table: a
plateau.
TABLET, tablet, n. a small table or flat
surface : something flat on which to
write, paint, etc.: a confection in a flat
square form. [Dim. of Table.]
TABLE-TALK, ta'bl-tawk, »i., talk at table
or at meals.
TABLE-TURNING, ta'bl-turn'ing,«. move-
ments of tables or other objects, attrib-
uted by spiritualists to the agency of
, spirits.
TABOO, TABU, tarboo', n. an institution
among the Polynesians by which certain
things are consecrated : prohibition or
interdict. — v.t. to forbid approach to : to
forbid the use of -.—pr.p. taboo'ing; pa.t.
and pa.p. tabooed'. [Polynesian tabu or
tapii.'\
TABOR, TABOUE, taTsor, n. a small drum,
played with one stick. — v.i. to play on a
tabor: to beat lightlj' and often. [O. Fr.
(Ft. tambour) — Pers. 'tambiir, a kind of
cithern. Cf. TAMBOURINE.]
TABOURET, tab'o-ret, TABRET, tab'ret,
71. a small tabour or drum. [Dim. of
TabourJ
TABULAR, tab'u-lar, adj. of the form of
or pertaining to a table : having a flat
surface: arranged in a table or schedule:
having the form of lamin;e or plates.
TABULATE, tab'u-lat, v.t. to reduce to
tables or synopses : to shape with a flat
surface.
TACAHOUT, tak'a-hoot,n. the native name
of the small gall formed on the tamarisk-
tree (Tamarix indica). [Ar.]
TACAJIAHAC, tak'a-ma-hak TACAMA-
HACA, tak-a-ma-ha'ka, n. the popular
name of Idea Tacamahaca, a tree of
South America; also of the form of Calo-
phyllum Inophyllum occurring in Madar
gascar and the Isle of Bourbon, and of
I'opulus balsamifera, a tree of North
America : a resin, the produce of C'alo-
phyllum Inophyllum, and of Elaphrium
tomeniosuni, a tree of Mexico and the
West Indies. It occurs in yellowish pieces,
of a strong smell, and a bitterish aromatic
taste.
TACCA, tak'ka, n. a genus of plants, the
type of the nat. order Taccaceas, contain-
ing six or seven species, natives of trop-
ical Africa and America, the hotter parts
of India, and the South Sea Islands. It
consists of perennial, often large herbs
with tuberous roots, simple or pinnate
radical leaves, and greenish cr brown
flowers arranged in an umbel a^i the top
of a leafless scape, and surrounded by an
involucre of simple bracts. From the
tubers of some species, especiallj' T. pin-
natifidu, a white, hig-hly nutritious sub-
stance, like arrow-root, is separated,
which is employed as an article of diet
by the inhabitants of the Ma' lyan Pen-
insula and the Moluccas. Tl b petioles
and stalks of T. pinnatifida, boiled for
some time, are also employed as articles
of diet in China and Cochin-China.
TACE. ta'cha, in music, a direction that a
particular voice, instrument or part is to
be silent for a certain specified time.
TACES, tas'ez, n.pl. armor for the thigh.
TACET, ta'set, v. in imisic, same as Tace.
[L.. it is silent ; third pers. sing. pres.
ind. of taeeo, to be silent.]
TAC-FREE, tak'-fre, adj. in old late, ex-
empt from rents, paj'ments, etc.
TACH, TACHE, tach, n. something used
for taking hold or holding: a small hook:
a catch : a loop : a button. " Make fifty
tachea of gold, and couple the curtains
together with the taches." — Ex. xxvi. 6.
[A softened form of tack.]
TACHE, tash, n. a spot or blemish. Chf.:!/-
cer. [Fr.]
First Jupiter that did
Usurp his father's throne.
Of whom e'en his adorers write
Evil taches many a one. — Warner.
TACHOMETER, ta-kom'et-er, n. an in-
strument for measuring velocity ; espe-
cially, (a) a contrivance for the purpose
of indicating small variations in the ve-
locity of machines, one form of which
consists of a cup and a tube opening
into its centre, both being partly filled
with mercury or a colored fluid, and at-
tached to a spindle. This appai'atus is
whirled round by the machine, and the
centrifugal force produced by this whirl-
ing causes the mercury to recede from
the centre and rise upon the sides of the
cup. The mercury in the tube descends
at the same time, and the degree of this
descent is measured by a scale attached
to the tube. On the velocity of the ma-
chine being lessened the mercury rises in
the centre, causing a proportionate rise
in the tube ; (&) an instrument for meas-
uring the velocity of running water in
rivers, etc., as by means of its action on
a flat surface connected with a lever
above the surface carrying a movable
counterpoise, or by its action on the
vanes of a wheel, whose revolutions are
registered by a train of wheelwork. [Gr.
tachos, speed, and metron, measure.]
TACIT, tas'it, adj. implied, but not ex-
pressed by words. — adv Tac'itly. [L.
taeittis, pa.p. of taceo, to be silent, to
pass over in silence.]
TACITURN, tas'i-turn, adj. habitually
tacit or silent : not fond of talking : re-
served in speech. — adv. Tac'Ituknly.
[L. taciturnus — tacitus.]
TACITURNITY, tas-i-turn'i-ti, n. habitual
silence : reserve in speaking. [L. taci-
tiirnitas.]
TACK, tak, n. a short, sharp nail, with a
broad head: the course of a ship in refer-
ence to the position of her sails : a lease.
— v.t. to attach or fasten, esp. in a slight
manner, as by tacks. — v.i. to change the
course or tack of a ship by shifting the
position of the sails. [Lit. that which
attaches, from a root widely spread in
the Teut. (as Ger. zaeke), Celt, (as Gael.
tac), and Romance tongues ; conn, with
Attach, Attack, and Take. Cf. Taq.]
TACKLE, tak'l, Ji. the ropes, rigging, etc.,
of a ship: tools, weapons: ropes, etc., for
raising heavy weights: a pulley. — v.t.
to harness : {prov.) to seize or take hold
of. [Dut. and Low Ger. takel ; conn,
with Tack and Take.]
TACKLING, tak'ling, n. furniture or appar-
atus belonging to the masts, yards, etc.,
of a ship: harness for drawing a carriage,
tackle or instruments. [From Tackus.]
TACKSMAN, taks'man, n. a tenant or
lessee.
TACONIC SYSTEM, ta-kon'ik sis'tem, n.
in geol. a sj'stem of upper Cambrian or
lower Silurian rocks Iving in the United
States to the east of tlie Hudson, and so
named from the Taconic range in the
western slope of the Green mountains.
The system consists of slates,quartz-rock,
and limestone.
TACT, takt, n. touch; feeling; " Did you
suppose that I could not make myself
sensible to tact as well as sight, and
assume corporeality as well as form." —
Southey : peculiar skill or faculty ; nice
perception or discernment ; skill or
adroitness in doing or saying exactly
what is required by circumstances; as, to
be gifted with feminine tact.
And loved them more, that they were chine,
The ^aceful tact, the Christian art. — Tennyson;
"He had formed plans not inferior in
grandeur and boldness to those of Riche-
lieu, and had carried them into efl'ect with
a tact and wariness worthy of Mazarin."
— Macaulay : the stroke in beating time
in music. [Fr. tact, touch, feeling, tact,
from L. tactus, from tango, tactnm, to
touch, from which stem also tactile,
tangible, contact, contagion, etc. See
also Taste, Tax.]
TACTABLE, tak'ta-bl. adj. capable of being
touched or felt bj' the sense of touch.
"They (women) being created to be
both tractable and t actable." — Massinger,
[See Tact.]
TACTIC, tak'tik, n. system of tactics. " It
seems more important to keep in view
the genei'al tactic on which its leader
was prepared with confidence to meet so
unequal a force. It was the same that
Wallace had practically taught, and it
had just recently helped the Flemings to
their victory of Courtrai." — J. H. Burton.
TACTICIAN, tak-tish'an, n. one skilled in
tactics.
TACTICS, tak-tiks, n.sing. the science or
art of manoeuvring military and naval
forces in the presence of the enemy : way
or method of proceeding. [Gr. takfiks
{techne, art, understood), art of arranging
men in a field of battle — tasso, taxo, to
arrange.]
TACTILE, tak'til, adj. that may be touched
or felt. [L. tango, to touch. See Tact.]
TACTION, tak'shun, n. act of touching:
touch.
TACTUAL,tak'tu-al, adj. relating to or de-
rived from the sense of touch.
TADPOLF,, tad'pol, n. a young toad or
frog in its first state, "having a tail.
[M. E. tadde, E. Toad, and Poll, head.]
TAFFEREL, tafer-el, TAFFRAIL, taf'ral,
n. the upper part of a ship's stern tim-
bers, which is flat like a table. [Dut.
tafereel, a panel — tafel, a table.]
TAFFETA, taf'e-ta, TAFFETY, taf'e-ti, n.
(orig.) silk stuff plainly troven : a thin,
glossy silk stuff, having a wavy lustre.
[It. taffeta — Pers. tdftah, woven.]
TAG, tag, n. a tack or point of metal at
the end of a string : any small thing
tacked or attached to another: anything
mean. — v.t. to fit a tag or point to : to
tack, fasten, or hang to -.—pr-p. tagg"-
ing; pa.t. and pa.p. tagged. — n. axxAadj.
Tao'rao, the rabble, or denoting it. [A
weaker forn) of Tack.]
TAIL, tal, n. the end of the backbone of
an animal, generally hanging loose, and
hait~y : anything resembling a tail in ap-
pearance, position, etc. : the back, lower,
or hinder part of anything : anything
long and hanging, as a catkin, train of
a comet, etc. [A.S. ta:gel ; Ger. zagel ;
Goth, tagl, hair.]
TAIL, till, n. {law) the term applied to an
estate which is cut off or limited to cer-
tain heirs. [Fr. taille, cutting. See En-
tail and Retail.]
TAILOR, tal'ur, n. one whose business is
to cut out and make men's clothes: —
fern. Tail'oress. — v.i. to work as a tailor.
— n. Tail'ORINQ, the business or work of
a tailor. [Fr. tailleur—tailler, to cut.
Ct, above word.]
TAILOR-BIRD
432
TANGENTIAL
TAILOR-BIRD, tal'ur-berd, n. a bird of the
genus Orthotomus (O. longicaudus), fam-
fly Sylviadee, having a long, graduated
tail, "the feathers of which are narrow.
These birds construct their nests at the
extremity of a twig, taking one large or
two small leaves and sewing their edges
together, using the bill as a needle and
vegetable fibre as thread. Within the
hollow thus made a downy substance,
sometimes mixed with feathers, is placed
to receive the eggs. They are natives of
India and the Indian Archipelago. The
syhna cisticola, common in various parts
of Italy, constructs its nest in a similar
manner, and is also called the tailor-bird.
TAILr-PIECE, tal'-pes, n. a piece forming a
tail : a piece at the end : an appendage :
specifically, (o) a small cut or ornamen-
tal design placed at the end of a chapter
or section in a book as an ornamental
ending of a page ; (5) a somewhat trian-
gular-shaped piece of wood (generally
ebony) attached to the lower end of the
body' of an instrument of the violin kind.
The" broad end is pierced with holes, in
which the strings are fastened.
TAIL-RACE, tal'-ras, n. the stream of
water which runs from the mill after it
has been applied to produce the motion
of the wheel.
TAILS - COMMON, talz'-kom-mon, n. in
mining, washed lead ore.
TAIL-STOCK, tal'-stok, n. the support, in
a lathe, bearing up the tail-screw and
adjustable centre, in contradistinction to
the head-stock, which supports the man-
drel.
TAIL-TRIMMER, tal'-trim-er, n. in Imild-
ing. a trimmer next to the wall into
which the ends of joists are fastened to
avoid flues.
9AINT, tant, v.t. to tinge, moisten, or im-
pregnate with anything noxious : to in-
fect : to stain. — v.i. to be affected with
something corrupting. — n. a stain or
tincture: infection or corruption: aspot:
a moral blemish. [O. Fr. taint, Fr. teint,
pa. p. of teindre, to dye — L. tingo, tinc-
tum, to wet or moisten. See Tinge.]
TAKE, tak, v.t. to lay hold of : to get into
one's possession : to catch : to capture :
to captivate : to receive : to choose : to
use : to allow : to understand : to agree
to : to become affected with. — v.i. to
catch : to have the intended effect : to
gain reception, to please : to move or
dii«ect the course of : to have recourse to :
— pa.t. took ; pa.p. tak'en. — n. Tak'er.
[A.S. taean ; perh. first from Ice. taka ;
conn, with L. ta{n)g-o, te-tig-i, to touch,
and withE. Tack.]
TAKING, tak'ing, adj. captivating : allur-
ing.— adv. TAK'tNGLY.
TALC, talk, n. a mineral occurring in thin
flakes, of a white or green color, and a
soapv feel. [Fr. talc (Grer. talk) — Ar.
'talaq.~\
TALCKY, talk'i, TALCOUS, talk'us, adj.
containing, consisting of, or like talc.
TALE, tal, n. a narrative or story: a fable:
what is told or counted off : number :
reckoning. [A.S. tal, a reckoning, a
tale ; Ger. zahl, a number.]
TALE-BEARER, tal'-bar'er, n. one who
maliciously hears or tells tales or g^ves
information.
TALE-BEARING, tal'-bar'ing, adj. given
to hear or tell tales, or officiously to give
information. — n. act of telling secrets.
TALENT, tal'ent, n. (B.) a weight or sum
of money -= 94 pounds avoir, and $1,650
to $1,935 : {now fig.) faculty : natural or
special gift : special aptitude : eminent
ability. [L. talentum — Gr. talanton, a
weight, a talent, from tlao, talao, to
bear, weigh ; akin to L. tollo, Ger. dul-
den, Scot. thole.'\
TALENTED, tal'ent-ed, adj. possessing
talents or mental gifts.
TALISMAN, tal'is-man, n. a species of
charm engraved on metal or stone, to
which wonderful effects are ascribed :
(fig.) something that produces extraor-
dinary effects -.—pi. Tal'ismans. [Fr.—
Ar. telsani — Late Gr. telesma, consecra-
tion, incantation — Gr. teleo, to conse-
crate.]
TALISMANIC, tal-is-man'ik, adj. pertain-
ing to or having the properties of a tal-
isman: magical.
TALK, tawk, v.i. to speak familiarly : to
prattle : to reason. — n. familiar conver-
sation : that which is uttered in familiar
intercourse: subject of discourse: rumor.
— n. Talk'er. [Prob. freq. of Ice. tala,
to talk, which is cog. with E. Tell.]
TALKATIVE, tawk'a-tiv, adj. given to
much talking: prating. — adv. Talk'a-
TiVELY. — n. Talk'attveness.
TALL, tawl, adj. high, esp. in stature :
lofty : long : sturdy : bold : courageous.
— n. Tall'ness. [Ety. very dub. ; perh.
conn, with W. tal, talau, to make or
grow large.]
TALLOW, tal'o, n. the fat of animals
melted: any coarse, hard fat. — v.t. to
grease with tallow. [A.S. telg, tcelg ;
Ger. talg. Ice. tolg.'j
TALLY, tal'i, n. a stick tut or notched to
match another stick, used to mark num-
bers or keep accounts by : anything
made to suit another. — v.t. to score with
corresponding notches : to make to fit.
— v.i. to correspond : to suit : — pa.t. and
pa.p. tall'ied. [Fr. taille (It. taglia) — L.
talea, a cutting. See TArL(Zat«).]
TALLY-HO, tal'i-ho, int. the huntsman's
cry betokening that a fox has gone away.
TALMUD, tal'mud, n. the body of Hebrew
laws, comprising the written law and the
traditions and comments of the Jewish
doctors. — adjs. Talmud'ic, Talmxtd'ical.
[Heb. talmud, oral teaching, instruction
— lamad, to learn.]
TALON, tal'on, n. the claw of a bird of
Erey. [Fr. talon, through Low L., from
I. talus, the heel.]
TAMABLE, tam'a-bl, adj. that may be
tamed. — n. Tam'ableness.
TAMARIND, tam'a-rind, n. an E. India
tree, with a sweet, pulpy fruit, in pods.
[Tamarindus, Latanized from Ar. tamr
Hindi, "Hindu date."]
TAMARISK, tam'ar-isk, n. a genus of
shrubs with small white or pink flowers.
[L. tamariscMS.'\
TAMBOUR, tam'boor, n. a small, shallow
drum: a small, drum-like, circular frame,
for embroidering: a rich kind of gold and
silver embroidery. — v.t. to embroider on
a tambour. [Fr. tamhour, from root of
TabourJ
TAMBOURINE, tam-boo-ren', n. a shallow
drum with one skin and bells, and played
on with the hand. [Fr. tambourin, dim.
of tamhour.]
TAME, tam, adj. having lost native wild-
ness and shyness : domesticated : gentle:
spiritless : without vigor : dull. — v.t. to
reduce to a domestic state: to make gen-
tle : to reclaim : to civilize. — adv. Tame'-
ly. — n. Tame'ness. [A.S. tam, cog. with
Ger. zahm ; further conn, with L. domo,
Gr. damao. Sans, dam.]
TAMER, tam'er, 7i. one who tames.
TAMIAS, ta'mi-as, n. a genus of rodent
mammals, allied to the true squirrels,
but distinguished from them by the pos-
session of cheek-pouches, and their habit
of retreating into underground holes.
They are of small size, and all of them
marked with stripes on the back and
sides. Lister's ground-squirrel (T. Listeri)
is very common in the United States,
where it is popularly known as hackee,
chipmunk, or chipmuck. The striped
ground-squirrel {T. striatum) is a very
small species, inhabiting the vicinity of
the Rocky Mountains, and an allied spe-
cies is said to be very common in Siberia
[Gr., a steward, a store-keeper, from the
cheek-pouches in which these animals
can carry a quantity of food or from their
laying up large stores in their holes.]
TAMIL, tam'il, n. one of a race of men in-
habiting South India and Ceylon, and
belonging to the Dravidian stock ; the
TamOs form by far the most civilized and
energetic of the Dravidian peoples : the
language spoken in the south-east of the
Madras Presidency, and in the northern
garts of Ceylon ; it is a member of the
•ravidian or Tamilian family.
TAMILIAN, ta-mil'i-an, adj. of or pertain-
ing to the Tamils or their language.
TAMINE, tam'in, TAMINY, tam'i-ni, n. a
strainer or bolter of hair or cloth: a thin
woollen or worsted stuff, highly glazed.
Written also Tammin. [Fr. eiamine. See
Stamen.]
TAMIS, tam'i, n. a sieve : a searce. Writ-
ten also Tammy. [Ft., from Dut. terns,
E. temse, a sieve.]
TAMIS-BIRD, ta'mis-berd, n. a guinea-
fowl. "They are by some called the
Barbary-ben ; by others the Tamis-bird,
and by others the bird of Numidia." —
OoldsTnith.
TAMPER, tam'per, v.i. to try the temper
of : to try little experiments without
necessity : to meddle : to practice secret-
ly and unfairly. [A by-form of TEMPER.]
TAM-TAM, tam'-tam, n. a kind of native
drum used in the E. Indies and in West-
ern Africa. The tam-tam is of various
shapes, but generally it is made of a hol-
low cylinder formed of fibrous wood, such
as palm-tree, or of earthenware, each end
covered with skin. It is beat upon with
the fingers, and also with the open hand,
and produces a hollow monotonous sound.
Public notices, when proclaimed in the
bazaar or public parts of Eastern towns,
are generally accompanied by the tam-
tam. Written also Tom-tom. [Hind., from
sound of drum.]
TAN, tan, n. bark bruised and broken for
tanning : a yellowish-brown color. — v.t.
to convert skins and hides into leather
by steeping in vegetable solutions con-
taining tannin: to make brown ortawnj'.
— v.i. to become tanned : pr.j). tann'ing ;
pa.t a.nA pa.p. tanned. [Fr. ; prob. from
Ger. tanne, fir ; ace. to otners, from Bret.
tann, oak. Cf. Tawny.]
TANDEM, tan'dem, adv. applied to the
position of horses harnessed singly one
before the other instead of abreast. — n.
a team of horses (usually two) so har-
nessed. [Originated in university slang,
in a play on the L. adv. tandem, at
length,]
TANG, t ng, n. a strong or offensive taste,
esp. o something extraneous : relish :
taste. [From root of Taste.]
TANG, tang, 7i. the tapering part of a
knife or tool which goes into the haft.
[A by-form of Tong in Tongs.
TANGENCY, tan'jen-si, n. state of being
tangent a contact or touching.
TANGEN ', tan'jent, n. a line which
touches a curve, and which when pro-
duced does not cut it. [L. tangens, -en-
tis, pr.p. of tango, to touch.]
TANGENTIAL, tan-jen'shal, adj. of or per-
taining to a tangent : in the direction of
a tangent.
TANGHIN
433
TAPER
TANGHIN, tan'gin, n. a deadly poison
obtained from the seeds of Tanghinia
venenifera. [See Taughinia.] — Trial
BY TANGHIN, a kind of ordeal formerly
practiced in Madagascar to determine
the guilt or innocence of an accused per-
son, by taking the tanghin poison The
Beed was pounded and a small piece
swallowed by each person to be tried.
If the accused retained the poison in the
system death quickly resulted — a proof
of guilt ; if the stomach rejected the
dose little harm supervened — and inno-
cence was established. By the influence
of Christianity its use has been discon-
tinued. Spelled also Tanguin. [The
native name in Madagascar.]
TANGHINIA, tan-gin'i-a, n. a genus of
plants belonging to the nat. order Apocy-
naceae. T. venenifera is a tree which
produces the celebrated tanghin poison
of Madagascar. The poisonous quality
resides in the kernel, and one seed is said
to be sufficient to kill twenty persons.
It has sm oth alternate thickish leaves,
and large terminal cymes of pink flow-
ers, which are succeeded by large pur-
plish fruits containing a hard stone sur-
rounded by a thick fibrous flesh.
lANGIBILfTY. tan-ji-bil'i-ti, n. quality of
being tangible or perceptible to the touch,
TANGIBLE, tan'ji-bl, adj. perceptible by
the touch : capable of being possessed or
realized. — adv. Tan'gibly, [L. tangibilis
— tango.}
TANGLE, tang:'gl,n. a knot of things united
confusedly: an edible seaweed. — v.t. to
unite togeth«r confusedly: to interweave:
to insnare, [Goth, tagl, hair, Ger. tang,
sea- weed.]
TANGUM, tan'gum, n. a variety of piebald
horse found in Tliibet, of which it is a
native. It appears to be related to the
Tartar horse.
fAN-HOUSE, tan'-hows), n. a building in
which tanner's bark is stored.
lANIST, tan'ist, n. one of a family from
which the chiefs of certain Celtic races
were chosen by election — usually applied
to the actual holder of the lands and
honors, and frequently to his chosen suc-
cessor. "It was not unusual to elect a
tanist. or reversionary successor, in the
lifetime of the reigning chief." — Hallam.
"This family (the O'Hanlons) were tanists
of a large territory within the present
county of Armagh." — Lower. [Gael.
tanaiste, a lord, the governor of a coun-
try ; in Ireland, the heir-apparent of a
prince ; from tan, a region or territory.
See Tanistry.]
TANISTRY, tan'ist-ri, n. a mode of tenure
that prevailed among various Celtic
tribes, according to which the tanist or
holder of honors or lands held them only
for life, and his successor was fixed by
election. According to this custom the
right of succession was not in the in-
dividual, but in the family to which he
belonged ; that is, succession was heredi-
tary in the family, but elective in the
individual. The primitive intention seems
to have been that the inheritance should
descend to the oldest or most worthy of
the blood and name of the deceased. This
was in reality giving it to the strongest,
and the prax^tice often occasioned bloody
wars in families. " They were subject to
the law of tanistry, of which the princi-
ple is defined to be, that the demesne
lands and dignity of chieftainship de-
scended to the eldest son most worthy of
the same blood." — Hallam.
TANK, tangk, n. a large basin or cistern :
a reservoir of water. [O. Fr. estanc (Fr.
itang) — L. stagnum, a pool of standing
water. See Stagnate.]
BB
TANKARD, tangk'ard, n. a large vessel
for holding liquors : a drinking-vessel
with a lid. [Tank, with suffix -ard.J
TANNER, tan'er, n. one who tans.
TANNERY, tan'er-i, n. a place for tanning.
TANNIC, tan'ik, adj. of or from tan.
TANNIN, tan'in, h. an astringent vege-
table substance found largely in oak-
bark or gall-nuts, of great use in tanning.
[Fr. tannin.]
TANNING, tan'ing, n. the practice, opera-
tion, and art of converting the raw hides
and skins of animals into leather by
effecting a chemical combination between
the gelatine of which they principallj'
consist and the astringent vegetable
principle called tannic acid or tannin.
The object of the tanning process is to
produce such a chemical change in skins
as may render them unalterable by those
agents which tend to decompose them in
their natural state, and in connection
with the subsequent operations of curry-
ing or dressing to bring them into a state
of pliability and impermeability to water
which may adapt them for the many
useful purposes to which leather is ap-
plied. The larger and heavier skins sub-
jected to the tanning process, as those
of buffaloes, bulls, oxen, and cows, are
technically called hides : while those of
smaller animals, as calves, sheep, and
goats, are called skins. After being
cleared of the hair, wool, and fleshy
parts, by the aid of lime, scraping, and
other means, the skins are usually steeped
in an infusion of ground oak bark, which
supplies the astringent or tanning prin-
ciple,and thus converts them into leather.
Different tanners, however, vary much
in the mode of conducting the process of
tanning, and also the skins intended for
different kinds of leather require to be
treated differently. Various improve-
ments have been made in the process of
tanning, by which time and labor are
much reduced ; but it is found that the
slow process followed by the old tanners
produces leather far superior to that pro-
duced by quick processes.
TANSY, tan'zi, n. a bitter, aromatic plant,
with small yellow flowers, common on
old pasture, also a pudding or cake flav-
ored with it. [Lit. " the immortal plant,"
Ft. tanaisie, through late L., from Gr.
athanasia, immortality.]
TANTALIZE, tan'ta-liz, v.t. to tease or
torment, by presenting something to ex-
cite desire, but keeping it out of reach.
[From Tantaltis, a Greek mythical per-
sonage, who was made to stand up to
his chin in water, with branches of fruit
hung over his head, the water receding
when we wished to drink, and the fruit
when he desired to eat.]
TANTALUS, tan'ta-lus, n. a genus of wad-
ing birds,family Ardeidae or heron family.
T. loculator is the wood-ibis of America,
which frequents extensive swamps, where
it feeds on serpents, young alligators,
frogs, and other reptiles. The African
tantalus, {T. ibis) was long regarded as
the ancient Egyptian ibis, out it is rare
in Egypt, belonging chiefly to Senegal,
and is much larger than the true ibis. —
Tantalus ctip. a philosophical toy, con-
sisting of a siphon so adapted to a cup
that the short leg being in the cup, the
long leg may go down through the bot-
tom of it. The siphon is concealed
within the figure of a man, whose chin
is on a level with the bend of the siphon.
Hence, as soon as the water rises up to
the chin of the image it begins to sub-
side, so that the figure, like Tantalus in
the fable, is unable to quench his thirst.
[The name was given because from their
V iracity these birds seem never to hav»
enough.]
TANTAMOUNT,tan'ta-mownt,ad;". equiva-
lent, as in value, force, effect, or signifi-
cation : as, silence is sometimes tanta-
mount to consent. "Put the question*
into Latin, we are stOl never the nearer,
they are plainly tantamoxmt ; at least
the difference to me is undiscernible." —
Waterland. " Actions were brought
against persons who had defamed the
Duke of York ; and damages tantamount
to a sentence of perpetual imprisonment
were demanded by the plaintiff and
without difiiciilty obtained." — Macaulay.
[Fr. tant, L. tantus, so much, and E.
Amount.]
TANTAMOUNT, tan'ta-mownt. v.i. to b«.
tantamount or equivalent. " That which
in God"s estimate may tantamount to i>
direct undervaluing." — Jer. Taylor.
TANTI\"Y. tau-tiv'i, adv. swiftly: speed-
ily: rapidly.— To ride tantivy, to ride
with great speed. [Said to be from the
note of a hunting horn.]
TANTIVY, tan-tivl, ?i. a rapid, violent
gallop : a devoted adherent of the court
in the time of Charles II. ; a royalist ;
" Those who took the king's side were
anti-Birminghams, abhorrers, and tan-
tivies. These appellations soon became
obsolete." — Macaulay: "Collier . . ,
v.-as a Tory of the highest sort, such aa
in the court of his age was called a tan-
tii^y.'' — Macaulay: a mixture of hast*
and violence; a rush; a torrent; "Sir,
I expected to hear from you in the lan-
guage of the lost groat, and the prodigal
son, and not in such a tantivy of lan-
guage ; but I perceive your communica-
tion is not always yea, yea." — Cleaveland.
[The nickname may be traceable to the
fox-hunting habits of the country squires
of the period.]
TANTIA^, tan-tiv'i, v.i. to hurry off ; to
go off in a hurry. Miss Btimey.
TANTRA, tan'tra. n. a division, section, or
chapter of certain Sanskrit sacred worka
of the worshippers of the female energy
of Siva. Each tantra has the form of a
dialogue between Siva and his wife. The
tantras are much more recent produc-
tions than the Vedas, possiblj' posterior
even to the Christian era, although their
believers regard them as a fifth Veda, of
equal antiquity and higher authority,
[Sans., from tan, to believe.]
TANZIMAT,tan'zi-mat, n. (Zif.) regulations.
The name given to the organic Taws, con-
stituting the first contribution towards
constitutional government in Turkey,
published in 1844 by Sultan Abdul-Medjid.
[Arab., pi. of tansim, a regulation.]
TAP, tap, n. a gentle blow or touch, esp.
with something small. — v.t. to strike
with something small : fo touch gently.
— v.i. to give a gentle knock : — pr.p.
tapp'ing ; jpa.<. und pa.p. tapped. [From
Fr. tape — O. Ger. (Ger. tappe, a pat with
the hand).]
TAP, tap, n. a hole or short pipe througk
which liquor is drawn : a place where
liquor is drawn. — v.t. to pierce, so as to
let out fluid : to open a cask and draw off
liquor : to broach a vessel :—pr.p. tapp'
ing;pa.t. and pa.p. tapped. [A.S. tiippa;
cog. with Dut., Ger. zapfen; conn, witb
Tip and Top.]
TAPE, tap, n. a narrow fillet or band of
woven-work, used for strings, etc. [A.S.
tappe, a fillet ; conn, with Tapestry.]
TAPER, ta'per, n. a small wax-candle or
light. [A.S. tapttr, taper.']
TAPER, ta'per, adj. narrowed towards the
point, like a taper : long and slender. —
v.i. to become gradually smaller towards
one end. — v.t. to make to taper.
TAPERING
434
TARSIA
TAPERING, ta'per-ing, adj. growing grad-
ually thinner.
TAPESTRY, tap'es-tri, n. a kind of woven
hangings of wool and silk, often enriched
with gold and silver, representing figures
of men, animals, landscapes, etc., and
formerly much used for Uning or cover-
ing the walls and furniture of apart-
ments, churches, etc. Tapestry is made
by a process intermediate between weav-
ing and embroidery, being worked in a
web with needles instead of a shuttle.
Short lengths of thread of the special
colors required for the design are worked
in at the necessary places and fastened
at the back of the texture. The term
tapestry is also applied to a variety of
woven fabrics having a multiplicity of
colors in their design, which, however,
have no other characteristic of true tap-
estry.—Tapestry CAEPET,the name given
to a very elegant and cheap two-ply or
ingrain carpet, the warp or weft being
printed before weaving so as to produce
the figure in the cloth. [O. E. tapecery,
tapeeerye, from Fr. tapisserie. tapestry,
carpeting, from tapis, formerly tapestry,
now a carpet, from L. tapes, tapete, from
Gr. tai)es, tapetos, a carpet, a rug.]
TAPESTRY, tap'es-tri, v.t. to adorn with
tapestry, or as if with tapestry. "The
Trosachs wound, as now, between gigan-
tic walls of rock tapestried with broom
and wild roses." — Macaulay.
TAPEWORM, tap'wurm, n. a taj)e-\ike
■worm, often of great length, found in the
intestines.
TAPIOCA, tap-i-oTja, n. the glutinous and
granular substance obtained from the
roots of the Cassava plant of Brazil.
[The Brazilian name.]
TAPIR, ta'pir, n. a thick-skinned, short-
necked animal, ha%'ing a short, flexible
proboscis, found in Sumatra and South
America. [The Brazilian name.]
TAP-PICKLE, tap'-pik-l, n. the uppermost
and most valuable grain in a stalk of oats:
hence, (fig.) one's most valuable posses-
sion: in the case of a woman, chastity.
Burns. [Scotch.]
TAPPING, tap'ing, n. in surg. paracentesis,
or the operation of removing fluid from
any of the serous ca\"ities of the body in
which it has collected in large quantity.
TAPPIT-HEN, tap'it-hen, n. a hen with a
crest : a colloquial term denoting a kind
of tankard containing 3 quarts, or accord-
ing to some 1 quart, so named from the
knob on the lid as being supposed to re-
semble a crested hen. " Their hostess
appeared with a huge pewter measuring-
pot, containing at least three English
quarts, famUiarly denominated a tappit-
hen.'" — Sir ir. Scott.
TAPROOM, tap'room, n. a room where
beer is served from the tap or cask.
TAPROOT, tap'root, n. a root of a plant or
tree striking directly downward without
dividing, and tapering towards the end,
as that of the carrot.
TAPSTER, tap'ster, n. one who taps or
draws off liquor : a pubUcan.
TAPUL, tii'pul, n. in milit. antiq. the sharp
projecting ridge down the centre of some
breastplates.
TAQUA-NUT, ta'kwa-nut, n. the seed or
nut of the South American tree Phytele-
phas macrocarpa, introduced into this
country under the name of vegetable
ivory, and used as ivory.
TAR, tar, n. a thick, dark-colored, viscid
product obtained by the destructive dis-
tillation of organic substances and bi-
tuminous minerals, as wood, coal, peat,
shale, etc. Wood-tar, such as the Arch-
angel, Stockholm, and American tars
of commerce, is generally prepared by a
very rude process. A conical cavity is
dug in the ground, with a cast-iron pan
at the bottom, from which leads a funnel.
Billets of wood (such as pine or fir) are
thrown into this cavitj-, and being cov-
ered with turf are slowly burned without
flame. The tar which exudes during
combustion is conducted off through the
funnel. In England wood-tar is chiefly
obtained as a by-product in the destruc-
tive distillation of wood for the manu-
facture of wood-vinegar (pyroligneous
acid) and wood-spirit (methyl alcohol).
It has an acid reaction, and contains vari-
ous hquid matters of which the principal
are methyl-acetate, acetone, hydrocar-
bons of the benzene series, and a num-
ber of oxidized compounds, as carbolic
acid. Paraffin, anthracene, naphthalene,
chrysene, etc., are found among its solid
products. It possesses valuable anti-
septic properties, owing to the creasote
it contains, and is used extensively for
coating and preserving timber and iron
in exposed situations, and for impreg-
nating ships' ropes and cordage. Coal-
tar is also extensively obtained in the
process of gas manufacture. It is a very
valuable substance, in as much as the
compounds obtained from it form the
starting-points in so many chemical
manufactures : a sailor is called a tar
from his tarred clothes, hands, etc.
" Hearts of oak are our ships, joUy tars
are our men." — Sea song.
In Senates bold, and fierce in war
A land commander, and a tar.—Swift.
[A-S. teru, tero. Low Ger. tdr, Dut. teer.
Ice. tjara, Ger. theer, tar. Origin un-
known.]
TAR, tar, v.t. to smear with tar ; as, to
<a7- ropes: — pr.p. tarr'ing; pa.t. a.'a&pa.p.
tarred. — To tab and feather a person,
to pour heated tar over him and then
cover with feathers. This mode of pun-
ishment, according to Rymer's Foedera,
is as old at least as the crusades ; it is a
kind of mob vengeance still taken on ex-
tremelj' obnoxious personages in some
parts of America.
TAEAMTULA, tar-an'tu-la, n. a kind of
poisonous spider found in S. Italy : the
name is also applied to a very large vari-
ety found in the western States, whose
bite is usually fatal. [It. tarantola — L.
Tarenium, a town in S. Italy where the
spider abounds.]
TARAXACUM, tar-aks'a-kum, n. the root
of the dandelion, used in medicine. [A
botanical Latin word, coined from Gr.
taraxis, trouble, and akeomai, to cure.]
TARDY, tar'di, adj.. slotv, late, sluggish :
out of season. — adv. Tar'dily. — >i. Tar'-
DINESS. [Fr. tardif — tard — L. tardus,
slow.]
TARE, tar, n. a plant, like the vetch,
sometimes cultivated for fodder. [O. E.
tarefitch, the wild vetch.]
TARE, tar, n. the weight of the vessel or
package in which goods are contained :
an allowance made for it. [Fr. — It. tara
— Ar. tarah, thrown away.]
TARGET, tiir'get, n. a small buckler or
shield : a mark to fire at. [O. Fr. tar-
gette (Fr. targe) — O. Ger. zarga, cog. with
A.S. targe.]
TARGETEER, tar'get-er, n. one armed with
a target.
TARGITM, tar'g:um,n. a translation or para-
phrase of the Hebrew Scriptures in the
Aramaic or Chaldee language or dialect,
which became necessary after the Baby-
lonish captivity, when "Hebrew began to
die out as the popular language. The
Targum, long preserved by oral trans-
mission, does not seem to have been com-
mitted to writing until the first centuries
of the Christian era. The most ancient
and valuable of the extant Targums are
those ascribed to or called after Onkelos
and Jonathan Ben Uzziel. All the Tar
gums taken together form a paraphrase
of the whole of the Old Testament, ex-
cept Nehemiah, Ezi'a, and Daniel. [Chal.
targum, interpretation, from targein. to
interpret.]
TARGUMIST, tar'gum-ist, n. the writer of
a Targum : one versed in the language
and hterature of the Tai-gums. Milton.
TARIFF, tar'if. n. a list or table of goods
with the duties or customs to be paid for
the same, either on importation or ex-
portation; a list or table of duties or cus-
toms to be paid on goods imported or
exported whether such duties are imposed
by tlie government of a country or agreed
on by the governments of two countries
holding commerce with each other : the
principal of a tai-iff depends upon the
commercial policy of the state by which
it is framed, and the details are constant-
ly fluctuating- with the change of inter-
ests and the wants of the community, or
in pursuance of commercial treaties with
other states : a table or scale of charges
generally: in the United States, the term
applied "to a law of Congress fixing the
import duties. [Fr. tarif, Sp. tarifa, from
the Ar. tarif, explanation, information,
a list of things, particularly of fees to be
paid, from 'arafa, to inform.]
TARIFF. tai''if. v.t. to make a list of duties
on. as on imported goods.
TARLATAN, tar'la-tan, n. a thin cotton
stuff, i-esembling gauze, used in ladies'
dresses. [Perhaps Milanese tarlantanna,
Unsey-woolsey.]
TARN." tarn, n.'a small mountain lake or
pool, especially one which has no visible
feeders. " Fled like a gUttering rivulet
to the tarn." — Tennyson.
And soon a score of fires I ween,
From height, and hiil, and cliff were seen, . . .
They gleamed on many a dusky torn,
Haimted by the lonely earn.— Sir JT. Scott.
[Ice. tjorn, a tarn.]
TARNISH, tar'nish, v.t. to spoil by ex-
fiosure to the air, etc.: to diminish the
ustre or purity of. — v.i. to become dull :
to lose lustre" [Lit. " to cover,'' •' to
darken." Fr. temir, pr.p. ternissant ;
terne. dull, wan — O. Ger. tarni, covered,
A.S. dernian, to cover, darken.]
TARPALT.IN, tar-paw'Un, TARPALXING.
tar-paw'ling, n. a tarred jmU or cover
of coarse canvas. [From Tar, and Prov.
E. paiding, a covering for a cart, M.E.
pcdl. a sort of cloth, connected with
PallJ
TARRY\ tar'i, adj. consisting of, covered
with, or like tar.
TARRY, tar'i, v.i. to be tardy or slow : to
loiter or stay behind : to delay -.—pa.t.
madpa.p. tarr'ied. [5I.E. tarien—0. Fr.
targier, forger (Fr. tarder)—L. tardus,
slow, modified by confusion with A.S.
tirian. to irritate," vex. See Tardy.]
TARSAL, tar'sal, adj. pertaining to the
tarsus or instep ; as. the tarsal bones :
of or pertaining to the tarsi of the eye-
lids : as. the taisal cai-tUages.
TARSE, tars. n. the same as Tarsus (which
see).
TARSEL, tar'sel, n. a kind of hawk : a
tiercel.
TARSIA, tar'si-a. TARSIATLTIA, tar-si-a^
too'ra. n. a kind of mosaic wood- work or
marquetrv much in favor in Italy in the
fifteenth "century. It was executed bv
inlaying- pieces of wood of different col-
ors and shades into panels of walnut-
wood, so as to represent landscapes,
architectural scenes, figures, fruit, flow-
ers, etc.
TARSIER
435
TATTOOING
TAESIER, tar'si-er, n. an animal of the
genus Tarsius (which see).
TARSIUS, tar'si-us. n. a genus of quadru-
manous mammals of the leraura family
inhabiting the Eastern Archipelago. In
this genus the bones of the tarsus are
very mucli elongated, which gives the
feet and hands a disproportionate length.
— Tarsius spectrum, the tarsier, seems to
be the onlj' species known. It is about
the size of a squirrel, fawn-brown in
color, with large ears, large eyes, and a
long tufted tail. It is nocturnal in its
habits, and lives among trees. Its favor-
ite food is lizards. [From tarsus.'[
TARSO-METATARSUS, tar'so-me-ta-tar'-
sus, n. the single bone in the leg of birds
produced by the union and ankylosis of
the lower or distal portion of the tarsus
with the whole of the metatarsus.
TARSORRAPHY. tar-sor'ra-fi, n. in mrg.
an operation for diminishing the size of
the opening between the eyelids when
it is enlarged by surrounding cicatrices.
Dunglison. [Tarsiis, a cartilage of the
eyelids, and Gr. raphe, seam, suture,
from rapid, to sew.]
TARSOTOMY, tar-sol'o-mi. n. in surg. the
section or removal of the tarsal carti-
lages. Dunglison. [Tarsus, a cartilage
of the eyelids, and Gr. tome, a cutting,
from temno. to cut.]
TARSUS, tar'sus, n. (pi. Tarsi, tar'sl), in
anat. (a) that part of the foot which in
man is popularly known as the ankle,
the front of which is called the instep;
it corresponds with the wrist of the up-
per limb or arm, and is composed of
seven bones, viz. the astragalus, os calcis
(heel), OS naviculare, os cuboides, and
three others, called ossa cuneiformia;
(6) the thin cartilage situated at the
edges of the eyelids to preserve their
firmness and siiape: in entom. the last
segment of the leg. It is divided into
several joints, the last being generally
terminated by a claw, which is some-
times single and sometimes double: in
ornith. that part of the leg (or properlj'
the foot) of birds which extends fi-om the
toes to the first joint above; the shank;
the single bone of this portion corre-
sponds with the tarsus and metatarsus
conjoined. [Gr. tarsos, any broad, flat
surface, tarsos 2}odos, the flat part of the
foot.]
TART, tart, adj. sharp or sour to the taste:
(fig.) sharp: severe. — adv. Tart'ly. — »!.
Tart'ness. [Lit. "tearing,'" A.S. teart
— tearan, to tear.]
Tart, tart, n. a small pie, containing fruit
or jelly. [Fr. (arte, tourte — L. tortus,
twisted, pa. p. of torqueo, to twist.]
Tartan, tar'tan, n. a woollen stuff,
checked with various colors, worn in the
Scottish Highlands. [Fr. tiretaine, lin-
sey-woolsey; Sp. tiritana, tiritaira, a
sort of thin silk.]
Tartar, tar'tar, n. a salt which forms on
the sides of casks containing wine (when
pui-e, called cream of tartar): a concre-
tion which sometimes forms on the teeth:
an irritable person, one unexpectedly too
strong for his opponent. [Fr. tartre —
Low L. tartarum — Ar. dourd.]
tartar, tar'tar. n. hell. "Follow me.—
To the gates of Tartar, thou most excel-
lent devil of wit." — Shak.
Tartar, tar'tar, n. a native of Tartarj':
a name rather loosely applied to mem-
bers of various Mongolian or Turanian
peoples in Asia and Europe: a name
given to couriers employed by the Otto-
man Porte, and by the European ambas-
sadors in Constantinople. [A corruption
of Tatar. When, in the reign of St.
Louis of France, the hordes of the Tatar
race was devastating Eastern Europe,
news of their ravages were brought to
the pious king, who exclaimed there-
upon with horror, "Well may they be
called Tartars, for their deeds are those
of fiends from Tartarus." The appo-
siteness of the appellation thus metamor-
phosed made it be received, and from
that time French authors — and after
them the rest of Europe — have called the
Tatars, Tartars.] '
TARTAREOUS, tar-ta're-us, TARTAR-
OUS. tar'tar-us, ac^. consisting of or re-
sembling tartar.
TARTARIC, tar-tar'ik, adj. pertaining to
or obtained from tartar.
TARTARUS, tar'ta-rus, n. {ancient myth.)
the lower world generally, but esp. the
place of punishment for the wicked. [L.
— Gr. iartaros. prob. from the sound, to
express something terrible.]
TARTISH, tiir'tish, adj. somewhat tart.
TARTUFFE, TARTUFE, tar-t6of',«. a hyp-
ocritical pretender to devotion: a hypo-
crite. [Fr. tartufe, a hypocrite, from
Tartufe, the name of the "principal char-
acter in Moliere's celebrated coined v.]
TARTUFFISH, TARTUFISH, tar-toof'ish,
adj. hypocritical: rigid or precise in
behavior. " God help her, said I ; she
has some mother-in-law, or tartufish
aunt, or nonsensical old woman, to con-
sult upon the occasion as well as nn--
seW— Sterne.
TARTUFFISil, tar-toof'izm, n. the practice
of a tartull'e or hypocritical devotee.
TAR- WATER, tar'-waw-ter, n. a cold in-
fusion of tar, which was formerly a cele-
brated remedy for many chronic affec-
tions, esp. of the lungs; as, Bp. Berke-
ley's celebrated treatise on tar-ivater :
the ammoniacal water obtained bj' con-
densation in the process of gas manufact-
ure.
TAR- WELL, tar'-wel, n. in gas vianiif. a
receptacle in which is collected the tarry
liquid which separates from the gas when
it leaves the condensers.
TASCO, tas'ko, n. a sort of clay for making
melting-pots.
TASIMETER, ta-zim'e-ter, n. an instru-
ment invented by Mr. Edison for meas-
uring extremely slight variations of press-
ure, and by means of these other vari-
ations, such as those of temperature,
moisture, etc. It depends on the fact
that a piece of carbon introduced into
the course of an electric current offers a
resistance to the passage of the current,
which diminishes in a very marked de-
gree in proportion to the amount of press-
ure exerted on the carbon. A small disc
of carbon and another of vulcanite are
held together between two platinum but-
tons, which may be brought into connec-
tion with a galvanic battery, and a strip
of some substance like gelatine, which
contracts and expands with great readi-
ness, is so placed that by its variations
in magnitude it varies the pressure on
one of the platinum buttons, and hence
on the carbon disc. The variations thus
produced in the force of the electric cur-
rent are measured by a very delicate
galvanometer, which is also placed in the
circuit. So delicate is the instrument
that the heat of the hand held a few
inches off causes a deflection of the
needle ; while by a slight alteration in
form the weight and vital heat of the
minutest insect may be determined. [^Gr.
<a,si's. a stretching, tension, from teino,
to stretch, and metron. a measure.]
TASIMETRIC, taz-i-met'rik, adj. pertain-
ing to the tasimeter : made by the tasim-
eter : as, tasiinetric experiments.
TASK, task, n. a set amount of work, esp.
of study, given by another: warks
drudgery. — v.t. to impose a task on: to
burden with severe work. — n. TaSK'ER.—
To TAKE TO task, to reprove. [Lit. "a
tax," O. Fr. tasque — Low L. tasca, taxa
— L. taxo. to rate, tax. See Tax.]
TASKJMASTER, task'mas-ter. n. a master
who imposes a task: one whose office is
to assign tasks.
TASSEL, tas'el, n. a hanging ornament
consisting of a bunch of silk or other
material. [O. Fr. tassel, an ornament of
a square shape, attached to the dress — L.
iaxilbis. dim. of talus, a die.]
TASSELLED, tas'eld, adj adorned with
ta.ssels.
TASTABLE, tast'a-bl, adj. that may be
tasted.
TASTE, tast, v.t. to try or perceive by the
touch of the tongue'or palate: to tiv by
eating a little: to eat a little of: to partake
cf : to experience. — v.i. to try or perceive
bv the mouth: to have a flavor of. — n.
Tast'er. [O. Fr. taster, Fr. tdter. as if
from tascitare — L. taxo. to touch repeat-
edly, to estimate — root of tango, to
touch.]
TASTE, tast, 7i. the act or sense of tasting:
the sensation caused bj' a substance on
the tongue: the sense bj' which we per-
ceive the flavor of a thing: the quality
or flavor of anything: a small portion:
intellectual relish or discernment: the
facultj' b3' which the mind perceives the
beautiful: nice perception: choice, pre-
dilection.
TASTEFUL, tast'fool, ac^., full of taste:
having a high relish: showing good taste.
—adv. Taste'fullt. — n. Taste'fulness.
TASTELESS, tast'les, adj, itithont taste:
insipid.— «£?!;. Taste'lesslt.— ?i. Taste'-
lessness.
TASTY, tiist'i, adj. having a good tastK
possessing nice perception of excellence;
in conformity with good taste. — adv.
Tast'ilt.
TATTER, tat'er, w. a torn piece : a, loos*
hanging rag. [Ice. tetr, tetur, a torn
garment.]
TATTLE, tat'l, n. trifling talk or chat.—
v.i. to talk idly or triflingly : to tell tales
or secrets. — n. Tatt'ler. [M.E. tater,
like Low Ger. tateln, an imitative word.]
TATTOO, tat-too', n. a beat of drum and
a bugle-call to warn soldiers to repair to
their quarters, orig. to shut the ta})s or
drinking -houses against the soldiers.
[Dut. tajitoe — taj). a tap, and toe, which
IS the prep., E. to, Ger. zu, in the sense
of shut.]
TATTOO, tat-too', v.t. to mark perma-
nently (as the skin) with figures, by prick-
ing in coloring matter. — n. marks or
figures made by pricking coloring matter
into the skin. [Prob. a reduplication of
the Polvnesian word, ta, to strike.]
TATTOOING, tat-too'ing, n. the act of one
who tattoos ; the design produced by a
tattooer: the art of a tattooer: a practice
common to several uncivilized nations,
ancient and modern, and to some extent
employed among civilized nations. It
consists in marking the skin with punc-
tures or incisions, and introducing into
the wounds colored liquids, gunpowder,
or the like, so as to produce an indelible
stain, so that in this way a variety of
flprures may be produced on the face and
other parts of the body. This practice
is very prevalent among the South Sea
Islanders, among whom are used instru-
ments edged with small teeth, somewh '
resembling those of a fine comb. These
are applied to the skin, and being repeat-
edly struck with a small mallet the teeth
make the incisions required, while the
coloring tincture is introduced at th«
TAUGHT
same time. Degrees of rank are indi-
cated bv the greater or less surface of
tattooed skin. Sometimes the whole
body, the face not excepted, is tattooed,
as among the New Zealanders.
TAUGHT, ta,wt,pa.t. and pa.p. of Teach.
TAUNT, tawnt, v.t. to reproach or upbraid
with severe or insulting words : to cen-
sure sarcastically. — n. Taxjnt'ee. — adv.
Tatint'ingly. [Fr. tancer, to scold ; O.
Sw. tanta, to reproach, tant, mockery.]
TAUNT, tawnt, n. upbraiding, sarcastic, or
insulting words : a bitter reproach.
TAURUS, taw'rus. n. the Bull, one of the
signs of the zodiac. — adj. Tau'rINE. [L.
taurus. Gr. iauros. a bull.]
TAU-STAFF, taw'-staf, n. in archaol. a
staff with a cross-head or head in the
shape of the letter T. "A cross-headed
or tau-staff."—Jos. Anderson. [Gr. tau,
the name of the letter T.]
TAUT, tawt, adj. tight : stretched out :
not slack : applied to a rope or sail : also,
properly ordered : prepared against emer-
gencj'. ' ' Nelson's health had suffered
greatly while he was in the Agamemnon.
' My complaint,' he said, ' is as if a girth
was buckled taut over my breast ; and
my endeavor in the night is to get loose.' "
— Southey. [A form of tight or closely
allied to it.]
TAUTED, tawt'ed, TAUTIE. taw'ti, adj.
matted together : spoken of hair or wool.
Spelled also Tawted, Tavs'tie, Tatty, etc.
(Scotch.) [Akin to Scand. tail, a tuft of
hair ; Icel. toeta, to tease wool, tot, a
flock of wool.]
TAUTEGORIC AL, taw - te - gor'ik - al , adj.
expressing the same thing in different
words : opposed to allegorical. Coleridge.
[Gr. tauton, for to aiiton, the same, and
agoreuo. to speak. See Aiaegory.]
TAUTOCHRONE, taw'to-kron, n. in math.
a curve line such that a heavy body de-
scending along it by gravity will, from
whatever point in the curve it begins to
descend, always arrive at the lowest
point in the same time. The cycloid
possesses this propertj'. Also, when any
number of curves are drawn from a given
point, and another cur^e is so drawn as
to cut off from every one of them an arc,
which is described by a falling particle
in one given time, that arc is called a
tautochrone. [Gr. tautos, the same, and
chronos, time.]
TAUTOCHRONOUS, taw-tok'ron-us, adj.
pertaining to a tautochrone: isochronous.
TAUTOG. taw-tog', n. a fish (Taatoga
nigra or americana), family Ladridfe,
found on the coast of New England,
and valued for food. It attains a size
of 12 to 14 pounds, and is cauglit by
hook and line on rocky bottoms. Called
also Black-fish. [The plural of taut, the
Indian name.]
TAUTOLITE, taw'tol-it, n. a velvet-black
mineral occurring in volcanic felspathic
rocks. It is supposed to be a silicate of
protoxide of iron and silicate of mag-
nesia.
TAUTOLOGIC, taw-to-loj'ik, TAUTOLOG-
ICAL, taw-to-loj'ik-al, adj. containing
tautology.— adv. TKVIOiaa'lCAlAn.
TAUTOLOGIZE, taw-tol'o-jiz, v.i. to use
tautology : to repeat the same thing in
different words. — n. TaUTOL'ogist.
TAUTOLOGY, taw-tol'o-ji, n. needless
repetition of the same thing in different
V30rds. [Gr. tautologia — tauJo, the same,
logos, word.
TAVERN, tav'ern, n. a licensed house for
the sale of liquors with accommodation
for travellers : an inn. [Fr. taverne — L.
tabema, orig. "a hut of boards," from
root of tabula, a board.]
TAW, taw, v.t. to dress with alum and
436
make into white leather ; to dress and
prepare in white, as the skins of sheep,
lambs, goats and kids, for gloves and the
like, by treating them with alum, salt,
and other matters : to beat : to torture :
to torment. Chaloner. [A.S. taician,
to prepare, to taw ; Dut. touicen, to
taw ; Ger. zauen, to prepare, to soften,
to tan, to taw ; Goth, taujan, to do, to
work. The original meaning would
seem to have been to work or prepare in
general.]
TAW, taw, n. a marble to be played with :
a game at marbles.
Trembling I' ve seen thee dare the kitten^s paw;
Nay, mix with children as they play'd at taio ^
Nor fear the marbles as they bounding^ flew.
Marbles to them, but rolling rocks to you. — iSay.
[Origin unknown.]
TAWDRILY, taw'dri-li, adv. in a tawdry
manner.
TAWDRINESS, taw'dri-nes, n. the state or
quality of being tawdry: excessive
finery : ostentatious finery without ele-
gance. " A clumsy person makes his
ungracefulness more ungraceful by taw-
driness of dress." — Richardson.
TAWDRY, taw'dri, adj. formerly fine,
showj', elegant ; now only fine and
showy, without taste or elegance ; hav-
ing an excess of showy ornaments with-
out grace ; as, a taivdry dress ; tawdry
feathers; tawdry colors. " He rails from
morning to night at essenced fops and
totted/-!/ courtiers." — Spectator. [From St.
Audrey, otherwise called St. Etneldreda,
at whose fair, held in the isle of Ely, laces
and cheap gay ornaments are said to
have been sold. In this way tawdry
would have meant originally shov\-y, like
things bought at St. Audrey's fair. But
more probably the original notion was
showy, like the necklaces that St. Audrey
used to wear, the application coming
from the legend which says she died of
a swelling in the throat, an ailment that
she recognized as a judgment for having
been fond of wearing fine necklaces in her
youth. According to the latter supposi-
tion the adjective would come from the
noun taivdry as the name of a kind of
necklace. — "Tawdrt-LACE, a kind of neck-
lace or girdle.]
TAWDRY, taw'dri, n. a species of necklace
of a rural fashion: a necklace in general.
Of which the Naiatls and blue Nereids make
Them tarixtries for their neck. — Drayton.
TAWDRY-LACE, taw'dri-las, n. a kind of
necklace: also, a kind of girdle. [Spenser
uses it in the latter sense?) " Come, you
promised me a tawdry-lace and a pair of
sweet gloves." — Shak.
TAWNY, taw'ni, adj. of the color of things
tanned, a yellowish brown. — n. Taw'ni-
NESS. [Dut. tanig; Fr. tanni, pa.p. of
tanner, to tan. See Tan.]
TAX, taks, n. a rate imposed on property
or persons for the benefit of the state :
anything imposed : a burdensome duty.
— v.t. to lay a tax on : to burden : to ac-
cuse. [Fr. taxe, a tax — L. taxo, to
handle, value, charge — root of tango,
to touch. See Task.]
TAXABLE, taks'a-bl, adj. capable of being
or liable to be taxed.
TAXACE.,3E, taks-a'se-e, n.pl. a sub-order of
Coniferae, sometimes regarded as a dis-
tinct order, comprising trees or shrubs
which inhabit chiefly the temperate parts
of Europe, Asia, Africa, and America.
They have a woodj' tissue marked with
circular discs, with evergreen, and mostly
narrow, rigid, entire, and veinless leaves,
and are distinguished from the Cupres-
sinese by the succulent cup which sur-
rounds their seeds. The order yields
trees which are valued for their timber,
TEAK
and, like the Coniferae, possess resinous
properties.
TAXATION, taks-a'shun, n. the act of lay
ing a tax. or of imposing taxes on the
subjects of a state or government, or on
the members of a corporation or com-
pany, by the proper authority ; the rais-
ing of revenue required for public service
by means of taxes ; the sj'Stem by which
such a revenue is raised; "The subjects
of every state ought to contribute to the
support of the government, as nearly as
possible in proportion to their abilities ;
that is, in proportion to the revenue
which they respectivelj' enjoy under the
protection of the state. In the observ-
ance or neglect of this maxim consists
what is called the equality or inequality
of taxation." — Adam Smith : tax or as-
sessment imposed ; the aggregate of par-
ticular taxes ; " He daily such taxations
did exact." — Daniel : charge: accusation;
censure ; scandal ;
My father's love is enough to honor; speak no
more of him.
You'll be whipt for taxation one of these days.
—Shak:
the act of taxing or assessing a bill of
costs in law. [L. taxatio, taxationis, a
taxing, a valuing. See Tax, »(.]
TAX-CART, taks^-kart, TAXED -CART,
takst'-kart, n. a light spring-cart upon
which only a low rate of tax is charged
in England. "They (carts) are of all
kinds, from the greengrocer's taxed cart
to the coster's barrow." — Mayheiv. "She
begged that farmer Subsoil would take
her thither in his tax-cart." — Trollope.
TAXEL, tak'sel, n. the American badger
(Meles Labradorica), at first regarded as
a variety of the European badger, but
now found to differ so considerably tliat
it has been thought by some naturalists
worthy of being raised into a distinct ge^Jl
nus, Taxidea. Its teeth are of a more car-flf
nivorous character than those of the true
badger, and it preys on such small animals
as marmots, which it pursues into their
holes, frequently enlarging them so as to
make the ground dangerous for horses.
Its burrowing powers are remarkable, its
hole being 6 or 7 feet deep, and running
underground to a length of 80 feet. bI
Though termed Labradorica it is not^P
found in Labrador, but abounds in the
sandy plains near the Missouri and Rocky
Mountains. Its hair changes from yel-
lowish-brown in summer to hoary -gray
in winter, becoming longer and more
woolly.
TAXIDERMY, taks'i-der-mi, n. the art ol
preparing and stuffing the skins of ani-
mals.—w. Tax'iderjust. [Fr.--Gr. t — '•
arrangement, and derma, a skin.]
TEA, te, 'n. the dried leaves of a shrub in
China and Japan : an infusion of the
leaves in boiling water : any vegetable
infusion. [From South Chinese the. the
common form being tseha."]
TEACH, tech, v.t. to shoto: to impart
knowledge to : to guide the studies of;
to exhibit so as to impress upon the
mind : to impart the knowledge of : to
accustom : to counsel. — v.i. to practice
giving instruction : — pa.t. and pa.p
taught (tawt). [A.S. tceean, to sliow
teach ; Ger. zeigen, to show ; allied to
L. doceo, to teach, Gr. deiknumi. to
show.]
TEACHABLE, tech'a-bl, adj. capable of
being taught: apt or willing to learn,—
n. Teach' ableness.
TEACHER, tech'er, n. one who teacher or
instructs.
TEAK, tek, n. a tree in the E. Indies and
Africa, also its wood, remarkable for its
hardness and durability. [Malabar theka,
tekka.]
TEAL
437
TEG
TEAL, tel, n. a web-footed waterfowl allied
to the duck, but smaller. [Dut. teling,
taling.]
TEAM, tern, n. a number of animals mov-
ing together or in order : two or more
oxen or other animals harnessed to the
same vehicle: a number of persons asso-
ciated, as for the performance of a defi-
nite piece of work, or forming one of the
parties or sides in a game, match, or the
like ; as, a team, of football players,
CHcketers, oarsmen, etc. : in old Eng.
law, a royalty or privilege granted by
royal charter to a lord of a manor, for
the having, restraining, and judging of
bondmen and villeins, with their chil-
dren, goods, chattels, etc. [A.S. team,
offspring, anything following in a row,
from root of Teem.]
TEASISTER, tem'ster, n. one who drives
a team.
TEAPOY, te'poi, n. a three-legged table,
with a lifting top, inclosing tea-caddies,
or a small stand for holding tea-cup,
sugar-bowl, cream-jug, etc. " Teapoy is
in England often supposed to have con-
nection with tea ; but it has no more
than Cream o' Tartar has with Crim Tar-
tary. It is a word of Anglo-Indian im-
portation, viz. tip&i, an tjrdii or Anglo-
Indian corruption of the Pers. sipai,
tripos (perhaps to avoid confusion with
seapoj'), and meaning a three-legged
table, or tripod generally." — H. Yule.
TEAR, ter, n. a drop or small quantity of
the limpid fluid secreted by the lachry-
mal gland, and appearing in the eyes
or flowing from them. The lachrymal
fluid serves to moisten the cornea and
preserve its transparency, and to remove
any dust or fine substance that enters
the eye and gives pain. The normally
secreted fluid, after performing its ordin-
ary functions, passes through the lach-
rymal ducts and sac into the nasal chan-
nels. Moral and physical causes, how-
ever, as strong passion (grief, sorrow,
joy). incontroUable laughter, pain, esp.
in the eye itself, increase the secretion
considerably, and when the lachrymal
duct does not suffice to carry it off it
runs over the eyelids. Tears are a little
heavie rthan water ; they have a saline
taste, and an alkaline reagency, owing
to the presence of free soda.
The biff round tears
Coursed oae another down his innocent nose
In piteous chase. — Shak.
[A.S. toeher, tedr, tcer. Ice. tar, Dan.
taare, O. H. Ger. zahar, Ger. zdhre,
Goth, tager; a widely spread word, being
cognate with Gr. dakry, O. L. dacryma,
L. lacryma (whence Fr. larme. It. and
Sp. lagrima), Iv. dear, W. daiger, Gael.
deur ; from an Indo-European root dak,
meaning to bite. The guttural, it will
be seen, is quite lost in English and in
several of the other forms.]
TEAR, tar, v.t. to draw asunder or separate
with violence: to make a violent rent in:
to lacerate. — v.i. to move or act with
violence : to Ta.ge:^pa.t. tore, (B.) tare ;
pa.p. torn.—?!, something torn, a rent.
— n. Tear'er. [A.S. teran ; cog. with
Ger. zehren, also with Gr. dero, to flay.
Sans, dri, to split.]
TEARFUL, ter'fool, adj. abounding with
or shedding tears: weeping. — adv. Tear'-
FULLY.— ». TEAR'FULNESS.
TEARLESS, ter'les, adj., mthout tears:
unfeeling.
TEASE, tez, v.t. to comb or card, as wool :
to scratch, as cloth: to raise a nap : to
vex with importunitv, jests, etc.: to tor-
ment, irritate. [A.S. toesan, to pluck,
tease ; Dut. teezen, to pick ; Ger. zeisen,
to pluck, pull.]
TEASEL, TEAZEL, tezl, n. the English
name of several plants of the genus Dip-
sacus, nat. order Dipsaceae. The fuller's
thistle (D. Fullonum) is allied to the
teasel (D. sylvestris) which grows wild in
hedges. It is cultivated, in those dis-
tricts of England where cloth is manu-
factured, for the sake of the awns of the
head, which are employed to raise the
nap of woollen cloths. For this purpose
the heads are fixed round the circumfer-
ence of a large broad wheel or drum so
as to form a kind of brush. The wheel is
made to turn round while the cloth is
held against the brush thus formed, and
the fine hooked awn of the teasel readily
insinuates itself into the web, and draws
out with it some of the fine fibres of
the wool. These are afterwards shorn
smooth, and leave the cloth with the
fine velvet-like nap which is its peculiar
appearance : the burr of the plant : any
contrivance used as a substitute for
teasels in the dressing of woollen cloth.
Written also Teazle. [A.S. ttesl, teasel,
from tcesan, to pluck, to tease. See
Tease 1
TEASEL, TEAZEL, tez'l, v.t. to subject to
the action of teasels in the dressing of
woollen cloth : to raise a nap on by the
action of the teasel. Written also TEAZLE.
TEASELER, TEAZLER, tez'l-er, n. one who
uses the teasel for raising a nap on cloth.
TEASEL-FRAME, tez'1-fram, n. a frame
or set of iron bars in which teasel heads
are fixed for raising a nap or pile on
woollen cloth.
TEAT, tet, n. the nipple of the female breast
through which the young suck the milk.
[A.S. tit ; cog. with Ger. zitze, W. teth,
Gr. titthe, the nipple, a nurse — thao, to
suckle ; Sans, dlie, to suck.]
TEAZLE, tez'l. Same as Teasel.
TECHNIC, tek'nik, TECHNICAL, teVnik-
al, adj. pertaining to art, esp. the useful
arts : belonging to a particular art or
profession. — adv. Tech'nicallt. [Gr.
technikos — techne, art, akin to teko, to
produce, bring forth.]
TECHNICALITY, tek-nl-kal'i-ti, n. state
or quality of being technical : that which
is technical.
TECHNICS, tek'niks, n.pl. the doctrine of
arts in general : the branches that relate
to the arts.
TECHNOLOGICAL, tek-no-loj'ik-al, ac^'.
relating to technology.
TECHNOLOGY, tek-nol'o-ji, n. a discourse
or treatise on the arts : an explanation of
terms employed in the arts. — ((.Technol'-
ooiST, one skilled in technologj'. [Gr.
techne, and logos, a discourse.]
TECTONIC, tek-ton'ik, adj. pertaining to
building or construction. [L. tectonieus,
G. tektonikos, from tekton, tektonos, a
carpenter, a builder.]
TECTONICS, tek-ton'iks, n.sing. or p?. the
science or the art by which vessels, im-
plements, dwellings, and other edifices
are formed on the one hand agreeably to
the end for which they are designed, and
on the other in conformity with senti-
ments and artistic ideas. Fairholt.
TECTRICES, tek'tri-sez, n.pl. in ornith. the
feathers which cover the quill-feathers
and other parts of the wing : the coverts
[A modern Latin word from L. tego,
tectum, to cover.]
TECUM, te'kum, TECUM-FIBRE, te'kum-
fi'ber, n. the fibrous produce of a palm-
leaf resembling green wool, imported
from Brazil.
TED, ted, v.t. in agri. to spread to the air
after being reaped or mown: to turn (new-
mowed grass or hay) from the swath and
scatter it for drying. " Terfded grass." —
Milto7i. "The tedded hay." — Coleridge.
" The scythe lies glittering in the dewy
wreathe of tedded grass." — Oray. [W.
teddu, to spread out, tedu, to stretch out;
tedd, a spread, a display ; teddus, spread-
ing.]
TEDDER, ted'er, M. one who teds : an in-
plement that spreads and turns newly-
mown grass or hay from the swath for
the purpose of drying.
TEDDER, ted'er, ji. same as Tether. "Wc
live joyfully, going abroad within our
tedder.^' — Bacon.
TEDDER, ted'er, v.t. to tether. See Tether.
TE DEUM, te de'um, n. the title of a cele-
brated Latin hj'mn of praise, usually
ascribed to St. Ambrose and St. Augus-
tine, and well known through the trans-
lation in the Book of Common Prayer,
commencing, "We praise thee, O God."
It is sung on particular occasions, as
on the news of victories, and on high
festival days in Roman Catholic and
also in some Protestant churches. In the
Protestant Episcopal Church Te Deum is
sung in the morning service between the
two lessons. " Te Deum was sung at St.
Paul's after the victory." — Bacon. [From
the first words, Te Deum laudamus.]
TEDIOUS, te'di-us, adj., wearisome : tire-
some from length or slowness : irksome •
slow. — adv. Te'diously. — n. Te'dious-
NESS. [L. tcediosus.]
TEDIUM, te'di-um, n., wearisomeness : irk-
someness. [L. tcedium — tcedet, it wearies.]
TEE, te, n. a mark set up in playing at
quoits : the mark made in the ice, in the
game of curling, towards which the
stones are pushed : the nodule of earth
from which a ball is struck off at the
hole in the play of golf. [Scotch. Ice,
tjd, to point out, to mark, to note.]
TEE, te, v.t. in golf-playing, to place (a
ball) on the tee preparatory to striking
off. " All that is managed for you like
a teed ball (my father sometimes draws
his similes from his own favorite game
of golf)."— Sir W. Scott.
TEEM, tern, v.i. to bring forth or produce :
to bear or be fruitful : to be pregnant :
to be full or prolific. [A.S. tyman, to
produce.]
TEENS, tenz, n.pl. the years of one's age
from thirfeeu to nineteen.
TEETH. See Tooth.
TEETHING, tei/i'ing, n. the first growth
of teeth, or the process by which they
make their way through the gums.
TEETOTALER, te-to'tal-er, n. one pledged
to entire abstinence from intoxicating
drinks. — adj. Teeto'tal. — n. Teeto'tal-
ISM. [Prob. from a stammering pronun-
ciation of the word TOTAL bj' a lecturer
advocating the temperance cause.]
TEE-TOTUM, te'to-tum, n. a small four-
sided toy of the top kind, used by chil-
dren in a game of chance. The four
sides exhibit respectively the lettei-s A,
T, N, D. The toy is set spinning, and
wins and losses are determined accord-
ing to the letter that turns up when the
tee-totum has ceased whirling: thus A
(Latin aufer, take away) indicates that
the player who has last spun is entitled
to take one from the stakes ; D {depone,
put down), a forfeiture or laying down of
a stake ; N (nihil, nothing), neither loss
nor gain ; T {totiim, the whole), a title
to the whole of the stakes. " He rolled
him about, with a hand on each of his
shoulders, until the staggerings of the
gentleman . . . were like those of a tee-
totum nearly spent." — Dickens. [That is
T-totum. totum represented by T, from
the T marked upon it.]
TEG, TEGG. teg, n. a female fallow-deer :
a doe iu the second year : a young sheep,
older than a lamb.
TEGMEX
TEGMEN, teg'men.TEGTIMEN, teg'u-men,
n. (pi. Tegmixa, teg'mi-na, Tegoiina,
te-gu'mi-na), a covering- iabot. the inner
skin which covers the seed. [L.]
TEG5IE>'TUM, teg-men'tum, TEGUMEN-
TUM. teg-u-men'tum, n. (pi. Tegmenta,
teg-meii'ta, Tegumenta, teg-u-men'ta),
in bof. the scaly coat which covers the
leaf-buds of deciduous trees : one of these
scales. [L., from tego, to cover.]
TEGUEXIN, te-gek'sin, ;;. a large lizard
(Teuis Teguexin), family Teids, of Brazil
and Guiana, upwards of 5 feet in length,
having a very long tail, and said to give
notice of the approach of an alligator by
hissing. It swims well, and lives on
fru;'ts, insects, eggs, honey, etc., as well
as on aquatic animals. It fights fiercely
when attacked. The scaly rings of its
tail are held to be a protection against
paralysis, while its fat is supposed to
draw'out thorns and prickles. Tlie name
is often applied to other species of the
same familv.
TEGUMENT," teg'u-ment, n. an I^•TEGU-
MEXT. [L. tegumentum — tego, to cover.]
TEGUMENTARY, teg-u-ment'ar-i, adj.
See IXTEGUMENTAEY.
TEIXDS, tendz, n.pl. the Scotch form of
Tithes.
TELEGRAM, tel'e-gram, n. a message sent
by telegraph. [Gr. tele, at a distance,
and gramma, tnat which is written —
grapho. to write.]
TELEGRAPH, tel'e-graf, n. an apparatus
for giving signals from a distance, esp.
by means of electricity or magnetism.—
v'.t. to convey or announce by telegraph.
[Lit. " the distant writer,"' Fr. telegraphe
— Gr. tele, at a distance, a.nd grajjho, to
write.]
TELEGRAPHIC, tel-e-graf'ik, adj. pertain-
ing to or communicated by a telegraph.
TELEGRAPHIST, te-leg'ra-flst, n. one who
works a telegraph.
TELEGRAPHY, tel-eg'ra-fl, n. the science
or art of constructing or using telegraphs.
TELEMETER, te-lem^;t-er, n. an instru-
ment used among artillery for determin-
ing the distance from the gun of the ob-
ject fired at. [Gr. tele, far, and metron,
a measure.]
TELENGISCOPE, te-len'ji-skop, n. an in-
strument which combines the powers of
the telescope and of the microscope. [Gr.
tele, at a distance, engys, near, and stopeS,
to view.]
TELEOLOGICAL, tel-e-o-loj'ik-al, adj. per-
taining to teleology.
TELEOLOGICALLY,tel-e-o-\oi'ik-al-li,adr.
in a teleological manner. "No clew could
exist for the obser\'aticn of a kind of
natural objects which can be considered
teleologically under tlie conception of
natural ends." — Wnieicell.
TELEOLOGIST, tel-e-ol'o-jist,n. one versed
in teleology : one who investigates the
final cause or purpose of phenomena, or
the end for which each has been pro-
duced. " It is a relief to us . . . to fall
back on the more sober arguments of the
teleologists. who, no doubt, cannot prove
from the works of creation infinite wis-
dom, goodness, and power, but do prove
an amount of wisdom, goodness, and
power which satisfies the mind. Take
for instance the . . . volume of Sir Charles
Bell on ' the Hand,' and say whether it
is possible to follow liim through the nice-
ties and beauty of adaptation which he
demonstrates without acknowledging an
inconceivable amount of ingenious con-
trivance and benevolent design." — Ed.
Rev. ""While the explanation of the
teleologist is untrue, it is often an ob-
versa to the truth ; for though, on the
hypothesis of evolution, it is clear that
438
things are not arranged thus or thus for
the securing of special ends, it is also
clear that arrangements wliich do secure
these special ends tend continually to es-
tablish themselves— are established bj- the
fulfillment of these ends.'" — H. Spencer.
TELEOLOGY, tel-e-ol'o-ji, n. the science
or doctrine of final causes ; («) the doc-
trine which asserts that all things which
exist were produced by an intelligent be-
ing for the end which they fulfill ; the
science of the ends or design for which
things exist or were created : (b) a name
proposed by John Stuart Mill for a science
which should give a reasoned exhibition
to the ends of liuraan action. [Gr. telos,
teleos, an end, and logos, discourse.]
TELEPHONE, tel'e-fon, n. in a general
sense, any instrument or apparatus
which transmits sound beyond its nat-
ural limits of audibility ; tlius the speak-
ing-tube so much used in conveying the
sound of the voice from one room to an-
other in large buildings, or a stretched
cord or wire attached to vibrating mem-
branes or discs, constitutes ^^rtually a
telephone. But tlie name is generally
restricted to an instrument transmitting
sound by means of electricity and tele-
graph wires. About the year 1860 the
idea that sound-producing vibrations
could be transmitted through a wire
by means of electricity began to be
recognized by several men of science.
Reis of Frankfort invented an apparatus
which could reproduce at a distant sta-
tion the pitch of a musical sound by
means of a discontinuous current along
a telegraph wire. A great step in ad-
vance was made in 1876 when Prof. Gra-
ham Bell, a Scotchman resident in this
country, discovered an articulating tele-
phone which depends upon the principle
of the undulating current, and by means
of which the very quality of a note, and
therefore conversation itself, could be re-
produced at a distant station. Several
varieties of telephonic apparatus are
now in everyday use for intercommuni-
cation between tiistant places. [Gr. tele,
at a distance, and phone, sound.]
TELESCOPE, tel'e-skop, n. an optical in-
strument for ineiving objects at a dis-
tance. [Fr. — Gr. tele, at a distance, and
skopeO, to see.]
TELESCOPIC, tel-e-skop'ik, adj. pertaining
to, performed by, or like a telescope : seen
only by a telescope. — adv. Telescjop'-
ICALLT.
TELL, tel, v.t. to number or give an ac-
count of : to utter : to narrate : to dis-
close : to inform : to discern : to explain.
— v.i. to give an account : to produce or
take effect -.—pa.t. and 2Ja..p. told. [A.S.
tellan ; Ice. telia. Dan. tale, Ger. zahlen,
to number. The fundamental idea is prob.
to "arrange in order.""]
TELLER, tel'er, n. one who tells or counts :
a clerk whose duty it is to receive and
pay money.
TELtr-TALE, tel'-tal, adj telling tales:
officiously or heedlessly revealing : blab-
bing : babbling.
Let not the heavens bear these tell-tale women
Rail on the Lord's anointed. — Shak.
TELE-TALE, tel'-tal. n. one who officiously
communicates information of the private
concerns of individuals ; one who tells
that which prudence should suppress ;
You spealc to Casca, and to such a man
That is no fleering tell-tale.— Shak.;
A tell-tale out of school
Is of all wits the greatest fool. — Swift :
a name given to a variety of instruments
or devices, usually automatic, used for
countingjindicating. registering, or other-
wise giving some desired information ;
TEMPERANCE
#
as, a piece of ivory, metal, or the like
connected with the wind-chest of an or-
gan, and which sliows by its rising or
falling in what degree the wind is ex-
liausted : a hanging compass ; an index
in front of the wheel of a ship, or in the
cabin, to show the direction of the tiller;
a turnstile placed at the entrance of a
hall or other place of resort, and having
a mechanism which records the number
of persons passing in or out ; a gauge or
index such as shows the pressiu'e of steam
on an engine boiler, of gas on a gas-
holder, and the like : a clock attachment
for the purpose of causing a record to be
made of the presence of a watchman at
certain intervals; some forms of this de-
vice are provided with a rotating paper
dial, showing the hour and minute at
which a watchman touched a projecting
button having a point whicli punctuates
the paper dial : the name of two species
of grallatorial birds common in America,
and so called from their shrill whistle
alarming ducks about to be fired at by
the sportsman ; the one is the Totanus
fiavipes. the other T. vociferus.
TELL-TROTH, tel'-troth, n. one wh»
speaks or tells the truth : one who gives
a true report. " Caleb and Joshua, the
only two tell-troths, endeavored to unde-
ceive and encourage tlie people.'" — Fuller,
TELLURAL, tel-lu'ral, adj. pertaining to
tlie earth. [L. telhis, telluris, the earth.}
TELLURIC, tel-lu'rik, adj. pertaining to or
proceeding from the earth : of or from
tellurium. [L. tellus. telluris, the earth.}
TELLURIUM, tel-lu'ri-um, n. an element
by some classed as a metal, brittle and
crystalline, chiefly found in a gold ore
associated with selenium.
TEMERITY, te-mer'i-ti, n., rashness : un-
reasonable contempt for danger. [Fr.
tevierite — L. temeritus — temere, by
chance, rashly.]
TEMPER, tem'per, v.t. to mix in due pro-
portion : to modify by mixture : to mod-
erate : to soften :' to' bring to a proper
degree of hardness, as a metal. — n. due
mixture or balance of different or con-
trary qualities : state of a metal as to
hardness, etc.: constitution of the body:
state of mind, esp. with regard to feel-
ings : passion : calmness or moderation.
[A.S. temprian — L. iempero, to combine
properly — tempiis, perh. from roct tern,
to cut, and so sig. a bit cut off, portion
of time.]
TEMPERAMENT, tem'per-a-ment, 7i. state
with respect to the predominance of any
quality : internal constitution or state :
disposition. [L. temperamentiim — tem-
pera.']
TEMPERANCE, tem'per-ans, n. modera-
tioa ; the observance of moderation ;
temperateness; particularly, (a) habitual
moderation in regard to tiie indulgence
of the natural appetites and passions;
restrained or moderate indulgence ; ab-
stinence from all violence or excess,
from improper indulgence, or from the
use of anything injurious to moral or
physical well-being ; sobriety ; as, tern-
perance in eating and drinking ; temper-
ance in the indulgence of joy or mirth ;
"When it (virtue) ruleth and ordereth
our lust or concupiscence, limiting out »
" certain measure, and lawful proportion
of time unto pleasures, it is called tern-
jjerance." — Holland;
If thou well observe
The rule of Not too much : by temperance taught
In what thou eat'st and drink'st; seeliing therefrom
Due nourishment, not gluttonous delight.
So mavst thou live, till, Uke ripe fruit thou drop
Into tdy mother "s lap. —Milton ;
" Temperance permits us to take meat
and drink not only as physic for hunger
I
TEMPERATE
439
TEXANTLESS
and thirst, but also as an innocent cor-
dial and fortifier against the e^ils of
life, oi even sometimes, reason not re-
fusing- that liberty, merely as a matter
of pleasure. It only confines us to such
kinds, quantities, and seasons as may
best consist with our health, the use of
our faculties, our fortune, etc." — Wol-
laston: patience : calmness ; sedateness;
moderation of passion ;
He calm'd his wrath with goodly temperance.
— Spenser ;
Being once chafed he cannot
Be rein'd again to temperance. — Shak.:
the word is frequently used adjectivally;
as, the temperance movement ; a tem-
perance societj' ; a temperance hotel ; a
temperance lecture, etc. — Temperance
HOTEL, a hotel ill which no intoxicant
liquors are supplied to the guests. —
Temperance society, an association
formed for the purpose of repressing
drunkenness, and banishing it from so-
ciety. The basis on which these asso-
ciations have generally been formed has
been that of an engagement on the part
of each member to abstain from the ha-
bitual and improper use or indulgence in
intoxicating liquors. As the most strict-
ly limited use of intoxicants as bever-
ages is condemned by many social re-
formers and scientists as physically and
mentallj- injurious, this name has been
applied to, or assumed by, associations
which are more correctly designated
tctal abstinence or teetotal societies.
[Ft. temperance, from L. temperantia,
moderation, sobriety, temperance, from
tempero. to temper, to restrain.]
TEMPERATE, tem'per-at, adj. moderate
in degree of any quality, esp. in the ap-
petites and passions : calm : cool : ab-
stemious : neither very cold nor very
hot, applied to climate. — adv. Tem'per-
ATELY. — ?!. TEM'PERATEXESS.
TEMPERATURE, tem'per-a-tur, n. consti-
tution : proportion : degree of any qual-
ity, esp. of heat or cold : state of a body
with respect to sensible heat. [L. tem-
peratura — tempero.'\
TEMPEST, tem'pest, n. wind rushing with
great velocity, usually with rain or snow:
a violent storm : any violent commotion.
[Lit. "a portion of time.'' "a season,"
then weather, bad weather, O. Fr. tem-
peste — L. tempestas, a season, tempest —
tempus. time.]
TEMPESTUOUS, tem-pest'u-us, adj. re-
sembling or pertaining to a tempest :
very stormy: turbulent. — adv. Tempest'-
UOrSLY. — ?;'. TEMPEST'rOUSNESS.
TEMPLAR, tem'plar. n. a student or lawyer
living in the Temple, London : one of a
religious military order first established
at Jerusalem in favor of pilgrims trav-
elling to the Holy Land. The order
originated with some persons who, in
1118. devoted themselves to the service
of God, promising to live in perpetual
chastity, obedience, and poverty, after
the manner of canons. Baldwin 11. , king
of Jerusalem, bestowed on them their
first place of residence in the city, close
to the Temple, and an additional liuilding
was acquired from the abbot and canons
of the church and convent of the Temple,
whence the order received the name of
the •' poor soldiers of the Temple." after-
wards converted into Templars, or
Knights Templars. The knights wore a
white cloak adorned with a red cross of
eight points (the Maltese cross) on the left
shoulder. In 1228 this order was con-
firmed in the Council of Troves, and sub-
jected to a rule of discipline. It flourished,
became immensely rich and powerful,
and its members became so arrogant and
luxurious that the order was suppressed
by the Council of Vienne in 1313. [Orig.
called "Poor Soldiers of the Temple of
Solomon." from their having acquired
the church and convent of the Temple.]
TEMPLE, tem'pl, n. (lit.) " a small space
cut off '" or •' marked out," esp. for relig-
ious purposes : an edifice erected to a
deity or for religious purposes : a place
of worship: in London, two inns of court,
once occupied by the Knights Templars.
[L. templnm, prob. for temulum, a space
marked out, dim. of tempus, a piece cut
off. See Temper.]
TEMPLE, tem'pl, n. the flat portion of
either side of the head above the cheek-
bone. [O. Fr. temple — L. temp^is, a por-
tion of time, the fit time, pi. tempora,
properly the right place, the fatal spot,
the place where a blow is fatal.]
TEMPLET, tem'plet, n. a pattern or mould
used by masons, machinists, smiths, ship-
wrights, etc. ; it usually consists of a flat
thin board, a piece of sheet-iron, or the
like, whose edge is dressed and shaped to
the required conformation, and is laid
against the object being moulded, built,
or turned so as to test the conformity of
the object thereto ; perforated templets
are used by boilermakers and others to
lay out the holes for punching : in build-
ing, (a) a short piece of timber or large
stone placed in a wall to receive the im-
post of £. girder, beam, etc., ana distrib-
ute its weight ; (h) a beam or plate span-
ning a door or window space to sustain
joists and throw their weight on the piers.
tin the first meaning probably from Low
J. tejuplatus, vaulted, so that the mean-
ing was originally perhaps a mould
showing the proper curve of a vault or
arch. Its meaning in building from Fr.
templet, a stretcher ; L. templum, a small
timber.]
TEMPLIN-OIL, tem'plin-oil, n. oil of pine-
cones : an oil isomeric with and very
similar to oil of turpentine, obtained by
distillation of the cones of Piniis Pumilio.
TEMPO, tem'po, n. in music, a word used
to express the rate of movement or de-
gree of quickness with which a piece of
music is to be executed. The degrees of
time are indicated by certain words such
as grave (verj- slow), lento (slow), adagio
or largo (leisurely), andante (walking
pace), allegro (gay or quick), presto
(rapid), j^^estissimo (very rapid), etc.
These terms are modified by such words
as molto (verj'), non troppo (not much).
A tempo denotes that the former time is
to be resumed, or a more distinct time
observed. [It.]
TEMPORAL, tem'por-al, adj. pertaining to
the temples. [L. tcmporali.'i.]
TEMPORAL, tem'por-al, adj. pertaining to
time, esp. to this life or world, opposed
to eternal : worldly, secular, or civil,
opposed to sacred or ecclesiastical. — adv.
Trm'porally. [Fr.— L. tempus, time.]
TESrPORALITY, tem-por-al'i-ti, n. what
pertains to temporal welfare:^pZ. secular
possessions, revenues of an ecclesiastic
proceeding from lands, tithes, and the
TEMPORARY, tem'por-ar-i, adj. for a time
only : transient. — adv. Tem'porarily. —
n. Tem'porariness.
TEMPORIZE, tem'por-iz, v.i. to comply
with the time or occasion : to 3ield to
circumstances.
TEMPT, temt, v.t. to put to trial : to test :
to try to persuade, esp. to evil: to entice.
[Lit. to stretch or try the strength of,
O.Fr. tempter, Fr. tenter— L. tento, an
inten. of tevdo, to stretch.]
TEMPTATION, tem-ta'shun. n. act of
tempting : state of being tempted : that
which tempts : enticement to evil: trial.
TEJIPTER. temt'er, n. one who tempts,
esp. the devil :■ — fern. Tempt'ress.
TEMPTING, temVing, adj. adapted to
tempt or entice. — adv. Tempt'inqly.
TEMPTRESS, temt'res, n. a female wh«
tempts or entices.
She was my temptress, the foul provoker.
—Sir W. Scott.
TEMSE. TEMS, terns, n. a sieve : a scarce:
a bolter. According to Brewer the pro-
verbial saying — "He'll never set tha
Thames on fire," that is, he'll never make
any figure in the world, contains this
word in a corrupt form. " Tlie temse was
a corn sieve which was worked in former
times over the receiver of the sifted flour.
A hard-working, active man would not
unfrequently ply the temse so quickly as
to set fire to the wooden hoop at the
bottom." The explanation is plausible.
[A.S. temes, a sieve, temsian, to sift ; Dut.
terns, a colander, a strainer, temsen, to
strain.]
TEMSE -BREAD, tems'-bred, TEMSED-
BREAD, temst'-bred, n. bread made of
flour better sifted than common flour.
TEMULENCE, tem'u-lens, TEMULENCY,
tem'u-len-si, «. intoxication : inebriation:
drunkenness. [O. Fr. temulence, from L.
temulentia, drunkenness, from a root tern
seen in temetum, intoxicating drink, ab-
stemiotts.]
TEMULENT, tem'u-lent, adj. intoxicated :
given to drink. " He was recognized, in
then temident Germany, as the very
prince of topers." — Sir W. Hamilton.
TEN, ten, adj. twice five. — n. a figure de-
noting ten units, as 10 or x. [A.S. ten,
tyn ; Ger. zehn, "W. deg, L. decern, Gr.
deka. Russ. desjaf, Sans, dacan.]
TENABLE, ten'a-bl, adj. capable of being
retained, kept, or defended. — w. Teit-
ABLENESS. [Fr. tenable, from tenir — L.
teneo. to hold.]
TENACIOUS, te-na'shus, adj., retaining
or holding fast : apt to stick : stubborn.
— adv. Tena'ciously. — n. Tena'cious-
NESS. [L. tenax — teneo.]
TENACITY, te-nas'i-ti. n. quality of being
tenaciotis : the qualitj' of bodies which
makes them stick to others. [L. tenaci-
tas — tenax.]
TENACULUJI, te-nak'u-lum, n. a surgical
instrument for seizing and drawing out
the mouths of bleeding arteries in opera-
tions, so that they may be secured by
ligaments. For this purpose it has a
hooked extremitj' with a fine sharp point.
[L. , a holder, from teneo, to hold.]
TENAIL, TENAILLE, te-nal'. )(. in fort, aa
outwork or rampart raised in the main
ditch immediately in llront of the curtain,
between two bastions. In its simplest
form it consists of two faces forming with
each other a re-entering angle ; but gen-
erallj' it consists of three faces forming
two re-entering angles, in which case it
is called a double tenaille. Any work be-
longing either to permanent or field forti-
fication, which, on the plan, consists of a
succession of lines forming salient and
re-entering angles alternately, is said to
be a tenaille. [Fr. t:;iaille,' from tenir,
L. teneo, to hold.]
TENANCY, ten'an-si, n. a temporary ftoZcf-
ing of land or property.
TENANT, ten'ant, n. one who holds or pos-
sesses land or property under another :
one who has, on certain conditions, tem-
porary possession of any place. — v.t. to
hold as a tenant. [Fr. tenant — L. tenens,
pr.p. of teneo, to hold.]
TENANTABLE, ten'ant-a-bl, adj. fit to be
tenanted: in a state of repair suitable
for a tenant.
TENANTLESS, ten'ant-lee, adj. without a
tenant.
TENANT-RIGHT
440
TERMAGANT
TENANT-EIGHT, ten'ant-rit, n. a kind of
customan- estate tn the North of En-
gland falling: under the general class of
copyhold, but distinguished from copy-
hold bj- many of its incidents : a term
applied to denote various rights or claims
which tenants maintain against their
landlords, as the right of the tenant,
conceded in some parts of Great Britain,
to compensation for the unexhausted im-
Erovements of the land which he has
eld, if he should be forced to leave it.
The term is specifically applied to a cus-
tom, long prevalent in Ulster, either en-
suring a permanence of tenure in the
same occupant without liability to any
other increase of rent than maj' be sanc-
tioned by the general sentiments of the
community, or entitling a tenant of a
farm to receive purchase-money, amount-
ing to so many years' rent, on its being
transferred to another tenant.
TENANTRY, ten'ant-ri, n. the body of
tenants on an estate.
TENCH, tensh, n. a fresh-water fish, of the
carp familj'. very tenacious of lite. [O.
Fr. tenche, Fr. tdnche — L. tiiica.'\
TEND, tend, r.t. to accompany as assistant
or protector : to take care of. [Con-
tracted from Attend.]
TEND, tend, v.i. to stretch, aim at, or move
in a certain direction : to be dii-ected to
any end or purpose : to contribute. [Fr.
tendre — L. tendo, Gr. teino, to stretch,
aim.]
TENDENCY, tend'en-si, n. direction, ob-
ject, or result to which anything tends :
inclination: drift. [Fr. tendance — L. ten-
dens, pr.p. of teudoT]
TENDER, tend'er, n. a small vessel that
attends a larger with stores, etc. : a car-
riage attached to locomotives, to supply
fuel and water.
TENDER, tend'er, v.t. to stretch out or
offer for acceptance. — n. an offer or pro-
posal, esp. of some service : the thing
offered.
TENDER, ten'der, adj. soft, delicate: easily
impressed or injured: not hardy: fragile:
weak and feeble : easily moved to pity,
love, etc.: careful not to injure (followed
by of) : unwilling to cause pain : apt to
cause pain : expressive of the softer
passions: compassionate. — adv. Ten'der-
LY. — n. Ten'deeness. [Fr.- tendre — L.
tener ; conn, with L. tendo, Gr. teino, to
stretch, and therefore lit. sig. " that may
be stretched.'"]
TENDER-HEARTED, ten'der-hart'ed, adj.
ha\'ing great tenderness of heart : full of
feeling.
TENDON, ten'don, n. a hard, strong cord
or bundle of fibres by which a muscle is
attached to a bone. [Fr. tendon — L.
tendo, to stretch ; Gr. tenon — teino, to
stretch.]
TENDRIL, ten'dril, n. a slender, spiral
shoot of a plant by which it attaches
itself for support. — adj. clasping or climb-
ing. [From Fr. tendre — L. tener. tender.]
TENEBR^, ten'e-bre, n. in the R. Cath.
Church the oflBce of matins and lauds
in the last three days of Holy "Week, at
which is used a triangular candlestick on
which are fifteen candles, one of which
is extinguished after each psalm. [L.,
darkness.]
TENEBRIFIC, ten-e-brif'ik, adj. producing
darkness; as, a pliilosopher once asserted
that night succeeded to day through the
influence of tenebrijic stars'. •' The chief
mystics in German}-, it would appear, are
the transcendental philosophers. Rant,
Kchte, and Schelling ! "SVith these is the
chosen seat of mysticism, these are its
' tenebrijic constellations,' from which it
doth ' ray out darkness ' over the earth."
— Carlyle. [L. tenebrcB, darkness, and
facio, to make.]
TENF:BRIFIC0US, ten-e-bnfik-us, adj.
causing darkness. " Authors who are
tenebrijicous stars of the first magnitude."
— Addison.
TENEBROUS, ten'e-brus, adj., dark :
gloomy. [L. tenebrosus — tenebroi, dark-
ness.]
TENEMENT, ten'e-meut, n. anything held
or that may be held by a tenant: a dwell-
ing or habitation, or part of it, used by
one family. — adj. TENEMENT' AL.
TENEMENT-HOUSE, ten'e-meut-hows, n.
a house or block of building divided into
dwellings occupied by separate families.
TENENDUM, te-nen'diim, n. in laiv. that
clause in a deed wherein tlie tenure of
the land is created and limited. Its otiice
is to limit and appoint the tenure cf
the land which is held, and how and of
whom it is to be held. [L., something to
be held.]
TENERIFFE, ten-er-if . n. a wine brought
from Teneriffe, one of the Canaiy Islands,
often sold as Madeira, which it resembles
in appearance, being, however, a little
more acid in taste.
TENESMIC, te-nes'mik, adj. in med. per-
taining to or characterized by tenesmus.
TENESMUS, te-nes'mus, n. in med. a con-
tinual inclination to void the contents of
the bowels, accompanied by straining,
but without any discharge. It is caused
by an irritation of the bowels or adjacent
parts, and is a common symptom in dys-
entery, stricture of the urethra, etc. [L.,
from Gr. teinesmos, from teino, to stretch,
to strain.]
TENET, ten'et, n. any opinion, principle,
or doctrine which a person holds or main-
tains as true. [L. tenet, he holds — teneo,
to holdj
TENTOLD, ten'fold, adj., ten times folded :
ten times more. [Ten and Fold.]
TENNIS, ten'is, n. a game in which a ball
is driven continually against a wall in a
specially constructed court, and caused
to rebound beyond a line at a certain
distance by several persons striking it
alternately with a small bat, called a
racket, the object being to keep the ball
in motion as long as possible without
allowing it to fall to the ground. This
game was introduced into England in
the thirteenth century ; it was very
popular with the nobility in the sixteenth
century, and continued to be so down to
the reign of Charles II. It is still )ilayed
to some extent in this country- and
England, but modifications of the game,
such as rackets and lawn-tennis, seem
now to be in more favor. [Said to be from
Fr. tenez, take it (from tenir, L. tenere,
to hold), a word which the French use
when the ball is struck.]
TENON, ten'un, n. a projection at the end
of a piece of wood inserted into the socket
or mortise of another, to hold the two
together. — v.t. to fit with tenons. [Fr.
tenon — ten-ir, to hold — L. ten-ere.'\
TENOR, ten'ur, n. continuity of state :
general run of currencv : puri)ort : the
higher of the two kinas of voices usu-
ally belonging to adult males : the part
next above the bass in a vocal quartette:
one who sings tenor. [L. tenor, a hold-
ing on — teneo, to hold.]
TENSE, tens, n. the form of a verb to in-
dicate the time of the action. [Lit.
" time," O. Fr. tens (Fr. tetnj}s) — L. tem-
2)us. time.]
TENSE, tens, adj., strained to stiffness:
rigid. — adv. Tense'ly. — n. Tense'sess.
[L. tensits, pa. p. of tendo, to stretch.
See Tend, r.t.]
TENSILE, ten'sil, TENSIBLE, ten'si-bl,a<^.
capable of being stretched.
TENSION, ten'shun, n. act of stretching:
state of being stretched or strained :
strain : effort. [L.]
TENSITY, ten'si-ti, ti., tenseness: state ot\
being tense.
TENSOR, ten'sor,n. a muscle that stretches, |
[L. the '"extender" or "stretcher."]
TENT, tent, n. a portable lodge or shelter, !
gen. of canvas stretched on poles ; a plug I
or roll of lint used to dilate a wound or I
opening in the flesh. — v.t. to pi-obe : to I
keep open with a tent, [Fr. tente — Low I
L. tentn — L. teido, to stretch. See Tend, j
v.i. and Tense, adj.]
TENTACLE, ten'ta-kl, n. a threadlike or-
gan of certain insects for feeling or mo- 1
tion.— adj. Tentac'clak. [Fr. tentacule]
— L. te7ito, to feel — tendo, to stretch. Cf.
Tent.] [Temptation.
TENTATION, ten-ta'shun, n. old form of]
TENTATm:. ten'ta-tiv. adj., tryijig : ex-
perimental. [Fr.— Late L. — L. tento, to)
handle, trv. See Tentacle.]
TENTED, te'nt'ed, adj. covered with tent
TENTER, tent'er, 71. a machine for e.vtend-\
ing or stretching cloth on by hooks. — v.t.l
to stretch on hooks. — To BE ON TENTER-
HOOKS, to be on the stretch : to be inl
suspense or anxiety. [See Tent.]
TENTH, tenth, adj. the last of ten : nextl
in order after the ninth. — n. one of ten!
equal parts.
TENTHLY. tenth'li. adv. in the tenth place.l
TENUITY, ten-u'i-ti, n.. thinness: small-1
ness of diameter : slenderness : rarity.
[L. toiuitas^tenuis, thin, slender — rooti
of Gr. teino, L. ten-do, to stretch. [Cf.f
Thin.]
TENURE, ten'ur, n. a holding or mannerl
of holding by a tenant, esp. lands or tene-T
nients. [Fr. tenure — Low L. tenura — L,|
teneo. to hold.]
TEPEFACTION, tejj-e-fak'shun, n. act of
making tepid or lukewarm.
TEPEFY, tep'e-n. v.t. to make tepid: orj
moderately warm :^x'a.t. and pa.p. tep'- ]
efled. [L. tepefacio — tepeo, to be warm,
and facio, to make.]
TEPID, tep'id, adj. moderatelj- warm :
lukewarm. — ns. Tepid'ity, TEP'roN-ESS.
[L. tepidus — tepeo. to be warm, Sans. tap.'\ \
TERAPHBI, ter'a-fim, n.pl. (B.) idols,
images, or household gods, consulted aaj
oracles. [Heb.]
TERCE, ters. n. same as Tierce.
TEREBINTH, ter'e-binth, n. the turpea-
tine-tree. — adj. Terebinth'in-e. [L. —
Gr.]
TEREDO, te-re'do, n. the ship-worm, al
worm very destructive in boring into]
wood. [L. — Gr. teredon, from teiro, toj
wear awav.]
TERGIVERSATION, ter-ji-ver-sa'shun, n.\
a shuffling or shifting : subterfuge : j
fickleness of conduct. [Lit. "a turning]
of the back," L., from tergum, the back^
and versor, to turn.]
TERM, term, »;. any limited period : thel
time for which anything lasts : the
time dui'ing which the courts of law are
open : certain days on which rent
paid : that by which a thought is ex^
pressed, a word or expression : a con-
dition or arrangement (gen. in pi.): {fllg.)\
a member of a compound quantity. — v.t,
to apply a term to : to name or call.i
[Fr. terme — L. terminus, a boundary, Gr.J
terma : further conn, with L. trans, E.'
Through. Doublet Terminus.]
TER5IAGANT. terma-gant, n. a bolster-'
ous.bold woman. — adj. boisterous: brawl-
ing: tumultuous. [Termagant or Terva-
gant, a supposed Mohammedan false
god, represented in the old plays and
moralities as of a most violent character. J
t
TERMINABLE
441
THANE
TERMINABLE, ter'min-a-bl, adj. that may
be limited : that may terminate or cease.
TERMINAL, ter'mia-al, adj. pertainiug to
or growing at the end or extremity. [L.
terminalis.]
TERMINATE, ter'min-at, v.t. to set a limit
to : to set the boundary : to put an end
to : to finish. — v.i. to be limited : to end
either in space or time : to close. [L.
tei^ninus.]
TERMINATION, ter-min-a'shun, n. act of
terminating or ending : limit : end : re-
sult : the ending of words as varied by
their signification.
TERMINATIONAL, ter-min-a'shun-al, adj.
pertaining to or forming a termination.
TERMINATIVE, ter'min-at-iv, adj. tend-
ing to terminate or determine : absolute.
TERMINOLOGY, ter-min-ol'o-ji, 7i. doc-
trine of terms: the terms used in any
art, science, etc. [L. terminus, and Gr.
logos, discourse. See Term.]
TERMINUS, ter'min-us. n. the end or ex-
treme point : one of the extreme points
of a railwaj' i^jjl. Ter'minI. [L. " a
boundary." "Doublet Term.]
TERN, tern, n. a long-winged aquatic fowl
allied to the gull. [Allied to Dan. terne,
sea-swallow. Ice. thenia.]
TERNARY, ter'nar-i, adj. proceeding by or
consisting- of threes. — n. the number
three. [L. ternarius — terni, three each —
tres, three.]
TERN ATE, ter'nat, adj., threefold or ar-
ranged in threes. [See Ternary.]
TERRACE, ter'as, n. a raised level bank of
earth : any raised flat place: the fiat roof
of a house. — v.t. to forin into a terrace.
[Fr. terrasse — It. terrazzo — L. terra, the
earth.]
TERRA-COTTA, ter'a-kot'a, n. a compo-
sition of clay and sand used for statues,
hardened like bricks by fire. [Lit. "baked
clay." It. — L. terra, earth, and cocta,
pa. p. of coquo, E. Cook.]
TERRAQUEOUS, ter-a'kwe-us, adj. con-
sisting of land and wafer. [Coined from
L. terra, earth, aqua, water.]
TERREEN, ter-en', n. less common form
of Tureen.
TERRENE, ter-en', adj. pertaining to the
earth : earthy : earthly. [L. terrenus —
terra, the earth. 1
TERRESTRIAL, ter-es'tri-al, adj. pertain-
ing to or e.xisting on the earth : earthly :
representing the earth. [L. terrestris
— terra, ths earth.]
TERRIBLE, ter'i-bl, adj. fitted to excite
terror or awe: awful: dreadful. — adv.
Terr'ibly. [L. terribilis — terreo, to
frightenj
TERRIBLENESS, ter'i-bl-nes, n. state of
being terrible : terror, dread.
TERRIER, ter'i-er, n. a dog that pursues
animals to their earth or burrow : a hole
or burrow where foxes, rabbits, etc., se-
cure themselves. [Fr. terrier — terre, the
earth — L. terra.']
TERRIFIC, ter-rif'ik, adj. creating or caus-
ing terror: fitted to terrify: dreadful. [L.
terrijicus.}
TERRIFY, ter'i-fi. v.t. to cause terror in;
to frighten greatly: to alarm :^}a.t and
pa.p. terr'ified. [L. terreo, and faeio, to
make.]
rERRITORIAL, ter-i-t5'ri-al, adj. pertain-
ing to fernYory ; limited to a district. —
adv. Territo'rially.
TERRITORY, ter'i-tor-i. n. the extent of
land around or belonging to a city or
state : domain : in the United States, a
portion of the country not yet admitted
as a State into the Union, and still under
a provisional government. [L. territo-
rium — terra, the earth, land.]
TERROR, ter'ur, n. extreme fear: an object
of fear or dread. [L. terror — terreo, to
frighten.]
TERRORISM, ter'ur-izm, n. a state of ter-
ror : a state which impresses terror : an
organized system of intimidation.
TERSE, ters, adj. compact or concise, with
smoothness or elegance : neat. — adv.
Terse'ly. — n. Terse'ness. [L. tersiis,
lit. " rubbed" or " wiped clean " — tergeo,
tersum, to rub clean, akin to stringo, to
draw ti^ht.]
TERTIAN, ter'shi-an, adj. occurring every
third day. — n. an ague or fever with
paroxysms every third day. [L. ter-
tianus — tertiiis, third — tres, three.]
TERTIARY, ter'shi-ar-i, adj. of the third
degree, order, or formation : pertaining
to the series of sedimentary rocks or
strata lying above the chalk and other
secondary strata, and abounding in or-
ganic remains. [L. tertiarius — tertius.]
TESSELATE, tes'el-at, v.t. to form into
squares or lay with checkered work. [L.
— tessella, dim. of tessera, a square piece
— Gr. tessara, four.]
TESSELATION, tes-el-a'shun, n. tesselated
or mosaic work : the operation of mak-
ing it.
TEST, test, n. a pot in which metals are
tried and refined : any critical trial :
means of trial : (cheni.) anything used to
distinguish substances or detect their
presence, a reagent : standard : proof :
distinction. — v.t. to put to proof : to ex-
amine critically. [O. Fr. test — L. testa,
a piece of baked clay, an earthen pot.]
TESTABLE, test'a-bl, adj. capable of being
given by will. [L. testabilis.]
TESTACEOUS, tes-ta'shus, adj. consisting
of or having a hard shell. [L. tcstaceus
— testa, baked clay, a shell. See Test.]
TESTAMENT, tes'ta-ment, n. that which
testijies, or in which an attestation is
made : the solemn declaration in writing
of one"s will: a will: one of the two great
divisions of the Bible. [L. — tcstor, to be
a witness — testis, a witness.]
TESTAMENTARY^, tes-ta-ment'ar-i, adj.
pertaining to a testament or will: be-
queathed or done by will.
TESTATE, tes'tat, adj. having made and
left a tcill. [L. testatus, pa.p. of testor.]
TESTATOR, tes-ta'tor, n. one who leaves
a will:^em. Testa'trix. [L.]
TESTER, tes'ter. n. a flat canopy, esp. over
the head of a bed. [O. Fr. teste (Fr. ti'te),
the head — L. testa, an earthen pot, hence
a hard shell, the skull.]
TESTER, tes'ter, n. an English sixpence.
[O. Fr. teston — teste (Fr. trte), the head,
from the sovereign's head on the coin.]
TESTICLE, tes'ti-kl, n. a gland which
secrets the seminal fluid in males : one
of the stones. [L. testiculus, dim. of
testis, a testicle.]
TESTICULATE, tes-tik-'u-lat, TESTICU-
LATED. tes-tik'u-lat-ed, adj. shaped like
a testicle.
TESTIFY, tes'ti-fl, v.i. to bear ivitness : to
make a solemn declaration : to protest or
declare a charge (with against). — v.t. to
bear witness to : to affirm or declare
solemnly or on oath : — ^^a.?. and pa.p.
tes'titleil. — n. Tes'tifier. [L. tcstificor
— testis, a witness, and facio, to make.]
TESTIMONIAL, tes-ti-mo'ni-al, adj. con-
taining testimony. — n. a writing or cer-
tificate bearing testimony to one's char-
acter or abilities : a sum of money raised
by subscription and presented in any form
to a person as a token of respect.
TESTIMONY, tes'ti-mo-ni, w. evidence:
declaration to jirove some fact : proof :
(B.) the two tables of the law : the whole
divine revelation. [L. testimonium — tes-
tor, to witness.]
TESTY, tes'ti, adj., heady : easily irritated s
fretful: peevish. — adv. Tes'tily. — n. Tes'-
TiNESS. [From O. Fr. teste (Fr. tHe), the
head. See Tester.]
TETANUS, tet'a-nus, n. spasm of the volun-
tary muscles : lockjaw. —od/. Tetanic.
[L. — Gr. — tetanos, stretched — teino, to
stretch.]
TETHER, teth'er, n. a rope or chain f«
tyino- a beast, while feeding, within cer-
tain limits. — v.t. to confine with a tether :
to restrain within certain limits. [M.E.
tedir, found iu Low Grer. tider. Ice.
tiodhr : conn, with TiE.]
TETRAGON, tet'ra-gon, n. a figure of four
angles.— adj. Tetrag'onal. [Gr. ieira-
gonon — tetra, four, gonia, an angle.]
TETRAHEDRAL, tet-ra-he'dral, adj. hav-
ing four sides: bounded by four tri-
angles.
TETRAHEDRON, tet-ra-he'dron, n. a solid
figure inclosed by four bases or triangles.
[Gr. tetra, four, andhedra, a seat, a base.]
TETRARCH. tet'rark, n. (under the Ro-
mans) the ruler of the fourth part of a
province : a subordinate prince. — ns.
Tet'rarchate, Tet'rarchy. [Gr.— tetra,
four, and arches, a ruler.]
TETRARCHATE, te-trark'at, n. oflice or
jurisdiction of a tetrarch : the fourth
part of a province.
TETRASYLLABIC, tet-ra-sil-lab'ik, adj.
consisting of four syllables.
TETRASYLLABLE, tet'ra-sil-a-bl, ;i. a
word of four syllables. [Gr. tetra, four,
and Syllable.]
TETTER, tet'er, n. a popular name for sev-
eral eruptive diseases of the skin. [A.S,
teter.]
TEUTONIC, tu-ton'ik, adj. belonging to
the race so called, including Germans,
Scandinavians, English, etc. ; also theit
language. [L. — Teut-o, -onis (O. Ger
Diot-o), lit. '-one of the peo])le " — O. Ger
diot, the people (A.S. theod), whence also
Ger. Deut-seh, German, E. Dut-ch. See
Dutch.]
TEXT, tekst, n. the original words of an
author : that on which a comment is
written : a passage of Scriptui'e. [Lit.
"something woven," L. textus — texo,
t&vtus, to weave.]
TEXT-BOOK, tekst'-book, n. a book con-
taining the leading principles of a sci-
ence. [Orig. a book with wide spaces for
comments on the text.]
TEXT-HAND, tekst'-hand, n. a large hand
in writing ; so called because it was the
practice to write the text of a book in
large hand.
TEXTILE, tekst'il, adj., woven : capable of
being woven. [L. textilis — texo, textum,
to weave.]
TEXTUAL, tekst'u-al, adj. pertaining to
or contained in the text : serving for a
text.— 0(h'. TEXT'UALLY.
TEXTUALIST, tekst'u-al-ist, n. one ready
in citing Scripture texts : one who ad-
heres to the te.xt.
TEXTURE, tekst'ur, n. anything woven, a
web : manner of weaving or connecting :
disposition of the parts of a body. [L.
textura — te.vo.]
THALER, tii'ler, n. a dollar, in Germany a
silver coin worth about 75c. [Ger. See
Dollar.]
THAN, than, eonj. a word placed after the
comparative of an adjective or adverb
between the things compared. [A.S.
thonnc : cog. with Ger. dann, denn;
from stem of The. See Then.]
THANE, than, n. a dignitary under the
Anglo-Saxons and Danes, who prob. held
the same rank as a baron does now. — n,
Thane'dom. [A.S. thegn, a servant, no-
bleman ; cog. with Ice. thegn. a man.
warrior, O. Ger. degen, a soldier, servint,
THANK
443
THERMOMETER
Qr. teknoti, child ; from the root of A.S.
thihan, Ger. {ge-)(leilien, to thris'e.]
IBANK, thangk, v.t. to express gratitude
for a favor. — /(. (usually in J)!-) expression
of gratitude for favor received. [A.S.
thane. wiU, thanks ; cog. with Ger. dank:
from the root of Think, the root idea be-
ing " a movement of mind or feeling."]
rHANKFUL, thangk'fool, adj.. full of
thanks : grateful.— orfc. THANTi'FULLY.—
n. Thank' FULNESS.
THANKLESS, thangk'les, atT/'.unthankful :
not expressing thanks for favors : not
gaining thanks.
THANK-OFFERING, thangk'-of'er-ing, n.
an offering made to express thanks for
mercies received.
THANKSGIVER. thangks'giv-er, n. one
who gives thanks, or acknowledges a
favor.
THANKSGIVING, thangks'giv-ing, n. act
of giinng thanks : a public acknowledg-
ment of divine goodness and mercy : a
dav set apart for this.
THANKWORTHY, thangk'wur-//ii, adj.,
ivorthy of or deserving thanks.
THAT, tha,t, pron. demons, and ret. — as a
demons, (pi. Those) it points out a person
or thing : the former or more distant
thing : not this but the other : as a rel.,
who or which. — conj. used to introduce a
clause : because : for : in order that.
[A.S. thcet, neut. of the article .te or the ;
cog. with Ger. das, dasz : further conn,
with Gr. to. Sans. tat. See THE.]
THATCH, thach. v.t. to cover, as a roof,
with straw, reeds, etc. — n. straw, etc.,
used to cover the roofs of buildings and
stacks. — n. Thatch'er. [A.S. theecan,
to cover ; cog. with Ger. decken, L. fego,
Gr. stega, to cover. See Deck and Tile.]
THATCHING, thach'ing, n. the act or art
of covering witli th;itch : the materials
used for tiiatching.
THAUMATURGY, thaw'ma-tur-ji, n. the
art of irorking ironders or miracles. —
adjs. THACMATUR'aic-AL. [Gr. — tlutiiina,
a wonder, and ergon, work.]
THAW, thaw, v.i. to melt or grow liquid,
as ice : to become so warm as to melt
ice. — v.t. to cause to melt. — n. the melt-
ing of ice or snow by lieat : the change of
weather which causes it. [A.S. tliairnn;
cog. with Ger. thauen, to thaw, to fall in
dew.]
THE, the or (when emphatic) f/ie. demons,
pron. usually called tlie definite article,
used to denote a particular person or
thing : also to denote a species. [A.S.
se, tlie, nom. masc. sing. See That. J
THE. the, adv. used before comparatives,
as, "the more the better.'' [A.S. tlii,
by that, by that much, the instrumental
case of The, demons, pron.]
THEATRE, the'a-ter, n. a place where pub-
lic representations, chiefly dramatic or
musical, are seen : any place rising by
steps like the seats of a theatre : a build-
ing adapted for scholastic exercises,
anatomical demonstrations, etc. : scene
of action. [Gr. theatron — theuomai, to
see.]
THEATRIC, the-at'rik.THEATRICAL, the-
at'rik-al, adj. rel;itnig or suitable to a
theatre, or to actors : pompous.
I'HEATRICALS, the-at'rik-alz, n.pl dra-
matic performances.
THEE, Wie. pron. objective of Thou. [A.S.
the. dative and accus. of thn (See Thou).]
THEFT, theft, n. act of thieving. [A.S.
theofth, thyfth.]
THEINE, the'iu, ». the active principle of
tea. [Fr. — the, tea.]
THEIR, thax, poss. adj. pron. of or belong-
ing to them. [A.S. thara, gen. pi. of the
definite article (replaced the older hira).]
THEIRS, tha.Tz, poss. of They. [Their,
with the sing. poss. suffix -s.l
THEISM, the'izm, n. belief in the existence
of God witli or without a belief in a
special revelation. [Coined from Gr.
theos, God.]
THEIST, the ist, n. one who believes in
God.
THEISTIC, the-ist'ik, THEISTICAL, the-
ist'ik-al, adj. pertaining to theism, or to
a theist : according to the doctrines of
t heists.
THEM, them, pron. objective of They.
[A.S. thain, dative pi. of the definite
article (this replaced the older him or
}ieom}.1
THEME, them, n. a subject set or pro-
posed for discussion, or on which a per-
son speaks or writes. [Fr. thhne — L.
thema — Gi: tithemi, to place, set. See
Thesis.]
THEMSELVES, /7(em-selvz', pron., pt. of
Himself, Herself, and Itself. [See
Them and Self.]
THEN, ^i'i.en, adv. at that time : afterward:
immediately : at another time : in that
case : therefore. [A.S. thanne, thonne,
thenne. accus. sing, from the stem of
The. Doublet Than.]
THENCE, f/iens, adv. from that time or
place : for that reason. [M.E. thenne-s
— thenne (see Then), with the gen. end-
ing- -s. Cf. Hence and Whence.]
THENCEFORTH, f/iens'forth, adv. from
that time forth or forward. [THENCE
and Forth.]
THENCEFORWARD, //iens-for'ward, adv.
from that time forward or onward.
THEOCRACY,the-ok'ra-si, n. a government
in which the chiefs of the state are con-
sidered as the immediate ministers of
God or of the gods, or belong to a sacer-
dotal race : the state thus governed. —
adjs. Theocrat'ic, Theocrat'ical. [Gr.
tlieokratia — theos, God, and kratco, to
rule.]
THEODICY, the-od'i-si, n. a justification of
God"s dealings with man. [Gr. theos,
God, and dike, justice.]
THEODOLITE, the-od'o-lit, n. an instru-
ment used in land-surveying for measur-
ing angles. [Ety. unknown.]
THEOGONIST, thg-og'o-nist, «. a writer on
iheogony.
THEOGOiST, the-og'o-ni. n. the part of
heathen mythology which taught the
birth and genealogy of the gods. [Gr.
theogonia — theos, God, and gone, genos,
race — geno, to beget. See Genesis and
Genus.]
THEOLOGIAN, the-o-lo'ji-an, n. one well
versed in theology : a professor of divin-
ity : a divme.
THEOLOGIC, the-o-loj'ik, THEOLOGIC-
AL, the-o-loj'ik-al, adj. pertaining to the-
ology or divinity. — adv. Theologically.
[Gr. theologikos.}
THEOLOGIST. the-ol'o-jist, n. a student in
the science of tJieology : a theologian.
THEOLOGIZE, the-ol'o-jlz, v.t. to render
theological. — v.i. to make a sj-.stem of
theology.
THEOLOGY, the-ol'o-ji, n. tae seienee
which treats of God, and of man's duty
to him. [Gr. theologia — theos, God, and
logos, a treatise.]
THEOREM, the'o-i-em, ?;. a proposition to
be proved. [Gr. thebrema, lit. "a thing
rieu-ed" — theoreo, to view. See Theory."]
THEORETIC.t he-o-ret'ik, THEORETICAL,
the-o-ret'ik-al, adj. pertaining to theory:
not practical : speculative. — adv. Theo-
eet'ically.
THEORIST, the'o-rist, n. a theorizer : one
given to theory and speculation.
THEORIZE, the'o-riz, v.i. to form a theory:
to form opinions solely by theories : to
speculate. — n. The'orizer.
THEORY, the'o-ri. n. an explanation, or
system of anything : an exposition of
the abstract principles of a science or
art : speculation as opposed to practice.
[L.— Gr, thebria. See THEOREM.]
THEOSOPHY, the-os'o-fl, n., divine ti-is-
dom, or knowledge obtained by direct
intercourse with God and superior spirits:|
immediate divine Uluraination or inspira-
tion. [Gr. theosophia — theos, God, and
sophos. wisdom.]
THERAPEUTIC, ther-a-pu'tik, adj. per-
taiuing to the /ieo/8«</art: curative. [Gr.
therapcub, to take care of, to heal, to
nurse.]
THERAPEUTICS, ther-a-pu'tiks, n.sing.
that part of medicine concerned with
the treatment and cure of diseases.
THERE, thkr. adv. in that place (opposed
to Here) : it is used to begin sentences
when the subject comes after the verb.
— Thereabout' or -abouts', adv. about
or ne.ir that place : near that number,
quantity, or degree. — Thereaft'er, adv.
after or according to that. — Thereat',
adv. at that place or occurrence : on
that account. — Thereby', adv. by that
means : in consequence of that. — 'There-
fore (f/ier'fur), adv. for that or this rea-
son : consequently. — THEREFROM', adv.
from that .or this. — THEREIN', adv. in
that or this place, time, or thing. —
Thereof i.tha.r-oi'), adv. of that or this.
— Thereon', adv. on that or this. —
Thereto', Thereunto', adv. to that or
this. — Thereupon', adv. upon or in con-
sequence of that or this : immediately.
— "Therewith', adv. with that or this.
[A.S. tha-r or tlxe-r : conn, with the
stem of The. Tlie -re is prob. short for
der (cf. Sans, ta-tra, there).]
THERJL4L, ther'mal, culj. pertaining to
lieat : warm. [Gr. thermos, hot — thertne,
heat — therb. to heat.]
THERMO - DYNAMICS, the.'mo-di-nam'-
iks, n. the branch of physics which treats
of heat as a mechanical agent. [Gr.
thermos — thernic, heat, atd <{ynamikos —
di/iiamis. force.]
THERMO-ELECTRICITY, ther'mo-e-lek-
tris'i-ti, 11., electricity developed by the
unequal heating of bodies.
THERMOMETER, ther-mom'et-er, n. an
instrument by which the temperatures
of bodies are ascertained ; founded on
the propertj' whicli heat possesses of
expanding- all bodies, tlie rate or quan-
tit3' of expansion being supposed propor-
tional to the degree of heat applied, and
hence indicating that degree. Tlie ther-
mometer consists of a slender glass tube,
with a small bore, containing in general
mercury or alcohol, which expanding or
contracting by variations in the temper-
ature of the atmosphere, or on the in-
strument being lirought into contact
with any other body, or immersed in a
liquid or gas which is to be examined,
the state of the atmosphere, the body,
liquid, or gas, with regard to heat, is in-
dicated by a scale either applied to the
tube or engraved on its exterior siu-face.
The ordinary thermometer consists of a
small tube, terminating- in a ball contain' i
ing mercury, the air having- been ex-
pelled and the tube hermetically sealed.
There are two points on the scale, corre-
sponding to fixed and determinate tem-
peratures, one, namely, to the temper-
ature of freezing water, and the other
to that of boiling water. In the ther-
mometer commonly used in this country,
that of Fahrenheit, the fornjer point is
marked 33° and the latter 212°; hence
the zero of the scale, or that part
ii
THERMOMETRIC
443
THIMBLE-RIG
marked 0°. is 32" below the freezing-
point, and the interval or space between
the freezing and boiling points consists
of 180°. The zero point is supposed to
have been fixed by Fahrenheit at the
point of greatest cold that he had ob-
served, probably by means of a freezing-
mixture such as snow and salt. On the
: Continent, particularly in France, and
nowadays in all scientific investigations,
the Centigrade thermometer is used.
The space between the freezing and
boiling points of water is divided into
100 eqlial parts or degrees, the zero being
at freezing and tlie boiling-point at 100°.
Reaumur's thermometer, which is in use
in Germany, has the space between the
freezing and boiling points divided into
80 equal parts, the zero being at freez-
ing. For extreme degrees of cold, ther-
mometers filled with spirit of wine must
be employed, as no degree of cold known
is capable of freezing that liquid, where-
as mercury freezes at about 39" below
zero on the Fahrenheit scale. On the
other hand, spirit of wine is not adapted
to high temperatures, as it is soon con-
verted into vapor, wliereas mercury does
not boil till its temperature is raised
to 660° F. Mercury is most commonly
used for thermometers employed foV
indicating all ordinary temperatures.
For recording extremeh' high tempera-
tures the pyrometer is used ; and for in-
dicating vei'y slight variations the ther-
mo-electric battery is employed. [Gr.
thermos, warm. froLi tlierme, heat, and
metron. measiwe.]
THERMOMETRIC.ther-mo-met'rik.THER-
MOilETRICAL. ther-mo-mefrik-al, adj.
pertaining to or made with a thermom-
eter.— adv. Thermomet'ricallt.
THERMO-PILE. ther'mo-pll. ?!. a thermo-
electric battery used as a thermometer.
[Gr. thermc, heat, and Pile, a roundish
mass.]
THESAURUS, the-saw'rus, n. a treasury
or repository, esp. of knowledge : a lexi-
con or cyclopaedia. [L. — Gr. thesauros —
tithemi. to place.]
THESE, thez, demon, /iron., pi. of This.
[A.S. thus, old pi. of thes, this. Doublet
Those.]
THESIS, the'sis. n. a po.fition or that which
is set dou-n or advanced for argument : a
subject for a scholastic exercise: an essaj'
on a theme : — p/. THESES, the'sez. [L. —
Gr. ti-the-mi. to set. See Thesie.]
THESMOPHORIA, thes-mo-fo'ri-a. n. a. fa-
mous ancient Greek festival celebrated
by married women in honor of Demeter
as the '• mother of beautiful offspring."
Though not confined to Attica, it was
especially observed in that district. [Gr.,
from thesmophoros, law-giving.an epithet
of Demeter — thesmos, a law, and pheru,
to bear.]
THESilOTHETE, thez'mo-thet, n. a law-
giver : a legislator : one of the six in-
ferior arehons at Athens. [Gr. thesmo-
thetes. a law-givex- — thesmos, law. and
tithemi. to place.]
THESPESIA, thes-pe'zhi-a. n. a genus of
plants, nat. order Malvacow. The species
are trees witli large entire leaves and
large handsoiue flowers. The rim of the
' calyx is entire, and the outer calyx is
formed of tliree le.ives, wliicli soon fall
off. T. jwpulnea, or the umbrella-tree, is a
native of the East Indies, Guinea, and the
Society Islands. It grows to the height
of about 40 feet, and has large yellow
flowers, with a dark red centre. In trop-
ical countries it is planted, for the sake
of its shade, about monasteries and con-
vents, and hence it is looked upon with
a sort of religious regard. Its wood is
reckoned as almost indestructible under
water, and it is therefore much used for
boat-building as well as for carpentry
purposes and house-building. [From Gr.
thespesios, divine, in allusion to T. pop-
idnea being planted in tropical countries
near churches.]
THESPLiN, thes'pi-an, adj. of or relating
to Thespis, or to dramatic acting in gen-
eral: hence, the Thespian art is equivalent
to the drama. " The highest stretch at-
tained by the TJiespiuii art." — Carlyle.
[From litespis, who played an important
part in the early history of the drama in
Greece about B.C. 535.]
THETA, the'ta, n. a letter of the Greek
alphabet corresponding to th in such
English words as thin : sometimes called
the uiducky letter from being used by
the judges in passing condemnation on
a prisoner, it being the first letter of the
Greek thanatos. death. [Gr. theta.]
THEURGIC, the-ur'jik. THEURGICAL,
the-er'jik-al, adj. pertaining to them-gy
or the power of performing supernatu-
ral things. — Thecrgic HY3tss, songs of
incantation.
THEURGIST, the'ur-jist. »). one who pre-
tends to or is addicted to theurgy.
"More refined necromancers or magi-
cians call themselves theiirgists . . .
thinking to have to do only with good
spirits." — HaJlywell.
THEURGY, the'ur-ji, n. the working of
some divine or supernatural agency in
human affairs : a working or producing
effects by spmtual means: effects or phe-
nomena brought about among men by
spiritual agency : specifically, («) di\ine
agency or direct interference of tlie gods
in human affairs or the government of
the world ; (b) a system of supernatural
knowledge or powers believed by the
Egyptian Platonists and others to have
been communicated to mankind by the
beneficent deities or good spirits, and to
have been handed down from generation
to generation traditionally by the priests;
(c) the art of invoking deities or spirits,
or by their intervention conjuring up
visions, interpreting dreaius, prophesy-
ing, receiving and explaining oracles,
etc. ; the power of obtaining fi-om the
gods, by means of certain observances,
words, symbols, etc., a knowledge of the
secrets which surpass the powers of rea-
son, to lay open the future, etc. — a power
claimed hy the priesthood of most pagan
religions : (d) that species of magic,
which more modern professors of the
art allege to produce its effects by su-
pernatural agency, as contra -distin-
guished from natural magic. ["Gr. the-
onrgia, from theos, a god, and ergon,
w'ork.]
THEAV, thu, Ji. (used chiefly inpl.), muscle
or strength : sinews. [Perhaps a form of
Thigh.]
THEY, tha., pers. pron., pi. of He, She. or
It. [From A.S. thd, nom. pi. of the
definite article, which replaced the older
hi, heo. See THE.]
THICK, thik, adj. dense: imperfectly
mobile : compact : not transparent or
clear : misty : dull : crowded : closely set:
abundant : frequent, in quick succession :
having great deptli or circumference. —
adv. closely: frequently : fast : to a great
depth.— f((ji\ Thick'ly. — ». Thick'sess.
[A.S. thicce : cog. witli Ger. diek ; from
root of A.S. thihan, to thrive. See
Th.\se.1
THICKEN, thik'n. v.t. to make thick or
close : to strengthen. — f.(. to become
thick or obscure : to crowd or press.
[A.S. thiccian.]
THICKET, thik'et, n. a collection of trees
or shrubs thickly or closely set : close
wood 01' copse.
THICK-HEADED, thik-hed'ed, adj. hav-
ing a thick head or skull : stupid.
THICKISH. thik'ish. adj. somewhat thick.
THIEF,thef. n. (pi. Thieves, thevz), a per.
son who steals or is guilty of theft ; one
who takes the goods or personal prop-
erty of another without the owner's
knowledge or consent ; esp. one who de-
prives another of property secretly or
without open force — as opposed to a rob-
ber, who openly uses violence: a term of
reproach; applied esp. to a person guilty
of cunning, deceitful, or secret actions ;
an evil-doer ; "Angelo is an adulterous
thief." — Shak.: an excrescence or waster
in the snuff of a candle; "Where you see
a thief in the candle, call presently for
an extinguisher." — B/j. Hall. — Thieves'
Latin, a jargon used by thieves : the
cant or slang language peculiar to
thieves." — Sir Ti". Scott. [A.S. theSf,
thiof, thtf. Ice. thjofr. Sw. tjuf. Dut.
dief, Ger. dieh. O. H. Ger. ditip. Goth.
tJijubs. thief ; root meaning doubtful.]
THIE^T;, tbev, v.i. to practice theft: t»
steal. [A.S. theojian.}
THIEVERY, thev'er-i, n. the practice of
thieving.
THIEVISH. the\-'ish, adj., given to, or like
theft or stealing : acting by stealth : se-
cret: sly. — adv. Thiev'ishlt. — n. Thiev*-
ISHNESS.
THIEVES'-VINEGAR. thevz'-vin-e-ger, n,
a kind of vinegar made by digesting rose-
marj- tops, sage leaves, etc., in vinegar,
anciently believed to be an antidote
against the plague. It derived its name
and popularity from a story that four
thieves who plundered the dead diu-ing
the plague ascribed their impunity to
this infusion. It has been long disused
as worthless.
THIG, thig. v.t. to ask ; to beg ; to suppli-
cate ; "Thej-were fain to tliig and ciy
for peace and good-will." — Pitscottie : to
go about receiving supply from neigh-
bors, etc. [A.S. tliicgan,ihigan, to ti\ke,
receive, partake of; Ice. thig, thiggja. to
get, receive, accept, receive hosjiitality
for a night; Dan. tigge, to beg as a men-
dicant, tigger, a beggar. The Scotch has
probabl^v got the word from the Scandi-
navian.]
THIGGER, thig'er, n. one who thigs : a
beggar : esp. one who solicits a gift or
assistance in goods or money, not on the
footing of an absolute mendicant or pau-
per, but as one in a temporary strait hav-
ing some claim on the liberalitv of others.
[Scotch.]
THIGH, thi. 7). the thick fleshy part of the
leg from the knee to the trunk. [A.S.
theoh : Ice. thio, O. Ger. diech, seen iu
Ger. diekbein, thigh.]
THILL, thil, n. the shaft of a cart, gig,
or other carriage. The thills are the
two pieces of timber extending from the
body of the carriage, between which the
horse is put, and by which the carri:ige
is supported in a horizontal posit dm.
■Written also Fill. [A.S. thil, thill, a
stake, pole, plank, also thel, a board or
plank: Ice. thili, thil, a deal, a plank;
Sw. tilja, a pole, a stake, a beam ; allied
to deal, a plank of pine. According to
some from same root as Sans, tola, sur-
face. L. telltis, the earth, the earth's sur-
facej
THIMBLE, thim'bl, n. a metal cover for
the finger, used in sewing. [Lit. "a
thumb-piece : '' an extension of THUMB.]
THIMBLE-RIG, thim'bl-rig, n. a sleight-
of-hand trick in which the performer
conceals, or pretends to conceal, a pea or
small ball under one of three thimble-
THIN
444
THORP
like cups. — v.i. to cheat by such meaus.
— n. Thim'ble-rig'ger. [From colloquial
use of Rig, in the sense of a trick, a
wanton krick.]
FHIN. thin, adj. having little thickness :
slim : lean : freely mobile : small : fine :
not close or crowded : not full or well
grown. — adv. not thickly or closelj- : in
a scattered state. — v.f. to make thin : to
make less close or crowded : to make
rare or less thick or dense : — pr.}:). thinn'-
iag ; pa.t. and pa.p. thinned. —adr.
Thin'ly.— H. Thin'ness. [Lit. " extended "
or •■ stretched out," A.S. thyn ; cog. with
Ice. thunti-r, Ger. diinn ; L. tenuis, Celt.
tanas. Sans, fanus, from the root tan,
stretch. See Tend and Thunder.]
THINE, thia, pron. (possessive form of
Thou), belonging to thee : thy. [A.S.
thin : Ger. dein.'\
THING, thing, ?i. an inanimate object : an
event : a part. [A.S. ; Ice. thing, Ger.
ding: the root idea being "a lawsuit,"
hence "a cause," "an affair;" cf. the
connection of Ger. sache and E. Sake ;
and of Fr. chose and L. causa.]
THINK, thingk, v.i. to exercise the mind :
to revolve ideas in the mind : to judge :
to form or hold as an opinion : to con-
sider : to purpose or design. — v.t. to im-
agine: to judge: to believe or consider:
— jxi.t. and^a.p. thought. — n. Think'er.
[A.S. thencan, thyncan ; cog. with Ger.
den ken, from root of Thank.]
THIXNISH, thin'ish, adj. somewhat thin.
THIRD, therd. adj. the last of three.— n.
one of three equal parts. [A.S. thridda.
See Three.]
THIRDLY, therd'li. adv. in the third place.
THIRST, therst, n. the uneasiness caused
by want of drink : vehement desire for
drink : eager desire for anj'thing. — v.i.
to feel thirst : to desire vehemently.
[A.S. thurst, thyrst; cog. with Ger. durst,
from a Teut. root sig. "dry ;" conn, also
with Gr. ters-omai. L. torr-eo, to drj',
Sans, trish, to thirst.]
THIRSTY, therst'i, adj. suffering from
thirst: dry: parched: vehemently de-
siring.— adv. Thirst'ilt. — n. Thirst'i-
INESS. [A.S. thurstig.]
THIRTEEN, ther'ten, adj. and n., threeand
ten. — The Original Thirteen, the thir-
teen States of the Union which adopted
the Constitution: New Hampshire, Massa-
chusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New
York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Dela-
ware, Virginia, Maryland, North Caro-
lina. South Carolina and Georgia.
THIRTEENTH, ther'tenth, adj. and ?i. the
last of thirteen. [A.S. threoteotha — threo,
three, and teotha. tenth.]
THIRTIETH, ther'ti-eth, adj. the last of
thirty. — n. a thirtieth part. [A. S.
tliritigotha.]
THIRTY, ther'ti, adj. and n., three times
ten. [A.S. thritig — threo, three, and
tig. ten.]
THIS. Wis, demons, pron. or adj. denoting
a person or thing near, just mentioned,
or about to be mentioned : (B.) the last
past -.—pi. These. [A.S. this, the neut.
of the adj. pron. thes (m.), theos (f.), this
(?!.) ; Ice. thessi. Ger. dieser.]
THISTLE, this'l. n. a genus of prickly
plants. [A.S. thistel: Ger. distel.}
THISTLY, this'li, adj. overgrown with
th ifitles.
THITHER, thith'er, adv. to that place : to
that end or result. [A.S. thiaer ; from
the stem of The.]
THITHERWARD, tMth'er-warA, adv. to-
ward that place. [A.S. thider-iveard.]
THOLE, thol, n. a pin inserted into the
gunwale of a boat to serve as a fulcrum
for the oar in rowing ; they are arranged
m*pairs, the space between forming one
kind of rowlock : the pin or handle of a
scythe - snath. [A.S. thol, a thole or
thole-pin ; Ice. thollr, a thole-pin. a
wooden peg : Low Ger. dolle, Dut. dot.
Prob. conn, with thill rather than with
the verb thole.]
THOLE, thol, n. in arch, (a) same as TTio-
lus : (b) the scutcheon or knot at the
centre of a timber-vault ; (e) a place in
temples where votive offerings were sus-
pended. E. H. Knight. [Gr. tholos, a
dome.]
THOLE, thol, v.t. to bear : to endure : to
undergo. Bums. — pr.p>. tholing ; jya.t.
and pa.p). tholed. [Old English and
Scotch. A.S. tholian, to bear, endure,
suffer ; Goth, ihulan, O. Fris. tholia,
Ice. thola, O. High Ger. doljan, dolfn,
didtan, Ger. dulden, and dial. Ger. dolen,
to bear, to endure, to tolerate. From an
Indo-European root fal. Sans. tul. to
bear, seen also in L. tollo, to raise (whence
e.rtol), tolerare, to tolerate ; Gr. talao, to
bear, tolma, bravery, talanton, a balance,
L. talentum, E. Talent.]
THOLE, thol. v.i. to wait. [Old English
and Scotch.]
THOLOBATE, thol'o-bat, n. in arch, the
substructure on which a dome rests. [Gr.
fholos, a coved roof, and basis, basis.]
THOLUS, tho'lus, n. in anc. arch, a name
given to any round building which ter-
minated at the top in a point : a dome or
cupola: specifically, at Athens, the round
chamber, or Rotunda, in which the Pry-
tanes dined. "The Thirty Tyrants on
one occasion summoned him, together
with four others, to the Tliolus, the place
in which the Prytanes took their meals."
— G. H. Lewes. '
THOM^AN, THOMEAN, to-me'an, ii. one
belonging to a churcli of early Christians,
said to have been founded, on the Mala-
bar coast of India, by St. Thomas.
THOMAISM, tom'a-izni, THO.^IISM, tom'-
izm, n. the doctrines of St. Thomas
Aquinas with respect to predestination
and grace, and especially the immaculate
conception of the Virgin.
THOMSONIAN, tom-s6'ni-an, adj. applied
to a system of botanical medicine, one of
whose doctrines is, that as all minerals
are from the earth their tendency is to
carry men into their graves, whereas the
tendency of herbs, from their growing
upward, is to keep men from their graves.
[After its founder. Dr. Samuel Thomson,
of Massachusetts.]
THONG, thong, n. a piece orstrap of leath-
er to fasten anything. [A.S. thwang,
thwong, from the same root as Ger.
zwang, constraining- power — zuHngen, to
constrain ; cf. the connection of band,
bind, and bond.]
THORACIC, tho-ras'ik, adj. pertaining to
the thorax or breast.
THORAX, tho'raks, ?i. the part of the body
between the neck and bellv : the chest.
[Xit. " a breastplate," L. — 6r.]
THORN, thorn, n. a sharp, woody spine on
the stem of a plant : a spine : a plant
having spines or thorns : anything prick-
ly or ti-oublesome. [A.S.; Ice. thorn,
Ger. dorn : Slav, tarn.]
THORN-BACK, thorn'-bak, n. a species of
ray or skate {Raia. clavata) common on
the British and Irish coasts, distinguished
by the short and strong recurved spines
which are scattered over the back and
tail, whence its name ; it grows to about
2 feet long, is very voracious, feeding on
small flounders, herrings, sand - eels,
crabs, lobsters, etc. ; great quantities are
taken every year, and the flesh is consid-
ered to be excellent food ; the female is
in Scotland called the maiden-skate : a
large species of spider-crab, the Maia
SQidnado, found in British seas and in
the Mediterranean, and so named from
the spines with which its carapace is
roughened; this species is sometimes fig-
ured on ancient coins.
THORNTAIL. thorn'tal, ». a beautiful little
bird of Peru and Colombia, belonging to
the family Trochilidaj (humming-birds).
THORNY, thorn'i, adj. full of thorns:
prickly : troublesome : harassing. [A.S.
thorniht.]
THOROUGH, thur'o, adj. passing through
or to the end : complete : entire. — (obs.)
prep, through. — adv. Thor'OUGHLY. — n.
Thor'oughness. [A.S. thurh, from a root
tar, "to go beyond." seen in L. tra-ns.
The longer form of THROUGH.]
THOROUGH-BASS, thur'o-bas, n. (music)
a bass part all through a piece, with
figures placed over the notes to indicate
the harmony to be plaved to each.
THOROUGHBRED, thur'o-bred, adj..thor-
oughly or completelj- bred : bred from a
dam and sire of the best blood, as a horse,
and having the qualities supposed to de-
pend thereon.
THOROUGHFARE, thur'o-far, n. a fare
or passage for going through : a public
way or street : right of passing through,
"^See Fare.1
THOROUGH-GOING, thur'o-go'ing, adj.,
going through or to the end : going aU
lengths : complete.
THOROUGH-PACED, thur'o -past, adj.,
thoroughly or perfectly paced or trained :
complete.
THOROUGH-PIN. thur'o-pin, n. a disease
in horses which consists of enlarged
mucous capsules growing on each side of
the hocks, giving somewhat the appear
ance as if a pin were thrust through.
THOROUGH-SPED, thur'o-sped, adj. fully
accomplished : thorough-paced. " Our
thorough - sped republic of Whigs." —
Su-ift.
THOROUGH-STITCH, thur'o-stich, adv.
fullj-: completely: going the whole length
of any business. " Perseverance alone can
carry us thorough-stitch." — Sir E. L'Es-
trange. " Many believe the bold Chief
Justice Jeffreys, . . . who went thorough-
stitch in that tribunal, stands fair for
that office." — Evehpi.
THOROUGH-WORT, thur'6-wurt, n. the
popular name of a composite plant, the
Eupatorium perfoliatum, a native of
North America, valued for its medicinal
uses. It is also known by the name of
Bone-set.
THORP, THORPE, thorp, n. an English
termination denoting a group of houses
standing together in the country : a
hamlet : a village — used chiefly in
place-names, and names of persons de-
rived from places ; as, AXthorp, Copmans-
thorpe. Thorpe as a termination of
place-names is very common in Lincoln-
shire.
Within a little thorp I staid at last. — Fairfax.
But he. by farmstead, thorpe, and .spire.
Came crowing- over Tliames. — Teyinyson.
By thirty hills I hurry down,
Or slip between the ridj^es.
By twenty thorps, a little town,
"And half a hundred bridges. — Tennysmu
[A. S. thorp, O. S. thorp), tharp. Ice.
thorp, Swed. and Dan. torp, Dut.
dorp, Ger. dorf, a village, a hamlet, a
group of houses. Vigfusson regards
this word as having been originally ap-
plied in England to the cottages of the
poorer peasantry crowded together in a
hamlet, instead of each house standing
in its own inclosure, the etymological
sense being a crowd or throng, as seen
in L. turha, a crowd, of which word this
is the Teutonic equivalent.]
I
THOS
445
THRIFTLESS
rHOS, thSs, THOUS. tho'us, n. a name
fiven to a genus of dogs intermediate
el ween the wolf, the fox, and the jackal,
of all of whose natures it somewhat
partakes. These dogs are larger than a
jackal ; they do not burrow, and are
marked on the back by black and white
colors, the rest of the fur being in general
ochrey buff. Among the different species
are the wild dog of Egypt. Nubian thous,
Cape jackal: Senegal thous or jackal, etc.
[Gr ^/i OS, a jackal.]
THOSE, thoz, pron., pi. of That. [From
A.S thas, the old pi. of thes, this. See
This. Doublet These.]
FHOU, thow, pron. of the second person
sing., the person addressed, now gen.
used onlv in solemn address. " Thou,
as ill Shaljespeare's time, was (1) the pro-
noun of affection towards friends, (2) of
good-humored superiority to servants,
and (3) of contempt or anger to strang-
ers. It had, however, already fallen
somewhat into disuse, and being regard-
ed CIS archaic, was naturally adopted (4)
in the higher poetic style and in the lan-
guage of solemn prayer." — E. A. Abbott.
tA.S. thu : cog. with Goth. t}ui, Gr. tu,
J. tu, Sans, tva-m.]
THOUGH, tho, coiij. admitting : allowing :
even if : notwithstanding. [Lit. " on
that " (condition), A.S. theah ; cog. with
Ooth. thmc-h. Ice. tho, Ger. doeh ; trom
the stem of The.]
THOUGHT, thawt, pa.t. and pa.p. of
Think. [A.S. theahte, theaht.]
THOUGHT, thawt, n. the act of thinking:
reasoning : deliberation : that which one
thinks: idea: fancy: consideration: opin-
ion : meditation : design : care. [A.S.
ge-thoht: Ice. thott-r, O. Ger. ge-dacht.
See Think.]
THOUGHTFUL, thawt'fool, adj., full of
thought : employed in meditation : at-
tentive : considerate : promoting serious
thought : favorable to meditation. — adv.
Thought'fully. — n. Thought'fulness.
THOUGHTLESS, thawt'les, adj., without
thought or care : careless : inattentive :
stupid : dull. — adv. Thought'lesslt. — n.
Thodght'lessness.
THOUSAND, tho'w'zand, adj. denoting ten
hundred : proverbially, denoting any
great number. — ii. the number ten hun-
cred : any large number. [A.S. thusend ;
Ger. tausend, Goth, thusundi ; found also
in Slav, and Lithuanian, and prob. thence
derived.]
THOUSANDFOLD, thow'zand-fold. adj.,
folded a thousand times : multiplied by
a thousand.
THOUSANDTH, thow'zandth, adj. the last
of a thousand or of any great number.
— /;. one of a thousand or of any great
number.
THOWEL, THOWL. See Thole.
THRALDOM, TARALLDOM, thrawl'dum,
n. the condition of a thrall or .slave :
slavery : bondage.
THRALL, thrawl, ?!. a slave, serf: slavery:
servitude. [A.S. thrall: Ice. thrulLa,
slave; prob. a dim. from A.S. threagan,
to chide, to vex ; ace. to Trench, from
Thrill, from the practice of boring the
ear of a slave in token of servitude.]
FHRASAETUS, thra-sa'e-tus, n. the name
of the genus to which the harpy-eagle
or crested-eagle {T. harpyia) of South
America belongs. The characteristic
features are the crest (which lies flat un-
less when the bird is roused), the strength
of the feet and length of the claws, and
the thickness of the bones, the whole
framework of the bird being exceedingly
powerful. The harpy-eagle lives in thick
forests and prevs on sloths, deer, etc.
[Gr. thrasys, bold, and aetos, an eagle.]
THRASH, thrash, v.t. to beat out grain
from the straw : to beat soundlj-. — n.
Thrash'er. [A.S. therscan ; cog. with
Ger. dreschen.\
THRASHER, thrash'er, THRESHER,
thresh'er, ?(. one who thrashes grain:
a species of shark, the Alopias or Alo-
pecias vulpes, or sea -fox, called the
thrasher from its using its tail-fin, which
is nearly equal in length to the whole
body, as a weapon of attack. — Brown
thrasher, an American singing bird of
the thrush family.
THRASHING, thrash'ing, THRESHING,
thresh'ing, n. the operation by which
grain is separated from the straw.
This operation is performed in various
ways, as by the feet of animals, bv a
flail, or by a thrashing-machine. I'he
first mode was that employed in the ages
of antiquity, and it is still practiced in
the south of Europe, and in Persia and
India. Oxen were generally employed
for this purpose, either alone or with
the addition of a kind of roller studded
with iron knots, which the oxen dragged
over the grain-sheaves, which latter were
spread on a circular floor in the form of
a circle, the ends containing the grain
being placed towards the centre. Thrash-
ing by the flail is still practiced in vari-
ous parts of Europe, but thrashing-
machines, which effect a great .saving in
time and labor to the farmer in this
counti-y, have been very extensively
introduced.
THRASHING, thrash'ing, n. the act of
beating out grain from the straw : a
sound beating or drubbing.
THRASHING-FLOOR, thrash'ing-flor, n.
a jloor on which grain is thrashed.
THREAD, thred, n. a very thin line of any
substance tivisled and drawn out : a fila-
ment of any fibrous substance : a fine
line of yarn : anything resembling a
thi'ead : the prominent spiral part of
a screw : something continued in long
course: the uniform tenor of a discourse.
— v.t. to pass a thread through the eye
of (as a needle): to pass or pierce through,
as a narrow way. [Lit. " something
twisted," A.S. threed (cog. with Ice.
thrad-r, Ger. draht), from thrairan, to
wind (E. Throw, to twist), Ger. drehen.]
THREADBARE, thred'bar, adj. worn to
the bare or naked thread : having the
nap worn off: hackneyed: used till its
novelty or interest is gone.
THREADY, thred'i, adj. like thread :
slender : containing or consisting of
thread.
THREAP, threp, v.t. to assert with perti-
nacity: to continue to assert in reply to
denial: as, will ye threap that down my
throat ? (Scotch and provincial English.)
Spelled also Threep. [A.S. thre&jnan. to
threap, reprove, afflict ; allied to Ice.
threfa, to wrangle or dispute ; probably
of same stem as threat.]
THREAP, threp, v.i. to aver or assert with
pertinacity; to maintain by dint of asser-
tion. Burns: tocontend; to quarrel; "It
is not for a man with a woman to threap."
— Percy Heliq.: to threaten; "He threapit
to see the auld hardened blood-shedder."
—Sir W. Scott.
THREAP, threp, n. a vehement or pertina-
cious attirmation : an obstinate decision
or determination. " He has taken a
threap that he would have it finished be-
fore the j'ear was done." — Carh/le.
THREAT, thret, n. declaration of an inten-
tion to inflict punishment or other evil
upon another: menace. [See Threaten.]
THREATEN, thret'n, v.t. to declare the in-
tention of inflictrag punishment or other
evil upon another: to terrify by menaces:
to present the appearance of coming evil,
or of something unpleasant. [A.S. threa-
tian, to threaten ; cog. w-ith Ger. ver-
drieszen, Goth, thriutan, to vex.]
THREATENING, thret'n-ing, adj. indicat-
ing a threat or menace : indicatmg
something approaching or impending
—adv. Threat'eningly.
THREE, thre, adj. and n. two and one
[A.S. and Ice. thri, Celt, tri, Goth. threi»,
Ger. drei, L. tres, Gr. treis, Sans, tri.]
THREEFOLD, thre' fold, adj.. folded thrice:
thrice repeated : consisting of three.
THREEPLY, thre'pll, adj. having three
plies or folds.
THREESCORE, thre'skor, adj., three times
a score, sixtv.
THREE-SUITED, thre'-sut-ed, adj. a word
of doubtful meaning used by Shake-
speare ; perhaps having only three suits
of clothes ; or wearing three suits of
clothes, probably referring to a custom
once prevalent among the peasantry of
Germany to put on their whole ward-
robe on festival occasions, one suit over
another : hence, low born: peasant-like.
"A knave ; a rascal ; an eater of broken
meats ; a base, proud, shallow, beggar-
ly, three-suited, hundred-pound, filthy,
worsted-stocking' knave." — Shak.
THEENE, thren, n. a complaint : lamen-
tation : a threnody. " The threnes and
sad accents of the prophet Jeremy." —
Jer. Taylor. [L. threnus, Gr. threnos,
lamentation, from threomai, to cry
aloud.]
THRENETIC.thre-net'ik.THRENETICAL,
thre-net'ik-al, adj. sorrowful : mournful.
"Among all threnetical discourses on
record, this last, between men over--
whelmed and almost annihilated by th»
excess of their sorrow, has probably an
unexampled character." — Carlyle.
THRENODE, thren'od, n. a threne «
threnody : a dirge.
THRENOblAL, thren-o'di-al, adj.ot or per-
taining to a threnody: elegiac. "A threnr
odial mght." — Southey.
THRENODIST, thren'o-dist, n. a writei of
threnodies : a composer of dirges.
THRENODY, thren'o-di, n. a song of
lamentation : a dirge : especially a kind
of occasional poem composed for the
occasion of the funeral of some dis-
tinguished personage. " To-day her pet-
ulance wore another aspect. It was like
the intrusion of the petty miseries and
mean annoyances of daily life into the
solemn story of a tragedy or the tender
strains of a threnody.^' — Cornhill Mag.
[Gr. threnodia — threnos, lamentation,
and ode, ode.]
THREPE, v.i. same as Threap.
THREPSOLOGY, threp-sol'o-ji, n. the
doctrine of or a discourse on the nutrition
of organized bodies. [Gr. threpsis, nutria
tion, and logos, discourse.]
THRESH, thresh. Same as ThraSH.
THRESHOLD, thresh'old, n. a piece of
wood or stone under the door of a house:
door: entrance : the place or point of
entering. [Lit. " the piece of jrood beaten
by the feet," M. E. threshwold — A.S.
therseirald — therscan, to thresh, trald,
wood.]
THREW, thro5, pa.t. of Throw.
THRICE, thrls, adv., three times. [M. E,
thries — Three, with a genitive termina-
tion.]
THRIFT, thrift, n. state of thriving : fru-
gality : prosperity : increase of wealth ;
gain: a plant so called, of several species.
[See Thrive.]
THRIFTLESS, thrift'les, adj.. not thrifty:
extravagant: not thriving.— «rii\ Thrift''
LESSLY.— n. THRIFT'LESSNESS.
tURIFTl
446
THUJA
THRIFTY, thrift'i, adj. (comp. Theift'ier,
superl. Thrift'iest) showing- thrift or
economy : thriving- bj- frugalitj-. — adv.
Thrift'Lly.— «. Thrift'iness.
THRILL, thril, v.t. to pierce : to affect
strongly. — v.i. to pierce, as something
'sharp: "to cause a tingling, shivering
feeling to run through the body : to feel
a sharp, shivering sensation. — n. a thrill-
ing sensation. [A.S. thijylian, to bore
a hole ; Ger. drillen, to drill a hole. See
Drill, to pierce.]
THRILLrXG, thril'ing, adj. causing to
thrill.
THRIVE, thrlv, v.i. to prosper : to increase
in goods : to be successful : to grow : to
flourish:— jja.?. throve and thrived; 2>a.p.
thriv'en. [Ice. thrifa, to care, thrif,
care, good success.]
THRIVIXGLY, thrlv'ing-li. adv. in a tliriv-
ing or prosperous manner.
THROAT, throt, ?i. the forepart of the
neck, in which are the guUet and w-ind-
pipe : an entrance : a narrow part of any-
thing. [A.S. throte ; Ger. drossel, the
throat, gullet.]
THROB, throb, v.i. to beat or palpitate, as
the heart or pulse, with more than usual
force ■.—pr.p. throbb'ing ;pa.f. andpn.j).
throbbed. — n. a beat or .strong- pulsation.
[Sw. drabba, to knock; akin to L. tvepido,
to tremble.]
THROE, thro, n., suffering, pain : agony :
the pains of childbirth. [A.S. threa,
suffering — threoiran. to suffer.]
THROMBOSIS, throm'bo-sis, n. in pathol.
the condition of being affected with
thrombus : the obstruction of a blood-
vessel bj' the formation of a fibrinous
clot.
THROMBUS, throm'bus, ?!. in ixifhol. (a) a
small tumor which sometimes arises after
bleeding, owing to the blood escaping
from the vein into the cellular structure
surrounding it, and coagulating there ;
[b) a fibrinous coagulum or clot which
forms in and obstructs a blood-vessel.
[L.. fromGr. thromboo, to clot.l
THROXE, thron, n. an elevated and orna-
mental cbair of state used by a Icing, em-
peror, or pope ; the term is also applied
to the seat of a bishop in his cathedral
' church, to the official chair of the pre-
siding official of certain societies, or to
any similar .seat: as the throne of the
masonic grand-master, etc.: sovereign
power and dignity ; also, the wielder of
that power — usually with the: "Thy
throne, O God, is for ever." — Ps. xlv. 6;
" Hie throne is fixed upon a pinnacle
which perpetual beams of truth and jus-
tice irradiate." — Hallam;
O joy to the people aud joy to tlie throne.
— Tennyson;
one of an order of angels who are usually
represented with double wings, support-
ing the throne of the Almighty in ethe-
real space ;
Hear, all ye an.^els, proseny of li,?lit,
'rhrot.£s, domiriatious, priQcedoms, viitues, powers.
— Milton ;
"The thrones, seraphim, and cherubim
approximated most closely, with nothing-
intermediate, and were more immediately
and eternally conformed to the godhead."
— Mitman : "[O. Fr. throne, L. thronus,
from Gr. thronus, a seat, chair.]
rHRONE, thron, v.t. to place on a royal
seat ; to enthrone ;
As on the finper of a throned queen
The basest jewel iviU be well esteem'd.
—Shak. :
to place as on a throne ; to set in an ex-
alted position ; to exalt. Milton.
THRONE, thron, v.i. to sit on a throne :
to sit in state as a king. " He wants
nothing of a god but eternity, and a
lioaveu to throne in." — Shak.
THRONELESS, thron'les, adj. without a
throne : deposed.
Must she too bend, must she too share
Tliy late repentance, long despair.
Thou 'throneless homicide. — Byron.
THRONG, throng, 7i. a large number of
people pressed or crowded together : a
crowd : a great multitude. — v.t. to press
or crowd : to annoy with numbers. — v.i.
to crowd together : to come in multi-
tudes. [A.S. thrang—thringan. to press.]
THROSTLE, thros'l, n. the song-thrush or
mavis, a bird of the genus Turdus, the
T. musicus ;
The throstle with his note so true,
The m-en with little quill.— S/iafc. ;
a machine for spinning wool, cotton, etc.,
from the rove, consisting of a set of draw-
ing rollers with bobbins and flyers, and
differing from the mule in having the
twisting apparatus stationary — so named
from the noise it makes, which resem-
bles the singing of a thrush : called also
water-frame because at first driven by
water! [A dim. form of thrush. A. S.
throstle, Ger. and Dan. drossel. Ice.
throstr, throstle ; cog. Rus. drozd, L.
turdus, a thrush ; perhaps also stork,
starling.']
THROSTLE-COCK, thros'l-kok,»i. the male
thrush.
The oii>el and the fhrosfle-coc^e.
Chief musick of our Nnye.— Drayton.
THROSTLING, thros'1-ing, n. a disease of
cattle of the ox kind, occasioned by a
swelling under then- throats, which, un-
less checked, will choke them. [Sup-
posed to be from the whistling sound
emitted in breathing resembling the
siugiuar of the throstle.]
THROTTLE, throfl, v.i. to choke : to suffo-
cate : to have the throat obstructed so
as to endanger suffocation : to breathe
hard, as when nearly suffocated.
THROTTLE, throt'l, v.t. to choke: to suffo-
cate : to stop the breath of by compress-
ing the throat: to strangle. '•Grant
him this, and the Parliament hath no
more freedom than if it sat in his noose,
which, when he pleases to draw together
with one twitch of his negative, shall
throttle a whole nation, to the wish of
Caligula, in one neck." — Milton : to pro-
nounce with a choking voice ; to utter
with breaks and interruptions, like -a
person half suffocated ; '• Throttle their
practiced accents in their fears." — Sliak,
THR0TTLE-LE^T:R, throt'l-le-ver, n. in
steam-engines, the hand-lever by which
the throttle-valve is worked: use'd chiefly
in locomotive engines.
THROTTLER. throt'ler, n. one who or that
which throttles or chokes.
THROTTLE -VAL^^:. throt'1-valv, n. in
steam-engines, a valve which reg-ulates
the supply of steam to the cylinder. In
many engines it consi.sts of a di.sc turn-
ing on air axis and occupying in its trans-
verse position the bore of the main steam-
pipe. In land engines its action is usually
controlled bv the governor.
THROTTLE, throt'l. n. the throat or wind-
pipe. [Dim. of Throat. 1
THROUGH, throo, prep, from end to end,
or from side to side of : between the
sides of : over the whole extent of :
among : from beginning to end : by
means of: in consequence of. — adi:
from one end or side to the other : from
beginning to end : to the end or purpose.
[A.S. tinirh : cog. with Ger. durch, W.
tru; Sans, taras — root tar, to cross (L.
trans. acrossV ]
THROUGHLY, throo'li, adv. (obs.) same
as Thoroughly.
THROUGHOUT.thro5-o%vt', prep., through
to the o!(fside : in evei-y part of : from
one end to the other. — adv. in every
part : everywhere.
THROVE, tlirov. pa.t. of Thrive.
THROAV, thro, v.t. to hurl: to fling: to
wind or twist together, as yarn: to form
on a wheel, as pottery : to venture at
dice: to put off: to put on oi- spread care-
lessly: to cast down in wrestling. — v.i. to
cast or hurl : to cast dice : — pa.t. threw
(throo) ; pa.p. thrown. — n. the act of
throwing : a cast. esp. of dice : the dis-
tance to which anything may be thrown:
a violent effort.-^)!. Throw'er. [A.S.
thrawan, to turn, to twist ; cog. with
Ger. drehen, to twist, L. ierere, torquere.]
THRUM, thrum, n. the end of a weaver's
thread: coarse j-arn. — v.t. to furnish with
thrums; to fringe : to insert short pieces
of rope-yarn in a mat or piece of oanvas:
to play rudely or monotonously on an
instrument with the fingers: — pr.p.
thrumm'ing; pa.t. anA pa.p. thrummed.
[Ice. throm ; Ger. trumui, a piece, end,
Iragment.]
THRtlMJIY, thrum'i, adj. made of or like
thrums.
THRUSH, thrush, n. a little bird re-
maikable for its power of song. [See
Throstle.]
THRUSH, thrush, n. an inflammatory and
suppurating- affection in the feet of horses:
a disease of the mouth and throat occur-
ring chiefly in early infancy.
THRUST, thrust, v.t'. to push" or drive with
force. — v.i. to make a push, esp. with a
pointed weapon : to squeeze in : to in-
trude -.^pa.t. and pia.p. thrust. — n. a
stab : an assault. [Ice. thrysta, to
press.]
THUD, thud, n. the sound produced by a
blow ui)on a comparatively soft sub-
stance : a noise, as that of a lieavy stone
striking the ground : hence, a stroke or
blow causing- a dull, blunt, or hollow
sound. " The shot went whistling
through the air above our heads and
plunged with a heavy thud into the
ground . . . behind us. — IT. H. Russell.
[Imitative. Cf. --i-.S. thoden. a noise, a
din.]
THUG, thug, n. a member of a peculiar
confraternity or association of robbei-a
and assassins formei'ly prevalent in India,
priucipallj" in the central and northern
pi-ovinces. The Thugs roamed about in
bands, decoyed travellers and others into
retired spots and there plundered and
murdered them, preferably by strangula-
tion, and only by the shedding of blood
when forced "by circumstances. Their
motive was not" so much lust of plunder
as certain religious ideas, and of their
spoil one-third was devoted to the god-
dess Kali, whom they worshipped. In
1830 the British government took vigor-
ous measures for their suppression, and
Thug-gery, as an organized system, may
be ^aid to be completely extinct. The
name tluig is now applied to habitual
swindlers, pickpockets and worthless
characters generally. [Hind, thugna,
to deceive.]
THUGGEE, thug-ge', THUGGERY, thug'-
er-i, n. the .sy.stem of plunder and assas-
sination carried on by the Tlnigs : the
profession aud practices of the ThiiffS,
THUGGISM, tluig'izm. THL^GGEEISM,
thug'e-izm, n. same as THrCGEE. "That
thuggeeism again came to the know-edge
of the Calcutta Council in 1810."— Cj/c.
of India.
THUJA. thu'ja.THUYA. thii'ya. n. a genus
of plants, nat. order Coniferae. The
species are known by the name of arbor-
vita:, or tree of life: they are evergreens,
trees or shrubs, aud are inhabitants of
Asia., Africa, and North America. T. oo
THULE
447
TICKLE
cidentalis, the American arbor-vitce, and
T. orientali.i, the Chinese arbor-vita>, are
used extensively as ornamental plants.
[Gr. ihijia, an African tree with sweet-
smelling wood, used for making costly
furniture, perhaps from tliyo, to sacri-
fice— tlie resin from the tree being used
instead of incense in sacrifices.]
THULE, thu'le, n. the name given by the
ancients to the most northern country
with which they were acquainted. This
is believed by some to have been Iceland,
by others Norway, and by many the
largest of the Shetland Islands. Prob-
ably the word did not always denote the
same country or island ; many, in fact,
may not liave attached to it tlie idea of
any precise country. The Romans spoke
of it as ntlima Tliule, the farthest Thule.
'•This ultimate dim Tliule."— Poe.
Where the Nurlheru Oeean, in vast whirls.
Boils round tiie nakeil melancholy isles
Of furthest r/i »(e. —Tliomson.
THUMB, thuni, n. the short, thick finger
of tlie liand : the corresponding member
in otlier animals. — v.t. to handle awk-
wardly : to play or soil with the thumb
or fingers. — v.i. to finger. — By rule of
THUMB, in a rough and ready practical
manner, found by experience to be con-
venient. [With" intrusive b from A.S.
thuma ; cog. with Ice. thuviall ; conn.
with L. tumeo. Sans, taumi, to grow
larire.]
THUMBKINS, tlium'kinz, n.2)l. an instru-
ment of torture for compressing- tlie
thumbs, mucli used by the Spanish in-
quisitors, and also in Britain wlun the
object was to obtain a confession or re-
cantation through exquisite pain without
endangering tlie life of the victim. Tlie
last recorded instance of their application
in Great Britain was in the case of
Principal Carstairs, who in 1681 was in-
effectually tortured at the orders of the
Scotch privy-council with the view of
making hini reveal the secrets of the
Ai'gyle and Monmouth parties. Called
also Thdsib-screw. ' ' Burnet is the chief
authority about the torturing. ... He
speaks of the thumbkins as an invention
for the occasion, but it was an instrument
in common use in countries better ac-
quainted tlian Scotland was witii methods
of torture."— J. H. Burton.
THUMMIM, thum'im, n.pl., perfections.
[Heb.. pi. of toin, perfection. SeeURlM.]
THUMP, thump, n. a heavy blow.— f.<. to
beat wlith something heavy. — v.i. to
strike or fall with a dull, heavy blow.— H.
Thuiip'er. [From the sound, like Bump.]
THUNDER, thun'der, n. the deep ruml)ling
sound after a Hash of lightning: any loud
noise : an alarming denunciation. — v.i.
to make thunder : to sound as thunder.
— v.t. to give out with noise and ter-
ror : to publish a denunciation. — n.
Thun'derer.— adjs. Thun'dery, Thun'-
DEROOS. [With intrusive d from A.S.
thunor; cog. with Ger. donner, Ice. duiir,
L. tonitru {—tono). The root is tan,
found ir. L. tendo, Gr. teino, Ger. delinen,
to stretch, from the stretching or strain-
ing of the god in hurling the thunder-
bolt.]
THUNDERBOLT, thun'der-bolt, n. a shaft
of lightning : a brilliant stream of elec-
tricity passing from one part of the heav-
ens to another, and particularly from the
clouds to the earth ; the name originated
in the ancient notion that the destruct-
ive effects of lightning could be caused
only by a shaft or bolt-like hard body
being hurled at the object destroyed :
(fig.) a daring or irresistible hero ;
will) can omit the lii-ai-fhi, who lieclare
TbeSciplo's worth— those thunderbolts "t war?
—In'yden:
a dreadfulthreat, denunciation, censure,
or the like, proceeding from some high
authority; fulmination ; "He severely
threatens such with the thunderbolt of
excommunication." — Hakewill.
THUNDERSTRUCK, thun'der-struk, adj.,
struck by lightning: astonished: struck
dumb.
THURIBLE, thur'i-bl, n. a censer of metal
for burning frankincense. [L. thuribu-
lum — thus, thuris, frankincense ; akin to
Gr. thuos. a .sacrifice.]
THURIFER, thur'i-fer, n. the server who
carries the thurible. [L. thus, thtiris,
and fero. to bear.]
THURSDAY, thurz'da, n. the fifth day of
the week, so called because orig. sacred
to Thor, the old Saxon god of thunder.
[A.S. thunres dxeg — thuner, thunder, and
dceg, day ; Ice. thors-dag-r, Thor's day,
Ger. donnerstag.']
THUS, thixs, adv. in this or that manner :
to this degree or extent. [A.S., prob. an
instrumental case of This.]
THWACK, tliwak, v.t. to strike with some-
thing blunt and liea\'y. to thrash. — n. a
lieavv blow. [Imitative.]
TBTWART, thwawrt, adj., cross: being
crosswise. — v.t. to cross: to oppose: to
defeat. — n. the bench for rowers [ilaced
athwart the boat. — adv. Thavart'LV.
[Ice. thvert : cog. with A.S. thweorh, Ger.
quer. See Queer.]
THY, thl, poss. adj., thine, of or pertaining
to thee. [Short for THINE.]
THY'LACINE, thl'la-sin, THYTLACINUS,
■ thi-la-sfnus, n. a genus of carnivorous
Marsupialia inhabiting Tasmania. T.
cynocephalus, the native hya?na or dog-
faced opossum of the colonists is the
only known species. In size it is gener-
ally about 4 feet in total leng-th, though
some specimens attain a much greater
size. It is nocturnal in its habits : of a
fierce and most determined disposition,
and is very destructive to sheep and
other animals. It has an elongated and
somewhat dog-like muzzle, and a long
tapering tail ; the fur is grayish-brown
with a series of boldly-defined stripes,
nearly black in color, beginning just be-
hind "the shoulders and ending upon the
base of the tail. Called also TasmaniaN
Wolf, Zebra Wolf, Tiger Wolf. [Gr.
thyla.v, a pouch, and kyon, a dog.]
THYME, tini, n. an aromatic herb. [L.
thynium—Qr. thyo, to fill with sweet
smells, to burn in sacrifice.]
THYMY', tim'i, adj. abounding with thyme:
fragrant.
THY'SELF, <7ji-self', ^jroii., WtOM or thee, in
person — used for emphasis. [Thy and
Self.]
TIARA, tl-a'ra, n. the lofty ornamental
head-dress of the ancient Persians : a
head-dress : the mitre of the Jewish high-
priest. Also the poiie's triple crown.
The tiara and keys are the badges of the
papal dignity ; tiie tiara of his civil rank,
and the keys of his jurisdiction. In its
present form it is composed of a high cap
of cloth of gold, encircled by three coro-
nets, with a mound and cross of gold at
the tO]). From the cap hang two pend-
ants, embroidered and fringed at the
ends, and semee of crosses of gold. The
cap alone was first adopted bv Damasiis
II. in 1048. It afterwards had a plain
circlet of gold put round it. It was sur-
mounted with a coronet by Boniface
VIII. The second coronet was added by
Benedict XII., to indicate the preroga-
tives of spiritual and temporal power.
It is not known who first adopted the
third coronet, indicative of the Trinity ;
some sav Uibaii V., others John XXII.,
John XXIII., or Benedict XII. —(/iff.)
the papal dignity. — adj. Tia'raed, wear-
ing a tiara. [Fr. tiare, through L., from
Gr. tiara.]
TIBIA, tib'i-a, n. the large shinbone. [L.,
the shinbone, hence, a flute (prig, made
of bone).]
TIBIAL, tib'i-al, adj. pertaining to the
tibia : pertaining to a pipe or flute.
TIC, tik, n. a convulsive motion of ceitain
muscles, esp. of the f;>ce. [Fr., from the
likeness of the motion to a tickina: sound. '
TIC-DOULOURELTX, tik-doo-locT-roo', n.
painful, convulsive motion of a nerve,
usually in the face. [Fr. tic (see Tio),
and douloureu.v, painful.]
TICK, tik, n. the popular name for .several
species of large mites which infest dogs,
sheep, etc. [M. E. tike, cog. with Dut.
teek, Ger. zecke.]
TICK, tik. n. the case or cover in which
feathers, etc., are put for bedding. —
TicKEX, tik'en, TICKING, tik'ing. «. the
cloth of which a tick is made. [Allied to
Dut. tijk, and Ger. zieche : all from L.
iheca — ^fer. thi^ke. a case, that in which
anything is put — ti-the-mi. to put.]
TICK, tik, v.i. to make a small, quick noise:
to beat, as a watch. [Imitative ; as are
Dut. tii-k-en and Ger. tick-en.]
TICK, tik, r.). to run upon score: to get or
give credit. — n. credit : trust. [Prob. a
contr. of Ticket.]
TICKET, tik'et, n. a small piece of paper,
card-board, or the like, with something
written or printed on it, and serving as a
notice, acknowledgment, etc. : as, a bill
posted up, in England : " He constantly
read his lectures twice a week for above
forty years, giving notice of the time to
his "auditors in a ticket on the school-
doors." — Fuller: a label stuck on the out-
side of anything to give notice of some-
thing- concerning it, as to show the
character or price of goods : a token of a
right or debt, contained in general on a
card or slip of paper ; as. a certificate ot
token of a share in a lottery or other
mode of distributing money, goods, and
the like : a marked card or slip of paper
given as an acknowledgment of goods
deposited or pledged, or as a certificate
of right of enti-yto a jilace of public
amusement, or to travel in a railway or
by other public conveyance: in 2>olitics. a
p"rinted list of candidates to be used at
an election ; the names on a list of candi-
dates; a set of nominations for election.
— Straight ticket, a ticket containing
the regular nominations of a party, with-
out change.— Scratched ticket, a ticket
from which the names of one or more of
the candidates are marked out. — SPLIT
ticket, a ticket representing different di-
visions of a party, or containing candi-
dates selected froin two or more parties.
Hence, ticket also means the aggregate
of principles adopted by a party ; a de-
clared svstem of policy ; as, the Republi-
can or "Democratic t'icket.— The ticket,
the right or correct thing. "Tliafs about
the ticket in this countrv." — 2Vo//oj)e.
" She's very handsome and she's very fine-
ly dressed, only somehow she's not — she's
liot the ticket, you see.'' — Thackeray.—
Ticket of leave, a permit oi- license given
to a convict or prisoner to be. under cer
tain restrictions, at large and labor foi
himself : issued chiefly to prisoners fi'om
British penal colonies and to political
offenders. [O. Fr. esticquette. Mod. Fr.
etiquette, a bill, note, ticket, label, etc.]
TICKET, tik'et. v.t. to distinguish by a
ticket ; to put a ticket on : as, to ticket
goods : to furnish with a ticket : as, to
ticket a passenger to California.
TICKLE, tiki. v.t. to touch lightly and
cause to laugh: to please by slight gratifl-
TICKLISH
44S
TINTINNABULATION
cation. — v.i. to feel titillation or tickling.
—n. TiCK'LER. [Dim. of Tick, v., in the
sense ■• to touch lightly."']
TICKLISH, tik'lish. mfj. easily tickled:
easily affected : nice : critical. — adi:
TlCK'USHLY. — n. TiCK'USHNESS.
TIDAL, tid'al, adj. pertaining to tides :
flowing aod ebbing periodically.
TIDE, tid, n., time: season: the regular
flux and reflux or rising and falling of
the sea : course : a tide, time, or season:
commotion : turning-point. — v.t. to drive
with the stream. — v.i. to pour a tide or
flood : to work in or out of a river or
harbor with the tide. [A.S., cog. with
Ger. zeit, time. Cf. Tidings.]
TIDEGAUGE, tid'gaj, n. an instrument for
registering the state of the tide continu-
ously.
TIDELESS, tid'les, adj. having no tides.
TIDEMILL, tid'mil, n. a mill moved by
tide-w^tev : a mill for clearing lands of
tide-water.
TIDE-TABLE, tid'-ta'bl, n. a table giving
the time of high tide at any place.
TIDE-WAITER, tid'-wat'er, ri. an oflScer
who tcaits the arrival of vessels, to se-
cure the payment of the duties. [Eng.]
TIDEWAY, tid'wa, n. the loay or channel
in which the tide sets.
TIDINGS, tid'ingz, n.pl. news : intelli-
geQce. [Lit. " things that betide," from
Ice. tidh-indi — tidh, time ; cf. Ger. zeit-
ung. news, from zeit. See Tide and Be-
tide.]
TIDY, ti'di, adj. neat : In good order. — n.
a cover for chairs, etc.: a child's pina-
fore.— v.t. to make neat : to put in good
order : — pa.t. and pa.p. ti'died. [M.E.
tidi (lit.) "timely," in good condition,
beautiful, from A.S. tid, time, E. Tide ;
cf. Ger. zeit-ig, " timely," mature.]
riE, tl. v.t. to iknd : to fasten with a cord:
to unite: to constrain : {mu.<iie) to unite
notes with a tie : — pr.p. ty'ing ; pa.t. and
pa.p. tied (tid). — n. a knot : a bond : an
equality in numbers, as of votes, or of
" points "in a game: (nntsic) a curved line
drawn over two or more notes on the
Bame degree of the stave, signifying
that the second note is not to be sounded
separately, but is to sustain the first.
[A.S. tian, to tie, perh. from the root of
A.S. teon, to draw, Ger. Ziehen.]
TIER, ter, n. a roio or rank, especially
when several rows are placed one above
another. [A.S. tier.]
TIERCE, ters, n. a cask containing one-
third of a pipe, that is 42 gallons : a se-
quence of three cards of the same color :
a third, in music : a thrust, ia fencing.
[Fr. — L. tertia (pars), a third (part) — ter,
three times — tres. three.]
TIFFIN, tif'in, n. the East Indian name for
lunch. [From Prov. E. tiff, a draught of
beer.]
TIGER, ti'ger, n. a fierce animal of the cat
kind, nearly as large as a lion:— /en». Tl'-
GRESS. [Fr. tigre — L. tigris — Gr.]
TIGERISH, tl'ger-ish, adj. like a tiger- in
disposition.
TIGHT, tit, adj. close: compact: not leaky:
fitting closelj': not loose. — adv. Tight'ly.
— n. Tight'ness. [From A.S. thihan, to
thrive ; cog. with Ger. dicht. See TiE
3,ncl Thick I
HGHTEN, tit'n, v.t. to make tight or
tighter : to straighten.
riLBURY, til'ber-i, n. a kind of gig. [Said
to be so named from its first maker.]
TILE, til, n. a piece of baked clay usell for
covering roofs, floors, etc. : a tube of
baked clay used in drains. — v.t. to cover
with tiles. — n. Til'er. [A.S. tigol—l,.
tegula — tego, to cover.]
TILERY, til'er-i, n. a place where tiles are
made.
TILING, til'ing, n. a roof of tiles : tiles in
general.
TILL, til, n. a money box or drawer in a
desk or counter. [From A.S. tilian, to
tell, count.]
TILL, til, prep, to the time of. — adv. to the
time when : to the degree that. [A.S.
til — Scand. ; from the same root as A.S.
til, suitable, tilian, to gain, to get, and
Ger. ziel, end, limit.]
TILL, til, v.t. to cultivate.— n. Till'er.
[A.S. tilian, to till — til, an end, a limit ;
cog. with Ger. sielen, to aim, to arrange.]
TILLAGE, til'aj, n. act or practice of
tilling: husbandry: a place tilled.
TILLER, til'er, n. the handle or lever for
turning a rudder. [Prov. E. tiller, the
handle of a spade ; perh. from Dut.
tillen, to lift.]
TILT, tilt. II. the canvas cornering of a cart
or wagon: an awning in a boat. — v.t.
to cover with an awning. [A.S. teld —
teldan, to cover ; cog. with Ger. zeit.]
TILT, tilt, v.i. to ride against another and
thrust with a lance : to thrust or fight
with a lance or rapier : to fall into a
sloping posture. — v.t. to point or thrust
with, as a lance : to slant : to raise one
end of : to forge with a tilt-hammer. — n.
a thrust : in the middle ages, an exer-
cise in which combatants rode against
each other with lances : inclination for-
ward.— n. Tilt'er. [^A.S. tealt, totter-
ing ; Ice. tOlta, to trot ; Ger. zelter.]
TILTH, tilth, n. cultivation: cultivated
land. [From Till, v.t.]
TILT-HAMMER, tilt'-ham'er, n. a heavy
hammer used in ironworks, which is
tilted or lifted by means of projections
on the axis of a wheel.
TIMBER, tim'ber, n. wood for btiilding
purposes : the trunk of a tree : material
for any structure : one of the larger
pieces of the framework of a house, ship,
etc. — v.t. to furnish with timber or
beams. [A.S. timber, building, wood ;
Ger. zimmer, an apartment, building ;
from root dam, seen in L. doiniis, Gr.
domos, a house, and demo, to build, and
Sans, dama.]
TIMBRE, tim'ber, n. tone or character of
a musical sound. [Fr. — L. tympanum, a
drum.]
TIMBREL, tim'brel,?i. a musical instrument
somewhat like a tambourine. [Through
It. timburello, from root of Tabor.]
TIME, tim, n. a point at which or period
during which things happen : a season or
proper time : an opportunity : absolute
duration : an interval : past time : the
duration of one's life : allotted period :
repetition of anything or mention with
reference to repetition : musical meas-
ure : hour of travail : the state of things
at any period, usually ia pi.: the history
of the world, as opposed to eternity : ad-
dition of a thing to itself. — At times, at
distinct intervals: occasionally.— In time.
Time enough, in good season: sufficiently
early. — The time being, the present time.
— v.t. to do at the proper season: to regu-
late as to time : (music) to measure. — v.i.
to keep or beat time. [A.S. fima ; cf.
Ice. timi: Celt, tim; and Tide.]
TIME-HONORED, tim'-on'urd, arlj., hon-
ored for a long time : venerable on ac-
count of antiquity.
TIME-KEEPER, tim'-kep'er, n. a clock,
watch, or other instrument for keeping
or marking time: one who keeps the time
of workmen.
TIMELY, tim'li, adj. in good time: suf-
ficiently early. — adv. early, soon. — Ji.
Time'liness.
TIMEOUS, tim'us, a^j. in good time : sea-
sonable.
TIMEOUSLY, tim'u8-li, adv. in good time.
TIMEPIECE, tim'pes, n. a piece of machin-
ery for keeping time, esp. a clock for
a mantel-piece.
TIME-SERVER, tim'-serv'er, n. one who
serves or meanly suits his opinions to the
times.
TIME-TABLE, tim'-ta'bl, m. a table or list
showing the times of certain things, as
trains, steamers, etc.
TIMEWORN, tim'worn, adj., ream or de-
cayed by time.
TIMID, tim'id. adj., fearful: wanting cour-
age : faint-hearted. — adv. Tim'idly. — n.
TiM'iDNESS. [L. timidus — timco, to fear.]
TIMIDITY, ti-mid'i-ti, n. quality or state
of being timid : want of courage or bold-
ness.
TIMOROUS, tim'or-us, adj. full of fear :
timid : indicating fear. — adv. TlM'OROrs-
LY.— )i. Tim'orousness.
TIN, tin, n. a silvery-white, non-elastic,
easily fusible, and malleable metal. — v.t.
to cover or overlay with tin or tinfoil : —
pr.p). tinn'ing ; pia.t. and pa.p. tinned.
[A.S. ; cog. with Ice. tin, Ger. zinn.]
TINCTORIAL, tingk-tor'i-al, adj. giving a
tinge or containing color : coloring.
TINCTURE, tingk'tur, n. a tinge or shade
of color : a slight taste added to any-
thing: (med.) a solution of any sub-
stance in or by means of spirit of wine.
— v.t. to tinge : to imbue : to mix with
anything foreign. [L. tinctura, from
root of Tinge.]
TINDER, tin'der. n. anything used for
kindling fire from a spark. [A.S. tender ;
Ice. tundr, Ger. zunder. The root is
found in A.S. tendan, Ger. ziinden, to
kindle.]
TINE, tin, n. the spike of a fork or har-
row, etc. — TiNED, adj. furnished with
spikes. [M.E. find, a prickle ; cog. with
Ice. tind-r, a tooth, a prickle ; and prob.
conn, with ToOTH.]
TINFOIL, tin' foil, n., tin in thin leaves.
[From Tin, and Foil, a leaf.]
TINGE, tinj, v.t. to tint or color: to mix
with something : to give in some degi'ee
the qualities of a substance. — n. a small
amount of color or taste infused into an-
other substance. [L. tingo, tinctum ;
conn, with Gr. tenggo, to wet, to stain.
Sans, tiic-.]
TINGLE, ting'gl, v.i. to feel a thrilling
sensation, as in hearing a shrill sound :
to feel a sharp, thrilling pain. [Like
tinkle, an imitative word.]
TINKER, tingk'er, n. a mender of brazen
or tin kettles, pans. etc. [Tink, to make
a sharp, shrill sound ; Scot, tinkler —
tinkle ; also given ^= a worker in tin.]
TINKLE, tingk'l. v.i. to make small sharp
sounds : to clink : to jingle : to hear
small sharp sounds. — i:t. to cause to
make quick, sharp sounds. — n. a sharp
clinking sound. [Dim. of tink. a sharp,
quick sound ; an imitative word.]
TINSEL, tin'sel, n. something .<!parA7(n(; or
shining : a stuff for ornamental dresses
consisting of cloth overlaid with a thin
coating of gold or silver: anything
showy, of but little value : anything
having a false lustre. — adj. like tinsel :
gaudy : superficial. — v.t. to adorn with
or as with tinsel : to make glittering
or gaudy : — pr.p. tin'selling ; pa.t. and
pa.p. tin'selled. [Fr. eiincelle — L. scin-
tilla, a spark.]
TINT. tint. n. a slight tinge distinct from
the principal color.— v.t. to give a slight
coloring to. [From root of TiNGE.]
TINTINNABULATION, tin - tin - ab - u-la'-
shun, n. the tinkling sound of bells. [L.
tintinnabulum, a bell — tintinnare, dim,
of tinnio, to jingle, to ring ; an imitative
word.]
TINY
449
TOLL
TINY, ti'nl, adj. (comp. Ti'nier, super}.
Tl'NIEST) thin ; veiy small. [Prob. from
the word Thdj in its Scand. forms, as
Dan. tynd.]
TIP, tip, n. the top or point of anything-
small : the end. — v.t. to form a point to :
to cover the tip or end of: — pr.p. tipp'ing;
pa.t. and jja.jj. tipped. [Dut. tip; Ger.
2ip/-e7, end, point : a dim. of Top.]
TIPPET, tip'et, n. the tip or cape of a coat.
TIPPLE, tip'l, v.i. to drink in small quan-
tities : to drink strong liquors often or
habitually. — v.t. to drink, as strong
liquors, to excess. — n. Tipp'ler. [An
extension of tip, to tilt up a vessel in
drinking.]
TIPSTAFF, tip'staf, n. a staff tipped with
metal, or an officer who carries it: a con-
stable. [Eng.]
TIPSY, tip'si, adj. intoxicated.— adr. Tip'-
SILY. — 11. Trp'SDJESS. [From stem of
Tipple 1
TIPTOE, tip'to, n. the tip or end of the toe.
TIRADE, ti-rad', n. a strain of censure or
reproof. [Fr. — tirer. to draw, from the
O. Ger. zeran, E. Tear.]
TIRE, tir, n., attire, apparel : furniture :
(B.) a head-dress. — i\t. {B.) to dress, as
the head. [A.S. tir, glory, adornment ;
cog. with Ger. zicr. ornament, honor,
and Lat. (decus) decoris. See Attire.]
riRE, tir, )i. the hoop of iron that ties or
binds the fellies of wheels. [From Tie.]
riRE. tir, i\t. to harass, to vex: to ex-
haust the strength of : to weary. — v.i. to
become weary : to be fatigued : to have
the patience exhausted. [A.S. tirian, to
vex. from root of Tear.]
TIRED, tlrd, adj. wearied : fatigued. — n.
TiREP'NESS.
TIRES05IE, tlr'sum, adj. that tires: fa-
tiguing: tedious. — adv. Tiee'somely. — n.
TmE'SOMENESS.
TISSUE, tish'fl, n. cloth interivoi'en with
gold or silver, or with figured colors :
(anat.) the substance of which organs
are composed : a connected series. — v.t.
to form, as tissue : to interweave : to
variegate. [Fr. tissu, " woven," pa.p.
of an obs. Fr. verb, from L. texere, to
weave.]
TITAN, tl'tan, TITANIC, tl-tan'ik, adj. re-
lating to the Titans, giants of mythology:
enormous in size or strength.
TITBIT, tit'bit, n. a choice little bit. [Obs.
E. tit, anything small, and Bit.]
TITHE, tith, n. a tenth part : the ^ of the
produce of land and stock allotted to the
clergy. — v.t. to tax to a^. [A.S. teotha:
cog. with Ger. zehnte — zehn. Doublet
Tenth.]
TITHER, titfe'er, n. one who collects tithes.
TITHING, tif/i'ing, n. an old Saxon district
containing ten householders, each respon-
sible for the behavior of the rest. [See
Tithe.]
TITILLATE, tit'il-lat, v.t. to tickle. [L.
titiUo, titillatum.]
TITILLATION. tit-il-la'shun, n. act of tit-
illating : state of being titillated: a pleas-
ant feeling.
TITLARK, tit'lark, n. a singing bird with
a greenish back and head, found in
marshes and moors : a small bird (cf.
TlTLlNO). [Lit. '■ a little lark," obs. E.
tit. Ice. tita. anything small, and Lark.]
TITLE, ti'tl, n. an inscription set over or
at the beginning of a thing by which it is
known: a name of distinction: that which
gives a just right to possession : the writ-
ing that proves a right : (B.) a sign. — v.t.
to name. [O. Fr. — L. titidiis.]
TITLED, trtld. adj. having a title.
TITLE-DEED, ti'tl-ded, «. a deed or docu-
ment that proves a title or just right to
exclusive possession.
TITLE-PAGE, ti'tl-paj, n. the page of a
CC
book containing its title and usually the
author's name.
TITLING, tit'ling, ?!. the hedge-sparrow.
[Dim. from obs. E. tit, anything small.]
TITMOUSE, tit'mows, «. a genus of little
birds, which feed on insects, etc. : — jjl.
Titmice, tit'mls. [Tit, anything small
(cf. Titling), and A.S. mase, cog. with
Ger. meise. a small bird.]
TITTER, tit'er, v.i. to laugh with the
tongue striking the teeth : to laugh
restrainedly : to giggle. — n. a restrained
laugh. [Imitative ; cf. Ger. zittern, to
tremble.]
TITTLE, tit'l, 11. a small particle : an iota.
[Dim. of tit.]
TITTLE-TATTLE, tit'l-tat'l, n. idle, empty
talk. [Cf. Tittle (above) and Titter.]
TITULAR, tit'ii-lar, adj. existing in name
or title only ; nominal : having the title
without the duties of an office. — adv.
Tit'ularly.
TITULARY, tit'Q-lar-i, adj. consisting in or
pertaining to a title. — n. one having the
title of an office whether he performs its
duties or not.
TO, too, j^rep. in the direction of : in order
to : as far as : in accordance with : sign
of the infinitive mood : (B.) sometimes -=
for. — To AND FRO, backwards and for-
wards. [A.S. ; Ger. zu, Goth, du ; Celt,
and Slav, do.]
TOAD, tod, n. an amphibious reptile, like
the frog, wrongly believed to emit poison.
[A.S. tade.]
TOADEATER, tod'et-er, n. a fawning syco-
phant ; (orig.) a mountebank's assistant,
whose duty was to swallow or pretend
to swallow any kind of garbage. [Said
to be a version of Fr.avaler des coideurres,
to swallow adders, to put up with all sorts
of indignities without resentment.]
TOADSTOOL, tod'stool, n. a poisonous kind
of mushroom.
TOADY, tod'i, n. a mean hanger-on and
flatterer. — r.(. to fawn as a sycophant :
— pa.t. and pa.p. toad'ied. [Short for
TOADEATER.]
TOADYISM, tod'i-izm, n. the practice of a
toady.
TOAST, tost, v.t. to dry and scorch at the
lire. — 11. bread toasted : a slice of such
dipped in liquor. [O. Fr. toster — L.
tostus, roasted, pa.p. of torreo.]
TOAST, tost, v.t. to name when a health is
drunk : to drink to the health of. — v.i.
to drink toasts. — n, the person or thing
named whose health is to be drunk.
[From the toast formerly put in liquor.]
TOASTER, tost'er, n. one who or that
which toasts.
TOASTMASTER, tost'mas-ter, n. the mas-
ter and announcer of toasts at public
dinners.
TOBACCO, to-bak'6, n. a narcotic plant, a
native of America, whose dried leaves
are used for smoking, chewng, and in
snuff. [Through Sp. tabaco, from the
Indian name for the pipe.]
TOBACCONIST, to-bak'o-nist, n. one who
sells or manufactures tobacco. [Orig.
"a tobacco smoker."]
TOBACCO-PIPE, to-bak'o-pTp, ii. a pipe
used for smoking tobacco.
TOBOGGAN, to-bog'gan, n. a kind of sled
turned up at both ends, much used in
Canada and some parts of the United
St.ates for sliding down snow-covered
-slopes : an artificial slope made of tim-
ber for the same purpose. — r. to slide
down over snow on such. [A native
word.]
TO-BRAKE, too-brak, v.t. (B.) broke in
pieces. [Prefix To-, asunder, and BREAK.]
TOCSIN, tok'sin, n. an alarm-bell, or the
ringing of it. [Lit. " that which is
struck to give a signal or alarm,"' Fr. —
O. Fr. toqiier (Fr. toucher, E. Touch),
and O. Fr. sein — L. signum, E. Sign.]
TO-DAY. too-da', n., this or the present
day. [To, a corr. of the or this, and
Day."'
TODDLE, tod'l, v.i. to walk with short
feeble steps, as a child. — adj. Todd'linq.
[Prob. a by-form of Totter.]
TODDY, tod'i, n. the fermented juice of
various palms of the East Indies : a mix-
ture of whisky, sugar, and hot water.
[Hindustani.]
TOE, to, 11. one of the five small members
at the point oi the foot : the correspond-
ing member of a beast's foot : the front
of an animal's hoof. — adj. Toed, tod,
having toes. [A.S. ta ; Ice. td, Ger.
zehe, allied to die, to point, in L. digitus,
Gr. daktylos, a finger, a toe.]
TOFFEE, TOFFY, tof'i, n. a hard-baked
sweetmeat, made of sugar and butter.
[Ety. unknown.]
TOGA, to'ga, ?!. the mantle of a Roman
citizen. [Ij.—tego, to cover.]
TOGATED, to'gat-ed, TOGED, togd, adj.
, dressed in a toga or gown. [L. togatus —
Toga.]
TOGETHER, too-geth'er. adv., gathered to
one place : in the same place, time, or
company : in or into union : in concert.
[A.S. togcedere — to, to, and gaderian, E.
Gather.]
TOIL, toil, n. a net or snare. [Lit. "a
web,"Fr. toile, cloth — Li. tela, from texo,
to weave.]
TOIL, toil, v.i. to labor : to work with
fatigue. — n. labor, esp. of a fatiguing
kind. — 11. Toil'er. [Another form of
Till, v.t.]
TOILET, TOILETTE, toil'et, n. a dressing-
table : mode or operation of dressing.
[Fr. toilette, dim. of toile, cloth, thus sig.
lit. " little-cloth," then table-cover, dress-
ing-table. Cf. Toil, n.]
TOILSOME, toil'sum, adj. full of fatigue :
wearisome. — adv. Toil'somely. — jj.ToiL'-
someness.
TOKAY, to-ka', n. a white wine with an
aromatic taste, produced at Tokay, in
Hungary.
TOKEN, to'kn, n. a. Mark : something rep-
resenting another thing or event : a sign:
a memorial of friendship : a coin issued
by a private person or civic authority re-
deemable in current monej-. [A.S. tacen;
Ger. zeiehen. a mark ; from the root of
Gr. deiknymi, L. dico, to say, A.S. tihan.]
TOLD. told. pa.t. and pa.p. of Tell.
TOLERABLE, tol'er-arbl, adj that may be
tolerated or endured : moderately good or
agreeable : not contemptible. — adi\ TOL'-
erably. — n. Tol'erableness.
TOLERANCE, tol'er-ans, n. the tolerating
or enduring of offensive persons or opin-
ions.
TOLERANT, tol'er-ant, adj., tolerating:
enduring : indulgent: favoring toleration.
TOLERATE, tol'er-at, v.t. to bear: to en-
dure : to allow by not hindering. [L.
tolero, -atum, from tol. root of tollo, to
lift up, to bear. Cf. Talent.]
TOLERATION, tol-er-a'shun, n. act of tol-
erating: allowance of what is not ap-
proved : liberty given to a minority to
hold and express their own political or
religious opinions, and to be admitted to
the .same civil privileges as the majority.
TOLL, tol, )). a ta.v for the liberty of pass-
ing over a bridge or road, selling goods
in a market, etc. : a portion of grain
taken by a miller for grinding. [A.S.,
which (with Dut. tol. and Ger. zoll) is
from L. teloniiini — Gr. telonion, a toll-
booth, from telos. a tax.]
TOLL. tol. v.i. to sound, as a large bell.—
v.t toeause tosound, asabell : to strike,
TOLLBAR
450
TORREFACTION
or signal bj- striking. — n. the sound of a
bell when tolling. [Imitative.]
TOLLBAE, tol'bar, n. a movable bar across
a road, etc., to stop passengers liable to
toll.
TOLLBRIDGE, tol'brij, n. a bridge where
toll is taken.
TOLLGATE, tol'gat, n. a gate where toll is
taken.
TOLLHOUSE, tol'hows, n. the house of a
<oH-gatherer.
TOMAHAWK, tom'a-hawk, n. a light war-
hatchet of the N. American Indians,
either wielded or thrown. — i:t. to cut or
kill with a tomahawk. [The Indian name
slightly modified.]
TOMATO, to-ma'to, n. a plant, native to
S. America, much cultivated for its
fleshy fruit ; called also the " love-ap-
ple."' [Sp., from the native American.]
TOMB, •oom, n. a pit or vault in the earth,
in which a dead body is placed : a tomb-
stone. [Fr. tombe, through Late L. tum-
ba. from Gr. tyinbos.]
TOMBOY, tom'boi. n. a wild romping girl.
[From Tom, for Thomas, and BOY.]
TOMBSTONE, toom'ston, n. a sfo»e erected
over a tomb to preserve the memory of
the dead.
TOMCAT, tom'kat, n. a male cat. esp. when
full grown [Tom, a common male name,
and Cat.]
TOMIE, tom, n. part of a book : a volume
of a large work : a book. [Lit. "a piece
citf off," Fr.— L.— Gr. tomos, from root of
temno, to cut.]
TOMFOOL, tom'fool, n. a gi-eat fool : a
trifling fellow. — Tom'foolery, n. foolish
trifling or jesting : buffoonery. [Cf . Tom-
tit.]
TO-MORROW, too-mor'o, h. the morrow
after this. [To, a corr. of the or this, and
Morrow.]
TOMTIT, tom'tit, n. the titmouse. [Tom,
a common name like Jack, and Tit, as in
Titmouse. Cf. Tomcat and Tomfool.]
TON, tun, n. (lit.) a barrel, hence a barrel-
full : 20 cwt. or 2340 lbs. avoir. [A.S.
tunne, a vat tub ; Ger. tonne. O. Ger.
tunna. cask.]
TONE, ton, n. the character of a sound :
qualit3' of the voice : harmony of the
colors of a painting, also its character-
istic expression as distinguished by its
color: character or stj-le: state of mind:
mood : a healthy state of the body. — v.t.
to utter with an affected tone: to intone.
[L. tcmus—Gr. tonos, a sound — teino, to
stretch. See Thunder.]
TONED, tond, adj. having a tone (in com-
pounds).
TONGS, tongz, 7i.j)l. a domestic instru-
ment, consisting of two jointed pieces or
shafts of metal, used for lifting. [A.S.
tange ; Ice. taung, Ger. zange. from a
root seen in A.S. ge-tingan, to press,
pushj
TONGUE, tung, n. the fleshy organ in the
mouth, used in tasting, swallowing, and
speech : power of speech : manner of
iipeaking : speech : discourse : a lan-
guage : anything like a tongue in shape :
the catch of a buckle : the pointer of a
balance : a point of land. [A.S. ttinge ;
Ice. tiinga, Ger. zunge, the tongue ; L.
lingua (old form dingua). Sans, jihi'a.]
TONGUED. tungd, adj. having a tongue.
TONGUELESS. tung'les, adj. having no
' tong-ue : mute.
TONGUE-TIED, tung'-tid, adj. having an
impediment, as if the tongue were tied :
\mable to speak freely.
TONIC, ton'ik. adj. relating to to7ies or
sounds : {med.) gi\-ing tone and vigor to
the system: giving or increasing strength.
— n. 'a medicine which gives tone and
vigor to the system.
TONIC SOLFA, ton'ik sol-fa', n. a modern
system of musical notation, in which the
notes are indicated by letters, and time
and accent bv dashes and colons.
TO-NIGHT, too-nlt', n., this night: the
night after the present dav.
TONNAGE, tun'aj, n. tlie weight in tons
of goods in a ship : the cubical content
of a ship : a duty on ships, estimated
per ton.
TONSIL, ton'sil, n. one of two glands at
the root of the tongue, so named from
its shape. — ^Tonsilitis, ton-sil-T'tis, n. in-
flammation of the tonsils. [L. tonsilla,
a stake, a tonsil, dim. of tonsa, an oar.]
TONSILE, ton'sil, adj. that may be clipped.
[L. tonsilis — tondeo, tonsum, to clip, to
shear.]
TONSURE, ton'shoor, n. act of dipping
the hair, or of shaving the head : the
corona worn by priests as a mark of
their- order. [L. tonsura, a shearing —
tondeo.]
TONTINE, ton-ten', n. a kind of Ufe-annuity
increasing as the subscribers die : a loan
raised with the benefit of survivorship.
[From Tonti, a Neapolitan, its inventor.]
TOO, too, adv. over : more than enough :
likewise. [A form of To, sig. lit. " added
to."]
TOOK, took, pa.t. and obs. pa.p. of Take.
TOOL, t55l, n. an instrument used by
workmen : one who acts as the mere
instrument of another. [A.S. tol, perh.
from the root of Tow.]
TOOTH, tooth, n. one of the small bones
in the jaws, used in biting and chewing :
the taste or palate : anything toothlike :
a prong : one of the projections on a
saw or wheel :^}l. Teeth. — v.t. to fur-
nish with teeth : to cut into teeth. [A.
S. ioth (for tonth) ; cog. with Gotli.
tunthiis, L. dens, dent-ts, Gr. o-dous,
o-dont-os. Sans, danta, dant, prob. the
part, of ad, E. Eat.]
TOOTHACHE, tooth'ak, n. an ache or pain
in a tooth.
TOOTHED, tootht, adj. having teeth:
{bot.) having toothlike projections on the
edge, as a leaf.
TOOTHPICK, tSoth'pik, n. an instrument
ior picking out anytliing in the teeth.
TOOTHSOME, tooth'sum, adj. pleasant to
the taste.
TOP, top, n. the highest part of anj-thing:
the upper end or surface : the upper part
of a plant : the crown of the head : the
highest place or rank : tlie chief or high-
est person : (naut.) a small platform at
the head of the lower mast. — v.t. to
cover on the top : to tip : to rise above :
to surpass : to rise to the top of : to take
off the top of :—pr.p. topp'ing ; jM.t.
andpa.ji. topped. [A.S. ; Ger. zopf.]
TOP, top, n. a child s toy, shaped like a
pear, and set or kept whirling round by
means of a string or a whip. [Prob.
same as above word, and sig. orig. " a
pointed piece of wood."]
TOPAZ, to'paz, n. a precious stone having
brilliant colors, generally yellowish. [Gr.
topazos.]
TOP-DRESSING, top'-dres'ing, n. a dress-
ing of manure laid on the top or surface
of land.
TOPE, top, n. one of the monumental
shrines of the Buddhists. [Corr. from
Sans, stupa, a heap.]
TOPER, to'per, n. a drunkard. [From tope,
an obs. v. "to drink hai-d, from the
phrase to top off, sig. "to drink off at
one draught."]
TOPGALLANT.' top'gal-at^. adj. applied
to the mast and sail next above the top-
mast and topsail and below the royal
mast.
TOP-HEAVY, top'-he\-'i, adj. having the
top or upper part too heavy for the
lower.
TOPIC, top'ik, ?i. a subject of discourse or
argument : a matter. [Gr. ta topika, the
general principles of argument — topos, a
place.]
TOPICAL, top'ik-al, adj. pertaining to a
place : local : relating to a topic or sub-
ject.— Topical recitation, in education-
al theory and art, a new method by which
pupils and students are required to write
or give orally the main points of a sub-
ject, without the intej'vention of question
and answer.
TOPICALLY, top'i-kal-li, adv. with refer-
ence to a particular place or iopic.
TOPilAST, top'mast, n. the second mast,
or that immediately above the lower
mast. ' [liighest.
TOPMOST, top'most, adj. next the top:
TOPOGRAPHER, to-pog'raf-er, n. one who
describes a place, etc. : one skilled in to-
pographv.
TOPOGRAPHIC, top-o-graf'ik, TOPO-
GRAPHICAL, top-o-graf'ik-al, adj. per-
taining to topography.
TOPOGRAPHY, to-pog'raf-i, n. the de-
scription of a 2)lace: a detailed account of
the superficial features of a tract of coun-
try : the art of describing places. [Gr.
topos. a place, grapho, to describe.]
TOPPLE, top'l, v.i. to fall forward : to
tumble down. [Extension of TOP, sig.
orig. " to fall top foremost."]
TOPSAIL, top-sal, n. a sail across the top-
mast.
TOPSYTURVY, top'si-tur-\n, adv. bottom
upwards. [According to Wedgwood, for
topsV to'er ivay, corr. of " topside the
other way."]
TORCH, torch, n. a light formed of twisted
tow dipped in pitch or other inflammable
material : a large candle or flambeau,
[Fr. torche — L. tortum, pa.p. of torqueo,
to twist. J
TORE, tor, pa.t. of Teak.
TORMENT, tor'ment, n. torture : anguish:
that which causes pain. [Lit. " twisting
pain." L. torqueo. to twist.]
TORMENT, tor-ment', v.t. to torture : to
put to extreme pain, physical or mental:
to distress : to afflict.
TORMENTINGLY, tor-ment'ing-li, adv. in
a tormenting manner.
TORMENTOR, tor-ment'or, n. one who or
that which torments : (B.) a torturer, an
executioner.
TORN, torn, 2M-p. of Tear : (B.) stolen.
TORN ADO, tor-na'do,ii.a violent hurricane,
frequent in tropical countries. [Lit. " a
turning or whirling," Sp. — tornar — Low
L. tornare. See TuEX.]
TORPEDO, tor-pe'do, n. a species of eel
having the power of giving an electric
shock when touched so as to produce
torpor or numbness, the cramj>fish : a
sub-mai-ine apparatus for destrojing
shipping bv explosion. [L. — torpeo, to
be stiff.]
TORPESCENT, tor-pes'ent, adj., becoming
torpid or numb. — n. ToEPES'CENCE. [L.,
pr.p. of torpesco, to become stiff — torpeo,
to be stiff.]
TORPID, tor'pid, adj., stiff, nuinb : having
lost the jjower of motion and feeling-
sluggish.— odi'. ToR'piDLY.— H. Tor'pid-
NESS. [L. tor2)idus — torpeo.]
TORPIDITY, tor-pid'i-ti, TORPITUDE,
tor'pi-tud. n. stateof being torpid: numb-
ness : dullness : stupidity.
TORPOR, tor'por, n. numljness: inacti'vity:
dulhiess : stupidity. [L. — torjMO.]
TORQUE, fork, ?;.' a necklace of metal
rings interlaced. [L. torques — torqueo,
to twist. Cf. Torsion.]
TORREFACTION. tor-e-fak'shun, n. act of
torrefying : state of being torrefied.
TORREFY
451
TRACK
TORREFY, tor'e-fl, v.t. to scorch: to parch:
— pa.t. and pa.j). torr'efied. [L. torreo,
to diy, to burn, faeio, to make. Cf. Tor-
kid.]
TORRENT, tor'ent, «. a rushing stream : a
strong or turbulent current. [L. torrens,
-entis, boiling, pr.p. of torreo, to dry, to
burn. See Torrid.]
TORRID, tor'id, adj., burning or parching :
violently hot: dried with heat. — n. TORR'-
IDNESS. [L. torridus — torreo, to burn,
parch. See Thirst.]
TORSION, tor'shun, n. act of twisting or
turning a body : the force with which
a thread or wire tends to return when
twisted. [L. torsio — torqueo, tortum, to
twist.]
TORSION-BALANCE, tor'shun-bal'ans, n.
an instrument for measuring very minute
forces by a delicate horizontal bar or
needle, suspended by a very fine thread
or wire.
TORSO, tor'so, n. the trunk of a statue
without head or limbs : — jyl. ToR'SOS.
[It. — L. thyrsus, a stalk, stem of a plant
— Gr. thyrsos.]
TORTILE, tor'til, adj., twisted: wreathed :
coiled. [L.]
TORTOISE, tor'tis, n. a reptile from which
the head, neck, tail, and limbs protrude,
so called either from its crooked feet or
iviuding motion. [O. Fr. tortis. from L.
tortu.f. twisted. Cf. TURTLE.]
TORTOISESHELL, tor'tis-shel. n. the shell
of a species of turtle — turtles being
formerly confounded with tortoises. —
adj. of the color of the foregoing.
TORTUOSE. tor'tu-os, adj., twisted:
wreathed : winding. [L.]
TORTUOSITY, toriu-os'i-ti, n. state of
being tortuous.
TORTUOUS, tor'tu-us, adj., tu-i.9ted. wind-
ing: (fig.) deceitful. — adv. Tor'tuously.
— «. ToR'TUOUSNESS. [From L. torqueo,
tortum, to twist.]
rORTURE, tor'tur, n. a putting to the
rack or severe pain to extort a confes-
sion, or as a punishment : extreme pain :
anguish of body or mind. — v.t. to put to
torture or to the rack: to put to extreme
pain : to annoy : to vex. — re. Tor'turer.
[Late L. tortufn, lit. "a twisting." hence
torment — torqeuo. Cf. Torsion.]
TORY, to'ri, n. applied to a Conservative
in English and Canadian politics : dur-
ing the War of the Revolution, a roj'-
alist or supporter of the crown against
the colonies. [Ir. foiridhe. lit. "pursuer;"
first applied to the Irish bog-trotters and
robbers, next, about 1680, to the hottest
asserters of the royal prerogative.]
TORYISM, to'ri-izm, 71. the principles of
the Tories.
TOSS, tos, v.t. to throw up suddenly or
violently : to cause to rise and fa'l : to
make restless: to agitate. — i:i. to be
tossed : to be in violent commotion : to
tumble about : to fling. — n. act of throw-
ing upward : a thromng up of the head.
— h. Toss'ER.— Toss up, to throw a coin
into the air and wager on which side it
will fall. [Celt., as W. tosiaw, to jerk,
tos. a quick jerk.]
TOST, tost, a form of To3Ssr>. Ka.^j. of
Toss.
TOTAL, to'tal, adj., whole: complete: un-
divided. — n. the wViole : the entire
amount. — adv. To'tally. [Fr. — Low L.
totalis — L. totus, whole.]
TOTALITY, to-tal'i-ti, n. che tvhole sum,
quantity, or amount.
TOTEM, to'tera, n. among the North Amer-
ican Indians, an animal or vegetable re-
garded as the protector of a tribe.
TOTTER, tot'er, v.i. to shake as if about
to fall ; to be unsteady : to stagger : to
shake. — n. Tott'erer. [Prob. imitative.]
TOUCAN. toS'kan, n. a genus of S. Ameri-
can birds, with a very large bill. [Fr. —
Brazilian.]
TOUCH, tuoh, v.t. to come in contact
witli : to perceive by feeling : to reach :
to relate to : to handle or treat gently
or slightly : to move or soften : to influ-
ence.— v.i'. to be in contact with : to
speak of anything slightly. — n. act of
touching : a movement on a musical
instrument : sense of feeling : an afl'ec-
tion or emotion : a little : (music) resist-
ance of the keys of an instrument to the
fingers. [Fr. toucher (It. toccare), from
Ger. zucken, to move, to draw.]
TOUCHHOLE, tuch'hol, n. the small hole
of a cannon through which the fire is
conuiiunicated to the charge.
TOUCHING, tuch'ing, adj. affecting: mov-
ing : pathetic. — prej). concerning : ^rith
regard to.— odi-. TOUCHISGLY.
TOUCH-NEEDLE, tuch'-uedl. n. a smaU
bar or needle of gold for testing articles
of the same metal by comparing the
streaks they make on a foMc/iStone with
those made bj- the needle.
TOUCHSTONE, tuch'ston, n. a kind of
compact basalt or stone for testing gold
or silver by the streak of the touch-
needle : anv test.
TOUCHWOOt), tuch'wood, n. decayed
ivood requiring only to be touched by
fire to burn.
TOUGH, tuf, adj. not easily broken : firm:
stiff': sticky : tenacious: able to endure
hardship.— arfr. Tough'ly. — n. TOCGH'-
NESS. [A.S. toh; cog. with Ger. ziihe.]
TOUGHEN, tuf'n, v.i. or v.i. to make or
become tough.
TOUGHISH, tuf'ish, adj. rather tough.
TOUR, toor, 11. a turn or circle : a going
round : a journey in a circuit: a pro-
longed journey: a ramble. [Fr. — L. and
Gr. tornos, a turn. Cf. Turn.]
TOURIST, toor'ist, ?;. one who makes a
tour.
TOLTtMALINE. toor'ma-lin, n. a beautiful
mineral used for jewellery. [From Tonr-
mali. in Ceylon, whence a variety of the
stone was first brought.]
TOURNAMENT, toor'na - ment, TOUR-
NEY, tooi-'ni, ?!. a mock fight in which
combatants, generallj' on horseback,
fought to show their skill in arms, so
called probably from the rapid turning
of their horses. [O.Fr. tourneement; and
Fr. tournoi — toitrnoyer — L. tamo, to
turn.]
TOURNIQUET, toor'ni-ket, n. a bandage
which is tightened by turning a screw to
check a flow of blood, used chiefly in am-
putations. [Fr. — tourner — L. torno, to
turn.]
TOUT. towt. v.i. to look out for custom in
an obtrusive way. — ?!. Tout'ER. [A.S.
tofian. to look out.]
TOW. to, v.t. to tug or2nill Avessel through
the water with a rope. — n. orig. a rope
for towing with : the coarse part of flax
or hemp. [A.S. teohan, teon. Cf. TuG.]
TOWAGE, to'aj, n. act of towing: money
for towing.
TOWARD, to'ard, TOWARDS, to'ardz,
prep, in the direction of : with a tend-
ency to. — adv. nearly : in a state of
preparation. [A.S. toireard — to. to. and
ward. sig. direction. Cf. Forward. For-
wards.]
TOWARD, to'ward, TOWARDLY, to'ward-
li. adj. ready to do or learn : apt. — ns.
To'WARDNESS. TO'WARDLINESS.
TOWBOAT, to'bot, n. a boat that is towed,
or one used for towing other vessels.
TOWEL, tow'el. 71. a cloth for wiping the
skin after it is irashed. and for other pur-
poses. [Fr. touaille — O. Ger. itvehele
(Ger. quehle) — O. Ger. duahaji, Goth.
thu-ahan, to wash. Cf. DoiLY.]
TOWELLING, tow'el-ing, n. cloth for
towels.
TOWER, tow'er, n. a lofty building, stand-
ing alone or forming part of another : a
fortress. — v.i. to rise into the air : to be
lofty. [A.S. tur, tor (Ger. thurm, Fr
tour), from L. turris, a tower.]
TOWERED, tow'erd, adj. having towers.
TOWERING, tow'er-ing, adj. verj' high:
elevated.
TOWERY, tow'er-i, adj. having towers:
lofty.
TOWLlNE, to'lln, n. a line used in towing.
TOWN, town, n. a place larger than a \-il-
lage. not a city : the inhabitants of a
town. [A.S. tun, an inclosure, town;
Ice. tun, Ger. zaun. a hedge.]
TOWNCLERK. town'klerk, n. a clerk who
keeiis the records of a totvn.
TOWNCRIER, town'kri-er. n. one who
cries or makes public proclamations in a
town.
TOWNHALL. town'hawl, n. a public haU
for the official business of a town.
TOWNHOUSE, towu'hows, n. a house or
building for transacting the public busi-
ness of a toivn, so called in England :
a house in town as opposed to one in the
countrv.
TOWNSFOLK, townz'fok, k. the folk or
people of a foiru.
TOWNSHIP, town'ship, n. the territory or
district of a toivn : the corporation of a
town : a district : a division of a county
— in many States, and in American land
measure, six miles square or thirty-six
square miles or section==2.3.040 acres.
TOWNSMAN, townz'nian, n. an inhabitant
or fellow-inhabitant of a toiim. [Town
and Man.]
TOWNTALK. town'tawk, n. the genera.'
talk of a town : the subject of common
conversation.
TOXICOLOGY, toks-i-kol'o-ji, n. the sci-
ence of poisons. — ToxicoL'OGlST, n. one
versed in toxicology. — adj. Toxicoloq'-
ICAL. [Gr. toxikon, arrow-poison— fojrt-
kos. for the bow — toxon, a bow, logos,
discourse.]
TOY, toy, n. a child's plaything : a trifle :
a thing onlj- for amusement or look : a
matter of no importance : sport. — v.i. to
trifle : to dally amorously. [Dut. tooi,
ornaments.]
TOYISH. toy'ish, adj. given to toying or
trifling : playful : wanton. — adv. ToY'-
ISHLY. — n. TOY'ISHNESS.
TRACE, tras, n. a mark left : footprint : —
pi. the straps by which a vehicle is
drawn. — v.t. to follow by tracks or foot-
steps : to follow with exactness : to
sketch. — n. Trac'er. [Fr. — L. tractus,
pa. p. of traho. to draw.]
TRACEABLE, tras'a-bl. adj. that may be
traced.-;;. Trace' ABLENESS.-arfc. Tr.Ice'-
ABLY.
TRACERY, tras'er-i, 71. -"ruamentation
traced in flowing outline : certain orna-
mental stonework.
TRACHEA, tra-ke'a, n. the windpipe or
tube which conveys air to the lungs, so
called from its roughness, it Vieing formed
of rings of gristle -.—pil. TRACHEAE. — adj.
Trache'al. [L traclna — Gr frachya.
tracheia. rougli.]
TRACHEOTOMY, trak-e-ot'o-mi, n. the
operation of making an opening in the
trachea. [Trachea^ and the root of Gr.
temuo. to cut (see Tome).]
TRACING, tras'ing, n. act of one who
traces: act of copying by marking on thin
paper the lines of a pattern placed be-
neath : the copy so produced.
TRACK, trak, v.t. to follow by marks or
footsteps : to tow. — ?!. a mark left : foot-
TRACT
452
TRANSFIGURATION
print : a beaten path : course : the two
parallel lines of rails on railways. —
Track'less, adj. without a path : un-
trodden.— Track'road, )!. a towing-path.
[Fr. traquer. to beat a wood, to hunt,
crig-. to draw a net round a wood to catch
the game in it, from Dut. trekken, to
draw.]
TRACT, trakt, n. something drawn out or
extended : continued duration : a region:
a short treatise. [L., from the pa. p. of
traJio. to draw.]
TRACTABILITY, trakt-a-bil'it-i. n. quaUty
or state of being tractable : docility.
TRACTABLE, trakt'a-bl, adj. ea.si\y drawn,
managed, or taught : docile. — n. TraCT'-
ABLEXESS.— ad f. Tract' ABLY. [L. tracto,
freq. of traho.]
TRACTARIAN, trakt-ar'i-an, n. one of the
writers of the Oxford Tracts with which
Puseyism originated. — n. Tractar'ian-
ISM. "
TRACTILE, trakt'il, adj. that may be
drawn out.
TRACTION, tralv'shun, n. act of drawing
or state of being drawn : applied, adject-
ively, to those steam engines which pro-
pel themselves on common roads.
TRACTIVE, trakt'iv, adj. that draias or
pulls.
TRACTOR, trakt'or, n. that which dratcs.
TRADE, trad. n. buying and selling : com-
merce : occupation : men engaged in the
same occupation.— r.;. to buy and sell :
to act merely for money. — v.t. to traffic
with. — n. Trad'er. [Ety. dub. ; prob.
from Fr. traite, transport of goods — L.
tracto. freq. of traho, to draw.]
TRADEMARK, trad'mark, ?(. any name or
distinctive device warranting 'goods for
sale as the production of any individual
or firm : trademarks are usually regis-
tered in the oflSce of the Librarian of
Congress.
TRADESMAN, tradz'man, n. a common
name for a storekeeper : a mechanic : —
fern. Trades'woman.
TRADES-UNION, tradz'-un'yun, n. atinion
among those of the same trade to main-
tain their rights.
TRADEWINDS, trad'windz, n., tmnds in
and near the torrid zone, so called from
their great service to trade.
TRADITION, tra-dish'un, n. the handing
down of opinions or practices to posterity
unwritten. [L. trans, over, and do, to
give.]
TRADITIONAL, tra-dish'un-al. TRADI-
TIONARY, tra-dish'un-ar-i. adj. deliver-
ed by tradition. — advs. Teadi'tionally,
Tradi'tionabily.
TRADITIONIST, tra-dish'un-ist, n. one
who adheres to tradition.
TRADUCE, tra-dus', v.t. to calumniate: to
defame.— n. Tradu'cer. [L. tradiico, to
lead along, to make a public show of —
trans, across, dnco, to lead.]
TRAFFIC, traf ik, n. commerce : large
trade : the business done on a railway,
etc. — v.i. to trade : to trade meanlv.—
v.t. to exchange: — pr.p. trafficking;
pa.t. and pa.p. trafficked. —?(. TraFF'-
ICKER. [Fr. tralic — It. traffico. prob.
from L. trans, across, and facere, to
make.]
rRAGEDL4.N, tra-je'di-an, n. an actor of
tragedy.
rRAGEDY. traj'e-di. n. a species of drama
in which the action and language are
alevated, and the catastrophe sad : any
mournful and dreadful event. [Lit.
"goat-song," so called either from the
old dramas being exhibited when a goat
was sacrificed, or from a goat being the
prize, or because the actors were dressed
in goaf-skins, L. tragosdia, from Gr. tra-
godia — tragos, a he-goat, aoidos, ddos, a
singer — aeido. add. to sing.]
TRAGIC, traj'ik, TRAGICAL, traj'ik-al,
adj. pertaining to tragedy : sorrowful :
calamitous. — adi: Trag'ically. — n.
TRAG'IC ALNESS. [L.— -Gr.]
TRAGI-COMEDY, traj'i-kom'e-di, n. a
dramatic piece in which grave and comic
scenes are blended. — adjs. Trag'i-com'ic,
Trag'i-com'ical.— adi-. Trag'i-com'ical-
ly.
TRAIL, tral, v.t. to draw along the ground:
to hunt by tracking. — v.i. to be drawn
out in length : to run or climb as a
plant. — n. anrthing drawn out in length:
track followed bj^ the hunter. [O. "Fr.
trailler, to hunt by tracking — L. traho,
to draw.]
TRAIN, tran, v.t. to draiv along : to al-
lure : to educate : to discipline : to tame
for use, as animals : to cause to grow
properly : to prepare men for athletic
feats or horses for the race. — n. that
which is drawn along after something
else : the part of a dress which trails be-
hind the wearer : a retinue : a series :
process : a line of gunpowder to fire a
charge : a line of cars drawn by a loco-
motive on a railway. — n. Train'er, one
who prepares men' for athletic feats,
horses for a race, or the like. [Fr. tra'mer,
through Low L. forms from L. traho, to
draw.]
TRAINBAND, tran'band, n. a band of men
trained to bear arms, though not regular
soldiers.
TRAIN-BEARER, tran'-bar'er, n. one who
bears or holds up a train, as of a robe or
gown.
TRAIN-OIL. tran'-oil, n. whale oil ex-
tracted from the blubber by boiling.
[Train- here is the Ger. and Scand.
tran. train-oil.]
TRAIT, trat, n. a drawing : a touch : a
feature. [Fr. — L. tractus, from the
pa.p. of traho, to draw.]
TRAITOR, tra'tur, n. one who. being
trusted, betrays: one guilty of treason:
a deceiver:— /em. Trajt'ress. [Fr. traitre
— L. traditor — trado, to give up.]
TRAITOROUS, tra'tur-us, adj. like a trai-
tor: perfidious: treasonable. — adv. Teai'-
torously.
TRAJECTORY, tra-jekt'or-i, n. the curve
described by a body (as a planet or a pro-
jectile) under the action of given forces.
[From L. trajicio, -jectum — trans, across,
jacio, to throw.]
TRAMMEL, tram'el, n. a net used in fowl-
ing and fishing : shackles for making a
horse amble : anything that confines. —
v.t. to shackle: to confine: — pr.p. tramm'-
elling; pa.t. a-nd pa.p. tramm'elled. \Fr.
tramail, a net — Low L. tremaculum (lit.)
" of three meshes." from L. tres, three,
and macula, a mesh. See Mail, defensive
armor.]
TRAMONTANE, tra-mon'tan, adj. lying
beyond the mountains (orig. the Alps),
from Rome : foreign : uncivilized. [L.
trans, beyond, mons.montis. a mountain.]
TRAJMP, tramp, v.t. to tread.— j). a foot-
journey : a vagrant. [An extension of
Trap. Trip ; cf. Ger. trampen.]
TRAMPLE, tramp'l, v.t. to tread under
foot : to treat with pride, to insult. —
v.i. to tread in contempt: to tread forc-
ibly and rapidly. — n. Tramp'lek. [Ex-
tension of Tramp.]
TRAMR0AD,tram'r6d,TRAMWAY, tram'-
wa, 71. in England a road or way for car-
riages or wagons to run along easily : in
this country called street railroad ; when
operated by cable, cable road : when by
electricity, electric railway. [Prob. sim-
ply a way or track made "of beams, from
Prov. E. tram, a beam, which is prob..
from Ice. tramn, a beam.]
TRANCE, trans, n. a state in which the
soul appears to be absent from the body,
or to be wrapped in visions : catalepsy.
[Fr. transe—ti-ansir, to be chilled— L.
trans-ire, to go across, in Late L. to
pass away, to die.]
TRANQUIL, trang'kwil. adj., quiet: peace-
ful.—adc. TRAN'Qcnxy. [L. tranquillus.]
TRANQUILLITY, trang-kwil'it-i, TRAN-
QUILNESS, trang'kwil-nes, n. state of
being tranquil : quietness.
TRANQUILLIZE, trang'kwil - Iz, v.t. to
make tranquil.
TRANSACT, trans -akt', v.t. to carry
through or manage: to perform. — v.i.
to manage anything.— ?i. Transact'or.
[L. transactu7n, pa.p. of transigo— trans,
through, and ago, to carrv on. See AcT.I
TRANSACTION, trans-ak'shun, n. act of
transacting : management of any affair :
an affair.
TRANSALPINE, trans-alp'in. adj.. beyond
the Alps (in regard to Rome). [L. trans-
al2nmis— trans, beyond, and Alpinus, of
the Alps.]
TRANSATLANTIC, trans-at-lan'tik, adj.,
beyond the Atlantic Ocean; as, England,
France, etc.
TRANSCEND, tran-send', v.t. to rise above:
to surmount: to surpass: to exceed. fL.
trans, bevond, scando. to climb.]
TRANSCENDENT, tran - send'ent, adj.,
transcending: superior or supreme in
excellence : surpassing others : beyond
human knowledge. — orfr.TRAKSCEND'ENT-
LY.— 7?. TraNSCEND'ENCE.
TRANSCENDENTAL, tran - send - enfal,
adj.. transcending : supereminent. sur-
passing others : concerned with what is
independent of experience : vague. — adv.
Transcendent' ALLY.
TRANSCENDENTALISM, tran -send-enf-
al-izm. )(. the investigation of what is
a priori in human knowledge, or mde-
pendent of experience : that which is
vague and illusive in phUosophv. — n.
Transcendent' ALisT.
TRANSCRIBE, tran-skrlb',r.f. to u-rite ox-er
from one book into another : to copv. —
n. Transcrib'er. [L. transcribo. -scrip-
tnm — trans, over, scribo. to write.]
TRANSCRIPT, tran'skript, n. that which
is transcribed : a copy.
TRANSCRIPTION, tran-skrip'shun. n. the
act of copying : a transcript : a copv.
TRANSEPT, tran'sept, n. one of the wings
or cross-aisles of a church, at right
angles to the nave. [L. trans, across,
and septum, an inclosure — sepes, a
hedge.]
TRANSFER, trans-fer', v.t. to carry or
bring over : to convey to another place :
to remove : to transport : — pr.jy. trans-
ferring : pa.t. and pa.p. transferred'.—
n . Transferr'er. [L. trans, across, fero,
to carry.]
TRANSFER, trans'fer, n. the act of trans-
ferring: the conveyance of anything
from one person or" place to another:
that which is transferred : applied, spe-
cifically, to the conveying of real estate.
TRANSFERABLE, trans-fer'a-bl, TRANS-
FERRIBLE, trans-fer'i-bl. adj. that may
be transferred or convej-ed from one
place or person to another.— hs. TraNS-
FERABIL'ITY. TRANSFERRIBIL'ITY.
TRANSFEREE, trans-fer-e', n. the person
to whom a thing is transferred.
TRANSFERENCE, trans'fer-ens, n. the act
of transferring or conveying from one
person or place to another : passage from
one place to another.
TRANSFIGURATION, trans-fig-ur-a'shun,
7). a change of form.- — The Transftgura-
TION, the supernatural change in the ap-
(
TRANSFIGURE
453
TRAVAIL
pearance of Christ, described in Matt,
xvii.: a feast of the R. C. Church, on 6th
Auffust, in commemoration of it.
TRANSFIGURE, trans-fig'ur, v.t. to change
the figure or form of : to change the ap-
pearance of. [L. trans, across, denoting
change, and Figure.]
TRANSFIX, trans-fiks', v.t. to pierce
through. [L. trans, through, and Fix.]
TRANSFORM, trans-form', v.t. to change
the shape of : to change into another
substance : to change the disposition. —
v.i. to be changed in form or substance.
[L. trans, across, and Form.]
TRANSFORMATION, trans-for-ma'shun,r.
change of form or substance.
TRANSFUSE, trans-fuz', v.t. to pour out
into another vessel : to cause to pass
from one to another : to cause to be im-
bibed.— n. Transfu'SION. [L. trans, over,
and fundo. fiisum, to pour.]
TRANSGRESS, trans-gres', v.t. to pass
beyond a limit : to break, as a law. — v.i.
to offend bj- violating a law : to sin. ]L.
trans, across, gradior, gressus, to step.]
TRANSGRESSION, trans-gresh'un, n. the
act of transgressing: \'iolation of a law
or command : offence : fault : crime: sin.
TRANSGRESSOR.trans-gres'or, n. one who
transgresses : one who violates a law or
command : a sinner.
TRANSHIP or TRANS-SHIP, trans-ship',
v.t. to transfer to another ship. — n.
Trans-ship'ment. [L. trans, across, and
ShipJ
TRANSIENT, tran'shent, adj. passing : of
short duration: not lasting: momentary.
— adv. Tran'siently. — n. Tran'sient-
NESS. [L. transiens — trans, across, and
eo. itnm, to go.]
TR-4.NSIT, trans'it, n. a passing over :
conveyance : passage, as of freight, on
railways and steamboats : rapid transit,
the speedy transportation of passengers
to and from their residences, in large and
crowded cities; elevated and underground
railroads are the chief means of rapid
transit at present : (astr.) the passage of
a heavenly body over the meridian of a
place : the passage of a planet over the
sun"s disc.
TR.\NSITION, tran-sizh'un, n. passage
from one place or state to another :
change : {music) a change of kej'. —
Transi'tional, adj. containing or denot-
ina: transition.
TRANSITIVE, trans'i-tiv, adj. passing
over : having the power of passing :
(gram.) denoting a verb wliich has an
object. — adv. Trans'itively. — n. Trans'-
itiVeness. [L. transitivus.]
TRANSITORY, trans'i-tor-i, adj, going
or passing away : lasting for a short
time : speedily vanishing. — adv. Trans'I-
TORILY. — 71. TraNS'ITORINESS.
TRANSLATE, trans-lat', v.t. to remove to
another place : to render into another
language : to explain. — n. Translat'or.
[L. trans, over, fero, latum, to carry.]
TRANSLATION, trans-la'shun, n. the act
of translating : removal to another
place : the rendering into another lan-
guage : a version.
TRANSLUCENT, trans-loo'sent, adj, shin-
ing through: allowing light to pass, but
not transparent : clear. — adv. Translu'-
CENTLY. — lis. TRANSLU'CENCE, TRANSLU'-
CEN'CY. [L. translucens — trans, across,
and liiceo. to shine — In.v, lucis, light.]
TRANSMARINE, trans-ma-ren', adj.,
across or beyond the sea. [L. trans,
across, and Marine.]
TRANSMIGRATE, trans'mi-grat. v.i. to
migrate or remove across, esp. to an-
other country : to pa.ss into another
body or state."— n. Trans'migrator. [L.
trans, across, and Migrate.]
TRANSMIGRATION, trans-mi-gra'shun, n.
the act of removing to another country :
the passing into another state: the pass-
age of the soul after death jpto another
body.
TRAlfSMIGRATORY, trans-mi'gra-tor-i,
adj.. passing to another place, body, or
TRANSMISSIBLE, trans-mis'i-bl, adj. that
may be transmitted or passed from one
to another : capable of being transmit-
ted through any body or substance. — n.
TRANSraSSIBrL'lTY.
TRANSMISSION, trans-mish'un, TRANS-
MITTAL, trans-mit'al, n. act of transmit-
ting : the sending from one place or per-
son to another : passage through.
TRANSMIT, trans-mit', v.t. to send across
to another person or place : to suffer to
pass through :^jr.^. transmitt'ing;pa.<.
andpa.p. transmitt'ed.— b.Transsutt'er.
[L. trans, across, and initio, missum, to
send.]
TRANSMUTABLE, trans-mut'a-bl, adj
that may be transmuted or changed
into a different form, nature, or sub-
stance. — adv. Transmut'ably. — ns.
Transmut'ableness, Transmutabil'ity.
TRANSMUTATION, trans-mut-a'slum, n.
a changing into a different form, nature,
or substance.
TRANSMUTE, trans-mut', v.t. to change
to another form or substance. TL. trans,
over, muto, to change.]
TRANSOM, tran'sum, n. a thwart beam
or lintel, esp. the horizontal mullion or
crossbar of a window : in ships, the
beam across tlie ••♦^ernpost to strengthen
the afterpart. [L. trans, across, and
sumo, to take.]
TRANSOM - WINDOW, tran'sum-win'do,
71. a window divided into two j^arts by a
transom.
TRANSPARENCl., trans-par'en-si, n. the
quality of being transparent : clearness :
that which is transparent : a picture on
semi-transparent material seen bj' means
of light shining through.
TRANSPARENT, trans-par'ent, adj. that
may be distinctly seen through : clear. —
adv. Transpar'ently. — n. Transpar'-
ENTNESS. [L. trans, through, and par eo,
to appear J
TRANSPIERCE, trans-pers', v.t. to pierce
through: to permeate. [L. trans, through,
TRANSPIRATION, tran-spi-ra'shun, 7*. act
or process of transpiring: exhalation
throuffh tlie skin.
TRANSPIRE, tran-spir', v.t. to breathe or
pass through tlie pores of the skin. — v.i.
to exhale : to become public : (erroneous-
ly for) to occur. [L. trans, through, and
spiro. to breathe.]
TRANSPLANT, tran.s-plant', v.f. to remove
and plant in another place : to remove. —
n. Transplanta'tion. [L. trans, across,
and Plant.]
TRANSPORT, trans-port', v.t. to carry
acro.ss or from one place to another : to
banish : to carry away by violence of pas-
sion or pleasure. [L. trans, across, and
porta, to carry.]
TRANSPORT, trans'port. 77., carriage from
one place to another : a vessel for con-
veyance : the conveyance of troops and
their necessaries by land or sea : ecstasy.
TRANSPORTABLE, tians-p6rt'a-bl, adj.
that may be carried across.
TRANSPORTATION, trans-por-ta'shun, 77.
removal: banishment: the moving of
grain and merchandise by railway and
water routes ; also api)liec\ to passenger
traffic.
TRANSPOSAL, trans-poz'al,«. act of trans-
posing : a change of place or order.
TRANSPOSE, trans-p5z', v.t. to put each
in the place of the other : to change, as
the order of words, or the key in music.
[Fr. — L. trans, across, and Fr. jjoser (see
Pose, 77.).]
TRANSPOSITION, trans-po-zish'un, n. act
of transjMsing or of putting one thing in
place of another : state of being trans-
posed : a change of the order of words :
(music) a change of key into a higher or
lower scale.
TRANS-SHIP, etc. See Tranship, etc.
TRANSUBSTANTIATE, tran-sub-stan'shi-
at, v.t. to change to another substance.
[L. trans, across, ,s'7(6sfa7i?7a, a substance.]
TRANSUBSTANTIATION, tran-sub-stan-
shi-a'shun, ?i. a change into another sub-
stance: the Roman Catholic doctrine that
the bread and wine in the Eucharist are
changed into Christ's bodj' and blood.
TRANSVERSE, trans-vers', adj, turned
or lying across. [L. tratis, across, verto,
i-ersum, to turn.]
TRANSVERSELY, trans-vers'li, adv. in a
transverse or cross direction.
TRAP, trap, n. an instrument for snaring
animals : an ambush : a stratagem : a
contrivance for hindering the pa.ssage
of foul air from a waste-pipe, etc. — i\t.
to catch in a trap :-—pr.p. trapp'ing ;
lia.t. and pa.p. trapped. — n. Trapp'er.
[A.S. trap>p)e : cog. with O. Ger. trapo,
a snare (whence Fr. irappe, by which the
E. word has been modified).]
TRAP, trap, 7(. a term loosely applied to
many rocks of volcanic origin, so called
because lying often in steps or terraces.
— adj. Tb'iPP'ean. [Sw. trui)2) — trappa,
stairs.]
TRAJr, trap, v.t. to drape or adorn with
gay clothes : to ornament : — 2^''-l'- trapp'-
ing ; pa.t. and pa.p>. trapped. [Fr. drap
— ^Low L. drappus, cloth. Cf. Drab,
Drape.]
TRAP AN, tra-pan', v.t. to trap: to insnare:
— pr.p. trapann'ing; jjn.f. andpa.jj. tra-
panned'. — n. a snare : a stratagem. — 77.
Trapann'er. [From Trap, instrument
for snaring.]
TRAP-DOOR, trap'-dor, 77. a door in a floor
shutting like the catch of a ?7-ap.
TRAPEZE, tra-pez', TRAPEZIUM, tra-pe'-
zi-um, 77. a plane figure having four un-
equal sides, no two of which are parallel:
one of the wrist bones : a swing used
in gymnastics. [Gr. trapezion, dim. of
trapeza, a table : contr. either from tri-
pieza, three-legged, or from tetra-peza,
four-legged.]
TRAPEZIFORM, tra-pez'i-form, adj. hav-
ing the/07'77i of a trapeze. [Gr. trapeza,
and Form.]
TRAPEZOID, trap'e-zoid. 7!. a plane four-
sided figure like a trapezium , having two
of its opposite sides parallel. [Gr. tra-
peza, and eidos, form.]
TRAPEZOIDAL, trap-e-zoid'al, adj. hav-
ing the form of a trapezoid.
TRAPPINGS, traii'ingz. 11. pi. gay clothes:
ornaments, esp. those put on horses.
[See Trap, to drape or adorn.]
TRASH, trash, v.t. to ci-op : to strip ofl
leaves. — ?7. refuse : matter unfit for food.
[Prob. a form of Thrash.]
TRASHY, trash'i.arfy. like trash: worthless.
TRASS, tras, J7. a volcanic earth used as a
hydraulic cement. [xV form of TERRACE,
prob. through the Dutch.]
TRAVAIL, tiav'al, n. exce.ssivs labor: toil:
labor in childbirth. — f.?'. to labor: to suf-
fer the pains of childbirth. [Fr. — Prov.
travar, Fr. en-traver, to fetter, to em-
barrass— L. trnbes, a beam, which was
pierced with holes to confine the feet,
esp. of horses. See Tcrmoil.]
TRAVE
454
TRIANGLE
TRAVE, trav, n. a beam : a wooden frame
to confine unruly horses while being shod.
[It. trave : Sp.trabe — L. trabs, trabis,
Gr. trape.v, a beam.]
TRAVEL, trav'el, i:i. to walk: to journey:
to pass : to move. — i:t. to pass : to jour-
ney over:— pr.p. trav'elling- : pa.f. and
pd.p. trav'elled. — n. act of passing from
place to place : journev : labor: — pi. an
account of a journey. '[A form of Trav-
ail.]
TRAVELLER, trav'el-er, n. one who trai--
els : a waj'fai'er : one who travels for a
mercantile house: a ring that slides along
a rope or spar.
TRAVER.SABLE, trav'ers-a-bl, adj. that
mav be frarersed or denied.
TRAVERSE, trav'ers, adj., turned or lying
across: denoting a method of cross-sail-
ing.— 71. anything laid or built across :
something that crosses or obstructs : a
turn : {laic) a plea containing a denial of
some fact alleged by an opponent: a work
for protection from the fire of an enemy.
— v.f. to cross : to pass over : to survey :
(law) to deny what an opponent has al-
leged.— v.i. (fencing) to oppose a move-
ment: to direct a gun to the right or left
of its position. — n. Tkav'erser. [L. trans,
across, and rerto. verstim, to turn.]
TRAVERSE -TABLE, trav'ers-ta'bl, n. a
table or platform for shifting carriages
to other rails.
TRAVESTY, trav'es-ti, adj. having on the
vesture or dress of another : disguised so
as to be ridiculous. — n. a kind of burlesque
in which the original characters are pre-
served, the situations parodied. — v.t. to
turn into burlesque. [Fr. trai-estir. to
disguise — L. trans, over, re.sf/o.to clothe.]
TRAWL, trawl, i:i. to fish by trailing or
dragging a bag-net called a trawl along
the bottom of the sea. [A form of Trail.J
TRAWLER, trawl'er, n. one who or that
\Thich trawls: a small fishing vessel uSed
in trawling.
TRAY. tra. n. a shallow trough-Uke ves-
sel : a salver. [A form of TROUGH.]
TREACHEROUS, trech'er-us, adj full of
treachery: faithless. — adv. Treach'er-
ousLY. — n. Treach'erousxess.
TREACHERY, trech'er-i, n. faithlessness.
[O. Fr. trecherie (Fr. tricherie) — trecher
(Fr. tricher) — Dut. trekken, to draw.
Trick is a doublet.]
TREACLE, tre'kl, n. in England, the sirup
which is drained from sugar in the mak-
ing : in this country, called sirup or mo-
lasses. [Orig. " an antidote against the
bite of poisonous animals." O. Fr. triacle
— L. theriaeum — Gr. theriaka {phar-
maka) antidotes against the bites of
wild beasts — therion, a wild beast.]
TREAD, tred, v.i. to set the foot : to walk
or go : to copulate, as fowls. — v.t. to
walk on : to press with the foot : to
trample in contempt : to subdue i—pa.t.
trod : pa.p. trod or trodd'en. — n. press-
ure with the foot : a step. — n. Tread'er.
[.\.S. tredan ; cog. with Ice. troda, Ger.
treten.]
TREADLE. TREDDLE, tred'l, n. the part
of any machine which the foot treads on
and moves.
•IRE AD-MILL, tred'-mil, v. a 7)!i7Z worked
by treading or stepping from one to an-
' other of the steps of a cylindrical wheel,
used chiefly as an instrument of prison
discipline.
TREASON, tre'zn, n. a betraying of the
government or an attempt to overthrow
it : treachery : disloj-alty. [O. Fr. tra'i-
son, Fr. trdhison — trahir — L. trado, to
give up, betrav.]
TREASONABLE, tre'zn-a-bl, adJ pertain-
ing to, consisting of, or involving trea-
son.— adv. Trea'sonablt.
TREASURE, trezh'iir. n. wealth stored up:
riches: a great quantity collected: great
abundance: anything much valued. — v.t.
to hoard up : to collect for futiu-e use :
to value greatly. [Fr. tresor — L. thesau-
rus— Gr. thesauros. See Thesaurcs.]
TREASURER, trezh'ur-er, n. one who has
the care of a treasure or treasury : one
who has charge of collected funds. — n.
Treas'ceership.
TREASURE-TROVE, trezh'ur-trov, n.,
treasure or money /o«/id in the earth, of
which the owner is unknown. [Treas-
x:tie, and trove, pa.p. of O. Fr. trailer, to
find. See Trover.]
TREASURY, trezh'ur-i, n. a place where
treasure is deposited : the department
of a government which has charge of the
finances.
TREAT, tret, v.t. to handle in a particular
manner : to discourse on : to entertain,
as with food or drink, etc. : to manage
in the application of remedies : to use. —
v.i. to handle a subject in writing or
speaking : to negotiate : to give an en-
tertainment.— )). an entertainment. [A.
S. treahtigean, Fr. trailer — L. tractare,
to handle, manage — traho, tractum, to
draw.]
TREATISE, tret'iz, n. a written composi-
tion in which a subject is treated or
handled : a formal essay.
TREATMENT, tret'ment, n. the act or
manner of treating : management : be-
ha\'ior to any one : way of applying
remedies.
TREATY, tret'i, 71. the act of treating to
form an agreement: a formal agreement
between independent states.
TREBLE, trebl, adj.. triple: threefold:
(miisic) denoting the treble, that plays
or sings the treble. — n. the highest of
the four principal parts in the musical
scale. — r.^. to make three times as much.
—v.i. to become threefold:— jx( .p. treb'led
(Ad). —adv. Treb'ly. [O. Fr. form of
Trtpt f l
TREDDLE. See Treadle.
TREE, tre, n. a plant ha\'ing a single
trunk, woody, branched, and of a large
size : anything like a tree : wood, as in
the compounds axle-tree, saddle-tree,
etc: (B.) a cross. [A.S. treou- ; Goth.
trill: Ice. tre. Gr. drus. Sans, dru.]
TREENAIL, tre'nal. n. a long icooden pin
or nail to fasten the planks of a ship to
the timbers.
TREFOIL, tre'foil, n. a three-leaved plant,
as the white and red clover: (arch.) an
ornament like trefoil. [L. trifolium. —
tres, three, and folium, a leaf.]
TRELLIS, trel'is, )i. a structure of cross-
barred or lattice work, for supporting
plants, etc. [Fr. treillis — Low L. trali-
ciuni (translicium). crossed threads — L.
trans, across, and licimn, a thread,]
TRELLISED, trel'ist. adj. having a trellis,
or formed as a trellis.
TREJIBLE, trem'bl, r.(. to shake, as from
fear, cold, or weakness : to shiver : to
shake, as sound. — n. Trem'bler. — adv.
Trem'blingly. [Fr. trembler — L. tremu-
lus, trembling — tremo, to shake, akin to
Gr. treo. Sans, tras, to tremble.]
TREMENDOUS, tre-men'dus, adj. such as
astonishes or terrifies by its force or
greatness : dreadful. — adv. Tremen'-
bocsLY. [Lit. "that is to be trembled
at." L. tremendus.]
TREMOR, trem'or. n. a trembling, shaking,
or quivering. [L.]
TREMULOUS, trem'u-lus, adj., trembling:
affected with fear : shaking : quivering.
—adv. Trem'ulously.— H. TRESi'txors-
NESS.
TRENCH, trensh, v.t. to cut or dig a ditch:
to dig deeply with the spade or plough.
—x\i. to encroach. — n. a long narrow cut
in the earth : (fort.) an excavation to in-
terrupt the approach of an enemy : the
excavated approaches made by besiegers.
[O. Fr. trencher. Fr. trancher, ace. to
Littre from L. truncare, to maim, to cut
off — truncus, maimed.]
TRENCHANT, trensh'ant, adj., cutting:
sharp : severe.
TRENCHER, trensh'er. n. a wooden plate
formerly used for cutting meat on at
meals : the table : food : pleasures of the
table. [Fr. franclioir.]
TRENCH-PLOUGH, trensh'-plow, n. a
plough for trenching or turning up the
land more deeply than usual : a suD-soil
plough. — v.t. to plough with a trench-
plougli.
TREND, trend, v.i. to tend, to run, to go
in a particular direction. — ?!. tendency.
[Perh. a corr. of Texd.]
TRENTAL, trent'al, n. a R. C. office for the
dead, of thii-ty masses for thirty days
after the person's death. [Low L. treiit-
ale — It. trentu. L. triginta, thirty.]
TREPAN, tre-pan', v.i. to insnare :—j}r.p.
trepann'ing ; pa.t. and pa.p. trepanned'.
[Same as Trapan, of which it is an erro-
neous spelling.]
TREPAN, tre-pan', n. {sitrg.) a small cyl-
indrical saw used in perforating the
skull. — v.t. to remove a circular piece of
the skull with a trepan, in order to re-
lieve the brain from pressure or irrita-
tion. [Lit. " a borer," Fr. — It. trapano,
through Low L. — Gr. trypanon — ti~ypad,
to bore.]
TREPHINE, tre-fin', n. the modern trepan,
having a little sharp borer called the
centre pin.- — v.t. to perforate with the
trephine. [Dim. of Trepan.]
TREPIDATION, trep-i-da'shun, n. a state
of confused hurry or alarm : an involun>
tary trembling, [L. trepido, -atitm. to
hurry with alarm — trepidus, restless,
alarmed, from the root of Gr. trepO, to
turn (in flight).]
TRESPASS, tres'pas, v.i. to pass over a|
limit or boundary : to enter unlawfully I
upon another's land : to inconvenience I
by importunity : to intrude : to injure or j
annoy another : to sin. — n. act of tres- '
passing : any injury to another's person
or property: a sin. — )i. Tres'passer. [O.
Ft. trespasser (Fr. trepasser) — L. trans,
across, and passer (see Pass),]
TRESPASS-OFFERING, fres'pas-of'er-ing,
n. an offering in expiation of a trespass \
or sin. j
TRESS, tres, n. a lock or curl of hair : a I
ringlet (esp. in pt.). [Fr. tresse, through \
It. treccia, from Gr. tricha, threefold — I
tris, three times.]
TRESSED, trest, adj., having tresses: form- j
ed into tresses or ringlets : curled.
TRESSEL, TRESTLE, tres'l, n. a movable
support fastened to a top - piece : the
frame of a table. [O. Fr. trestel (Fr. tre- |
teau): ety. dub.; perh. through a Low L.
dim. fromL. transtrum, abeam, a bench.]
TRET, tret, n. an allowance to purchasers
of 4 lbs. on every 104 lbs. for waste. ■
[Norm, trett, deduction. Fr. trait— O. Fr.
traire — L. trahere. to draw.]
TRIAD, tri'ad, n. the union o'f three. [L.
trifis. triadis — Gr. trias, triados — treis,
E. Three.]
TRIAL, trl'al, n. a trying: the act of try-
ing : examination by a test : the state of
being tried : suffering : temptation : ju-
dicial examination : attempt.
TRIANGLE, tri'ang-gl. n. (math.) a plane
figure with three angles and three sides :
(music) an instrument of steel in the
form of a triangle. [Fr. — L. triangiilum
— tres, three, and angulus, an angle. See
Angle.]
f
TRIANGLED
455
TRIPARTITE
rRI ANGLED, trl'ang-gld, adj. having three
angles.
rRIANGULAR. tri-an£:'gu-lar, adj. having
three angles. — adv. Trian'gularlt.
TRIANGULATE, trI-ang'gu-lat,r.^ tosur-
vev bv means of a series of triangles.
TRIANGXJLATION. tn-ang-gu-Ia'shun, n.
act of triang^dating : the series of tri-
angles so used.
rRL\S. tri'as. n. (geol.) the oldest group of
the Secondary sti'ata, formerly associ-
ated with the Permian rocks under the
name of the New Red Sandstone. — adj.
Triass'ic. [So called by the German
geologists, because the group is separ-
ated i^to three distinct formations, from
Gr. trias. union of three. Cf. TRIAD.]
TRIBE, trib, n. a race or family from the
same ancestor : a body of people under
one leader: a number of things having
certain common qualities. — adj. Trib'al.
[L. tribus, "a third part," orig. applied
to one of the three cantons or divisions
forming the ancient Roman people, from
tri-, root of tres, E. Three, and root
bhii. E. Be.]
TRIBRACH, trl'brak, n. (poetry) a. foot of
three short svllables. [L. — Gr. tri-. root
of treis, E. "ftrREE. and brachijs, short.]
TRIBULATION, trib-u-la'shun. n. severe
affliction : distress. [L. tribulatio — tri-
bulo, to press or afflict — tribulum, a
sledge for rubbing out grain — tero, to
rub. grind.]
TRIBUNAL, tri-bu'nal, n. the bench on
which a judge and bis associates sit to
administer justice: court of justice. [L.l
TRIBUNE, trib'un, n. a magistrate elected
by the Roman plebeians to defend their
rights : the raised platform from which
speeches were delivered. — ?). Trib'uxe-
SHlP. [L. tribunns. orig. "the represent-
ative of a tribe " — trit}us, a tribe. See
Tribe.]
TRIBUTARY, trib'u-tar-i, adj. paj-ing trib-
ute : subject : yielding supplies of any-
thing : paid in tribute. — n. one who
pays tribute: a stream which contributes
water to another. — adv. TRIB'UTARrLY.
TRIBUTE, trib'ut, n. a fixed amount paid
at certain intervals bj- one nation to an-
other for peace or protection : a personal
contribution : acknowledgment, or hom-
age paid.— The Tribute, "paid by Chris-
tian nations to the Barbary States, for
protection against Berber pirates, was
first refused \y the United States ; and
was, in consequence, soon abolished. [L.
tributum — tribuo. to assign, give, pay —
tribus. a tribe. See Tribe.]
TRICE, trls. n. a very short time : an in-
stant. [Perh. from thrice, while one can
count three : or from Sp. tris, noise of
breaking glass (cf. Scot. " in a crack").]
TRICENNIAL, tri-sen'yal. adj. pertaining
to thirfy years: occurring every thirty
years. [L. tricenniinn. thirty years —
triginta, thirtv. .and annus, a year.]
TRICENTENARY, tri-sen'ten-ar-i, n. a
space of three hundred years. [L. tre-
eenti, three hundred — tres, three, and
centum, a hundred.]
TRICHINA, tri-kl'na, n. a parasitic worm,
which in its mature state infests the in-
testinal canal, and in its larval state the
muscular tissue of man and certain ani-
mals, esp. the hog:— p?. Trichi'n^.
[Gr. trichiuos, small like a hair — fhrix,
trichos. hair.l
TRICHINIASIS, tri-kin-T'.a-sis, n. the dis-
ease caused by the presence of trichinre
in the body.
TRICK, trik, t\t. to dress, to decorate.
[Celt, tree, ornament, trecian: to adorn.]
TRICK, trik, u. any fraud or strat.agem to
deceive : a clever contrivance to puzzle,
amuse, or annoy : a particular habit or
manner : a parcel of cards falling to a
winner at one turn. — i\i. to deceive, to
cheat.— ns. Trick'er, Trick'ster. [O.
Fr. tricer. trecher, to beguile, from Dut.
trekken. to draw. See Treachery.]
TRICKERY, trik'er-i, n. act or practice of
playing tricks : artifice : stratagem : im-
position.
TRICKISH, trik'ish, adj. addicted to
tricks : artful in making bargains.
TRICKLE, trik'l, v.i. to flow gently or in
a small stream. [Scot, trinkle : Ger,
trdx>feln — tropfen, to fall in drops.]
TRICOLOR, trl'kul-ur. n. the national flag
of France, of three colors, red, white, and
blue, in vertical stripes. [Fr. tricolore —
L. tres. three, and color, color.]
TRICOLORED, tri'kul-urd, adj. ha\-ing
three colors.
TRICYCLE, tri'sik-1. n. a velocipede with
three wheels. [Gr. tri-, i-oot of treis., E.
Three, and kyklos, E. Cycle. Cf. Bi-
cycle.]
TRIDENT, tri'dent, n. the three-pronged
spear or sceptre of Neptune, god of the
ocean : any three-toothed instrument.
[Fr. — L. tres, three, and dens, dentis, E.
Tooth.]
TRIDENT, tri'dent. TRIDENTED. tri'dent-
ed, adj. having three teeth or prongs.
TRIENNIAL, tri-en'yal, adj. continuing
three years ; happening every third year.
— acli: Trienn'ially. [L. triennis—tres,
three, and annus, a year.]
TRIFLE, tri'fl, v.i. to act or talk lightly:
to indulge in light or silly amusements :
to waste or spend idly or unprofitably. —
Ji. anything of little value : a light kind
of dish.— ». Tri'fler. [O. Fr. tnifle,
perh. conn, with O. Dut. treyfelen, to
play ; or perh. only another form of
TRrFFLE.]
TRIFLING, tri'fling, adj like a trifle: of
small value or importance : trivial. —
adv. Tei'flinglt.
TRIFOLIATE, tri-fo'li-at, adj., three-leaved.
[L. tres. three, and folium, leaf.]
TRIFORM, trl'form. adj. having a triple
form. [L. triformis — tres, three, and
forma, form.]
TRIG, trig, adj. full: trim, neat. [Etv.
dub.]
TRIGGER, trig'er, n. a catch which when
jndled looses the hammer of a gun in
firing : a catch to hold a wheel when
drivmg on steep ground. [Either from
Dut. trekker—trelcken. to pull (cf. Trick,
J).): or from Gfr. driicker.]
TRIGLYPH. tri'glif, n. a three-grooved
tablet at equal distances along the frieze
in Doric architecture. [L. triglyphus —
Gr. trighjphos — treis. three, and glypho,
to hollow out, to carve.]
TRIGLYPHIC. trl-glif'ik, TRIGLYPHIC-
AL, tri-glif'ik-al. adj. consisting of or
pertaining to triglyphs : containing three
sets of characters or sculptures.
TRIGONOJIETRICAL,trig-o-no-met'rik-al,
adj. pertaining to trigonometry: done by
the rules of trigonometry. — adv. Trigo-
nosiet'rically.
TRIGONOMETRY, trig-o-nom'e-tri. n. the
branch of mathematics which treats of
the relations between the sides and an-
gles of triangles. [Lit. " the measure-
ment of triangles " — Gr. trigonon, a tri-
angle, and metron. a measure.]
TRIHEDRAL, tri-he'dral, adj. having three
equal sides.
TRIHEDRON, tri-he'dron, n. a figure hay-
ing three equal bases or sides. [Gr. treis,
three, and hedra, <a seat, base.]
TRILATERAL, trl-lat'er-al, adj. having
three sides. —adv. Trilat'eeally. [L.
tres. three, latus. side.]
TRILINGUAL, tri-ling'gwal, adj. consist-
ing of three tongues or languages. [L.
ti-es. three, and lingna. tongue.]
TRILITERAL. tri-lit'er-al. adj. consisting
of three letters. [L. tres, three, and litera,
a letter.]
TRILL, tril, v.t. andr.?". to shake: to utter
with a tremulous ^nbration : to trickle or
flow in a small stream. — n. a quaver or
tremulous vibration. [Fr. trUler — It,
trilkire. to shake ; imitative.]
TRILLION, tril'yun, n. a million raised
to the second power (1.000,000,000,000),
or, in England, multiplied twice bv itself
(1.000,000';000.000,000,000). corresponding
to our quintilHon, [Fr.— L. O'fs, three, and
Low L, millio. a million. See Million.]
TRILOBITE, trflob-It, n. one of an order
of fossil cr i-jtacea. [Gr. tri, thrice, and
lobos. a lobe.]
TRILOGY, tril'o-ji, n. a series of three
dramas, each complete in sense, yet
mutually related as parts of one great
historical piece. [Gr. trilogia—tri, tris,
thrice, and logos, speech, discourse.]
TRIM, trim. adj. in good order : nice.— t'.^
to make trim : to put in due order : to
dress : to decorate : to'clip : to reduce to
proper form: to arrange for sailing. — v.i.
to balance or fluctuate between parties:—
pr.p. trimm'ing;pa.f. and pa.]), ti'immed.
— n. dress: ornaments: state of a ship as
to sailing qualities. — adv. Teim'ly. — n.
Trim'ness. [A.S. irum, firm, trymian, to
strengthen, set in order.]
TRIMETER, trim'e-ter. n. a division of a
verse consisting of three measures. — adjs.
Trim'eter. TrTmet'rical. [Gr. trimetros
— treis, three, and metron, measure.]
TRIMMER, trim'er, 7!. one who trims : one
who fluctuates between parties, a time-
server.
TRIMJIING. trim'ing, n. that which trims:-.
ornamental parts, esp. of a garment,/
dish. etc.
TRDIONTHLY, tri'munth-h, adj. every
three months.
TRINITARIAN, trin-i-tar'i-an, adj. pertain-
ing to the Trinity, or to the doctrine of
the Trinity. — ii. one who holds the doc-
trine of the Trinity. — Telnitae'iakism, n.
the tenets of Trinitai'ians.
TRINITY, trin'i-ti. n. the union of three in
one Godhead : the persons of the God-
head. [L. trinitas, three — trini, three
each — tres. three.]
TRINITY-SUNDAY, trin'i-ti-sun'da.ri. the
Sunday next after Whitsunday, the Fes-
tival of the Holy Trinity.
TRINKET, tringk'et, n. a small ornament
for the person : anj'thing of little value.
[Ety. dub. : perh. nasalized from tricket,
a dim. of Teick.]
TRINOJHAL, tri-no'mi-al, adj. (math) con-
sisting- of three names orterms connected
by the sign plus or minus. — n. a trinomi-
al quantity. [L. tres, three, and 7iomen,
name,]
TRIO, tri'o, 7?. three united : (nttmc) a com-
position for three performers. [It. — L.
tres, three.]
TRIP, trip, v.i. to move with short, light
steps : to stumble and fall : to err : to
fail. — v.t. to cause to stumble by striking
one's feet from under him : to overthrow
by taking away support: to catch : — jir.j).
tripp'ing ; pa.t. aud j^a.p. tripped. — n. a
light, short step : a catch by which an
antagonist is thrown : .a false step : a
mistake : a short voyage or journey.
[Allied to Low Ger. trippen, and Ger.
frippi'lu : cf. also W. trij'iau:]
TRIPARTITE, trip'ar-tit, adj.. (K\~ided into
three parts : ha^nng three corresponding
parts : relating to'three parties. — Trip-
arti'tiox, n. a division into three. [L.
ter. thrice, and parfitus, pa.p. otparlio,
to divide^pars, a part.]
TRIPE
456
TROUNCE
rRIPE, trip. n. entrails : the large stomach
ot ruminating animals prepared for food.
[Fr.. ety. dub. ; prob. from Celt, tripa.]
TRIPEDAL, trip'e-dal, adj. having three
feet. [L. tres, three, and pes, pedis, E.
Foot.]
TRIPETALOUS, tri-pet'al-us, adj. (bot.)
having three petals or flo\ver-?eai'es.
[G-r. treis, three, and petalon, a leaf.
See Petal.]
TRIPHTHO^rG, trifthong or trip'thong,
11. a combination of three vowels to form
one sound. — adj. TriphthON'gaL. [Fr.
triphthongue — Gr. treis, three, and
phthongos, sound.]
TRIPLE, trip'l, adj. consisting of three
united : three times repeated. — v.t. to
treble. — adv. Trip'lt. '"^r. — L. tri-plus
(lit.) " thrice-full "—<n-,i jot of tres, E.
Three, and -plus, akin to plenus, E. Fill.
Cf.' Double.]
TRIPLET, trip'let. ?!., three of a kind or
three united : three lines rhyming to-
gether : (mtisic) a group of three notes
occupj'ing the time of two, indicated by
a slur and the figure 3.
TRIPLICATE, trip'li-kat, adj., threefold:
made thrice as much. — n. a third copy
or thing corresponding to two others of
the same kind. [L. ter, thrice, and pUco,
to fold. Cf. Dcple, Duplicate.]
TRIPLICATION, trip-li-ka'shun, n. act of
making threefold or adding three to-
gether.
TRIPOD, tri'pod, n. anything on three feet
or legs, as a stool, etc. [Gr. tripons,
tripodos—tri, treis, three, pous, E. Foot.]
TRIPOS, tri'pos, n. a university examina-
tion for honors at Cambridge : a tripos
paper. [From a tripod being frequently
given as a prize at the Grecian games.
See Tripod.]
TRIPPING, trip'ing, n. the act of tripping:
a light kind of dance.
TRIPPINGLY, trip'ing-li.adv. in a tripping
manner : with a light, quick step.
TRIPTOTE, trip'tot, n. a noun used in three
cases only. [Fr. — Gr. triptoton — tri, treis,
three, thrice, ptotos, falling— b!U<o, to
fall.]
TRIPTYCH, trip'tik, n. a set of tablets
consisting of three leaves, each painted
with a distinct subject, but joined to-
gether by hinges, and capable of being
folded so as to present a new face. [Gr.
tri. thrice, ptyx, ptychos, a fold, a leaf —
ptysso, to fold.]
TRIREME, tri'rem, n. a galley or vessel
with three banks or rows of oars. [Fr. —
L. triremis — tri, tres, three, retnus, an
oar.]
TRISECT, tri-sekt', v.t. to cut or divide into
three equal parts. [L. tri, thrice, seco,
sectum. to cut.]
TRISECTION, tri-sek'shun, n. the dixasion
of anything, as an angle, into three equal
parts.
TRISYLLABIC, tris - sil - lab'ik, TRISYL-
LAB'ICAL, -al, adj. pertaining to a trisyl-
lable : consisting of three sj'llables. — adv.
Trisyllab'icallt.
TRISYLLABLE, tris-sil'a-bl, n. a word of
three syllables. [Gr. tri-, three, and Syl-
lable.]
TRITE, trit, adj., irorii out by use : used
till its novelty and interest are lost :
hackneyed. — adv. Trite'ly. — n. Trite'-
NESS. [It. trito — L. tritus, rubbed, p.a.p.
of tero. to rub. See Try.]
TRITON, trl'ton, n. (myth.) a marine demi-
god, one of the trumpeters of Neptvme,
his trumpet being a wreathed univalve
shell: a genus of molluscs with awreathed
univalve shell. [Gr. Triton.]
TRITURABLE, trit'u-ra-bl. adj. that may
be reduced to a fine powder by grinding.
TRITURATE, trit'u-rat, v.t. to rub or grind
to a fine powder. — n. Trituka'tion,
[Late L. trituro, -atum — L. tero, to rub.]
TRrUTNIPH, tri'umf, n. in ancient Rome, a
solemn procession in honor of a victori-
ous general : joy for success : victor}'. —
v.t. to celebrate a victory with pomp: to
rejoice for xnctory: to obtain victory: to
be prosperous : (with over) to insult a
person upon an advantage gained. — n.
Tri'UMPHER. [L. triumphus ; akin to Gr.
thriambos, a hymn to Bacchus.]
TRIIBIPHAL, tri-umf'al, adj. pertaining
to triumph : used in celebrating x'ictory.
TRIUMPHANT, tri-umf'ant, adj. celebrat-
ing or rejoicing for a triumph : express-
ing ioy for success: victorious. — adv.
Trr'.mph'antly. [L. triumphans, -antis,
pr.p. of triumpho, to celebrate a triumph
— triumphus.i
TRIUMVIR, tri-um'vir, n. one of three men
in the same office or government : — pi.
Trium'viri, Trium'virs. [L. — trium-,
from tre.i, three, and vir, a man.]
TRIUMVIRATE, tri-um'vi-rat, n. an asso-
ciation ot three men in office or govern-
ment, or for any political ends. [^L.]
TRIUNE, tri'un, 'adj. being three in one.
[Coined from L. tri-, root of tres, three,
and 7inus, one.]
TRIVET, triv'et, n. a stool or other thing
supported on three feet : a movable iron
frame in a kitchen fire-grate for support-
ing kettles, etc. [For trevet — Fr. trepied,
a tripod — L. tripes, tripedis — tres, three,
pes, a foot. Cf. Tripod.]
TRIVIAL, triv'i-al, adj. that may be found
anywhere, common: of little importance:
trifling. — adv. Triv'ially. — n. Triv'ial-
NESS. [L. trivialis (lit.) " to be found at
the cross-roads or public streets" — triv-
ium, a place where three ways meet —
tres, three, via, a way.]
TROCHAIC, tro-ka'ik, TROCHA'ICAL,
-al, adj. consisting of trochees. — Trocha'-
ic, n. a trochaic verse or measure.
TROCHEE, tro'ke. n. a metrical foot of two
syllables, so called from its tripping or
joyous character : in L. verse, consisting
of" a long and a short, as numen : in E.
verse, of an accented and imaccented
syllable, as tri'pod. [Fr. trochee — Gr.
trochaios {pous, foot, understood), run-
ning, tripping — trochos, a running —
trecho, to runJ [Tread.
TROD. TRODD'^EN, pa.i. and i)a.p. of
TROGLODYTE, trog'lo-dit, n._ the Greek
name for certain ancient tribes on the
Nile, now a general term for all savage
cave-dwellers. [Fr. — Gr. troglodytes —
frogle. a cave, and dyo, to enter.]
TROJAN, tro'jan, adj. pertaining to ancient
Troy. — n. an inhabitant of ancient Troy :
an old soldier.
TROLL, trol, v.t. to move circularly: to
sing the parts of in succession, as of a
catch or round. — v.i. to roll : to move or
run about : to sing a catch. — n. a song,
the parts of which are sung in succes-
sion : a round. — n. Troll'er. [Perh.
from Fr. troler, to lead about — Celt, root
seen in "W. trolis, to twist, to roll.]
TROLL, trol, v.i. to fish. esp. for pike, with
a rod of which the line runs on a reel
near the handle. [A form of Trawl.]
TROLLOP, trol'up, n. a loitering, slattern-
ly woman: a woman negligently dressed:
a draggle-tail. [From Troll, in the
sense of running about.]
TROMBONE, trom'bon, n. a deep-toned
brass musical wind instrument of the
trumpet kind. [It. ; augmentati%'e of
tromba, a trumpet. See Trump, a trump-
et.]
TROOP, troop, ?!. a croicd or collection of
people : a company : soldiers taken col-
lectively, an array, usually in p/.; a small
body of cavalry corresponding to a com-
pany of infantry. — v.i. to collect in num
bers: to march in a company, or in haste.
[Fr. trovpe, prob. through Low L. forms,
from L. tiirba. a crowd.]
TROOPER, troop'er, n. a private cavalry
soldier.
TROPE, trop, n. (rliet.) a word or expression
changed from its proper sense for life or
emphasis, a figure of speech. [Fr. — L.
tropus — Gr. tropos — trepo, to turn.]
TROPHIED, tro'fid, adj. adorned with tro-
phies.
TROPHY, tro'fl, n. a memorial of a vic-
tory, consisting of a pile of arms erected
on the field of battle : anything taken
from an enemj' and preserved as a me-
morial of victory : something that is
evidence of victory. [Fr. tropMe — L.
tropceum — Gr. tropaion — trope, a turn-
ing— trepo, to turn, to turn to flight.]
TROPIC, trop'ik, n. one of the two circles
on the celestial sphere, 23° 28' on each
side of the equator, where the sun turns,
as it were, after reaching its greatest dec-
lination north or south : one of two cir-
cles on the terrestrial globe correspond-
ing to these : — 2)1. the regions lying be-
tween the tropics. [Through L. tropicus,
from Gr. tropikos, relating to a turning
— tropos, a turning (see TROPE).]
TROPIC, trop'ik, TROPICAL, trop'ik-al,
adj. pertaining to the troj^ics : being
within or near the tropics. — adv. Trop'-
ICALLY.
TROPICAL, trop'ik-al, adj. (rJiet.) pertain-
ing to a trope : changed from its proper
or original sense: figurative. — adv. Trop'-
ICALLY.
TROPOLOGICAL. tro-po-loj'ik-al, adj. ex-
pressed or varied by tropes or figures.
TROPOLOGY, tro-pol'o-ji, n. a tropical or
figurative mode of speech. [Gr. tropos
and logos, discourse.]
TROT, trot, v.i. to go, lifting the feet
quicker and higher than in walking : to
walk or move fast : to run : to travel,
by lifting one fore-foot and the hind-foot
of the opposite side at the same time —
said of horses. — v.t. to ride at a trot : —
pr.p. trott'ing; 2M.t. and pa.jy. trott'ed.
— n. the pace ot a horse or other quad-
ruped when trotting. — n. Trott'er. [Fr.
trotter, through various forms from a L.
form tolutare, for ire tolutim, to go on a
trot, (lit.) "by a lifting," from root tol,
to lift.]
TROTH, troth, n., truth, confidence: faith:
fidelity. [A.S. treowth—treoic, faith, trust.
Cpp Tri'th 1
TROUBADOUR, troo'ba-door, n. one of a
class of poets from the 11th to the 13th
century, chiefly in France. [Fr., from
Prov. trobador — trobar (Fr. trouver). to
find — L. turbare, to throw into disorder
(in searching for a thing), hence, to find.
See Trover.']
TROUBLE, trub'l, v.t. to put into a con-
fused state : to agitate : to disturb : to
annoy : to busy or engage overmuch. —
71. disturbance : affliction : uneasiness :
that which disturbs or afflicts.?!.— Troub'-
ler. [Fr. troubler, O. Fr. tourbler — Low
L. turbulo — L. turbare, to disturb — turba,
a crowd, tumult.]
TROUBLESOME, trub'1-sum, adj. causing
or giving trouble or inconvenience :
vexatious: importunate. — adv. Troub*
LESOIIELY. — 11. TROUB'LESOMENESS.
TROUBLOUS, trub'lus, adj. full of trouble
or disorder : agitated : tumultuous.
TROUGH, trof, n. a long, hollow vessel for
water or other liquid : a^long tray: a
long narrow channel. [A.S. trog ; Ger.
trog.]
TROUNCE, trowns, v.t. to punish or beat
severely. [O. Fr. tron^onner, to cut — L,
truneus, maimed. See Trench.]
TROUSERS
467
TRYSAIL
TROUSERS, trow'zerz, 7i.pl. long breeches:
a garment worn by males on the lower
limbs and trussed or fastened up at the
waist. [O. Fr. trousses, breeches worn
by pages — Fr. trousse (see Truss).]
TROUSSEAU, troo-s6', ?i. the lig-hter art-
icles of a bride's outfit. [Fr., lit. "a
little bundle," from trousse, a bundle
(see Truss).]
rROUT, trowt, 71. a common name for
fresh-water fish of the salmon family :
the Salmo Fario, or Common Trout,
much sought after by anglers. [Fr.
truite, A.S. trniht — L. tructa, tructus —
Gr. troktes, a sea-fish with sharp teeth —
trogo, to gnaw.]
TROVER, trov'er, n. (law) the gaining pos-
session of goods. [O. Fr. trover, to find
(Fr. trouver) — L. turbare, to throw into
disorder (in searching for a thing), hence,
to find — turba, confusion. Cf. Treas-
ure-Trove and Troubadour.]
TROW, tro, v.i. to hold as true : (B.) to
trust : to believe : to think. [A.S. treow-
ian ; Ice. trua, Grer. trau-en. See True,
Trust.]
TROWEL, trow'el, n. a tool use(i in spread-
ing mortar, and in gardening. [Fr.
truelle — L. trulla, dim. of trua. a ladle.]
TROWSERS. Same as Trousers.
TROY. TROY- WEIGHT, troi'-wat, Ji. the
system of weights used for gold, silver,
precious stones, and in philosophical
experiments, containing 5760 grains, di-
vided into 13 ounces of 480 grains each.
The Troy pound is less than the Avoir-
dupois, or pound of commerce, which has
7000 grains, divided into 16 ounces of
43T'5 grains each. [A corr. of Fr. (livre.
povmd) d'ootroi, of authority — octroi,
from Li. auctori tas, authority, and sig.
orig. "anything authorized," then "a
tax." Said by some to be derived from
Troves in France, where it is said to have
originated.]
XRUANT, troO'ant, n. an idler : a boy
who, idly or without excuse, absents
himself from school. — adj. wandering
from duty : loitering : idle. — ns. Tru'-
ANCY, Tru'antship. [Fr. truatid — Low
L. trutanus — Celt, root tni, wretched.]
TRUCE, troos, 71. a temporary peace or
suspension of hostilities between two ar-
mies or between states: cessation. [Lit.
" atrue agreement," M.E. treows, treu-es,
an extension of True. See also Truth.]
TRUCK, truk, v.t. to exchange or barter. —
v.i. to traffic by exchange. — n. exchange
of goods : barter. [Fr. troquer — Sp. tro-
car, perh. a corr. of L. trans, across or
over, and vicis, change.]
TRUCK, truk, 7i. a wheel : a railway hand
vehicle for heavy articles : a platform
running on wheels : a small wooden cap
at the top of a mast or flagstaff: a strong
heavy wagon for hea\'y loads, usually
with two wide wheels : two pairs of car-
wheels joined on the same frame : gar-
den vegetables. [Perh. a eoi-r. of Gr.
trochos, a wheel — trecho, to run.]
TRUCKAGE, truk'aj, ?i. the practice of
exchanging or bartering goods. [See
Truck, i:]
TRUCKAGE, truk'aj, 7i. charge for carry-
ing articles on a truck. [See TRUCK, ?!.]
TRUCKLE, truk'l, v.i. to yield meanly to
the demands of another. — ws. Truck'LER,
Truck'uno. [Extension of Truck, v.]
TRUCKLE, truk'l, 7i. a small wheel or
caster. [Dim. of TRUCK, v.]
TRUCKLE-BED, truk'1-bed, n. a low bed
on wheels that may be pushed under an-
other. [See Truck, »i.]
TRUCK -SYSTEM, truk'-sis'tem, n. the
practice of paying workmen in goods
instead of moneV. [See Truck, v.]
TRUCULENT, triik'u-lent, adj. very fierce:
barbarous: cruel: inspiring terror. — adv.
Truc'ulently. — ?i. Truc'ulence. [li.
truculentus — trux, wild, fierce.]
TRUDGE, truj, v.i. to travel on foot : to
travel with labor or effort : to march
heavily on. [Allied to Tread and Trot,
and influenced by DRUDGE.]
TRUE, troo, adj. agreeing with fact:
worthy of belief or confidence: certain:
trust}-: genuine: exact: straight: right:
rightful.— ?t. True'ness. [A.S. treou-e ;
cog. with Ice. trur, Ger. treu ; from the
root of Trow. See Trust.]
TRUFFLE, truf'l, n. a round underground
fungus used in cookery. — TRUFFLED, adj.
cooked with truffles. [O. Fr. truffle (Fr.
truffe), a corr. of L. tuber (see Tuber).]
TRUISM, troo'izm, n. a plain or self-evident
truth.
TRULL, trul, 7i. a drab: a vagrant woman
of loose habits. [Allied to Ger. trulle;
conn, with Scand. troll, demon, gobUn,
monster.]
TRULY, troo'li, adv. according to truth :
in fact or reality: exactlj-: justly: faith-
fully: sincerely: honestly.
TRUMP, trump, ji. a trumpet. [Prob.
through Fr. t7'ompe, from It. tromba,
which, ace. to Diez, is the L. iiiba, with
inserted )• and m.]
TRUMP, trump, 7i. a card of the leading
suit that triumphs or wins : one of the
suit of cards which takes any other. — v.i.
to play a trump card. — v.t. to play a
trump card upon. — To TRUMP UP, to de-
vise, forge. [From Triumph.]
TRUMPERY, trump'er-i, n. falsehood:
boastful or empty talk : things of no
value : trifles. — adj. worthless. [Fr.
tromperie — troviper, to deceive, lit. "to
blow a trumpet (in order to attract the
public)," a custom of quacks, etc. . See
Trump, a trumpet.]
TRUMPET, trump'et, n. a wind instrument
of music with a ringing and clear tone,
used chiefly in war and in military mu-
sic : [jig.) one who praises. — v.t. to pub-
lish by trumpet : to proclaim : to sound
the praises of. [Fr. tr07npette, dim. of
trompe. See Trump, a trumpet.]
TRUMPETER, trump'et -er, »j. one who
sounds on the t7i.t7npet the regimental
calls and signals : one who proclaims,
praises, or denounces : a kind of pigeon,
also a S. American wading-bird.
TRUMPET-FISH, trump'et-fish, n. a sea-
fish so named from its tru7npet-\\kQ or
tubular muzzle.
TRUMPET-TONGUED, trump'et - tungd,
adj. having a voice or tongxie loud as a
tmunpet.
TRUNCATE, trungk'at, v.t. to cut off : to
lop : to maim. — ?i. Trunca'tion. [L.
trunco. -atinn — tremens. See Trunk.]
TRUNCHEON, trun'shun. «. a short staff :
a cudgel : a baton or staff of authority. —
v.t. to beat with a truncheon : to cudgel.
[Fr. troncon—tronc (see Trunk).]
TRUNDLE, trun'dl, ?;. anything round : a
wheel: atruck. — t\t. to roll, as on wheels:
— v.i. to roll: bowl along. [A.S. trendel,
a circle, wheel, Ger. triiiidehi. to dawdle.]
TRUNDLE - BED, trun'dl-bed, n. a bed
moving on trundles or low wheels : a
truckle-bed.
TRUNK, trungk, m. tlie stem of a tree : the
body of an animal ajjart from the limbs :
the main body of anything : anything
long and hollow : the proboscis of an
elephant : the shaft of a column: a chest
for clothes. — Trunked, trungkt, adj.
having a trunk. [Fr. tronc — L. truncus,
the stem or bole ot a tree.]
TRUNK-HOSE, trungk'-hoz, 7i. large hose
or breeches formerly worn over the lower
part of the body and the upper part of
the legs.
TRUNK-LINE, trungk'-lln, n. the main
line of a railway : one of the unleased
railway systems of the United States,
which has an outlet at the seaboard, a
continuous route from the interior, a dis-
tinct organization of its own, numerous
branches, and tributary and leased lines
under its control. The New York Cen-
tral and Pennsylvania systems are
among the leading trunk-lmes of the
United States, though there are a great
many others.
TRUNNION, trun'yun, ?i. one ot the knobs
on each side of a gun, on which it rests
on the carriage. [Fr. trognon, a stalk —
tronc. a stump — L. trimcus.^
TRUSS, trus, 7i. a bundle : timbers fast-
ened together for supporting a roof : in
ships, the rope or iron for keeping the
lower yard to the mast : {med.) a^band-
age used in ruptures. — v.t. to bind up ;
to pack close : to furnish with a truss.
[Fr. trousse — trousser, O. Fr. trosser,
orig. torser, to bind together — L. tortTis,
pa.p. of torqueo, to twist.]
TRUST, trust, ?i. confidence in the truth of
anji;hing : a resting on the integrity,
friendship, etc., of another : faith: hope:
credit (esp. sale on credit or on promise
to pay) : he or that which is the ground
of confidence : that which is given or
received in confidence : charge : (laic) an
estate managed for another. — adj. held
in trust.— 17. f. to place trust in : to be-
lieve : to give credit to : to sell upon
credit : to commit to the care of. — v.i.
to be confident or confiding. — n. Trust'-
ER. [Closely conn, with Ice. traust,
trust, Goth, traiisti, security, Ger. trost,
consolation ; from root of Trow and
True.]
TRUSTEE, trus-te', n. one to whom any-
thing- is iiitrusted : one to whom the
management of a property is committed
in trust for the benefit of others. — n,
Trustee'ship.
TRUSTFUL, trust'fool, adj. full of trust :
trusting : worthy of trust : faithful.
TRUSTWORTHY,trust'wur-</ii,ady.«or<;iy
of tru.tt or confidence: trusty. — 7i. Trust*-
WORTHINESS.
TRUSTY, trust'!, adj. (comp. Trust'ier,
superl. Trust'iest), that may be trusted :
deserving confidence : honest : strong :
firm. — n. Trust'iness. — adv. Trust'lly.
TRUTH, trooth, ?i. that which is true or
according to the facts of the case : agree-
ment with reality : true state of things,
or facts : practice of speaking or disposi-
tion to speak the truth : fidelity : a trua
statement : an established principle : in
the fine arts, a faithful adherence to
nature.— Of a truth (B.), truly. [A.S.
treoivth, trywth, a derivative of 'True.
Doublet Troth.]
TRUTHFUL, trooth'fool, adj.. fidloi truth:
according to or adhering to truth: reli-
able.—adc. Truth'fully.— n. Truth'ful-
NESS.
TRY, tri, v.t. to test : to sift : to prove by
experiment : to purify : to examine ju-
dicially: to examine carefully : to expe-
rience: to attempt: to use a.s means: to
put to severe trial, cause suffering to,
— v.i. to endeavor : to make an effort : —
pa.t. and pa.p. tried (trid). — n. Tri'er.
[Fr. trier, to pick out. to cull (the grain
from the straw), from an assumed L.
tiHtare — te7-o. ti-itum, to rub. See Trite.]
TRYING, trl'ing, adj. making trial or
proof of : adapted to try : searching •
severe.
TRYSAIL, tri'sal, 7i. a reduced sail used by
small craft, instead of their mainsail, in
a storm : a small fore-and-aft sail set
with a boom and gafl.
TRYST
458
TURF
TRYST, trlst, n. an appointment to meet :
appointed place of meeting. [Conn, with
Trust.]
TSAR. tsar. n. better form of Czar.
TSETSE, tset'se. n. a dipterous insect of
South Africa, whose bite is fatal to the
ox, horse, and dog.
TUB. tub, n. a two-handed open wooden
vessel : a vessel made of staves and
hoops : a small cask : anything like a
tub : the quantity a tub holds. [Low
Ger. tubbe, Dut. tobbe.]
TUBE, tub, n. a pipe : a long, hollow cyl-
inder for the conveyance of fluids, etc.: a
canal. — v.t. to furnisli with a tube. [Fr.
— L. tubus.]
TUBER, tiiber, n. a knob in roots : a
rounded, fleshy, underground stem, as in
the potato. [L.. "a swelling." from root
of L. tumeo. to swell. Cf. "Tumid.]
TUBERCLE, tu'ber-kl, n. a small tuber or
swelling : a pimple : a small knob on
leaves : a small mass of diseased matter
frequently found in the lungs, and which
is the cause of the well-known fatal dis-
ease called pulmonary consumption. —
Tu'BERCLED, adj. having tubercles. [L.
tuberculum, dim. of Tcber.]
TUBERCULAR, tu-ber'ku-lar, TUBERCU-
LOUS, tQ-ber'ku-lus, adj. pertaining to
tubercles : pimpled : affected with or
caused bv tuber<;les.
TUBEROUS, tu'ber-us, TUBEROSE, tu'-
ber-6s. adj. having or consisting of tu-
bers : knobbed.— H. TUBEROSITY.
TUBING, tub'ing, n. a length of tube:
tubes collectively : materials for tubes.
TUBULAR, tub'u-lar, adj. having the form
of a tube or pipe : consisting of a tube or
TUBULATED, tub'u-lat-ed, TUBULOUS.
tub'u-lus. adj. having the form of a tube
or pipe : having a small tube : contain-
ing or composed of small tubes.
TUBULE, tub'ul. n. a small tube or pipe.
[L. tnbuhis. dim. of tubus.]
TUCK, tuk, v.t. to draw or press in or to-
gether : to fold under : to gather up :
to inclose by pressing clothes closely
around. — ii. a horizontal fold in a gar-
ment. [Low Ger. tucken, Ger. zucketi, to
draw in, to shrug ; conn, with Tow and
Tug.]
TUCKER, tuk'er, n. a piece of cloth tucked
or drawn over the bosom, worn by women
and children.
TUESDAY, tuz'da. n. the third day of the
week. [A.S. Tiwes dag (lit.) '■ the day of
7^(1'"' (the god of war)=Ger. die(n)s-tag ;
cf. L. dies Martis. T,w (Ice. Tyr. O. Ger.
Zio) is conn, with Gr. Zeus, Dios, and L.
d'Cus. divus.]
TUFA, tu'fa, TUFF, tuf, n. a rock formed
from the ash or powder from a volcano :
also applied to any light, porous rock.
[It. tufo. Fr. tuf—t. i(^us.]
TUFT, tuft, n. a number of small things in
a knot: a cluster : a dense head of flowers.
— v.t. to separate into tufts : to adorn
with tufts. — adjs. Tuft'ed, Tuft'y. [Fr.
touffe. from the Teut., as Low Ger. topp,
Ger. zorif. See Top.]
TUFT-HUXTER, tutt'-hunt'er, n. one over-
eager to form acquaintance with per-
sons cf rank or consequence : a mean
hanger-on of the great. [From the
tuft or tassel in the cap worn by noble-
men at the English universities.]
TUG, tug, I'.;, to pull with effort : to drag
along. — v.i. to pull with great effort: —
pr./). tugg'ing ; pa.t. a.nA pa.p. tugged.
— H. a sti'ong pull : a small, strong, low-
built steam - vessel for towing ships.
[A.S. teoH, teohan. pi. of pa.t. tugon;
closely conn, with Tuck and Tow, r.]
TUITICiN, tu-ish'un, n. care over a young
person: teaching. [Lit. " a looking to,"
" taking care of," L. ttiitio — tueor, tuitus,
to see. to look to.]
TL^LIP, tu'lip, n. a bulbous garden-plant
with beautiful flowers. [Fr. tulipe —
Port, tulipa, from Pers. and Turk, tul-
hend. dulbend (whence E. Turbax). from
the fancied resemblance of the flower to
a turban folded round the head.]
TULLE, tool, n. a delicate kind of silk
net or lace. [Fr. : so named from the
town of Tulle, in the south-west of
France.]
TUIIBLE, tum'bl, v.i. to fall : to come
down .suddenly and violently: to roll : to
twist the body, as a mountebank. — v.t.
to throw headlong : to turn over : to
throw about while examining. — n. act of
tumbling: a fall : a rolling over. [From
a Teut. root seen in Dan. tumle — Ice.
tumla (A.S. tumbian) : and from which
also are the Fr. toinber and It. tom-
bolare.]
TUMBLER, tum'bler, n. one who tumbles:
a large drinking-glass, so called because
formerly, having a pointed base, it could
not be set down without tumbling: a do-
mestic pigeon, so called from its tumbling
on the wing.
TUMBREL, tum'brel, TUMBRIL, tum'bril,
11. a cart with two wheels for conveying
the tools of pioneers, artillery stores,
etc. [O. Fr. tomberel (Fr. tomhereau) —
Fi\ tomber, to fall, because the body of
the cart could be tumbled without un-
yoking. Cf. Tumble.]
TTOIEFACTION, tu-me-fak'shun, n. act of
tumefying : tumor : swelling.
TUMEFY, tu'me-fi, v.t. to cause to swell.
— v.i. to swell : to rise in a tumor : —
pa.t. andpo.p. tu'mefled. [L. tumefaeio
— tumeo, to swell, and facio, to make.]
TUMID, tu'mid, adj., gtvollen or enlarged :
inflated : falsely sublime : bombastic. —
adv. Tu'MiDLT.— n. Tu'midxess. [L. tii-
midus — tinneo. to swell.]
TUMOR, tu'mor, n. a diseased siveUing of
any part of the body. [L. — tumeo, to
swell.]
TUMULAR, tu'mu-lar, adj. formed in a
/it'njj; consisting in a heap. [Formed
ivomli.tumidus. aheap. IVomTuirULUS.]
TUMULOUS, tu'mu-lus, adj. full of mounds
or hillocks. [From Tnii'LUS.]
TUMLfLT, tu'mult, 7!. uproar of a mvilti-
tude : ^■iolent agitation with confused
sounds. [L. tumidtus, from root of tu-
meo. to swell.]
TUMULTUARY, tu-mult'u-ar-i. TUMULT-
UOL'S. tu-mult'u-us. adj. full of tumult :
disorderly : agitated : noisy. — adi: Tu-
JIULT'UOUSLT.— n. TUMULT'UOUSNESS.
TUMULUS, tu'mu-lus, n. a mound of earth
over a grave : a barrow : — pi. Tu'MUli,
[L.. "a heap" — tumeo, to swell.]
TUN', tun, n. (firig.) a large ca.^K: then a
measure of capacity for liquids = 2 pipes,
4 hogsheads, or 252 gallons. [A.S. tunne,
with similar forms in all the Teut., Ro-
mance, and Celt, tongues, the common
source prob. being the L. tina, a wine-
vessel. Doublet Ton.]
TUNE, tQn,H. (mus.) a melodious succession
of notes or chords in a particular key :
the relation of notes and intervals to
each other causing melody : state of
giving the proper sound : harmony : a
melody or air.— r.^. to cause to produce
the proper sounds. — adj. Tux'able. [A
variation of TONE. prob. partly due to the
influence of A.S. dyne. E. DiX.]
TUNEFUL, tun'tool, adj. full of tune or
harmony : melodious : musical. — adv.
Tune'fully.
TUNELESS, tun'les, adj. without tune or
melody.
TUNERI tfln'er, n. one who tunes or adjusts
the sounds of musical instruments.
TUNGSTEN, tung'sten, »i. a very heavy
metal. [Sw. tungsten — tung, heavy;
sten. stone.]
TUNIC, tu'nik. n. a loose frock worn by
females and boys : in R. Cath. Church, »
long under-garhient worn by the officiat-
ing clergy : (aiiat.) a membrane that
covers some organ : (hot.) a covering, as
of a seed : (ynil.) the coat at present worn
by English soldiers on full-dress occa^
sions. [Fr. tunique — L. tunica, an under-
garment worn in ancient Rome by both
sexes.]
TUNICATE, tu'nik-at. TUNICATED, tii'-
nik-at-ed, adj. (bot.) covered with a tunic
or with layers. [L.]
TUNICLE, tu'ni-kl, n. a little tunic ; a kind
of long robe. [L. tuninda, dim. of tunica,
a tunic]
TUNING-FORK, tun'ing-fork, n. a steel
two-pronged instrument, designed when
set in vibration to give a musical sound
of a certain pitch.
TUNNEL, tun'el. n. a passage cut through
a hill or under a river, etc. — v.t. to make
a passage through: to hollow out: — pr.p.
tunn'elling ; pa.t. and pa.p. tunn'elled.
[An extension of TUN ; on the model of
Fr. tonnelle, an arbor, (lit.) "a<un-shaped
vault," dim. of tonne, a tun. See also
Ton.]
TUNNY, tun'i, n. a very large fish of the
mackerel family, fished chiefly on the
Mediterranean coasts. [Lit. " the dart-
ing fish," L. thunnus, Gr. thynnos — thy-
no, to dart or rush along.]
TUP, tup, n. a ram. [Conn, with Low
Ger. toppeyi, Ger. tupfen, to touch.]
TURANIAN, tilr-an'yan. adj. a name some-
times used to include all the languages
of Europe and Asia not Aryan or Sem-
itic, with the exception of Chinese and
its cognate dialects. [From Tvran. a
name given (in contrast to Iran or Per-
sia) to the region lying north of that
country.]
TURBAN, tur'ban, ?i. a head-covering worn
by eastern nations, consisting of a cap
with a sash wound round it : a circular
head-dress worn by ladies : the whole
whorls of a shell. ' [Earlier forms tur-
bant. tulipant(Fi\ turban), through Port.
turbante, from Pers. dulbend, a piece
of muslin wound round the head. Cf.
Tulip.]
TLTIB ANTED, tur'band, adj. wearing a
turban.
TURBARY, turb'ar-i. n. the right of dig-
ging peat : a place where peat is dug.
[From turba, the Low L. form of TlTRF.]
TURBID, tur'bid, adj. disordered : having
the sediment disturbed : muddy : thick.
— adv. Tue'bidly.- H. Tur'bidness. [L.
turbidus — turba, confusion, tumult.]
TURBOT. tur'bot,K. a large, flat, round fish,
esteemed a delicacj'. [Fr., a dim. formed
from L. turbo, a spinning-top, from the
likeness of the fish to a top ; cf. the Gr.
rhombos, sig. a top. also a turbot.]
TURBULENT, tur'bu-lent, adj.. tumultu-
ous, disturbed : in violent commotion :
disposed to disorder : restless : produc-
ing commotion. — iis. Tur'bulekce. Tur'-
BULency. — adv. Tuk'bulently*. [L. ttir^
bulentus — turba, tunnilt, a crowd.]
TUREEN, tu-ren', n. a large dish for hold-
ing soup at table. [Lit. " an earthen-
ware dish," Fr. terrine — L. terra, earth.]
TURF. turf. n. the surface of land matted
with the roots of grass, etc.: a cake of
turf cut off : sod : peat : race-grohnd :
horseracing : — /V. TuRFS. — v.t. to cover
with turf or sod. [A.S. turf; Ice. torf ;
perh. conn, with Sans, dftrvd, millet-
grass.]
TURFY
459
TWILL
TURFY, turf i, adj. abounding with, made
of, or covered with turf: having the
nature or appearance of turf. — n. Tukf'-
DJESS.
TURGEXT, tur'jent, adj., swelling: rising
into a tumor : inflated : bombastic. —
adv. TuR'GENTLY. [L. turg-ens, -entis,
pr.p. of turgeo, to swell.]
TURGESCENT, tur-jes'ent, adj., su-elling :
growing big. — ns. Txjegesc'ence, Tcr-
gesc'excy. [L. hirgesco — turgeo, to
swell.]
TURGID, tur'jid, adj. , swollen : extended
beyond the natural size : pompous : bom-
bastic.— adv. Tur'gidly.— (is. Tur'gid-
NESS, TURGID'ITY. [L. turgidus — turgeo,
to swell.]
TURK, turk, n. a native of Turkey. — adj.
TXTRE'ISH.
TURKEY, turk'i, n. a large gallinaceous
bird, a native of America, so called be-
cause erroneously supposed to have come
from Turkey.
TURKEY-RED, turk'i-red, n. a fine dura-
ble red dye, obtained from madder, but
now mostly prepared chemically, first
produced in Turkey.
TURKEY-STONE, turk'i-ston. n. a kind of
oilstone broug-lit from Turkey, and used
for hones.
TURKIS. turk'is, n. an older spelling of
ToRQroiSE.
TURKISH-BATH, turk'ish-bath, n. a kind
of hot-air batli in which the patient,
after being sweated, is rubbed down, and
eonducted through a series of cooling
chambers until he regains his normal
temperature.
TURMERIC, tur'mer-ik, n. the root of an
E. Indian plant, used as a yellow dye, in
eurry-powiler. and as a chemical test for
the presence of alkalies. [Ety. unknown.]
TURMOIL, tui-'moil, n. harassing labor :
disturbance. [Perh. from the L. tremo,
to shake, modified by the influence of
Turn and Moil.]
TURMOIL, tur-moil', i\t. to harass with
commotion: to wearj-.— i'. j. to be dis-
quieted or in commotion.
TURN, turn, v.i. to whirl round : to liinge:
to depend : to issue: to take a diffei-ent
direction or tendency: to become by a
change : to be turned in a lathe : to sour:
to become giddy : to be nauseated : to
change from eblj to flow or from flow to
ebb : to become inclined in the other di-
rection.— r.f. to cause to revolve: tore-
verse : to change the position or the
direction of : to make to nauseate, to
make giddj- : direct the mind to : infat-
uate or make mad : to cause to return
with profit : to transfer : to convert : to
form in a lathe: to shape. — //. act of turn-
ing : new direction, or tendency : a walk
to and fro : cliange : a winding : a bend:
form : manner : opportunity, conven-
ience : act of kindness or malice. — ii.
Turn'er. — By TURN'S, one after another,
alternately. [A.S. tyrnan : Ger.turnen;
Fr. tourner : all from L. tornare, to turn
in a lathe — tornus, a turner's wheel — Gr.
toryios.]
TURNCOAT, turn'kot. w. one who turns
his coat, that is, abandons his principles
or party.
TURNERY, turn'er-i, n. art of turning or
of shaping by a lathe : things made by a
turner.
JTJRNING, turn'ing, ?;. a winding : devia-
tion from the proper course : turnery : —
ui. chips.
TURNING-POINT, turn'ing-point, n. the
point on which a question turns, and
which decides the case: a grave and crit-
ical period.
TURNIP, tur'nip, n. a plant having a solid
bulbous root used as food. [From A.S.
neepe — L. napus, with the prefix txir-, a
corr. of terne, " of the earth."]
TURNKEY, turn'ke, n. one who turns the
keys in a prison : a warder.
TURNPIKE, turn'pTk, n. a turnpike-road.
[Orig. a frame consisting of two cross-
bars armed with pikes, and turning on a
post.]
TURNPIKE-ROAD, turn'plk-rod, n. aroari
on which turnpikes or toll-gates are estab-
lished.
TURNSOLE, turn'sol, n. a plant so called
because its flowers turn towards the sun.
[Fr. — tourner (see TURN) and sol,' for soleil
— L. sol. the sun.]
TURNSPIT, turn'spit, n. one who turns a
spit : a person engaged in some menial
occupation : (formerlj-) a dog employed
to turn a spit.
TURNSTILE, turn'stll, n. a revolving
frame in a footpath which prevents the
passage of cattle.
TURN-TABLE, turn'-ta'bl, n. same as
Traverse-table.
TURPENTINE, tur'pen-tin, n. the resinous
juice of the terebinth and other trees.
[Fr. terihenthine—L.terebinthina (resina),
(the resin) of the terebinth.]
TURPITUDE, tur'pi-tQd. n. baseness : ex-
treme depravity or wickedness : vileness
of principles and actions. [L. turpitude
— turpis. foul, base ; conn, with Sans,
root tarp, to be ashamed.]
TURQUOISE, tur'koiz, n. a bluish-green
mineral from Persia, valued as a gem.
[Fr. (lit. " Turkish"), so called because
first brought from Turkej'. Doublet
Turkish.]
TURRET, tur'et, n. a srtiall tower on a
building and rising above it. [O. Fr.
touret (Fr. tourelle). dim. of Fr. tour, a
tower. See Tower.]
TURRETED, tur'et-ed, adj. furnished with
turrets : formed like a tower.
TURRET-SHIP, tur'et-ship, n. an ironclad
ship of war, whose guns are placed in
one or more revolving turrets placed on
deck.
TURTLE, tur'tl, TURTLE-DOVE, tur'tl-
duv, n. a species of pigeon of a very ten-
der and affectionate disposition. [A.S.
turtle; Ger. turtel. Fr. tourtereau. tour-
terelle; all from the L. name turtur, an
imitation of the bird's note ; cf. Heb.
tor.]
TURTLE, tur'tl, n. the sea-for*oise, a fam-
ily of reptiles having their back covered
by a horny case, the flesh of some of the
species being considei-ed a great delicacy.
[A corr. of TORT(»ISE, under influence of
Turtle (above).]
TUSCAN, tus'kan. adj. of or belonging to
Tuscany in Italy : denoting one of the
five orders of architecture, the oldest
and simplest. [L.]
TUSH, tusii, int. pshaw I be silent ! an ex-
clamation of scorn or impatience. [Cf.
Ger. tuschen, verfuschen. to hush up.]
TUSK, tusk, n. a long, pointed tooth on
either side of the mouth of certain rapa-
cious animals.— ncO's. Tusk'ed, Tusk'y.
[A.S. tusc, tu.r.]
TUSSLE, tus'el, n. a struggle. [A.S.
tcesan, to pluck, hence related to Tease,
and perh. Tassel, a teased-out knot of
wool.]
TUSSOCK, tus'ok, n. a tuft of grass or
twigs. [From obs. tnr, a lock of hair,
which is of Celt, origin.]
TUT. tut. int. an exclamation of checking
or rebuke. [Cf. Ir. and Gael, tut.]
TUTELAGE, tu'tel-aj. w., guardianship:
state of being under a guardian. [Formed
from the L. tutehi— tutor, to guard—
tiieor. to see, to look to. Cf. Tuition and
Tutor. ]^
TUTELAR, tu'te-lar, TUTELARY, tu'te-
lar-i, adj. protecting : having the charge
of a person or place. [L. tutelaris — tutela.
See Tutelage.]
TUTOR, tu'tor, n. one who looks to or
takes care of : one who has charge of the
education of another : one who hears the
lessons of and e.xamines students : a
teacher : — fern. Tu'toeess. — v.t. to in-
struct : to treat with authority or stern^
ness. — n. Tu'torship. [L. "a guardian"
— tiieor, tuitvs, to look to. Cf. Tuition
and Tutelage.]
TUTORAGE, tu'tor-aj, n. the office or
autliority of a tutor : education, as by a
tutor.
TUTORIAL, tu-to'ri-al. adj. belonging to
or exercised by a tvtor.
TWADDLE, twod'l, v.i. to talk in a silly
manner. — »(. silly talk. — n. Tavadd'LER.
[Earlier form tuuttle. an imitative word;
cf. Tattle, Twitter.]
TWAIN, twan. n.. two. [A.S. tiregen. two.
Ice. tveir. See Two and Between.]
TWANG, twang, n. a sharp, quick sound,
as of a tight string when pulled and let
go : a nasal tone of voice. — v.i. to sound
as a tight string pulled and let go : to
sound with a quick, sharp noise. — vt.
to make to sound with a twang. [Imi-
tative.]
'TWAS, twoz, contr. of it was.
TWEAK, twek, v.t. to twitch, to pull : to
pull with sudden jerks. — n. a sharp pinch
or twitch. [A.S. hriccian ; Ger. zwieken.
Bv-form Twitch.]
TWEED, twed, n. a kind of woollen twilled
cloth of various patterns, much used for
men's suits. [From a mistaken reading
of "tweels" upon an invoice, not, as
supposed, from the Tweed valley, wliere
the manufacture commenced.]
TWEEZERS, twez'erz. n.sing. nippers:
small pincers for pulling out hairs, etc.
[Obs. tweeze, a surgeon's case of instru-
ments— Fr. et^iis, pi. of etui, a case, a
box : prob. influenced also bv Tweak.]
TWELFTH, twelfth, adj. the last of
twelve. — n. one of twelve equal parts.
[A.S. twelfta—twelf.]
TWELFTH-DAY.twelfth'-da,rWELFTH'-
TIDE, -tid, ?(. the twelfth day afterChrist-
mas, the Epiphanv.
TWELVE, twelv, aclj. ten and two.— 7i. the
number next after eleven : the figures
representing twelve. [A.S. twelf (Ger.
zwiilf. and Goth, twa-lif), that is. " two
and ten " (for ttva- see Two, and for -lif
see Eleven.]
TWELVEMONTH, twelv'munth, n., twelve
months : a vear.
TWENTIETH, twen'ti-eth, adj. the last of
twenty. — n. one of twenty equal parts.
[A.S. tu-entigtha.]
TWENTY, twen'ti, adj.. twice ten: nine-
teen and one : an indefinite number. — n.
the number next after nineteen : the
figures representing twentj-. [A.S. twetu
tig. for tivantig, from tu-a. two, ^jy (Goth.
tiguji). ten ; L. (d)viginti. Sans, i-inshati.]
TWICE, twis. adv., two times: once ana
again : doubly. [O. E. tu-ies, A.S. twiwa
— tu-a, two.]
TWIG, twig. ?(. a small shoot or branch of
a tree. [A.S. tu-ig : cog. with Ger. zireig;
from the root of Two.!
TWIGGY, twig'i. adj. aoounding in tu-igs
or shoots.
TWILIGHT, twi'lit, )i. the faint liglit after
sunset and before sunrise : an uncertain
view. — adj. of twiliglit : faintly illumin-
ated : obscure. [Lit." 'tween light." A.S.
tu-i-. from twa. E. Two, and Light.]
TV\'ILL, twil. or TV\^EEL. twel, n. an ap-
pearance of diagonal lines in cloth, caused
by making the weft pass over one, and
under tico or more threiuls of the warp ;
a fabric with a twill. — v.t. to weave with
TWIN
460
ULTEAMONTANIST
a twill. [Developed from the root of Two
(A.S. tiea) ; cf. Ger. zivillich, ticking —
zwei, two.]
I' WIN. twin, 11. one of two born at a birth :
one very like another. — adj. being one of
two born at a birth: verj- like another. —
v.i. to be born at the same birth: to bring
forth two at once: to be paired or suited:
— pr p. twinn'ing : pa.p. twinned. — The
Twins, the constellation Gemini. [A.S.
<!(•!» n, double — Two; Ice. tvennr.']
TWINE, twin, n. a cord composed of two
or more threads twisted together: a twist.
— v.t. to wind, as two threads together :
to twist together: to wind about. — v.i. to
unite closely : to bend : to make turns :
to ascend spirally round a support. [A.S.
tw'in. double-thread (cog. with Dut. twijn)
—twa, E. Two.]
TWINGE, twinj, v.t. to twitch or pinch: to
affect with a sharp, sudden pain. — v.i. to
have or suffer a sudden, sharp pain, like
a twitch. — n. a twitch : a pinch : a sud-
den, sharp pain. [M. E. twengen, cog.
with Ger. zwingen, to constrain. Cf.
Thong.]
TVN'INKLE, twing'kl, v.i. to shine with a
trembling, sparkling light : to sparkle :
to open and shut the eyes rapidly : to
quiver. — n. Twink'ler. [A.S. twincHan,
a nasalized form of iwfociati, with the
freq. termination -le. See Twitch.]
TWINKLE, twing'kl,T\VINKLING,twing'-
kling, n. a quick motion of the eye : the
time occupied by a wink : an instant.
TWIRL, twerl, v.t. to turn round rapidly,
esp. with the fingers. — v.i. to turn round
rapidly: to be whirled round. — n. a whirl:
a rapid circular motion. [A.S. thiciril ;
cog. with Gev. quirl. quei'l, a stirring-
spoon — O. Ger. tuirl ; from the root of
Qi-EER and Thwart.]
'TWIST, twist, v.t. to twine: to unite or
form by winding together : to form from
several threads : to encircle with some-
thing : to wreathe : to wind spirally: to
turn from the true form or meaning : to
insinuate. — v.i. to be united by winding.
— n. that which is twisted: a cord : a sin-
gle thread : manner of twisting: a con-
tortion : a small roll of tobacco. — n.
Tv^^ST'ER. [A.S. twist, cloth of double
thread — tica, E. Two; contrast Dut.
t_u-ist, Ger. zwist, discord — zwei. Two.]
TWIT, twit, v.t. to remind of some fault,
etc.-.^pr.p. twitt'ing ; pa.t. and pa.p.
twitted. — n. Twitt'er. [A.S. cet-witan,
to reproach — cet, against, vitan (Scot.
tvyte, Ger. ver-weisen), to blame ; closely
conn, with root of Wit.]
TWITCH, twich, v.t. to pull with a sudden
jerk : to pluck : to snatch. — n. a sudden,
quick pull : a spasmodic contraction of
the muscles. — n. Twitch'er. [A.S.
twiccian, to pluck ; cog. with Ger.
zwicken. and prob. influenced by Touch.
Bv-foim Tweak.]
TWITTER, twit'er, n, a tremulous broken
sound : a slight trembling of the nerves.
— v.i. to make a succession of small trem-
ulous noises : to feel a slight trembling
of the nerves. [Allied to Ger. zwitschern,
Sw. qvittra. prob. imitative ; cf. Titter.]
TWITTERING, twit'er-ing, n. act of twit-
tering: the sound of twittering: nervous
e.\citement.
TWITTINGLY, twit'ing-Ii, adv. in a twit-
ting manner.
TWO. too, adj. one and one. — n. the sum
of one and one : a figure representing
t'vo. [A.S. ttva ; cog. with Ger. zwei,
Goth, tvai; also with Gr. dyo, L. duo.
Sans, dva, Celt, da, do.]
TWO-EDGED, too'-ejd, adj. having two
edqex.
TWOFOLD, too'fold, adj., folded timce :
multiplied by two: double. — adv. doubly.
TYCOON, tl-koon', n. formerly the political
sovereign of Japan.
TYMPANAL, tim'pan-al, TYMPANIC, tim-
pau'ik, adj. like a drum: pertaining to
the tvmpanuni.
TYMPANITIS, tim-pan-I'tis, ?!. inflamma-
tion of the membrane of the ear.
TYMPANUM, tim'pan-um, n. (anat.) the
membrane which separates the external
from the internal ear, often called the
drum of the ear : (arch.) the triangular
space between sloping and horizontal
cornices, or in the corners or sides of an
arch : the panel of a door. [L. — Gr.
tympaiion, typanon, a kettledrum — typtci,
to strike.]
TYPE, tip, n. a mark or figure struck or
stamped upon something : an emblem or
figure of something to come : a raised
letter, etc.. in metal or wood used in
printing : the whole types used in print-
ing : a model in nature made the subject
of a copy : (nat. hist.) that which com-
bines best the characteristics of a group :
(med.) the order in which the symptoms
of a disease exhibit themselves. — adj.
Typ'al. [Fr. — L. typus, Gr. typos —
typto, to strike.]
TYPEFOUNDER, tip'fownd-er, n. one who
founds or casts printers' type.
TYPE-METAL, tip'-met'al, n., metal used
for making type.'i, a compound of lead
and antimony.
TYPHOID, tl'foid, adj. pertaining to a
form of enteric fever, which is very simi-
lar in some of its symptoms to typhus.
[Gr. typhodes — typhos, and eidos, like-
ness. See Typhus.]
TYPHOON, ti-foon', n. a violent hurricane
which occurs in the Chinese seas. [Chin.
tei-fiin. '• hot wind."]
TYPHOUS, tl'fus, adj. relating to tyjihits.
TYPHUS, ti'fus. (i. a very fatal kind of con-
tinued fever, often occurring as an epi-
demic. [Through Late L. from Gr. ty-
phos, smoke, hence stupor arising from
fever — typho, to smoke, from the root of
L. fumus (see Fume), and E. Damp.]
TYPIC, tip'ik, TYPICAL, tip'ik-al, adj.
pertaining to or constituting a Jype :
emblematic : figurative : {nat.lti.it.) com-
bining the characteristics of a group. —
adv. Typ'icat.t.y. [Late L.— Gr. typikos
— typos, a tvpe.]
TYPIFY, tip'i-fl, v.t. to make a fjrpe of:
to represent by an image or resemblance:
to prefigure : — pa.t. and pa.j). tj-p'ified.
[L. typus, tvpe. facio, to make.]
TYPOGRAPHER, ti-pog'raf-er, n. a
printer. >
TYPOGRAPHIC, tip-o-graf'ik. TYP-
OGRAPHICAL, -al. adj. pertaining to
typography or printing. — adv. Typo-
graph'ically.
TYPOGRAPHY, ti-pog'raf-i, n. the art of
printing : {prig.) the art of representing
by types or symbols. [Gr. typos, type,
grapho. to write.]
TYPOLOGY, ti-pol'o-ji, n. the doctrine of
Scripture types or figures. [Gr. typos, a
type, and logos, a discourse.]
TYRANNIC, ti-ran'ik, TYRANNICAL, -al,
TYRANNOUS, tir'an-us, adj. pertaining
to or suiting a tyrant : unjustly severe :
imperious: despotic. — advs. Tyranx'ic-
ALLY-. TVB'aNNOUSLY-. [L.— Gr.]
TYRANNIZE, tir'an-iz, v.i. to act as a ty-
rant : to rule with oppressive severity.
TYRANNY, tir'an-i, n. the government
or authority of a tyrant : absolute mon-
archy crmlly administered : oppression :
cruelty. [L. — Gr. tyrannis.]
TYRANT, ti'rant, n. one wlio uses liis
power oppressively : (orig.) an absolute
monarch. [O. Fr. tirant (Fr. tyran) — L.
tyrannus — Gr, tyrannos, Doric for koira-
nos — kyros, kyrios, a lord, master.]
TYRL4Jf, tir'i-an, adj. being of a deep pur^
pie color, like the dye formerly pirepared
at Tyre.
TYRO, ti'ro, n. one learning anj- art : one
not well acquainted with a subject : — pj,
Tt'eos. [L. tiro, a young recruit.]
u
UBIQUITOUS, u-bik'wi-tus, adj. being
everywhere.
UBIQUITY, u-bik'wi-ti, n. existence every-
where at the same time : omnipresence.
[Fr. ubiquite, formed from L. ublque.
everywhere.]
UDAL, u'dal, adj. applied to land held sole-
ly bj' uninterrupted succession, under no
feudal superior. — n$. U'dal. a freehold
estate. U'daller. a holder of such. [Ice.
odhal. a homestead. See Allodial.]
UDDER, ud'er, n. the milk-vessel of a fe-
male (esp. of a lower animal). [A.S. Cider;
cog. with Ger. euter : also conn, with L.
uber, Gr. outhar. Sans, iidhar,]
UGLY, ug'll, adj. offensive to the eye : de-
formed : hateful: ill-natured. — n. Ug'li-
NESS. [Ice. nggligr, frightful, uggr. fear,
akin to Goth, ogan, and A.S. oge, fear.]
UHLAN, a'lan, n. one of a kind of light
cavahw, famous esp. in the Prussian
army. [Polish ulan, orig. a light Tartar
horseman — Turk, oghlan, a young man.]
UKASE, u-kas', n. a Russian imperial de-
cree having the force of law. [Russian,
from a Slav, root sig. "to point out."]
ULCER, ul'ser, n. a dangerous sore, dis-
charging matter. [Fr. ulcere — L. nlcus,
idceris. Gr. helkos, a wound.]
ULCERATE, ul'ser-at, v.i. to be formed
into an ulcer. — v.t. to affect with an ulcer
or ulcers.
ULCERATION, ul-ser-a'shun, n. process of
forming into an ulcer : an ulcer. [L. id-
ceratio.]
ULCEROUS, ul'ser-us, adj. of the nature
of an ulcer.
ULNA, ul'na, n. the larger of the two
bones of the forearm. — adj. Ul'nar. [L.
■ulna. cog. with E. Ell. which see.]
ULTERIOR, ul-te'ri-or. adj. on the further
side : beyond : further : remoter. [L.
idterior, comp. of idler, that is beyond
or on the other side.]
ULTIMATE, ulti-mat, adj., furthest : last :
incapable of further division. — adv. Ul'-
tul^tely. [L. idtimns, the last, superL
of ulter.]
ULTIJLiTUM. ul-ti-ma'tum, Ji. the last or
final proposition or terms for a treaty : —
2)1. Ultima' ta. [Low L., from L. ulti-
mus, last.]
ULTIMO, ul'ti-mo, adj., in the last (month).
[L.]
ULT~
..TRAMARINE, ul-tra-ma-ren', adj. situ-
ated beyond the sea. — n. the most beauti-
ful and durable sky-blue color, so called
eitiier from its intense blue, or from the
lajtis lazuli, from which it is made, being
brought from Asia, beyond the sea. [L.
xdtra. bevond, and Marint:.]
ULTRAJddNTANE, ul-tra-mon'tan, adj.
being beyond the mountains {i.e. the
Alps): orig. used in Italy of the French,
Germans, etc.; afterwards applied by the
northern nations to the Italians, hence
its present meaning — viz., holding or de-
noting- extreme views as to the Pope's
rights and supremacy. [L. idtra, beyond,
montanus, belonging to a mountain —
mons, montis, a mountain.]
ULTRAMONTANISM, ul-tra-mon'tan-izm,
n. ultramontane or extreme views as to
the Pope's rights.
ULTR AMONT ANIST, ul -tra-mon'tan-ist.n.
one who holds to ultramontanism.
ULTRAMUNDANE
461
UNDERRATE
ULTRAMUNDANE, ul-tra-mun'dan. adj.
being beyond the icorld. or beyond the
limits of our system. [L. idtra, beyond,
and Mundane.]
UMBEL, um'bel, n. a form of flower in
which a number of stalks, each bearing a
flower, radiate from one centre. [L. um-
bella. dim. of umbra, a shade. Doublet
Umbrella.]
UMBELLIFEROUS, um-bel-lif'er-us, adj.,
bearing or producing umbels. [L. %im-
bella. and fero, to bear.]
UMBER, um'ber, n. a brown pigment. —
Um'bered, adj. tinged with umber. [So
called because orig. obtained from Um-
bria. in Italy.]
UMBILIC, um-bil'ik. IBIBILICAL. um-bil'-
ik-al. adj. pertaining to the navel. [L.
umbilicus, the navel, akin to Gr. ompha-
los, the navel, the centre.]
UMBRAGE, um'braj, n. suspicion of injury:
offence. [O. Fr. umbraige (Fr. ombrage)
— L. umbra, a shadow.]
UMBRAGEOUS, um-braj'us, adj.. .^hady or
forming a shade. — adv. Umbra'geously.
— n. TJmbra'geousness. [Fr. ombrageiuv
— L. umbraticus — umbra.]
UMBRELLA, um-brel'a, n. a familiar cov-
ered sliding frame carried in the hand,
as a screen from rain or sunshine. [Lit.
■'a little shade," It. ombrella. L. timhella
— umbra. Doublet Umbel.]
UMPIRE, um'pir, n. a third person called
in to decide a dispute : an arbitrator :
the judge in the game of base-ball. [M.
E. impier, nompere — impair, and non-
pair, unlike, hence a third party, who
gives his casting vote — L. impar, un-
even.]
UNACCOUNTABLE, un-ak-kownt'a-bl,
adj. not accountable or to be accounted
for : not responsible. — UnacCOUNt'ably,
adv. inexplicably.
UNADVISED, un-ad-vTzd', adj. not advised:
not prudent or discreet : rash. — aril". Un-
advis'edly.
UNANIMITY, u-narnim'i-ti, n. state of
being unanimous. [L. unanimitas.}
UNANIMOUS, u-nani-mus, adj. of one
viind : agreeing in opinion or will : done
with the agreement of all. — adv. Unan'-
IMOUSLY. [L. umis, one, and animus,
mind.]
tTNASSUMING, un-as-sum'ing, adj. not
assuming : not forward or arrogant :
modest.
UNAVAILING, un-a-val'ing, adj. not avail-
ing, or of no avail or effect : useless.
UNAWARE, un-a-war', UNAWARES, un-
a-warz', adv. without being or making
aware : suddenly : unexpectedly.
UNBAR, un-bar', i.t. to remove a barer
hinderance : to unfasten-, to open.
UNBELIEF, un-be-lef. n. want of belief :
disbelief, esp. in divine revelation.
UNBELIEVER, un-be-lev'er. n. one who
does not believe, esp. in divine revela-
tion : an incredulous person.
UNBELIEVING, un-be-lev'ing, adj. not
believing, esp. divine revelation.
UNBEND, un-bend', v.t. to free from being
in a bent state : to make straight : to
free from strain or exertion : to set at
ease.
UNBENDING, un-bend'ing, adj. not bend-
ing : unyielding : resolute. — adv. Un-
bend'ingly.
UNBIAS, un-bl'as, v.t. to free from bias or
prejudice.
UNBIASED, un-bi'ast, adj. free from bias
or prejudice : impartial.
UNBIND, un-bind', v.t. to remove a band
from : to loose : to set free.
UNBLUSHING, un-blush'ing. adj. not
blushing : without shame : impudent.
UNBOLT, un-bolt', v.t. to remove a bolt
from : to open.
^UNBOSOM, un-booz'um, v.t. to disclose
what is in the bosom or mind : to tell
freely.
UNBOUND, un-bownd', adj. not bound :
loose : wanting a cover.
UNBOUNDED, un-bownd'ed, adj. not
bounded or limited : boundless : having
no check or control.
UNBRACE, un-bras',t'.<. to undo the braces
or bands of : to loose or relax.
UNBRIDLED, un-brl'dld, adj. unre-
strained: licentious. [Lit. " loosed from
the bridle."]
UNBUCKLE, un-buk'l, v.t. to loose from
buckles : to unfasten.
UNBURDEN, un-bur'dn, UNBURTHEN,
un-bur7/m. v t. to take a burden off : to
free the mind from any weight or anxiety.
UNBUTTON, un-but'on, v.t. to loose the
buttons of.
UNCAGE, un-kaj', v.t. to set free from a
cage.
UNCASE, un-kas', v.t. to take out of a
case : to free from a covering.
UNCHAIN, un-chan', v.t. to free from
chains or slavery.
UNCHURCH, un-church', v.t. to deprive
of the rights of a church.
UNCIAL, un'shal, adj. applied to large
round characters used in ancient MSS.
[Lit. "an inch long," L., from uncia, a
twelfth part, an inch. See Inch.]
UNCIFORM, un'si-forra, adj., ^oofc-shaped.
— Un'cinate, adj., hooked at the end.
[L. unctis, a hook— root angk, bent. See
Anchor and Angle.]
UNCIRCUMCISION.un-ser-kum-sizh'un,n.
want of circumcision: {B.) those who are
not circumcised.
UNCLASP, un-klasp', v.t. to loose the
clasp of.
UNCLE, ung'kl. n. the brother of one's
father or mother. [O. Fr. (Fr. oncle)—
L. avunculus, extension of avus, a grand-
father ; cf. Lith. ai^ynas, uncle.]
UNCLEAN, un-klen', adj. not clean: foul:
(B.) ceremonially impure : sinful : lewd.
UNCLOAK, un-kl6k', v.t. to take the cloak
off.
UNCLOSE, un-kl6z', v.t. to make not close,
to open.
UNCLOSED, un-klozd', adj. open.
UNCLOTHE, un-klof/j', v.t. to take the
clothes off : to make naked.
UNCOIL, un-koil', v.t. to open out from
being coiled : to unwind.
UNCONSCIONABLE, un-kon'shun-a-bl,
adj. not conformable to conscience : un-
reasonable : inordinate.
UNCONSTITUTIONAL, un-kon-sti-tu'-
shun-al. adj. not constitutional : con-
trary to the constitution.— adv. Uncon-
stitu'tionally.
UNCOUPLE, un-kup'l, v.t. to loose from
being coupled : to disjoin : to set loose.
UNCOUTH, un-kooth', adj. awkward or
ungraceful, esp. in manners or language.
—adv. Uncouth'ly.— n. Uncouth'ness.
[Lit. and orig. " unknown," A.S. uncudh
— iin-, not, and cudh, for gectidh, known
— cunnan. to know. Cf. the history of
Barbarian, also of Outlandish.]
UNCOVER, un-kuv'er, a'.f. to remove the
cover : to lay open. — v.i. to take off the
hat.
UNCTION, ung'shun, n. an anointing :
that which is used for anointing : oint-
ment : that quality in language which
raises emotion or devotion : warmth of
address : divine or sanctifying grace.—
Extreme Unction (in the R. C. Church),
the sacrament of anointing persons with
consecrated oil in their last hours, [L.
uncfio — ungo, unctum, to anoint. See
Anoint.]
UNCTUOSITY, ungt-u-os'i-ti, n. state or
quality of being unctuous : oiliness :
greasiness.
UNCTUOUS, ung'tu-us, adj. oily: greasy.
[Formed from L. unctus, greased (see
UNCTION).]
UNCURL, un-kurV, v.t. to loose from curls
or ringlets. — v.i. to relax from a curled
state.
UNDATED, un'dat-ed, adj., waved or wavy:
rising and falling in waves. [L. undatus,
pa. p. of undo, to rise in waves — unda. a
wave.]
UNDAUNTED, un-dant'ed, adj. not daunt-
ed : bold : intrepid.
UNDECEIVE, un-de-sev', v.t. to free from
deception or mistake.
UNDER, un'der, prep, in a lower position
than : beneath : below : less than : in
subjection, subordination, oppression,
liability, etc, : during the time of : un-
dergoing.— adv. in a lower degree or con-
dition : in subjection: below: less. — adj.
lower in position, rank, or degree : sub-
ject : subordinate. — Under way, mov-
ing : having commenced a voyage. [A.
S. under: cog. with Goth, undar. Ice.
undir, Ger. unter : and with L. inter,
Sans, antar. among, within. It is made
up of In, and the comparative suffix
seen also in After, Further.]
UNDERBRED, un'der-bred, adj. of infe-
rior breeding or manners. [UNDER and
Krkkd 1
UNDERCLAY, un'der-kla, n. the bed of
clay almost always found under coal-
seams, considered as the soil in which
grew the plants that formed the coal.
UNDERCURRENT, un'der-kur-ent, n. a
current under the surface of the water.
UNDERDONE, un-der-dun', adj. done less
than is requisite : insufficiently cooked.
UNDERDRAIN, un'der-dran, n. a drain
under the surface of the ground.
UNDERGIRD, un-der-gird', v.t. to gird or
bind under or below : to gird round the
bottom.
UNDERGO, un-der-go', v.t. to go under or
be subjected to : to endure or suffer : to
pass through: to sustain without sinking.
UNDERGRADUATE, un-der-grad'u-at. n.
a student who has not taken his first
degree.
UNDERGROUND, un'der-grownd, adj. and
adv. under the surface of the ground.
UNDERGROWTH, un'der-groth, n. shrubs
or low woody plants growing under or
among trees : coppice wood.
UNDERHAND, un'der-hand, adj. and adv.
secretly : by secret means : by fraud.
[Lit. "done with the hand underneath."]
UNDERLAY, un-der-la', v.t. to lay under
or support by something laid uuder.
UNDERLIE, un-der-li', v.t. to lie under or
beneath.
UNDERLINE, un-der-lln', v.t. to draw a
line under or below, as a word.
UNDERLING, un'der-ling, n. an under or
inferior person or agent : a soriy, mean
fellow. njNDER, and the dim. affix -ling.]
UNDERMINE, un-der-min'. v.t. to form
mines under, in order to destroy : to de-
stroy secretly the foundation or support
of anything.
UNDEftMOST. un'der-most, adj. lowest in
place or condition.
UNDERNEATH, un-der-neth', adv. be-
neath : below : in a lower place. — prep.
under : beneath. [UNDER, and A.S. neo-
than, beneath. See Nether.]
UNDERPLOT, un'der-plot, n. a plot under
or subordinate to the main plot in a play
or tale : a secret scheme.
UNDERPROP, un-der-prop', v.t. to prop
from under or beneath : to support.
UNDERRATE, un-der-rat'. i\t. to rate un-
der the value.— Un'derrate, n. a price
less than the worth.
UNDERSELL
462
UNION
UNDERSELL, un-der-sel', v.i. to sell under
or cheapei- than another : to defeat fair
trade, bv selling for too small a price.
UNDERSET, un-der-set', v.t. to set under :
to prop. — Untdersett'ek, n. (B.) prop,
support.
UNDERSHOT, un'der-shot, adj. moved by
water passing under the wheel.
UNDERSIGN, un-der-sin', v.t. to sign or
write oue"s name under or at the foot of.
UNDERSTAND, un-der-stand', v.t. to com-
prehend : to have just ideas of : to know
thoroughly : to be informed of : to learn :
to suppose to mean : to mean without
expressing : to imply. — v.i. to have the
use of the intellectual faculties : to be
informed : to learn. [A.S. uiiderstandan
(lit.) ■' to stand under or in the midst of
a thing.'' UNDER has here its primary
sense of among, between, as in L. inter ;
its force is the same as dis in distinguish,
discern. Cf. L. intelligo (= inter-lego), to
choose betweenj
UNDERSTAND'ED, {Pr. Bk.) used tor Un-
derstood.
UNDERSTANDING, un-der-stand'iag, n.
the act of comprehending : the facult}'
or the act of the mind by wliich it under-
stands or thinks : the jjower to under-
stand: knowledge: exact comprenension:
agreement of minds: harmony. — adj. (B.)
knowing, skillful.
UNDERSTATE, un-der-stat', v.t. to state or
represent under or below the truth.
UNDERTAKE, un-der-tak', v.t. to take un-
der one's management : to take upon
one's self; to attempt. — v.i. to take upon
one's self : to be bound.
UNDERTAKER, un-der-tak'er, n. one who
undertakes: one who manages funerals.
UNDERTAKING, un-der-tak-ing, n. that
which is undertaken: any business or
project engaged in.
UNDERTONE, un'der-ton, n. an under or
low tone.
UNDERVALUATION,un-der-val-u-a'shun,
n. an undervaluing: rate below the
worth.
UNDERVALUE, un-der-val'u, v.t. to value
under the worth : to esteem lightly. — n.
a value or price under the real worth :
low rate or price.
UNDERWENT, un-der-went', ^ja.f. of Un-
dergo.
UNDERWOOD, un'der-wood, n. low wood
or trees growing under large ones :
coppice.
UNDER'WRITE, un-der-rit', v.t. to write
under something else : to subscribe : to
subscribe one's name to for insurance. —
v.i. to practice insuring.
UNDER A'RITER. un'der-rlt-er. n. one who
insures, as shipping, so called because
he underwrites his name for a certain
amount to the conditions of the policy.
UNDO, un-doo', v.t. to reverse what has
been done: to bring to naught: to loose:
to open : to unravel : to impoverish : to
ruin, as in reputation.
UNDOING, un-do6'ing, n. the reversal of
what has been done : ruin.
UNDRESS, un-dres', v.t. to take off the
dress or clothes : to strip. — UNDRESS,
un'dres, n. a loose dress : tlie plain dress
worn bv soldiers when off dutv.
UNDULATE, un'du-lat. v.t. to'wave, or to
move like waves: to cause to \'ibrate. —
f.i. to wave: to vibrate, [how h. undulo,
-atum — L. unda. a wave.]
UNDULATION, un-du-la'sliun. n. an un-
dulating: a wa%ing motion or vibration.
UNDULATORY, un'du-la-tor-i. adj. ha\-ing
an undulating character : moving in the
manner of waves : resembling the motion
of waves, which successively rise or swell
and fall : pertaining to such a motion :
as, the undulatory motion of water, of
air, or other fluid. — Undulatory theory,
in optics, the theory which regards light
as a mode of motion generated by molec-
ular vibrations in the luminous source,
and propagated by undulations in a
subtle medium (ether), sensibly imponder-
able, presumed to pervade all space, in-
cluding the intervals which separate the
molecules or atoms of ponderable bodies.
Wlien these undulations reach and act
on the nerves of our retina, they produce
in us the sensation of light. The only
other theory of light which can be op-
posed to this, and which is variously
called the corpuscular, emission, or ma-
terial theory, supposes light to consist
of material particles, emitted from the
source, and projected in straight lines in
all directions with a velocitj- which con-
tinues uniform at all distances, and is the
same for all intensities. It would seem
that every phenomenon which can be
brouglit under the corpuscular theory can
witli equal facility be explained by the
undulatory theory ; while there are some
known effects, as the phenomena of re-
flection and refraction, in strict accord-
ance with the principles of the latter,
which cannot, without great difficulty
and the introduction of gratuitous sup-
positions, be accounted for by the cor-
puscular theoiy. The undvdatory theory
is therefore now generally adopted bj'
physicists.
UNDULY, un-du'li, adv. not according to
duty or propriety : improperly.
UNEARTH, un-erth', v.t. to take out of,
drive, or draw from the earth or a bur-
row, as a fox or badger : to uncover.
UNEASINESS, un-ez'i-nes, n. state of
being uneasy or not at ease : want of
ease : disquiet.
UNEASY, un-ez'i, adj. not at ease : rest-
less : feeling pain : constrained.
UNEYENNESS. un-ev'n-nes. n. quality of
being- not even : want of an even sur-
face : want of smoothness or uniformity.
UNFASTEN, un-fas'n, v.t. to loose, as from
a fastening : to unfix.
UNFETTER, un-fet'er, v.t. to take the
fetters from : to set at libertv.
UNFIT, un-fit', adj. unsuitable.— r.?. to dis-
qualify.
UNFIX, un-fiks', v.t. to make not fixed :
to loose the fixing- of : to unsettle.
UNFLAGGING, un-flag'ing, adj. not flag-
ging or drooping : maintaining strength
or spirit.
UNFOLD, un-fold', v.t. to open the folds
of : to release from a fold : to spread
out : to tell.
UNFURL, un-furl', v.t. to loose from being
furled : to unfold : to spread.
UNGAINLY', un-gan'li, adj. awkward :
clumsy : uncouth. — n. UngaIn'LINESS.
[M.E. un-geinlichc — Ice. gegn (A.S. gegn,
Scot, gane), which sig. orig. " flirect to-
wards " or " ready " (as a road), came to
mean " ser\iceable." and then '-kind,"
'• good." Cf. Again and Gainsay.]
UNGIRD, un-gerd', v.t. to free from a
girdle or band : to unbind.
UNGL'ENT, ung-'gwent, n. ointment. [L.
unguentum — ungiio, xoigo, to anoint. Cf.
Unction.]
UNGULA, ung'gu-la, n. a hoof, as of a
horse: in geom. a part cut off from a
cylinder cone, etc., by a plane passing
obliquely through the base and part of
the curved surface — so named from its
resemblance to the hoof of a horse : in
surg. an instrument for extracting a dead
foetus from the womb. [L., dim. of un-
guis, a nail or claw.]
UNGUXATA. ung-gu-la'ta, ».jj7. the hoofed
quadrupeds, formerly a division of the |
Mammalia, including the old orders
. Pachydermata, Solidungula, and Rumi-
nantia : but in modern zoology the terra
is applied to an order under which are
classified all the animals belonging to
the above three old orders, with the
exceptidn of the elephant, which now
forms a separate order, Proboscidea.
Tlie order, which is the largest and most
important of the Mammalia, is subdi-
^^ded into (a) the section Perissodactyla,
which includes the rhinoceros, the tapirs,
the horse and all its allies : and (b) the
Artiodactj-la, which comprises the hip-
popotamus, the pigs, and the whole
group of ruminants, including oxen,
sheep, goats, antelopes, camels, deer,
etc. [From ungula. a hoof.]
UNHALLOWED. un-hal'6d, adj., tinholy :
Iirofane : very wicked.
UNHAND, un-hand', v.t. to take the hands
off : to let go.
UNHARNESS, un-har'nes, v.t. to take the
harness off: to disarm.
UNHINGE, un-hinj', v.t. to take from the
liinges : to render unstable.
UNHOOK, un-hook', v.t. to loose from a
hook.
UNHORSE, un-hors', v.t. to cause to come
off. or to throw from a horse.
UNHOUSE, un-howz', v.t. to deprive of or
drive from a house or shelter.
UNICORN, u'ni-korn, ?i. a fabulous ani-
mal with one horn : (B.) prob. the bison.
[L. unus, E. One, and cornii. E. Horn.]
UNIFORM, u'ni-form. adj. ha-iing one or
the same /on» ; having always the same
manner or character : consistent with
itself : agreeing with anotlier. — n. a dress
or livery of tlie same kind for persons
who belong to the same bodv. as of a
soldier. — adv. L''NIF0RMLY. [L. tinus,
one. and FORM.]
UNIFORMITARIAN. u-ni-form-i-ta'ri-an.
11. one who upholds a system or doctrine
of uniformity : specifically, one who
maintains that all geologic changes and
phenomena are due to agencies working
uniformly and uninterruptedly, as op-
posed to a catasfr02>hist. who refers such
changes to great occasional convulsions.
The uniformitarian maintains that the
influence of the agencies that we see
working now. continued during all the
ceons of geologic time, is sufficient to
account for all the phenomena presented
to us in the structure of the earth.
UNIFORMITARIAN. u-ni-form-i-ta'ri-an,
adj. of or pertaining to uniformity or
the doctrine of uniformity. " The catas-
trophist and the tinij'ormitarian opin-
ions."— ^M>elrell. [See the noun.]
UNIFORMITY, u-ni-form'i-ti, Ji. state of]
being uniform : agreement with a pat-
tern or rule : sameness : likeness be-
tween the parts of a whole.
UNIFY, u'ni-fl, v.t. to make into one. — n.'l
Unifica'tion. [L. unus, one, and faeio, \
to make.]
U^^LITERAL. u-ui-lit'er-al. adj. consist-
ing of one letter only. [L. umts, one, ^
and litera, a letter.]
UNION, iin'yun. n. a uniting: that which (
is united or made one : a body formed by '
the combination of parts : concord : har-
mony in color: agreement between pails:
a combination, as among workmen for
class protection: several English parishes
united for joint support and management
of their poor.also the workhouse for such:
(2>l-) textile fabrics made up of more than
one kind of fibre. — ^The Union, the United
States : also the legislative incorporation
of England and Scotland in 1707, or of
Ireland with both in 1801. [Fr. union —
L. tmio, -onis — unus. E. One.]
UNIQUE
463
UNWIND
UNIQUE, u-nek', adj., single or alone ia
any qualitj- : without a like or equal.
[Fr. — L. unions — «hhs.]
UNISON, u'ui-son, ?j., oneness or Sigreemeat
of sound : concord : harmonj-. [L. unus,
one, and sonus, a sound. See SOUND.]
UNISON ANCE, u-nis'o-nans, n. state of
being; unisonant : accordance of sounds.
UNISONANT, u-nis'o-nant, UNISONOUS,
u-ni.s'o-nus, adj. being: in itnisou. [L.
unus, one, and sonans, pr.p. of sono, to
sound.]
UNIT, u nit, n., one : a single thing- or per-
son : the least whole number : anything
taken as one : any known determinate
quantity by constant application of which
any other quantity is measured. [L.
nnitum, pa.p. of ithio, to unite — U7ius,
E. One.]
UNITARIAN, u-ni-ta'ri-an, n. one who
asserts the unity of the Godhead as op-
posed to the Trinity, and ascribes divin-
ity to God the Father only. — adj. per-
taining to Unitarians or their doctrine.
[From L. tmitas, unity — unus, cue.]
UNITARIANISM. u-ni-ta'ri-an-izm. n. the
doctrines or principles of a Unitarian.
UNITE, ii-nit', v.t. to make one : to join
two or more into one : to join : to make
to agree or adhere. — i:i. to become one :
to grow or act together. — Unit'edly,
adv. in union : together.
UNITY, u'ni-ti, n., oneness : state of being
one or at one : agreement : the arrange-
ment of all the parts to one purpose or
effect : harmony : (math.) any quantitj'
taken as one. — The Unities (of place,
time, and action), the three canons of the
classical drama ; that the scenes should
be at the same place, that all the events
. should be such as might happen within a
single day, and that nothing should he
admitted not directlj- relevant to the de-
velopment of the plot. [Fr. unite — L.
unitas — unus.]
tINrVALVE, u ni-valv, adj. ha\-ing one
valve or shell only. — n. a shell of one
valve only : a mollusc whose shell is
composed of a single piece.
UNIVERSAL, u-ni-ver'sal, adj. compre-
hending, affecting, or extending to the
whole : comprising all the particulars. —
adi\ Untver'sallt. [L. universalis — uni-
ver.<i)is. See Universe.]
UNIVERSALISM, Q-ni-ver'sal-izm, n. the
doctrine or belief of univei:sal salvation,
or the ultimate salvation of all mankind.
— Univer'salist, n. a believer in uni-
versalism.
UNIVERSALITY, u-ni-ver-sal'i-ti, n. state
or quality of being universal. [L.]
UNIVERSE, u'ni-vers, n. the whole system
of created things : all created things
viewed as one whole : the world. [L.
universum (lit.) " turned into one,"' " com-
bined into one whole " — M?it(s, one, verto,
versum, to turn.]
UNIVERSITY, u-ni-ver'si-ti, n. a corpo-
ration of teachers or assemblage of col-
leges for teachina; the higher branches
of learning, and having power to confer
degrees. [Orig. "any community or
association," L. universitas, a corporation
— universus.]
UNIVOCAL, u-niVo-kal, adj. having one
voice or meaning only : having unison of
sounds. [L. univociis — unus, one, vox,
vocis, a voice.]
UNKEMPT, un kemt, adj., uncombed : un-
polished. [Prefix un-, and A.S. ceviban,
to comb — canib, E. CoMB.]
UNKENNEL, un-ken'el, v.t. to drive from
a kennel or hole : to rouse from secrecy
or retreat.
UNKNIT, un-nit', v.t. to separate or loose
what is knit or knotted : to open.
UNKNOT, un-not', v.t. to free from knots:
to untie.
UNLACE, un-las', v.t. to loose from being
laced : to loose the dress of.
UNLADE, uu-lild', v.t. to unload: to take
out the cargo of.
UNLEARN, un-lern', v.t. to forget or lose
what has been learned.
UNLESS, un-les', conj. at or for less : if
not : supposing that not. — Except and
unless weve common formerlj- as conj unc-
tions, nearly or quite interchangeable
('^Except thou make thyself a prince
over us." — Num. xvi. 18), but the former
is now comparatively seldom used in that
way (at least with the verb directly ex-
pressed), having usually a prepositional
force. In the Bible except (oonj.) occurs
eight or ten times as often as unless. The
special function of except is to introduce
an exception to a general statement ; of
unless to introduce a restriction, limita-
tion, or alternative. " So that he could
not be impleaded in anj' civil court ex-
cept on criminal charges." — Hallam.
" And made it hard for any nation to
be thenceforth safe excejH by its sheer
strength." — Kinglake. "A rehef was a
sum of money (unless where charter or
custom introduced a different tribute)
due from every one of full age, etc." —
Hallam. '• Except when it happens that
the people are turned aside for a mo-
ment . . . the foreigner has good grounds
for inferring that, whatever the policy of
England maybe, it will not be altogether
unstable."— Kinglake. '-In Europe, all
States except the five great Powers are
exempt from tlie duty of watching over
the general safety ; and even a State
which is one of the five great Powers is
not practicallj' under an obligation to
sustain the cause of justice M;(Zess its per-
ception of the wrong is reinforced by a
sense of its own interests." — Kinglake.
[Lit. '• on less ; " cf. the Fr. d moins.]
UNLIMBER, un-lim'ber, v.t. to remove the
limbers from a gun.
UNLOAD, un-lod'. v.t. to take the load
from : to discharge: to disburden.
UNLOCK, un-lok', v.t. to unfasten what is
locked: to open.
UNLOOSE, un-l6os', v.t. to make loose:
to set free. [A.S. onlesan ; intensive of
Loose.]
UNMAKE, un-mak', v.t. to destroy the
make or form and qualities of. — Un-
made', adj. not made.
UNMAN, un-man', v.t. to deprive of the
powers of a man, as courage, etc. : to
deprive of men.
UNMASK, un-mask', v.t. to take a mask
or any disgiiise off : to expose. — v.i. to
put off a mask.
UNMEANING, un-men'ing, adj. having
no meaning : without intelligence. — n.
Unmean'inoness.
UNMOOR, un-moor', v.i. to loose from
being moored or anchored.
imMUFFLE, un-muf'l, v.i. to take a
muffle or covering from.
UNMUZZLE, un-muz'l, v.t. to take a
muzzle off.
UNNERVE, un-nerV, v.t. to deprive of
nerve, strength, or vigor: to weaken.
UNPACK, un-pak', v.t. to take out of a
pack : to open.
UNPARALLELED, un - par'al - leld, adj.
without parallel or equal.
UNPEOPLE, un-pe'pl, v.t. to deprive of
people.
UNPIN, un-pin', v.t. to loose what is
pinned.
UNPRETENDING, un-pre-tend'ing, adj.
not pretending or making pretence :
modest
UNRAVEL, un-ra\-a, v.t. to take out of a
ravelled state : to unfold or explain : to
separate. — v.i. to be disentangled.
UNREST, un-rest', ?i, want of rest : dis-
quiet of mind or body.
UNRIG, un-rig'. v.t. to strip of rigging.
UNROBE, uu-rob', v.t. to take a robe off :
to undress.
UNROLL, un-rol', v.t. to roll down : to
open out.
UNROOF, un-roof, v.t. to strip the roof
off.
UNROOT, un-roof, v.t. to tear up by the
roots.
UNRULY, un-ro6'li, adj. regardless of re-
straint or law.— ?i, Unru'liness. [From
A.S. row, peace ; Scand. ro. Ger. r^die;
modified bv Rule.]
UNSADDLE', un-sad'l, v.t. to take the sad-
die off : to throw from the saddle.
UNSAY, un-.sa', v.t. to recall what has
been said : to retract.
UNSCATHED, un-skatht', adj. not hai^med
or injured. [From un, not, and Scathe,
harm.]
UNSCREW, un-skroo', v.t. to loose from
screws : to unfasten.
UNSEAL, un-sel', i\f. to remove the seal
of : to open what is sealed.
UNSEARCHABLE, un-serch'a-bl. adj. not
capable of being found out by searching :
mysterious, — ?i. Unseakch'ableness. —
adv. Unsearch'ably.
UNSEAT, un-set', v.t. to throw from or de-
prive of a seat.
UNSETTLE. uu-,set'l, v.t. to move from be-
ing settled : to make uncertain. — v.i. to
become unfixed.
UNSEX, un-sek.s'. v.t. to deprive of sex : to
make unmanly or unwomanly.
UNSHACKLE, un-shak'l, v.t. to loose from
shackles : to set free.
UNSHIP, un-ship', v.t. to take out of a
ship or other vessel : to remove from the
place where it is fixed or fitted.
UNSIGHTLY, un-slt'li, adj. not sightly or
pleasing to the eye : ugly.
UNSTOP, un-stop',"^•.^ to free from a stop-
per : to free from hinderance.
UNSTRING, un-string', v.t. to take the
strings off : to relax or loosen.
UNTHREAD, un-thred', v.t. to draw out a
thread from : to loo.se the threads.
UNTHRIFTY, un-thrift'i. adj. not thrifty :
without thriftiness, — adv. Unthhift'iLY.
—n. Untheift'iness.
UNTIE, un-tf, r./. to loose from being tied:
to imbind : to loosen.
UNTIL, un-til', j^rep. till : to : as far as
(used mostly with respect to time). — adi\
till : up to the time that. [A.S. on, in,
and Till. i)rfjj.]
UNTIRING, un-tlr'ing, adj. not tiring or
becoming tired.
UNTO, un'too, vre2y., to. [A.S. on, in, and
To.]
UNTOWARD, un-to'ard, UNTOWARDLY,
uu-to'ard-li, adj. not easily guiited : fro-
ward: awkward: inconvenient. — adv. Un-
to'wardly. — n . Unto'wardness.
UNTRUTH. un-troOth', n. falsehood: a lie.
UNTUNE, un-tiin', v.t. to put out of tune :
to disorder or confuse.
UNTWINT:, un-twin', v.t. to untwist : to
oi^en.
UNTWIST, un-twist', v.t. to open what is
twisted,
UNAVARP, un-wawrp', v.t. to change from
being warped.
UNAVEARIED, un-we'rid, adj. not tiring :
indefatigable,— adr. Unwea'riedly,
UNAVEAVE, un-wev', v.t. to undo what is
u-oren.
UNAVEPT, un-wept', adj. not mourned.
UN^VIELDY, un-wel'di. adj. not easily
moved or handled. [See Wield,]
UNAVIND. un-wind', v.t. to wind down oi
off.
UNWITTINGLY
464
UTILIZE
UNWITTINGLY, un-wit'ing-li, adv. with-
out knowledge : ignorantlv. [See Wit.]
UNWORTHY, un-wur//!'i, adj. not worthy:
worthless : unbecoming.
UNWRAP, un-rap', v.t. to open what is
wrapped or folded.
UNYOKE, un-yok', v.t. to loose from a
yoke : to disjoin.
DP. up, adv. toward a higher place : aloft:
on high : from a lower to a higher posi-
tion, as out of bed, above the horizon,
etc.: in a higher position : in a condition
of elevation, advance, excitement, etc.:
as far as: completely. — prep, from a lower
to a higher place on or along. — Used «<&-
stantively, as in the ups and dotais of lite.
[A.S. up. uppe ; Ger. auf : L. sub, Gr.
hypo : allied to Over, Above.]
UPANISHAD, oo-pan'i-shad, n. in Sans-
krit literature, a name given to a series
of treatises or commentaries on the Ve-
dic hymns, the contents of which are
partly ritualistic, partly speculative.
They are of different dates, some of them
being as old as several centuries B.C.
They exhibit the earliest attempts of the
Hindu mind to penetrate into the mys-
teries of creation and existence. [Sans.]
UPAS, u'pas, UPAS-TREE, u'pas-tre, n.
a tree common in the forests of Java,
and of some of the neighboring islands,
and found also in tropical Africa. It is a
species of the genus Antiaris (^4. to.vi-
caria), nat. order Artocarpacea;. Many
exaggerated stories were formerly cur-
rent concerning the deadly properties of
this plant, its exhalations being said to
be fatal to both animal and veg'etable
Ufe at several miles distance from the
tree itself. The truth is, that the upas
is a tree which yields a poisonous secre-
tion and nothing more. The active prin-
ciple in this secretion has been termed
ajitiay-in. [Malay upas, poison.]
UPBEAR, up-bar', v.t. to bear up : to raise
aloft : to sustain.
UPBIND, up-bind', v.t. to bind up.
UPBRAID, up-brad', v.t. to charge with
something wrong or disgraceful : to re-
proach : to reprove severely. [A.S. up-
gehredan, to cry out against — up, and
gebredan. Ice. bregda, to charge, re-
proach.]
UPBRAIDING, up-brad'ing, n. a charging
with something wrong : act of reproach-
ing.
UPHEAVE, up-hev', v.t. to heave or lift
up. — Upheav'al, n. the raising of sur-
face formations by the action of internal
forces.
UPHILL, up'hil, adj. ascending : difficult.
UPHOLD, up-hold', v.t. to hold up : to sus-
tain : to countenance : to defend : to
continue without failing. — n. Uphold'er.
UPHOLSTERER, up-hol'ster-er, n. one
who supplies furniture, beds, etc. [Form-
erly ilpholdster, and upholster, a corr. of
Upholder.]
UPHOLSTERY, up-hOl'ster-i, n. furniture,
etc., supplied by upholsterers.
UPLAND, up'land, m.. upper or high land.
as opposed to meadows, river-sides, etc.
—adj. high in situation : pertaining to
uplands.
LTLIFT, up-lift', v.t. to lift up or raise
aloft.
UPMOST. See Upper.
UPON, up-on', prep, same as On. [Up and
UPPER, up'er, adj. (eomp. of Up;, further
up : higher in position, dignity, etc. : su-
perior.—Upper TEN THOUSAND, a phrase
originally employed by N. P. Willis to des-
ignate the wealthier or more aristocratic
persons (supposed to be of about that
number) in New York, and since extended
to the higher circles, the leading classes
in society, the aristocracj' generally —
often contracted to the upper ten. '• Pettj'
jealousy and caste reigned in the resi-
dency (Calcutta) ; the ' upper ten ' with
stoical grandeur would die the ' upper
ten.' and as they fell, composed their
robes after the latest fashion." — W. H.
BusseU.—superl. Upp'ermost, Up'most.
[For affix -most, see Aftermost, Fore-
most.]
UPPERHAND, up'er-hand, n. superiority :
advantage.
UPPERMOST. See Upper.
UPRIGHT, up'rTt, adj. right or straight
up : in an erect position : adhering to
rectitude: honest : just. — adv. Up'right-
LY.— /(. Up'rightness.
UPROAR, up'ror, n. noise and tumult :
bustle and clamor. [Dut. oproer, from
op, up, and roeren (Ger. rithren, A.S.
hreran). to stir ; corr. from a supposed
connection with Roar.]
UPROARIOt'^S, up-ror'i-us, adj. making or
accompanied by great \iproar. — adv.
LTPROAR'IOUSLT.
UPROOT, up-root', v.t. to tear up by the
roots.
UPSEE-DUTCH, up'se-duch, adv. an old
phrase signifying in tlie Dutch style or
manner : Dutcli-like : as, to drink upsee-
Dutch, to drink in the Dutch manner ;
that is, to drink deeply. '• Drink me
upsey-Duteh." — Beau. & Fl. Similarly
Upsee-Freeze, in the Frisian manner.
I ilo not like the dullness of your ej'e.
It hath a heavy cast, ^tls Upsee-Dutch.
— B. Jonson.
This valiant pot-leech that, upon his knees.
Has drunk a thousand pottles upse^-Freeze.
— John Taylor.
BeatiA-Fl. use the phrase Ujisey-English
=English-like. The liquor seems some-
times to be meant by these terms. [Dut.
op-zyn-Deutsch, in the Dutch fashion; so
op-zyn-Engelsch, in the English fashion.]
UPSET, up-set', v.t. to turn upside down :
to overthrow. — LTp'SET, ?i. an overturn.
— adj. relating to what is set up for sale,
in phrase L^P'SET PRICE, the sum at which
anything is started at a public sale. [Lit.
" to set up.'']
UPSHOT, up'shot, n. final issue : end.
[Lit. "what is shot up or turns out.'"!
UPSIDE, up'sid. 11. the tipper side.-^v-
SIDE-DOWN, adv. with the upper part un-
dermost: incomplete conftision.
UPSTART, up'start, n. one who has sud-
denly started up or risen from low life to
wealth, etc. — adj. suddenly raised.
UPWARD, up'ward, adj. directed up or to
a higher place.— Up'ward, Up'wakds,
advs. toward a higher direction. [Up,
and trard. sig. direction.]
URBAN, ur'ban. adj. of or belonging to a
city. [L. iirbanus — urbs, a city.]
URBANE, ur-ban', adj. pertaining to or
influenced by a city : civilized : refined :
courteous.
URBANITY, ur-ban'i-ti, n. the quality of
being urbane : refinement : politeness.
[L. urbanitas.'l
URCHIN, ur'chin. n. a hedgehog : a child,
used jocosely. [M. E. urchon, O. Fr.
erifon, Fr. herisson ; from L. ericius, a
hedgehog.]
URE'TER, u-re'ter, n. the duct which con-
veys the urine from the kidneys to the
bladder. [Gr. — ouron, urine.]
URETHRA, u-re'thra, n. the canal leading
from the bladder to the external orifice.
[Gr. — ouron. urine.]
URGE, urj, v.t. to press in any way : to
drive : to press earnestly : to provoke.
[L. urgeo, to press, to drive.]
URGENCY, ur'jen-si, n. quality of being
urgent : earnest asking : pressing neces-
sity.
URGENT, ur'jent, adj., urging: pressing
with importunity: calling for immediate
attention: earnest. — adv. Ur'gently. [L.
'urgens. pr.p. of urqeo.]
URIM, ii'rim, and THUMMIM, thum'im,
ns.pl. a part of the high-priest's breast-
plate among the ancient Jews, the nature
of which is not distinctly understood.
[Lit. "lights and perfections," Heb. urim,
prob. pi. of ur. or, light, and thummim,
pi. of t07n. perfection.]
URINAL, u'rin-al, n. a vessel for urine : a
convenience for discharging lu-ine. [L.
urinal — urina.]
URINARY, Q'rin-ar-i, adj. pertaining to or
like urine.
URINE, Q'rin, n. the fluid which is sep-
arated by the kidneys from the blood,
and conveyed to the bladder. [Fr. — L.
urina ; cog. with Gr. ouron, Ger. ham,
Sans, vari, water.]
URN, urn, n. a kind of vase used for vari-
ous purposes : a vessel in which the ashe«
of the dead were anciently deposited. [L.
urna, a water.-pot, an urn, prop, a " ves-
sel of burnt clay." from riro. to burn.]
URSINE, ur'sin, adj.of or resembling a bear.
[L.—ursus, a bear.]
US, VIS, pron. the objective case of We.
rA.s.] -^
USABLE, uz'a-bl, adj. that may be used.
USAGE, tiz'aj, u. act or mode of using:
treatment: practice: custom. [Fr. — Low
L. — L. i(6-)(s.]
USE, uz, v.t. to put to some purpose : to
avail one's self of : to habituate : to treat
or behave toward. — v.i. to be accustomed.
[Ft. user — L. utor. usus, to use.]
USE, us, n. act of using or putting to
a purpose : convenience : emploj-ment :
need: advantage: practice: cvistom. [L.
usus — utor.]
USEFUL, us'fool, adj. full of use or ad-
vantage: able to do good: serviceable. —
adv. UsE'mLLY. — n. Use'fvlness.
USELESS, us'les, adj. having no itse :
answering no good purpose or the end
proposed. — adv. Use'lessly.— Ji. Use'-
LESSNESS.
USHER, ush'er, n. one whose business it is
to introduce strangers or to walk before
a person of rank : an under-teacher or
assistant. — v.t. to introduce : to forerun.
— n. Ush'ERSHIP. [O. Fr. ussier. Fr.
huissier — L. ostiarius, a door-keeper —
ostium, a door.]
USUAL, (i'zhii-al, adj. in use : occurring in
ordinary use : common. — adv. U'sually.
[L. tistiaUs.}
USUFRUCT, u'zii-frukt, «. the use and
projit. but not the property, of a thing :
liferent. [L.]
USURER, is zhoo-rer. u. (orig. and in B.)
a money-lender for interest : one who
practices usury.
USURP, ti-zurp', v.t. to take possession of
by force without right. — n. USURP'ER.
[Fr. — L. usurpo, pern, contr. from usii-
rapio. to seize to one's own use — usus,
use, and rapio, to seize.]
USURPATION, u-zur-pa'shun, n. act of
usurpiytg : unlawful seizure and posses-
sion. [L. usurjjatio.]
USURY, u'zho6-ri, n. the taking of more
than legal interest on a loan : (orig.) in-
terest generally.— arfj. Usu'RIOUS. [Lit.
" a using," L. usura — idor, t(sus, to use.]
UTENSIL, u-ten'sil. n. an instrument or
vessel used in common life. [Fr. u.sten-
sile—L. utensilis, fit for nae—utor, to
use.]
UTERINE, ii'ter-in, adj. pertaining to the
tcomb : born of the same mother by a dif-
ferent father. [Fr. uterin—L,. utei-inus—
uterus, the womb.]
UTILIZE. u'til-Iz, i:t. to make useful: to
put to profitable use.— ?i. Utiuza'tioH.
[Fr. utilises — L. utor.']
I
UTILITARIAN
465
VANDAL
DTILITARIAN, u-til-i-ta'ri-an, adj. con-
sisting in or pertaining to utility, or to
utilitarianism. — >i. one who holds utili-
tarianism.
UTILITARIANISM, u-til-i-ta'ri-an-izm, n.
thp doctrine which holds that the stand-
aii! of morality is utility or the happi-
ni^ss of mankind.
UTILITY, u-til'i-ti, 71., usefulness. [Fr.—
L. — utilis. useful — utor, to use.]
UTMOST, ut'niost, adj., outmost : furthest
out : most distint : last : in the greatest
degree : highest. — n. the greatest that
can be : the greatest effort. [A.8. ute-
mest — utema, superl. of tit, out, and
superl. sufBx. -st. For mistaken form
-most, see Aftermost, Foremost.]
UTOPIAN, u-to'pi-an, adj. imaginary : fan-
ciful : chimerical. [From Utopia, lit.
. "nowhere" — Gr. ou, not, and topos,
place, an imaginary island represented
by Sir T. More as enjoying perfection in
politics, laws, etc.]
UTTER, ut'er, adj. furthest out : extreme:
total : perfect. — adv. Utt'erlt. [A.S.
utor, outer, extreme — ut. out.]
UTTER, ut'er, v.t. to circulate : to publish
abroad : to speak. — ?i. Utt'erer. [Lit.
" to send out or forth," from Utter, adj.]
UTTERABLE, ut'er-a-bl, adj. that may be
uttered or expressed.
UTTERANCE, ut'er-ans, n. act of uttering:
manner of speaking : pronunciation : ex-
pression.
UTTERMOST, ut'er-most, adj. furthest out:
utmost. — n. the greatest degree. [Same
as Utmost, the r being intrusive, and t
being doubled on the analogy of Utter.]
UVTJLA, u'vu-la, ?!. the fleshy conical body
suspended from the palate over the back
Jiart of the tongue. — adj. U'VULAR.
Coined from L. uva, a bunch of grapes.]
lORIOUS, ugz-6'ri-us, adj. excessively or
submissively fond of a wife. — adv. Uxo'-
RIOUSLY. — n. Uxo'riousness. [L. uxorius
— tueor, a wife.]
VACANCY, va'kan-si, n., emptiness: lei-
sure : that which is vacant or unoccu-
pied: emptiness of thought: empty space:
void or gap between bodies : a situation
unoccupied.
VACANT, va'kant, adj., empty : exhausted
of air: free: not occupied by an incumbent
or possessor : not occupied witli study,
etc. : thoughtless.— ady. Va'cantly. [Fr.
— L. iY(cans, -antis, pr.p. of vaco, to be
emptyj
VACATE, va-kat', v.t. to leave empty: to
quit possession of. [L. vaco, -atum, to be
empty.]
VACATION, va-ka'shuu, n. a vacating or
making void, or invalid : freedom from
duty, etc.: recess: break in the sittings
of law-courts : school and college holi-
davs. [L.]
VACCINATE, vak'sin-at, v.t. to inoculate
with tlie coifpox as a preventive against
smallpox.— Jj. Vaccina'TION. [Formed
from L. vaccinus, of a cow. See Vac-
cine.]
VACCINE, vak'sin, adj. pertaining to or
J derived from coivs. [L. vaccinus — vacca,
a cow, akin to Sans, vasha, cow — i>ash,
to bellow.]
VACILLATE, vas'il-at, v.i. to sway to and
fro : to waver: to be unsteady. — n. Vac-
illa'tion. [L. vacillo, -atum.]
VACUITY, va-ku'it-i, n., emptiness : space
unoccupied, or not visibly occupied: void.
[L. vacuitas — vacuus, tmpty — I'aco, to be
emptv.]
DD
VACUUM, vak'u-um, n. a vacant or empty
space : a space empty or devoid of all
matter :— jj/. Vac'ca. " [L., neut. of vac-
uus, empty.]
VAGABOND, vag'a-bond, adj. tvandering :
having no .settled home : driven to and
fro: unsettled. — n. one who wanders
without any settled habitation : a wan-
dering, idle fellow. — n. Vag'abondage.
[Fr. — L. — vagor, vagari, to wander —
r'lagus, wandering. See Vague.]
VAGARY, va-gar'i, w. a ivandering of the
thoughts : a wild freak : a whim.
VAGRANCY, va'gran-si, n. the state of
being a vagrant : life and habits of a va-
grant.
VAGRANT, va'grant, adj., uhindering
without any settled dwelling : unsettled.
— n. one who has no settled home : an
idle or disorderly person : a beggar. [L.
vag-ans, -antis, pr.p. of vagor, to wander;
with r intruded.]
VAGUE, vag, adj. unsettled : indefinite :
uncertain. — adv. Vague'ly. — ?i. Vague'-
NESS. [Fr. — L. vagus, wandering.]
VAIL, val. Same as Veil.
VAIL, val, v.t. to let fall. — v.i. to yield.
[Contr. of M.E. availen — O. Fr. avaler,
to descend — Fr. d val — L. ad valleni,
down a valley.]
VAILS, valz, n.pl. money given to ser-
vants. [A contr. of Avail, to profit.]
VAIN, van, adj. unsatisfying : fruitless :
unreal : conceited : snowy : vacant,
worthless, so in B. — adv. Vain'LY. — IN
VAIN, ineffectually : to no purpose or
end : with levity or profanity. [Fr. vain
— L. vanus, emptv. Cf. Vaunt.]
VAINGLORIOUS, van-gl6'ri-us, adj. given
to vainglory : proceeding from vanity. —
adv. Vainolo'riously.
VAINGLORY, van-glo'ri, n., vain or empty
glory in one's own performances : pride
above desert.
VALANCE, val'ans, 7i. hanging drapery
for a bed, etc. — v.t. to decorate with such.
[Prob. through Norm. Fr. valaunt, from
Fr. avalant, slipping down (see Ava-
lanche) ; or from Valencia (Fr. Valence)
in Spain.]
VALE, val, 71. a tract of low ground, esp.
between hills : a valley. [Fr. val — L.
vallis, a vale.]
VALEDICTION, val-e-dik'shun, n. a fare-
well. [L. valedico, -dictum — vale, fare-
well, dico, to say.]
VALEDICTORY, val-e-dik'tor-i, adj., say-
ing farewell : farewell: taking leave.
VALENCY, val'en-si, n. (chem.) the com-
bining power of an element, or the pro-
portion in which it forms a combination
with another. [From L. i^aleo.]
VALENTINE, vaVen-tln, n. a lover or
sweetheart chosen on St. Valentine's
day, 14th Feb.: a love-letter sent on that
day. [Perhaps fi'om the notion that on
this day birds began to pair.]
VALERIAN, val-e'ri-an, 7i. the plant all-
heal, the root of which is used in medi-
cine. [Coined from L. valere, to be
strong.]
VALET, val'et, n. a servant : a man-ser-
vant, esp. one who attends on a gentle-
man's person. [Fr. — O. Fr. varlet. See
Varlet, Vassal.]
VALETUDINARIAN, val-e-tud-in-ar'i-an,
VALETUDINARY, val-e-tfi'din-ar-i, adj.
belonging to ill health : sickly : weak. —
n. a person of ill or weak health. [L.
x^aletudinarivs — valetudo, state of health,
bad health — valeo, to be strong.]
VALETUDINARIANISM, val-e-tud-in-ar'i-
au-izm. n. the condition of a valetudin-
arian : weak health.
VALHALLA, val-hal'la, 7i. (in Scandina-
vian 7nyth.) the palace of immortality for
the souls of heroes slain in battle. [Ice.
valholl, " the hall of the slain " — valr, the
slain, conn, with A.S. iveel, slaughter,
and Ice. Iioll, E. Hall.]
VALIANT, val'yant, adj., strong: brave:
intrepid in danger : heroic. — Do val'-
IANTLY (B.) to behave gallantly. — adv.
Val'iantly (Apoc7'ypha) by force. — 7i.
Val'lantness (B.) courage, bravery. [Fr.
vaiUa7it — L. vale7is, valentis, pr.p. of
valeo, to be strong. See Valetudinak-
lAN.]
VALID, val'id, adj., strong: having suffi-
cient strength or force: founded in truth:
sound : conclusive : {laiv) executed with
the proper formalities : legal : rightful.
— adv. Val'idly. — n. Valid'ity. [L.
validus — valeo, to be strong.]
VALISE, va-les', rj. a travellt7ig-bag. gen-
erally of leather, opening at the side: a
Eortmanteau. [Fr. — It. valigia, through
lOW L. forms from L. vidulus, a travel-
ling-bag.]
VALLEY, val'i, 7i. a vale or low land
between hills or mountains : a low, ex-
tended plain, usually watered by a river:
— pi. Vall'eys. [Fr. valUe, an extension
of val (see Vale).]
VALOR, val'ur, ?i. the quality of being
valia7it : that which enables one to en-
counter danger fearlessly : intrepidity :
courage: bravery. [O.Fr. — LowL. I'awr
— L. valeo, to be strong.]
VALOROUS, val'ur-us, adj. possessing or
showing valor : intrepid : courageous. —
adv. Val'oeously.
VALUABLE, val'u-a-bl, adj. having value
or worth : costly : deserving esteem. — n.
Val'uaeleness.
VALUATION, val-u-a'shun, n. the act of
vahrnig : value set upon a thing: esti-
mated worth.
VALUATOR, val'u-at-ur, n. one who sets
a valve upon : an appraiser.
VALUE, val'ij, «., tvorth : that which
renders anything useful or estimable :
the degree of this quality : efficacy : im-
portance : excellence : price : precise
meaning. — v.t. to estimate the worth of :
to rate at a price : to esteem : to prize.
[O. Fr., prop, the fern, of Fr. valu, pa.p.
of valoir, to be worth — L. valeo.]
VALUELESS, val'ii-les, adj. of no value or
worth.
VALVE, valv, n. one of the leaves of a
folding-door : a cover to an aperture
which opens in one dix-ection and not in
the other : one of the pieces or divisions
which form a shell. — adj. Valv'ular.
[Fr. — L. valva, a folding-door.]
VALVED, valvd, adj. having or composed
of valves.
VAMP, vamp, n. the upper leather of a
boot or .shoe. — v.t. to repair with a new
vamp : to patch old with new : give a
new face to (with 7ip). [Corr. of Fr.
ava7it-pied, the fore-part of the foot —
avant, before (see Van, the front), and
2}ied, L. pes, jjedis, E. Foot.]
VAMPIRE, vam'pir, n. in the superstition
of Eastern Europe, a ghost which sucks
the blood of its sleeping victim : one who
lives upon others: a blood-sucker: a large
species of blood-sucking bat in S. Amer
ica. [Fr. — Servian ira7npir.]
VAN, van, ?!. the fro7it : the front of an
army or a fleet. [Fr. arajif— L. ab, from
by, and ante, before.]
VAN, van, n. a fan for grain, etc. [Fr.-
L. va7i7ius. See Fan.]
VAN, van, n. a large covered wagon for
goods, etc. : the rear car of a freight train,
reserved for the use of trainmen. [Short
for Caravan.]
VANDAL, van'dal, w. one of a fierce race in
N. Germany who sacked Rome in 455 ;
anv one hostile to arts or literature : a
barbarian.— Van'dal, Vandal'ic, a4j. bar-
VANE
466
VEIL
barous : rude. — ^Van'daijsm, n. hostility
to arts or literature.
Vane, van, ». a flag or banner: a thin
slip of wood or metal at tlie top of a
spire, etc., to show wliich way tlie wind
blows : a weather-cock : the thin web of
a feather. [Older form fane — A.S. fana;
Croth. fana, cloth, Ger. fahne : akin to
L. pannus, and Gr. penos, a cloth.]
VANGUARD, van'gard, n. the guard in
the van of an army : the part of an army
preceding the main body: the first line.
VANILLA, van-il'a, n. the dried aromatic
sheath-like pod or fruit of a tropical or-
chid, a favorite confection. [Latinized
from Fr. vanille — Sp. vainilla — vaina — L.
vagina, a sheath.]
VANISH, van'ish, v.i. to pass away from a
place, leaving it vacant or empty : to dis-
appear : to Ije annihilated or lost. [L.
vanesco, to pass away — vanus, empty.
See Vain.]
VANITY, van'it-i, n. the quality of being
vain : worthlessness : empty pride : con-
ceit : idle show : uncertainty : vain pur-
suit : empty pleasure : fruitless desire. —
Vanity-faIr, the world. [Fr. — L. vanitas
— x^an.HS.]
VANQUISH, vangk'wish, i\t. to conquer :
to defeat in anj' contest : to confute. — n.
Van'QOTSHEE. ' [Fr. vainere (pa.t. vaiii-
quis) — L. vineere, to conquer. See Vic-
tor.]
VANTAGE, van'taj, n. same as Advan-
tage.
Vapid, vap'id, ar//. having the spirit evap-
orated : spiritless : insipid. — adv. Valid-
ly.—hs. Vap'idness, Vapid'ity. [L. va}}-
idiis. See Vapor.]
Vapor, va'pur, n. the gas, generally in-
visible, into which most liquids and solids
* are convertible by heat: (p/iys«es) the con-
dition of a body when it becomes gas by
heat: water in the atmosphere: anything
yain or transitory :^^/. a disease of nerv-
ous weakness in which a variety of
strange images float before the mind. —
v.i. to pass off in vapor : to evaporate :
to boast : to brag. [L. vapor, allied to
Gr. kapnos, smoke, and L. vappa, flat or
vapid wine.]
VAPORER, va'pur-er, n. one who vapors,
a boaster.
VAPORIZE, vap'or-12 or va'por-tz, v.t. to
convert into vapor. — v.i. to pass off in
vapor. — 11. Vaporiza'tion.
VAPOROUS, va'pur-us, adj. full of or like
vapor : vain : unreal : affected with the
vapors.
VAPORY, va'pur-i, adj. full of vapor :
affected with tbe vapors : peevish.
VARIABLE, va'ri-a-bl, adj. that may be
varied : changeable : liable to change :
unsteady. — n. (math.) a quantity subject
to continual increase or decease: a quan-
tity which may have an infinite number
of values in the same expression. — adv.
Va'riably. — ns. Va'riableness, Varia-
bil'ity. [Fr.— L. variabilis. See Vauy.]
VARIANCE, va'ri-ans, n. state of being
varied : an alteration : a change of con-
dition : difference that arises from or
produces dispute. — At variance, in dis-
agreement. [L. varius, speckled, mot-
I tied, varied.]
Variant, va'ri-ant, n. a variety.
VARIATION, va-ri-a'shun, n, a varying: a
change : change from one to another :
successive changa : the extent to which
a thing varies: {gram.) change of termi-
nation : (mus.) a manner of singing or
playing the same air with various changes
in time, rhythm, or key. [Fr. — L. vari-
atio. See Vary.]
VARICOSE, var'i-koz. VARICOUS, var'i-
kus. adj. permanently dilated or en-
larged, as a vein. [L.'foncosus, full of
dilated veins — t^aria:, a dilated vein —
varus, bent, crooked.]
VARIEGATE, va'ri-e-gat, v.t. to mark
with different colors.— ?i. Vamega'tion.
[L. variegatus — varius, various, ago, to
make.]
VARIETY, va-rl'e-ti, n. the quality of be-
ing various : difference : a collection of
different things : one of a number of
things nearly allied to each other : one o_r
more individuals of a species, which, ow-
ing to accidental causes, differ from the
normal form m minor points. [L. varietas
— i-arins. various.]
VARIORUM, va-ri-o'rum, adj. a term ap-
plied to an edition of some work in which
the notes of various commentators are
inserted. [From the full Latin " editio
cum notis variorum."'\
VARIOUS, va'ri-us, adj., varied, different :
several : unlike each other : changeable:
uncertain : variegated. — adv. Va'RIOUS-
LY. [L. varius.]
VARLET, var'let, n. a footman : a low fel-
low : a scoundrel. [Orig. " a vassal or
squire, attendant on a lord," Fr. varlet,
formerly vaslet, froia a dim. of Low L.
vassal is (see Vassal). Doublet Valet.]
VARNISH, var'nish, v.t. to cover with a
liquid to give a glossy surface to : to give
a fair appearance to. — n. a sticky liquid
which dries and forms a hard, lus-
trous coating : palliation. [Fr. vernisser,
through Low L. from L. vitrum, glass.]
VARY, va'ri, v.t. to make different ; to al-
ter : to change to something else : to
make of different kinds. — v.i. to alter or
be altered : to be or become different : to
change in successiotj : to deviate (with
from): to disagree :—pa.t. and pa.p. va'-
ried. [Fr. varier — L. variare — varitis.1
VASCULAR, vas'kii-lar, ailj. of or relating
to the vessels of animal and vegetable
bodies. — ?i.Vascclae'ity. [Fr. vasndaire
— L. vascuhim, dim. of vas. a vessel.]
VASE, vaz or vaz, v. a vessel anciently
used for domestic purposes and in offer-
ing sacrifices : an ornamental vessel gen-
erally of an antique pattern : a sculp-
tured, vase-like ornament. [Fr. — L.
va^um or vas.]
VASSAL, vas'al, n. one who holds land
from and renders homage to a superior.
[Fr. — Low L. vassalis — ^W. gwas, a youth,
servant.]
VASSALAGE, vas'al-aj, n. state of being
a vassal : dependence : subjection.
VAST, vast, adj. of great extent : very
great in amount. — n. Vast'ness. [Fr.
t^aste — L. vastus, waste, vast : perh. akin
to vacuus, empty.]
t'li, arii
r. to a vast extent or
VASTLY, vast'
degree.
VAT, vat, n. a large vessel or tank, esp.
one for holding liquors. [Older form fat
—A.S. feet— Bat. vat (Ice. fat. Ger. fass),
from the root of Ger. fassen. to hold, to
contain : nowise conn, with L. vas.]
VATICAN, vat'i-kan, n. an assemblage of
buildings in Rome, including one of the
pope's palaces : used to mean the papal
authority. [Fr. (It. Vatipano)—iTom L.
Mons Vaticanus, a hill in Rome.]
VATICINATE, vat-is'i-nat, v.t. to proph-
esy. [L. vaticin-or, -atu.i, to propnesy —
l-ates, a seer.]
VATICINATION, vat-is-i-na'shun, n.
prophecv : prediction.
VAUDEVILLE, vod'vel. n. a lively or
satirical song : a short dramatic piece
interspersed with such. [From I'au (val)
de Vire, in Normandy, where they were
first composed about 1400 A.D.]
VAULT, vawlt. n. an arched root : a cham-
ber with an arched roof. esp. one under-
ground : a cellar : anj'thing vault-like :
the bound of a horse : a jump.— ^.<. to
shape as "a vault : to arch : to roof with
an arch : to form vaults in. — v.i. to cur-
vet or leap, as a horse : to leap : to ex-
hibit feats of leaping or tumbling. [Lit.
" a turn," O. Fr. volte (Fr. votde), from
L. volutum, pa.p. of volvo, to roll, to turn.
Doublet Volute.]
VAULTED, vawlt'ed, adj. arched: concave
overhead: covered with an arch or vault.
VAULTER, vawlt'er, n. one who vajilts or
leaps.
VAUNT, vawnt or vant, v.i. to make a
vain display : to boast. — v.t. to make a
vain display of : to boast of. — «. vain dis-
play : boast. — n. Vaunt'er. [Fi\ vanter
— Low L. vanitare — L. vanitas, vanity —
vanvs, vain. See Vain.]
VEAL, vel, n. the flesh of a ealf. [O. Fr.
veel (Prov. ^edel) — L. vitellvs. dim. of
vitiihis. Gr. italos. a calf. Cf. Velium.J
VECTOR, vek'tor, v. {math.) any directed
quantity, as a straight line in space,
involving both its direction and magni-
tude.
VEDA, ve'da, ii. name given to the four
oldest sacred books of the Hindus -.—pi.
Vedas, ve'daz. [Sans, veda, knowledge
— rid, to know. E. Wit.]
VEDETTE, ve-det', 7i. a mounted sentry at
tbe oiitoosts of an army to n-atch an ene-
my. [Fr. — It. vedetia. for veletta — veglia,
L. vigilia, a watch. Cf. Vigil.]
VEEE, ver, v.i. to change direction, as the
wind. — v.i. to turn : to direct to a differ-
ent course. [h\t. " to describe a circle,"
Fr. virer, proo. from L. virice, aimlets,
braceletsj
VEGETABLE, vej'e-ta-bl, n. an organized
body without sensation and voluntary
motion, nourished by roots fixed in the
ground : a plant for the table. — adj. be-
longing to plants : consisting of or hav-
ing- the nature of plants : derived li cm
vegetables. — VEGETABLE WAEROW the
fruit of a species of gourd, so called fiom
its mojTOic-like appearance. [L. vegela-
hilis. prop, "animating" — vegeto (fee
Vegetate).]
VEGETAL, vej'o-tal, adj. of the nature of
a veyeiahle : pertaining to the vital func-
tions of plants and animals, as growth,
repioduction, etc. [Fi-. — L. vegctiis. prop,
"animated." See Vegetate.]
VEGETARIAN, vej-o-ta'ri-an, v. one who
holds that vegeiahlcs are the only proper
food for man. — adj. pertaining to vege-
tarianism.— Vegeta'RIanism, v. tbe the-
orv and practice of a vegetarian.
VECSETATE, vej'e-tat, v.i. to grow by roots
and leaves : to sprout : to lead an idle,
unthinking life. [From L. vegeto. -oivm,
to quicken — vegeo, to be lively, akin to
vigeo. to bo vigorous (cf. Vigor).]
VEGETATION, vej-e-ta'shun. w. process of
growing as a plant : vegetable growth :
plants in general.
VEGETATIVE, vej'e-tat-iv, adj. growing,
as plants: producing growth in plants.
VEHEMENCE. ve'e-mens,M. the quality of
being vehement : violence : great ardor
or fervor.
VEHEMENT, ve'e-ment, adj. passionate :
furious: very eager or urgent. — adv. Ve'-
hemently. [Fr. — L. vehemens, usually
derived from fc, out of, and mens, mind .
but ace. to Vanicek, from L. veho, to
carry, bear away.]
VEHICLE, ve'i-kl, n. any kind of carriage
or conveyance: that which is used to con»
vey : (med.) a substance in which a medi-
cine is taken. [L. vehindvm — veho, to
carry, from root of E. Wagon.]
VEHICULAR, ve-hik'u-lar, adj. pertaining
to or serving as a vehicle.
VEIL, val, n. a curtain : anything that
hides an object : a piece of muslin or
thin cloth worn by ladies to shads or hide
\
VEIN
4€7
VERGE
the face : a cover : a disguise. — v.f. to
cover with a veil : to cover : to conceal.
— To TAKE THE VEIL, to become a nun
fthe veil symbolizing the union with
Christ). [O'.Fr. reile (Fr. voile) — L. velum.
a curtain, a sail, from the root of WOOL.]
VEIN, van, n. {anat.) one of the vessels or
tubes which convey the blood back to the
heart : (bot.) one of the small branching
ribs in a leaf : {geol. and mining) a seam
of a different mineral througli a rock : a
Assure or cavitj' : a streak in wood or
stone : a train of thought : a course :
tendency or turn of mind : humor. — v.t.
to form veins or the appearance of veins
in. [Fr. veine — L. vena, perh. from root
of veho, to carry.]
VF;LIFER0US, veWfer-us, adj. carrying
sails. [L. velifer — velum, a sail, and fero,
to bearJ
VELLUM, vel'ura, n. a finer kind of parch-
ment prepared from the skin of calves,
kids, or lambs. [Fr. relin — Low L.
(charta, paper, understood) i-itulina, of
a calf — L. vitulus. See Veal.]
VELOCIPEDE, ve-los'i-ped or -ped, n. a
light carriage for one person, orig. moved
by striking the toes on the road, now
with a treddle. [Lit. " swift-foot," Fr.
— L. velox, velocis, swift, and pes, pedis,
E. Foot.]
VELOCITY, ve-los'i-ti, n., siriftness: speed:
rate of change of position of a point
per unit of time. [L. velocitas — velox,
swift.]
VELVET, vel'vet, n. a cloth made from
silk, with a close shaggy pile : a similar
cloth made of cotton. — adj. made of vel-
vot : soft like velvet. — n. Velveteen'.
[From Low L. velluetum, Fr. velu. shaggy
—Low L. villutus — L. villus, shaggv hair.
:f. Wool.]
TELVETING, vel'vet-ing, n. the soft pile
' of velvet : velvet goods.
fELVETY, vel'vet-i, adj. made of or like
velvet: soft.
TENAL. ve'nai, adj. that may be sold or
got for a price: held for sale: roercenarj'.
—adv. Ve'xally. [Fr. — L. venalis — t-e-
mis, sale.]
VENALITY, ve-nal'i-ti, n. quality of being
venal ; prostitution of talents or services
for a reward.
VENATION, ve-na'shun, n. the way in
which the leaves of plants are arranged.
FL. vena, a leaf.]
VEND, vend, v.t. to give for sale, to sell :
to give for money : to make an object
of trade. — ns. Vend'eb, Vend'or. [Fr.
v«ndre — L. vendere — venus, sale (see Ve-
nal), and do, to give.]
VENDIBLE, vend'i-bl, adj. that may be
sold : that may be disposed of as an ob-
ject of trade. — adv. Vend'ibly.— n. Vend'-
IBLEJfESS.
rENEER, ve-ner", v.t. to overlay or face
with another wood. — n. a thin leaf of a
valuable wood for overlaying an inferior.
[A corr. of Fr. fournir, to furnish. See
FCTRKISH.]
VENEERING, ve-ner'ing, n. the act or art
of overlaying an inferior wood with thin
leaves of a more valuable kind : the thin
leaf thus laid on.
VENERABLE, ven'er-:v-bl, adj that may
be venerated : worthy of veneration, rev-
erence, or honor : rendered sacred by re-
ligious or other associations : aged. — adv.
Ven'erably. — n. Ven'erableness.
VENERATE, ven'er-at, v.t. to honor or
reverence with religious awe : to rever-
ence: to regard with the greatest respect.
[L. veneror, -atns — x-eniis, love ; allied to
Sans. van. to love.]
VENERATION, ven-er-a'shun, w. the act
of venerating : the state of being vener-
ated : the hig-hest degree of respect and
reverence : respect mingled with rever-
ence and awe : awe.
VENEREAL, ve-ner'i-al. adj. pertaining to
or arising from sexual intercourse : ex-
citing desire for sexual intercourse : cur-
ing venereal diseases. [L. venereus —
Venus. Veneris, the goddess of love ;
conn, with L. veneror. See Venerate.]
VENERY, ven'er-i, n. sexual intercourse.
VENERY, ven'er-i, n. the act or exercise
of hunting : the sports of the chase. [Fr.
venerie, from O. Fr. vener — L. venor, to
hunt. Cf. Venison.]
VENESECTION, ve-ne-sek'shun, n. the
section, or cutting open of a vein for let-
ting blood : blood-letting. [L. vena, a
vein, and Section.]
VENETIAN, ve-ne'shan, adj. of or belong-
ing to Venice. — n. a native or inhabit-
ant of Venice. — ^Venetian-BUND, a blind
for windows formed of thin slips of wood,
so hung as to admit of being set either
edgewise or overlapping. [Ancient name
Veyietia.]
VENGEANCE, venj'ans, n. the infliction
of punishment upon another, in return
for an lujury or offence : retribution.
[Fr. venger — L. vindico, to avenge. See
Revenge and Vindicate.]
VENGEFUL, venj'fool, adj. vindictive:
retributive : revengeful. — adv. Venge'-
FULLY.
VENIAIj, ve'ni-al, adj. mrdonable : ex-
cusable : allowed. — adv. ve'nially. — ns.
Ve'nialness, Venial'ity. [L. _ venialis,
pardonable (in Late L.) — venia, favor,
pardon ; akin to yENERATE.]
VENISON, ven'i-zn or ven'zn, n. the flesh
of animals taken in hunting, esp. the
deer. [Fr. venaison — L. venatio, a hunt-
ing, game — venor, to hunt.]
VENOM, ven'um, n. any drink, juice, or
liquid injurious or fatal to life; po'son:
spite: malice. [Fr. venin (It. veneno) —
L. venenum.']
VENOMOUS, ven'um-us, adj. poisonous :
spiteful : mischievous. — adv. Ven'om-
OtJSLY.
VENOUS, ve'nus, adj. pertaining to or
contained in veins: veined. [L. venosus
— vena, a vein.]
VENT, vent, Ji. a small opening to let air,
etc., escape: the flue of a chimney;
discharge: escape: passage to notice:
publication : the anus of birds and
fishes : {nil.) the opening at the breech
of a firearm through which fire is con-
veyed to the charge, the touch-hole. —
v.t. to give a vent or opening to : to let
out, as at a vent : to allow to escape ; to
publish: to pour forth. [Fr. — L. ventus,
E. Wind.]
VENTILATE, ven'ti-lat, v.t. to fan with
wind : to open to the free passage of air;
to cavise fresh air to pass through: to ex-
pose to examination and discussion : to
make public. [L. ventiln, -atiimr-ventulua,
dim. of ventus, E. Wind.]
VENTILATION, ven-ti-la'shun, n. act or
art of ventilating : state of being venti-
lated : free exposure to air : supply of
air: act of examining and making puolic:
public exposure. [L. ventilatio.]
VENTILATOR, ven'ti-lat-ur, n. that which
ventilates : a contrivance for introducing
fresh air.
VENTRAL, ven'tral, «# belonging to the
belly. [L. ventralis — venter, the belly.]
VENTRICLE, ven'tri-kl, n. a small cavity
within an animal body, as in the heart or
brain.— (Iff;. Ventric'ULar. [L. ventri-
cuius, dim. of venter.']
VENTRTLOQUISM.ven-tril'o-kwizm,VEN-
TRILOQUY. ven-tril'o-kwi, n. the act or
art of speaking so that the voice seems
to come from a distance or from some
other person, — adj. Ventriloq'uiaL. [L.
rentriloquus, speaking from the belly—
venter, the hellv. and loquor, to speak.]
VENTRILOQUIZE, ven-tri^o-kv^•Tz, v.t.
to practice ventriloquism. — n. Ventril'-
OQUIST, one who practices ventriloquism.
VENTURE, vent'ur, n. that which may-
come : chance: luck: hazard: that which
is put to hazard (esp. goods sent by sea at
the sender's risk): an undertaking whose
issue is uncertain or dangerous. — v.t. to
send on a venture : to expose to hazard :
to risk. — v.i. to make a venture : tc run
a risk : to daiw.— At a venture (B.) at
random. — adjs. Vent'urous, Vent'ttre-
sojie. — adv. Vent'urously. — n. Vent*-
urousness. [Short for Adventure.]
VENUE, ven'u, n. in law, the place where
an action is laid, lit. the place to which
the jury are summoned to come. [Fr. —
L. ven-ire, to come.]
VENUS, ve'nus, n. (Latin myth.) the god-
dess of love: beauty and love deified: the
most brilliant of the planets, second in
order from the sun. [From the root of
Venerate.]
VERACIOUS, ve-ra'shus, adj, truthful:
true. — adv. Vera'ciously. [L. verax,
veracis — rerus, true. See Very.]
VERACITY', ve-ras'it-i, n. the quality of
being veracious: habitual truthfulness;
truth.
VERANDA, VERANDAH, ve-ran'da, n. a
kind of covered balcony or open portico,
with a roof sloping beyond the main
building, supported by light pillars.
[Port, — Sans, varanda — vri. to cover.]
VERB, verb, n. (gram.) the part of speech
which affirms what a thing does or is
done to, or in what state it exists. [Lit.
"the word," Fr. verhe — L. verhum ; from
root of Gr. erb, to say, to speak.]
VERBAL, verb'al, adj. relating to or con-
sisting in words : spoken (as opposed to
written) : exact in words : attending to
words only : word for word : derived
directly from a verb. — n. a part of speech,
a noun derived from a verb. — adv. Verb'-
ally.— «. Verr'alist. [L. verbalh.]
VERBALISM, verb'al-izm, n. something
expressed in words or orally.
VERBALIZE, verb'al-tz, v.t'. to turn into
a verb.
VERBENA, ver-be'na, n. a genus of plants
cultivated for theft- fragrance or beauty :
vervain. [L. verbence, leaves, twigs, and
branches of laurel, myrtle, etc.]
VERBIAGE, verb'i-aj, n. abundance of
icords: wordiness: verbosity. [See
Verb.]
VERBOSE, ver-bos', adj. containing more
words than are necessary : wordj' : dif-
fuse.—arfc. Verbose'ly. —ns. Verbose'-
NESs, Verbos'ity.
VERDANT, ver'dant, adj., green : fresh (as
grass or foliage) : flourishing : inexpe-
rienced : ignorant. — adv. Ver'dantly. —
n. Ver'dancy. [Fr. verdoyant — L. viri-
dans, -antis, pr.p. of virido, to grow
green — viridis, green — vireo, to be
green.]
VERDICT, vei-'dikt, n. the finding of a jury
on atrial: decision: opinion pronounced.
[Lit. "a true saymg," Low L. — L. I'ere,
truly, and diettim, a sajnng.]
VERCIGRIS, yer'di-gris, n. the rust of
copper, brass, or bronze : a hluish-greea
fiaint got artificiallj' from copper-pTatea.
A corr. of O. Fr, verderis — Low L. xnr-
ide ceris, "the green of brass" (whici*
was the name the alchemists g.'ivo it)
The -J7- has slipped in through the influ-
ence of Grease. See Verdant and Ore.]
VERDURE, verd'ur, n., greenness: fresh-
ness of growth. [See Verdant.]
VERGE, verj, n. a slender green branch, a
twig : a rod, staff, or mace, or anything
like them, used as an emblem of author^
VERGE
ity : extent of jurisdictioa (esp. of the
lord-steward of a royal household). [L.
virga, from the root of virgo, a virgin.
See Verge, v.]
VERGE, verj. v.i. to bend or incline ; to
tend downward : to slope : to tend : to
border upon. — lu edge: brink. [L. vergo,
to bend.]
VERGER, verj er.Ji. one who carries a, verge
or emblem of authority : the beadle of a
cathedral church : a pewK>pener or at-
tendant in church.
VERIFlABIiE, ver'i-fl-arbl, ud^j. that may
be verified, proved, or confirmed.
VERIFICATION, ver-i-fl-ka'shun, ?i a veri-
fying or proving to be^rite ; the state of
being verified.
VERIFY, ver'i-fi, v.t. to make out or show
to be true : to establish the truth of by
evidence : to confirm :—pa.t. and pa.2>.
ver'ifled.— n. Vee'ifiee. [L. verus, true,
and faeio, to make.]
VERILY, ver'i-li, adv., truly: certainly:
really.
VERISIMILAlt, ver-i-sim'i-lar, adj., tnUTi^
like : likely : probable. rL. verisimilia
— venis, true, and similis, like. See SlM-
ILAH.]
VERISlMJLrnjDE, ver-i-sim-il'i-tud, «.,
similitude or hkeness to truth : likeli-
hood. [L. verus, true, and SunuTDDE.]
VERITABLE, ver'i-ta-bl, adj., true: ac-
cording to fact : real : actuaL — adv.
Ver'itably.
VERITY, ver'i-ti, n. the quality of being
trut or real : truth (so in B.) : a true as-
sertion or tenet. [L. Veritas— verus, true,
Cf. Very.]
VERJUICE, ver'jOtts, n. the expressed
juice of green or unripe fruit. [Fr. ver-
jus — vert, green (see Verdant), and Fr.,
L. jus, juice.]
ITERMICELLI, ver-mi-chel'i, n. the stiff
paste or dough of fine wheat flour made
jnto small Mwrm-Uke or thread-like rolls.
St., pi. of ■vermicello — L. vennicuhis,
m. of vermis, E. WoEM. Cf, Vermil-
ion and Vermin.]
VERMICULAR, ver-mik'O-lar, VERMICU-
LATE, ver-mik'Q-lat, adj. pertaining to
or like a tcorm (esp. in its motion).
[From L. vermvmlus, dim. of vermis, E.
WORM.]
VERMICULATE, ver-raik'O-lat, v.t. to
form inlaid-work which resembles the
motion or track of tcorms. — n. Veemio-
ULa'tion. [L. vermiculor, -atus — vennis.]
VERMIFORM, ver'mi-form, adj. having
the form of a worm. [L. vermis, a
worm, and FOEM.]
VERMIFUGE, ver'mi-fOj, n. (vied.) a sub-
stance that expels intestinal worms from
animal bodies. [Fr., from L. vermis, E.
Worm, and fugo, to cause to flee, to ex-
_R>nLION, ver-mil'yun, n. a scarlet
coloring substance obtained from a lit-
tle room or insect (the cochineal); a
bright red coloring substance obtained
from sulphur and mercury : any beauti-
ful red color. — v.t. to dye vermilion : to
color a delicate red. [Fr. vermilion — ver^
meil — L. vermiculHS,ti, little worm, hence
(in the Vulgate) the '•scarlet" worm.dim.
of vermis, E. WORM. Cf. VERsnCELU.]
TERMIN, ver'min, n.sing. and pi a icorm :
a name for all noxious or mischievous
animals or insects (esp. such as are
small) : noxious persons (in contempt).
[Fr. vermine — L. vermis, E. Worm.]
VERMIVOROUS, ver-miVor-us, adj., de-
vouring worms. [L. vermis, E. Worm,
and foro. to devour.]
VERNACULAR, ver-naffl-lar, ac{}. native:
belonging to the country of one's birth.
-adv. VEKNAC'OiAKLY. [L. vemoculus
pel.
VER>
468
—fKma, a slave bom in hia master's
house.]
VERNAL, ver'nal, adj. belonging to the
S2}ring: appearing in spring, belonging to
youth. [L. vernalis—ver, spring, cog.
with Gr. ear, Sr {{or fSr).]
VERNATION, ver-na'shun, n. the particu-
lar manner of arrangement of leaves in
the bud. [See VeenaL.]
VERNIER, ver'ni-er, n. a contrivance for
measuring very small intervals, consist-
ing of a short scale made to slide along
a graduated instrument. [So called from
Vernier, of Brussels, its inventor.]
VERSATILE, ver'sa-til, adj. liable to be
turned in opinion: changeable: unsteady:
turning easily from one thing to another.
[L. versatilis — verso, freq. of verto, to
turn.]
VERSATILITY, ver-sa-til'it-i, n. the quali-
ty of being versatile : changeableness :
the faculty of turning easily to new
tasks or subjects.
VERSE, vers, n. a line of poetry : metrical
arrangement and language : poetry : a
stanza : a short division of any composi-
tion, esp. of the chapters of the Rible,
orig. confined to the metrical books, ap-
plied first to whole Bible in 1523 : {mus.)
a portion of an anthem to be performed
by a single voice to each part. [L. ver-
sus, a Une in writing — verto, versum, to
turn.]^
VERSED, verst, adj. thoroughly acquaint-
ed, skilled (followed by in) . (math.) re-
versed. [Ft. verse — L. versatus, pa. p. of
versor, to turn round.]
VERSICI^, vers'i-kl, n, a little verse. [See
Verse.]
VERSIFICATION, vers-i-fl-ka'shun, n. the
act, art, or practice of composing metri-
cal i-erxes. (Xt.]
VERSIFY, vers'i-fl, v.i. to make verses.—
v.t. to relate in verse: to turn into verse:
—j^a.t. and pa.p. vers'ifled. — n. Vers'I-
rrER. [L. versifico — versus, a verse, facto,
to nuike.]
VERSION, ver'shun, n. the act of trans-
lating or turn ing from one language into
another : that which is translated from
one languag-s into another : account :
statement.
VERST, verst, n. a Russian mile, 8500 ft.
in length, or almost two^-hirds of an
En-lish mile. fRuss.]
VERTEBRA, vert e-bra; «. one of the small
bones of the spine:— -pJ. VEETEBRa: (vert'-
e-bre), the bones and joints forming the
backbone. — adj. Veet'ebral. [L., "a
joint " — verto, to turn.]
VERTEBRATE, vert'e-brat, VERTEBRAT-
ED, vert'e-brat-ed, adj. furnished with
joints: having a backbone. — Veet'e-
BEATE, n, an animal having an internal
skeleton with a backbone. [L. vertebra-
tus — vertebra.]
VERTEX, verteKs, n. the top or stmmiit :
the point of a cone, pyramid, or angle :
(astr.) the zenith •.—pi. Veet'ICES. [L.,
"a whirl" or "eddy," then "top '''or
" summit " — t'erfo, to turn. Cf. Vortex.]
VERTICAL, vert'ik-al, adj. pertaining to
the vertex: placed in the zenith: perpen-
dicular to the plane of the horizon. — n.
a vertical Une. — adv. Veet'ically. — n.
Vert'icalness.
VERTIGO, ver-tfgo or vert'i-go, n. asensa^
tion of giddiness f dizziness. [L. — verto,
to turn.]
VERVAIN, ver'van, n. a plant of the genus
verbena. [Fr. verveitie — L. verbSna.]
VERVE, verv, v. the enthusiasm which
animates a poet or artist : animation :
energy. [Fr. — Late L. verva (lit.) "a
sculptured ram's head," hence " any art-
istic fancy"— L. vervex, a wetber. Cf.
Capbicb and L. cavra. a goat.]
VESTURE
VERY, verl, «w^"., true : real (so in B.) i
actuaL— adv. in a gi-eat degree. lOlder
form veray—O. Fr. rerai (Fv. vrai), from
L. veraa; veracis, speaking truly — verus,
true, which is cog. with A.S. voer, GSer.
icahr.]
VESICATION, ves-i-ka'shun, n. the act or
process of raising blisters on the skin.
[Formed from L. vesica, a bladder, *
blisterj
VESICLE, ves'i-kl, n. a small bladder ot
blister : a small cavity in an animai
body : (bot.) a bladder-like cell. [L,
vesicula, dim. of vesica, a bladder, a
blister.]
VESICULAR, ve-sik'a-lar, VESICULOUS,
ve-sik'u-lus, adj. pertaining to or full of
vesicles : fuU of interstices : having little
glands on the surface.
VESPER, ves'per, n. the evening star,
Venus: the evening:— p?. in R. Cath.
Church, the evening service : in P. E.
Church, the sixth canonical hour, even-
song.— adj. pertaining to the evening
or to vespers. [L. ; Or. hesperos See
Hespee.]
VESSEL, ves'el, n. a vase or utensil for
holding something : a hollow structure
made to float on water, used for convey-
ance, etc. : a tube in which fluids, as
blood, etc., are contained : a person con-
sidered as an agent of God. [O. Fr. (Fr.
vaisseau) — L. vascellum,, dim. of vas, a
vase. Cf. Vase.]
VEST, vest, n. that which is put on as
dress : a garment : a waistcoat. — v.t. to
ciothe : to invest: (laiv) to give fixed
right of possession. — v.u to descend or to
tSe effect, as a right. [L. vestis ; conn,
with Gr. esthes, clothing, henn-ymi, hes-o,
to put on, Goth, ga-^'asjan, to cloths
Sans, root vas-.'\
VESTA, vest'a, n. among the Romans, tfca
chaste goddess that presided over tha
family, in whose temple the sacred fire
was continually kept burning : a match
or waxlight -.—pi. Vest' as. [Root vas, to
burn, as in Sans, vasaras, day, and Gr.
Hestia.}
VESTAL, vest'al, adj. pertaining to or con-
secrated to the service of Vesta : chaste :
pure.
VESTIBULE, ves'ti-bOl, n. an open court
or porch before a house: a hall next the
entrance to a house: (anat.) a small bony
cavity forming part of the ear. — Vesti-
bule TRAIN, on American railways, a
passenger train, composed of cars with
vestibules on the platforms so arranged
that the entire train is enclosed, the
passage from car to car being through
the enclosed vestibules. [L. vestibulum,
from the root vas, to dwell.]
VESTIGE, ves'tij, n. a track or footprint :
traces or remains of sometliing. [L.
vestigium — vestigia, to track — ve, denot-
ing separation, and stich (Sans, stigh, to
ascend), root of Gr. steicho, Ger. steigen
to go.]
VESTMENT, vest'mcnt, n- something ^j*;
ore, a garment : a long outer robe :— j)?.
articles of dress worn by olliciating min-
isters. [L. veiitimeiifuni — irstio, toclotln;
— vestis, a garment.]
VESTRY, ves'tri, n. in the R. C. and Epis
copal Churches, a room adjoining s
church, in which the vestments are kept
and parochial meetings held: in the Epis-
copal Church, an assembly of the mana-
gers of parochial affairs. [L. vestiarium
— vestiarius, belonging to clothes— ^'esfM',
a garment.]
VESTURE, vest'ilr, n., clothing : aresB : a
robe: a garment. [Low L. resfrfwra- L
veetio.]
VESUVIAN
469
VILLAINY
VESUTIAN. ves-6ov'i-an. n. a kind of
njiitch not easily extinguisliable. for
lighting cigars and the like in the open
air. [From the volcano Vesuvius.]
VETCH, vech, n. a genus of plants, most-
ly climbing, some of which are culti-
vated for fodder, esp. the tare. [O. Fr.
veche (Fr. vesce) — L. vieia.]
VETERAN, vet'er-an, adj., old, experi-
enced : long exercised, esp. in military
life.^n. one long exercised in any ser-
vice, esp. in war. [L. veteranus — vetv^,
veteris, old.]
VETERINARIAN, vet-er-in-ar'i-an, n. one
skilled in the diseases of domestic ani-
mals.
VETERINARY, vet'er-in-ar-i, adj. pertain-
ing to the art of treating the diseases of
domestic animals : professing or practic-
ing this art. [L. veterinarius — veterimia,
a contr. of veheterinus — veho.}
VETO, ve'to. n. any authoritative prohibi-
tion : the power "of rejecting or forbid-
ding : the power exercised by the Presi-
dent and by the Governors of most of
the States to prevent a measure from be-
coming a law, unless a two-thirds major-
ity is in favor of such measure : — pi.
Vetoes, ve'toz. — i\t. to reject by a veto :
to withhold assent to, [L. veto, I forbid.]
VEX, veks, i\t. to harass (so in B.): to tor-
ment : to irritate by small provocations.
[L. ve.ro, to shake or jolt in carrying, to
annoy — veho, to carry.]
VEXATION, veks-a'shun, n. a vexing:
state of being vexed : trouble : a teasing
annoyance: uneasiness. [L. vexatio —
t'«ro.]
VEXATIOUS, veks-a'shus, adj. causing
vexation or annoyance : teasing : dis-
tressing : harassing : full of trouble. —
adv. Vexa'tiously.— n. Vexa'tiousness.
VIADUCT, vi'a-dukt, n. a road or railway
carried by a structure over a valley,
river, etc. fL. via, a way, diico, ductum,
to lead, bring.]
VIAL, vi'al, n. same as Phial,
VIAND. vT'and, n. food, usually in pi.:
articles for food. [Fr. riande— Low L.
vivanda (for vivenda), "food necessary
for life " — L. vivo, to live.]
VIATICUM, vl-at'ik-um, n. (orig.) provis-
ions for the way : in R. C. Church, the
communion given to the dying. [L. —
ri«. a way.]
VIBRATE, vJ'brat, v.i. to shake, to tremble:
to move backwards and forwards : to
swing : to pass from one state to another.
— v.t. to cause to shake : to move to a ad
fro : to measure by moving to and fro :
to affect with vibratory motion. ['L.inbro,
-atum : cf. Sans, vip, to tremble.]
VIBRATION, vl-bra'shun, n. a vibrating :
state of being vibrated.
VIBRATORY, vi'bra-tor-i, adj., vibrating:
consisting in vibrations : causing vibra-
tions.
VICAR, vik'ar, n. one who acts in place of
another : the incumbent of an impro-
priated benefice.— >j. Vic' arship.—Vicae-
APOSTOLIC, in R. C. Church, a missionary
bisliop or priest having powers from the
pope. — ViCAR-OENERAL, in the English
Church, an officer having powers from
the chancellor of a diocese ; in the R. C.
Church, the clergyman who on certain
occasions acts for the bishop of the dio-
cese. [L. incarius, supplying the place of
another — vicis, change, alternation.]
VICARAGE, vik'ar-aj, n. the benefice or
residence of a vicar.
VICARIAL, v!-ka'ri-al, adj. pertaining to a
vicar.
VICARIATE, vT-ka'ri-at, adj. ha\'ing vica-
rioxes or delegated power.— n. delegated
power.
VICARIOUS, vi-ka'ri-us, adj. filling the
place of another : performed or suffered
in place of or for the sake of another. —
adv. Vica'riouslt. [See Vicar.]
VICE, vis, n. an iron or wooden screw-
press, fixed to the edge of a workboard.
for holding anything tightly while being
filed, etc. [Fr. vis (It. vite, screw) — L.
vitis. tendril of a vine, anything of a like
spiral form.]
VICE, vis, n. a blemish or fault : immoral
conduct : depravity of manners : a bad
trick or habit in a horse. [Fr. — L. vit-
ittm, a blemish or defect.]
VICE-ADMIRAL, vis-ad'mir-al, n. one act-
ing in the place of or second in command
to an admiral : in England, a civil offi-
cer who exercises Admiralty jurisdiction.
[L. vice, in the place of — vicis, change,
and Admiral.]
VICE-ADMIRALTY, vis-ad'mir-al-ti, n.
the office of a vice-adniiral.
VICE-CHANCELLOR, vis-chan'sel-or, n.
one acting for a chancellor. [L. vice, and
Chancellor.]
VICEGERENCY, vis-je'ren-si, n. the office
or deputed power of a vicegerent.
VICEGERENT, vTs-Ce'rent, adj.. acting in
place of another, having delegated au-
thoritj'. — n. one acting in place of a su-
perior. [L. vice, in the place of, and
gerens, -entis, pr.p. of grero, to act.]
VICEREGAL, vis-re'gal, adj. pertaining
to a viceroy or viceroyalty.
VICEROY, vTs'roy, n. one representing the
royal authority in a dependency, as in
British India : one acting instead of the
monarch, as the present Viceroy of
China, Li Hung Chang. [Fr. vice-roi—
L. ince. in tlie place of, and rcr, king.]
VICEROYALTY, vis-roy'al-ti, VICEROY-
SHIP, vis'roy-ship, n. the office or juris-
diction of a viceroy.
VICINAGE, vis'in-aj, n., neighborhood: the
places near, [O. Fr. veisinage — veisin —
L. vicinus. neighboring — tncus, a row of
houses, Gr. oikos. a dwelling.]
VICINITY, vi-sin'i-ti, n., neighborhood:
nearness: that which is near, [L. vicini-
tas — vicinus.]
VICIOUS, vish'us, adj. having a vice or de-
fect : corrupt in principles or conduct :
depraved : impure, as language or air :
given to bad tricks, as a horse. — adv.
Vi'ciousLY.— ?i. Vi'ciousNESS. [See Vice,
a blemish.]
VICISSITUDE, vi-sis'i-tud, n., change from
one thing to another : change : revolu-
tion. [L. vicissitndn — ricis, change,
turn.]
VICTIM, vik'tim, «. a living being offered
as a sacrifice : some thing or person de-
stroyed in the pursuit of an object: a
person suffering injurj-. [L. inctima,
prob. from root of vigeo, with a super-
lative ending.]
VICTIMIZE, vik'tiin-Iz, v.t. to make a vic-
tim of : to cheat.
VICTOR, vik'tor, n. one who conquers on
any particular occasion : one who defeats
in "battle: a winner:— /e)n. Vic'tress.
[L. — innco, victiim, to conquer.]
VICTORIOUS, vik-to'ri-us, adj. relating
to victory : superior in contest : having
overcome an enemy : producing or indi-
cating victory.— adr. Victo'riously.
VICTORY, vik'tor-i, n. a conquering : suc-
cess in any contest : a battle gained.
[L. victoria — inctor.]
VICTUAL. vit'l, v.t. to supply with victuals
or food: to store with provisions : — pr.p.
Victualling (vit'1-ing); pa.t. and pa.p.
Victualled (vit'ld). — n. Victualler
(vit'l-er).
VICTUALS, vit'lz (in B. Victual, vit'l),
n. that which is necessary for lix'ing :
food for human beings : meat. [Low L.
victualia—h. victualis, relating to living
^vivo, i-ictum, to live.T
VIDETTE. Same as Vedette.
VIDIMUS, vid'i-mus, n. an inspection, aa
of accounts, etc. [L. "we have seen"
— video, to see.]
VIE, \\, v.i. to strive for superiority:—
pr.p. vy'ing; pa.t. and pa.p. vied. [Prob.
corr. of Enty.]
VIEW, vu, n. a seeing: sight: reach of the
sight : whole extent seen : that which is
seen: direction in which a thing is seen'
the picture of a scene: a sketch: mental
siu-vey: mode of looking at or receiving:
opinion: intention. — v.t. to see: to look
at attentively: to examine intellectually.
— n. View'eb. [Fr. vue — vu, pa.p. of
voir — L. videre, to see. See Vision.]
VIEWLESS, vu'les, adj. not to be viewed :
invisible.
VIGIL, vij'il, n., icatehing: keeping awake
for religious exercises: the eve before a
feast or fast day, orig. kept by watching
through the night. [L. vigilia — vigil,
awake, watchful — vigeo, to be lively.]
VIGILANCE, vij'il-ans, n., wakefulness:
watchfulness : circumspection.
VIGILANT, vij'il-ant, adj. watchful : on
the lookout for danger : circumspect.—
adv. VlG'lLAUTLY. [Lit. "keeping awake,"
L. vigilans, -antis, pr.p. of vigilo, to keep
awake — vigil.]
VIGNETTE, vi-net', n. any small orna-
mental engraving not inclosed by a defi-
nite border: (orig.) an ornamental flourish
of vine leaves and tendrils on manu-
scripts and books. [Fr. — vigne — L.
vinea, a vine. See Vine.]
VIGOR, vig'ur, n. active strength: physical
force: vital strength in animals or plants:
strength of mind: energy, [h. vigor--
vigeo. to be strong.]
VIGOROUS, vig'ur-us, adj. strong either
in mind or body.--adD. ViG'OROUSLY.— )».
Vig'orousness.
VIKING, vi'king, n. one of the Scandi-
navian pirates who in the 9th and 10th
centuries ravaged the coasts of Western
Europe. [Ice. vikingr (lit.) " a creeker"
— vie, a creek or bay.]
VILAYET, vil'a-yet, n. the name given to
the great provinces into which the Otto-
man empire is divided. [See Eyalet.]
VILE, vll, adj. worthless : mean : morally
impure: wicked: (orig.) "cheap,"' so in
B.—adv. ViLE'LY. — n. Vile'ness. [Fr.—
L. i-ilis.]
VILIFICATION vil-i-fi-ka'shun, n. act of
vilifying.
VILIFY, vil'i-fi, v.t. to make vile : to at-
tempt to degrade by slander : to defame:
— pa.i. and pa.p. vil'ifled. — n. Vilifi'er.
[L. vilis, facio, to make.]
VILLA, vil'a, n. a country residence or
seat: a suburban mansion. [L. villa (for
incula), a country-house, a farm, dim. of
vicus, a street, a village, Gr. oikos, E.
-ivick (as in Bencick).]
VILLAGE, vil'aj, n. any small assemblage
of houses, less than a town : (ong.) a
number of houses inhabited by persons
near the residence of a proprietor or
farmer. [It. villaggio — L. villa.]
VILLAGER, vil'aj-er, n. an inhabitant of a
village.
VILLAIN, vil'an or vil'in, n. a wicked
wretch : a man extremely degraded : a
deliberate scoundrel. [Orig. " a serf at-
tached to a villa or farm," O. Fr. villain
— Low L. villa)iits — L. inlla.]
VILLAINOUS, vil'an-us, adj. like or suited
to a villain : depraved : proceeding from
extreme depravity : sorry. — adv. Vill'-
ainously.
VILLAINY, vil'an-i, n. the act of a villain:
extreme depravity : an atrocious crime.
^'ILLEIN
4:0
VITALITY
VILLEIN, another spelling' of Villain
(onlv in its original meaning).
A/TNAIGRETTE, vin-a-gref, n. a small box
of silver or gold for holding aromatic
vinegar, used as a smelling-bottle. [Fr.
— vinaigre. See Vinegae.T
VINCIBILITY, vin-si-bil'i-ti', n. the state
or quality of being vincible.
VINCIBLE, vin'si-bT, adj. that maj' be con-
quered. [L. vincibilis — vinco, to con-
quer.]
VINCULUM, \ing'ku-lum, n. a hand : a
bond : {math.) a hori?ontal line placed
over several quantities to sho\v that they
are to be treated as one. [L. — vincio, to
bind.]
VINDICABLE. vin'di-ka-bl, adj. that may
be vindicated or defended.
VINDICATE, vin'di-kat, v.t. to lay claim
to : to defend : to maintain by force. — n.
Vdj'dicator. [Lit. " to assert author-
ity," L. vindico, -atum — i^is, lim, power,
influence, dico, to say, assert.]
VINDICATION, vin-di-ka'shun, n. act of
vindicating: defence: justification: sup-
port.
VINDICATIVE, vin'di-kat-iv, adj., vindi-
cating : tending to vindicate.
VINDICATORY, vin'di-ka-tor-i, adj. tend-
ina: to vindicate : inflicting punishment.
VINDICTIVE, vin-dik'tiv, adj. revengeful.
— adv. Vindic'tively. — n. Vindic tive-
NESS.
VINE, ^^n, n. the plant from which u-ine
is made : the woody climbing |)laut that
produces grapes : \hort.) a climbing or
trailing plant, or its stem. [O. Fr. — L.
vinea. a vine — vinum, Gr. omjos, wine.
See Wine.]
VINE-DRESSER, vin'-dres'er, n. one who
dresses or trims, and cultivates vines.
VINEGAR, vin'e-gar, n. an acid liquor got
from fermented and vinous liquors. [Lit.
"sour wine," Fr. vinaigre — vin ( — L.
vinum, wine), and aigre—h. acer, sour.]
VINERY, vin'er-i, n. a hothouse for rear-
ing vines.
VINEYARD, vin'yard, n. a yard or inclos-
ure for rearing grape-vines: a plantation
of grape-vines.
VINOUS, vT'nus, adj. pertaining to or hav-
ing the qualities of wine. [L. vinosus —
vdiium.]
VINTAGE, vint'aj, n. the gathering of
grapes : the yearly produce of grapes :
the time of grape-gathering. [Fr. vend-
ange — L. vinaemia — vinum, wine, grapes,
and demo, to remove — de, out of or away,
and emo, to take.]
VINTNER, vint'ner, n. a ^-ine-seller. [O.
Fr. iHnetiei — L. vinitor, a vine-dresser 7]
VIOL, vl'ol, n. an old musical instrument
like the violin, having from three to six
strings. [Fr. viole-~lt. viola— Low L.
vidula, from L. vitulari, to skip like a
calf, to make merry — vitula, a calf. Fid-
dle is from the same root.]
VIOLABLE, ^^'o-la-bl. adj. that may be
violated, injured, or broken.
VIOLATE, vl'o-lat, v.t. to injure : to abuse:
to ravish: to profane : to break forcibly:
to transgress. — n. Vi'OLATOR. [L. violo,
-atum — vis, Gr. is. strength, force.]
VIOLATION, vl-o-la'shun, n. the act of
violating or injuring : infringement :
non-obsei-vance : profanation : rape.
VIOLENCE, vl'o-lens, «. the state or qual-
ity of being violent : force, physical or
moral : unjust force : outrage : "profana-
tion : injurv : rape.
VIOLENT, vfo-lent, adj. acting with phys-
ical force or strength : moved by strong
feeling : passionate : vehement : out-
rageous : produced by force : unnatural.
—adv. Vi'oLENTLT. '[Fr.— L. i-iolentus-
vis. force. Cf. Violate.]
VIOLET, vJ'o-let, n. a plant of many spe-
cies, with a flower generally of some
shade of blue : the color of tfie violet, a
bluish or light purple. — adj. of the color
of the violet, bluish or light purple. [Fr.
violetfe, dim. of O. Fr. viole—h. viola,
Gr. ion.]
VIOLIN, \To-lin, n. a musical instrument
of four strings played with a bow : a
fiddle. [Fr. violon — It. violone — viola,
(see Viol).]
VIOLIST, ^^'ol-ist. ^^OLINIST, vl'o-Un-ist,
■ti. a player on the viol, or on the violin.
^^OLONCELLIST, ve-o-lon-sel'ist or-chel'-
ist, n. a player on the violoncello.
VIOLONCELLO, ve-o-lon-sel'o or -chel'o,
n. a large stringed musical instrument,
between the violin and the double-bass,
held between the knees in playing •.—j}L
ViOLONCELL'os. [It., dim. of violone, a
bass violin (see Violin).]
VIPER, vl'per, n. a poisonous reptile of the
order of snakes, once believed to be the
only serpent that brought forth living
young : any base, malicious person. [L.
vipera (contr. of vivipera) — vivus, li%'ing,
SMApario, to bring forth.]
VIPEROUS, \i'per-us, adj. having the
qualities of a viper : venomous : malig-
nant. [L. vipereus.']
VIRAGO, vi-ra'go, n. a man-like woman :
a bold, impudent woman : a termagant.
[L. — Virgo (see VmGIN).]
VIRGIN, ver'jin, n. a maiden : a woman
who has had no sexual intercourse with
man : {B.) a person of either sex who has
not known sexual intercourse : (astr.)
Virgo, one of the signs of the zodiac—
adj. becoming a maiden : maidenly : pure:
chaste: undefiled : fresh. [O. 'Fr.— L.
Virgo, virginis, from a root varg, seen in
Sans, urg, strength, Gr. orgad, to swell.]
VIRGINAL, ver'jin-al, n. an old keyed mu-
sical instrument, prob. so called from
being used to accompany hymns to the
Virgin. ' [virgin.
■VIRGINITY, ver-jin'i-ti, n. the state of a
VIRGO, ver'go, n. the Virgin, in the zodiac.
VIRIDITY, vi-rid'i-ti, n., verdure: green-
ness. [L. viriditas — viridis, green — vireo,
to be green. See Verdant.]
VIRILE, xdr'il or -II, adj. of or belonging to
a man or to the male sex : ma,scuUne :
manly. [L. virilis — vir, a man. See
VirtiteJ
VIRILITY, vir-il'i-ti, n. the state or qualitv
of being a man : the power of a full-
gi-own male : the power of procreation :
manhood. [L. virilitas.]
VIRTU, ver'too or -tu, n. a love of the fine
arts : taste for curiosities : objects of art
or antiquity. [It. Doublet Vietce.]
VIRTUAL, ver'tu-al. adj. ha\-ing virtue or
eflicacy : ha\'ing the eflScacy without the
material part : in efi'ect though not in
fact. — adv. Vir'ttallt.
"VIRTUE, ver'tu, n. excellence : worth :
moral excellence : the practice of duty :
a moral excellence : female chastit'y :
purity: strength (so in B.): force: power:
efficacy. [O. Fr.— L. virtus, (lit.) •' what
is excellent in 7tian," maiiliness, bravery,
moral excellence^fiV, a man. conn, with
Gr. herds. Sans, vira, a hero. See
World.]
VIRTUOSO, ver-too-6'zo or -tu-o'so. n. one
skilled in the fine arts, in antiquities,
curiosities, and the like •.—2)1. Virtuo'si.
[See ViRTC]
VIRTUOUS, ver'tu-us, adj. having virtue
or moral goodness: blameless : righteous:
practicing duty : being according to the
moral law : chaste (of a woman). — adv.
ViR'TCOUSLY.
VIRULENT, vir'u-lent. adj. full of poison :
very active in injury : bitter in enmity :
maUgnant. — adv. Vi'e'ulektly.— n. Vie'-
ULEXCE. [From Virus.]
VIRUS, vlr'us, n. a slimy liquid: contagious
or poisonous matter (as of ulcers, etc.) :
the poison which causes infection : any
foul, hurtful matter. [L., cog. with Gr.
ios. Sans, visham, poison.]
VISAGE, viz'aj, n. the face or look.— ac?/.
Vis' aged. [Fr., thi-ough an assumed
form visaticum, from L. visits, seen —
video, to see.]
VISCERA, vis'er-a, iKpl. the inner parts o:
the animal body: the entrails. [L. viseus,
pi. vLscera.]
"VISCERAL, vis'er-al, at^". pertaining to
the viscera.
VISCID, vis'id, adj. having the qualities of
birdlime: sticky: tenacious. — n. Viscid'-
ity. [L. viscidus — viseus, Gr. ixos, the
mistletoe, birdlime made from mistle-
toe berries.!
VISCOUNT, vl'kownt, n. an officer in En-
gland who formerly supplied the place of
the count or earb a title of nobility next
below an earl: — feni. Vls'COOs'TESS. [O.
Fr. viscomte (Fr. vicomte) — Low L. vice-
comes, from L. vice, in place of, and
comes, a companion. See Count.]
VISCOUS, vis'kus, adj. having the qual-
ities of birdlime : sticky : tenacious. — n.
Viscos'iTY. [L. risco.ws. See Viscid.]
VISIBILITY, viz-i-bil'i-ti, 71. state or qual-
ity of being visible, or perceivable by the
eye.
"VISIBLE, viz'i-bl, adj. that may be seen :
obvious. — adv. Vls'lBLY. — n. Vls'lBLE-
NEss. [See Vision.]
"VISION, vizh'uu, n. the act or sense of
seeing: sight: anything seen : anything
imagined to be seen: a divine revelation:
an apparition: anything imaginary. [Fr.
— L. visio, visionis — video, visu7n, to see
— root vid, as in Gr. eido, Sans, ind, to
see. Cf. Wit.]
VISIONARY, vizh'un-ar-i, adj. afi^ected by
vis-ions: existing in imagination only: not
real. — n. one who forms impracticable
schemes.
"VISIT, yiz'it, v.t. to go to see or inspect: to
attend : to call on : {B.) to reward or
punish. — v.i. to be in the habit of seeing
or meeting each other : to keep up ac-
quaintance.— n. act of I'isifing or going
to see. [Fr. visiter — L. visito, freq. of
i^iso, to go to see, visit — video, to see.]
"VISITANT, yiz'i-tant, n. one who visits :
one who is a guest in the house of an-
other.
"VISITATION, \-iz-i-ta'shun, n. act of visit-
ing : examination bj- authority : retri-
bution.
"VISITOR, viz'it-ur, n. one who visits : one
who inspects or examines.
VISITORIAL, vis-it-o'ri-al, adj. belonging
to a judicial visitor, or one who inspects
or examines.
VISOR, viz'm', n. a part of a helmet cover-
ing the face, movable, and perforated to
see through : a mask. [Fr. visiire — L.
vidcoJ
VISORED, viz'urd, adj. wearing a vizor :
masked.
"VISTA, vis'ta, n. a view or prospect
through or as tlirough an avenue : the
trees, etc., that form the avenue. [It.,
vista, sight, view — L. video, to see.] >
VISUAL, yizh'u-al, adj. belonging to ti"«!"o(i
or siglit : used iu sight : used for seeing.
— adv. ViS'UALLY.
"VITAL. \-T'tal, adj. belonging or contribut-
ing to life : containing or necessar}- to
life : important as life : essential. — adv.
Vl'TALLY. [L. vitalis — vita, life ; conn,
with Gr. bios, life, and E. Quick (which
see).]
VITALITY, vi-tal'i-ti. n. quality of being
vital : principle or power of life. fL. I'i-
talitas.]
VITALIZE
471
VOTARY
VITALIZE, vl'tal-Iz, v.t. to make vital or
alive : co give life to or furnish with the
vital principle.
VITALS, ^^'talz, 7i.pl. parts essential to Zi/e.
VITIATE, vish'i-at, v.t. to render fauIt3-or
detective: to make less pure: to deprave:
to taint. — 11. Vitia'tion. [L. vitio, -atum
— ZHtium (see Vice, a blemish).]
VITREOUS, vit'ri-us, adj.. gla-ssi/ : pertain-
ing to, consisting' of, or like glass. [L.
t'itrum. glass.]
VITRESCENT, vi-tres'eut. adj. that may
be formed into glass : tending' to become
glass. — n. Viteesc'ence. [Coined from
L. ritrmn, g-lass.]
VITELFACTION, vit-ri-fak'shun. n. act,
process, or operation of vitrifying, or
converting into glass.
VITRIFIABLE, vit'ri-fi-a-bl, adj. that may
be ritrijied or turned into glass.
VITRIFY, vit'ri-fl, v.t. to make into glass.
— v.i. to become glass : — -jja.f. and pa.p.
vit'rified. [L. vitriim, glass, and facio,
to make.]
VITRIOL, vit'ri-ol, n. the popular name of
sulphuric acid : a soluble sulphate of a
metal, g^'ceu ■yi/rwZ = sulpliate of iron,
blue vitriol = sulphate of copper, ivhite
vitriol = sulphate of zinc. pTr. — It. vit-
riuolo — L. vitrum. glass ; prob. so called
from its glassy appearance.]
VITRIOLIC, vit-ri-ol'ik, adj. pertaining to
or having the quahties of vitriol.
VITUPERATE, vl-tu'per-at, v.t. to find
fault with : to censure. [L. vitupero,
-atum — vitium, a fault, and paro, to set
out.]
VITUPERATION, vi-tu-per-a'shun, n. act
of ntuperaiing : blame : censure: abuse.
[L. ritiiperdtio.]
VITUPERATIVE, vi-tu'per-a-tiv, adj. con-
taining vituperation or censure. — adv.
VlTU'PERATI^'ELT.
VT^^ACIOUS, 1-i-va'shus, adj., lively or
long-lived: active: sportive. — adv. Viva'-
ciousLY. — 11. Viva'ciousness. [L. vivax,
vivaeis — vivo, to live.]
VIVACITY, vj-vas'i-ti, ii. quality of being
vivaeious: life: animation: liveliness or
sprightliness of temper or beha\'ior. [L.
yivacitas.']
VIVID, vivid, adj., lively or life-like: hav-
ing the appearance of life : forming brill-
iant images in the mind: striking. — adv.
Viv'iDLT. — n. Vrv'iDNESS. [L. vividus —
vivo, to live.]
VIVIFY, viv'i-fl, v.t. to make vivid or
alive: to indue with life: — pa.t. and
pa.p. viVifled. [L. vivus, aXive, facio, to
make.]
VIVIPAROUS, VI- vip'a-rus, adj., iiroducing
young alive. [L., from vivus, alive, and
pario, to produce.]
VmSECTION, viv-i-sek'shun, n. the prac-
tice of operating by cutting or otherwise
on living animals, for the purpose of re-
search or demonstration. [L. vivus, alive,
sectio — seco, to cut.]
VIXEN, vik'sen, n. a she-fox : an ill-tem-
pered woman. [Fern, of vox, the south-
ern E. form of /o.l'.]
VIZARD, viz'ard, n. same as VlsOR.
VIZIER, viz'yer, n. an oriental minister
or councillor of state. [Lit. " a burden-
bearer," Ar. vKzir, wazir, a porter —
ivazara, to bear a burden.]
VOCABLE, v6'ka-bl, u. that which is
sounded with the voice : a word : a name.
[L. vooabtdiim — r'oco, to call.]
VOCABULARY, vo-kab'u-lar-i. n. a list of
vocables or words explained in alphabet-
ical order : a dictionary : any list of
words. [Low L. vocahularium.]
VOCAL, vo'kal, adj. having a voice : ut-
tered or changed by the voice. — adv.
Vo'CALLY. [L. voc'alis — vo,v, voeis, a
voice, akin to voeo, to call. Sans, vach,
to speak.]
VOCALIST, vo'kal-ist, n. a vocal musician,
a singer.
VOCALIZATION, v6-kal-i-za'shun, n. act
of vocalizing.
VOCALIZE. vo'kal-Iz, v.t. to make vocal:
to form into voice.
VOCATION, vo-ka'shun, n. call or act of
caWinj/.- calling : occupation. [L. vocatio
— I'oeo. See Vocal.]
VOCATIVE, vok'a-tiv, adj. used in calling.
— n. the case of a word when the person
or thing is addressed. [L. vocativics —
voco. See VoCAL.]
VOCIFERATE, vo-sif'er-at, v.i. to cry with
a loud voice. — v.t. to utter with a loud
voice. [L. — vox, vocis, voice, and fero,
to carry.]
VOCIFERATION, vo-sif-er-a'shun, n. act
of vociferating: a violent or loud outcry.
iL. vociferatio.]
CIFEROUS, vo-sif'er-us, adj. making a
loud outcry: noisy. — adv. Vocif'erously.
VOGUE, vog, n. mode or fashion at any
particular time: practice: popular recep-
tion. [Lit. '■ way, course," Fr. vogue,
course of a ship — voguer, to row, from
Ger. wogen, to move, expressing the
movement of a vessel on the water.]
VOICE, vols, /;., sound from the mouth :
sound given out bj' anything : utterance
or mode of utterance: language : expres-
sion : expressed opinion : vote : {gram.)
mode of inflecting verbs, as being active
or passive. — v.t. to fit for sounding : to
regulate the tone of. [O. Fr. (Fr. voix)
— L. vox, i-ocis.1
VOICELESS, vois'les, adj. having no voice
or vote.
VOID, void. adj. unoccupied: empty (so in
B.) : having no binding force : wanting :
unsubstantial. — «. an empty space. — v.t.
to make vacant: to quit: to send out; to
render of no effect. [O. Fr. void — L. vid-
uus. bei'eft — root vid, to separate : alUed
to E. Widow.]
VOIDABLE, void'a-bl, acy. that may be
voided or evacuated.
VOIDANCE, void'ans, n. act of voiding or
emptying : state of being void : ejection.
VOLANT, vo'laut, adj., flying : nimble. [L.
volans, -antis. pr.p. of volo. to flv.]
VOLATILE, vol'a-til. adj. apt to waste
away or fly off by evaporation : flighty :
apt to change. [Fr. — L. volatilis, flying
— volo. to flv.]
VOLATILEN'ESS. vol'a-til-nes. VOLATIL-
ITY, vol-a-til'i-ti, n. quality of heing vol-
atile: disposition to evaporate: sprightli-
ness : fickleness.
VOLATILIZATION, vol-a-til-i-za'shun. n.
act or process of making volatile or evap-
orating.
VOLATILIZE, vol'a-til-Iz, v.t. to make
volatile : to cause to evaporate.
VOLCANIC, vol-kan'ik, adj. pertaining to,
produced, or affected by a volcano.
VOLCANO, vol-ka'no. n. a mountain from
which smoke, flame, lava, etc. are thrown.
[It. volcano — L. Volcanus ovVulcaniis, the
god of fire.]
VOLITION, vo-lish'un. n. act of tvilling or
choosing : the exercise of the will : the
power of determining. [Low L. volitio
— L. volo, to will, be willing.]
VOLLEY, vol'i, n. a fliglit of shot : the
discharge of many small-arms at once :
an outburst of many at once:^)l. VOLL'-
EYS. — v.t. to discharge in a volley. [Fr.
rolee. a flight — voter — L. volo, to fly.]
VOLT, volt. n. a turn or bound : a sudden
movement or leap to avoid a thrust : a
gait of two treads made by a horse going
sideways round a centre. [Fr. volte —
It. volfa — L. volvo, volutum, to turn.]
VOLTAIC, vol-ta'ik, adj. pertaining to or
originated by Volta, an Italian : pertain-
ing- to Voltaism.
VOLTAISM. vol'ta-izm, n. same as Gal-
VAXISJI.
VOLUBILITY, vol-u-bil'i-ti, n. state or
quality of being voluble : fluency of
speech.
VOLUBLE, vol'u-bl, adj. easy to roll or
move : flowing smoothly : fluent in
speech.— ndi'. Vol'ubly. [L. vohibilia—
Volvo, volutum, to roll.]
VOLUME, vol'um, n. a book : space occu-
pied : dimensions : fullness of voice. [Lit.
■• a roll " or scroll (so in B.), Fr. — L. vol-
iimen. a roll — volvo, volutum, to roll.]
VOLUMED, vol'fimd. adj. having tiie form
of a volume or roll : of volume or bulk.
VOLUMINOUS, vo-lu'mi-nus, adj. consist-
ing of many imhnnes or books, or of many
coils: having written much, as an author.
— adv. VoLU'mNOUSLY.— Ji. Volu'minous-
NESS.
VOLI'NTARY, vol'un-tar-i, adj., willing :
acting bj' choice : free : proceeding from
the will : subject to the will : don3 by de-
sign or without compulsion. — n. onevvho
does anything of his own free will : a
piece of nuisic played at will. — adv. Vol'-
UNTARILY". — n. VoL'CNTAEINESS. [L. vol-
^lutarius — i-oluntas,choice — volo, to will.]
VOLUNTARYISM, vol'un-tar-i-izm, n. the
system of maintaining the church by vol-
nntary offerings, instead of by the aid of
the state.
VOLUNTEER, vo!-un-ter', n. one who
enters any service, esp. militarj-, volun-
tarily or of his own free choice. — adj. en-
tering into service voluntarily. — v.t. to
offer voluntarily. — v.i. to enter into any
.service of one's own free will or without
being asked. '
VOLUPTUARY, vo-lupt'Q-ar-i, n. a volupt-'
uous person or one excessively given to
bodily enjoyments or luxury : a sensual-
ist. [L. i-ohq)tuarius—volupias, pleasure.]
VOLUPTUOUS, vo-lupt'u-us, adj. full of
pleasure : given to excess of pleasure,
esp. sensual. — adv. Volupt'uously. — n.
VoLUPT'rorsxEss. [L. voluptuosus — vol-
uptas, pleasure, conn, with r'ofiy^.agree-
ably, also with Gr. elp-uniai, to hoi)e. and
peril. L. volo, to wish.]
VOLUTE, vo-lflt', n. a kind of rolled or
spiral scroll used in Greek capitals. [Fr.
— L. volvo, volutum, to roll.]
VOLUTED, vo-lut'ed, adj. having a volute.
VOMER, vomer, n. the thin flat bone
separating the nostrils. [L.]
VOMIT, vom'it, v.i. to throw up the con-
tents of the .stomach by the mouth. —
v.t. to throw out with violence. — n. mat-
ter ejected from the stomach: something
that excites vomiting. [L. vonio. -itvm,
to throw up, Gr. emco. See Emetic]
VOMITORY, vom'i-tor-i, adj. causing to
vomit. — n. a vomit or emetic : a door of
a large building by which the crowd is
let out. [L. r-6miiorius.]
VORACIOUS, vo-ra'shus, adj. eager to de-
vour : greedy : verj- hungry. — adv. Vo-
ea'ciously. [L. vorax, voracis — voro,
to devour.]
VORACITY, vo-ras'i-ti, n. quality of being'
I'Ornrious.
VORTEX, vcr'teks, n. a ivhirling motion
of a fluid forming a cavity in the centre:
a whirlpool : a whirlwind •.—pi. VoB'-
TICES. [L. vortex, vertex — vorto, verto,
to turn. Doublet Vertex.]
VORTICAL, vor'tik-al. adj., whirling.
VOTARY, vo'tar-i, adj. bound or conse-
crated by a vou\ — n. one devoted as by a
vow to some service, worship, or way of
life:— /ewi. Vo'taress. [Low L. votariua
— L. voveo,votum, to vow.]
VOTE
472
WAGE
VOTE, v6t, «. expression of a wish or opin-
ion, as to a matter in which one has
interest : that by which a choice is ex-
pressed, as a ballot : decision by a ma-
jority.— v.i. to express the choice by a
vote. — v.t. to choose by a vote. — n.
Vot'er. [L. votum, a wish — voveo, vo-
tum. to vow.]
VOTIVE, vot'iv, adj. given by vou': vowed.
— adv. VoT'lVELY. [L. votivus — votum, a
vow.]
VOUCH, vowch, v.t. to call upon to wit-
ness : to maintain bj' repeated affirma-
tions : to warrant : to attest. — v.i. to
bear witness : to give testimony. [O.
Fr. voucher, vocher, to call to defend — L.
voco, to call.]
VOUCHER, vowch'er, n. one who voiiches
or gives witness : a paper which vouches
or confirms the truth of anything, as ac-
counts.
VOUCHSAFE, vowch-saf , v.t. to vouch or
warrant safe : to sanction or allow with-
out danger: to condescend to grant. — v.i.
to condescend.
VOW, vow, n. a solemn promise to God: a
solemn or formal promise of fidelity or
affection. — v.t. to give by solemn prom-
ise : to devote. — v.i. to make vows. [O.
Fr. vou (Fr. vceu) — L. votum — voveo, to
vow.]
VOWEL, vow'el, n. a simple vocal sound :
the letter representing such a sound. —
adj. vocal : pertaining to a vowel. [Fr.
voyelle — L. vocalis — ro.r, vocis, the voice.]
VOYAGE, voy'aj, n. passage by water. —
v.i. to make a voyage, or to pass by wa-
ter.— n. VoVager. [Fr. — L. viaticum,
travelling-money — (Fr. vote), L. via, a
way.]
VULCANITE, vul'kan-It, n. caoutchouc
iidcanized, or combined with sulphur.
VULCANIZE, vul'kan-Iz, v.t. to combine
with sulphur by heat, as caoutchouc.
[From L. Vulcdnus, Vulcan, the god of
fire.]
VULGAR, vul'gar, adj. pertaining to or
used by the common people, native : pub-
lic : common: mean or low: rude. — n.
the common people. — adv. Vul'gaely. —
Vulgar Fractions, fractions written in
the vulgar or ordinary way. [L. vulgaris
— mdgus, the people"; conn, with Sans.
varga, a group.]
VULGAEISM, ^'ul'gar-izm, n. a vidgar
phrase.
VULGARITY, vul-gar'i-ti, n. quality of
being imlgar : mean conditior of life :
rudeness of manners.
VULGARIZE, vul'gar-iz, v.t. to make md-
gar or rude.
VULGATE, vul'gat, n. an ancient Latin
version of the Scriptures, so called from
its common use in the R. Cath. Church.
[L. mdgatus, common — imlgo. to make
common — vulgus (see Vulgar).]
VULNERABLE, vul'ner-a-bl, adj. capable
of being wounded : liable to injury. — ns.
VULNERABIL'ITY, VuL'NERABLENESS. [L.
vulnerabilis — mdnero. to wound — vulnus,
vidneris, a wound, aldn to vello (cf. Vul-
ture).]
VULNERARY, vul'ner-ar-i, adj. pertain-
ing to H'OMJitfa ; useful in healing wounds.
— n. anything useful in curing wounds.
[L. rulnerarius — t^(7n«s.]
iTULPINE, vul'pin, adj. relating to or like
the fox : cunning. [L. — vulpes, a fox,
Gr. alope,v ]
VULTURE, vult'ur. n. a large rapacious
bird of prey. [L. imltur : perh. from
vello. to pluck, to tear.]
VULTURINE, vult'ur-in. ATJLTURISH,
Tult'iir-ish, adj. like the v^dttire : rapa-
cious.
w
WABBLE, wobT, v.i. to incline to the one
side and to the other alternately, as a
wheel, top, spindle, or other rotating
body when not properly balanced : to
move in the manner of a rotating disc
when its plane vibrates from side to side:
to rock : to vacillate : as, a millstone in
motion sometimes ivabbles. Moxon.
[Also u'obble. to reel or totter ; akin to
Prov. Ger. icabbeln, to shake ; freq. forms
probably allied to iveave ; Ger. loeben, to
shake, to weave.]
WABBLE, wob'l, n. a rocking unequal mo-
tion, as of a wheel unevenly hung or a
top imperfectly balanced.
WABBLY, wobii, adj. inclined to wabble :
shaky : unsteadj'. ' ' (By stilt- walking) the
knees, which at first[are weak and wabbly,
get strong." — JUayheu:
WABRON-LEAF, wa'bron-lef. WABRAN-
LEAF, wa'bran-lef, n. great plantain
{Plantago major). [Scotch. A corruption
of the English name tvaybread.^
WABSTER, wab'ster, n. a webster or
weaver. [Scotch.]
WACKE, wak'e, ii. German miners' term
for a soft, grayish kind of trap-rock.
WAD, wod, n' a mass of loose matter
thrust close together, as hay, tow, etc.:
a little mass of paper, tow, or the like to
keep the charge in a gun. — v.t. to form
into a mass : to stuff a wad into : — pr.p.
wadd'ing ; pa.t. and pa.p. wadd'ed.
[A.S. u-ced ; Fr. ouate : allied to Ger.
watte, garment, E. Weed.]
WADDING, wod'ing, n. a wad, or the ma-
terials for wads : a soft stuff, also sheets
of carded cotton for stuffing garments,
etc. [See Wad.]
WADDLE, wod'l, v.i. to take short steps
and move from side to side in walking. —
n. Wadd'ler. [Perh. an extension of
Wade ; cf. Ger. wedeln. to wag.]
WADE, wad, v.i. to walk through any sub-
stance that yields to the feet, as water :
to pass with difficulty or labor. — n. Wad'-
er. [A.S. tcadan, Ger. icaten.']
WADHOOK, wod'hook, n. a rod with a sort
of screw, to draw wads out of a gun.
WADING-BIRD, wad'ing-berd. n. a bird of
the order Grallatores : a wader.
WADMAL, wad'mal, WADMOLL, wad'-
mol, n. a very coarse cloth formerly
manufactured. Written also Wadmaal,
" Mantles of xcadmaal, a coarse cloth of
domestic manufacture." — Sir W. Scott,
[A Scandinavian word ; Ice. vad-mdl,
Sw. vadmal, Dan. vadmel. Originally
a measure of stuff, pieces of cloth being
used as a standard of value in early times.
Ice. vdd, stuff (A.S. tcoed, a garment),
and mdl, measure.]
WADNA, wad'na. Would not. [Scotch.]
WADSET, WADSETT. wod'set, n. an old
Scots law term for a mortgage, or bond
and disposition in security. [Scand.
wad, A.S. w(ed, wed, a pledge ; and verb
to set.l
WADSETTER, wod'set-er. n. in Scots late,
one who holds bj' a wadset.
WADY, wod'i, n. the dry bed of a torrent :
a river-valley. [Ar. wad'i. a ravine (pre-
served in the Sp. guad-, the first syllable
of many Spanish river-names).]
WAF, WAFF, waf, adj. worthless : low-
born : inferior: paltrj'. "Is it not an
odd thing that ilka waf carle in the
country has a son and heir, and that the
house ot EUangowan is without male
succession." — Sir W. Scott. [Scotch. A
form of waif.]
WAFER, wa'fer, n. a thin cake or leaf of
paste, generally disc-shaped : applied
specifically to (a) an article of pastry ;
a small thin sweet cake, now made of
flour, cream, white wine, and lump
sugar, and flavored with cinnamon.
"The curious work in pastry, the fine
cakes, tvafers and marchpanes." — Hol-
land : (b) a thin circular portion of un^
leavened bread, generally stamped with
the Christian monogram, the cross, or
other sacred representation or symbol,
used in the Roman Church in the cele-
bration and administration of the eu-
charist : (c) a thin disc of dried paste
used for sealing letters, fastening- docu-
ments together, and the like, usually
made of flour, mixed with water, gum,
and some non-poisonous coloring matter.
Fancy wafers are made of gelatine and
isinglass in a variety of forms. [O. Fr.
waufre. Mod. Fr. gaufre, pancake, wafer,
of Teutonic origin ; Ger. waffel, Dut.
waf el. Dan. vaffel, a thin cake, a waffle,
a wafer ; allied to Ger. irabe. a honey-
comb, from some supposed resemblance.)
WAFER, wa'fer, v.t. to seal or close with
a wafer.
WAFERER, wa'fer-er, n. a person who sold
wafers. "Waferers appear to have been
employed as go-betweens in love in-
trigues, probably from the facilities of-
fered by their going from house to house.
Sinffers with harpes, baudes, waferers.
Whiche ben the veray develes ofhceres.
To kindle and blow the fire of lecherie.
— Chaucer.
WAFER-IRONS, wa'fer-I-urnz, n.pl. a pin-
cer-shaped instrument, the legs of which
terminate in flat blades about 12 inches
long by 9 in breadth, used for making
wafers. The blades are heated in a coke
fire, the paste is then put between them,
and by pressure formed into a thin sheet
of paste, from which discs of the desired
size are cut with a punch.
WAFER-WOMAN, wa'fer-woo-man, Jt. a
woman who sold wafers. Such women
were often employed in love-affairs and
intrigues.
^Twas no set meeting
Certainly, for there was no wafer-vcoman with her
These three days, on my knowledge.— Beoii. and PI.
WAFT, waft or waft, v.t. to bear through
a fluid medium, as air or water. — v.i. to
float. — n. a floating body : a signal made
by moving something, as a flag, in the
air.— )i. Waft'er. [Sw. vefta, to fan,
waft ; prob. allied to Wave.]
WAG. wag, v.t. and v.i. to move from sid9
to side: to shake to and fro : — pr.p. wage'
ing; pa.t. and pa.p. wagged. [A.S
wagian, wegan ; conn, with weigh and
Wagon.]
WAG, wag, n. a droll, mischievous fellow:
a man full of sport and humor : a wit.
[Prob. from icagging the head in deri-
sion.]
WAGE, waj, v.t. to pledge: to engage in
as if by pledge : to carry on, esp. of war:
to venture. — n. a gage or stake : that for
which one labors: wages. Though a
plural, wages sometimes has a verb in the
singular. "The u-ages ot sin is death."
— Rom. vi. 23. " Wages, then, depend
mainlv upon the demand and supply of
labor.""— cT. S. Mill.
Thou thy worldly task hast done.
Home art gone, and ta'en thy wages.— Shaik.
In ordinary language the term u-ages is
usually restricted to the remuneration
for mechanical or muscular labor, esp.
to that which is ordinarily paid at short
intervals, as weekly or fortnightly, to
workmen. Correctly speaking, however,
what is called the fees of professional
men, as lawyers, physicians, etc., the
salaries of public functionaries, business
men, etc., the pay of military and naval
men, and the like, all are wages. On the
other hand, when an author publishes a
"WAGER
473
WALLAROO
book, or a shoemaker sells a pair of
shoes, the sums received are not wages,
though to the seller they are virtual-
ly the same thing. [O. 'Fr. irager (Fv.
gager). to pledge. A doublet of Gage.]
WAGER, waj'er. ». that which is tvaged or
pKdged : something staked on the issue
of anything : that on which bets are laid:
(lau-) an offer to make oath. — v.t. to haz-
ard on the issue of anything. — v.i. to lay
a wager. — n. Waq'erer. [O. Fr. zcaigiere
(Ft. gagcure) — Wage.]
WAGES, waj'ez, n.pl. (used as sing.) wage:
that which is paid for services. [PI. of
Wage.]
WAGKrERY. wag'er-i, n. the tricks or man-
ner of a wag : mischievous merriment :
pleasantry.
WAGGISH, wag'ish, adj. like a wag : mis-
chievous or rouguish in sport : done in
waggerj' or sport. — adv. Wagg'ishly.
— n. Wagg'ishness.
WAGGLE, wag'l, v.i. and v.t. to irag or
move from side to side. [Freq.of Wag, v.]
Wagon, wag'un, >i. a four-wheeled vehicle
for carrying heavy goods. [A.S. u-cegen.
See the by-form Wain. The ending -on
is probably due to Romance influence.]
WAGOXAGE, «ag'on-aj, n. money paid
for carriage or conveyance by wagon : a
collection of wagons. '^Wagonage prov-
ender, and two or three pieces of can-
non."— Carlyle.
WAGON -BOILER, wag'on-boil-er, n. a
kind of steam-boiler, having originally
a semi-cylindrical top, the ends and sides
vertical, and the bottom flat, thus ha\ing
the shape of a wagon covered with its
tilt. Improved forms have the sides and
bottom slightly curved inwardly.
WAGONER, wag'un-er, n. one who con-
ducts a wagon.
WAGONETTE, wag-un-et', n. a kind of
open carriage.
'W^AGTAIL, wag'tal, n. a small bird, so
named from its constantly wagging its
tail.
WAIF, waf, n. anything found astray with-
out an owner : a worthless wanderer.
[Norman Fr. tveif (O. Fr. gaif), Low L.
tvayviutn, conn, with Waive.]
WAIL, wal, v.i. to lament or sorrow aud-
ibly.— v.t. to bemoan : to grieve over. —
«. a cry of woe : loud weeping. [An
imitative word, from the A.S. interj. iv&,
w6-id (E. Woe), Goth, vai ; cf. Ir. waill.]
Wailing, wal'lng, n., tcail. — adv. Wail-
IXGLY.
Wain, wan, n. a wagon, [A,S. wa:gen,
wan: G«r. tcagen: from the root vaJi, to
carrv, L. veho. Doublet Wago.v.]
Wainscot, wan'skot, n. the panelled
boards on the walls of apartments. — v.t.
to line with, or as if with, boards or
panels. [Lit. " wall-timber or boards,"
A.S. wag, wah, a wall, and scot or schot,
which also appears in the obs. shide,
a lath— M. E. scheden, to divide (Ger.
srheiden).]
WAIST, wast, n. the smallest part of the
iiuman trunk, between the ribs and the
hips : the middle part of a ship. [From
W.^x, to grow: cf, Ger. wuehs—waclisen.}
WAISTBAND, wa.st'band, n. the band or
part of a garment which encircles the
waist.
«^AISTCOAT, wast'kot (colloq. wes'kot or
wes'kot), «, a short coat or garment with-
out sleeves, worn under the coat, extend-
ing no lower than the hips, and covering
the waist ; a vest : a similar garment
formerly worn by women. " You'd best
come like a mad woman with a band on
your iraistcoat." — Iiekker. "Waistcoat
was a part of female dress as well as
male, ... It was only when the n-aist-
coat was worn without a gown or upper |
dress that it was considered the mark of
a mad or profligate woman. Low females
of the latter class were generally so at-
tired."— I\%r€S.
WAISTCOATEER. wast-kot-er', n. one who
wears a waistcoat, esp. a low profligate
woman : a strumpet.
I knew you a icaistcoafeer in the frarden alleys.
And would come to a sailor's whistle.
— Massinger.
WAISTER, wast'er, n. {naitt.) an inexpe-
rienced or bi-oken-down seaman, such as
used to be placed in the waist of a man-
of-war to do duty not requiring much ex-
ertion or a knowledge of seamanship: a
green hand.
WAIT, wat, v.i. to stay in expectation : to
remain : to attend (with on) : to follow :
to lie in ambush. — v.t. to stay for : to
await. [O. Fr. waiter (Fr. giietter), to
watch, attend — O. Ger. wahtan. See
Wake.]
Wait, wat, n. the act of waiting for some-
thing or somebody ; as, after a long icait
we were admitted : the act of waiting in
concealment for the purpose of attacking;
ambush ;
Why sat'st thou like an enemy in ivait ? — Milton :
a kind of old night watchman ; one of a
band of musicians in the paj' of a town
corporation whose duties were at first to
pipe or sound the hours and guard the
streets, but subsequently to act merely
as town's minstrels or musicians ; " For
as the custom prevails at present there is
scarce a young man of anj' fashion in a
corporation that does not make love with
the town music ; the traits often help
him through his courtship." — Steele : at
present, one of a band of musicians who
promenade the streets during the night
and early morning about Christmas or
New-year time, performing music appro-
priate to the season : an old musical in-
strument of the hautboy or shawm kind ;
the name of the instrument may be from
the waits, who chiefly performed on it. —
To LIE IN WAIT, to fie in ambush : to be
secreted in order to fall by surprise on an
enemy : hence (Jig.), to lay snares or to
make insidious attempts, or to watch for
the purpose of ensnaring, "Behold, j'e
shall lie in trait against the city, even
behind the city,"— 5osh, viii. 4. — ^To LAY
■WAIT, to set an ambush. " Their tongue is
as an arrow shot out ; it speaketh deceit ;
one speaketh peaceably to his neighbor
with his mouth, but in heart he layeth
his tcait." — Jer. ix. 8.
Waiter, wafer, «. one yfho waits: an at-
tending servant : a salver or tray:— /em.
Watt'ress.
WAITS, wats, n.pl. itinerant musicians
who welcome in Christmas. TFrom
Wait.]
WAmE, wav, i\t. to relinquish for the
present : to give up claim to : not to
insist on a right or claim. [O. Fr. tveiver.
Cf. Wait.]
WAKE, wak, v.i. to cease from sleep: to
watch (so in B.): to be roused up, act-
ive, or vigilant. — v.t. to rouse : to re-
vive : to put in action : — pa.t. and pa. p.
waked or woke. [A.S. tvucan : Ger.
trachen, to watch ; allied to Wait,
Watch, also to tra,v, to grow, and to
L. figeo, to be lively, to thrive.]
WAKE, wak, n. act of waking : feast of
the dedication of a church, formerly
kept by watching all night : sitting up
of persons with a corpse.
WAKE, wak, n. the streak of smooth wa-
ter left in the track of a ship : hence fig.,
" in the wake of," in the train of : imme-
diately after. [From Fr. onaiche, through
the Sp.. from L. aquayinm. a water-
course— aqua, water, and ago, to lead.]
WAKEFUL, wak'fool, adj. bfiug auaket
indisposed to sleep : vigilant. — adv,
Wake'fully. — n. Wake'ftlkess.
WAKEN, wak'n, v.t. and v.i. to tvake or
awake.
WALE, wal, n. a raised streak left by &
stripe : a ridge on the surface of cloth :
a plank all along the outer timbers on i
ship's side. — v.t. to mark with wales,
[A.S. tcalu, the mark of a stripe or blow ;
Sw. teal. See Goal.]
WALE, wal, v.t. to choose : to select.
Burns. [Scotch. Also teile or tvyle, Ice.
velja, Dan. vcelge, Sw. viilja, Goth, tialjan,
Ger. tvahlen, to choose or select ; Ice. val,
Ger. tvahl, a choice ; probably from same
root as will.']
WALE, wal, n. the act of choosing : the
choice : a person or thing that is excel-
lent: the pick: the best, "The pick
and tvale." — Btirus. [Scotch.]
WALE-K:N0T, wal'not, n. {natif.) a par-
ticular sort of large knot raised upon
the end of a rope, by untwisting the
strands and inter-weaving them among
each other. It is made so that it cannot
slip, and serves for sheets, tackles, and
stoppers.
WALE-PIECE, wal'-pes, n. a horizontal
timber of a quay or jetty, bolted to the
vertical timbers or secured by anchor-
rods to the masonry to receive the im-
pact of vessels coming or lying along-
side. E. H. Knight.
WALIE, wa'li, adj. excellent : large :
ample. [Scotch.]
WALISE, wa-lez', n. a portmanteau : a
valise. Sir. TF. Scott. [Scotch.]
WALK, wawk, v.i. to move along leisurely
on foot with alternate steps : to pace : to
travel on foot : (B.) to conduct one's
self : to act or behave : to live : to b«
guided by. — i:t. to pass through or upon;
to cause to walk. [A.S. ivealcan, to roll,
turn ; cog. with Ger. walken, to fuU
cloth.]
WALK, wawk. n. act or manner of walk-
ing : gait : that in or through which one
walks : distance walked over : place for
walking : path : high pasture-ground :
conduct : course of life.
WALKING-FISH, wawk'ing-fish. n. the
name given to an acanthopterygious fish
of the genus Antennarius (A. hispidus),
from its ability to use its pectoral fins as
legs in traversing the land. These are
set in a greatly elongated wrist, and are
themselves stiff and powerful, their
pointed rays resembling claws. It is a
native of the Indian seas.
WALKING-GENTLEMAN, wawk'ing-jen-
tl-man, x.an actor who fills subordinate
parts requiring a gentlemanly appear-
ance. Dickens.
WALKING-LADY, wawk'ing-la-di, n. an
actress who fills parts analogous to those
taken bj' the walking-gentleman.
WALL, wawl, n. an erection of brick,
stone, etc., for a fence or security : the
side of a building : {fig.) defence, means
of security •.—pi. fortifications. — v.t. to
inclose with or as with a wall : to defend
with walls. [A.S. treall, trail ; Ger. uaU,
both from L. valhtm, a rampart.]
WALLACHIAN, wal-lak'yan, adj. of or
pertaining to Wallachia, its language or
inhabitants.
WALLACHIAN. wal-lak'yan, Ji, one of the
natives of Wallachia, the descendants of
Roman and other colonists: that member
of the Romance family of tongues, or
descendants of the Latin, spoken in
Roumania (Wallachia and Moldavia) and
adjoining regions.
WALLAROO, wal-la-roo', n. the native
Australian name for several species of
kangaroos.
WALL-BOX
474
WAPPATO
WALL -BOX, wawl'-boks, a device for
supporting a pluuiber-block on which a
shaft rests in passing tliroiigli a wall.
It is a rectangular cast-iron frame with
arrangements for receiving and holding
the box in position.
WALLET, wol'et, n. a bag for carrj'ing
necessaries on a journey : a knapsack :
a pocket-book. [Prob. a corr. of Fr.
mallette, dim. of inalle, a bag (see Mail,
a bag), under influence of Valise.]
*VALL^EYE, wawl'-I, u. an eye in which
the white part is very large : the popular
name for the disease of the eye called
glaucoma. — Wall'-ETED, adj. xevy light
gray in the eyes, esp. of horses. [Older
form ivhally-eyed — A.S. hwelan, to waste
awav.l
WALi^FLOWER, wawl'-flow'er, n. a plant
with fragrant yellow flmvers, found on
old walls.
WALL-FRUIT, wawl'-froot, n., fruit grow-
ing on a icall.
WALLOON, wal-loon'. n. one of the de-
scendants of the old Gallic Belgas who
occupy the Belgian provinces oi Hain-
ault, Liege, and Namur, Sovithern Bra-
bant, Western Luxembourg, and a few
villages in Rhenish Prussia: the language
of the same territory. It is a dialect or
patois of French, with a great proportion
of Gallic words preserved in it. [The
name given by the Teutons to the Celts
of Flanders and the Isle of Walcherea,
from a root wal, I'al, signifj'ing stranger.
Akin Walnut, Welsh.]
WALLOW, wol'o, v.i. to roll about, as m
mire : to live in filth or gross vice. [A.S.
walirian, Goth, valijaii. L. volvo. Cf.
Well, a spring, and Welter.]
WALLYDRAIGLE, wal'i-dra-gl, WALLY-
DRAGGLE, wal'i-di'ag-l, n. the youngest
of a family: the bird in a nest : hence,
any feeble ill-grown creature. Ramsay.
[Scotch. Perl), lit. the dregs of the tval-
let.']
WALNUT, wawl'nut, n. the common
name of trees and their fruit of the
genus Juglans, nat. order Juglandaceaj.
The best known species, the common
walnut-tree {J. regia), is a native of Per-
sia. It is a large handsome tree with
strong spreading branches. The timber
■of the walnut is of great value, is very
durable, takes a fine polish, and is a beau-
tiful furniture wood. It is also employed
for turning and fancy articles, esp. for
gun-stocks, being light and at the same
time hard and fine-g-rained. The ripe
fruit is one of the best of nuts, and foi-ms
a favorite item of dessert. They yield by
expression a bland fixed oil, which, un-
der the names of walnut-oil and nut-oil,
is much used by painters, and in the
countries in which it is jjroduced is a
common article of diet. Other notewor-
thy species are the wliite walnut, or but-
ter-nut. and the black walnut (•/. nigra)
of North America. The timber of the
latter is even more valuable than, and is
used for the same purposes as, the com-
mon walnut, but tl)e fruit is very in-
ferior. [A.S. tcealh-hiiut, a walnut, lit.
a foreign nut — wealh, foreign, and linut,
nut: so Ger. ■tcallntiss, Dut. walnoot.
See AVelsh, the original meaning of
which is simply foreign.] •
«i'^ALNUT-OIL, wawl'n'ut-oil, n. an oil ex-
pressed from the walnut, useful as a ve-
hicle in painting, or as a drving-oil.
WALPURGIS-NIGHT, val-poorg'is-nit, 7i.
the eve of 1st May. which has become
associated with some of the most popu-
lar witch superstitions of Germany,
though its connection with M'alpwgis,
Walpurga, or '\\'alb'*.rga , a female saint
of the eighth centuiy, is not satisfactori-
ly accounted for, her fesist falling prop-
erly on the 25th of February. On this
night the witches were supjjosed to ride
on broomsticks and he-g'oats to some
appointed rendezvous, such as the high-
est point of the Hartz Mountains or the
Brocken, where they held high festival
with tlieir master the devil.
WALRUS, wol'rus, ?i. a marine carnivorous
mammal, the single species constituting
a genus Ti'ichecus, as well as the familj'
Trichecidaj, and belonging, with its allies
the seals, to the Pinnigrade section of the
order Carnivora. The walrus (T. rosma-
rus), which is also known as the morse,
sea-horse, and sea-cow, is distinguished
by its round head, small mouth and eyes,
tliick hps, short neck, body thick in the
middle and tapering towai'ds the tail,
wrinkled skin with short yellowish hairs
tliinly dispersed over it. The legs are
short and loosely articulated ; the five
toes on each foot are connected bj" webs.
The upper canine teeth ai-e enormously
developed in the adults, constituting two
large pointed tusks directed downwards
and slightly outwards, projecting con-
siderably below the chin, and measuring
usuallj' 13 to 15 inches in length, some-
times even 3 feet and more. Tliere are
no external ears. The animal exceeds
the largest ox in size, attaining a length
of 30 feet. The walrus is gregarious but
shy. and very fierce \\ hen attacked. It
inhabits the shores of Spitzbergen, Hud-
son's Bay, and other places in high north-
ern latitudes, where it is hunted by
whalers for its blubber, which yields ex-
cellent oil ; for its skin, which is made
into a valuable thick and durable leather;
and for its tusks, the ivory of which,
though coarse grained, is compact, and
is employed in the arts. [Directly from
Dut. walrus, a. walrus, lit. a whale-horse
— wal (as in walvisch, whale-fish, whale),
a whale, and ro.s, a horse ; similar are
Ger. wallross, Dan. I'alros, Sw. vallross,
and its A.S. and Ice. names, hors-hwal,
lee. hross-hvalr, horse-whale.]
WALTZ, wawlts. ». a German national
dance performed by two persons with a
rapid whirling motion : the music for it.
— v.i. to dance a waltz. [Lit. the '• revolv-
ing dance," Ger. walzer — tvalzen, to roll,
conn, with Wallow and Weltee.]
WAMPUliL wom'pum, n. the North Amer-
ican Indian name for shells or beads used
as money and as tokens of treaties and
alliances between tribes.
WAN, won, adj. faint: wanting color: pale
and sickly : languid. — adv. Wan'ly. — n.
Wan' NESS. [A.S. irann, pale; perh. conn,
■with Win, which orig. meant to sufi'er,
struggle.]
WAND, wond, n. a long .slender rod : a rod
of authority, or of conjurers. [Ice. vondr,
a shoot of a tree, Dan. i^aand.]
WANDER, won'der, i-.i. to ramble with no
definite object : to go astray {lit. or jig.):
to leave home : to depart from the sub-
ject: to be delirious. — v. Wan'DERER.
[A.S. u-andriau : Ger. iravdern, allied to
Wend, and to Wind, to turn round.]
WANDERING, won'der-ing, p. and adj.
given to wander: roaming: roving:
rambling : unsettled : as, to fall into
u'andering habits. — WANDERING Jew, a
legendary character, who, according to
one version, that of Matthew Paris, dat-
ing from the thirteenth century, was a
servant of Pilate, by name Cartaphilus,
and who gave Christ a blow when he was
led out of the palace to execution. Ac-
cording to a later version he was a
cobbler named Aiiasuerus. who refused
Christ permission to sit down and rest
when, on his way to Golgotha, lie passed
his house. Both legends agree in the
sentence pronounced by Christ on the
offender, "Thoulshalt wander on the earth
till I return." A prey to remorse he has
since wandered from land to land with-
out j'et being able to find a grave. The
story has been turned to account bj
manj- poets and novelists, as Shelley
Goethe, Sue, and others.
WANDEROO, won-de-roo', )t. a catarrhine
monkey of the genus Macacus {M. silen us),
inhabiting Cej'lon and the East Indies.
The length is about 3 feet to the tip of
the tail, which is uufted, and much re-
sembles that of the lion ; the color of the
fur is deep black ; the callosities on the
hinder quarters are bright pink ; a well-
developed mass of black hair covers the
head, and a great grayish beard rolls
down the face and round the chin, giving
tlie animal a somewhat sage and vener-
able appearance.
WANE, wan, v.i. to decrease, esp. of the
moon, as opp. to wax : to decline, to fail.
— )!. decline : decrease. [A.S. u-anian ;
from root ivan, seen in Wanton.]
Want, wont, n. state of being without
anything : absence of what is needful or
desired: povertj- : scarcity : need. — v.t.
to be destitute of : to need : to feel need
of : to fall short : to wish for. — v.i. to be
deficient : to fall short. [Ice. vanta. to
be wanting; from root of Wane.]
WANTING, wont'ing, adj. absent : defi-
cient.
WANTON, won'tun, adj. moving or play-
ing loosely : roving- in sport : frisky :
wandering from rectitude : licentious :
running to excess : unresti'ained : irregu-
lar.— adv. Wan'tonxy. — n. Wan'tonness
[M. E. wantoicen, from wan, sig. want
and A.S. togen, educated, pa.p. of teon
to draw, lead ; cf. Ger. ungezogen, rude. .
WANTON, won'tun, n. a wanton or lewd
person, esp. a female : a trifler. — v.i to
ramble without restraint : to frolic ; to
plaj- lasciviously.
W A PENS HAW, \ya'pn-sha, VVAPIN-
SCHAW, wa'pin-shaw, n. in Scotland an
appearance or review of persons under
arms, made formerly at certain times in
every district. These exhibitions or
meetings were not designed for military
exercises, but only for showing that the
lieges were properly provided with arms.
The name has been revived in some quar-
ters and applied to the (leriodical gath-
erings of the volunteer corps of a more
or less wide district for review, inspec-
tion, shooting competitions, and the like.
[Lit. a iceapoH-sliow.l
WAPENTAKE, wap'n-tak, n. a name in
Yorkshire, England, for a district simi-
lar to the hundreds of southern coun-
ties, so called from the inhabitants being
formerly taught the use of arms. [A.S.
wQ^peugetcfc (lit.) " weapon-taking." See
Weapon and Take. Cf. Wapinsoh.-vw.]
WAPITI, wap'i-ti. n. a species of deer, the
Nortli American stag or elk (Cervus caii-
adensis), which more nearly resembles
the European red-deer in color, shape,
and form, than it does any other of the
ceivine race, though it is much largei
and of a stronger make. It is in fact
the most gigantic of the deer genus, fre-
quently growing to the height of our
tallest oxen. Its flesh is not much prized,
being coarse and dry, but its hide is made
into excellent leather. [Probably the
Iroquois name.]
WAPPATO, wap'a-to. n. the tubers of
Hagittaria littoralis: so called by the
Indians of Oregon, who use them as an
article of food. [Spelled also Wapatoo.]
WAR
475
WASSAIL
WAR, wawr, Ji. a state of opposition or
contest : a contest between states car-
ried on by arms : open hostility : the
profession of arms. — v.i. to make war :
to contend : to fight -.—pr.p. warring- ;
Xia.t. and pa.jj. warred. [A.S. werre, in-
fluenced by O. Fr. werre (Fr. guerre),
wliich is from O. Ger. tverra, quarrel.]
WARBLE, wawr'bl, v.i. to sing- in a quav-
ering waj', or witli variations : to chirp,
as birds do. — v.t. to sing in a vibratory
manner : to utter musically : to carol. —
n. a quavering modulation of the voice :
a song. [O. Fr. werbler, to warble, make
turns with the voice — Ger. mrbeln, to
make a turn ; akin to Whirl.]
WARBLE, wawr'bl, WARBLET, wawrb'-
let. n. in farriery, one ot those small
hard tumoi's on the backs of horses oc-
casioned by the heat of the saddle in
travelling or by the uneasiness of its
situation : also, a small tumor produced
by the larvae of the gad-fly in the backs
of horses, cattle, etc.
WARBLER, wawr'bler, n. one that ivar-
bles : a songster : a singring-bird.
WARD, wavvrd. v.t. to guard or take care
of : to keep in safety : to fend ofl'. — v.i.
to act on the defensive. — n. act of ward-
ing, watch : one whose business is to
ward or defend : state of being guarded :
means of guarding- : one who is under a
guardian : a division of a city, hospital,
etc. : that which guards a lock or liind-
ers any but the riglit key from opening
it : (B.) guard, prison. [A.S. tceardian ;
Ger. warten, to watch, to watch in order
to protect. See Guard.]
WARDEN, wawrd'en, n. one who trards or
fuards : a keeper, esp. a public officer in
tate penal institutions. — n. Ward'en-
SHIP. [O. E. wardein (Fr. gardien).']
WARDER, wawrd'er, n. one who wards or
keeps. •
WARDROBE, wawrd'rob, n. a room or
portable closet for robes or clothes: wear-
ing-apparel.
WARDROOM, wawrd'room, n. a room used
as a messroom b_v the officers of a war-
ship.
WARDSHIP, wawrd'ship, n. the office of a
ward or guardian: state of being under
a guardian.
WARE, war, n. (used generally in pi.), mer-
chandise : commodities : goods. [A.S.
ivaru ; Qer. waare, Ice. vara.]
WARE, war, adj. in B. = aware. [See
Wary.]
WARE, war, in B., pa.t. of Wear.
WAREHOUSE, war'hows, n. a house or
store for wares or goods. — v.t. to deposit
in a warehouse.
WARFARE, wawr'far, ;i. a carrying on
war : military* life : war : contest or
struggle. [War and Fare.]
WARILY, WARINESS. See under Wary.
WARLIKE, wawrllk. adj.. like, fit, or dis-
posed for war : belonging to war : sol-
dierly.
WARLOCK, wawT'lok, n. a male witch, a
wizard. [A.S. wcerJoga, a breaker of an
agreement — wcer, a compact, and leogan,
to lie, modified by Ice. vardh-lokk-r. a
magical song.]
WARM, wawrm, adj. having moderate
heat, hot : subject to heat : zealous :
easily excited : violent : enthusiastic. —
t;.t to make warm: to interest: to excite.
— v.i. to become warm or ardent. — ■adi\
Warm'ly. — ns. Warm'ness, Warm'er.
[A.S. wecirin : Ger. wnrm ; allied to O. L.
foriiDif. Gr. thermos, hot. Sans. ghan)ia,
lieat. ]
WARM, wawrm, n. warmth : heat.
The winter's hurt recovers with the vxirm •
The parched green restored Is with shade.
— Surrey.
WARM, wawrm, n. a warming: a heating:
as. let us get a good warm. Dickens.
WAR -MAN, wawr'-man, n. a warrior.
'■ The^sweet war-man is dead and rotten."
—.Shak.
WAR-MARKED, wawr'-markt, adj. bear-
ing the marks or traces of war: approved
in war : veteran.
Your anuy, which doth most consist
Of waf-mnrked iootlneli.— .Shak.
WARM-BLOODED, wawrm-blud'ed, adj.
having warm blood : applied in zool. to
mammals and birds, the blood of which
by virtue of a complete circulation of
that fluid, and its aeration through the
medium of lungs at each revolution, has
a temperature varjing from 99° or 100°
F. in man to 110° or 112° F. in birds : in
contradistinction to fishes, amphibians
and reptiles, or cold-blooded animals.
WARMTH, wawrmth, n. state ot being
warm.
WARN , wawrn, v. t. to make viaiT/ or aware:
to put on ward or guard : to give notice
of danger : to caution against : to ad-
monish. [A.S. warnian ; Ice. vama, to
warn, forbid, Ger. warnen ; allied to
Ward, Beware, Wary.]
WAJINING, wawrn'ing, n. caution against
danger, etc. : admonition : previous no-
tice.
W^iUP, w-awrp, v.t. to turn : to twist out
of shape : to turn from the right or
proper course : to pervert : to tow or
move with a line attached to buoys, etc.
— v.i. to be twisted out of a straight
direction : to bend : to swerve : to move
with a bending motion. [A.S. weorpan,
werpan ; Goth, wairpan, Ger. werfen, to
cast.]
WARP, wawrp, n. the threads stretched
out leng-thwise in a loom to be crossed
by the woof : a rope used in towing.
[A.S. wearp ; Ger. werft.]
WAR-PAINT, wawr'-pant, n. paint put on
the face and other parts of the body by
N. American Indians and other savages
on going to war, with the purpose of
making their appearance more terrible.
Longfellow.
WAR-PATH, wawr'-piith, n. the route or
path taken on going to war: a warlike
expedition or excursion — used chieflj- in
regard to the American Indians. — Oct ON
THE WAR-PATH, On a hostile or warlike
expedition : hence (colloquially) said of
one who is about to make a deliberate
attack upon an adversary or a measure.
WARPED, wawrpt, p. and adj. twisted fcy
shrinkingor seasoning: turned out of the
true direction : hence, perverted : unnat-
ural. "Such aM'aj'jjedslip of wilderness."
— Shak.
Here's another, whose imrp'd looks proclaim
Wliat store her heart is made on.—Shak.
WARRANT, wor'ant, v.t. to guarantee or
make secure : to give assurance against
harm to : to authorize : to maintain : to
assure. [O. Fr. warantir (Fr. garantir)
— O. Ger. irerev, to give bail for ; Ger. ge-
triihren, to vouch, warrant; conn, with
Ward, Wary.]
WARRANT, wor'ant, n. that which tcar-
rants or authorizes : a commission giving
authority : a writ for arresting a person:
security.
WARRANTABLE, wor'ant-a-bl, &dj. au-
thorized bv icarrant or right: justifiable.
—adv. W'arr'antably. — n. Warr'ant-
ABLEKESS.
WARRANTER, wor'ant-er.WARRANTOR,
wor'ant-or. ji. one who warrants.
WARRANTY, wor'ant-i, n. a legal warrant
or deed ot security: a guarantee: author-
ity.
WARREN, wor'en, n. in England, a piece
of ground for warding or protecting
animals, especially rabbits. [O. Fr. war-
enne (Fr. garenne) — Fr. garer, from Teut.
root of Ward, Warrakt.]
WARRIOR, wor'i-or, ji. one engaged in
wav : a soldier.
WART, wawrt. Ji. a small, hard excres-
cence on the skin : a protuberance on
trees. [A.S. wearte ; Ger. warze ; prob.
allied to L. verruca.]
WARTY, wawrt'i, adj. like a wart: over'
grown with warts.
WARY, war'i, adj. warding or guarding
against deception, etc., cautious. — adv.
War'ily.— Ji. War'iness. [M. E. toar —
A.S. ircer, cautious, conn, with Wakd,
Warn.]
WAS, woz, the past tense of the verb to
be ; as, I iras. thou wast or wert, he was ;
we, you, or they icere. Sometimes used
elliptically for fhe)-e was.
In war, u-as never lion rasred more fierce.
In peace, teas never gentle lamb more mild.
—Shak.
I was a poor groom of thy stable, king.
When tnou vxri king. — Shak.
When all were changing thou alone wert true.
—Byron.
1 turned to thee for thou wert near. —Bryant.
The forms of the subjunctive occur in such
expressions as, if I were, or icere I to go ;
if thou iveri ; icert thou ; were they, etc.
Have strew'd a scene which I should see
With double joy iveri thou with me.— Byron.
Nay, nay, God wot, so thou ^cert nobly born
Thou hast a pleasant presence. — Tennysryti.
[A.S. ic trees. I was, he icces, he was. th4
wcere, thou wert, pi. wceron, were ; inf.
tvesan. to be. The root of iras is one of
the three different roots that go to make
up the complete conjugation of the sub-
stantive verb. (See also Am and Be.)
The forms with r exhibit the common
change of s to r. seen in Ice. vesa or vera,
to be : Ger. iresen, to be, ivar, I was ; cf,
also Dan. va^-e, Sw. vara, to be. The
original meaning was to dwell, as in
Goth, visan, to dwell, to remain, to be ;
seen also in Sans, ra.5, to dwell :Gr. (v)astij,
a city. The second person singular now
is either wert or wast, neither of which
occurs in Anglo-Saxon nor perhaps be-
fore the fourteenth century. Wert seems
to be taken from the Scandina^^an=Ice.
vart. wert ; second sing. pret. trast is
formed by adding t. which is a second
person suffix, as in hast, art, shalt. In
A.S. the past subj. was — sing, woere (all
three persons), pi. wceron (all persons),
these in later times became irere imi-
formlj', but wert is now commonly used
as second pers. sing.]
WASH, wosh, r.f. to cleanse -with water :
to overflow: to waste away by the action
of water : to cover with a thin coat of
metal or jiaint. — v.i. to cleanse with wa-
ter.—Ji. a washing: the shallow part of
a river or arm of the sea: a marsh or fen:
alluvial matter : waste liquor, refuse of
food. etc. : that with which anything- is
washed : a lotion : a thin coat of paint,
metal, etc. [A.S. irascan : Ice. vaska,
Ger. icasclieu.]
WASHER, wosh'er, ji. one who washes : a
flat ring of iron or leather between the
nave of a wheel and the liuch-pin, under
the head of a screw, etc.
WASHY, wosh'i, adj. watery: damp: soft:
weak : not solid.
WASP, wosp, n. a stinging insect, like the
bee, allied to the hornet. [A.S. ivaps
(Ger. irespe) ; prob. from L. vesjm.]
WASPISH, wosp'ish. adj. like a wasp :
having a slender waist like a wasp: quick
to resent an afl'i-ont. — adv. Wasp'ishly.
— n. Wasp'tshne.';^^.
WASSAIL. WASSEL. wos'sel. n. a festive
occasion or meeting where drinking and
WASSAIL
pledging of healths are indulged in ; fes-
tivities ; a drinking bout ; a carouse ;
The king doth wake to-night and takes his rouse,
Keep wassail. — Shak.: •
the liquor used on such occasionp, espe-
cially about Christmas or the New Year.
It consists of ale (sometimes wine) sweet-
ened with sugar, and flavored with nut-
meg, cinnamon, cloves, roasted apples,
etc. ;
But let no footstep beat the floor,
Nor bowl of wassail mantle warm. — Tennyson :
a merry drinking song : " Have you done
your tvassail 9 'Tis a liandsome drowsy
Sitty, I assure you." — Bemi. & Fl. [A.S.
u-es'had,ic(es heel, be health, that is, health
be to you, an old pledge or salutation in
drinking — u-es, imper. of wesan, to be,
and heel, health.]
WASSAIL, wos'sel, v.i. to hold a merry
drinking meeting: to attend at wassails:
to tope. " Spending all the day, and a
good part of the night, in dancing, carol-
ling, and wassailing." — Sir P. Sidney.
WASSAIL, wos'sel, adj. of, pertaining to,
or connected with wassail or festivities :
convivial: as, a umssail candle, that is. a
large candle used at wassails or feasts.
Shak.
WASSAIL-BOUT, wos'sel-bout, n. a jovial
drinking-bout.
Many a tcassaU-bout wore the long winter out.
— Longfellow.
WASSAIL-BOWL, wos'sel-bol, n. a large
bowl in which wassail was mixed and
placed on the table before a festive
company. It was an old custom to go
about with such a bowl, containing the
liquor called wassail, at the time of the
New Year, etc., singing a festival song,
and drinking the health of the inhabit-
ants, and collecting money to replenish
the bowl. In some parts of England the
wassail bowl still appears at Christmas.
"When the cloth was removed the butler
brought in a huge silver vessel. . . . Its
appearance was hailed with acclamation,
being the wassail-bowl so renowned in
Christmas festivity. '" — H'. Irving.
WASSAIL -CUP, wos'sel -kup, n. a cup
from which wassail was drunk.
WASSAILER, wos'sel-er, n. one who drinks
wassail or takes part at a wassail or drink-
ing feast: hence, generally, a feaster ; a
reveller. "The rudeness and swilled in-
solence of such late wassailers.]' — Milton.
WASSERMAN, waws'ser-raan, n. a sea-
monster in the shape of a man.
The griesly Wasserman, that makes his game.
The flying sliips with swiftnes to pursew.
— Spenser.
[Lit. waterman — Ger. irasser, water, and
maw.]
WASTE, wast, adj., empty, desert: deso-
late : stripped : lying unused : unpro-
ductive.— v.t. to lay waste or make deso-
late : to destroy : to wear out gradually:
to squander : to diminish : to impair. —
v.i. to be diminished : to dwindle : to be
consumed. [A.S. weste, empty; cog. with
Ger. wiist, desert, L. i-astus, empty.]
WASTE, wast, n. act of wasting: useless
expenditure : loss : destruction : that
which is wasted or wa.ste : uncultivated
country : desert : refuse.
WASTEFUL, wast'fool, adj. full of tvaste:
destructive : lavish. — adv. Waste'ftjlly.
— n. Waste'fuujess.
WASTENESS, wast'nes,n. (B.) devastation.
WASTER, wast'er, n. one who or that
which wastes : (B.) a spendthrift : a de-
stroyer.
WASTING, wast'ing, n. (B.) devastation.
WATCH, woch, n. act of looking out :
close observation : guard : one who
watches or those who watch : a sentry :
the place where a guard is kept : time of
476
watching, esp. in a ship : a division of the
night: a pocket timepiece. The essential
parts of a watch are the dial on which
the hours, minvites, and seconds are
marked, the hands whicli move round
the dial pointing to these divisions, the
train of wheels which carry round the
hands, etc., the balance which regulates
the motion of the wheels, and the coiled
spring (the mainspring), whose elastic
force produces the motion of the whole
machinerj-, the movement being inclosed
in a protecting case usually of gold or
silver. — A repeating icatch or repeater
has in addition a small bell, gong, or
other sounding object on which the
hours, half-hours, quarters, etc., are
struck on the compression of a spring.
A chronometer watch or pocket chronom-
eter isone of the finest kinds of watches
fitted witli a compensation balance and
other devices which prevent the varia-
tions of temperature from afl'ecting the
regular movement of the watch. Watches
were invented at Niiremberg about the
beginning of the sixteenth century, and
for a long time the wearing of a watch
was considered in some degree a mark or
proof of gentility. Thus Malvolio remarks
in anticipation of his great fortune. " I
frown the while ; and perchance wind up
my watch, or play with my — some rich
jewel." — Shak. [A.S. iL'cecce ; conn, with
Waxe.]
WATCH, woch, v.i. to look with attention:
to keep guard : to look out.^ — v.t. to keep
in view : to give heed to : to have in keep-
ing : to guard.
WATCH-CASE, woch'-kas, n. a case for a
watch. In the following passage from
the second part oi Henry IV., iii. 1, some
commentators define watch-case as the
case or box of a watch (watchman) or
sentry ; others as the case or framework
of a watch or clock within which contin-
ual restless motion is kept up.
O thou dull god (sleep), why liest thou with the vile
In loathsome beds, and leavest the kingly couch
A watch-case, or a common 'larum-bell ? — Shak.
WATCHER, woch'er, n. one who watches.
WATCHFUL, woch'fool, adj. careful to
tcatch or observe : attentive : circum-
spect : cautious. — adv. Watch'fully. —
n. Watch'fulness.
WATCHMAN, woch'man, n. a man who
watches or guards, esp. the streets of a
city at night.
WATCHWORD, woch'wurd. ?;. the pass-
tcord to be given to a icatch or sentry.
WATER, waw'ter, n. the fluid which forms
the ocean, lakes, and rivers : any collec-
tion of it, as the ocean, a lake, river, etc.:
urine: lustre of a diamond. Water, when
pure, is transparent, inodorous, tasteless;
a powerful refractor of light, an imper-
fect conductor of heat and electricitj' ;
it is very slightly compressible, its abso-
lute diminution for a pressiu'e of one at-
mosphere being onlyabout 51 '3 millionths
of its bulk. Although water is colorless
in small quantities, it is blue like the at-
mosphere when viewed in mass. It as-
sumes the solid form, that of ice or snow,
at 32° F., and all lower temperatures ;
and it takes the form of vapor or steam
at 212° F. under a pressure of 29-9 ins.
of mercury, and retains that form at
all higher temperatures. Under ordinary
conditions water possesses the litiviid form
onlj' at temperatures lying between 33°
and 212°. It is. however, possible to cool
water very considerably below 32° F. and
yet maintain it in the liquid form ; the
vessel containing the water must be per-
fectly clean, and the water must be
maintained in a state of perfect rest.
WATER-CLOSET
Water may also be heated, under presS'
ure. many degrees above 212° F. with-
out passing into the state of steam. 'The
specific gravity of water is 1 at 39' '2 F.,
being the unit to which the specific
gravities of all solids and liquids are re-
ferred, as a convenient standard, on ac-
count of the facility with which it is
obtained in a pure state ; one cubic inch
of water at 62° F.. and 29-9 inches, baro-
metrical pressure, weighs 252.458 grains.
Distilled water is 815 times heavier than
atmospheric air. Water is at its great-
est density at 39°-2 F. (=4° C), and in
this respect it presents a singular excep-
tion to the general law of expansion by
heat. If water at 39°-2 F. be cooled, it
expands as it cools till reduced to 32°,
when it solidifies ; and if water at 39°'2
F. be heated, it expands as the tempera-
ture increases in accordance with the
general law. In a chemical point of
view water exhibits in itself neither acid
nor basic properties ; but it combines
witli both acids and bases forming hy-
drates : it also combines with neutral
salts. Water also enters, as a liquid,
into a peculiar kind of combination with
the greater number of all known sub-
stances. Of all liquids water is the most
powerful and general solvent, and on
this important property its use depends.
Without water not only the operations
of the chemist but the processes of ani-
mal and vegetable life would come to a
stand. In consequence of the great sol-
vent power of water it is never found
pure in nature. Even in rain-water,
which is the purest, there are alviays
traces of carbonic acid, ammonia, and
sea-salt. Where the rain water has fil-
tered through rocks and soils, and reap-
pears as spring or river-water, it is al-
waj's more or less charged -with salts
derived from the earth, such as sea-salt,
gypsum and chalk. When the propor-
tion of these is small the water is called
soft, when larger it is called hard water.
The former dissolves soap better, and is
therefore preferred for washing; the lat-
ter is often pleasanter to drink. The
only way to obtain perfectly pure water
is to distil it. Distilled water is pre-
served in clean well stopped bottles, and
used in chemical operations. Water is
reposited in the earth in inexhaustible
quantities, where it is preserved fresh
and cool, and from which it issues in
springs, which form streams and rivers.
But the great reservoirs of water on the
globe are the ocean, seas, and lakes,
which cover more than three-fifths of
its surface, and from which it is laised
by evaporation, and, uniting with the air
in tlie state of vapor, is wafted over the
earth ready to be precipitated in the
form of rain, snow, or hail. Water is a
compound substance, consisting of hy-
drogen and oxygen, in the proportion of
2 volumes of the former gas to 1 vol-
ume of the latter ; or by weight it is
composed of 2 parts of hydrogen united
with 16 parts of oxygen. — v.t. to wet
overflow, or supply with water: to wet
and press so as to give a wavj- appear-
ance to. — v.i. to shed water : to take in
water. [A.S. meter ; Dut. icater, Ger.
wasser ; Gr. hydor, L. iidus, wet. iinda,
a wave. Sans, uda, water ; conn, with
Wet.]
WATER-CARRIAGE, waw'ter-kar'ij, n.,
carriage or conveyance by icater.
WATERCLOCK. waw'ter-klok. n. a clock
which is made to go by the fall of water.
WATER-CLOSET, waw'ter-kloz'et. n. a
closet used as a privy, in wliich the dis-
charges are carried off by uater.
WATER-COLOR
WAX-PALM
WATER -COLOR, waw'ter-kul'ur, n. a
color or pigment diluted with water and
gum. instead of oil.
WATERCOURSE, vvaw'ter-k5rs, n. a course
or channel for icater.
WATERFALL, waw'ter-fawl, n. a fall or
perpendicular descent of a body of water:
a cataract or cascade.
WATER-FOWL, waw'ter-fowl, n. a bird
that frequents the water, or lives about
rivers, lakes, oi' on or near the sea : an
aquatic fowl. The term is generally
applied to web-footed birds, but some-
times employed also to include herons,
plovers, and other birds which frequent
rivers, lakes, and sea-shores.
WATER-FOX, waw'ter-foks, n. a name
given to the carp on account of its sup-
posed cunning. Iz. Walton.
WATER-FRAME, waw'ter-fram, n. the
name given to Arkwright's frame for
spinning cotton on account of its having-
been at first driven bj' water. Called also
Throstle (which see).
WATER-FURROW, waw'ter-fur-5, n. in
agri. a deep furrow made for conducting
water from the ground and keeping it
drv.
WATER-FURROW, waw'ter-fur-o, v.t. to
plough or open water-furrows in : to drain
by means of water-furrows. Tusser.
W-4TER-GALL, waw'ter-gavvl, n. a cavity
made in the eartli by a torrent of water:
an appeai-ance in the sky known from
experience to presage the approach of
rain : a rainbow-colored spot : an imper-
fectly formed or a secondary rainbow :
a weather-gall. " False good news are
always produced by true good, like the
water-gall by the rainbow." — H. Walpole.
And pound ai>out her tear-distained eye
Blue circles streamed, like rainbows in the sky.
These loater-gaUs in her dim element
Foretell new storms. — Shak.
[Water, and O. E. galle, Ice. galli. Ger.
galle. fault, flaw, imperfection.]
WATER-GAS, waw'ter-gas, n. an illu-
minating gas obtained by decomposing
water. Steam is passed over red-hot
coke, when the oxygen being absorbed
the hydrogen and carbonic oxide are
passed through a retort in which car-
bonaceous matter is undergoing decom-
position, absorbing therefrom sufficient
carbon to render it luminous when
lighted.
WATERGAUGE or WATERGAGE. waw'-
ter-gaj, n. an instrument for gauging or
reeasuring the quantity of water.
WATER-INCH, waw'ter-insh, n. in hy-
draulics, a measure of water eqtial to
the quantity discharged in 24 hours
through a circular opening of 1 inch dia-
meter leading from a reservoir, under
the least pressure, that is, when the
water is only so high as to merely cover
the orifice. This quantity is 500 cubic
teet very nearly.
WATERING-PLACE, waw'ter-ing-plas, n.
a place where wafer may be obtained : a
place to which people resort to drink
•nineral water, or bathe, etc.
WATERISH, waw'ter-ish, adj. resembling
tcafer : somewhat watery : thin.
WATERLANDER, waw'ter-land-er, WA-
TERLANDIAN, waw'ter-land-yan, n. a
menjber of the more moderate of the two
sections into which the Dutch Anabap-
tists became divided in the sixteenth cen-
tury on the question of excommunica-
tion, both with regard to the strictness
and severity with which it was apphed,
as well as the extent to whicli it reached,
their opponents extending it to the rela-
tives of the offender : so called from a
district in Holland called Waterland.
WATERr-LEVEL, waw'ter-lev'el, n. the
level formed by the surface of still water:
a levelling instrument in which water is
employed instead of mercury or spirit of
wine. It consists of aglass tube contain-
ing water, open at both ends, and having
the ends turned up. When the tube is
placed on a horizontal surface the water
will stand at the same height in the
turned up ends, and when placed in an
inclined position the water will manifest-
ly stand highest in the depressed end.
WATER-LILY, waw'ter-lil'i, n. a water-
plant like a lily, with large floating
leaves.
WATERLINE, waw'ter-Un, n. the line on
a ship to which the icater rises.
WATER-LOGGED, waw'ter-logd, adj. ren-
dered logAike, or unmanageable, from be-
ing filled with icater.
WATERMAN, waw'ter-man, n. a man who
plies a boat on water for hire : a boat-
man : a ferryman.
WATERMARK, waw'ter-mark, ?i. a inark
showing the height to which water has
risen : a tide mark : a mark wrought
into paper.
WATERMILL, waw'ter-mil, n. a mill driven
by water.
WATER-PARTING, waw'ter-part'ing, n.
same as Watershed.
WATER-POWER, waw'ter-pow'er, n. the
pou-er of water, employed to move ma-
chinery, etc.
WATERPROOF, waw'ter-pro6f,adj. imper-
vious to water : so firm and compact as
not to admit water: as, waterproof cloth,
leather, or felt. Many solutions and com-
positions have been employed for the
purpose of rendering cloth and other
things water-proof, but caoutchouc or
india-rubber has now nearly superseded
all other agents for this purpose : anj'
substance, as caoutchouc, a sc'-itlon of
soap and alum, or of isinglass .v ith in-
fusion of galls, for rendering cloth,
leather, etc., impervious or nearly mi-
pervious to water.
WATERSHED, waw'ter-shed, n. the line
which separates two river-basins : a dis-
trict from which several rivers rise. [See
Shed, to part.]
WATER-SPOUT, waw'ter-spowt, n. a re-
markable meteorological phenomenon
frequently observed at sea, and exactly
analogous to the whirlwinds experienced
on land. It occurs when opposite winds
of different temperatures meet in the
upper atmosphere, wherebj- a great
amount of vapor is condensed into a
thick black cloud, to which a vertical
motion is given. This vertical motion
causes it to take the form of a vast fun-
nel, which, descending near the surface
of the sea, draws up the water in its
vortex, which joins in its whirling mo-
tion. The whole column, which after the
junction extends from the sea to the
clouds, assumes a magnificent appear-
ance, being of a light color near its axis,
but dark along the sides. When acted
on by the wind the column assumes a
position oblique to the horizon, but in
calm weather it maintains its vertical
position, while at the same time it is
carried along the surface of the sea.
Sometimes the upper and lower parts
move with different velocities, causing
the parts to separate from each other, of-
ten with a loud report. The whole of the
vapor is at length absorbed in the air, or
it descends to the sea in a heavy shower
of rain. Sudden gusts of wind, from all
points of the compass, are very common
in the vicinity of water-spouts. What
are sometimes called water-spouts on land
are merely heavy falls of rain of a very
local character, and maj' or may not be
accompanied with whirling winds. They
occur generally during thunder-storms,
and differ only from severe hail-storms
in point of temperatiu-e.
WATER-TABLE, waw'ter- ta'bl, n. a
moulding or other projection in the
%vall of a building to throw off the
water.
WATERTIGHT, waw'ter-tit, adj. so tight
as not to admit icater. nor let it escape.
WATERWHEEL, waw'ter-hwel, n. a icheei
moved by water : an engine for raising
water.
WATERWORK, waw'ter- wurk, n. any
work or engine by which water is fur-
nished, as to a town, etc., usually in the
Pl-
WATERY, waw'ter-i, adj. pertaining to or
like water : thin or transparent : taste-
less : containing or abounding with wa-
ter.— ?i. Wa'teriness.
WATTLE, wot'l, n. a twig or flexible rod :
a hurdle : the fleshy excrescence under
the throat of a cock or a turkey. — v.t. to
bind with wattles or twigs : to form by
plaiting twigs. [A.S. watuL]
WAUL, wawl, v.i. to cry as a cat. [Imi-
tative.]
WAVE, wav, ;;. a ridge on the surface of
water swaying or moving backwards and
forwards : a state of vibration propa-
gated through a system of particles :
inequality of surface : a line or streak
like a wave. — v.i. to move like a wave :
to play loosely : to be moved, as a signal
or a flag : to fluctuate. — v.t. to move
backwards and forwards : to brandish :
to waft or beckon : to raise into inequal-
ities of surface. [M.E. wawe — A.S. icceg ;
cog. with Ger. wage, Ice. vogr ; allied to
Vogue, Waver.]
WAVELESS, wav'les, adj, free from
waves : undisturbed.
WAVELET, wav'let, n. a little wave. [Dim.
of Wave.]
WAVE-OFFERING, wav'-of'er-ing, n. (B.)
an offering wared towards the four points,
WAVER, wav'er, v.i. to move to and fro: to
shake : to be unsteady or undetermined :
to be in danger of falling. — n. Wav'eEKR.
W An extension of Wave.]
AVY, wav'i, adj. full of or rising in
waves : playing to and fro : undulating.
WAX, waks, n. a fat-like j-ellow substance
protluced by bees, and used by them in
making their cells: any substance like it,
as that in the ear : the substance used to
seal letters : that used by shoemakers to
rub their thread. — v.t. to smear or rub
with wax.^arf/. Wax'en. [A.S. iceax,
woex ; Ice. vax, Dut. was, Ger. wachs.]
WAX, waks, v.i. to grow or increase, esp.
of the moon, as opp. to wane : to pass
into another state. [A.S. zcedxan ; Ice.
i-a.ra, Ger. wachsen, Goth, wahsjan ; L.
ougeo, to increase, Gr. auxano, Sans.
vaksh. Zend, iikhs.^
WAXCLOTH, waks'kloth, Ji., c?o/;i covered
with a coating of wa.c, used for table-
covei's, etc. : a popular name for all oil
floorcloths.
WAXEN, waks'n, (B.) pa. p. of Wax,
grown.
WAX-PALM, waks'-pam, n. a species of
p.alm, the Ceroxylon andicola, found in
South America. It is a native of the
Andes, and is found chiefly between 4°
and 5° of north latitude, at an elevation
of about 5000 feet above the sea-level,
among rugged precipices. It grows to
the height of 180 feet. The trunk is
marked by rings, caused by the falling
off of the leaves, which .are 18 to 20 feet
long, and is covered with a thick secre-
tion, consisting of two-thirds resin and
one-third wax. This substance is also
exuded from the leaves, is whitish, al-
most inodorous, except when heated.
WAX-PAPER
478
WEATHERBOUND
when it gives out a resinous odor. In
the region in which it grows the wax,
usually mixed with bees'-wax and tallow,
is made into candles. The only other
palm which exudes wax, and that in a
sort of scales from the palmate leaves, is
the Carnauba palm, found plentifully in
Brazil.
WAX-P.VPER. waks'-pa-per, n. a kind of
paper prepared by spreading over its sur-
face a coating made of white waXj tur-
pentine, and spermaceti.
«" AX-RED, waks'-red, adj of a bright red
color, resembling that of sealing-wax.
" Wax-red lips." — Shak.
WAX-SCOT, waks'-skot, n. a duty ancient-
ly paid twice a year towards the charge
of wax-candles in churches.
WAX-WING, waks'-wing, n. the common
name of the species of dentirostral birds
of the genus Arapelis. They are so named
because most of them have small, oval,
horny appendages on the secondaries of
the wings of the color of red sealing-wax.
Onlj' three species have been recorded,
viz. the Bohemian wax-wing or chatterer
{A. garrula), a migratory bird, which has
a wide geographical range, the American
wax-wing or cedai'-bird (-4. oaroUnensis),
which is confined to North America, aod
the red-winged chatterer or Japanese
wax-wing (A. plienicoptera), an Asiatic
bird.
WAXWORK, waks'wurk, n., icork made
of wax, esp. figures or models formed of
wax.
WAXY, waks'i, adj. resembling icax :
soft : adhesive.
WAY, wa, n. passage : road : length of
space : distance : direction : manner of
life : advance in life : general manner of
acting : means ; manner : will. — By the
WAT, as we go on. — Ways and mean's,
resources of revenue. [A.S. weg : Ger.
weg. L. ii'a. Sans, vaha : akin to veho. to
carry; Gr. ochos, a carriage. Cf. Weigh.]
Waybill, wa'bil, n. Ust of goods carried
by a freight train on railways.
WAYFARER, wa'far-er, n. one who fares
or goes on his ivay : a traveller or pass-
enger.
WAYFARING, wa'far-ing, adj. travelling
or passing.
WAYLAY, wa-la' or wa'la, v.t. to He in the
tcay for : to watch or lie in ambush for.
WAYMARK, wa'mark, n. (B.) a guidepost.
WAYWARD, wa'ward, adj. froward: will-
ful.—/;. Way'wardjtess. [Prob. origi-
nallj' sig, "taking one's own way" (cf.
the 'adj. Frowabd).]
WAYWiSE, wa'wlz, adj. expert in finding
or keeping the way: knowing the way or
route. Ash .
WAYWISER, wa'wTz-er, n. an instrument
for measuring the distance which one has
travelled on the road : an odometer or
pedometer. ' ' I went to see Colonel Blount
who showed me the application of the
icaywiser to a coach, exactly measuring
the miles, and showing theni by an index
as we went on. It had 3 circles.'one point-
ing to the number of rods, another to the
mUes, by 10 to 1000, with all the sub-
divisions" of quarters." — Evelyn. [Ger.
wegweiser, from u-eg, way, and u-eiseii,
to direct.]
flTAYWODE. WAIWODE, wa'wod, n. a
name originally given to military com-
manders in vurious Slavonic countries,
and afterwards to governors of towns
or provinces. It was borne for a time
by the rulers of Moldavia and Wallachia,
who subsequently took the title of Hos-
podar. [Pol. arid Russ. ivoyeiroda, lit.
army leader, from zooi, an army, and
teodtt, to lead.]
WAYWORN, w5'w6rn, adj. worn out by
travel.
WE. we, pron., pi. of I: I and another or
others : I and he or she. or I and they.
We is sometimes, like they, vaguely used
for society, people in general, the world,
etc., but when the speaker or writer uses
we he identifies himself more or less di-
rectly with the statement : when he uses
they he implies no such identification.
Both pronouns thus used may be trans-
lated by the French on and the German
man ; as ice (or they) say=o?i dit, man
sagt.
(Vice) seen too oft, familiar with her face,
We first endure, tlien pity, tlien embrace. — Pope,
" • TJiey say so.' ' And who are " they "?
Everybody — nobody. They! They is a
regular scandal-monger, an unknown,
unacknowledged, imseen, unanswered,
unauthorized creation quoted on all oc-
casions.' " — M}-s. S. C. Hall. We is fre-
quently used by individuals, as editors,
authors, and the like, when alluding to
themselves, in order to avoid the appear-
ance of egotism which it is assumed
would result from the frequent use of
the pronoun I, though it is an open ques-
tion whether or not we is any less ego-
tistic than /, in authorship. Tlie plural
style is also used by kings and other po-
tentates, and is said to have been first
used in his edicts by King John of En-
gland, according to others by Richard I.
The French and German sovereigns fol-
lowed the example about the beginning
of the thirteenth century.
Wt^ charge you, on allegiance to ourself.
To hold your slaughterin;^ hands. — Shak.
[A.S. we, O.S. ire, wi. Ice. ver, rcer, Dan.
and Sw. vi, Dut. wij, Ger. «•?>, Goth, weis;
cog. Sans, vayam — we. The initial w or
V is supposed to represent m of the old
radical ma, me, I, and the suffix ,s (Ger. »•)
to be a relic of an old demonstrative mna
joined to the first pronoun. Originally,
therefore, ire=ma-sma^I-^that (or 7ie).]
WEAK, wek, adj. soft : wanting strength:
not aijle to sustain a great weight: want-
ing health : easily overcome : feeble of
mind : wanting moral force : frail : un-
steady : slight or incomplete : having
little of the chief ingredient: impressible:
inconclusive. — ndr. We.^jk'lt. — ii.Weak'-
NESS. [A.S. icac, pliant — ?nca», to yield;
cog. with Dut. ireek. Ice. veik-r, Grer.
treich.']
WEAKEN, wek'n, v.t. to make weak: to
reduce in strength or spirit. — v.i. to grow
weak or weaker. [A.S. wacian ; Ger.
iceichen. See WEAKr]
WEAKLING, wek'ling, n. a weak or feeble
creature.
WEAKLY, wek'n, adj., weak in body or
mind.
WEAL, wel, n. state of being trell : a
sound or prosperous state : welfare.
[A.S. rrela. wealth, bliss ; Ger. irohl.
See Well, adj.~\
WEAL, wel, n. a form of Wale.
WEALD, weld, n. a irood or forest : a
wooded region: an open cotintry. [A.S.
weald, Ger. irald, wood, from the root
of Wild.]
WEALDEN, weld'n, adj. (geol.) pertaining
to the upper oolitic .series of rocks. ['So
called because first studied in the wealds
in S. of England.]
WEALTH, welth, n. large possessions of
any kind : riches. [Lit. " state of being
well or prosperous :" an extension of
Weal, state of being well.]
WEALTHIEST, welth^i-est. adj. superl. of
Wealthy : (P)-. Bk., Ps. Ixxviii. 31) fat-
test.
WEALTHY, welth'i. adj. rich : (B.) pros-
perous.—adw. WEALTH'ILY.— 71.WEALTH'-
INESS.
WEAN, wen. v.t. to aecvstoni to do with*
out the breast : to reconcile to the want
of anything: to estrange the affections
from any object or habit. [A.S. irenian ;
Ice. x'enja, Ger. geirohnen, to accustom,
ent-wuhnen, to disuse, to wean.]
WEAPON, wep'un, n. any instrument of
oflence or defence. — adj. Weap'ONED
[A.S. nxepen ; Goth, vepna, arms, Ger,
iraffen and irappen.'\
WEAPON-SALVE, wep'on-sav, n. a salve
which was supposed to cure the wound
by being applied to the weapon that
made it. Sir Kenelm Digbj' says the
salve produces sympathy between the
wound and the weapon, citing several
instances to prove that " as the sword is
treated the wound inflicted by it feels.
Thus, if the instrimient is kept wet the
wound will feel cool, if held to the fire
it will feel hot," etc. This is referred to
in the following lines : —
She has taen the broken lance.
And washed it from the clotted ^ore.
And saived the spUnter operand o'er.
Sir W. Scott iMamiion).
WEAE, war, v.t. to carry on the body : to
have the appearance of : to consume by
use, time, or exposiu'e : to waste by rub-
bing: to do by degrees. — v.i. to be wasted
by use or time : to be spent tediously: to
consume slowly : to last under use :— •
pa.t. wore ; pa.p. worn. — n. Wear'ek,
[Lit. " to cover." A.S. «e?'!a«,- Ice. rer^'a,
to cover, Goth, vasjan. See Vest.]
WEAR, w ar. n. act of wearing : lessening-
or injury by use or friction. — Wear and
Teae, loss by wear or use.
WEAR, war, v.t. to put a ship on another
tack. [Prob. a corr. of Veer.]
WEAR, wer, n. atiother speDing of Weir
W^EARABLE, war'a-bl. adj. fit to be worn.
W^EARISOME, we'ri-sum, adj. making
weary : tedious. — adv. Wea'kisosielY". —
n. Wea'risomeness.
WEARY, we'ri, adj. worn out : having the
strength or patience exhausted : tired :
causing weariness. — v.t. to wear out or
make weary : to reduce the strength or
patience of : to harass. — adv. Wea'eily.
— n. Wea'einess. [A.S. tvertg.]
WEASEL, we'zl, n. a small animal with a
slender body and short legs, living on
birds, mice,' etc. [A.S. wesle ; Ger. me-
sel.]
WEATHER, we«i'er, n. state of the air as
to heat or cold, dryness or wetness, etc.
— r.^. to affect by exposing to the air r
to sail to the windward of: to gain or
pass, as a promontory or cape : to hold
out stoutly against difficulties. [A.S.
u-eder : Ice. vedhr. Ger. tvetter.'\
WEATHER-BEATEN, \ve»i'er-bet'n, adj.
distressed or seasoned bj' the weather.
WEATHER - BOARD, wc/7( 'er - bord , n.
(naut.) that side of a ship which is to-
ward the wind, the windward side : a
piece of plank placed in the ports of a
ship when laid up in ordinary, and serv-
ing as a protection from bad weather ;
weather-boards are fixed in an inclined
position, so as to turn off the rain with-
out preventing the circulation of air : a
board used in weather-boarding (whick
see).
WEATHER-BOARD, wef/i'er-bord, v.t. tc
nail boards upon, as a roof or side of a
house, lapping one over another, in order
to prevent rain, snow, etc., from pene-
trating them.
WEATHER - BOARDING, wett'er- hord-
ing, n. boards nailed with a lap on each
other, to prevent the penetration of th-e
rain and snow, used in roofing and siding.
WTEATHERBOUND, we</i'er-bownd, adj.,
bound or delayed by bad weather.
WEATHERCOCK
4:9
WEEPING-WILLOW
WEATHERCOCK, wefft'er-kok, n. a vane
(often in the form of a cock) to show the
direction of the ii-iiid : anything turning
easilv anil often.
WEATHERGAGE, wef/i'er-gaj, n. a gage
of or that which shows the weather: the
position of a ship to the windward of
another.
WEATHERSIDE, we</i'er-sid, n. the wind-
icard side.
WEAVE, wev, v.t. to twine threads to-
gether : to unite threads in a loom to
form cloth : to work into a fabric : to
unite by intermixture. — r. ('. to practice
weaving: — pa.t. wove, (rarel}') weaved ;
pa. p. wov'en. [A.S. wefan ; Ice. vefa,
Ger. u-ehen.l
WEAVER, wev'er, n. one who weaves :
one whose occupation is to weave.
" Weavers were supposed to be generally
good singers. Their trade, being seden-
tary, they had an opportunity of prac-
ticing, and sometimes in parts. . . . Many
of the tceavers in Queen Elizabeth's daj's
were Flemish Calvinists, who fled from
the persecution of the Duke of Alva, and
were therefore particularly given to
singing psalms. . . . Hence the excla-
mation of Falstaff." "I would I were a
weaver! I could .sing psalms, and all man-
ner of songs."' — Nares: the name Weaver-
Bird is given to insessorial birds of various
genera. They are so called from the re-
markable structure of their nests, which
are woven in a very wonderful manner
of various vegetable substances. Some
species build their nests .separate and
singly, and hang them from slender
branches of trees and shrubs, but others
build in companies, numerous nests sus-
pended from the branches of a tree being
. under one roof, though each one forms a
separate compartment and has a separate
entrance. They are natives of the warmer
parts of Asia, of Africa, and of Australia,
none being found in Europe or America.
The Ploceus icterocephalua, or yellow-
crowned weaver, is a native of South
Africa, and constructs an isolated pen-
sile kidney-shaped nest, about 7 inches
long by 4i broad, with .an opening in the
side. Naturalists are not quite agreed
as to whether the nests of the weaver-
bird are built in their own peculiar man-
ner as a means of preservation against
the rain, or against the attacks of -ser-
pents and small quadrupeds, probably
the latter.
WEAVING, wev'ing, n. the act of one who
weaves : the act or art of producing
cloth or other textile fabrics by means
of a loom from the combination of
threads or filaments. In all kinds of
weaving, whether plain or figured, one
system of threads, called the leoof or
weft, is made to pass alternately under
and over another system of threads
called the icarp, web. or chain. The es-
sential operations are the successive rais-
ing of certain threads of the trarp and
the depression of others so as to form a
decussation or shed for the passage of the
weft yarn, which is then beaten up by
means of a lay or batten. Weaving is
performed by tlie liand in what are called
hand-looms, or by steam in what are
called ]jon-er-loom's, but the general ar-
rangements for both are to a certain ex-
tent the same. Weaving, in the most
general sense of the term, comprehends
not only those textile fabrics which are
firepared in the loom, but also net-work,
ace-work, etc.
WEB, web, )(. that which is icoven: the
fine texture spun by the spider as a snare
for flies : a film over the eye : the skin
between the toes of waterfowls : a large
roll of paper. [A.i9. webh : Ice. vefr,
Ger. gewebe : from root of Weave.]
WEBBED, webd, adj. having the toes
united bv a web or skin.
WEBBING, web'ing, n. a narrow icoven
fabric of hemp, used for chairs, etc.
WEB-FOOTED, web'-foot'ed. adj. having
webbed feet.
WEB-PRESS, web'-pres, n. a printing-ma-
chine which takes its paper from the
web or roll : much used in newspaper
and such like printing.
WED, wed, v.t. to marry : to join in mai'-
riage : to unite closely. — v.i. to marry :
— pr.i^. wedd'ing; jxj.f. axid. pa.p. wedd'ed
or wed. [A.S. weddan. to engage, to
marrj' (Ger. wetten, to wager) — iredd. a
pledge, cog-, with Goth, vadi, Ger. icette,
a bet. See Gage, and Wage, Wager.]
WEDDED, wed'ed, adj. married : belonging
to marriage.
WEDDING, wed'ing, n. marriage : mar-
riage ceremony.
WEDGE, wej, n. a piece of wood or metal,
thick at one end and sloping to a thin
edge at the other, used in splitting : a
mass of metal. — v.t. to cleave with a
wedge : to force or drive with a wedge :
to press closely : to fasten with a wedge.
[A.S. ivecg; Ice. veggr, Ger. wecl\ a wedge;
prob. from the root of Way, Weigh.]
WEDGEWOOD-WARE, wej'wood-war, 11.
a kind of .semi-vitrifled pottery much
esteemed. [Invented bv Josiah Wedgc-
tcood (1730-95).]
WEDLOCK, wed lok, n. marriage : matri-
mony. [Lit. "state of being wedded,"
A.S. icedlac — Wed, and -lac, "a gift,"
"sport." See Laek, a game, and
Knowledge.]
WEDNESDAY, wenz'da, n. fourth day of
the week. [A.S. Wodenes dceg, "the day
of Woden or Odin," the chief Teutonic
deity.]
WEE, we, adj. small. [Cf. Prov. E. weeny,
small, A.S. hwcene, Ger. ivenig ; cf. Scot,
a wheen, a small number.]
WEED, wed, n. any useless plant of small
growth: anything useless or troublesome.
— v.t. to free from weeds: to remove any-
thing hurtful or offensive. — !i. Weed'er.
[A.S. weod, an herb.]
WEED, wed, n. a garment ; an article of
clothing ; " Lowly shepherd's tceeds."
— Spenser ; " Palmer's weeds." — Milton ;
" This silken rag, this beggar-woman's
iveed." — Tennyson: an upper or outer
garment; "His own h.ands putting on
both shirt and weede." — Chapman : an
article of di-ess worn in token of mourn-
ing ; mourning garb ; mournings ; " In
a mourning weed, with ashes upon her
head, and te.ars abundantly flowing.'' —
Milton. In this sense used now in the
plural, and more specifically applied to
the mourning dress of .a widow. "A
widow's tceeds are still spoken of, mean-
ing her appropriate mourning dress." —
Nares. [A.S. icmd, wcede, a garment, O.
Fris. wed, rcede, Dut. (ge)ii-aad. Ice. vdd,
O.Ger. wat, clothing, a garment ; from
same root as Goth, ga^vidan, to bind,
and as E. weave, withy.]
WEEDY, wed'i, adj. consisting of iveeds :
full of weeds.
WEEK, wek. n. the space of seven days :
the space from one Sunday to another :
a cycle of time which has been used from
the earliest ages in Eastern countries,
and is now universally adopted over the
Christian and Mohammedan worlds. It
h.as been commonly regarded as a memo-
rial of the creation of the world in th.at
space of time. It is besides the most
obvious and convenient division of the
lunar or natural month. — THIS (that)
DAY WEEK, the same day a week after-
wards : the corresponding day in thft
succeeding week. " T/iis day week you
will be alone.'' — Charlotte Bronte. — Pas-
sion WEEK, the week containing Good
Friday. — The Feast of weeks, a Jewish
festival lasting seven weeks, that is, a
"week of weeks" after the Passover.
It corresponds to our Pentecost or Wliit-
suntide.— A prophetic week, in Scrip.
a week of years or seven years. [O. E.
weke, wike. A.S. ivice ; Dut. week, Ice.
vika. a week. Origin and further con-
nections doubtful.]
WEEK-DAY. wek'-da, n. any day of the
week except Sunday.
One solid di^h his ireek-day meal affords.
An abided puddiug" solemnized the Lord's. — Pope.
WEEKLY, wek'li, adj. coming, happening,
or done once a iceek. — adv. once a week.
— n. a publication appearing once a week.
WEEN, wen, v.i. to think or fancy. [A.S.
irenan — wen (Ger. wahn), expectation,
hope.]
WEEP, wep. v.i. to express grief by shed'
ding tears: to wail or lament. — v.t. to
lament : to pour forth : — pa.t. and pa.p,
wept. [A.S. ivepan; allied to Goth, vop-
jaiu E. Whoop.]
WEEPER, wep'er, n. one who iveeps : a
white border round the sleeve of amonrn-
ing dress.
WEEPING, wep'ing, adj. drooping the
branches (as it were through grief).
WEEPING-ASH. wep'ing-ash, /»., Frax-
iniis pend-iila, a vai'iety of ash dift'ering
from the common ash only in its branches
arching downwards instead of upwards.
"WEEPING-BIRCH, wep'ing-berch, n. a
variety of the birch-tree, known as Be-
tula pendida, with drooping branches.
It is verj- common in different parts of
Europe. It differs from the common
birch not only in its weeping habit, but
also in its voung shoots being quite
smooth, brigVit chestnut brown when
ripe, and then covered with little white
warts.
WEEPING - CROSS, wep'ing - kros, ?;. a
cross, often of stone, erected on or by the
side of a highway, where penitents par-
ticularly offered their devotions.
For here I mourn for your, our publike losse,
And doe my pennance at the loeeping-crosse.
— Wither.
—To RETURN or COME HOME BY WeEPING-
Cross, an old phrase meaning to suffer a
defeat in some adventure : to meet with
a painful repulse or failure : to repent
sorrowfully having taken a certain
course or engaged in a particular under-
taking. " But the time will come when,
comming- home by l^'eeping-Crosse, thou
shalt confesse that it was better to be at
home." — Lyly.
WEEPINGLY, wep'ing-li, adv. in a weep-
ing- manner : with weeping : in tears.
"She took her son into her arms weep-
ingly laughing." — Wotton.
WEEPING-RIPE, wep'ing-rip, adj. ripe or
ready for weeping. " The king was weep-
ing-ripe for a good word." — Shak,
WEEPING-ROCK, wep'ing-rok, n. a por-
ous rock from which water gradually
issues.
WEEPING-SPRING, wep'ing-spring, n. a
spring that slowly discharges water.
WEEPING-TREE, wep'ing-tre. ?i. a name
common to varieties of several trees, the
branches and twigs of which in a normal
state have an upwtu'd direction, while in
the weeping variety the branches and
branchlets are elongated and pendulous,
or drooping. The weeping-willow, weep-
ing-birch, and weeping-ash are exam-
ples.
WEEPING-WILLOW, wep'ing-wil-6, n. a
species of willow, the Salij; babylonica,
whose branches grow very long and slen-
WEEVIL
480
WHARF
der, and hang- down nearly in a perpen-
dicular direction. It is a native of the
Levant, and is said to have been first
planted in England by the poet Pope.
WEEVIL, wev'il, n. a small kind of beetle
very destructive to grain. [A.S. u-ifel ;
Ger. wiebel, Lith. wahalas ; from the root
of Weave.]
SV^EFT, weft, n. the threads woven into and
crossing the warp. [A.S. weft, for ivefed,
a weak pa.p. of vefan, E. Weave.]
WEIGH, wa, v.t. to compare by the bal-
ance : to find the heaviness of : to be
equal to in heaviness : to bear up, to
raise, esp. a ship's anchor : to ponder in
the mind : to consider worthy of notice.
— v.i. to have weight : to be considered
of importance : to press heavily. [A.S.
wegan, to carry, to weigh ; Ger. wiegeii,
to weigh ; L. veho, to carry. Of. Wat,
Wain.]
WEIGHT?, wat, n. the heaviness of a thing
when iveighed, or the amount which any-
thing weighs : the force with which a
body is attracted to the earth, measured
by the mass into the acceleration : a
mass of metal adjusted to a standard
and used for finding weight : anything
heavy: a ponderous mass: pressure : im-
portance : power : impressiveness. [A.S.
fje-unht : Ger. ge - wicht ; from root of
Weigh.]
WEIGHTY, wat'i, adj. heavy : important :
forcible. — adu. Weight'ily. — jj.Weight'-
INESS.
WEIR. WEAR, wer, »i. a dam across a
river : a fence of stakes for catching fish.
[AS. wer, an inclosure — werian, to pro-
tect ; cf. Ger. wehr, a dam — tvehren, to
ward.]
WEIRD, werd, n. a spell or charm. — adj.
skilled in witchcraft : unearthly. [A.S.
icyrd, fate — root of weorthan. Ger. wer-
den. to happen. See Worth.]
i/VELCOME, wel'kum, adj. received with
gladness : admitted willingly : causing
gladness : free to enjoy. — n. kindly re-
ception.— v.t. to receive with kindness :
to entertain hospitably. [From Come
and Will, influenced also by Well.]
WELD, weld, WOLD, wold, n. a plant na-
tive to Great Britain and several Euro-
pean countries, used by dyers to give a
yellow color, and sometimes called DY-
ERS' Weed. It is much cultivated in Kent
for the London dyers. It is the Reseda
Luteola of botanists, being a member of
the same genus as mignonette. Some-
times also called Wild Woad. [O. E.
welde, wolde, Scand. icald. Origin doubt-
ful.i
WELD, weld, v.t. to unite or join together
into firm union, as two pieces of metal,
by hammering or compression when
raised to a great heat. Iron and platin-
um, and perha|)s one or two other met-
als, may be hammered together when
heated to nearly a state of semi-fusion ;
and horn and tortoise-shell may be
joined firmly bj' pressure. [O. E. welle,
Bcand. waiil (the final d not properly
belonging to the word) ; Ger. and Dut.
tvellen, to boil, to unite, to weld ; Sw.
wcilla. to weld or join two pieces of iron
almost at a melting heat. The same
word as ivell, to boil, to bubble up, to
well. " The process of welding iron is
named in many languages from the word
for boiling." — Wedgwood.
WELD, weld, »i. a junction, as of two
pieces of iron, when heated to a white
hea* by hammering or compression : as,
a firm or close ireld.
WELD, WELDE, weld, v.t. to wield : to
manage : to direct : to govern. " Those
that %veld the awful crown." — Spenser.
WELDABLE, weld'a-bl, adj. capable of
being welded.
WELDER, weld'er, ?i. one who welds.
WELDER, weld'er, n. in Ireland, a mana-
ger : an actual occupant : a tenant of
land under a middleman or series of mid-
dlemen. "Such immediate tenants have
others under them, and so a third and
fourth in subordination, till it comes to
the tcelder, as they call him, who sits at
a rack-rent, and lives miserably." — Stcift.
WELDING-HEAT, weld'ing-het, ?i. the
heat necessary for welding two pieces of
metal : specifically, the white heat to
which iron bars are brought when about
to undergo this process.
WELFARE, wel'far, n. state of faring or
doing well : freedom from any calamity,
etc. : enjoyment of health, etc. : pros-
perity.
WELKIN, wel'kin, n. the sky or region
of clouds. [A.S. wolcen, welcn, cloud,
air, sky ; Ger. wolke, cloud ; conn, with
Well, a spring, the root idea being the
"rolling" (of clouds) in the air.]
WELL, wel, n. a rise of water from the
earth : a spring : a pit in the earth
whence a supply of water is obtained :
an inclosure in a ship's hold round the
pumps : the open space in the middle
of a. staircase. — v.i. to issue forth, as
water from the earth : to spring. —
Well-spring (B.), n. a fountain. [A.S.
loell ; Ger. welle, a wave. The root is
found in A.S. wealwian, Goth, valvjan,
L. volvere, to roll.]
WELL, wel, adj. good in condition : fortu-
nate : in health. — adv. in a proper man-
ner : rightly : thoroughly : favorably :
con veniently.-WELL-FA'voRED (B.) good-
looking, so as to Ara,w favor. — Well-off,
Well-to-do, easy in circumstances, rich.
— Well-read, widely acquainted with
books. [A.S. icel, cog. with Goth, vaila,
Ger. tvohl.']
WELLADAY, wel'a-da, WELLAWAY,
wel'a-wa, int. alas. [Corr. from M. E.
iveylaway — A.S. wala wa, "woe, lo 1
woe."]
WELL-BEING, wel'-be'ing, n. state of be-
ing ivell.
WELL-BORN, wel'-bawrn. adj., born of a
good or respectable family : not of mean
birth.
WELL-BRED, wel'-bred, adj., bred or
trained well : educated to polished man-
ners.
WELLINGTONIA, wel-ing-ton'i-a, n. the
largest of existing trees, a native of Cali-
fornia. [Named after the Duke of Well-
ingtonj [almost.
WELL-NIGH, wel'-nl, adv. nearly as well:
WELSH, welsh, adj. pertaining to l^'ales
or its inhabitants.— )i.p/. the inhabitants
of Wales: — si7ig. their language. [A.S.
loalsc (Ger. ivelsch) — wealh, a Welshman;
hence a foreigner ; ace. to Weigand, from
L. Gallicus — Galhis, a Gaul.]
WELSH-RABBIT, welsh-rab'it, n. cheese
melted on toasted bread. [Corr. of Welsh
rate bit.]
WELT, welt, n. a kind of hem or edging
round a shoe. — v.t. to furnish with a
welt. [W. gwald, a hem — gical, a wall,
givaliaw, to inclose.]
WELTER, wel'ter, v.i. to roll or wallow
about, esp. in dirt. [M. E. waiter, to
roll, Sw. valtra ; conn, with Waltz and
Wallow.]
WEN, wen, n. a wart : a fleshy, pulpy tu-
mor. [A.S. wenn, a swelling, a wart ;
Dut. icen.]
WENCH, wensh, n. a low, coarse woman :
a strumpet. — v.i. to frequent the com-
pany of wenches or strumpets. [A.S.
wencle, a maid, prob. a Celt, word ; conn,
with W. gweini, to serve.]
WEND, wend, v.i. to go : to wind or turn.
[A.S. wendan (Ger. wenden), to turn ;
the causative of Wind, to turn round.]
WENT, went, properly ^ja.^ of Wend, but
now used aspa.t. of Go.
WEPT, wept,^a.f. and pa.p. of Weep.
WERE, wer, v.i. the j)l. of Was, used as
pa.t. of Be. [A.S. icoere ; Ger. tea?-, Ice.
vera, to be. See Was.]
WERGILD, wer'gild, n. (among the Old
Englisli and Germans) a fine paid in com-
pensation for a murder or severe injury.
[A.S.. from iver, man (see Werwolf),
and gild, payment — geldan, to ,pay (E.
Yield).]
WERWOLF, wer'woolf, n. a person sup-
posed to be able to change himself into
a tcolf at pleasure. [Lit. " man-wolf,"
A.S. icer, man (Goth, vair, L. vir), and
Wolf.]
WESLEYAN, wes'le-an, adj. pertaining to
U esleyanism. — w. one who adopts Wes-
leyanism.
WESLEY ANISM, wes'le-an-izm, n. the sys-
tem of doctrine and church polity of the
Wesleyan Methodists : Arminian Meth-
odism. [Named from John Wesley.]
WEST, west, n. the quarter where the sun
sets : one of the four chief points of the
compass : any part of the world that
relatively to another place lies in a
westerly direction, as the United States
with reference to England, the Western
States with reference to the Atlantic
sea-board, China with reference to Cali-
fornia, etc. — adj. situated toward the
west. [A.S.: Ger. west.]
WESTERLY, west'er-li, adj. lying towards
the ivest : from the west. — adv. towards
the west.
WESTERN, west'ern, adj. situated in the
west : moving towards the west.
WESTWARD, west' ward, adj. and adv.,
towards the rvest. — West'waedly, adv.
towards the west.
WET, wet, adj. containing water : having
water on the surface : rainy. — n. water
or wetness: moisture. — v.t. to make wet:
to soak with water : to sprinkle : — pr.p.
wett'ing ; pa.t. and pa.p. wet, (rarely)
wett'ed. — Wet-dock, n. a dock or basin
for floating vessels at all states of the
tide. — Wet-NDRSE,?). a nurse who suckles
a child for its mother. [A.S. ivoit ; Ice.
vatr : from root of Water.]
WETHER, weWi'er, n. a castrated ram.
[A.S. wedher; Ger. widder.]
WETNESS, wet'nes, n. state of being wet:
moisture: a waterj- or moist state of the
atmosphere.
WETTISH, wet'ish, adj. somewhat wet.
WEY. wa. n. a measure or weight different
with different articles=183 lbs. wool, 40
iiushels salt or corn, 48 bushels oats, etc.
[From Weigh.]
WHACK, hwak. Same as Thwack.
WHALE, hwal, n. the common name of an
order of mammalia : the largest of sea-
animals. [A.S. hwml (Ice. hvalr, Ger.
wall-fisch) ; perh. from root of A.S. hwe-
lan, to rush, to roar.]
WHALEBONE, hwal'bon, n. an elastic
substance like bone, from the upper jaw
of the irhale.
WHALER, hwal'er, n. a ship or a pereon
employed in the M'/iaZe-fishing.
WHALING, hwal'ing, adj. connected with
?(7ia?e-catching. — ti. the business of catch-
ing' whales.
WHARF, hworf, n. a bank of timber or
stone on the shore of a harbor or river
for lading and unlading vessels : — pi.
Wharfs, Wharves. — v.t. to secure by a
wharf. [A.S. hicearf — hweorfan, to turn,
conn, with Ger. werben {lit.) to turn, and
so to seek after, acquire.]
WHARFAGE
4S1
WHETSTONE
WHARFAGE, hworf'aj, n. the dues paid
for using a wharf.
WHARFINGER, hworf in-jer, n. one who
has the care of or owns a wharf.
WHAT, hwot, interrog. pron. neuter of
Who: how great: something. — rel. pron.
=that which. — What time (i?.)=at what
time, when. [A.S. hwcet, neuter of hiva,
who ; Ger. icas ; allied to L. quid. See
AVho.]
WHATEVER, hwot-ev'er,pro7i. everything
u-h ich: being this or that : all that : one
thing or another.
WHATNOT, hwot'not, n. a piece of furni-
ture with shelves for books, etc. , so called
because used to hold anything.
WHATSOEVER, hwot-s6-ev'er,jfjro)i. same
as Whatever.
WHEAL, hwel, n. a Wale, which see.
WHEAT, hwet, n. a well-known grassy
plant, also its seed, which furnishes a
white flour for bread. [A.S. hwoete ; (Jer.
weizen; allied to White, and named from
its color.]
WHEATEN, hwet'en, adj. made of wheat.
WHEAT-FLY, hwet'-fll, n. the name of
several flies or insects injurious to
tvheat.
WHEEDLE, hwed'l, v.t. to entice by soft
words : to flatter. — ns. Wheed'ler,
Wheed'ling. [A.S. wadlian, to beg —
wadl, poverty ; G«r. wedeln, to wag the
tail, as a dog.]
WHEEL, hwel, n. a circular frame turn-
ing on an axle : an old instrument of
torture. — v.t. to cause to whirl : to con-
vey on wheels. — v.i. to turn round or
on an axis: to roll forward. [A.S. hweol;
Ice. hjol.]
WHEEL-BIRD, hwel'-berd,?;. a name given
to the common goat-sucker on account
of the noise made by the male during
incubation, when perched, which is not
unlike that of a spinning-wheel.
WHEEL-BOAT, hwel'-bot, n. a boat with
wheels, to be used either on water or
upon inclined planes or railways.
WHEEL-BUG, hwel'-bug, n. an insect of
the genus Arilus (A, serratus), family
Reduviidae, said to possess electric pow-
ers. Its popular name is derived from
the curious shape of the prothorax,
which is elevated and notclied, so as
to resemble a portion of a cog-wheel.
WHEEL-CARRIAGE, hwel'-kar-rij, n. a
carriage moved on wheels, as a coach,
chaise, gig, railway carriage, wagon,
cart etc
WHEEL-CHAIR, hwel'-char, n. a chair or
chair-like structure mounted on wheels :
a bath-chair : an invalid's chair.
WHEEL-CUTTING, hwel'-kut-ing, n. the
operation of cutting the teeth in the
wheels used by watch and clock makers,
and for other mechanical purposes.
WHEELED, hweld, adj. having wheels:
often used in composition ; as, a two-
irheeled carriage, a four-!cfteeZed carriage.
WHEELER, hwel'er, n. one who wheels:
a maker of wheels, a wheelwright : a
wheel-horse, or one next the wheels of
the carriage : a worker on sewed muslin.
WHEEL- FIRE, hwel'-fir, n. in chem. a fire
which encompasses a crucible without
tniK'hing it.
WHEEL-HOUSE, hwel'-hows, n. {natit.) a
kind of round house, built over the steer-
inir- wheel in large ships for the shelter of
thf helmsman.
WHEELLESS, hwel ' les, adj. without
wheels. ^'^Vheelless carts."'— 3/).5.s Ferrier.
WHEEL -LOCK, hwel'-lok, n. a small
naachine attached to the old muskets for
producing sparks of fire. It consisted of
a wheel which revolved against a flint
fixed in the lock.
WHEELMAN, hwel'man, n. one who uses
EE
a bicycle or tricycle or similar convey-
ance.
WHEEL-ORE, hwel'-or, w. in mineral, an
opaque^mineral, of a steel-gray or black
color, and metallic lustre, consisting
chiefly of sulphur, antimony, lead, and
copper. It is found in Herod's-foot Mine,
or Wheal, in Cornwall, Eng. [Corn.
wheel, for huel, a mine, and E. Ore.]
WHEEL-PLOUGH,hwel'-plow,?i. a plough
with a wheel or wheels added to it, for
the purpose of regulating the depth of
the furrow, and rendering the implement
more steady to hold.
WHEEL-RACE, hwel'-ras, n. the place '"n
which a water-wheel is fixed.
WHEEL-ROPE, hwel'-rop, n. (naut.) a rope
reeved through a block on each side of
the deck, and led round the barrel of the
steering-wheel, to assist in steering.
Chains are now much more commonly
used for this purpose.
WHEEL-SHAPED.hwel'-shapt.adJ.shaped
like a wheel : specifically, in bot. mono-
petalous, expanding into a flat border at
top, with scarcely any tube : rotate : as,
a wheel-shaped corolla.
WHEEL-SWARF,hwel'-swawrf,7i.a clayey
cement or putty made in Sheffield, En-
gland, from the dust derived by abrasion
from grindstones, and used in furnaces
where steel is manufactured for coating
the layers of iron and charcoal.
WHEEl^TIRE, hwel'-tir, n. the iron band
that encircles a wooden wheel. [See
Tire 1
WHEEL-WINDOW, hwel'-win-do, n. in
Oothic arch, a circular window with
radiating mullions resembling the spokes
of a wheel. [See Rose-window.]
WHEEI^WORK, hwel'-wurk, n. the com-
bination of wheels which communicate
motion to one another in machinerj', the
motion being communicated from the
one wheel to the other by belts or straps
passing over the circumference of both,
or by teetli cut in those circumferences
and working in one another, or by cogs.
The most famihar instances of wheel-
work are to be found in clocks and
watches
WHEELWRIGHT, hwel'rit, n. a m-ight
who makes wheels and wheel-carriages.
WHEEZE, hwez, v.i. to breathe with a
hissing sound : to breathe audibly or
with difiiculty. — n. Wheez'ing. [A.S.
hweosan ; Ice. hvcesa, to wheeze, to hiss;
from the sound.]
WHELK, hwelk, n. a mollusc having a
spiral shell. [A.S. weoloc, a whelk ; perh.
from the root of Walk and Welkin, and
sig. orig. tlie "wreathed creature."]
WHELM, hwelm, v.t. to cover completely :
to plunge deep : to overburden. [A.S.
for-welman, to overwhelm ; Ice. hvelfa,
to overturn ; allied to Scot, tvhummle, to
turn upside down.]
WHELP, hwelp, n. the young of the dog
kind and of lions, etc.: a puppy : a cub :
a young man (in contempt). — v.i. to
bring forth young. [A.S. hwelp: Ice.
hvelpr, Ger. welf.]
WHEN, h wen, adt'. at what time? at which
time : at or after the time that : while. —
Whenas (-'az) (B.) when. [A.S. hwatine,
accus. sing, from the stem of Who ; Ger.
wand, icenn. Cf. Then.]
WHENCE, hwens, adv. from what place :
from which things: wherefore. — From
whence may be called a pleonastic mode
of expression, from being implied in
whence : but it is very often met with in
our literature, and has sometimes been
defended as being more emphatic. " From
ivhence come wars and fightings among
ye." — Jas. iv. 1. " Remember therefore
from whence thou art fallen." — Rev. ii. 5.
"A place /ro?;i whence himself does fly."
— Shak. "The place from ichence they
feW."— 3Iilton.— Of WHENCE in the same
sense is rarely met with. "What and
of ichence was he ? " — Dryden. [M. E.
tvhenne-s — A.S. hu-anon (Ger. icannen) ;
from the stem of Who. Cf. Thence.]
WHENCESOEVER, hwens-so-ev'er, adv.
from what place, cause, or source soever.
WHENEVER, hwen-ev'er, adv. at every
time when.
WHENSOEVER, hwen-so-ev'er, adv. at
what time soever : whenever.
WHERE, hwar, adv. at which place, at
what place ? to what place, to which
place. — Whereabout', about where: near
what? — Whereas', as or on account of
which: since: when in fact: near. —
Whereat', at which : at what ? — Where-
by', by which. — Where'FORE, for which
reason : for what reason ? whj' ? — Where-
in', in which : in what ? — Whereof (-of).
of which: of what? — Whereon', on which:
on what? — Wheresoev'er, in what place
soever.— Whereto', to -which : to what ?
— Whereunto' (B.) whereto : for what
purpose ? — Whereupon', upon or in con-
sequence of which. — Wherev'er, at
whatever place. — Wherewith', with
which : with what ? — Wherewithal'.
same as Wherewith. [A.S. hwa-r or
hwoe-r ; from stem of Who. Cf. There.]
WHERRY, hwer'i, n. a name applied most
commonly to a light shallow boat, seated
for passengers, and plying on rivers.
What sights of fine folks he oft rowed in his wherry,
'Twas cleaned out so nice, and so painted withal.
—Ch. Dibdin:
a light half-decked fishing vessel used in
different parts of Great Britain and Ire-
land. [Formerly written M'Aej'j'e, lohirrie:
Skeat connects it with Ice. hverfr.
shifty, crank, said of vessels, this again
being connected with wharf, and A.S.
hweorfan, to 'turn.]
WHERRY, hwer'i, n. a liquor made from
the pulp of crab-apples after the verjuice
is expressed. Sometimes called Crab-
wherry. [W. chwerw, bitter, the oppo-
site of sweet.]
WHERRYMAN, hwer'i-man, n. one who
rows a wherrj-. " He that is an excellent
wherryynan looketh towards the bridge,
when he puUeth towards Westminster."
— Bacon.
WHET, hwet, l\t. to sharpen by rubbing;
to make keen : to excite : — -pr.p. whett'-
ing ; pa.t. and pa.jj. whett'ed. — n. act of
sharpening : something that sharpens
the appetite. — n. Whett'er. [A.S.
hwettan, from A.S. hwcet, sharp ; Ger.
wetzen.]
WHETHER, hweth'er. interrog. pron. sig.
which of two. — conj. which of two alter-
natives. [A.S. hwce-ther, from the stem
of Who, with the old compar. suffix
-ther ; cog. with Goth, hva-thar, Ger.
tve-der ; also with L. u-tent-s, Gr. ko-
tero-s. Sans, ka-tard. Cf. Other and
At TJTR "I
WHETSTONE, hwet'ston, n. a stone for
sharpening cutlery or tools by friction.
Whetstones are made of various kinds
of stone, the finer kinds being made of a
siUceous slate, and when used are moist-
ened with oil or water. " Diligence is to
the understanding as the tvhetstone to
the razor."— South .—To oive the whet-
stone, TO deserve the whetstone, old
phrases in which (and in v.arious others)
the whetstone is as.sociated with lying,
and regarded as the proper premium for
accomplishment in this art. The origin
of the usage is not clear, but perhaps
the whetstone was regarded as to be
used for sharpening the wits. "This
will explain a smart repartee of Sir
WHEY
Francis Bacon's before King James, to
whom Sir Kenelm Digby was relating,
that he had seen the true philosopher's
stone in the possession of a hermit in
Italy, and when the king was very curi-
ous "to understand what sort of stone it
was, and Sir Kenelm much puzzled in
describing it. Sir Fra. Bacon interposed,
and said, ' Perhaps it was a whetstone.' "
— Zachary Orey.
WHEY, hwa, n. the watery part of milk,
separated from the curd, esp. in making
cheese. — adjs. Whey'ey, Whey'ish, of
whey : like whey. [A.S. hicceg ; Scot.
whig, Low Ger. wey ; prob. conn, with
root of Water.]
WHICH, hwich, pron. an interrogative
pronoun, by which one or more among
a number of individual persons or things,
often one among a definite number (fre-
quenth' one of two), is inquired for, or
intended to be definitely singled out —
used with or without an accompanying
noun; as, u'/mc/j man is it ? tvhich woman
is it? which is the house? which are the
articles you mean? ''Which of you con-
vinceth me of sin ?" — John viii. 46.
IVliich of you will stop
The vent of hearing when loud Rumor speaks ?
—Shak.
So with herself is she in mutiny.
To live or die which of the twain were better.
When life is shamed, and death reproach''s debtor.
— Shah.
A relative pronoun, serving as the neu-
ter of icho, and having an antecedent of
the singular or plural number but of the
neuter gender ; as, the thing or things
whicli : the birds which were singing ; or
the antecedent may be a sentence, word,
•r notion ; as, he is very ignorant, which
is a great pit}'. Such usages as the fol-
lowing are now obsolete. "Our Father
which art in heaven." — Matt. vi. 9. " All
those friends which I thought buried." —
Shak. "Had I been there which am a
silly woman." — Shak, Sometimes equiv-
alent to " a thing or circumstance
which," the relative clause preceding
that which is referred to.
And, ichich was strangre, the one so like the other
As could not be distinguished but by name.
—Shak.
Used adjectively or with a noun sub-
joined, the relative coming before the
noun by an inversion which gives a cer-
tain brevity.
Refusing: her irrand bests, she did confine thee
Into a cloven pine; within juhich rift
Imprisoned thou didst painfully remain
A dozen years; within which space she died.
—Shak.
Which is used as an indefinite pronoun,
standing for whichever, any one which,
that which, those whicli, and the like ;
as. take which you will. — ^V}l^ch was
often formerly preceded by the definite
article tlie. " That worthy name by the
which ye are called." — James ii. 7.
The party Vainst the ichich he doth contrive
Shall seize one half his goods. — Shak.
It was formerly often followed by that
or OS, having the effect of giving em-
phasis or definiteness. " This abbot which
that was an holy man." — Chancer. —
Which is \vhich? which is the one,
which the other? a common phrase im-
plying inability to distinguish between
two. [A.S. hmlc, hwyle, contr. from hwt-
!tc, lit. why-like, from hwt, instrumental
case of ichd, who, whcet. what, and lie,
like : similar are O. Sax. hw^lik. Ice.
hvili/cr, Dan. hvilken, Goth, hveleiks,
Dut. welk, Ger. welch. Of. such =. so-
like. Like who, tuhich was originally an
interrogative, and it was not used as a
relative till the close of the twelfth cen-
tury. As an interrogative it is still of
any gender, but as a relative it is now
482
only neuter. It is both singular and
plural.]
WHICHEVER, hwich-ev'er, WHICHSO-
EVER, hwicli-so-ev'er, x^ron, --every one
which : whether one or other.
WHIFF, hwif, n. a sudden puff of air from
the mouth : a slight blast.— v.^. to throw
out in whiffs : to puff. [W. chiriff; imi-
tative.]
WHIFFLE, hwif'l, v.i. to turn as if by
whiffs or gusts of wind : to be fickle : to
prevaricate. — n. Whiff'ler. [Freq. of
WHIFF.]
WHIG, hwig, n, the name (now almost
superseded by " Liberal ") of one of the
great English political parties : in Ameri-
can hist, (a) a friend and supporter of the
principles of the Revolution — opposed to
Tory and Royalist ; (6) one of a political
party from about 1829 to 18,53 — opposed
to Democrat. — adj. Whig'GISH. — adv.
Whig'gishlt. — ns. Whig'gism, Whig'-
GERT, Whig principles. [Orig. a nick-
name of the peasantry in the south-west
of Scotland ; perh. from Scot, whig, sour
milk (see Whey), their drink ; perh. from
a word u'higgam, which western drovers
used in driving. The name was after-
wards applied "to the Covenanters, who
belonged mostly to the south-west of
Scotland ; finally given (in 1679) to the
popular party which strove to exclude
the Duke of York from the succession,
because he was a R. Catholic]
WHILE, hwll, n. a space of time. — adv.
during the time that : at the same time
that, as long as. — v.t, to cause to pass
without irksomeness (with away). —
Whiles, genitive form of while : (B.)
while. [A.S. hwil; Goth, hveila, Ger.
weile.]
WHILOM, hwll'om, adv. formerly, once,
of old (obs.). [A.S. hwihim, hinlon (lit.)
"at times," dative pi. of Inril, a time.
See While.]
WHILST, hwllst, adv. same as While.
[Whiles, genitive form of While, with
excrescent -t, Cf. Midst.]
WHIM, hwim, n, a caprice: a fancy. [Per-
haps originally Scand., and conn, with
Ice. hvima, to have the eyes wandering.]
WHIMPER, hwim'per, v,i, to cry with a
low, ichining voice. [Scot. wMmmer,
Ger. wimmern ; perhaps from the root
of Whine, j
WHIMSEY, hwim'zi, n. a %vhim : a freak.
[Extension of Whim.]
WHIMSICAL, hwim'zik-al, adj, full of
irhims : having odd fancies : fantastical.
— adv. Whim'sically. — ns, Whim'sical-
NESS, Whimsical'ity.
WHIN, hwin, n, gorse, furze. [W. chxcyn,
weeds.]
WHINE, hwIn, v.i, to utter a plaintive,
shrill cry : to complain in an unmanly
way. — n. a plaintive cry : an affected
nasal tone of complaint. — n, When'ER. —
adv. AVhin'inglt. [A.S. hwinan; cf.
Ger. weinen, to weep.l
WHINNY, hwin'i, adj, abounding in
whins.
WHINNY, hwin'i, v.i. to neigh or cry like
a horse: — Tpa.t. and pa.p. whinn'ied.
[Imitative ; cf. L. hinnio.']
WHINSTONE, hwin'ston, n. gener.-il name
for any hard, dark, imstratified rocli.
(Jty. of Whin diib.]
WHiiP, hwip, v.t. to take or seize with a
sudden motion : to snatch : to carry or
convey suddenly and rapidly — usually
followed by some preposition or adverb,
as aicay, from, out, into, up, and the
like. " I whipt me behind the arras." —
Shak.; " TTTii'p.s oiit his rapier." — Shak.;
" She, in a hurry, irhips np her darling
under her arm. "-^SiVi?. L'Estrange; "He
whips mtt his pocket-book every moment,
WHIP
and writes descriptions of everything he
sees." — H. Walpole ;
My madness came upon me as of old
And whipt me into waste fields far away.
— Tennyson:
to sew slightly; to form into gathers; as,
to ivhip a ruffle ;
In hsi\t-u-hipped muslin useless needles lie. — Gtiy :
to overlay, as a rope, cord, etc., with a
cord, twine, or thread going round and
round it; to inwra[>— generally with about,
around, over, or the like ; " Whi})ped
over either with gold thread, silver, or
silk." — Stiibbes: to strike with a whip or
lash or with anything tough and flexible;
to lash; as, to whip a horse : to punish
with a whip, scourge, birch, or the like ;
to flog; as, to whip a vagrant; to ichip a
perverse boy ; "Who for false quantities
was iL-hipp'd at school." — Eh-yden : to
drive with lashes ;
Consideration, like an angel, came
And whipp'd the offending Adam out of him.
—Sliak.r
to make to turn or rotate with lashes ;
as, to trhip a top ; " Since I plucked
geese, played truant, and whipped top."
— Shak. : to lash in a figurative sense; to
treat with cutting severity, as with sar-
casm, abuse, or the like ;
Wilt thou whip thine own faults in other men *
—Shak.;
" The league between virtue and nature
engages all things to assume a ho.stile
front to vice. The beautiful laws and
substances of the world persecute and
w/iip the traitor." — Emerson : to thrash;
to beat out, as grain bj- striking- ; as, to
ichip wheat : (navt.) to hoist or purchase
by means of a rope passed through a
single pulley : to beat : to overcome ; to
surpass ; " We can tchip all creation." —
Lever : to fish in with rod and line: as, to
ichip a stream ; " To whip the trout
stream." — Lever : to beat into a froth, as
eggs, cream, etc., with a whisk, fork,
spoon, or the like. — To whip the cat: to
practice the most pinching parsimony :
to work from house to house by the day,
as an itinerant tailor, carpenter, or the
like. — To WHIP IN, to keep from scatter-
ing, as hounds in a hunt: hence, to bring
or keep the members of a party together,
OS in a legislative a.ssenibly. [Originally
applied to various kinds of quick motion
or action, and allied to Dut. irippen, to
hasten, to skip, to toss ; trip, a lift, a
swing, a swipe ; O.Dut. wippie, a whip ;
Low Ger. ivippen. Dan. vippe, to see-
saw; Ger. v-ippen, to rock, to see-saw, etc.
The h would seem therefore not to belong
properly to the word. The meaning of
flog comes from the noun, and the noun
has probably got it from the resemblance
of a whip to a swipe. Perhaps more
than one word may be mixed vip under
this form; cf. W. chwip, a quick turn;
chiripiau; to move briskly.]
WHIP, hwip, t\i. to move nimbly: to start
suddenly and run ; or to turn and run :
as, the boy wh ip2)ed away in an instant ;
he wh ipped round the corner.
Wliip to our tents, as roes run oVr land. — Shak:
WHIP, hwip, 71. an instrument for dr.'ving
horses, cattle, etc., or for correction, con-
sisting commonly of a handle, to which is
attached a thong of plaited leather ; a
coachman or driver of a carriage ; as, a
good whip; "Major Benson, who was
a famous whip, took his seat on the bos
of the barouche." — Miss Edgeworth :
(naut.) a rope passed through a single
block or pulley used to hoist light bodies:
one of the radii or arms of a wind-mill
to which the sails are attached; also, the
length of the arm reckoned from the
shaft : in the British parliament, (a) »
I
WHIPCORD
483
WHIT
member who performs the non-official
but important duties of looking- after
the interests of his party, and who
secures the attendance of as many
members as possible at important di-
visions; as, the Liberal tchip, the Con-
servative whip: (6) a call made upon
the members of a party to be in their
places at a certain time ; as. both par-
ties have issued a rigorous whip in
vievT of the expected division.
WHIPCORD, hwip'kord, n., cord for mak-
iU!? n-hips.
WHIPHAND, hwip'hand, n. (lit.) the hand
that holds the tchip : advantage over.
WHIPPER, liwip'er, n. one who ichips : an
officer who inflicts the penalty of whip-
ping.
WHIPPER-IN, hwip'er-in, n. one who
keeps the hounds from wandering, and
whips them in to the line of chase : one
who enforces the discipline of a party.
WHIPPING, hwip'ing, n. act of whipping:
_punishraent with a whip or lash.
WHIPPING -POST, hwip'ing-post, n. a
post to which offenders are tied to be
whipped.
WHIR, liwer, n. a sound from rapid wliirl-
ing. — v.i. to whirl round with a noise : —
pr.p. whirr'ing ; pa.t.and pa.p. whirred.
[Imitative ; cf. Ger. sc/nt'iVren.]
WHIRL, hwerl, n. a turning with rapidity :
anything that turns with velocity. — v.i.
to revolve rapidly. — v.t. to turn round
rapidly. [Ice. hvirfill. Ger. wirbel : from
the root of A.S. hweorfan, to turn. Cf.
Wh.urp.]
WHIRLIGIG, hwerl'i-gig, n. a child's toy
wliich is spun or u-hirled rapidly round.
W H I R L I N G -T A B L E. h wer'ling-ta-bl,
WHIRLING-MACHINE. Iiwer'li'ng-raa-
shen, n. a machine contrived for the
purpose of exhibiting the principal effects
of centripetal or centrifugal forces, when
bodies revolve in the circumferences of
circles or on an axis.
WHIRL-PIT, hwerl'-pit, n. a whirlpool.
•• By raging tohirl-pits overthrown." —
Sandys.
WHIRLPOOL, hwerl'-pool, n. a circular
eddy or current in a river or the sea pro-
duced by the configuration of the chan-
nel, by meeting currents, by winds meet-
ing tides, etc. The celebrated whirl pool of
Charybdis between Sicily and Italy, and
of the MalstrOm, off the coast of Norway,
are not whirlpools in the strict sense, but
merely superficial commotions created by
winds meeting tides, and in calm we.ather
are free from all danger. Instances of
vortical motion, however, do occur, as
in the whirlpool of Corrievrekin in the
Hebrides, between Jura and Scarba, and
in some eddvs among the Orkneys.
WHIRL-PUFF, hwerl'-puf, re. a whirlwind.
Holkind.
WHIRL-AVATER. hwerl'-waw-ter, n. an
old name for a water-spout. Letter of
1626. quoted by Nares.
WHIRL- WHALE, hwerl'-hwal, n. a mon-
ster of the whale kind : a whirl-abovit : a
whirlpool. Sylvester.
WHIRLWIG, hwerl'wig, WHIRLWIG-
BEETLE, hwerl' wig-be-tl, u. a beetle of
the genus Gyrinus (O. natator), which
abounds in fresh water, and maybe seen
circling round on its surf.ice with great
rapidity. Its eyes are divided by a nar-
row band, so tiiat. although it has only
two, it is made to look as if it had four.
[Whirl, and A.S. wicga, irigga, a beetle
or similar insect ; cf. EaRWIO.]
WHIRLWIND, hwerl'wind, n. a violent
wind moving in a circle, or rather in a
spiral form, as if moving round an axis,
this axis having at the same time a pro-
gressive motion, rectilinear or curvilin-
ear, on the surface of the land or sea.
Whirlwinds are produced chiefly by the
meeting of currents of air which run in
different directions. When they occur
on land they give a whirling motion to
dust, sand, part of a cloud, and some-
times even to bodies of great weight and
bulk, carrying them either upwards or
downwards, and scattering them about
in all directions. At sea they often give
rise to waterspouts. They are most fre-
quent and violent in tropical countries,
where the thermal states of the atmos-
phere are most favorable for their pro-
duction.
WHISK, hwisk, v.t. to move with a quick
motion : to sweep or stir rapidly. — v.i.
to move nimbly and rapidly. — n. a rapid
sweeping motion : a small bunch of any-
thing used for a brush : a small instru-
ment for beating or whisking, esp. eggs.
[Scand. viska, Gter. wischen ; from the
root of Wash.]
WHISKER, hwisk'er, w. he who or that
which whisks : the hair on the sides of a
man's face (esp. in pi.) : the bristle on the
face of a cat. etc. — adj. Whisk'eeed.
WHISKY, WHISKEY, hwisk'i, n. an ard-
ent spirit distilled generally from barley,
but sometimes from wheat, rye, sugaV,
molasses, etc. Tliere are two chief varie-
ties of whisky — viz. malt-whisky and
f rain-whisky. The former variety is of
ner quality, .ind made chiefly from
malted bai'ley or bere, and sometimes,
though rarely, from rye. The latter is
made from various substances, as sugar,
molasses, potatoes, but piincipally from
unmalted grain, as Indian corn,Darley,
oats, etc., dried and ground up. The
grain most largely used is Indian corn.
Grain-whisky requires the same process
of fermentation and distillation as malt-
whisky, but is cheaper, from its greater
yield, and because it saves the expensive
process of malting. Though coarser it is
stronger, but if kept long enough is
equally free from fusel oil. [Ir. and Gael.
uisge, water, nisge-beatlm , vihisky, usque-
baugh, lit. water of life. Whisky, there-
fore, means simply water, the latter part
of the name being dropped.]
WHISKY-JACK, hwiski-jak, v. the famil-
iar name of a species of jay common in
North America. It is the Garndus cann-
den.sis.
WHISPER, hwis'per, v.i. to speak with a
low sound: to speak very softly: to plot
secretly. — v.t. to utter in a low voice or
under the breath. — v. a low, hissing voice
or sound : cautious or timorous speak-
ing. [A.S. inmsprian: Ger. tn'.tpern. Ice.
hviskra : allied to Whistle ; prob. orig.
from an interj. like pst, hst.]
WHISPERER, hwis'per-er. n. one who
whispers : (/?.) a secret informer.
WHISPERHOOD. hwi.s'per-hood. v. the
state of being a whisper : the initial con-
dition of a rumor, that is. the time when
it was only whispered or insinuated. " I
know a lie, that now disturbed half the
kingdom with its noise, which although
too proud and great at present to own
its parents, I can remember its whisper-
hood." — Smft. [Probably used only this
once.]
WHISPERING, hwis'per-ing, p. and adj.
speaking in a whisper ; " For talking age
and whispering lovers." — Ooldsmith;
making secret insinuations of evil ; evil-
speaking ; backbiting ;
Alas 1 they had been friends In youth ;
But whispering tongues can poison truth.
—Coleridge:
making a low, sibilant sound ;
As once we met
Uuheedful, tho* beneath the whimpering ram.
—nnnj/ton.
— Whisperisg gallery or dome, a gal-
lery or dome in which the sound of words
uttered in a low voice or whisper is com-
municated to a greater distance than un-
der any ordinary circumstances. Thus in
an elliptical chamber, if a person stand-
ing in one of the foci speak in a whisper
he will be heard distincth' bj' a person
standing in the other focus, although
the same sound would not be audible at
the same distance under any other cir-
cumstances or at any other place in the
chamber. The reason is that the sounds
produced in one of the foci of such a
chamber strike upon the wall all round,
and, from the nature of the ellipse, are
all reflected to the other focus. This
serves in some measure to explain the
effects of whispering galleries and domes
in general.
WHIST, hwist, interj. silence ! hush ! be
still 1
WHIST, hwist, adj. not speaking : not
making a noise : silent : mute : still —
chiefly used predicatively. "So whist
and dead a silence reigned." — Harring-
ton." " Far from the town where all
is tchist and still." — Marloie.
The winds with wonder tvfiist
Smoothly the waters kiss'd. — Milton.
WHIST, hwist, n. a well-known game at
cards, said to be so called because the
parties plajing it have to be whist or
silent, but this is doubtful. Another
name was whi.sk. The game is played
with the full pack of fiftj'-two cards by
four persons, two being partners against
the other two, each player receiving
thirteen cards dealt out one by one in
rotation. The last card dealt is turned
face up, and is called the trump card ;
it gives a special power to the suit to
which it belongs. The cards rank as foU
lows : ace (highest), king, queen, knave,
and the others according to their num-
ber of pips. Plaj' is commenced by the
person on the left hand of the dealer
laying down a card face up on the table,
the other players following in succession
with cards of the same suit if they have
them. When all have played the player
who has laid the highest card takes the
four cards laid down, which constitute a
trick. The winner of the trick then
leads, as the first of a new trick, the
winner of which becomes the leader, and
so on. When a player cannot ))lay a
card of the same suit, he may play one
of the trump suit, and take the trick, or
lay one of a different suit, which gives
him no chance of winning the trick.
When the hand is played out the score
is taken as follows : the partners who
conjointly gain the majority of tricks
score one point for every trick taken
above six. The ace, king, queen, and
knave of the trump suit are called hon-
ors, and coimt one each for the side who
holds them ; if one side hold three hon-
ors, they count two by honors, as the
opposite side can have but one ; if one
Bide hold all the honors, four by honors
is counted ; should the honors be equally
divided neither side counts, the honors
being then said to cancel each other.
WHISTLE, hwis'l, v.i. to make a shriU
sound by forcing the breath through the
lips contracted : to make a like souni
with an instrument : to sound shrill. —
l\t. to form or utter by whistlinir : to
call by a whistle. — n. the sound made in
whistling : a small wind instrument.
[A.S. hwistlan; Sw. hurissla ; cf. Whis-
per.]
WHIT, hwit, n. the smallest particle
imaginable : a bit. [By-form of Wight,
a creature.]
WHITE
484
WHO
WHITE, hwit, adj. of the color of snow :
pale : colorless : pure : unblemished : (_B.)
purified from sin. — n. the color of snow :
anything- white, as a white man, the mark
at which an arrow is shot, the albuminous
part of an egg. — v.t. to make white. — n.
White'ness. [A.S. hwit : Ice. fmt-r, Ger.
weiss ; also conn, with Sans, ^nt, to be
white, to shine. See Wheat.]
WHITEBAIT, hwJt'bat, n. a very small,
delicious white fish of the herring kind.
[-BAIT=-' food."]
WHITE -FEATHER, hwit-feWer. n. the
symbol of cowardice, a term introduced
in days wlien cock-fighting was in vogue.
As a game-cock has no white feathers, a
white feather was a proof that a bird was
not game. Generally used in sucli phrases
as to shotv the ivhite-feather, to have a
white-feather in one's iiiiiig=to show cow-
ardice, to behave like a coward. " ' He
has a white-feather in liis wing this same
Westburnflat after a",' said Simon of
Hackburn, somewhat scandalized by his
ready surrender. ' He'll ne'er fill his
father's boots.'" — Sir W. Scott.
WHITE-FILM, hwlt'-fllm, n. a white film
growing over the eyes of sheep, and caus-
ing blindness.
WHITE-FISH, hwit'-fish, Ji. a general
name for whitings and haddocks: a small
American fish, Alosa menhaden, caught
in immense quantities, and used for ma-
nuring land on the southern border of
Connecticut, along the sound : a fish of
the salmon family, belonging to the genus
Coregonus, C. sdpidus, found in the lakes
of North America.
WHITEFRIAR, hwlt'fri-ar, n. one of the
Carmelite order of friars, so called from
their white dress.
WHITE-HEAT, hwlt'-het, n. the degree of
heat at vrhich bodies become ivhite.
WHITELEAD. hwit'led, n. a carbonate of
lead used in painting tvhite.
WHITE-LEATHER, hwit-lett'er,n. leather
tanned with alum and salt, a process
which does not discolor the hide or give
it the brown appearance due to tanning
by oak-bark, etc.
WlilTE-LIE, hwlt'-ll, n. a lie for which
some kind of excuse can be offered : a
false statement made in the interest of
peace, reconciliation, harmless sport, or
the like : a harmless or non-malicious
ialsehood. "I wish that word 'fib'
was out of the English language ; and
white-lie drummed out after it." — Miss
Edgeicorfh.
WHITE-LIGHT, hwlt'-llt, w. in ijhysics.
the name generally given to the light
which comes directly from the sun, and
which has not been decomposed by re-
fraction in passing through a transpar-
ent prism : a light produced artificially,
and used as signals, etc.
WHITE-LIME, hwit'-llm. n. a solution or
preparation of lime used for whitewash-
ing : a variety of whitewash.
WHITE-LIMED, hwlt'-llmd, adj. white-
washed or plastered with lime. Shak.
WHITE-LINE, hwlt'lin, n. in lirinting, a
void space, broader than usual, left be-
tween lines. Called also a Bl.\nk-line.
WHITE-LISTED, hwTt-list'ed. adj. having
white stripes or lists on a darker ground
(the tree in the quotation having been
torn with lightning).
He raised his eyes and saw
The tree that shone white-iisted throuijh the gloom.
— Tennyson.
WHITE-LFV^ERED, hwit'-liv'erd. adj. hav-
ing a pale look, so called because thought
to be caused by a white liver : cowardlj' :
malicious.
WHITEN, hwit'en, v.t. to mrike u-hite : to
bleach. — v.i. to become or turn white. —
n. Whit'ener.
WHITE-SWELLING, hwlt'-swel'ing, n. a
disease of the joints, esp. the knee.
WHITEWASH, hwit'wosh, n. a wash, or
mixture of whiting or lime and water,
used to M7w'te?i ceilings, etc. — v.t. to cover
with whitewash : to give a fair appear-
ance to.
WHITE-WATER, hwit'-waw-ter, n. a dis-
ease of sheep of a dangerous kind.
WHITE-WAX, hwit'-waks, n. bleached
bees'-wax.
WHITE-WEED, hwlt'-wed, n. a name
sometimes given to the ox-eye daisy, a
composite plant of the genus Chrysan-
themum (C. Leucanthemum). [From the
color of its flowers.]
WHITE- WILLOW, hwlt'-wil-o, n. a Brit-
ish tree of the genus Salix, the S. alba.
[See Willow.]
WHITE- WINE, hwit'-win, n. any wine of
a clear transparent color, bordering on
white, as Madeira, Sherry, etc. : opposed
to wine of a deep red color, as Port and
Burgundy.
WHITE-WITCH, hwit'-wich, n. a wizard
or witch of a beneficent or good-nat-
ured disposition. " The common peo-
ple call him a wizard, a white-ivitch , a
conjuror, a cunning man." — Addison.
" Her qualifications as white-witch were
boundless cunning, equally boundless
good-nature, considerable knowledge of
human weaknesses, some mesmeric
power, some skill in ' yarbs,' as she
called her simples, etc." — Kingsley.
WHITHER, hwifA'er, adv. to what place?
to which place: to what. [A.S. hivce-der,
htci-der, from the stem of Who, with the
locative suflBx -der or -ther. Ice. tha-ihra.
Sans, ta-tra. Cf. Thither, There.]
WHITHERSOEVER,hwif?t-er-so-ev'er,adw.
to whatever place.
WHITING, hwit'ing, n. a small sea-fish
allied to the cod, so called from its white
color : ground chalk free from stony
matter.
WHITISH, hwlt'ish, adj. somewhat white.
— n. Whit'ishness.
WHITLOW, hwit'lo, n. in surg. parony-
chia, a swelling or inflammation about
the nails or ends of the fingers, or affect-
ing one or more of the phalanges of the
fingers, generally terminating in an ab-
scess. There are four or five varieties of
this swelling, according to the texture
primarily attacked. Should the skin be
the primary seat of the inflammation
vesicles appear, which soon disciiarge
pus, giving i-apid relief ; should the cellu-
lar or connective tissue beneath the skin
or under the nail be affected, there is a
painful feeling of tenseness and throb-
bing of the part, often accompanied by
febrile disturbance until pus can be evac-
uated, which should be done by incision
as soon as the presence and seat of the
disease has been discovered. The most
dangerous form of whitlow occurs,
however, when the tendons and their
sheaths or t'^e periosteum are affected;
in this form suppuration may extend
above the wrist, and may occasion
the loss of the finger, the hand, and may
seriously, in some rare cases fatally, af-
fect the health of the patient : an inflam-
matory disease of the feet in sheep ; it
occurs round the hoof, where an acrid
matter is collected, which ought to be
discharged. [A corruption of whickflaw
for qtiick-flaw. lit. a flaiv or sore of the
quick. The forms whickjlaw and xchit-
flair both occur in oJd and provincial En-
glish.]
WHITLOW-GRASS, hwit'lo-gras, n. the
common name of a British plant, Draba
verna.
WHIT-MONDAY, hwit-mun'da, n. the
Monday following Whitsunday.
WHITSUN, hwit'sun, adj. pertaining to or
observed at Whitsuntide.
WHITSUNDAY, hwit'sun-da, WHITSUN-
TIDE, hwit'sun-tid, n. the seventh Sun-
day after Easter, commemorating the
day of Pentecost, when the converts in
the primitive church wore white robes.
WHITTLE, hwit'l, v.t. to pare or cut with
a knife : to cut to an edge. — n. a small
pocket-knife. [M. E. th-witel (which,
being confused with Whet, dropped the
th-) — A.S. thwitan, to cut.]
WHIZ, hwiz, v.i. to make a hissing sound,
like an arrow or ball flj'ing through the
air : — pr.p. whizz'ing ; pa.t. and pa.p.
whizzed. — n. a hissing sound. — adv.
Whizz'ingly. [Imitative ; cf. Wheeze,
Whist, and Hiss.]
WHO, boo, proii. both rel. and interrog..
always lor persons : what person? which
person. — Who, Which, That. These
agree in being relatives, icho being used
for persons, which for things, and that
being used indifferently for either. T17io
and trhich have well-defined different
uses : (a) they connect two co-ordinate
sentences ; as, I met a policeman who
showed me the way ; I studied geome-
try which I found useful. Each of these
sentences could be turned into two prop-
ositions grammatically, as well as log-
ically, independent : I met a policeman
and he showed me the waj' : I studied
geometry and it I found useful. An-
other use of the same nature is when
the second clause is of the kind termed
adverbial, where we may still resolve
ivho and which into a personal or demon-
strative pronoun and a conjunction ; as,
whj- should we condemn James who
(for he, seeing that he) is innocent? whj-
should we study phrenologj- which {see-
ing that it) is profitless? (6) They are
often used to introduce subordinate or
adjectival clauses, which serve to define
or explain a noun regarding which a
statement is made in the principal clause:
as, I saw the man who first taught me
to swim ; the house iihich he built still
stands. Now, in these latter uses, who
and which cannot be turned into and he,
and it. The follow ing sentence, stand-
ing alone, is ambiguous : "I re-read the
book tchich gave me much pleasure."
This may mean either tliat the re-read-
ing gave much pleasure, and in that
case the sentence consists of two co-
ordinate sentences and belongs to sec-
tion (a), or it maj- mean I re-read the
book which when foimerlj* read gave me
much pleasure. In the latter case the
second clause limits or explains the ob-
ject of the first and belongs to section
(b). To remove such ambiguity, and the
unpleasant effect arising from the too
frequent use of ulio and which, it has
been proposed by some grammarians (es-
pecially Professor Bain) always to em-
ploy that and not uho or ulilich, when
the relative is used to introduce a re-
strictive or adjectival clause, and instead
of saying " the man trho hath no music
in himself ... is fit for treasons, etc.."
" they are the books . . . which nourish
all the world," to sav, as Shakespeare
saj's, "the man that hath, etc.," "they
are the books . . . that nourish, etc.,"
reserving who and which for such cases
as are noticed under section (a). [A.S.
hwa ; cog. with Goth, hva-s. Ice. hver,
Ger. wer ; also mth Sans, k&s, Gr. pas,
L. giiis.]
WHOEVER
485
WTLDGRAVE
WHOEVER, h5o-ev'er, pron. every one
who : whatever person.
WHOLE, hoi, adj. sound, as in health (so
in B.): unimpaired: containing the total
amount, number, etc.: all: not defective:
complete. — n. the entire thing: a sj'Stem
or combination of parts. — n. Whole'-
NESS.— adr. Whol'lt. [M.E. hool — A.S.
hal, healthy ; Ice. heill, Ger. heil ; also
cog. with Gr. kalos, beautiful. By-form
Hale, adj.]
WHOLESALE, hOl'sal, n., sale of goods by
the ivliole piece or large quantity. — adj.
buving and selling in large quantities.
WHOLESOME, hol'sum, adj. healthy:
sound : salutary.— adu. Whole'somely.
—11. Whole'someness.
WHOM, hoom, pron. objective case of
Who. [■^•S. Invam, which was orig.
dative of ivha. Who, and replaced the
older accus. Meone.]
WHOMSOEVER, ho6m-so-ev'er, pron. ob-
jective case of Whosoever.
WHOOP, hwoop or hoop, n. a loud eager
cry. — v.i. to give a clear, sharp cry : to
shout in scorn, eagerness, etc. — v.t. to
insult with shouts. [A.S. zvop — u-epan
(pa.t. tveop), E. Weep, Goth, vopjan, to
crj' out.]
WHOOPING- or HOOPING-COUGH,
hoop'iag-kof, n. a convulsive cough of
children, like a ichoop.
WHORE, hor, n. a woman who practices
unlawful sexual intercourse : a prosti-
tute : a harlot. — ^Whokedom, h5r'dum, n.
unlawful sexual intercourse. — Whore-
monger, hor'mung-ger, n. a lecher : a
pander. See Monger. — adj. Whor'ish.
—adv. Whor'ishlt. — n. Whor'ishness.
fA.S. hore ; Ger. hure.]
WfeORL, hworl, n. a number of leaves in
a whirl or circle round the stem. [By-
form of Whhil.I
WTHORTLEBERRY, hwor'tl-ber-i, n. a
widely-spread heath plant with a blue
edible berry, called also the Bhberry.
[Changed (probably through influence of
Wort, a plant) from hurtle-berry — ^A.S.
heorot-berige (lit.) "hart-berry."]
WHOSE, hooz, pron. the possessive case
of Who or Which.— Whosesoev'er (B.)
of whomsoever. [M.E. hums — A. S.
hu-ces.}
WHOSO, hSo'so, WHOSOEVER, hoo-so-
ev'er, ir\dejinite relative pron. everj' one
who : whoever.
WHY, hwT, adv. for tvhat cause or reason?
on which account: wherefore. [A.S. hici,
hu-y, instrumental case of hwa, E. Who.
Cf. How.]
WICK, -wik, n. the threads of cotton or
other substance in a candle or lamp
which burn. [A.S. weoea ; Ger. ivieke, a
roll of lint.]
WICKED, wik'ed, adj. evil in principle or
practice : deviating from morality : sin-
ful: ungodly: naughty. — n. (B.) a wicked
person. — adv. Wick'edly. — n. Wick'ed-
NESS. [Perh. from A.S. tvican, to become
weak, decaj' ; see Weak. But Grimm
connects it with A.S. wieea, E. Witch,
so that the primary meaning would be
"bewitched, " accuised," hence "per-
verse."]
WICKER, wik'er, n. a small pliant twig or
osier. — adj. made of twigs or osiers. [Ety.
dubj
WICKET, wiK'et, n. a small gate : one of
three upright rods bowie(i at in cricket.
[O. Fr iriket (Ft. guichet), a dim. of O.
Scand. rik, an mlet.]
WIDE, wid, adj. extended far : having a
considerable distance between : broad :
distant. — adv. Wide'ly. — n. Wide'Ness.
[A.S. wid; Ice. tmdhr, Ger. vjeit.^
WIDEN, wid'n, v.t. or v.t to make brgiwv
wide or wider.
WIDE-SKIRTED, wld'-skert-ed,ad;. having
wide borders : extensive.
W ith plenteous rivers and unde-skirted meads.
We make thee lady. — Shak.
WIDE-SPREAD, wid'-spred, adj. spread to
a great distance: extending far and wide.
"To stand upon such elevated ground as
to be enabled to take a larger view of
the imde-spread and infinitely diversified
constitution of men and affairs in a large
society." — Brougham.
WIDE -STRETCHED, wid'-strecht, adj.
large: extensive. " Wide-stretched hon-
ors."— Shak.
WIDGEON, wid'jun, n. a species of natar
torial bird allied to the Anatidasor ducks;
the Mareca penelope. The widgeons are
migratory birds which breed occasionally
in the most northern parts of Scotland,
but the ordinary breeding place is in more
northern regions, which they quit on the
approach of winter, and journey south-
ward. They are very numerous in the
British Islands during the winter, where
they spread themselves along the shores
and over the marshes and lakes. They
feed on aquatic plants, and on grass like
the geese. They have always been in
request for the table. The American
widgeon is the Mareca americana. It is
most abundant in the Carolinas, and is
often called bald-pate from the white on
the top of the head : from the widgeon
being supposed to be a foolish bird, the
word was applied formerly to a fool.
The apostles of this false religion.
Like Mahomet's, were as ass and vndgeon.
— Rudibras.
rCf. GrOOSE, Gudgeon ; cf. also the
French vigeon, vingeon, gingeon, names
of ducks, the origin of the word being
doubtful.]
WIDOW, wid'O, n. a woman unthout or
bereft of her husband by death. — v.t. to
bereave of a husband : to strip of any-
thing valued. ^^Widoio in old English
was both masculine and feminine. The
word was afterwards limited in applica-
tion to women, because the position of a
widoio is so often of a distressing char-
acter ; and when it became necessarj' to
distinguish a man who had lost his wife
by a single word, the masculine sufBx
was added to the recognized feminine
u-idow." — E. Adams. [A.S. xndwu-e : Ger.
wittwe ; borrowed from L. vidua, bereft
of a husband. Sans, vidhava — in {= L.
ve-), without, and dhava, a husband.]
WIDOWER, wid'o-er, n. a man whose wife
is dead.
WIDOWHOOD, wid'o-hood, w. state of
being a widow, or (rarely) of being a
widower.
WIDTH, width, n. wideness.
WIELD, weld, v.t. to use with full com-
mand : to manage : to use. — n. Wield'-
ER. [A.S. geu-eldan — wealdan ; Goth.
valdan, Ger. walten.]
WIELDY, weld'i, ad), capable of l)iing
wielded : manageable.
WIFE, wif (pi. Wives, wIvz), n. originally,
a woman of mature age that is or might
be married, and in common language
often still so applied, esp. in Scotland ;
in literature used now only in compound
words, generally designing a woman of
low employment ; as, sdeivife, Qsh-u-ife:
the lawful consort of a man ; a woman
who is united to a man in the 'awful
bonds of wedlock — tne correlative of
husband , "The husband of one wife." —
1 Tim. iii. 3 ; "He that hath wife and
children hath given hostages to fortune ;
for they are impediments to great en-
terprises either of virtue or mischief." —
Bacon : " A good unfe is heaven's last
best gift to man, his ange! a,aO minister
of graces innumerable, his gem of many
virtues, his casket of jewels." — Jer. Tay-
lor. [A.S. )('?/, a woman, a wife (neut.,
pi. rc'if) ; Dut. wijf, Ice. vif, Dan. viv,
Ger. ireib, womsM. The root meaning is
doubtful ; often connected with iceave.
This word gives the first syllable of u}q~
man. See Woman.]
WIFE-CARLE, wif-karl, n. a man who.
busies himself about household affairs or
woman's work. [Scotch.]
WIFELESS, wlfles, adj. without a wife.
WIG, wig. n. an artificial covering of haj
for the head. [Short for Periwig.]
WIGGED, vvigd, adj. wearing a wig.
WIGHT, wit, n. a creature or a person —
used chiefly in sport or irony. [A.S.
unht, a creature ; Ger. tvicht. Grimm
refers it to a root seen in O. Ger. wihan
(Ger. iveihen), to consecrate, orig. to do,
to make. See Whit.]
WIGHT, wit, n. a hero. [A.S. wig. war.j
WIGWAM, wig'wam, n. an Indian hut.
[E. corr. of North American Indian word
sig. •• in his house."]
WILD, wild, adj. being in a state of na-
ture : not tamed or cultivated : uncivil-
ized : desert : unsheltered : violent : li-
centious.— n. an uncultivated region : a
forest or desert. — adv. Wild'ly. — n,
Wild'ness. [A.S. wilde ; Ger. wild : conn,
with Ger. wald, forest, E. Weald.]
WILDER, wild'er, v.t. to bewilder. [Short
for Bewilder.]
WILDERNESS, wil'der-nes, n. a wild or
waste place : an uncultivated region,
fA.S. mldeorness.]
Wildfire, wlWflr, n. a composition ot
inflammable materials readily catching
fire and hard to be extinguished ; Greek-
fire ; " Brimstone, pitch, wildfire, burn
easily, and are hard to quench." — Bacon :
a kind of lightning unaccompanied by
thunder : a name for erysipelas ; also a
name for lichen circumscriplus, an erup
tive disease, consisting of clusters or
patches of papulae : a name given to a
disease of sheep, attended with inflam-
mation of the skin. — Wild-fire rash, in
pathol. a species of gum-rash, in which
the pimples are in clusters or patches,
generally flying from part to part.
WILD-FOWL, wild'-fowl, n. a name given
to birds of various species whicli are
pursued as game, but ordinarily restricted
to birds belonging to the orders Gralla-
tores and Natatores : water-fowl.
WILD-GOOSE, wlld'-goos, n. a water-fowl
of the genus Anser, the A. ferus, a bird
of passage, and the stock of the domestic
goose. The wild-goose, known also as
the Gray-lag, was formerly abundant in
the fenny parts of England, and resided
there all the year, but it is now onlv
known as a winter visitant to the British
Isles. It is the largest of the species
found in Britain. The term inld-goose is
also promiscuously applied to several
species of the goose kind found wild in
Great Britain, as A. palustris, A. segetnm,
and A. brachyrhynchus. The wild-goose
of North America, also migratory, is a
distinct species, the A. Cygnopsis or cana-
densis.— Wild-goose chase, the pursuit
of anything in ignorance of the direction
it will take : lience, a foolish pursuit or
enterprise. According to Dyce a wild
goose chase was a kind of horse var^c,
where two horses were started toge+ner
and whichever rider could get th ■ lead
the other was obliged to follow him over
whatever ground the foremost jockey
chose to go.
WILDGRAVE, wild'grav, n. a head forest-
keeper in Germany in former tmies an
official having the superintendence of the
game in a forest— tlifferent from a wald-
grave or woodreeve. Sir W, Scott, [Ger.
WILDING
4S6
WINDBROACH
wUdgraf, from umld, game, wild animals,
and gruf, commonly a title equivalent to
count. 1
WILDING, wlld'ing, n. that which grows
wild or without cultivation: a wild crab-
apple.
WILE, wll, n. a trick: a sly artifice. [A.S.
wil: Ice. vel, vce^ atrick. Doublet Guile.]
WILL, wil, n. power of choosing or deter-
mining : choice or determination : pleas-
ure: command: arbitrary disposal: feeling
towards, as in good or ill will: disposition
of one's effects at death : the written
document containing such. — v.i. to exer-
cise the wiU : to decree : (B.) to be will-
ing.— v.t. to determine: to be resolved to
do: to command: to dispose of by will. —
Last will and testament, in laiv, the
legal declaration of a man's intentions as
to what he wills to be performed after
his death in relation to his property. In
England no will, whether of real or per-
sonal estate, is to be valid unless it be in
writing, and signed at the foot or end by
the testator, or by some person in his
presence, and by his direction. Such sig-
nature must be made or acknowledged
by the testator in the presence of two or
more witnesses present at the same time,
and such witnesses must attest and sub-
scribe the will in the presence of the tes-
tator. Soldiers on actual service, or
mariners at sea, have the power of mak-
ing nuncupative mils. In the United
States the law is in substantial agree-
ment with that of England. In Scotland
formerly onl^' personal property could be
disposed of by will, real property being
conveyed by a disposition or deed in
which the testator's liferent in the sub-
ject was resei'ved, but heritable property
can now be so disposed of. [A.S. willa;
Goth, inlja, Ger. mile ; L. volo, to vrill,
Gr. botile, wQl, purpose.]
WILL, wil, V. aux., pres. I will, thou wilt,
he icill: past, would; no past participle.
A word denoting either simple futurity
or futurity combined with volition ac-
cording to the subject of the verb.
Thus, in the first person, I (we) will, the
word denotes willingness, consent, inten-
tion, or promise ; and when emphasized
it indicates determination or fixed pur-
pose ; as, I icill go, if you please ; I will
go at all hazards ; I will have it in spite
of him. In the second and third persons
will expresses only a simple future or
certainty, the idea of volition, purpose,
or wish being lost ; thus, '• j-ou imll go,"
or '• he loill go," indicates a future event
only. The second person may also be
used as a polite command ; as, you will
be sure to do as I have told you. — As re-
gards loill in questions, Mr. R. Grant
White lays down the following rules :
" Will is never to be used as a question
with the first person ; as, will I go? A
man cannot ask if lie wills to do any-
thing that he must know and only he
knows . . . As a question, will in the sec-
ond person asks the intention of the per-
son addressed; as, will you iso to-morrow?
that is. Do you mean to go to-morrow?
... As a question, will in the third per-
son asks what is to be the future action
of the person spoken of, witli a necessary
reference to intention; as, u-ill lie go?
that is. Is he going ? Does he mean to
go and is his goicg sure ? " Simple futur-
ity with the first per son is appropriately
expressed by shall. Among inaccurate
speakers and writers, especially in Scot-
land, Ireland, and in some parts of the
United States, there is some confusion
in the use of shall and u-ill ; thus loill im-
properly takes the place of shall in such
frequently used phrases as, "I loill be
obliged to you," "we vntthe at a loss,"
"I will be much gratified," and so on.
— Would stands in the same relation to
ivill that should does to sliall. Thus
icould is seldom or never a preterite in-
dicative pure and simple, being mainly
employed in subjunctive, conditional, or
optative senses, in the latter case having
often the functions and force of an in-
dependent verb ; as. (a) conditional or
subjunctive, " he M'0!(/d do it if he could ;"
"he could do it if he would," "they
would have gone had they been permit-
ted." Here it will be seen tvould refers
to the present only, the past being ex-
pressed by would have. In such sentences
as "He was mistaken it icould seem," or
" it would appear " — in which should is
sometimes used — woiil(} retains almost
nothing of conditionality, haviug merely
the eilect of softening a direct statement.
(Mr. R. Grant White regards " it should
seem " as the normal expression, though
he quotes " it womW appear" from g-ood
English wi-iters. He himself wi-ites : " It
would seem that a man of Mr. Lowe's
general intelligence should know," etc. —
Everyday English, cliap. xui.) (b) Opta-
tive ; ■' I woidd that I were young again."
In this use the personal pronoun is often
omitted. " ]Vould to God we had died
in Egypt."— Ex. xvi. 3. " Would God I
had died for thee, O Absalom." — 2 Sam.
xviii. 3. " Would thou wert as I am." —
Shak. — Would most nearly has the force
of a simple past indicative in such sen-
tences as, "he would go and vou see
what has happened ;" but this implies
farther that he did actually go or at least
set out, and the tcould is here emphatic.
— Would is also used to express a habit
or custom, as if it implied a habitual
exercise of will ; as, she would weep all
day ; every other day he would fly into a
passion. — Will and taould were formerly
often used with adverbs and preposition-
al plirases to express motion or change
of place, where modern usage would re-
quire icill go, icould go, or the like. " Now
I will away ;" " I'll to the ale-house ;"
" I will about it ;" " Til to my books ;"
"he is very sick and wmdd to bed ;"
" there were wit in this head, and 'twould
out." — Shak. — What maybe called a
similar elliptical usage occm-s in such
phrases as "what icould you?" where
present usage would supply have or do.
[A.S. willan, pres. sing. 1 and 3 wile, 3
wilt, pi. willath (1, 2, and 3) ; pret. zcolde,
icoldest : pi. woldon or woldan ; Dut.
willen. Ice. vilja, Dan. iHlle, to will ; Ger.
will, I will, he will, infln. wollen : Goth.
viljan ; cog. L. volo, I will, velle, to will ;
Gr. boulomai, I will. Akin WiXL, Weal,
Wild.]
WILLEMITE, willem-It, n. a mineral of
resinous lustre and yellowisb-green col-
or. It is a native silicate of zinc. It is of
rare occurrence in Europe, but is found
in New Jersey, in rock-masses constitut-
ing a very valuable and important zinc
ore. [In honor of Willem I., king of the
Netherland s . ]
WTLLET, wil'ei, n., Symphemia semipal-
mata, a bird jf the snipe family, found
in North and JSouth America. It is a fine
game bird, and its flesh and eggs are
prized as food. , t is so named from its
cry, "pilt-will-wi, 'et."
WILLFUL, wil' fool adj. govern^ only by
one's mil : done or suffered by design :
obstinate. — adv. Will'fijlly. — n. Wnx.'-
FULNESS.
WILLING, wiring, adj. having the will in-
clined to a thing : desirous : disposed :
chosen. — adv. Will'ingly. — n. WlLL'-
INGJSBSS.
I WILLOW, wil'o, n. a tree of several spe-
cies, with slender, pliant branches. [A.S.
wilig ; Low Ger. icilge, u-ichel.]
WILL -WORSHIP, wil'-wur'ship, ?i. (B.)
worship of what one wills or wishes :
superstitious observance.
WILT, wilt, 2d pers. sing, of WiLL.
WILY, wll'i, adj. full of iciles or tricks :
using craft or stratagem : artful : sly.—
adv. WiL'iLY. — Wll'ixess, n. cunning.
WIMBLE, wim'bl, f.<. to whirl, to turn,
to bore with a wimble. — n. an instru-
ment for boring holes, turned by a handle.
[A corr. (with freq. suffix) of Wind, to
turn. See Gimlet.]
WIMPLE, wim'pl, n. a hood or veil folded
round the neck and face (.still a part of a
nun's dress) : a flag. [O. Fr. guimple —
O. Ger. wimpal, a light robe (Ger. icim-
j>el, a streamer). See Gimp.]
WIN, win, v.t. to get by labor : to gain in
contest : to allure to kindness, to gain :
to obtain the favor of. — v.i. to gain the
victorj' : to gain favor : — pr.p. winn'ing ;
pa.t. and pa.p. won (wun). [A.S. win-
nan, to suffer, to struggle ; Ice. vinna, to
accomplish, Ger. ge-winnen, to win.]
WINCE, wins, i:i. to shrink or start back ;
to be affected acutely, as by a sarcasm :
to be restive, as a horse uneasy at its
rider. [Perh. through O. Fr. from Ger,
wanken, to shake.!
WIN'CEy. Same a's Linsey-woolsey.
WINCH, winsli, n. the crank of a wheel or
axle. — v.i. to wince. [A.S. wince.'\
WIND, wind, n. air in motion : breath :
flatulence: anything insignificant. — v.t.
(wind) to sound by blowing : (wind) to ex-
pose to the wind : to drive hard, so as to
put out of breath : to allow to recover
wind:— pr.^). wTnd'ingand wind'ing;^a.p
wound and wind'ed. [A.S. ; Ice. vindr
Ger. iHnd, L. ventus ; from root of Gr
ao, to blow-, Sans, i-a.]
WIND, wind, v.t. to imn round, to twist;
to coil: to encircle: to change. — v.i. to
turn completelj- or often: to turn round
something: to twist: to move spirally:
to meander : — pr.p. wind'ing; pa.t. and
pa.p. wound. — To wind up, to bring into
small compass : to bring to a final set-
tlement, as the affairs of a company.
[A.S. icindan ; Ger. icinden. Ice. vind'a,
Goth, vindan. Cf. Wend.]
WINDAGE, wind'aj, n. the difference be-
tween the size of the bore of a gun and
that of the ball or shell. [From Wind,
the space being filled with air.]
WIND-BAND, wind'-band. n. a band of
musicians who play onlj- or principally
on wind-instruments.
WIND-BEAM, wind'-bem, n. in arch, an
old term for a collar-beam.
WIND-BILIj, wind'-bil, n. in Scots law, an
accommodation bill : a hill of exchange
granted without value having been re-
ceived by the acceptors, for the purpose
of raising monev bv discount.
WIND-BORE, wind'-fcor. n. the extremity
of the suction-pipe of a pump, usually
covei'ed with a perforated plate to pre-
yent the intrusion of foreign substances.
WINDBOUND.wind'bownd, adj. prevented
from sailing by a contrary wind. "The
windbound na\'y." — Lh-yden.
WIND-BREAK, wind'-biak, v.t. to break
the wind off. " 'Twould wind-bi'eak a
mule to vie burdens with her." — Ford.
WINDBROACH. windliroch. k. the hurdy-
gurdy or ^^elle. "For an old man to
pretend to talk wisely is like a musi-
cian's endeavoring to fumble out a fine
sonata upon a ivindbroach." — Tom
Brow)i. [Tlie last component probably
a corruption of Ger. bratsche, a viola,
or tenor-vioUn.]
WIND-BROKEN
487
WINTER'S-BARK
WIND-BROKEN, wind'-brok'n, adj. dis-
eased in tlie respiratory organs : having'
the power of breatliing impaired by chest
disease : as, a icind-broketi horse.
WIND-CHANGING, wind'-chanj-ing, adj.
cnangeful as the wind : fickle. " Wind-
ehanging Warwick." — Shak.
WIND-CHEST, wind'-chest, n. in music,
the chest or reservoir in an organ or har-
monium for storing the wind produced
by tlie bellows, and which is thus pre-
vented from acting by direct and inter-
mittent currents on the pipes and reeds.
WIND - CONTUSION, wind'-kon-tu-zhun,
n. in surg. a contusion, such as rupture
of the liver, Concussion of the brain, un-
accompanied by any external mark of
violence, supposed to be produced by the
air when rapidly displaced by the velocity
of a projectile, as a cannon-ball. It is
now, however, considered to be occa-
sioned by the projectile itself .striking
the body in an oblique direction, the com-
parative escape of the external soft tis-
sues being accounted for by the degree ot
obliquity with which the missile impinges
on the elastic skin, together with the
position of the internal structures injured
relatively to the impingement of the
ball on one side and hard resisting sub-
stances on another.
WIND-DROPSY, wind'-drop-si, n. a swell-
ing of the belly from wind in the intes-
tines : tympanites.
WIND-EGG, wind'-eg, n. an imperfect
egg. Wind eggs are frequently laid by
hens which have been injured or are
growing old. They are frequently desti-
tute of a shell, being surrounded only by
a skin or membrane, and sometimes by a
very thin shell. Sir T. Browne.
WINDER, wlnd'er, n. one who or that
which winds yarns or the like ; as, a bob-
hia-U'inder : an instrument or machine
for winding : a plant that twists itself
round others ; •' Winders and creepers."
— Bacon : the winding-step of a staircase.
WINDER, wind'er, n. in pugilism, a blow
that deprives of breath.
WINDFALL, wind'fawl, n. fruit blown off
a tree by the loind : any unexpected
money or other advantage.
WINDGAUGE, wind'gaj, n. an iu.strument
for gauging or measuring the velocity of
the mind.
WINDING, wind'ing, n. a turning : a bend.
— adj. twisting, or bending. — adv. Wind'-
moLY.
WINDING-SHEET, wind'ing-shet, n. a
sheet in which a corpse is wrapped.
These arms of mine shall be thy vfindinf/-8heei.
My heart, sweet boy, shall be thy sepulchre.
—fihak.:
a piece of tallow or wax hanging down
from a burning candle — regarded by the
ignorant as an omen of death. " He
feel asleep on his arms .... a long
mnding-slieet in the candle dripping
down upon him." — Dicken-i.
WINDING-TACKLE, wlnd'iug-tak-l, n.
(naut.) a tackle consisting of one fixed
triple block, and one double or triple
movable block, used principally to hoist
up any weighty materials.
WIND-iNSTRIBIENT,wind'-in-stroo-ment
n. an instrument of music, played by
means of artificially produced currents
of wind, as the organ, harmonium, etc.,
or by the human breath, as the flute,
horn, etc., in all of which the vibration
of a column of air produces the sound.
The name is, however, generally re-
stricted to the orchestral instruments
of the second class, consisting of a tube
(straight, bent, or curved), producing a
fundamental tone with its harmonics or
overtones when the vibrating column
extends the whole length of the tube.
This column may, however, be shortened
by having holes' of certain sizes and at
certain distances along the tube, which
are opened or stopped by the fingers
or valves, the instrument being thus
adapted to produce in its simpler forms
the tones of the diatonic scale, and in its
more complex forms the tones of the
chromatic scale. The wind-instruments
of an ordinary orchestra are divided into
two classes : wood instruments, as the
flute, oboe, clarionet, and bassoon ; and
brass instruments, as the horn, cornet-
a-pistons, trombone, euphonium, bom-
bardon, and ophicleide. The quality of
tone of the woods is soft, smooth, light,
and almost vocal ; that ot the brasses is
somewhat harder, more powerful and
majestic. Being all fixed toned they
cannot, of couise, play in perfect tune
like stringed instruments, and they can
only produce one sound at a time.
WINDLASS, wind'las, 7i. a machine for
raising heavy weights, consisting of a
revolving cylinder. [Dut. windas — vHn-
den, E. Wind, and as, an axletree ; so
Ice. ri-ind-ass, a wind-iag beam.'\
WINDMILL, wind'mil, n. a mill driven by
the 2ri)id.
WINDOW, wind'6, n. an opening in the
wall of a building for air and Ught : the
frame in the opening. [Lit. " wind-eye,"
M. E. windoge — Ice. vindauga — vindr,
wind, and auga, eye.]
WINDPIPE, wind'pip, n. the pipe or pas-
sage for the wind or breath, to and from
the lungs.
WINDWARD, wind'ward, adv., toward
where the wind blows from. — adj. to-
ward the wind. — n. the point from which
the wind blows.
WINDY, wind'i, adj. consisting of wind:
next the wind : tempestuous : empty. —
n. Wind'iness.
WINE, win, n. the fermented juice of the
graije or fruit of the vine {Vitis vinifera).
Wines are distinguished practically by
their color, hardness or softness on the
palate, their flavor, and their being still
or effervescing. The differences in the
quality of wines depend partly upon
differences in the vines, but more on the
differences of tlie soils in which they are
planted, in the exposure of the vineyards,
in tlie treatment of the grapes, and the
mode of manufacturing the wines. When
the grapes are fully ripe, they generally
yield the most perfect wine as to strength
and flavor. The leading character of
wine, howev(;r, must be referred to the
alcohol whicii it contains, and upon which
its intoxicating powers principally de-
pend. The amount of alcohol in the
stronger ports and sherries is from 16 to
25 per cent ; in hock, claret, and other
light wines from 7 ]ier cent. Wine con-
taining more than 13 per cent of alcohol
may be assumed to be fortified with
brandy or other spirit. The most cele-
brated ancient wines were those of Lesbos
and Chios among the Greeks, and the
Falernian and Cecuban among the Ro-
mans. The principal modern wines are
Port, Sherry, Claret, Champagne, Ma-
deira, Hock, Marsala, etc., etc. The va-
rieties of wine produced are almost end-
less, and differ in every constituent
according to the locality, season, and
age ; but generally the produce cf each
vineyard retains its own leadit ., char-
acteristics. The principal wine-produc-
ing countries are France, jermany,
Spain, Portugal, Sicily, Greece, Cape
Colony, Australia, and America. The
name wine is also given to tlie juice of
certain fruits prepared in imitation of
wine obtained from grapes, but distin«
guished by naming the source whence it
is derived, as currant wine, gooseberrj'
irine ; to the effect of drinking wine in
excess, intoxication, as "Noah awoke
from his tcine." — Gen. i.\. 34 ; to the act
of drinking wine, as " Who hath redness
of e^'es? They that tarrj- long at the
■icine." — Prov. xxiii. 29, 30 •, to a wine
party at the English luiiversities, as
"The ex-coach was drinking' brandy-
and-water, and maundering about great
icines, and patrician bear-fights." — Miss
Braddon. — Wine or iron {vinum ferri of
the Pliarm. Brit.), sherry with tarti-ated
iron in solution. — Quinine wine, sherry
with sulphate of quinine in solution. —
Oil of wine, ethereal oil, a reputed ano-
dyne, but only used in the preparation
of other compounds. — Spirit of wine,
alcohol. [A.S. ic'in, borrowed (like Dut.
wijn. Ice. vin, Dan. viin. Goth, wein or
vein, Ger. wein) from L. vinum, wine,
which con-esponds to Gr. oinos, -with
digamma voinos or foinos, vrine. L.
vinum, wine, is what is produced by
vitis, the vine, the twining plant (cog.
with E. Withy), the root meaning to
twine or tw-ist, seen also in vitium, vice,
and in E. to u-ind, wire, etc.]
WINE-BIBBER, win'-bib'er, )). a. bibber or
Urinker of wine : a drunkard.
WING, wing-, n. the organ ot a bird, or
other animal or insect, by whicli it flies :
flight: any side-piece: side of an army,
ship, building, etc. : (Jig.) protection. —
v.t. to furnish or transport with wings:
to supply with side-pieces : to wound in
the wing'.— On THE WING, on flight : de-
parting. [Sw. tvinge, Ice. vcengr; cf. E.
SwiNGj
WINGED, wingd, adj. furnished with
icings: swift: wounded in the wing.
WINK, wingk, v.i. to move the eyelids
quickly : to give a hint by -winking : to
seem not to see, connive at (so iu B.):
to be dim, to flicker. — ?i. act of winking:
a hint given by winking. [A.S. icincian;
Ger. icijiken.l
WINNER, win'er, n. one who ivins in a
contest.
WINNING, win'ing.ad/. gaining or adapted
to gain favor : attracting. — n. what is
gained in contest, labor, etc. — adv.
Winn'ingly.
WINNOW, win'6, v.t. to separate the chaff
from the grain by wind : to fan : to ex-
amine.— v.i. to separate chaff from grain.
— n. Winn'ower. [A.S. windman, to
expose to tlie wind— -Wind.]
WINSOME, wiu'sum, adj. iheertul : pleas-
ant : attractive. [A.S. wyu-sum, pleas-
ant— wyn, joy, Ger. wonne.]
WINTER, win'tor, n. the cold season of the
year: the after-autumn. — v.i. to pass
the winter. — v.t. to feed during winter.
[A.S.; Ger. winter; of uncertain origin;
not connected with WIND.]
WINTER-QUARTERS,w-in'ter-kwawr'terz,
n.pl. the quarters of an army during win-
ter : a winter residence.
WINTER'S-BARK, win'terz - bark, v. u
plant, or its bark, of the nat. order Mag-
noliace*, Drimys W'interi. It is a native
ot some of the mountainous parts ol
South America, and abundant in the
lower gi-ounds of Cape Horn and Staten
Island. It is an evergreen shrub, with
laurel-like leaves, corymbs of white flow-
ers, and many-seeded berries. Star anis«
(niicium) is closely allied to it. The bark
is cJ a pale, grayish-red color exter-
nal'y, lias an agreeable, pungent, aro-
matic taste, and contains an acid resin,
an acid, volatile oil, and .some tannin.
It is an excellent aromatic, but not easily
procured, other substances, particularly
WINTER-SETTLE
488
WITHER
the bark of the Canella alba, being sub-
stituted tor it. D. granatensis. New Gra-
nada Winter's-bark, is inferior to the
former in its aromatic properties, and
grows in New Granada and Brazil. [From
Capt. John Winter, who first brought it
from the Straits of Magellan in 1579.]
WINTER-SETTLE, win'ter-set-l, n. a win-
ter-seat or dwelling : winter-quarters : a
term belonging to the early historj' of
England. " In 874 the heathen men took
their iinnter-settle in Lindesey at Torke-
sey. The next year, just 1000 years ago,
we read how they passed from Lindesey
to Repton, and took their iinnter-settle
there."— £. A. Freeman. [A.S. winter-
setl]
WINTERY, win'ter-i, WINTRY, win'tri,
adj. resembUng or suitable to winter:
stormy.
WIPE, wip, v.t. to clean by rubbing: to
rub of! : clear away.— )i. act of cleaning
by rubbing : a sarcasm. [A.S. wipian ;
see Wisp.]
WIPER, wTp'er, Ji. one who wipes : the
instrument used for wiping : in mach. a
piece projecting generally from a hori-
zontal axle for the purpose of raising
stampers, pounders, or pistons in a ver-
tical direction and letting them faU by
their own weight. Wipers are employed
in fulling-mills, stamping-mills, oil-mills,
powder-mills, etc.
WIRE, wTr, n. a thread of metal : any
metallic substance drawn to an even
thread or slender rod of uniform diameter
by being passed between grooved rollers
or drawn through holes in a plate of
steel, etc. Wire is usually cylindrical,
but it is also made of various other forms,
as oval, half-round, square, and triangu-
lar, and of more complicated shapes for
small pinions, for forming the pattern on
blocks for calico-printing, and for other
purposes. The term ii-ire has also a
collective signification, being frequently
used to designate a quantity of metallic
threads. The metals most commonly
drawn into wire are gold, silver, copper,
and iron ; but the finest wire is made
from platina. Used absolutely for tele-
graph wire ; and hence, the telegraph ;
as, send on order per icire. " In India
the wild beasts and monkeys destroy or
play upon the wires, which are perhaps
recording at the time a minute on Ed-
ucation."—IF. H. Russell— Wire of
Lapland, a shining, slender substance
made from the sinews of the reindeer,
soaked in water, beaten, and spun into a
sort of thread of great strength. These
threads are dippe'd in me'ited tin, and
drawn through a horn with a hole in it.
The Laplanders use this wire in embroi-
dering their clothes. [A.S. n-ir, Low Ger.
M'ire, Ice. virr, Dan. vire, wire, Sw. wira,
to twist, to wind. Probably allied to L.
viricB, bracelets. No doubt of same root
as imnd, to twist.]
WIRE, wir, v.t. to bind with wire; to apply
wire to ; as, to wire corks in bottling
liquors : to put upon a wire ; as, to tare
beads : to snare by means of a wire ; as,
to u'jre a bird : in teleg. to send by tele-
graph, as a message ; to telegraph ; as,
imre a reply.
WIRE, wTr, v.i. to flow in currents as thin
as wire.
Then m small streams through all the Isles xriring.
Sends it to every part both heat and life inspiring.
—Ph. Fletcher:
to communicate by means of the tele-
graph ; to telegraph ; as, I tmred imme-
diately on arrival.— To wire in, to apply
one's self closely and perseveringly to
anything : to press forwards with a view
to "having a share.
WIRE-BRIDGE, wlr'-brij, n. a bridge sus-
pended by cables formed by wire.
WIRE-CARTRIDGE, wir'-kar-trij, n. a
cartridge for fowling in which the charge
of shot has wire ligainents.
WIREDRAW, wir'draw, v.t. to draw into
wire : to draw or spin out to a great
length : to strain or stretch the meaning
of anything.
WIRE-PULLER, wir'-pool-er, n. one who
exercises an influence felt but not seen,
as if the actors were his puppets and he
pidled the wires that move them : an in-
triguer.
WIRY, wir'i, adj. made of or like wire :
flexible and strong.
WIS, wis, V. (in the form I wis), used as
= know, llu-is is from A.S. ge-uns, cer-
tainly (Ger. ge-wiss), from root of Wit.]
WISDOM, wiz'dum, n. quality of being
irise: judgment: right use of knowledge:
(B.) piety. [A.S.]
WISE, wiz, adj. having ii'it or knowledge :
able to make use of knowlege well : judg-
ing riglitly : discreet : learned : skillful :
dictated by wisdom : containing wisdom.
—adv. Wise'ly. [A.S. ids ; Ger. weise ;
from root of Wit.]
WISE, WIZ, n. way, manner. [A.S. irise ;
Ger. tveise ; akin to Wise, adj. and Wrr.
Doublet Guise.]
WISEACRE, wiz'a-ker, n. one who pre-
tends to great wisdom : a simpleton.
[From Ger. weissager, a prophet — O.Ger.
wizzago (A.S. tvitiga).]
WISH, wish, v.i. to have a desire : to long
(so in B.) : to be inflined.— t).^ to desire
or long for: to ask: to invoke. — n. desire,
longing: thing desired: expression of de-
sire.—k. Wish'ee. [A.S. tvyscan; Ger.
wiinschen, Sw. orislca.]
WISHFUL, wish'fool, adj. having a wish
or desire : eager. — adv. Wish'fuixy. — n.
Wish'fulness.
WISP, wisp, n. a small bundle of straw or
hay. [Probably connected with Whisk.]
WIST, wist, (B.) knew. [A.S. iciste, pa.t.
of icitan, to know. See Wit.]
WISTFUL, vidst'fool, adj. full of thought :
thoughtful: earnest: eager. — adv. WlST'-
FULLY.— n. Wist'fulness. [From root
of Wrr.]
WIT, wit, v.i. (B.) to know.— To wit (ger-
undial inf. used as adv.) = namely, that
is to say. [A.S. witan, to know ; Goth.
vitan, Ger. wissen ; conn, also with L.
video (see Vision), Gr. eidon, Sans, vid
(see Veda).]
WIT, wit, n. understanding (so in B.) : a
mental faculty (chiefly in jp/.): the power
of combining ideas with aludicrouseff'ect:
the result of this power : one who has
wit. [A.S. intt — icitan.']
WITCH, wich, n. a woman regarded as
having supernatural or magical power
and knowledge. — v.t. to bewitch. [A.S.
uricce; wicca, wizard; ace. to Griinm, from
Goth, veihan (Ger. weihen), to conse-
crate, orig. to do, to perform (rites). Cf.
li. faeio, operari, ana Gr. erdo.'\
WITCHCRAFT, wich' I; raft, n. the prac-
tices of witches: sorcery: a supernatural
power which persons were formerly sup-
posed to obtain by entering into compact
with the devil. Indeed it was fully be-
lieved that they gave themselves up to
him, body and soul, while he engaged
that they should want for nothing, and
be able to assume whatever shape they
pleased, to visit and torment their ene-
mies, and accomplish their infernal pur-
poses. As soon as the bargain was con-
cluded, the devil was said to deliver to
the witch an imp or familiar spirit, to be
ready at call, and to do whatever it was
directed. By the aid of this imp and the
devil together, the witch, who was al-
most always an old woman, was enabled
to transport herself through the air on
a broomstick, and to transform herself
into various shapes, particularly those of
cats and hares ; to intuct diseases on
whomsoever she pleased, and to punish
her enemies in a variety of ways. The
belief in witchcraft is very ancient. It
was a common belief in Europe till the
sixteenth century, and maintained its
ground with tolerable firmness till the
middle of the seventeenth century: in-
deed it is not altogether extinct even at
the present day. Numbers of reputed
witches were condemned to be burned,
so that in England alone it is computed
that no fewer than 30,000 of them suffered
at the stake. The word also means power
more than natural : enchantment : irre-
sistible influence : fascination.
You have witchcraft in your lips, Kate.— SAafc.
O, father, what a hell of mtchcraft lies
In the small orb of one particular tear.— STiafc.
WITCHES'- SABBATH, wich'ez-sab-bath,
n. a stated meeting of witches and devils
at night for communicating the mischief
they had done, and concocting more, at
whicii the most obscene rites, or rather
revels, were indulged in. The witches
rode to the rendezvous on broomsticks,
sometimes on their demon-lovers in the
shape of goats, having previously an-
ointed themselves with the fat of a mur-
dered or unbaptized child. Neophytes
were introduced to the devil at such
meetings, where they received his mark
on their bodies as evidence that they had
sold their souls to him. In Germany the
witches'-Sabbath was held on Walpurgis-
night. [See Walpurgis-night.]
WITENAGEMOTE, wit'en-a-ge-mot. n.
among the Anglo-Saxons, the great na-
tional council or parliament, consisting
of athelings or princes, nobles or ealdor-
men, the large landholders, the princi-
pal ecclesiastics, etc. The meetings of
this council were frequent ; they formed
the highest court of judicature in the
kingdom ; they were stmimoned by the
king in any political emergency ; their
concurrence was necessary to give valid-
ity to laws, and treaties with foreign
states were submitted to their approval.
They had even power to elect the king,
and" if the sceptre descended in his race
it was by means of the formal recogni-
tion of the new king by the nobles, bish-
ops, etc., in an assembly convened for
the purpose. [A.S. witena-gemot — u^t-
ena, gen. pi. of wita^ a wise man, (^e)-
mot, a meeting, a moot, an assembly ;
lit. " the assembly of the wise men.'"]
WITH, n. same as Withe.
WITH, with, prep, denoting nearness or
connection : by : in competition or con-
trast : on the side of : immediately after :
among. [A.S. widh, wither, prob. orig.
sig. "placed over against;" Ice. vidh,
Ger. wider. It prob. absorbed the A.S.
mid, with (Ger. mit, Gr. meta).']
WITHAL, wi</i-awr, adv., with all or the
rest : likewise : moreover : (B.) prep.=
with.
WITHDRAW, wiWi-draw', v.t. to draw
back or away : to take back : to recall.
— v.i. to retire : to go away. — ns. WlTH-
draw'al, Withdraw'ment. [Prefix with,
against, back, and Draw.]
WITHE, WITH, with, n. a flexible twig,
esp. of willow : a band of twisted twigs.
[A.S. xndhig; Ice. vidhir, Ger. weide,
■svillow ; further conn, with Gr. itys. L.
vitis. Sans. v'l. to tie, to plait.]
WITHER, witk'er, v.i. to fade or become
dry in the rreather ; to lo.se freshness: to
shrink : waste. — v.t. to cause to drj- up :
to cause to decay, waste. [A.S. wedrian;
from root of Weather.]
WITHERS
489
WOODBINE
WITHERS, with'erz, n.pl. the ridge be-
tween the shoulder-bones of a horse.
[From wither, against (see ety. of With,
prep.).]
WITHHOLD, wif/i-hold', v.t. to hold back:
to keep back. [Prefix with, against, back,
and Hold.]
WITHIN, wi^A-in', prep, in the inner part :
inside: in the reach of: not going outside
of. — adv. in the inner part : inwardly.
fPrefi.x with, and In.]
WITHOUT, with-owt', prep, outside or out
of : beyond: not with: in absence of: not
having: except. — adv. on the outside: out
of doors. [Prefix toith, and Our.]
WITHSTAND, with-stund' , v.t. to stand
against : to oppose or resist. [Prefix
with, against, and Stand.]
WITLESS, wit'les, adj., wanting vnt or
understanding: thoughtless. — adv. Wrr'-
LESSLY. — n. Wit'lessness.
WITLING, wit'ling, n. one who has little
toit : a pretender to wit.
WITNESS, wit'nes, n., knowledge brought
in proof : testimony of a fact : that
which furnishes proof : one who sees or
has personal knowledge of a thing : one
who attests. — v.t. to have direct knowl-
edge of : to see : to give testimony to. —
v.i. to give evidence. [A.S. ge-witness —
WitJ
WITTED, wit'ed, adj. having imt or under-
standing.
WITTICISM, wit'i-sizm, n. a witty remark:
a sentence or phrase affectedly witty : a
low kind of wit. [Witty, and Gr. affix
WITTINGLY, wit'ing-li, adv. knowingly :
by design. [From witting, pr.p. of Wit,
to know.]
WITTY, wit'i, adj. possessed of unt: amus-
ing: droll: sarcastic: (B.) ingenious. —
adv. Witt'ily. — n. Witt'iness.
WrVE, wfv, v.t. to take for a wife. — v.i. to
marry. [A.S. mfian — ivif, E. Wife.]
WIZARD, WISARD, wiz'ard, n. originally,
a wise man : a sage.
See how from far, upon the eastern road.
The star-led vnsards haste with odors sweet.
— Milton.
[Milton here means the Magi, or wise men
of the East.] A proficient in the occult
sciences : an adept in the black art : one
supposed to possess supernatural powers,
generally from having leagued himself
with the Evil One : a sorcerer : an
enchanter : a magician : hence, a title
occasionly appUed to, or assumed by
modern performers of legerdemain : a
conjurer : a juggler. " And the soul
that turneth after such as have familiar
spirits, and after wizards, ... I will
even set my face against that soul." —
Lev. XX. 6. [From tme, and term. -ard.]
WIZARD, wiz'ard, adj. enchanting; charm-
ing. Collins : haunted by wizards ;
"Where Deva spreads her vnzard
stream . " — Milton.
WO AD, wod, n. a plant used as a blue dye-
stuff. [A-S. wad; Ger. waid; L. vitnim.]
WOE, WO, wo, n. grief : misery : a heavy
calamity : a curse : an exclamation of
grief. [A.S. (interj.) wa ; Ger. weh ; L.
iKB. Gr. ouai. Of. Wail.]
WOE-BEGONE, w6'-be-gon', adj. beset
with woe. [See under Begone.]
WOE WORTH. See Worth.
WOFUL, wo'fool, adj. sorrowful: bringing
calamity: wretched. — adv. Wo'Fut.LY. —
n. WO' FULNESS.
WOLD, wold. n. by-form ot Weald.
WOLF, vvoolf ( pi. Wolves, woolvz); n. a
quadruped belonging to the digitigrade
carnivora, family Canidae, in habits and
physical development closely related to
the dog, some naturalists, indeed, consid-
ering it as the progenitor of some exist-
ing races of the dog, with which it has
been known to interbreed. The common
European wolf {Canis lupus) is yellowish
or fulvous gray ; the hair is harsh and
strong, the ears erect and pointed, the
tail straight, or nearly so, and there is a
blackish band or streak on the forelegs
about the carpus. The height at the
shoulder is from 27 to 89 inches. The
wolf is swift of foot, crafty, and rapa-
cious; a destructive enemy to the sheep-
cote and farm-yard ; it associates in packs
to hunt the larger qr.adrupeds, such as
the deer, the elk, etc. When hard pressed
with hunger these packs have been known
to attack isolated travellers, and even to
enter villages and carry off children. In
general, however, wolves are cowardly
and stealthy, approaching the sheepfolds
and farm-steadings only at dead of night,
making a rapid retreat if in the least
scared by a dog or a man, and exhibiting
great cunning in the avoidance of traps.
Wolves are still plentiful in some parts
of Europe, as France, Spain, Italy, Ger-
many, Turkey, and Russia; they probably
ceased to exist in England about the end
of the fifteenth century; the last of their
race in Scotland is said to have been
killed by Cameron of Lochiel in 1680,
while in Ireland they are known to have
existed until at least the beginning of the
eighteenth century. The black wolf (C.
occidentalis) of America is a larger and
finer animal than his European congener.
The little prairie wolf or coyote (C och-
ropus), abounding on the vast plains of
Missouri and Mexico, is a burrowing ani-
mal, and resembles in many respects the
jackal. The Tasmanian wolf is a mar-
supial, and allied to the kangaroo. [A.S.
widf, Dut. and Ger. wolf. Ice. ulfr, Dan.
ulv, Sw. ulf (the Scandinavian forms
showing the common loss of initial v) ;
Goth, vulfs; cog. Bulg. vluku, Lith. vil-
kas, L. lupiis, Gr. lukos (both with loss of
the initial labial), Sans, vrika — wolf : all
traced to a root vark, valk, meaning to
tear.]
WOLF-DOG, woolf'-dog, n. a large kind of
dog of several varieties, kept to guard
sheep, cattle, etc., and destroy wolves :
a dog supposed to be bred between a dog
and a wolf.
WOLFFIAN, wol'fl-an, adj. in physiol. a
term applied to certain bodies in the
vertebrate embryo, preceding the true
kidneys, whose functions they perform.
As the foetus advances they gradually
disappear, their place being supplied by
the true kidneys, except in fishes, in
which they are permanent. [After
Wolff, the discoverer.]
WOLF-FISH, woolf'-fish, n. a teleostean
acanthopterygious fish {Anarrhichas
lupus), so called from its ferocious as-
pect and habits. It is found around the
coasts of Britain, where it attains a
length of 6 or 7 feet, but in southern
seas it is said to reach a much greater
size. The mouth is armed with strong
sharp teeth, the inner series forming
blunt grinders adapted for crushing the
molluscs and crustaceans on which it
feeds. The ventral fins are absent ; the
color is brownish-gray, spotted, and
striped with brown over the upper
parts, while the belly is white. The
flesh is palatable, and largely eaten in
Iceland, whilst the skin is durable, and
manufactured into a kind of shagreen.
When drawn up in a net it attacks its
captors ferociously, and unless stunned
with a blow on the liead, is capable ot
doing great damage to both persons and
nets with its powerful teeth. Called
also Sea-cat, Cat-fish, and Sea-wolf.
WOLFIAN, wol'fi-an, adj. pertaining to or
promulgated by Frederick A. Wolf, the
great German philologist. — Wolfias
theory, a theory put out by Wolf in
1795 to the effect that the Iliad and
Odyssey cannot be the works of one man.
Homer, because writing was unknown at
the time that these poems are said to
have been composed. He supposes, there-
fore, that tlie Iliad and Odyssey consist
of ballads or episodes, the work of dif-
ferent men, collected and arranged in a
more or less consistent and homogeneous
whole in the sixth century B.C. These
ballads were preserved by the recitation
of strolling minstrels.
WOLFISH, woolf'ish, adj. like a m-'o?/ either
in form or quality : rapacious. — adv.
WOLF'lSHLY.
WOLVERENE, wool' ver-en, WOLVERINE,
wool'ver-in, n. a carnivorous mammal,
the Gulo arcticxis (or luscus) or glutton
(see Glutton). — Wolverine State, a
popular name for the State of Michigan.
[A dim. formed from wolf, on account of
its fierce, bloodthirsty disposition.]
WOMAN, woom'an, n. the female of man :
a grown female : a female attendant : —
pi. Women (wim'en). [A.S. wimman,
wifmanii, a compound of vnf. Wife, and
Man ; cf. A.S. mcedenmann, a virgin, Ger.
weibs-me7isch, a female.]
WOMANHOOD, woom ' an - hood, n. the
state, character, or qualities of nuvman,
WOMANISH, woom'an-ish, adj. having
the qualities of a woman : feminine. —
adv. Wom'anishly.— n. Wom'anishness.
WOMANKIND, woom'an-kind, «., icomen
taken together : the female sex.
WOMANLIKE, woom'an-llk, adj., like a
woman.
WOMANLY, woom'an-li, adj. like or be-
coming a ivoman : feminine. — adv. in the
manner of a woman.—?;. Wom'anliness.
WOMB, woom, n. the organ in which the
young of mammals are developed, and
kept till birth : the place where anything
is produced : any deep cavity. [A.S.
wamb ; Ger. wamme, paunch.]
WOMBAT, wom'bat, n. an Australian mar-
supial mammal of the opossum family.
WON, wuB, pa.t. andjpa.p. of Win.
WONDER, wun'der, n. the state of mind
produced by something new, unexpected,
or extraordinary : a strange thing : a
prodigy. — v.i. to feel wonder: to be
amazed (with at). [A.S. vnindor ; Ger.
wunder, Ice. nndr.]
WONDERFUL, wun'der-fool, adj., full of
wonder : exciting wonder : strange : (S).
wonderfully. — adv. Won'DERFULLY.— n.
Won'derfulness.
WONDROUS, wund'rus, adj. such as may
excite wonder : strange. — adv. Won -
drously.
WONT, wunt, adj. used or accustomed.—
n. habit. — v.i. to be accustomed. [Orig.
pa.p. of M. E. wone, to dwell— A.S. imn-
ian (Ger. wohnen).]
WON'T, wont, will not. [Contr. of M. E.
WOl 7l0t.]
WONTED, wunt'ed, adj. accustomed :
usual. [See Wont.]
WOO, woo, v.t. to ask in order to mar-
riage : to court.— v.t. to court or make
love. — n. Woo'ER. [A.S. wogian, to
woo, prob. orig. " to bend , " cf. A.S.
vog, voh, bent, Goth, un-vahs, blameless,
(lit.) " not-bent. "1
WOOD, wood, n. the soli 1 part of trees :
trees, cut or sawed : timber : a collection
of growing trees.— v.i. to supply wood.
[A.S. tpudu ; cog. with Ice. viahrr, wood,
Ger. unt. firewood.]
WOODBINE, wood'bin, WOODBIND,
woodbind, n. the honeysuckle, so called
WOODCOAL
490
WORSHIP
because it twists and binds the ^7-eestO" '
gether. [X.S.umdu-biiid. C£. Hopblnd.J
WOODCOAL, wood'kol, m., coal like wood
in texture: charcoal: lignite or browc
coal.
WOODCOCK, wood'kok, w. a bird, allied
to the snipe, which frequents woods.
WOODCUT, wood'kut, n. an engraving
cut on wood: an impreesion from it. — n«
Wood'cctter.
WOODED, wood'ed, adj. supplied witll
ii-ood: covered with wood.
WOODEX, wood'n, ady. made of icoocb
hard: clumsy.
WOOD-ENGRAVING, wood'en-grav'ina
71. the act or art of engraving on rcoo^
an engraving on or taken from wood.
WOODLAND, wood'land, n., land covered
witli wood. ^
WOODLARK, wood'lark, n. a species of
lark found in or near woods, singing
chiefly on the wing.
WOODMAN, wood'man, n. a man whflj
cuts down trees: a forest ofiBcer: a hunta>
man.
WOODNYSIPH, wood'nimf , n. a nymph ar
goddess of the icoods. '
WOODPECKER, wood'pek-er, n. a bird
that pecks holes in the zcood or barkaC
trees for insects.
WOOD-PIGEON, wood'-pij'un. n. the wild
pigeon which lives in woods, the ring.
dove.
WOODRUFF, wood'ruf, n. a plant, foumi
in woods and shady places, with its
leaves in whorls like I'uffs.
WOODWARD, wood'wawrd, n. an officec
to guard the woods. I
WOODY, wood'i, adj. abounding with
^coods: pertaining to woods: consisting*
of wood.
WOOF, woof, n. same as Wept. [Froia
pa.t. of Weave. Cf. Weft.]
WOOL, wool, n. the soft, curly hair of
sheep and other animals: short thiofe
hair. [A.S. tcull; cog. with Goth, vidlo,
Ger. u-olle.]
WOOL-GATHERING, wool'-ga<;i'er-ing,w.
indulgence of idle fancies. — adj^ dreamy.
listless.
WOOL-GROWER, wool'-gro'er, n. one who
raises sheep for the production of wool
WOOLLEN, wool'en, adj. made of or pei'
taining to tcool.
WOOLLY, wool'i. adj. consisting of or Uke
wool: clothed with wool. — n. WooL'l
NESS.
WOOLSACK, wool'sak, n. the seat of tha
lord chancellor in the British House of
Lords, being a large square saek of wool
covered with scarlet.
WORD, wurd, n. an oral or written sign
expressing an idea or notion: talk, dis-
course: signal or sign: message: prom-
ise: declaration: — {pi.) verbal conten-
tion.—The Word, the Scripture: {theol.)
the second person in the Trinity. — v.t. to
express in words. [A.S. word; cog. with
Goth, vaurd. Ice. ord, Ger. wort; also
conn, with L. verbum, a word, Gr. eiro,
to speak.]
WORDBOOK, wurd'book. n. a book witha.
collection of words: a vocabulary.
WORDING, wurd'ing, n. act, manner, or
style of expressing in words.
WORDY, wurd'i, acy. full of words: using
or containing many words. — adv. Word-
ily.—?;. Word'iness.
WORE. w6r, pa.t. of Weae.
WORK, wurk, n. eflfort directed to an end:
the result of work: that on which one
works: anything made or done: deedi
effect: a literary composition: a book:
management:— p/. (fort.) walls, trenches,
etc.— t».i. to make efforts to attain any-
thing: to perform: to be in action: to
be occupied in business or labor: to pro-
duce elTects : to strata or labor : to fer-
ment.— v.t. to make by labor : to bring
into any state by action : to effect : to
influence : to manage: to solve: to cause
to ferment : to embroider : — pa.t. and
pa.p. worked or wrought (rawt). — n.
vVoRK'EH. [A.S. weorc : Ice. verk, Ger.
werk : further conn, with Gr. ergon.
Cf. Organ.]
WORBIABLE, wurk'a-bl, adj. that may be
worked.
WORKHOUSE, wurk'hows, n. a house
where any icork or manufacture is carried
on : a house of shelter for the poor, who
are made to work : a penal institution
for minor offences.
WORKMAN, wurVman, n. a man who
works or labors, esp. manually : a skill-
ful artificer.
WORKMANLIKE, wurk'man - Ilk, adj.,
like a tcorkman : becoming a skillful
workman : well performed.
WORKMANSHIP, wurk'man-ship, 71. the
skill of a workinan : manner of making :
%vork done.
WORKSHOP, wurk'shop, n. a shop where
tvork is done.
WORLD, wurld, n. the earth and its in-
habitants : the system of things : pres-
ent state of existence: any planet or
heavenly body : public life or society :
business : the public : a secular life :
course of life : a very large extent of
country, as the "new world:" very
much or a great deal, as a " world of
good : " time, as in the phrase " world
without end " = eternally : possibility,
as in " nothing in the world : " (B.) tfie
iiiigodly. [A.S. taor-uJd, weor-uld, (lit.)
"a generation of men," from tcer, a man,
and -idd, sig. an age; Ice. verbid, O. Ger.
weralt (Ger. welt). Cf. Wer-wolf, Wer-
gild ; also Eld and Old.]
WORLDLING, wurld'ing, n. one who is
devoted to worldly or temporal posses-
sions.
WORLDLY', wurld'li, adj. pertaining to
the tcorld, esp. as distinguished from the
world to come : devoted to this life and
its enjoyments: bent on gain.— n.WoRLD'-
UNESS.'
WORLDLY-MINDED, wurldTi-miud'ed,
ailj. having the mind set on the present
7corld.
WORM, wurm, 71. anj' small creeping ani-
mal : anything that gnaws or torments :
remorse : a debased being : anything
spiral : the thread of a screw : a spiral
pipe used in distilling. — v.i. to work
slowly or secretly. — v.t. to effect bj' slow
and secret means. [A.S. vxorm, wyrm,
dragon, snake, creeping animal ; cog.
with Goth. vaur7ns, a serpent, Ice. 07-mr,
Ger. mi/rm; also with L. vermis. Cf. Ver-
micelli and Crimson.]
WORM-EAT, wurm'-et, v.t. to gnaw or
perforate, as is done by worms : hence,
to impair by a slow, insidious process.
" Leave off these vanities which worm-
eat j'our brain." — Jar~vis.
WORM-EATEN, wurra'-et-n, adj. gnawed
by worms ; having a number of internal
cavities made by worms ; as, worm-eaten
boards, planks, or timber ; " Concave as
a covered goblet or a ivorm-eaten nut."
— Shak. : old ; worn - out ; worthless.
Raleigh.
WORM-EATENNESS, wurm'-et-n-nes, n.
state of being worm-eaten : rottenness.
WORMED, wurmd, adj. bored or pene-
trated bj- worms : injured by worms.
WORM-FENCE, wurni'-fens, n. a zigzag
fence made by placing the ends of the
rails upon each other: sometimes called
a Stake Fence.
WORM-FEVER, wurm'-fe-ver, n. a popu-
lar name for infantile remittent fever.
WORM-GEAR, wurm'-ger, n. in mack, a
combination consisting of a shaft fitted
with an endless screw which works into
a spirallv toothed wheel.
WORM -GRASS, wurm'-gras, WORM-
SEED, wurm'-sed, n. names given to
plants of the genus SpigeUa.
WORM-HOLE, wm-nV-hol, n. a hole made
by the gnawing of a worm. " To fill
with worm-holes stately monuments." —
Shak.
WORMING, wui-m'ing, 71. (naut.) yarn or
other material wound spirally round
ropes between the strands.
WORM-LIKE, wurm'-lik, adj. resembling
a worm : spiral : vermicular.
WORMLING, -mirm'ling, n. (lit.) a little
worm : hence, a weak, mean creature.
O dusty tvormiinq ! dar'st thou strive and staud
With lieaveii's high Monarch ? — Chapman.
WORM-OIL, wurm'-oil, 71. an oil obtained
from the seeds of Chenopodium anthel-
7nintinim. It is a powerfid anthelmintic.
WORM-POWDER, wurm'-pow-der, n. a
powder used for expelling worms from
the intestinal canal or other open cavities
of the body.
WORM-SEED, wurm'-sed, 71. a seed which
has the propertj' of expelling worms from
the intestinal tube or other open cavities
of the bodj' : it is brought from the Le-
vant, and is the produce of a species of
Artemisia (A. santonica), which is a na-
tive of Tartary and Persia : the seed of
Erysimrnn cheiranthoides or treacle-mus-
tard : a plant of the genus Spigelia.
WORM-SHAPED. wurm'-shapt, adj. inhot.
same as Verjiicxilar (which see).
WORM-SHELL, wurm'-sbel, n. the species
of the genus Vermetus : so called from
their long twisted shape.
WORM-TEA, wurm'-te, n. a decoction of
some plant, generally a bitter plant, used
as an anthelmintic.
WORMUL, wor'mul, 7i. a sore or tumor on
the back of cattle caused by the larva of
an insect which punctures the skin and
deposits its eggs : a warble. Called also
WoRNAL, WoRNlL. [Probably a corrup-
tion of worm-ill.'\
WORM-WHEEL, wurm'-hwel, »i. a wheel
which gears with an endless or tangent
screw or worm, receiving or imparting
motion. By this means a powerful effect
with a diminished rate of motion is com-
municated from one revolving shaft to
another.
WORMWOOD, -n-urm'wood, n. the bitter
plant absinthium. [A.S. werm-od (Grer.
vxrm-tith) ; from the root of Warm (with
affix -od), because orig. taken to warm
the body ; afterwards corrupted to worm-
u-ood, through its use as a vermifuge
suggesting a false etj'.]
WORMY, wurm'i, adj.'hkea.worm: grovel-
ling : containing a worm : abounding
with worms.
WORN. w6rn,pa.p. of Wear.
WORRY, wur'i, v.t. to tear with the teeth:
to harass : to tease :—pa.t. and jxi.p.
worr'ied. — n. trouble, perplexity, vexa-
tion. [Conn, with Dut. icorgen, to
strangle ; Ger. n-iirgen, to choke.]
WORSE, wurs, adj. (used as comp. of Bad),
bad or evil in a greater degree : more
sick. — adv. bad in a higher degree.
[A.S. ifyr-sa, old comp. from a root
uxor, bad, seen also in O. Gfer. wirser,
Goth. 7>airs.]
WORSHIP, wur'ship, n. religious ser\-ice :
adoration paid to God : a title of honor :
submissive respect. — i:t. to respect high-
ly : to treat with civil reverence : to pay
divine honors to : to adore or idolize. —
v.i. to perform acts of adoration : to
perform reUgious service : — pr.p. wor*-
shipping ; pa.t. and pa.j). wor'shipped.—
WORSHIPFUL
491
WRECKER
II. Wor'shtppee. [Lit. " state of having
worth or worthiness," A.S. loeordhseipe
— ^WoRTH, and affix -ship, A.S. -scipe.']
WORSHIPFUL, wur'ship-fool, adj., worthij
ot u-orship or honor, used as a term of
respect.
WORST, wurst, adj. bad in the highest
degree, whether in a moral or physical
sense ; as, the worst sinner, the worst
disease, the worst evil that can befall a
state or an individual. [Superl. of worse
(which see).]
Speak to me as to thy thinkiuj^s,
As thou dost ruminate ; aad give thy loorat of
thoughts
The toorst of words. — Shak.
Cori'upted freemea are the worst of slaves.
— Garriek.
WORST, wurst. n. that which is most evil
or bad : the most evil, severe, aggravated,
or calamitous state or condition — asually
with the. " He is always sure of finding
diversion when the worst conies to the
ivorst." — Addison. — At the worst, in
the most evil state or at the greatest
disadvantage. "Thou hast me at the
tvorst." — shak. "Things at the ivorst
will cease, or else climb upward to what
they were before."— SftaA:.— To PUT TO
THE WORST, to inflict defeat on : to over-
throw. "Who ever knew Truth put to
the worst in free and open encounter ? " —
Milton.
WORST, wurst, adv. most or least, accord-
ing to the sense of the verb. "When
thou didst hate him worst." — Shak. " The
gods do like this worst." — Shak.
WORST, wurst, v.t. to get the advantage
over in contest : to defeat : to overthrow.
" The victorious Philistines were worsted
by the captivated ark, which foraged
their country more than a conquering
army. " — Soriih.
WORST, wurst. v.i. to grow worse : to de-
teriorate : to worsen. " Anne haggard,^
Mary coarse, every face in the neighbor-
hood worsting, . . . had long been a dis-
tress to him." — Miss Austen.
WORSTED, woost'ed or woorst'ed, n.
twisted thread or yarn spun out of long,
combed wool. [From Worsted, a village
near Norwich in England.]
WORT, wurt, n. a plant of the cabbage
kind. [A.S. wyrt ; Ger. ivurz, umrzel, a
root.]
WORT, wurt, 71. new beer un'ermented or
in the act of fermentation : the sweet
infusion of malt. [A.S. wirt, irert ;
toiirze, sweet herbs ; probably orig. same
as above word.]
WORTH, wurth, n. value: that quality
which renders a thing valuable : price :
moral excellence : importance. — adj.
equal in value to : deserving of. — (B.)
v.i. be. [Lit, "being, sub.stance," A.S.
weorth — weorthan, to be, connected with
Were. See next word.]
WORTH, wurth, in the phrase WOE
WORTH, sig. woe be to. [A.S. weorth,
imper. of weorthan, to be, (Jer. iverden.
See above ww»,.]
WORTHILY, wur'Wii-li, adv. in a u-orthy
manner : ifPr. Bk.) justly : truly.
WORTHLESS, wurth'les, adj. of no worth
or value : having no value, virtue, excel-
lence, etc. : useless. — adv. Worth'less-
LY. — ?t. Worth'lessness.
WORTHY, wur't/ii, adj. having worth :
valuable : deserving : suited to : (B.) de-
serving (either of good or bad). — n. a
man of eminent worth : — pi. Wor'thies.
— n. Wor'thiness.
WOT, wot, WOTTETH, wot'eth, v.t. (B.)
pres.t. of obs. wit, to know. [A.S. w&t
(orig. a perf., signifying " have or "has
seen" =Gr. oida), u.sed as pres. ind. of
witan, to know. See Wit.]
WOULD, wood, pa.t. of Will. [A.S.
wolde, pa.t. of willan.]
WOUND, wownd,jja.(. and pa.p. of Wind,
to turn.
WOUND, woond, n. a cut or bruise : hurt :
injury. — v.t. to make a wound : to in-
jure. [A.S. immd ; Ger. wunde, Ice. und;
conn, with Wind, to twist.]
WOVE, WOVEN, pa.t. and pa.p. of
Weave.
WOW-WOW, wow'-wow, n. the native
name for an ape of the gibbon genus
{Hylobates leucisctis) found in Malacca
and the Sunda Isles.
WOXE, woks, WOXEN, wok'sn, for
Waxed. Spenser.
WRACK, rak, n. a popular name for sea-
weeds generally, but more especially
when thrown ashore by the waves ; the
name is sometimes restricted to the spe-
cies of Fucus, which form the bulk of the
wrack collected for manure, and some-
times for making kelp; those found most
plentifully on the British shores are the
F. vesieulosus and the F. nodosus : de-
struction of a ship by winds or rocks or
by the force of the waves ; wreck. Shak.:
ruin ; destruction. Shak. (This is the
ordinary spelling in the old editions of
Shakespeare, both of the noun and of the
verb.) [A form of Wreck. In tiie sense
of sea-weed it means lit. what is cast up
or thrown out by the waves. Cf. Dan.
vrag, wreck, vrage, to reject, Sw. vrak,
wreck, refuse, vraka, to throw away, to
reject.]
WRACK, rak, v.t. to destroy in the water ;
to wreck. Milton : to torture ; to rack.
Cowley.
WHACK, rak, n. a thin, flying cloud : a
rack.
WRACKFUL, rak'fool, adj. ruinous: de-
structive. Shak.
WRAITH, rath, n. an apparition in the
exact likeness of a person, supposed by
the ignorant to be seen before or soon
after the person's death.
Then glided out of the joyous wood
The ghastly vyraith of one that I know.
— Tennyson.
[Also found in form wrach, and probably
a Celtic word. Cf. Gael, arrac/i, a spectre,
an apparition, Ir. arrach, arracht, a like-
ness, spectre, apparition.]
WRANGLE, ranggl, v.i. to make a dis-
turbance : to dispute : to dispute noisily
or peevishly. — n. a noisy dispute. [A
freq. from thej(3a.<. of Wring.]
WRANGLER, rang'gler, n. one who wran-
gles or disputes angrily : in the university
of Cambridge, one of those who pass the
best examination for the degree of B.A.
-— w. Wrang'lership.
WRAP, rap, v.t. to roll or fold together :
to infold : to cover by winding something
round (often with uj}) -.—pr.p. wrapp'ing;
2}a.t. and pa.p. wrapped. — n. a wrapper,
as a shawl, etc. [M.E. wrappen. See
Lap, v.t. to wrap, and Envelope.]
WRAPPER, rap'er, n. one who or that
which wraps : a loo-se outer garment of a
woman.
WRATH, rath, n. violent anger : (B.) holy
indignation. [A.S. wroedh, wrath (lit.)
" a \wist in the temper." See Wroth.]
WRATHFUL, rath'fool, adj., full of u-rath:
very angry : springing from or express-
ing wrath. — adv. Weath'FULLY. — n.
Wrath'fulness.
WREAK, rek, v.t. to inflict. [A.S. wreean,
orig. to drive out, and so to banish, pun-
isli. avenge ; Ice. reka, to drive, pursue,
Ger. riichen ; conn, with L. urgeo, Gr.
eirgo. See Wreck and Wretch.]
WREATH, reth, n. a chaplet : a garland.
[Lit. "that which is writhed or twisted,"
A..8. tprcedh — wridhan, E. Writhe.]
WREATHE, reth, v.t. to twine about or
encircle. — v.i. to be interwoven. [See
Wreath.]
WRECHE, n. revenge. Chaucer. [Soften-
ed from A.S. icrcec, banishment, punish-
ment, misery, from wreean, to punish.]
WRECK, rek, n. the destruction of a ves-
sel bj' being driven ashore, dashed against
rocks, foundered by stress of weather, or
the like ; shipwreck ;
Oo, go, begone, to save your ship from vreck.
Which cannot perish, having thee on board.
—Shak. :
the ruins of a ship stranded ; a vessel
dashed against rocks or land, and broken
or otherwise destroyed or totally crippled
or injured by violence and fracture ; any
ship or goods driven ashore or found de-
serted at sea in an unmanageable con-
dition ; specifically, in law, goods, etc.
which, after a shipwreck, have been
thrown ashore by the sea, as distin-
guished from Jiots'am, jetsam, and ligan :
goods cast on shore after shipwreck be-
long to the government, or in some cases
to the owner of the land, if not claimed
within a certain time : destruction or
ruin generally ; dissolution, especially
by violence ; " His country's icreck." —
Shak.: "The wreck of matter and the
crush of worlds." — Addison: the remains
of anything destroyed, ruined, or fatally
injured ; as, he is reduced to a mere
lareck, he is but the wn-eck of his former
self. [Formerly icrak, ui'ack, which is
the same word as A.S. icroea, exile, pun-
ishment, but the special meaning of ship
wreck has been attached to it ttu'ough
foreign influence ; cf. Dut. trrak, a wreck
and a-s adjective unsound, rotten, Dan
vrag, O. Dan. vrak, wreck. Ice. rek for
vrek, Sw. m-ak, what is drifted ashore— ,
all from verbs meaning to drive or di-ift
A.S. wreean, to drive, to drive into ban-
ishment, to punish, to wreak, Ice. reka
originally iveka, to drive, to compel
impers. to be drifted or tossed. Wrack
what is drifted ashore, sea-weed ca.st up,
is the same word, and shows the literal
meaning. The literal meaning of a ship
being wrecked is therefore similar to
that expressed by the phrase to cast away
a ship.]
WRECK, rek, v.t. to destroy or cast away,
as a vessel, by violence, collision, or the
like ; to drive against the shore or dash
against rocks and break or destroy : to
cause to suffer shipwreck — said of a per-
son ; as a wrecked sailor ; " A pilot's
thumb, tcreck'd as he was coming home.'
— Shak.: to ruin or destroy generally,
physically or morally ; or financially, as
a bank ;
Weak aud envy'd, if they should oonsjpire.
They wreck themselves, and he hath his desire.
— Daniel.
WRECK, rek, v.i. to suffer wreck or ruin.
" Rocks whereon greatest men have of-
tenest wreck'd." — Milton.
WRECK, rek, n. in mining, a kind ot
frame or table : a rack.
WRECK, rek, n. reveng-e : vengeance
Spenser. [A form of Wreak.]
WRECK, rek, v.t. to wreak. Milton.
WRECKAGE, rek'aj, n. the act of wreck-
ing or state of being wrecked ; " Wreck-
age and dissolution are the appointed
issue." — Carhjle : the ruins or remains
of a ship or cargo that has been wrecked:
material cast up by the sea from ;;,
wrecked vessel.
WRECKER,rek'er, n. one who plunders the
wrecks of ships : one who, by delusive
lights or other signals, causes ships to
mistake their course and be cast asnore.
that he may obtain plunder from the
wreck : one whose occupation is to re-
move the cargo from a wrecked vessel.
WEEN
492
XYLOPHYLLA
or to assist in recovering it when washed
out, for the benefit of the owners and
underwriters ; a vessel employed in this
occupation.
WEEN, ren, n. a well-known small bird.
[A.S. wrenna ; of. the Gael, dreadhan,
Ir. drean.]
WEENCH, rensh, v.t. to wring or pull with
a twist : to force by violence : to sprain.
— n. a violent twist: a sprain: an in-
strument for turning- bolts, etc. [A.S.
urrencan ; Ger. renkeii ; from Wring.]
WREST, rest, v.t. to tunst from by force :
to twist from truth or from its natural
meaning. — n. violent pulling and twist-
ing : distortion. — n. Wrest'er. [A.S.
wraestan : Dan. vriste ; perh. from the
root of Writhe.]
WEESTLE. res'l, v.i. to contend by grap-
pling and trying to throw the other
down : to struggle. — n. a bout at wrest-
ling : a struggle between two to throw
each other down. — w. Wrest'ler. [A.S.
wrcBstlian; from wrcestan, E. Wrest.]
WRETCH, rech, n. a most miserable per-
son : one sunk in vice : a worthless per-
son. [Lit. "an outcast," A.S. wrecca —
u-recan, E. Wreak.]
WRETCHED, rech'ed, adj. very miserable :
worthless. — adv. Wretch'edly. — n.
Wretch'edness. [From Wretch.]
WEIGGLE, rig'l, v.i. to tivist to and fro.—
v.t. to move by wriggling. — n. Wrigwj'-
LER. [Extension of obs. UTig, conn, with
A.S. tvrigian. See Wry.]
WRIGHT, rit, n. a maker (chiefly used in
compounds, as shi^-wright, etc.). [A.S.
ivyrhta — worhte, pa. p. of iceorcan, E.
Work.]
WEING, ring, v.t. to tioist : to force by
twisting: to force or compress : to pain :
to extort : to bend out of its position. —
».i. to writhe: to twist: — pa.t. a,nd pa.p.
■wrung, (B.) wringed. [A.S. icringan ;
Ger. ringen, to wriggle, twist ; allied to
Wriggle. Cf. Wrench.]
WEINKLB, ring'kl, n. a small ridge on a
surface from twisting or shrinking : un-
even ness. — v.t. to contract into wrinkles
or furrows: to make rough. — v.i. to
shrink into ridges. [A.S. wrincle — icrin-
ean, icringan, to wring; Dut. tirronckel, a
twisting ; dim. of Wring.1
WEINXLY, ringk'li, adj. full of wrinkles :
liable to be wrinkled.
WEIST. rist, n. the joint by which the
hand is united to the arm. [A.S. ivrist ;
Crcr vist 1
AVEISTBAND, rist'band, n. the band or
part of a sleeve which covers the wrist.
WRIT, rit, n. a writing: (law) a written
document by which one is summoned
or required to do something. — HoLY
Writ, the Scriptures.
WRITE, rit, v.t. to form letters with a pen
or pencil : to express in writing : to com-
pose : to engrave : to record : to com-
municate by letter.— v.i. to perform the
act of writing: to be employed as a clerk:
to compose books: to send letters: — pr.p.
wrlt'ing ; pa.t. wrote ; pa.p. writt'en.
[A.S. writan ; Ice. rita ; the original
meaning being "to scratch " (cf. the cog.
Ger. reiszen, to tear).]
WRITER, rit'er, n. one who writes: a scribe
or clerk : an ordinary legal practitioner
in Scotch country towns : an author. —
Writer's cramp, a spasmodic affection
frequently attacking persons (generally
middle-aged) who have been accustomed
to write much. The patient loses com-
plete control over the muscles cf itie
thumb and the fore and middle finger,
so that all attempts to write regularly,
and in the severer cases even legibly, are
unsuccessful. The various methods of
treatment for this trouble (such as surg-
ical operations, the application of elec-
tricity, etc.) have not generally produced
very satisfactory results, entire cessation
from writing for a considerable time seem-
ing to be the only course open to the
patient. Called also Scrivener's Palsy.
WRITERSHIP, rit'er-ship, n. the office of a
tcritcr.
WRITHE, rif/i, v.t. to turn to and fro : to
twist violently : to wrest. — v.i. to twist.
[A.S. icridhan, to twist ; Ice. ridha ; L.
vertere. Sans, irrat. See Wreath,Wrath,
and Wroth.]
WRITING, rit'ing, n. act of forming let-
ters with a pen : that which is written :
a document : a book : an inscription : —
pi. legal deeds : official papers.
WRONG, rong, adj. not according to rule
or right : not fit or suitable : incorrect :
not right or true. — n. whatever is not
right or just : any injury done to an-
other.— adv. not rightly. — v.t. to do
wrong to : to deprive of some right : to
injure. — adv. Wrong'ly. [Lit. "twisted,"
from Wring ; cf. Fr. tort, from L. tortus,
twisted.]
WRONGFUL, rong' fool, adj. wrong: un-
just: injurious. — adv. Wrong'fully. — n.
Wrongfulness.
WRONG-HEADED, rong'-hed'ed, adj.,
ivrong in head or mind : wrong in prin-
ciple.— n. Wrong'-head'edness.
WROTE, rot, pa.t. of Write.
WROTH, rawth, adj. wrathful. J;a.S.
ivradh, orig. sig. " twisted; " Ice. reidh-r,
O. Ger. reid ; from Writhe. Cf. Wrath
and Wreath.]
WROUGHT, rawt, pa.t. and pa.p. of
Work. [A.S. worhte, ge-worht.]
WRUNG, rung, pa.t. and pa.p. of Wring.
WRY, rl, adj., writhed, twisted, or tm-ned
to one side : not in the right direction.
— n. Wry'ness. [A.S. tvrigian; cf. Wrig-
Gp: and Writhe.]
WRYNECK, rl'nek, n. a twisted or dis-
torted neck : a small bird allied to the
woodpecker, which twists round its head
strangely when surprised.
WRYNECKED, rl'nekt, adj. having a dis-
torted neck. Some commentators in
noticing the Shakespearean phrase, "the
tm/necked fife," are of opinion that the
allusion is to the plaj'er; others hold that
the reference is to the instrument, which
they say is the old English flute, or Jlute
a, bee : so called from having a curved
projecting mouthpiece like a bird's beak.
WUD, wud, adj. mad. [Scotch.]
WURRUS, wur'rus, 7). a brick-red dye-
powder, somewhat resembling dragon's-
blood, collected from the seeds of Rot-
tlera tinctoria.
WUSSE, wus, adv. probably a form of the
-wis of Y-ivis, certainly.
Why, I hope you will not a-hawking now, will you?
No,'wTU55e; biit I'll practice against next year, uucle.
— B. JoTison.
WUTHER, wuth'er, v.i. to make a sullen
roar. Written also Wudder. "The
air was now dark with snow ; an Iceland
blast was driving it wildly. This pair
neither heard the long 'tvuthering' rush,
nor saw the white burden it drifted." —
C. Bronte. [Yorkshire dialect.]
WYCH. Same as Wich.
WYCH-ELM, wich'-elm, n. a British plant
of the genus Ulmus, the U. inontana.
It is a large spreading tree with large
broadly elliptical leaves, and grows in
woods in England and Scotland. Some
varieties have pendulous branches, and
belong to the class of "weeping" trees.
[O.E. wiche, uyche. A.S. wice, a name
applied to various trees. " The sense is
' drooping' or bending, and it is derived
from A.S. wic-en, pp. of wtcan, to bend."
— Skeat.]
WYCH-HAZEL, wich'-ha-zl, n. the com-
mon name of plants of the genus Ham^
amelis, the type of the nat. order Ham-
amelidacecB. They are small trees, with
alternate leaves on short petioles, and
yellow flowers, disposed in clusters in the
axils of the leaves, and surrounded by a
three-leaved involucrum. They are iia
tives of North America, Persia, or China
WYE, wi, n. the supports of a telescope,
theodolite, or levelling instrument, so
called from their resembling the letter
Y. Written also Y.
WYLIE-COAT, wy'li-kot, n. a boy's flan-
nel under-dress, next the shirt : a flannel
petticoat. [Scotch.]
WYND, wynd, n. an alley: alane. [Scotch.]
WYNN, win, n. a kind of timber truck or
carriage. Simmonds.
WYVERN, wi'vrn, 7i. an imaginary animal
resembling a flying serpent. [Fr. invre
— L. viperd, a viper. See Viper.]
XANTHINE, zan'thin, n. the yellow color-
ing matter in certain plants, as madder.
[Gr. xanthos, yellow.]
XANTHOCHROl, zan-thok'roy, n.pl. one of
the five groups of men, according to Hux-
ley and other ethnologists, comprising
the fair whites. [Gr.]
XEBEC, ze'bek, n. a small three-masted
vessel much used by the former corsairs
of Algiers. [Sp. — Turkish sumbaki.]
XENELASIA, zen-e-la'si-a, n. a Spartan in-
stitution which prohibited strangers from
residing in Sparta without permissions
and empowered magistrates to expel
strangers if they saw fit to do so. [Gr.,
the expulsion of strangers.]
XENIUM, ze'ni-um {pi. Xenia, ze'ni-al. )!,
anciently, a present given to a guest or
stranger, or to a foreign ambassador : a
name given to pictures of still life, fruit,
etc., such as are found in houses at Pom-
peii. Fairholt. [L., from Gr. xeiiion, a
gift to a guest, from xenos. a guest.]
XENODOCHEUM, zen-o-do-ke'um, XEN-
ODOCHIUM, zen-o-do-ki'um, n. a name
given by the ancients to a building for
the reception of strangers. The term is
also applied to a guest house in a mon-
astery. [Gr. xenodocheion — xeiws, a
stranger, and dechomai, to receive.]
XENODOCHY, zen-od'o-ki, n. reception of
strangers : hospitality. Also, same as
Xenodocheum. [Gr.' xenodochia. See
above.]
XENOGENESIS. zen-o-jen'e-sis, n. the pro-
duction or formation of an organism of
one kind by an organism of another, as
was formerly believed of parasitic worms
by their hosts. Huxley. [Gr. xenos,
strange, and genesis, birth.]
XENOGENETIC, zen-o-je-net'ik, adj. of or
pertaining to xenogenesis. " Ihavedwell
upon the analogy of pathological modifi-
cation which is in favor of the xe/i ogre-
netic origin of miorozj'mes." — Hnxle'/.
XYLOGRAPHY, zi-log'raf-i. n. the art of
engraving on wood. — n. Xtlog'rapher.
— adj. Xylograph'ic. [Gr. xylon, w ood,
and grapho, I write.]
XYLOPHILOUS. zi-lof'i-lus, adj. gro^^lng
upon or living in vcood.
XYLOPHYLLA, zi-lof'il-a, n. a genus of
Euphorbiacese, or, as some regard it. a
section of Phyllanthus, consisting- of
shrubs without leaves, but -whose
branches are flattened out and leaf-like,
bearing the flowers in tufts in the
notches of the margin. They are na-
XYLOPIA
493
YE
tives of the West Indies, and are named
from the singular appearance of their
leaf-hke branches. [Gr. xylon, wood,
and phyllon, a leaf.]
XYLOPIA, zl-16'pi-a, n. a genus of plants,
nat. order Auonacea^. The species are
trees or shrubs, natives chiefly of South
America. X aromaticd is known by the
aame of African pepper. The fruit of X.
grandiflora is a valuable remedy for
fevers in Brazil. The wood of all is bit-
ter ; hence they are called bitter-iroods.
[Said to be contracted for Xylopicria,
from Gr. xylon, wood, and pikros, bit-
ter.]
XYLOPYROGRAPHY, zl-lo-pi-rog'ra-fi. n.
the art or process of producing a picture
on wood by charring it with a hot iron.
[Gr. xylon, wood, pyr, pyros, fire, and
grapho, to write.]
XYLORETINE, zl'lo-re-tin, n. a sub-fossil
resinous substance, found in connection
with the pine-trunks of certain peat-
mosses. [Gr. xylon, wood, and rhetine,
resin.]
XYST, zist, XYSTOS, zis'tos, n. in ana.
arch, a sort of covered portico or open
court, of great length in proportion to
its width, in which the athletse performed
their exercises. [L. xystiis, Gr. xystos,
from xyo, to scrape, from its smooth and
polished floor.]
XYSTARCH, zis'tark, n. an Athenian
ofiicer who presided over the gymnastic
exercises of the xystos. [Gr. xystos,
xyst, and archo, to rule.]
Xyster, zis'ter, n. a surgeon's instru-
ment for scraping bones. [Gr. xyster,
from xyo, to scrape.]
Y-, a common prefix in Old English words,
as in y-clept, ^-clad, etc., representing
A.S. ge-, which assumed this form by
the common weakening of g to y. The
meaning of words with this prefix is
usually the same as if it were absent.
YACARE, yak'a-ra, n. the native name of
a Brazilian alligator (Jacare sclerops),
having a ridge from eye to eye, fleshy
eyelids, and small webs to the feet : the
spectacled cayman. [Written also Jac-
are.]
YACCA-WOOD, yak'a-wood, n. the orna-
mental wood of Podocarpns coriacea, a
small tree of Jamaica. It is of a pale-
brown color with streaks of hazel-brown,
and is much used in the West Indies for
cabinet work.
YACHT, yot. n. a light swift-sailing ves-
sel, elegantly fitted up for pleasure-trips
or racing. [Dut. jagt (formerly jacht),
from jagen, to chase.]
YACHTER, yot'er, n. one engaged in sail-
ing a yacht.
YACHTING, yot'ing, n. sailing in a yacht.
YAK, yak, n. a large kind of ox, domesti-
cated in Central Asia.
YAM, yam, n. a large root like the potato
growing in tropical countries. [West
Indian iJiame.]
If AMA, ya'ma, n. in Hind. myth, the god
of departed spirits and the appointed
judge and punisher of the dead : the em-
bodiment of power without pity, and
stern, unbending fate. He is generally
represented as crowned and seated on a
bufl'alo, which he guides bj' the horns.
He is four-armed and of austere counte-
nance. In one hand he holds a mace, in
another a noose whicii is used to draw
out of the bodies of men the souls which
are doomed to appear before his judg-
ment-seat. His garments are of the
color of fire, his skin is of a bluish green.
YAMER, ya'mer, YAMMER, yam'mer, v.i.
to shriek : to yell : to cry aloud : to
whimper loudly : to whine. " ' The child
is doing as well as possible,' said Miss
Grizzy ; ' to be sure it does yammer con-
stantly, that can't be denied.'" — Miss
Ferrier. [Scotch. O. E. yomer, A. S.
geomerian, to lament, to groan, from
gedmor, sad, mournful, wretched; cf.
Ger. jammeren, to lament, to wail.]
YANKEE, yang'ke, n. a cant name for a
citizen of New England. During the War
of the Revolution, the name was applied
to all the patriots ; and during the Civil
War it was the common designation of
the Federal soldiers by the Confederates.
In Britain the term is sometimes applied
generally to all natives of the United
States. [A word of uncertain origin.
The most common explanation seems
also the most plausible, namely, that it
is a corrupt pronunciation of English or
of Fr. Anglais formerly current among
the American Indians. In Bartlett's
Dictionary of Americanisms a statement
is quoted to the effect that Yengees or
Yenkees was a name originally given by
the Massachusetts Indians to the English
colonists, and that it was afterwards
adopted by the Dutch on the Hudson,
who applied the term in contempt to all
the people of New England. Bartlett
also quotes a statement of Heckwelder
(an authority on Indian matters), who
affirmed that the Indians applied the
term Yengees specially to the New En-
glanders as contradistinguished from the
Virginians or Long Knives, and the En-
glish proper or Saggenash. As early as
1713 it is said to have been a common
cant word at Cambridge, Mass., in the
sense of good or excellent, being prob-
ably borrowed by the students from the
Indians, to whom a "Yankee" article
would be synonymous with an excellent
one, from the superiority of the white
man in mechanical arts.]
YANKEE-DOODLE, yang-ke-do6'dl, n. a
famous air, now regarded as American
and national. In reality the air is an old
English one, called Nankey Doodle, and
had some derisive reference to Crom-
well. It is said that the brigade under
Lord Percy, after the battle of Lexing-
ton, marched out of Boston playing this
tune in derisive and punning allusion to
the name Yankee, and the New England-
ers adopted the air in consideration of
the fact that they had made the British
dance to it. The really national tune
of the whole United States, however, is
" Hail, Columbia ! "
YARD, yard, n. an E. measure of 3 feet or
36 inches : a long heam on a mast for
spreading square sails. [A.S. geard, gyrd,
a rod, measure ; Dut. gard, Ger. gerte ;
further conn, with Goth, gazds, a stick,
and L. hasta, a pole, a spear.]
YARD, yard, n. an inclosed place, esp.
near a building. [A.S. geard, hedge, in-
closure ; Goth, gards. Ger. garten ; conn,
with L. hortns, Gr. chortus. See Court,
Cohort, and Garden.]
YARD-ARM, yard'-iirni, n. either half or
arm of a ship's yard (right or left) from
the centre to the end.
YARD-LAND, yard'-land, n. a quantity of
land in England, different in different
counties : a virgate. In some counties
it was 15 acres ; in others 20 or 34, and
even 40 acres.
YARD-STICK, yard'-stik, n. a stick or rod
3 feet in length, used as a measure of
cloth, etc.
YARD-WAND,j'ard'-wond, 7t. a yard-stick.
" His cheating yard-wand." — Tennyson.
YARE, yar, adj. ready : quick : dexterous :
eager — said of persons, and especially of
saUors ; as, to be yare at the helm. '"• Be
yare in thy preparation."— S^mA:..- easily
wrought: answering quickly to the helni:
swift : lively — said of a ship. " The les-
ser (ship) will come and go, leave and
take, and is yare, whereas the other is
slow."— Raleigh. [A.S. gearu, prepared,
ready, yare ; akin Ger. gar, prepared,
ready ; Ice. giir-, gjor, quite : cf. Ice.
giira, to do, to make ; prov. E. gar. to
cause to do. Akin Garb, Gear.]
YARE, yar, adv. briskly : dexterouslj' :
yarely. Shak.
YARELY, yar'li, adv. readily : dexter-
ously: skillfull J'. "Those flower-soft
hands that yarely frame the office."
—Sha.k.
YARKE, yar'ke, n. the native name of
different South American monkeys of
the genus Pithecia.
YARN, yarn, n. spun thread : one of the
threads of a rope : a sailor's story (spun
out to some length). [A.S. gearn ; Ice.
and Ger. gam.]
YARROW, yar'o, v. the plant milfoU.
[A.S. gearwe; Ger. garbe.]
YATAGHAN, yat'a-gan, «. a long Turkish
dagger, usually curved.
YAWL, yawl, n. a small ship's boat, with
four or six oars. [Dut. jol. Cf. Jolly-
boat.]
YAWN, yawn, v.i. to open the jaws in-
voluntarily from drowsiness : to gape. —
n. the opening of the mouth from drows-
iness. [A.S. ganian, gcenan ; Scot, gan-t,
Ger. gahnen ; conn, with Gr. chaino, L.
hio, to gape. Cf. Hiatus.]
YAWNING, yawn'ing, adj. gaping : open-
ing : wide: drowsy. — n. act of opening
wide or gaping.
YAWS, yawz, n. a disease occurring in
America, Africa and the West Indies, and
almost entirely confined to the African
races. It is characterized by cutaneous
tumors, numerous and successive, grad-
ually increasing from specks to the size
of a raspberrj', one at length growing
larger than the rest ; core a fungous
excrescence ; fever slight, and probably
irritative merely. It is contagious, and
cannot be communicated except by the
actual contact of yaw matter to some
abraded surface, or by inoculation, which
is sometimes effected by flies. It is also
called Frambcesia, from the French
framboise, a raspberry. [African yaic, a
raspberry.]
YCLAD, i-klad', pa.p. clad : clothed. " Her
words yclad with wisdom's majesty." —
Shak. [Prefix y-, and Clad.]
YCLEPT or YCLEPED, i-klept', pa.p.
called (obs.). [A.S. clypian, to call.]
YE, ye, pron. properly the nominative
plural of the second person, of which
thou is the singular, but in later times
also used as an objective after verbs and
prepositions. Ye is now used only in the
sacred and solemn style ; in common dis-
course and writing yon is exclusively
used. "But ye are washed, but ye are
.sanctified." — 1 Cor. vi. 11. "Loving of-
fenders thus I wil^ excuse ye."—Sliak.
" I thank ye; and be blest for your good
comfort." — Shak.
A south-west blow on ye
And blister you all o^er.—Shak,
" The confusion between ye and you did
not exist in Old English. Ye was always
used as a nominative, and yon as a dative
or accusative. In the English Bible the
distinction is very carefully observed,
but in the dramatists of the Elizabethan
period there is a very loose use of the
YEA
494
YOURSELF
two forms." — Dr. Morris. [A.S. ge, ye,
aom. pi. corresponding- to thu, thou ;
the genit. was eCncer, the dat. and ace.
e&w ; so that ye is properly the nom. pi.
and you the obj. ; Dut. gij. Ice. ier, er,
Dan. and Sw. i, Ger. ihr, Goth, jm, all
ve or you (pi.).]
YEA, ya. adv., yes: verily. [A.S. gea; Ice.,
Ger., and Goth. ja. See "iES.]
VTEAN, yen, v.t. to bring forth young. [A.S.
eanian.]
YEAR, ver, n. the time the earth takes to
go round the sun: 365i daj's or 13 months:
— pi. age or old age. [A.S. gear ; Ger.
jahr: Ice. &r: perh. conn, with Slav, jaro,
spring, Gr. hora, season.]
YEARLIXG, yer'hng. n. an animal a year
old.
YEARLY, yer'li.od/. happening every year:
lasting a year. — adx: once a year : from
year to year.
Y£AEN. yern, v.i. to feel earnest desire :
to feel uneasiness, as from longing or
pity. [A.S. geomian — georn, desirous
(Ger. gem).]
YEARNING, yern'ing, n.. earnest desire,
tenderness, or pity. — adj. longing. — adv.
Yeasn'ingly.
YEAST, yest, n. the froth of malt liquors
in fermentation : a preparation which
raises dough for bread. [A.S. gist ; Ger.
gcisehf, gischt ; from a Taut, root "to
seethe," conn, with Gr. zeo, Sans, ya-i.]
YEASTY", yest'i, adj. like yeast : frothy :
foaniv.
YELK.' Same as Y'OLK.
YELL, yel, v.i. to lioid or cry out with a
sharpnoise : to scream from pain or ter-
ror.— n. a sharp outcry. [A.S. gellan ;
Ger. gellen : conn, with A.S. galan, to
sing (see Nightingale).]
YELLOW, yel'o, adj. of a bright gold
color. — n. a bright golden color. — n.
Yell'owness. [A.S. geolu ; Ger. gelb :
cog. with L. helvus, light bay, gilviis,
pale vellow.J
YELL6W-BIRD, yel'o-berd, n. a small
singing bird of the family Fringillida;,
common in the United States, the Frin-
gilla or Chrysometris tristis. The sum-
mer dress of the male is of a lemon yel-
low, with the wings, tail, and fore part
of the head black. The female and male,
during winter, are of a brown olive color.
When caged the song of this bird greatly
resembles that of the canary. The name
is also given to the yellow poll warbler
(Dendroica mstiva).
YELLOW-BOY, yel'o-boi, n. a cant name
for a guinea or other gold coin. '• John
did not starve the cause ; there wanted
not yelloiv-boys to fee counsel." — Arbuth-
not.
YELLOW-FEVER, yel'o-fe'ver, n. a ma-
lignant febrile diseiise, indigenous chiefly
to the West Indies, upper coasts of
South America, the borders of the Gulf
of Mexico, and the Southern United
States. It is attended with yellowness
of the skin, of some shade between lem-
on-yellow and the deepest orange-yellow.
It resembles typhus fever in the prostra-
tion, blood-disorganization, and soften-
ing of internal organs which are features
of both diseases.
YELLOWHAJIMER* yel'o-ham-er, n. a
song-bird, so named from its 2/e??oJi' color:
the yellow bunting.
YELLOWISH, yel'o-ish, adj. somewhat
yellow. — n. Yell'owishness.
YELLOW-LEGS, yel'o-legz, n. a graUa-
torial bird of the genus Ganibetta (G.
ftavipes), family Scolopacidae, distributed
along the eastern coast of America from
Maine to Florida, so called from the
color of its legs. It is 10 inches long,
with a bill If inch. It is miCTatory,
leaving the north in summer. It feeds
on fish fry, crustaceans, etc., and in
autumn it is fat and much prized tor
table.
YELLOW -METAL, yel'o-met-al, n. a
sheathing alloy of copper and zinc :
Muntz's metal.
YELLOW - PINE, yel'6-pln, w. a North
American tree of the genus Finns, P.
mitis or variabilis. The wood is compact
and durable, and is universally employed
in the countries where it grows for do-
mestic purposes. It is also extensively
exported to Britain and elsewhere. In
Canada and Nova Scotia the name is
given to P. resinosa, and it is also applied
to P. atistralis. [See Pine.]
YELLOW-ROOT, yel'o-root. n. a plant of
the genus Xanthorrhiza, the X. apiifolia.
It is a small North American shrub
having ci"eeping roots of a yellow color,
stalked pinnate or bipinnate leaves, and
small dull purple flowers in ;ixillary
branched racemes. The bark of the
root is intensely bitter, and is used in
America as a tonic.
YELLOWS, yel'oz, n. an inflammation of
the liver, or a kind of jaundice which
affects horses, cattle, and sheep, causing
yellowness of the eyes. " His horse . . .
raied with the yelloii-s." — Shak. : a dis-
ease of peach-trees, little heard of except
in America, where it destroys w-hole
orchards in a few years.
YELLOW-SNAKE, yel'o-snak, n. a large
species of boa, common in Jamaica, the
Chilabothrus inomattis. It is from 8
to 10 feet long, the head olive-green,
the front part of the body covered with
numerous black lines, while the hinder
part is black, spotted with yellowish
olive.
YELLOW-THROAT, yel'o-throt. n. a small
North American singing bird of the genus
Sylvia (S. Marilandica), a species of war-
bler.
YELP, j"elp, v.i. to utter a sharp bark.
[A.S. gealp, a loud sound : Ice. gialpa,
to make a noise, Ger. gelfern ; prob. in-
fluenced by Yell.]
YEOMAN, yo'man, n. a man of common
rank next below a gentleman : a man of
small estate : an officer of the royal
household. [Found in O. Fris. gaman,
^illager — ga. a village (Goth. garm. Ger.
gau), and Man ; cf. also Bavarian giiu-
man, a peasant.]
YEOMANRY, yo'man-ri, n. the collective
body of yeomen or freeholdei's.
YES, yes. adv. ay : a word of affirmation
or consent. [A.S. gese — gea, yea, and se
(for s'le. si), let it be.)
Y'ESTER, yes'ter, adj. relating to yester-
day : last. [A.S. gistran, yesterday ;
G'er, gestem ; conn, with L. hestemtis,
Gr. chthes. Sans, hyas.]
YESTERDAY, yes'ter-da, n. the day last
past.
YESTERNIGHT, yes'ter-nlt, n. the night
la.9t past.
YET, yet, adv. in addition : besides : at
the same time : up to the present time :
hitherto: even: however. — co?y'. never-
theless : however. [A.S. git, gita, from
a root seen also in L. ja-m.]
YEW. u, n. an evergreen tree, allied to the
pine. [A.S. eov: Tw: Ger. eibe. Ir. iubliar.]
YEZDEGERDIAN, yez-de-ger'di-an, adj. a
term applied to an era, dated from the
overthrow of the Persian Empire, when
Yezdegerd was defeated by the Arabians,
in the eleventh year of the Hegira, a.d.
636.
YEZIDEE, yez'i-de, n. a member of a small
tribe of people bordering on the Eu-
phrates whose religion is said to be a
mixture of the worship of the devil, with
some of the doctrines of the Magi, Mo-
hammedans, and Christians.
Y-FERE, i-fer', adv. in company or union :
together.
O goodly golden.chain ! wherewith j/fere
The veitues linked are in lovely wise. — Spenser.
[Apparently from O. E. if ere, A.S. gefera,
a companion.]
YGDRASIL, YGGDRASILL, ig'dia-sil, n.
in Scand. myth, the ash-tree wiiich binds
together heaven, earth, and hell. Its
branches spread over the whole world
and reach above the heavens. Its roots
run in three directions : one to the Asa
gods in heaven, one to the Frost-giants,
and the third to the under-world. Under
each root is a fountain of wonderful vir-
tues. In the tree, which drops honey, sit
an eagle, a squirrel, and four stags. At
the root lies the serpent Nithhoggr gnaw-
ing it, while the squirrel Ratatoskr runs
up and dowTi to sow strife between the
eagle at the top and the serpent at the
root.
YIELD, yeld, v.t. to resign : to grant : to
give out ; to produce : to allow. — v.i. to
submit : to comply with : to give place.
— n. amount yielded : product. [A.S.
gildan, to pay ;"Goth. gildan, Ger. gelten.
Ice. gjalda. ' See Guild.]
YIELDING, j-eld'ing, adj. inclined to give
way or comply: compliant. — adv. Y'ield'-
INGLY.
YOKE, yok, n. that which joins together :
the frame of wood joining oxen for draw-
ing : any similar frame, as one tor carry-
ing pails : a mark of servitude : slavery :
(B.) a pair or couple. — v.t. to put a voice
on : to join together : to enslave. fA.S.
toe ; Ger. joch ; L. jiigtini, Gr. zygon.
From the root of L. jungo. Sans, yxtdj,
to join.]
YOKE-FELLOW.yok'-fel'o.YOKE-MATE,
yok'-mat, n. an associate : a mate or
fellow.
YOLK, yok, YELK, yelk, Ji. the yellmo
part of an egg. [A.S. geolca — from root
of A.S. geolo, E. Yellow.]
YON, yon, YONDER, yon'der, adv. at a
distance w ithin view. — adj. being at a dis-
tance within view. [A.S. geon-d. thither,
yonder ; cog. with Ger. jen-er, that ; the
root being the pronominal stem ya.]
YORE, yor, n. in old time. [From A.S.
geura, formerly, allied to gear. E. Yeak:
or compounded of geo, formerly, and cer,
E. Ere.]
YOU. ii, ^ron. 2d pers. pron. pi., but also
used as sing. [Orig. only an objective
case ; A.S. eow ; O. Ger, iu, Ger. euch.
See Y'E.]
YOUNG, yung, adj. not long born : in early
life : in the first part of growth : inex-
perienced.— n. the offspring of animals.
[A.S. geong : Ger. jung : also conn, with
L. juvenis, Sans, yuvan.]
YOUNGISH, yung'gish, adj. somewhat
young.
YOUNGLING, yung'ling, n. a young person
or animal. [A.S. geovg-Ung ; Ger. jung-
livg.]
YOUNGSTER, yung'ster, n. a young per-
son : a lad. [Orig. fem.; see -ster in list
of Affixes.]
YOUNKER, yiing'ker, n. same as Young-
ster. [From Dut. jonker (from jonk-
heer. "young master" or "lord"), Ger.
junker.]
YOUR, iir, pron. poss. of You ; belonging
to you. [A.S. eoiver. See You.]
YOURS, urz, pron. poss. of You, not fol-
lowed bva nouD.
YOURSELF, ijr-self, ^ron., your own self
or person.
yot:th
495
ZINCOGRAPHY
YOUTH, y66th, n. state of being young :
early life : a young' person ; young per-
sons taken together. [A. S. geogiidh,
from the stpm of YOUNO ; Ger. jiigend,
Goth, juiida.]
YOUTHFDIi, y65th'fool, arf/. pertaining to
youth or early life : young : suitable to
youth: fresh: buoyant, vigorous. — adv.
YOUTH'FtTLLY. — n. VoUTH'FXILNESS.
YUOCA, yuk'a. n. a large garden plant of
the lily foraily, familiarly called Adam's
needle, native to sub-tropical America.
nV. Indian name.]
YUFTS, yufts, n. a Icind of Russia leather,
which when well prepared is of good
red color, soft and pinguid on the sur-
face, and pleasant to the touch, with an
agreeable peculiar odor. Simmonds.
YTJG. vug, YUGA, yocg'a, n. one of the
ages into which the fiindus divide the
duration or existence of the world. [Sans.
jftiga, an age, from yj<j\ to join.]
YULAN, yoo'lan, n. a beautiful flov/ering
tree of China ; the Magnolia Yulan, a
tree of 80 or 40 feet in its native country,
but, in European gardens, of tot moi'e
than 12 feet.
YULE, yool. n. the Old English and still
to some extent the Scotch and Northern
English name for Christmas, or the feast
of the nativity of our Saviour.
And at each pause they kiss: was never seen
such rule
In any place but here, at bonfire or at Fide.
— Drayton.
They bring me sorrow touch'd with joy,
The" merry merry bells of Yule.—T^nnyson,
EA.S. geC'l, gW, Oil. geShol, Christmas,
he feast of the nativity, whence genla,
the Yule month, December ; Ice. jol,
originally a great festival lasting thirteen
days, and having its origin in heathen
times, afterwards applied to Christmas;
Dan. I'liul. Sw. Jul. Oi doubtful origin,
but most commonly connected with
wheel. Ice. hjdl, Dan. and Sw. hjul, ae
being a feast originally celebrated at the
sun's wheeling or turning at midsummer
and midwinter, but the h of these words
is strongly agaiust this. Skeat follow-
ing Fick connects it with E. yowl, yawl,
as referring to festive noise or outcry.
Jolly is from this word, coming to us
tfarougb the French.]
z
ZAOCHEAN, zak'e-an, n. a follower of
Zaccheus of Palestine, of the fourth cen-
tury, who taught that only private prayer
was acceptable to God. His disciples,
therefore, retired to a hill near Jerusa-
lem for their devotions.
ZAFFRE, zaf'fer, n. impure oxide of co-
balt : the residuum of cobalt, after the
sulphur, arsenic, and other volatile mat-
ters have been expelled by calcination.
So that it is a gray or dark-gray oxide of
cobalt, mixed with a portion' of silica.
When fused into a glass it is intensely
olue, and is much used by enamellers
and porcelain manufacturers as a blue
color. [Fr. zafre, safre, saffre, Sp. zafre,
probably of Arabic origin.]
ZAIM, za'im, n. a Turkish chief or leader.
ZAIMET. za'i-met, n. a Turkish name for
an estate : a district from which a zaim
draws his revenue.
ZAMANG, za-mang:', n. a leguminous tree
of Venezuela, the Pithecolobium Saman,
the hemispherical head of one individual
of which Humboldt describes as being
526 feet in circumference, its diameter
being 60 feet and the diameter of its
trunk 9 feet.
ZANY, za'ni, n. a merry-andrew : a buf-
foon. [Fr. zani — It. zani, a corr. of Gto-
vanni, John. Cf. the use of the names
John and Jack.]
ZAX, zaks, n. an instrument used by
slaters for cutting and dressing slates :
a kind of hatchet with a sharp point on
the poll for perforating the slate to re-
ceive the nail. [A.S. seax. Ice. sax, a
knife or short sword ; O. H. Ger. sahs.}
ZaYAT, za'yat, n. in Burmah, a public
slied or portico for the accommodation
of travellers, loungers, and worshippers,
found in every Burmese village and at-
tached to many pagodas. H. I'ule.
Z-CRANK, zee'-krangk, n. a peculiarly-
shaped crank in the cylinder of some
marine steam-engines, so named from
its zigzag form. Simnumds.
ZEAli, zel, 71., boiling or passionate ardor
for anything : enthusiasm. [L. zelus —
Gr. zeios, zeo, to boil. Cf. Yeast.]
ZEALOT, zel'ot, n. one full of zeal ; an en-
thusiast : a fanatic. [Gr. zelotes — zelos
(see Zeal).]
ZEALOUS, zel'us, adj. full of zeal: warmly
engaged or ardent in anj'thing. — adv.
Zeal^OUBLY.
ZEBRA, ze'bra, n. an animal of the horse
kind, beautifully striped. [Of African
origin.]
ZEBU, ze'boo, n. a kind of ox with long
ears and a hump on the shoulders, called
also the Indian ox. [E. Indian name.]
ZECHARIAH, zek-a-rfa, n. the name of
one of thfc books of the Bible, the work of
one of the twelve minor prophets. Little
is known of his history, and the obscur-
ity of his style has much embarrassed
the commentators on this book.
ZECHIN, zek'in, n. a Venetian gold coin,
worth about $3.25. [It. zecchino, Fr.
sequin. See Sequin.]
ZEMINDAR, zem-in-dai-', n. Indian name
, for the landlords who pay the govern-
ment revenue, as distinguished from the
ryots or actual cultivators of the soil.
[From an Ar. word, sig. "land."]
ZENANA, ze-na'na, n. the name given to
the portion of a house reserved exclusive-
ly for the females belonging to a family
of good caste in India. [Per. zenanah,
belonging to women, from zen, woman.]
ZEND, zend, n. an ancient Iranian lan-
guage, in which are composed the sacred
writings of the Zoroastrians. It is a
member of the Arj'an family of lan-
guages, and very closely allied to San-
skrit, esp, the Sanskrit of the Vedas, by
means of which, and by the help of com-
parative philology, it has been deciph-
ered. Called also Avestan. A contracted
name for the Zend-Avesta or sacred
writings of Zoroaster. [From Zend in
Zend-Avesta.]
ZEND-AVESTA, zend-a-ves'ta, n. the col-
lective name for the sacred writings of
the Guebers or Parsees, ascribed to Zor-
oaster, and reverenced as a bible or sole
rule of faith and practice. It consists of
several divisions, of which the oldest is
written in the primitive Zend language.
It is often called the Avesta. [This name
seems to mean "commentary-text," or
authoriz(>d text and commentary. The
first portion of the name is now usually
applied to the language in which the
early portion of the work is written.]
ZENDIK. zen'dik, n. this name is given in
the East not only to disbelievers in re-
vealed religion, but also to such as are
accused of magical heresy. [At., an in-
fidel, an atheist.]
ZENITH, zen'ith, n. the point of the heav-
ens directly overhead : greatest height.
[Fr., through It. zenit, from Ar. semt,
short for semt-ur-rds, lit. " way of the
head."]
ZEPHYR, zef'ir, n. the ivefit wind : a soft,'
gentle breeze. [Gr. zephyros — zophos,
darkness, the dark quarter, the west.]
ZERO, ze'ro, n. cipher : nothing : the
point from which a thermometer is
graduated. [Fr. — It. — Ar. sifr. [Doub»
let Cipher.]
ZEST, zest,Ji. something that gives a relish:
relish. [Fr. zeste, skin of an orange or
lemon used to give a flavor ; perh. from
L. 8chistus—Qr. schistos, cleft, divided —
schizo, to cleave.]
ZETA, ze'ta, n. a little closet or chamber.
Applied by some writers to the room over
the porch of a Christian church where
the sexton or porter resided and kept the
church documents. Britton. [L. zeta,
for diceta, a chamber, a dwelling, from
Gr. diaita, a way of living, mode of life,
dwelUng.]
ZETETIC, ze-tet'ik, adj. proceeding by in-
quiry: seeking. — The zetetic method,
in math, the method used in endeavoring
to discover the value of unknown quan-
tities or to find the solution of a problem.
[Gr. zetetikos, from zeteo, to seek.]
ZETETIC, ze-tet'ik, n. a seeker : a name
adopted by some of the Pyrrhonists.
ZETETICS, ze-tet'iks, n. a name given to
that part of alg-ebra which consists in the
direct search after vmknown quantities.
ZETICULA, ze-tik'u-la, n. a small w-ith-
drawing-room. [A dim. of zeta.}
ZEUGLODON, zu'glo-don, n. an extinct
genus of marine mammals, regarded by
Huxley as intermediate between the true
cetaceans and the carnivorous seals. The
species had an elongated snout, conical
incisors, and molar teeth with triangular
serrated crowns, implanted in the jaws
by two roots, each molar appearing to
be formed of two separate teeth united
at the crown (whence the generic name).
They belong to the eocene and miocene,
the best known species being Z. cetnides
of the middle eocene of the United States,
which attained a length of 70 feet. The
first found remains were believed to be
those of a reptile, and the name Basilo-
samnis was therefore given to them. [Gr.
zeugle, the strap or loop of a yoke, and
odous, odontos, a tooth, lit. yoke-tooth:
so called from the peculiar form of its
inol.ar teetli.]
ZEUGLODONTIDJE, zu-glo-don'ti-de, n.pl.
an extinct family of cetaceans, of which
Zeuglodon is the type.
ZEUGMA, zug'nia. n. a figure in grammar
in which two nouns ai-e joined to a verb
suitable to only one of them, but sug-
gesting another verb suitable to the other
noiui; or in which an adjective is simi-
larly used with two nouns. [Gr. zeugma,
froiu zeugni/mi, to join. See Yoke. 'I
ZEUGMATIC, zug-mat'ik, adj. of or per-
liiining to the figure of speech zeugma.
ZEUS, zus, n. in myth, the supreme divinity
among the Greeks; the ruler of the other
gods: generally treated as the equivalent
of the Roiu.in Jupiter.
ZIGZAG, zig'zag, adj. having short, sharp
turns. — v.t. to form with short turns.
[An imitative word; Fr. zig-zag, Ger.
zickzack.]
ZINt;, ziiigk, n. a bluish -white metal,
somewhat like tin. [Ger. zink, prob.
allii'il to ziini, tin.]
ZINCOGRAPHY, zing-kog'ra-fi. n. art of
printing from plates of zinc. [Zisc. and
Gr. graphx). to write.]
ZIRCONIUM
496
ZYTHUM
ZIRCONIUM, zir-ko'ni-um, n. one of the
rarer metals.
ZODIAC, z6'di-ak, n. an imaginary belt in
the heavens, containing- the twelve con-
stellations, called signs of the zodiac. —
adj. Zodi'acal. [Lit. " the circle of ani-
mals," Gr. zodiakos, of animals (kyklos,
a circle) — zodion, dim. of zoon, an ani-
mal, zao, to live.]
'iOILEAN, z6-i-le'an, ad/.relating to Zoilus,
a severe critic ; hence, a term applied to
bitter, severe, or malignant criticism or
critics. [See ZonJSM.l
2.0ILISM, zo'il-izm, n. illiberal or carping
criticism : unjust censure. " Bring can-
did eyes unto the perusal of men's works,
and let not zoilistn or detraction blast
any well - intended labors." — Sir T.
Broiime. [After Zoilus, a sophist and
grammarian of Amphipolis, who criti-
cised Homer, Plato, and Isocrates with
exceeding severity.]
ZOLLVEREIN, tsol'ver-In, n. the German
commercial or customs union, founded
about the year 1818, and afterwards
greatly extended through the example
and efforts of the government of Prussia.
Its principal object was the establish-
ment of a uniform rate of customs duties
throughout the various states joining the
union. The territories of the Zollverein
now coincide with those of the new Ger-
man Empire (with the notable exceptions
of Hamburg and Bremen), and include
Luxemburg. JGer. zoll, toll, custom,
duty, and verein, union or association.]
ZOMBORUK, zomTxMTik, n. same as ZUM-
BOOBUK. " A section of some eighteen or
twenty camels . . . with eomboruks, or
swivel gruns, mounted on their backs,
and an artilleryman or two to each." —
W. H. Russell.
ZONE, zon, n. a girdle : one of the five
great belts into which the surface of the
earth is divided. [L. zona — Gr. zone, a
f'rdle — zonnymi, to gird ; akin to JoiK,
OKE.]
ZONED, z6nd, adj. wearing a zone or girdle:
having zones or concentric bands.
ZOOLOGIST, zo-ol'o-jist, n. one versed in
zoology.
ZOOLOGY, zo-ol'o-ji, n. that part of nat-
ural history which treats of animals. —
adj. Zoolog'ical. — adv. ZooLoa'iCAiiY.
[Gr. zoon, an animal, and logos, a dis-
coursej
ZOOPHYTE, zo'o-fft, n. a term now applied
to true polyps, as corals, etc. [Lit. "ani-
mal-plant," Gr. zoophyton — zoon, an ani-
mal, phyton, a plant.]
ZOROASTRIANISM, zor-6-as'tri-an-izm, n.
the national faith of ancient Persia, so
named from its founder, Zoroaster.
ZOUAVE, zoo-av' or zwav, n. a soldier be-
longing to the light infantry corps in the
French army, organized in Algeria, and
originally intended to be composed ex-
clusively of a tribe of Kabyles, but which,
having gradually changed its character,
is now constituted almost exclusively of
Frenchmen. These corps still, however,
wear the picturesque dress, which con-
sists of a loose, dark-blue jacket and
waistcoat, baggy Turkish trousers, yellow
leather leggings, white gaiters, a sky-
blue sash, and a red fez with yellow
tassel. The few corps filled with Alger-
inee stiU connected with the French army
are now known as Turcos. [Fr., from
the name of a tribe inhabiting Algeria.]
ZUCHETTO, tsoO-ket'to, n. in the R. Cath,
Ch. the skull-cap of an ecclesiastic cover-
ing the tonsure. A priest's is black, a
bishop's purple, a cardinal's red, and the
pope's white. [It. zucchetta, a small
gourd, anything in the form of a gourd,
from zucca, a gourd.]
ZULU, zoo'loo or zoo-l5o', n. a member of
a warlike branch of the Kafir race in
habiting a territory in South Africa situ-
ated on the coast of the Indian Ocean,
immediately north of the British colony
of Natal.
ZUMBOORUK, zoom-boo'ruk, n. in the
Orient, a small cannon supported by a
swivelled rest on the back of s, camel,
whence it is fired.
ZYMOTIC, zi-mot'ik, adj. denoting all dis-
eases, as cholera, typhus, etc., in which
a poison works through the body like a
ferment. [Gr., from zymoo, to ferment
—zyme, leaven.]
ZYMUR6Y, za'mer-ji, n. a name applied to
that department of technological chem-
istry which treats of the scientific prin-
ciples of wine-making, brewing, distilling,
and the preparation of yeast and vinegar,
in which processes fermentation plays the
principal part. Watts. [Gr. zyme, a fer-
ment, and ergon, work.]
ZYTHEPSARY, zi-thep'sa-ri, n. a brewery
or brew-house. [Gr. zythos, a kind of
beer, and hepso, to boil.]
ZYTHUM, mhum, n. a kind of ancient
nialt beverage : a liquor made from malt
and wheat. [L. zythum=-Qt. sythoa, a
kind of beer.]
PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES^
PREFIXES.
A- (A.S.) represents :
(1.) A.S. on, on, as abed (from M. E. on
bcedde), among, about, a-f3shing-.
(2.) A.S. and-, over against, close to, as
along (from A.S. aiid-lang, i.e., over
against in length). [Cog. with Goth.
anda. Ger. ent-. ant-, L. Ante-, Gr.
Als'Tl- (which see).]
(3.) A.S. &-, out, out from, as in arise (from
A.S. Arisan, to rise out of or up), or sig.
•' very." as in aghast. [Cog. with Ger.
er-. Gfoth. iis-, ur-.]
(4.) A.S. of, of, from, as in adown (from
A.S. of dune, •' from the height "), anew,
akin ; or from of-, intensive, as athirst.
(5.) A.S. ge-, y-, as aware (from M. E. yuiar
— A.S. geiceer), a-f-ford.
(6.) for at, old sign of inf., as ado. [From
the Scand.]
A- (L. and Gr.) represents : (1.) L. Ab- ;
(2.) L. Ad-; (3.) L. Ex-, as in abash,
amend ; (4.) Gr. A- (for An-). See these
prefixes.
A-, AB-, ABS- (L.), away from, as avert,
absolve, araunt, abstract. [L. a, ab, abs
(oldest form ap) : cog. with Gr. Apo-,
Sans, apa, Ger. ab, E. Off.]
AD- (L.), to, at, as adhere, adapt. The d
becomes assimilated to the following
consonant, as in accede, affix, aggregate,
aflot, annex, approve, arrive, assign, at-
tract. [L. ad : cog. with Sans, adhi,
Goth, and E. at, Celt, ar-.l
AMBI-, AMB- (L.), round about, both, as
ambition, ajreputate, ambidexter. [L. ;
cog. with Gr. AMPHI-, Sans, abhi, around,
O. Ger. umpi (Ger. mjk).]
AMPHI- (Gr.). round about, both, as am-
phitheatre, amphibiovLS. [Cog. with L.
Ambi- Amb-.]
AN- (A.S.), against, in return, as answer.
[A.S. and-, Ger. ant-, Goth, and-.]
AN-, A- (Gr.), not, without, as anai-chy,
atom, ambrosia. [Gr.; cog. with Sans.
an-, a-. L. in-, E. UN-, In-, not.]
ANA-. AN- (Gr.), up, back, as analyze,
anatomy, aneurism. [Cog. with Goth.
ana, E. On.]
ANTE- (L.), before, as antecedent, antici-
pate, ancestor (for L. ante-cessor). [L.
ante, old form anti ; conn, with Anti-.]
ANTI- (Gr.), opposite to, against, as anti-
pathy, ajifipodes, antagoni.st. [Gr. ; conn,
with L. Ante-, Sans, anti, facing, Ger.
ant- in ^4?iiwort, E. an- (for and-) in
Answer (see Diet.). Cf. A- (A.S.) (3.),
above.]
APO- (Gr^ off, from, away, as opostle,
aphelion: [Cog. with L. Ab-.]
AT- (E.), near, as atone ; against, as twit.
[A.S. CBt.]
AUTO- (Gr.), self, as atttograph, antopsy.
BE- (A.S.), by, before, beside, as behalf ;
FF
intensive, as besprinkle; privative, as be-
head. [A form of By. See Diet.]
BIS- (L.), twice, as biscuit, biennial. [Corr.
of dvis, ablative of duo, two.]
CATA-, CATH-, CAT- (Gr.), down, down-
wards, according to, as cataract, catTi-
olic, catechism. [Gr. kata.]
CIRCUM-, CIRCU- (L.), round about, as
cirewmscribe, circwit. [Properly accusa-
tive of circus, a circle. See Circle in
Diet.]
CIS- (L.), on this side, as cisalpine. [From
the demons, stem ki-, which appears in
Gr. e-kei, there, and the -c of L. hie, sic]
COM-, CON- (L.), together, with, as con-
nect, cohere, coZlect, correct ; often in-
tensive, as commotion. [Coj«- is the old
form of L. cum, with ; cog. with Gr. syn.
Sans. sam. The root, originally signify-
ing "one," is seen in L. sim-ul, together,
Gr. ham-a, together, E. si»iple (which
see in Diet.).]
CONTRA-, CONTRO-, COUNTER- (L.),
against, as contradict, controvert, coun-
teract. [L. contra (whence Fr. contre),
from Con-, and -tra, from root tar, to
cross, seen also in Trans-.]
DE- (L., or Fr. — L.), down, from, away,
occurs in words derived either directly
from L., as deduce ; or through the Fr.
from L., in which case De- represents
either (1.) O. Fr. des-, from L. dis-,
asunder, not, as in defeat (O. Fr. des-fait),
or (2.) Fr. — L. de-, as describe {lit. " write
doum,'"'\. decompose.
DIA- (Gr.), two, through, as dialogue [" a
conversation between two"], diameter.
[Gr. dia (from dyo, two), sig. dividing
into two, through.]
DIS- (Gr.), two, twice, as dissyllable, di-
cotyledonous. [From dt'is, from root of
Two.]
DIS- (L.), in two, asunder, as dispart, dif-
fer, disperse ; negative, as disrelish ;
privative, as dislodge. {Dis for dvis,
from L. duo, Gr. dyo. Sans, diri, Goth,
and E. tivo. See Two in Diet.]
DYS- (Gr.). ill, difficult, as dysentery, dys-
pepsy. [Cog. with Sans, dus, Goth, tus,
Ger. zer-, A.S. To-, E. Two.]
E-. See Ex-.
EC- or EX- (Gr.), out of, from, as ecstasy,
exodus. [Gr. ex, cog. with L. ex, and
Russian iz\ out.]
EM- EN- (Fr.— L.), in, into,
make, as enlarge ; before
changes to EM-, as embark,
in. See In- (L.), in, into.]
EN- (Gr.), in, on, as energy, endemic, em-
phasis. [See In in Diet.]
ENTER- (Fr.), between, among,
tain. [Fr. entre—L. INTER-.]
EPI- (Gr.), on, as epitaph ; during, as ep-
hemeral. [Gr. epi ; Sans, api, L. Ob-.]
, as enlist ; to
b and p, En-
[Fr. en— L.
as [enter-
ES- (Fr. or Sp. — L.), out, as escape, es-
planade. [O. Fr. or Sp. es — L. Ex-.]
ESO- (Gr.), m, into, as esoteric. [From
Gr. eis, into, whose form was prob. orig.
ens, a strengthened form of En- (Gr.).]
EU- (Gr.), well, as euphony, «tlogy. [Gr.
eu, eus, good, for es-us, real, from root of
Is (see Diet.).]
EX- or E- (L.), from, out of, as ea^jel, eject,
e/flux. [Conn, with Gr. Ec- or Ex-.]
EXO- (Gr.), outside, as exotic. [From Ex-
(Gr.).]
EXTRA- (L.), on the outside, beyond, as
extramural, extraordinary. [Contr. of
extera {parte being understood), ablative
feminine of exterus, beyond, a compar.
form, from Ex- (L.).]
FOR- (A.S.), through, thorough, away, so
as to be non-existent, or to be destroyed,
as /orswear, /orbid. [A.S. for; Ger.
ver-, Goth, fra-, L. per-. Sans, para ;
conn., with Far and KiOM.]
FOR- (Fr. — L.), as in foreclose, forfeit.
[Fr. — L. foris, lit. " out of doors," used
in the sense of "outside," "beyond,"
" amiss."]
FORE- (A.S.), before, as foretell. [A.S.
fore; O. Ger. f ova (Ger. vor), Goth, f aura,
L. Pro-.]
GAIN- (A.S.), against, as grai?isay. [A.S.
gegn, gean. See Against in Diet.]
HEMI- (Gr.), half, as /lemisphere. [Gr. ;
cog. with L. Semi- Sans, sami-, O. Ger.
sdini-.]
HYPER- (Gr.), over, above, beyond, as
/ij/perborean, /i^percritical. [Cog. with
Super- and Over-.]
HYPO-, HYP-(Gr.), under, as /ij/potenuse.
[Cog. with L. Sub-, Goth, uf. Sans, upa.]
I-, Y-, as in /-wis, yclept, hand-2/-work.
[A.S. ge-, sign of the past participle
passive.]
IN- (L.), not, as infirm. Before p, the n
changes to m, as impudent ; before I, m,
and r, it is assimilated to those conso-
nants, as itlegal, inmiature, irregular.
[L. ; cog. with Gr. An-. E. Un-.]
IN- (L.). in, into, as infuse, itlumine, impel,
irrigate. [See In in Diet.]
IN- (A.S.), in, on, as income, inward ; to
make, as imbitter, lit. to put iJito a state
of bitterness. [See In in Diet.]
INTER- (L.), in the midst of, between, as
interval, intetlect. [A compar. form,
cog. with E. Under, and Sans, antar,
within.]
INTRA- (L.), in the inside of, within, as
ijitramural. [Contr. of intera, ablative
feminine of interns, inward — Inter-.]
INTRO- (L.), into, within, as introduce.
[Contr. of intero, ablative masculine of
intents — Inter-.]
JUXTA- (L.), near, as /uxtaposition. ["Su-
perlative form, from root of L. ju{ii)go,
to join. See Join in Diet.]
(497)
498
PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES.
META-, MET- (Gr.), lit. " in the middle,"
hience witli ; after, as method (lit- way
after) ; often implies change, as vieta-
morphose, metonytny. [Gr. meta ; cog.
with A.S. mid, Goth, viith, Ger. mit ;
Sans, mithu, Zend mat.^
MIS- (A.S. and Soand.), wrong, ill, as mis-
behave, misdeed, mislead. [A.S. and
Scand. mis-, Ger. miss-. Cf. MiSS, v.t. in
Diet.]
MIS- (Fr. — L.), as in mischief. [Fr. mis-,
for O. Fr. mes-, from L. minus, less.]
MONO-, HON- (Gr.), single, as monograph.
[Gr. monos, alone.]
N- (A.S.). no, not, as never. [A.S. ne ; cog.
with O. Ger. and Goth, ni, L. ne. Sans.
na.]
NE- (Gr.), not, as nepenthe ; (L.) not, as
nefarious, neuter. [Allied to E. No (see
Diet.).]
NEC- (L.),not, asnegrlect, jiegrative. [Contr.
of neque, from ne, not, que, and.]
NON- (L.), not, as nonsense, noreage. [From
ne unum, not one. Cf. E. Not in Diet.]
OB- (L.), in the way of, against, as obstruct,
omit, occur, o/fer, oppose, ostentation.
[Cog. with Gr. epi. Sans, api.]
OFF- (A.S.), off, from, away, as o^shoot,
o^set. [A form of Of. Cf. A-, Ab-, and
see Of in Diet.]
ON- (A,S.), on, as onset, onlooker. [See
On in Diet.]
OUT- (A.S.), out, beyond, as oit flaw, owfbid.
[A.S. ut. See Out in Diet.]
OVER- (A.S.), over, above, as oi'crarch,
oi'erseer. [See Over in Diet.]
PAN- (Gr.), all, as panacea, pajitheism.
PAKA-, PAR- (Gr,), beside, as parable;
beyond, wrong, as parolyze. [Gr. para ;
, akin to Sans, para, away, L. per-, and
E. for- in /orgive.]
PENE- (L.), almost, as pe»insula.
PER- (L.), through, as permit, peTbicid,
poflute ; thoroughly, as perfect. In
perjure, perish, it is equivalent to E.
for- in /orswear (see Foe-, A.S.). [Aldn
to Gr. Para-, beside, Sans, para, away,
E. for-, Ger. rer-.l
PERI- (Gr.), round, as perimeter, peri-
phrasis. JGr. peri ; Sans, peri, also
allied to Gr. para."]
POL-, POR- (L.), as pollute, portend.
[From O. L. port-, towards.]
POST- (L.), backwards, behind, after, as
postpone.
POUR-, PUR- (Fr.— L.), as powrtray, pur-
vey. [Fr.— L. Pro-.]
PRE- (L.), before, as predict, prefer. [L.
prce. akin to L. pro.']
PRETER- (L.), beyond, as preterit, pre-
^ernatural, pretermit. [L. proeter — proe,
with comparative suffix -ter. See Alter
in DictJ
PRO- (Gr.), before, as prologue, pro-
gramme. [Gr. pro; cog. with L. Pro-,
Sans, pra, E. For (prep. ; see Diet.).]
PRO- (L.), before, forth, forward, as pro-
ject; instead of, from the idea of being
before, as pronoun. [Cog. with Pro-
(Gr.), which see.]
PROS- (Gr.), towards, as proselyte, pros-
ody. [Original form proti, an extension
of " Pro- (Gr.) ; cog. with Sans, prati,
Slav, proti.l
PUR-. See under PoUR-
RE-, RED- (L.), change of place or condi-
tion, as in remove, reunion (an assem-
blage of things or persons formerly
apart) ; hence, change of motion from
one direction to the opposite = " back,"
'• again," as retract, resound, redeem.
RETRO- (L.), back, backwards, as retro-
spect, retrogva.de. [From Re-, and the
convpar. suffix -ter.]
SE- (L.), without, as secure : aside, as se-
duce. [Old form of Sine-.]
SEMI- (L.), half, as semfcircle. [L.; cog.
with Gr. hemi.]
SINE- (L.), without, as sinecure. [St,
demons, instrumental sig. " by that,"
and ne, not.]
SUB- (L.), under, from under, after, as
subject, suspect, succeed, sw/fuse, sug-
gest, summon, support, surprise, sus-
pend, sojourn. [L. sub (which in O. Fr.
became so-).}
SUBTER- (L.), under, as subterfuge. [From
Sub-, and compar. suffix -ter, meaning
motion. See Trans-.]
SUPER- (L.), over, above, beyond, assupgr-
structure, SMpej'natural. [L.; cog. with
Sans, upari, Gr. hyper, Goth, ufar, E.
Over.]
SUPRA- (L.), over, above, as supramun-
dane. [Contr. of ablative fern, of su-
perus, above, from Super-. Cf. Supe-
rior in Diot.]
SUR- (Fr.), over, assuj-mount. [Fr., from
L. super.]
SYN- (Gr.) together, with, as syntax, sy-
stem, s^Hable, symbol. [Cog. vidth Com-.]
TO- (E.), in to-da,y, together, towards, here-
to-fore, is the prep. To (see Diet.).
TO- (A.S.), asunder, as in fo-brake. [A.S.
to-, cog. with Gr. Dts- (which see) ; cf.
Dis- (L.).]
TRANS- (L.), beyond, across, as transport,
traverse. [From root tar, to cross ; the
same root occurs in INTER-, INTEO-,
Preter-, Retro-, Subter-.]
U- (Gr.), no, not, as C/^topia. [Gr. ou, not.]
ULTRA- (L.), beyond, as w/tramarine.
[From utter (stem of ulterior), ul- being
from root of L. i7/e.]
UN-(A.S.), not, as iuihappy, untruth; back,
as uutie. [Cog. with Gr. AN-, and L. IN-
(negative).]
UNDER- (A.S.), under, below, as iindesr-
prop, nndersell. [See Under in Diet.]
UP- (A.S.). up, as nphill. [See Up in Diet.]
VIS-, VICE- (Fr.— L.), in place of, as vis-
count, viceroy. [Fr. vis-, from L. vice,
instead of.]
WAN- (A.S.), wanting, as wanton. [Cf.
"Wane and Want in Diet.]
WITH- (A.S.), against, back, as withsta,ad,
tfit/idraw ; with, near, as withm (this
meaning is very rare as prefix). [A.S.
icith — u'ither. See With ia Diet.]
Y-. See under I-,
SUFFIXES.
-ABLE, adj. suffix, capable of, as portobfe,
laughable. [L. -a-b-i7i-s.]
-AC, adj. suffix, pertaining to, as elegiac ;
also used as noun suffix, as manioc. [L,
-anis, Gr. -ufcos.]
-ACEOUS, having the qualities of, as herb-
aceous. [L. -aceus.]
-ACIOUS, full of, as audacioas. [L. -ax,
-ads.]
-ADE, noun suffix, as ecapade [Fr. — It.] ;
and as crusode, tornado [Sp. -ade, orig-
inal form -ado].
-AGE, ending of abstract nouns, as hom-
agre ; marks place where, as vicaragre.
[Fr. -age, from L. -aticum.]
-AIN, -AN, -EN, -ON, noun suffixes, as
villain, pagare. warden, surgeon. [L.
-anus.]
-AL. adj. and noun suffix, as mortaZ, car-
dino/. [L. -alis.]
-AN, -AIN, -ANE, adj. suffix, as human,
certain, humane. [L. -anus.]
-ANA, things belonging to, sucli as say-
ngs, anecdotes, etc., as Johnsoniana.
X. neuter pi. of adjs. in -anus. See
-An.]
-ANCE, -ANCY. See -nce.
-AND, -END, noun suffix, as viand, leg-
end. [L. -andus, -endus, gerundial suf-
flxj
-ANEOUS, belonging to, as extraneoiis.
[L. -aneus.]
-ANT, -ENT, adj. suffix, as repentOJit,
patient ,- also sometimes denoting the
agent, as sergeant, student, innocent. [L.
-ans, -ant-is, or -ens, -ent-is, suffix of pr.p.]
-AR, Ijelonging to, as angular. [L. -ar-is,
Sans, -ara.]
-AR, -ARD, -ART. See under -er (mark-
ing the agent).
-AR, -ER, -OR, noun suffixes, marking
place where, as cellar, larder, manor [L.
-arium] ; denoting the agent, as vicar,
treasure)', chancello/' [L. -arins].
-ARD, intensive, as drunkard, coward.
[Fr.— Ger. hart. E. Hard.]
-ARY, noun suffix, marking place where,
as semina?'2^ [L. -arium] ; the agent, as
secretary/, antiquar?/ [L. -arius] ; with
-an added, forming an adj. suffix, asunit-
ari-an, agrari-an.
-ASM. See under -ISM.
-ASS. -ACE, as cuirass, cutlass, menace,
pinntfce. [L. -ace«s, -acitts. It. -accio.
Fr. -as.]
-ASTER, dim. and freq. (often implj-ing
contempt), as poetaster. [Fr. -astre (It.
-asti-o) — L. -as-ter, from Aryan as-tar.]
-ATE, verbal suffix, as navigate, permeate,
adj., as desolate, delicate; noun, aslega/e,
advocate. [Norm. Fr. -at, L. -atus, suffix
of pa. p.]
-BLE. See -able.
-BLE. -PLE, fold, as doubte, trebte, quad-
ruple. [L. -plus, lit. " full."
-CE. See under -s, adverbial suffix.
-CELLI, -CELLO, dim., as vermicetti, vio-
\oncello. [It., from L. -cu-lus. See un-
der -I.]
-CH. dim., as blotc/i. [See -OCK.]
-CLE, -CULE. dim., as in particte, animal-
cule, from L. cu-lus, wliich also gives
(through It.) -CELLI, -cello. See un-
der -L.]
-CY, being, or state of being, as clemencj/,
[Fr. -eie — L. -tia.]
-D, -T, or -ED, pa.t. suffix, as loved. The
e in -ed is the connecting vowel, omitted
when the verb ends ine. [A.S. -de, "did,"
from di-de, pa.t. of Do.]
-D, pa. p. suffix, as lovea ; in nouns (with
passive meaning), as deed, seed ; in adjs.,
as feathered, wicked, cold ; in the form
-th (or -T), in abstract nouns and adjs.,
as deat/i, flight, swift, (with euphonic -s-)
du-s-t, bla-s-t. [Orig. -th, as in uncout/i,
and from the root of The, That ; seen
also in the L. suffix -tu-s. as in no-tu-s.
Sans, jna-ta-s, and in the Gr. suffix -to-s.]
-DOM, dominion, power, as kingdom; state,
as freedom ; act, as martyrdom. [A.S.
diim, judgment, dominion, Ger. -tTium.]
-DOR, as in corridor, matadore, stevedore,
battledoo7'. [Sp. -dor, L. -tor.]
-ED. see -D.
-EE, one who or that which is (passive), as
trustee, jubilee (Fr. -ie — L. -atus, of part,
pass.) ; Pharisee, Sadducee [L. -oeu-s.J
-EER, -lER, one who, has fi-equentative
meaning, as charioteer. [Fr. -er, -tei — L,
arius.]
-EL, dim., as damsct. [See under -L.]
-EN, dim., as chicken, maiden. [A.S. -en.]
-EN, fem. suffix, now found only in vixen.
[A.S. -en, -n ; Ger. -in, Gr. -iTie, L. -ina.]
-EN, made of, as wooden, leather?* ; orig.
sig. belonging to, as heathen. [A.S.,
Goth, -en, -an, Ger. -en, ein. Sans, -um ;
a genitive suffix, as in mine.]
-EN. pa. part, as woven, borne, swoni.
[A.S. -n, -ne, -en : conn, with -ant, -ent.J
-EN, pi. suffix, as oxen, kine (for ky-en).
[A.S. -an (for -ajis).]
-EN, to make, as whiten. [Orig. reflexive
or passive.]
PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES.
499
-EN, -IN, -ENE, belonging' to, as alien,
verraire, terrene. [L. -eniis, -ena, -enum.]
-ENCE. -ENCY. See -nce, -ncy.
-ENT, belonging to, as diSerent. [L. -ens,
-entis. See -ANT.]
-EOUS, in righteous, corr. of -wise (which
see) ; in courteous, from O. Fr. -eis (from
L. -ensis).
EOUS, same as -ous, as ligneous. [L.
-ens.]
-ER, freq. and intens., as glimmer, flutter.
-ER. infinitive suflix, as cover, encounter.
[Fr. -re, -ir, from L. pr. infinitive -are,
-ere, -ire.]
-ER. marks the agent, as writer ; some-
times changed to -ar, as liar ; with -i- or
•y- prefixed, as cloth-i-er, law-?/-er ; with
excrescent -t or -d, as bragg-ar-^ [A.S.
-ere ; Ger. -er.]
'ER, more, used in compar. of adjs., as
greater, more. [Aryan compar. sufSx
-ra.]
-ER, noun suffix, as matter, gutter. [Fr.
-iere — L. -eria.]
-EREL, dim. suffix, as mackereZ. [See un-
der -L.]
-ERIE, place where, as menagerie. [Fr.,
from L. -ariuvi. See -ery.]
-ERLY, direction to or from, as southerly.
[From -EEN and -LY.]
-ERN, adj. suffix, sig. direction, as south-
ern [A.S. -er-n] ; adj. suffix, sig. belong-
ing to, as modern [L. -emus']; noun suffix,
as cistern [L. -erna].
-ERY. noun suffix, a-s brewery, witchery,
cutler?/. [Noun suffix -Y added to nouus
in -ER (marking agent). See -AKY, -ERIE,
-ORY.]
-ES or -8, pi. suffix, as foxe«, hats. [A.S.
-as. -s is a general pi. suffix, as L. and
Gr. -e.5j
•ESCENT, growing becoming, as conval-
escent. [L. -eseo, -isoo, -asco, Gr. -asko,
suffix, implying becoming, beginning.]
-ESE. belonging to, as Japaneiie. [It. -ese,
L. -ensis.]
•ESQUE, partaking of the quality of, as
picturesgi«e. [Fr. -esque (It. -esco) — L.
-isous, a by-form of -imis (see -IC), and
conn, with -ISH, adj. suffix.]
-ESS, fem. suffix of nouns, as lioness. [Fr.
-esse, L. -issa, Gr. -issa (made up of -it or
-id and -ya).]
-ESS, -ICE, -ISE, as prowess, justice,
merchandise. [Fr. — L. -itia.]
-EST, as in harvest, earnest.
-EST, suffix of 2d. sing, in verbs, as bring-
est. [A.S. -ast, -est; L. -es, -isti; Gr. -si,
-sthon. -s or -ST=2d per. pron., Gr. sy
{sH), L. tu, E. Thou.]
-EST, superl. suffix, formed from the com-
par. by adding -t, as smallest. [A.S.
-est (in adjs.), -ost (in adverbs) ; L. -issi-
muK. Gr.-istos, -stos, -tatos. Sans, -ishta.]
-ET, -ETB, noun suffix, marking the .igent,
as prophet, poet, athlete. [L. -eta, Gr.
-etes.]
-ET, -ETTE, -OT, dim., as cygnet, billet,
etiquette, ballot. [Norm. Fr. -et, -ot, Fr.
-ct. -ette.]
-EUR. See under -OR.
-EVER, at any time, as whoever, every
one who. [See Ever in Diet.]
-FARE, way, as in wel/are, chaf/er. [See
Fare in Diet.]
-FAST, as in steadfast, shamefaced. [A.S.
fcest, firm, fast.]
-FOLD, as fourfold, mani/oM. [A.S.
feald.]
-FUL, full of, as delight/i(Z. [See Full,
adj. in Diet.]
-FY, to make, a.s puri/j/. [Fr. -fler — L.
fic-are, for fae-ere, to make.]
-HEAD, -HOOD, state, nature, as God-
head, nian/iood. [From A.S. h&d, Ger.
-heit, state ; changed into Hood ; to be
distinguished from Head of the body.]
-I, pi. suffix of nouns in -us, as literati
[L. -i; conn, with Gr. -ai, -oi] ; also pi.
suffix of nouns borrowed from It., as
banditti [It.— L.].
-IBLE, adj. suffix, as possibte, flexi6te.
[From L. -ibilis, another form of -abilis.
See -ABLE.]
-IC, adj. suflHx, of or belonging to, as gi-
gantic, public; also largely used as noun
suffix, as logic, fabric. [L. -icus, -ica,
-icum, Gr. -ikos; cf. Sans, -ika.]
-ICAL, belonging to, as cubical, [-ic and
-AL.]
-ICE, noun suffix, as chalice [Fr. — L. -ex,
-ids] ; novice [Fr.— L. -icius]. See an-
other -ICE under -ESS, -ICE, -KE.
-ICS, lit. things that belong to a science, as
mathematics. [In imitation of Gr. -ika,
neuter pi. of adjs. in -ikos. See -ic]
-ID, noun suffix, as Nereirf ; also used in
coining chemical words, as chloride, ox-
ide, brom/de [L. -id-, Gr. -id-, Fr. -ide] ;
also adj. suffix, as tepid, acid [L. -ddus].
-IB, -Y, dim., as lassie. [From -iek, a
weakened form of -OCK.]
-lER, one who, as cavalier. [Fr. -ier ;
usually appears in form -eer.]
-IFF, adj. suffix, fit for, disposed to, as
plaint i^ (orig. adj. =- "complaining"),
fugitive, active, pensive. [Fr. — L. -ivjts.j
-ILE, able, as ductite. [L. -His, contr. of
-ibilis ; to be distinguished from -ile
(below). See -able.]
-ILE, belonging to, as GentiZe. [L. -His.]
-IM, pi. suffix, as cherubijH. [Heb. fm.]
-INA, fem. suffix, as czarirea. [See -EN,
fem.]
-INE, fem. suffix, as heroine. [See -en,
fem.]
-INE, -IN, noun suffix, as raviwe, medic-
ine, cousiji ,• much used in chemical com-
pounds, as iodijie, glycerine, bromine ;
also adj. suffix, as divine. [L.-ireifs, -ina.]
-ING, dim., as farthing. [The -ng is
nasalized from Aryan dim. -ka (see
-OCK).]
-ING, suffix of pr.p., as loving. [Corr. of
A.S. -inde, which, as also -ande and
-ende, it replaced. See -ND, also -ant,
-ENT.]
-ING, suffix of verbal nouns, as learningr.
[A.S. -ung, Ger. -ungr.]
ION, being, state of bei
[L. -io, -ionis.]
eing, as creatio;t.
-lOR, more, term, of comp. degree, as su-
perior. [L. -ior. See -ER, morej
-IQUE, belonging to, asantigwe. [Fr. — L.
-imms; conn, with -IC. L. -icMs. See -ac]
-ISH, adj. suffix, ethnic, as Irish ; signify-
ing somewhat, as brownish ; sometimes
implying depreciation, as outlandis/i.
[A.s: -isc]
-ISH, to make, as establis/i. [From Fr.
pr.p. suffix -iss-ont ; chiefly used in words
from the Fr. The Fr. -iss- is from L.
-ese-, inceptive.]
-ISK, dim., as asterisk. [Gr. -iskos; conn,
with -ISH, little. See -OCK.]
-ISM, -ASM, formiig abstract nouns sig.
condition, sj'stem, as egoisnt, deis)?i, Cal-
vini.s/ft, laconi.snt, pleonasnt. [L. -ismits,
-asm IIS — Gr. -ismos, -asmos.]
-1ST, denoting the person who holds a doc-
trine or practices an art, as Calvini.st,
cheniist, novelist. [L. -ista — Gr. -istes.]
-ITE, born in, belonging to, as Israelite,
Jesuit. [L. -it a — Gr. -ites.]
-TVE. See under -IFF.
-IX, fem. suffix, as testatrir. [L. -ix, -ids.
Conn, with -ess, fem. suffix.]
-IZE. to make, as equalise. [Gr. -izH, L.
-ire. Fr. -iser.]
-K. fi-i-q. or intens., as harfc, talk.
-KIN. dim., as lambA-in ; son of, asWiR'in.
[A double dim. suffix from -k (see -OCK),
and in (see -EN, dim.).]
-KIND, kind, race, as manHnd. [See -kin
above, and Kin in Diet.]
-L, forming diminutives, appears in con-
nection with various vowels, and from va-
rious sources, as in -EL, -ULE. -ER-EL. -le,
-L-ET, -L-iNG, -c-LE, -C-ULE, as damset,
giobnZe, mongret, bundie, hamtet, duck-
ling, foUicZe, molecuie.
-LE, noun suffix, as bridte, beadtc. riddte
sliovei, nait. [A.S. -et, Ger. -et — Aryan
-ar{-al)] ; also adj. suffix, as idte. fickte,
brittte, mickte [A.S. -et, -ol — Aryan -i-a],
-LE, freq. and intens., as sparkte, settte,
kneet.
-LENCE, -LENCY, forming abstract
nouns. [L. -l-entia, from -lens. See
-LENT.]
-LENT, full of, as viotenf, viruteret. [L.
-I-entus.]
-LESS, free from, wanting, as guilttess,
godte^s. [A.S. -leas, Ger. -los ; from root
of Loose and Lose.]
-LET, dim., as streamtet. [From -l and
-ET, dim.]
-LIKE, like, as godtifce. [See Like in
Diet.]
-LING, dim., as darting" ; sometimes imply-
ing depreciation, as hiretingf. [Made up
of -L and -INQ.]
-LING, -LONG, adv. suffix, as darktingr,
sidetongf. [A.S. -litnga, -linga.]
-LOCK. [See Wedlock and Knowledge
in Diet.]
-LOCK, -LICK, a plant. [See Hemlock,
Garlic]
-LY, adj. and adv. suffix, as mantj/, only.
[The adj. suffi.K is from A.S. lie, E. Like ;
adv. is from tic-e, dat. of tic]
-M, noun suffix, as bloojn, steajn, seam,
fatho/n [A.S. -ma, -m] ; as realm, crinie
alum, regi»ie [Fr. — L. -meii].
-MEN, that which, state, as regi»ie?t,
acumen. [Only in words borrowed from
Latin. L. -wen ; Sans. -?n an. See-MENT,
-MONY.]
-MENT, as nourish7nent, establishme?it,
detriment. [L. -men-tu-m, Fr. -ment.
See -JIEN.]
-MONY, as testi?nojJ2/. parsimon;/. [L.
-mon-iu-m, -mon-ia. See -men.]
-MOST, suffix of superl. deg., as endniost.
See Most in Diet. [In most cases this
suffix is not the word most, the m being
part of the root, or an old superl. suffix,
and -ost the superlative suffix, as in in-
most ^ia-m-ost. See -est, superl. suffix.]
-N, as main, wagoi. [Orig. -na, the suffix
of passive past participles.]
-NCE, -NCY, forming abstract nouns, as
distance, decency. [Fr. -Jice — L. -nt-ia.]
-ND, as Bend (lit. " hating "), frie7id (lit.
" loving "). [A.S. pres.p. suffix.]
-NESS, abstract idea, as tenderness. [A.S.
-?iis, -nes, cog. with Ger. -ni.ss.]
-OCK, dim., as hillocA-. [A.S. -nca — Aryan,
-ka. See -IE and -iNG, dim.]
-OM, old dative suffix, now used as object-
ive, as whom ; in adverbs of time, as
seldom. [A.S. -M»i.]
-ON, -EON, -ION, noun suffix, as capon,
mason, truncheon, onioji, clarion. [Fr.
— L. -onein, -ionem.\
-OON, noun suffix, often augmentative, as
balloon, saloon. [Fr. -on. It. -one.]
-OR, -OUR, -ER, denoting the agent,
sometimes directly from L. (see -tor),
but mostly tlu-ougli Fr. -ewr, and sijelled
originally -our, as emperor (old spelling
eraperonr, Fr. empereur — L. impera-
torem) ; in others, E. -er lias supplanted
-eur, -our, as preacher (Fr. precheur — L.
prcedieatorem), while -or is at times af-
fixed to E. roots, as sailor.]
-ORY, belonging to, as prefatory [L. -ori-
tis] ; place where, as purgatory [L. -ori-
ttm].
500
PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES.
-OSE, full of, as verbose. [L. -osus. See
-ors.]
-OT. dim., as balloi. [See -ET, dim.]
-OUR. See -OR.
-OUS, adj. suffix, as religioits, curio^ts [L.
-osus] ; dubioJAS, anxiows [L. -us].
-OW, noun suffix, as shadow [from A.S. -u];
swallow [from A.S. -eice]; marroiw [from
A.S. -h] ; also adj. suffix, as narrow [from
A.S. -u].
•PLE. See -BLE, fold.
-R, noun suffix, marking the instrument,
as stair, timber ; adj. suffix, as bitter.
-RE, place, as here. [A.S. -r, -ra, orig. a
locative suffix.]
-RED, manner, state, as hatred, kindred.
[A.S. -rmden ; cog. with Gter. -rath. See
Read in Diet.]
-RIC, dominion, power, region, as bishop-
ric. [A.S. r^'ce, power. See RICH in
Diet.]
-RIGHT, as upright, downright. [A.S.
riht. See Right in Diet.]
-S, adverbial suffix, as needs, always, once,
henc«, thence, whil-s-t, betwi-a>t. [A.S.
•es, gen. suffix.]
-"S, is the present genitive suffix. [Short
for A.S. -es — Aryan -s or sya, orig. a
demons, pron. The O is prob. due to a
false notion that this -s was a relic of
his.]
-S, -SE, verbal suffix, to make, as clars-p,
cleanse, rinse.
-SHIP, -SCAPE, as friendsfc?p, stewardship,
landscape. [A.S. -scipe, shape, form —
scapan, E. Shape; cog. with Qer. -schaft.]
-SIS, action or state, as thesjs. [Gr. -sis.]
-SOME, full of, as gladsome, buxom, Jis-
some. [A.S. sum, Oer. -earn ; a by-form
of Sajie.]
-SON, son, as Johnsore. [See Son in Diet.]
-ST. See -EST, suffix of 2d sing.
-STER marks the agent, as maltsfer, often
with depreciation as gamester, punster.
[A.S. -estre, a fern, suffix, which now
keeps this sense only in spinster.]
-STRESS, fem. suffix, as songstress. [From
-STER, orig. fern. suiBx, with the addi-
tion of L. -ESS.]
-ST, state, as pleurisy. [Same as -SB.]
-T. See -D.
-T, -TE, adj. and noun suffix, as convent,
fact, chaste, tribute. [L. -tus, pa.p. suf-
fix ; cog. with -D, pa.p. suffix.]
-TEEN, ten to be added, as fourteen. [A.8.
-tyne. Cf. -TY, ten to be multiplied.]
-TER, noun suffix, as character. [Gr. -ier,
L. -tor. Sans, -tri; perh. conn, with
-ster.]
-TER, -THER, as in after, hitfter. [A.S.
•der, -ther, old comparative suffix. See
Whether in Diet.]
-TH, order, as sixtA. [Becomes also-D;
conn, with L. -tus, -tins, as in L. quartMS,
fourth.]
-TH, suffix of 8d sing, of verbs, now for the
most part softened to -s. [A.S. from
root -ta, which appears in L. -t, Gr. -ti,
-si, -tai, -to, and in That and The (see
Diet.!]
-TH, -T. See under -D (pa.p. sufflix).
-THER, denoting the agent, as tather,
mother. [From Aryan -tar, the agent.
Cf. -Toe.]
-THER. See -TE31, -thee.
-TOR, the agent, as conductor. [From
Aryan -tar, the agent. See -1HEE, and
cf. -OE, -OUR, -EE.J
-TO&-Y, -SOB-T, place, w domAtorp.
-TUDE, forms abstract nouns, as gratitude,
[L. -tudo.]
-TY, being or state of being, as dignity;
quality, as honesty, [Fr. -t6 — ^L. -tew,
-tat-is.]
-TY, ten to be multiplied, as sixty. [A.S.
-tig; cog. with Grer. -zig. Cf. -teek.]
-ULE, little, dim., as globute [L. -wtus}
See under -U
-UM, neuter term., as medlam. [L. -?/ni
Gr. -071.]
-UNCLE, little, dim., as pedancte. [L.
-MJi-c!(-tus, A.S. -inde; conn, with -en
and -CULE, diminutives.]
-URE, act of, as captwre ; state of being,
as verdure. [L. -MJ-a.]
-URNAL, belonging to, as diurnal. [L.
-ttrn-us and -al; conn, with -ERN (in
mode™).]
-WARD, -WARDS, adj. and adv. suffix
sig. direction, as homeward, bomeivards.
[A.S. -ireard, gen. -iceardes, cog. with
Ger. -iciirts : conn, with A.S. weorthan,
to be (see Worth in Diet.), and L. ver-
«ts — i-erto, to turn. Cf. FOEWAEI), Fob-
WAEDS in Diet.]
-WAY, -WAYS, adv. siiffix, sig. manner,
direction, as alway, always, straight u-ay.
rCf. -WISE.]
-WISE, way, manner, as likewise, right-
eoits. [A.S. -u-is, Gter. -wiss. See Wise,
way, in Diet.]
-Y, adj. suffix, as sponp/ [from L. -iostis] ;
as jolly [Norm. P>. -t/ from L. -^vns (cf.
-rvE)] ; as silly, dirty, any [A.S. -ig : cog.
with Ger. -ig, Goth, -ha, -ga, L. -cu-s,
Gr. -ko-s].
-Y, noun suffix, as story, Italy [Fr. -ie, L.
-to] ; as joy, remedy [from L. -itini] ; as
ally, deputy [from L. -atns] ; as proven
[froin L. -twj; aa body fOats A.8. -to
PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY OF SCRIPTURE PROPER NAMES.
(This vocabolary contains all common Scripture Names except monosyllables and dissyllables, the latter being alwajt
accented on the first syllable. Ch has tlie somid of k, and so has c, except when marked ;. to indicate the soimd of s : gr is hard
except when matted otherwise.]
A.-bad'd0D.
Ab'a-na.
Ab'a-rim.
A-bed'ne-go.
A-bel-Me-hSTath.
A-bel-Miz'ra-im.
A-bel-Shit'tlm.
A-bi'a.
A-bi'a-tbw.
A-bi-e'zer.
Ab'i-gaiL
A-bi'ha.
A-bl'jah.
A-bi'jam.
Ab-i-le'ne.
A-bim'e-lech.
. A-bin'a-dab.
A bl'ram.
Ab'i-shag.
a-bish'a4
A'bra-ham.
Ab'sa-lom.
A-ij-el'da-ma.
A-cha'ia ('ya).
A-dl'ao.
A-don-i-be'zek.
Ad-o-al'jah.
Ad-o-ni'ram.
Ailon-i-ze'dek.
A-drani'me-lech-
Ad-ra-myt'ti-OID.
A'dri-a.
A'dri-el.
A-dul'lam.
Ag-'a-bua.
A-grip'pa.
A-has-u-e'rU8.
A-ha-zI'ah-
A-hl'jah.
A-him'a-az.
A-him'e-lech.
A-hin'o-am.
A-hith'o-pbeL
A-hi'tub.
A-ho'li-ab.
A-hol'i-bah.
Aj'a-lon.
Al-e.\-an'dri-a.
Al-ph»'us (-fa^
Al-tas'chith.
Am'a-lek-ite.
Ani'a-na.
Am'a-sa or A-oATia.
Ain-a-zl'ah.
A-min'a-dab.
Am'mon-Ite.
Arn'o-iite.
Am-phip'o-Ha,
Ani ra-phel.
An'a-kim.
A -natn'me-leclL
Ac-a-nTas.
An'a-thoth.
An-dro-nTonSi
An'ti-och.
An'ti-pas.
An-tip'a-tria.
A-pel'les ('ISa).
Ap-ol-16'ni-a.
A-pol'los.
A-pol'Iy-on.
Ap'pi-i Fo'rom.
Aq'ui-la.
A-ra'bi-an.
Ar'a-rat.
A-rau'nah.
Ar-che-la'us.
Arc-tu'rus.
Ar-e-op'a-gua.
Ar'e-tas.
A'ri-el.
Ar-i-ma-thS'a.
A'ri-och.
Ar-is-tar'chus.
ALT-is-to-bulus.
Ar-ma-ged'doo.
Ar-me'ni-a.
Ayo-er.
Ar'te-mas.
A-ru'mah.
As'a-hel.
As'e-nath.
Ash'ke-naz.
Ash'ta-roth.
A-si-a (a'shi'*),
As'ke-lon.
As-syr'i-a.
Ath-a-ll'ah.
At-ta-ll'a.
Au-gus'tus.
Az-arri'ah.
A-zo'tus.
Ba'al-ah.
Ba-al-be'rith.
Ba'al-gad.
Ba-al-ha'zor.
Ba-al-her'raoa.
Ba^al-me'on.
Ba-al-pe'or.
Baral-per'a-zim.
B5ral-shal'i-sha.
Ba-al-ta'mar.
Ba-al-ze'bub.
Ba-al-ze'phon.
Ba'a-sha.
Bab'y-lon.
Ba-hu'rim.
Ba-iab'bas.
Bar'na-bas.
Bar'sa-bas.
Bar-thol'o-mew.
Bar-ti-tne'us.
Bar-zilla-l.
Bath'she-bai
Be-el'ze-bub.
Be-er-la-hfii'ro.
Be-e'i'Oth.
Be'er-she-ba.
Be' lie-moth.
Be'li-al.
Bel-shaz'zar.
Bel-te-shaz'zar.
Be-na'iah ('ya).
Ben-ha'dad.
Ben'ja-min-
Be-re'a.
Ber-ni'^e.
Be-i-o'dach-bal'&daa
Beth-ab'a-ra.
Beth'a-ny.
Beth-ar'beL
Beth-a'ven.
Be-thes'da (-tbeaO.
Beth-ho'ron.
Beth'le-hem.
Beth-ma' a-cbab.
Beth-pe'op.
Beth'phargS (-jS>.
Beth-sai'da.
Beth-she'mesb.
Be-thu'el.
Be-zal'e-el.
Bi-thyn'i-a.
Bo-a-neKges CjSz).
Ca'ia-phas ('ya-fas).
Cain.
Cal'va-ry.
Ca'naaa-ite.
Can'da-ge,
Ca-per'na-um.
Cap-pa-do'ci-a fsbi-).
Car'che-mish.
Cen'chre-a (sea*)-
Ces-a-re'a (ses-).
Chal-de'an.
Ched-or-la'o-mer.
Chem'a-rims.
Cher'eth-ites.
Chin'ne-reth.
Cho-ra'zin.
Chu-shan-rish-a-th&'-
im.
Ci-lic-i-a (si-Iish'i-a).
Cin'ne-roth (sin').
Clau'dia.
Clau'di-us.
Cle'o-phas.
Co-los'se.
Co-nl'ah.
Cor-ne'li-us.
Cy-re'ne (si-).
C^-re'ni-us (si-).
Dal-ma-na'tha.
Dal-ma'ti-a ('ahi*].
Dam'a/-ris.
Da-mas'cos.
Dan'i-el.
Da-rl'us.
Deb'o-rah.
De-cap'o-Us.
Del'i-lah.
De-me'tri-us.
Di-a'na or Di-an'a.
Dl-o-nys'i-us (-nizb')-
K-ot're-phes (-fSz),
Dru-sil'la.
E-bed-me'lech.
Eb-eo-e'zer.
E'dom-Ite.
Ed're-I.
E-le-a'leh.
E-le-a'zar.
El-e-Io'he-Isfraid.
El-ba'naa.
E-lI-ab.
E-H'a-kim.
E-li'a-shib.
E-li-e'zer.
E-lT'hu.
E-U'jah.
El-Iim'e-leob.
El'i-pha^
E-li'sha.
E-lish'e-ba.
El'ka-nah.
El'la-sar.
El'na-thaa.
E-I6'r.
El'y-maa.
Em'ma-ua.
E'ne-as.
En-eg-la'im.
En-ge'dT.
En-ro'gel.
Ep'a-phras.
E-paph-ro-dTtoa.
Eph'e-sus.
E'phra-im.
Eph'ra-tah.
Ep-i-cu-re'ans,
E-ras'tus.
E-sar-bad'don.
Es-dre'lon.
Esh'ta-ol.
E-thi-o'pi-a.
Eu-ni'ge.
Eu-6'dl-as.
Eu-phra'tes ('tfiz).
Eu-roc'ly-don.
Eu'ty-chus.
E-vil-me-ro'dach.
Ex'o-dus.
E-zS'ld-el.
E-zd-on-gft'ber.
Fe'Ibc.
Fes'tus.
For-tu-nft'tos.
Gab'ba-tha.
Ga'bri-el.
Gad-a-reneS (-rBnzO.
Ga-lati-a (-ifi'sbi-a).
Gal'e-ed.
Gal-i-le'an.
Gal'i-lee.
Gal'li-o.
Ga-ma'li-eL
Ged-a-li'ah.
Ge-de'roth.
Ge-ha'zi.
Gem-a-ri'ah.
Ge-nes'a-reth(or je-).
Gen'e-sis (-jen').
Ger-ge-senes'(-sSnrT,
€ler'i-zim.
Geth-sem'a-ne.
Gib'be-thon.
Gib'e-ah.
Gib'e-on.
Gid'e-on.
Gil-bo'a.
Gil'e-ad.
Gir'ga-shlte.
(Jol'go-tha.
Go-li'Dth.
Go-mor'rah.
Hab' ak'kuk.
Hach'i-lah.
Had-ad-e'zer.
Ha-dad-rini'mon.
Ha'dar.
Ha-gar-enes' (•4n20.
Hag-'ga-I.
Ha-nan'e-el.
Ha-na'ni.
Han-a-ni'ah.
Ha-ro'sheth.
Hav'i-lah
Ha-voth-ja'ii .
Haz'a-el.
Heph'zi-bah.
Her-mog'e-n§3
(-moj'o-nez).
He-ro'di-ans.
He-ro'di-as.
He-ro'di-on.
Hez-e-kPah.
Hid'de-kel.
Hl-c-rap'o-lis.
Hig-ya'ion ('yoD).
HU-ki'ah.
Ho-sS'a (-zST.
Ho-she'a.
Hy-rae-ne'ua.
Ich'a-bod.
I-co'ni-um.
Id-u-me'a.
Il-lj'r'i-cum.
Im-man'u-el.
I-sa-iah (i-za'yaX
Is-car'i-ot.
Ish-bo'sheth.
Ish'ma-el.
Ish'ma-el-ite,
Is'ra-el (it!).
Is'ra-el-Ite p^
Is'sa-char.
Ith'a-mar.
It'ta-i.
It-u-re'a.
Ja-besh-gii e-ad.
Jab'ne-el.
Ja-I'rus.
Jeb'u-sTte.
Jec-o-nt'ah.
Jed'u-thun.
Je-gar-sa-h a-dO'tba.
Je-ho'a-haz.
Je-ho'ash.
Je-hoi'a-chin.
Je-hoi'a-da.
Je-hoi'a-kim.
Je-hon'a-dab.
Je-ho'ram.
Je-hosh'a-phat.
Je-hosh'e-ba.
Je-ho-vah-ji'reb.
Je-ho-vah-nis'si
Je-ho-vah-shaloHl.
Jer-e-mT'ah.
Jer'i-cho.
Jer-o-bo'am.
Je-rub'ba-aL
Je-ru'sa-lem.
Jesh'i-mon.
Jesh'u-rim.
Jez'e-bel.
Jez're-el.
Jo-an'na.
Joch'e-bed.
Jo-ha'nan.
Jon'a-dab.
Jon'a-thao.
Josh'u-a,
Jo-sT'ah.
Joz'a-char.
Ju-de'a.
Ju'li-us.
Ju'pi-ter.
(501)
502
PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY OF SCRIPTURE PROPER NAMES.
Ead'mon-Ites.
Ked'e-moth.
Ken'niz-ates.
Ke'ri-oth.
Ke-tu'rah.
Kib - roth - hat - tfi'a-
vah.
Kir-he'res.
Kir-jath-a'im.
Kir-qath-ai'ba.
Kir-jath-hu'zoth.
Kir-jath-je'a-rim.
La-hai'roL
La-od-i-<^'a.
La-se'a.
Laz'a-rus.
Leb'a-non.
Leb-be'us.
Lem'u-el.
Le-%-ra-than.
Lib'er-tines (-tlnz).
Lib'y-a.
Lo-ain'mL
Lo-ru'ba-mah.
Lu'ci-fer.
Lu-ci-us (lu'sbims).
Lyc-aro'ni-a.
Lyc-i-a pish'i-a).
Lyd'i-a.
Ly-sa'ai-as.
Lys-i-as (lish'i-as).
Ma'a-cah.
Mac;-e-d6'ni-ai
Mach-pe'lah.
Mag'da-la.
Ma'ha-lath.
Ma-ha-na'im.
Ma-her-shal>al»
hash'baz.
Mak-be'dab.
Mal'a-chL
Man'a-en.
Ma-nas'seh-
JIa-no'ah.
]Iar-a-tu»th'a>
Ma-re'shah.
Mat-ta-nl'ah,
Mat-thl'as (raath-)-
Maz'za-roth.
Med'e-ba.
Me-g'id'do.
Mel-chiz'e-dek.
Mel'i-ta.
Men'a-hem.
Me-phib'o-sheth.
Mera-rl.
Mer-a-tha'im.
Mer'i-bah.
Me-r3-dach-bal'a-
dan.
Mes-o-po-ta'mi-a-
Mes-si'ah.
M§-theg-ara'mah-
Me-thu'se-lah.
Ml-ca'iah Cya).
JITcha-el.
Mi-cha'iah Cya).
Mid'i-an-Ite.
Ml-le'tus.
Mir'i-am.
Mit-j'-le'ue.
Miz'ra-im.
Mo'ab-Ite.
Mor'de-caj.
Mo-rfah.
Mys-i-a (mizh'i-a).
Na'a-raan.
Na'ioth Cyoth).
Na'o-ml.
JJaph'ta-lI.
Na-than'a-eL
Naz-a-rene'.
Na/a-reth.
Naz'a-rite.
Ne-ap'o-lis.
Ne-ba'ioth Cyoth).
JJeb-u<- h ad-nez'zar.
Neb-u-zar-a'dan.
Neg'i-noth.
Ne-he-mrah.
NS'hi-loth.
Ne-bush'taD.
Neth'i-nims.
Ni-ca'nor.
Nic-o-de'miis.
Nic-o-la'i-tans.
Nic'o-las.
Nl-cop'o-lis
Nin'e-veh.
Ob-a-dTah.
0-bed-g'dom.
O'me-ga or 0-m6'ga.
0-nes'i-mus.
On-e-siph'o-ru8.
O-ri'on.
Oth'ni-eL
Fa-dan-^'ram.
Pal'es-tlne.
Pam-phyri-i
PaKrae-nas.
Par'thi-ans.
Par-va'im.
Pat'a-ra.
Pek-a-hfah.
Pel-a-tfah.
Pe'Ieth-ites.
Pe-nfel.
Pe-nu'eL
Per'a-zim.
Pe-rez-uz'zah.
Per'ga-mos.
Per'iz-ate.
Per-si-a (per'shi-a).
Phal'ti-el.
Pha-raoh-hoph'ra.
(fa'ro or fa'ra-o).
Pha-raOh-ne'choh.
Pbar'i-see.
Pbe-mce.
Phe-nic'i-a {-nlah').
Phil-a-del'phl-a.
Phl-le'mon.
Phi-le'tus.
Phi-lip'pi.
Pliil'is-tine (-tin).
Phin'e-as.
PhrygTi-a (fclJO.
K-ha-hl'roth.
Pir'a-thon.
Pl-sid'i-a.
Ple'ia-des ('ya-dSz).
Pot'i-pnar.
Po-tiph'e-rah.
Pris-cil'la. ■
Proch'o-rus.
Ptol-e-ma'is (toI->
Pub'li-us.
Pu-te'o-ll.
Ea'a^uiah.
Ra-am's6s ('s6z).
Rab'sha-kSh.
Ra-gu'el.
Ra-math-a'im.
Ea-math-le'bl.
Ra-me'ses ^'s6z).
RS-m ot h-gire-ad.
Re-bek'ah.
Re'chab-Ites.
Re-ho-bo'am.
Re-ho'both.
Reph'a-im.
Reph'i-dim.
Ehe'gi-ura (rg'ji-).
Sa-ba'oth.
Sa-be'ans.
Sad'du-cees (•eSz).
Sara-mis.
Sal-mo'ne.
Sa-l6'me.
Sa-ma'ri-a.
Sa-mar'i-tan.
Sam-o-t h ra'ci-a
(-thra'shi-a).
Sam'u-el.
San-baHat.
Sap-plii'ra (saf-fiO-
Sa-rep'ta.
Scyth'i-an (sitb').
S€H.'un'dus.
Se-leu'ci-a ('sht^).
Sen-nach'e-rib.
Sepii'a-rad.
Seph-ar-va'lm.
Ser-a-i'ah.
Ser'gi-us ('ji-),
Sbal'i-sha.
Shal-ma-ne'ser('zer).
Sha-re'zer.
Shem-a-i'ah.
Shem'i-nitb.
Sheph-a-tfah.
Shesh-baz'zar.
She'thar-boz'na-I.
Shib'bo-leth.
Shig-ga'ion Cyun).
Shim'e-I.
Sho-shan'nim.
Shu'lara-ite.
Si-lo'am or Sit'o^am.
Sil-va'nus.
Sim'e-on.
Sir'i-on.
Sis'e-ra. '
Sod'om-Ites.
Soro-mon.
Sop'a-ter.
So-sip'a-ter.
Sos'tbe-fles (-nSz).
Stepb'a-nas.
Suk'ki-ims (-imz).
Su-san'na.
Sy-ene.
Syn'ti-cb6.
Syr'arcuse.
Syr'i-a.
6^-ro-phe-nioi-aD
(-nisii'i-an).
TS'a-nach.
Tab'e-rah.
Tab'i-tba.
Ta'bor.
Ta-hap'a-n68 (-aSz),
Tah'pe-nes (-n6z).
Tap'pQ-ab.
Te-ko'ab.
Ter'a-phim.
Ter'ti-us (•«hl-U8).
Ter-tuHus.
Iliad-die'ns (-deO-
The-oph'i-lus.
Thes-sa-lo-ni'oa.
Thy-a-tl'ra.
TT-be'ri-as.
Tt-be'ri-us.
Tig-lath-pi-lg'ser
('zer).
Tim-nath-be'res
('rez).
Tiin'o-tby.
Tir'ba-kab.
Tir'sha-tba.
To-bl'ab.
To-bi'jab.
To-gar'mab.
Tracb-o-ni'tis.
Tro-gyl'H-um {-yiXy
Tropn'i-mus.
Try-pbe'na.
Tu'bal-cain.
Tycb'i-cus.
Ty-ran'nus.
U-pbar'sin (fl-).
U-ri'ab (U-).
U-rl'jab (Q-).
Uz-a'ab.
tiac-cbg'us.
Zacb-a-ri'ab.
Zach-a-rfas.
Zal-mun'na.
Zam-zuru'mimS-
Zar'e-pbatb.
Zar'e-taa.
Zeb'e-dee.
Ze-bo'im.
Zeb'u-lun.
Zecb-a-rfah. •
Zed-e-kfah.
Ze-lo'pbe-had,
Zem-a-ra'itn.
Zepb-a-ni'ab
Zeph'a-tbab.
Ze-rub'ba-b«l
Zer-fi-fab.
Zip-po'rab.
I
SELECT UST OF MYTHOLOGICAL AND CLASSICAL NAMES.
ACHATES, a-ka't5z, the armor-bearer and
faithful friend ot^neas.
ACHERON, al^'e-ron, a river of the lower
world, round which the shades hover.
ACHILLES, a-ldl'lez, the son of Peleus and
Thetis, and the bravest of the Greeks in
the war against Troy. He was invul-
nerable, except in his right heel, in
which he was mortally wounded, through
treachery, by Paris. His quarrel with
Asrameninon' is the subject of Homer's
Iluid.
ACT.^<;ON, ak-te'on, a famous hunter who,
having accidentally seen Diana and her
nymphs bathing, was changed by the
goddess into a stag, and torn to pieces by
his own dogs.
ADONIS, a-do'nis, a beautiful youth be-
loved by Venus. He was killed by a wild
boar during the chase, and from his
blood the anemone sprung. His worship
was of Phoenician origin.
ffiACUS, e'a-kus, one of the judges in
Hades.
ACGEUS, e-je'us, a king of Athens who,
believing his son Theseus to have per-
ished in his expedition against the Mino-
taur, threw himself into the sea, hence
called the ..^Egean.
/ENEAS, e-ne'as. a Trojan prince, son of
Anchises and "Venus, the ancestral hero
of the Romans, and as such the hero of
Virgil's JEneid.
jEOLUS, e'o-lus, the god and king of the
winds, which he kept inclosed under a
mountain.
.aSClTLAPlUS, es-ku-la'pi-us, son of Apol-
lo, the " blameless physician " of Homer,
killed by Jupiter, to keep men from es-
caping death altogether, and afterwards
deified. His descendants had a secret and
hereditary knowledge of the medical art.
AGAMEMNON, ag-a-mem'non, son of Atre-
us. leader of the Greeks before Troy, mur-
dered on his return home by .ffigisthus,
with the connivance of his own wife
Clytemnestra.
AGANIPPE, ag-;i-nip'pg, a fountain at the
foot of Mount Helicon, sacred to the
Muses.
AGLAIA, a-gla'i-a, " the bright one," one
of the Graces.
AJAX, a'jaks, son of Telemon, a Grecian
hero in the Trojan war, second only to
Achilles in valor. Unsuccessful in his
struggle with Ulysses for the armor of
Achilles, he killed himself.
ALCESTIS. al-ses'tis. wife of Admetis, died
in the stead of her husband, but was
brought back to him from the lower
world by Hercules.
ALECTO, a-lek'to, one of the Eumenides
or Furies.
AMMON, am'mon, a title of Jupiter.
AMPHION, am-fr'on, a king of Thebes who
received from Hermes (Mercury) a lyre,
on which he played with such magic skill
that the stones moved of their accord and
formed the city wall.
AMPHITRITE, am-fi-trl'te, the wife of Po-
seidon (Neptune), and mother of Triton.
ANDROMACHE, an-drom'a-ke,;the wife of
Hector.
ANDROMEDA,an-drom'e-da, the daughter
of an Ethiopian king, rescued from a sea-
monster by Perseus, who married her.
ANT^US, an-te'us, a giant overcome by
Hercules.
APHRODITE, af-r6-dl'te, the Greek god-
dess of love and beauty, the mother of
Eros (Cupid), identified'with the Roman
Venus.
APIS, a'pis, the bull worshipped by the
Egj-ptians.
APOLLO, a-pol'lo, twin-son with Diana of
Jupiter and Latona ; the god of prophecy,
of song, and of music. See Phcebcs.
AEACHNE, a-rak'ne, aLydian maiden who
challenged Athena toa,.trial of .skill in
spinning, and was by her changed into a
spider.
ABES, a'rez, the Greek form of Mars, god
of war.
ARETHUSA, ar-e-thu'sa, one of the Ne-
reids, and the nj'mph of a celebrated
fountain near Syracuse.
ARGUS, ar'gus, the keeper with a hundred
eyes, appointed by Hera to watch the cow
into which lo had been changed. He was
lulled to sleep and killed by Hermes, by
command of Zeus. Hera gave his eyes
to the tail of the peacock.
AKIADNE, ar-i-ad'ne, daughter of JCnos,
king of Crete. She guided Theseus out
of the labyrinth of Crete, but was aban-
doned by him at Naxos, and was after-
wards married to Dionysus.
ARION, a-i'i'on, a famous Greek bard and
cithara^player, who, when cast into the
sea by robbers, was carried safe to land
by a dolphin which he had charmed by
his music.
ASCANIUS, as-ka'ni-us, the son of .iEneas.
ASTRj^A, as-tre'a, daughter of Zeus and
Themis, and the goddess of justice. She
lived among men during the golden age.
ATALANTA; at-a-lant'a, •(!) of Boeotia,
celebrated for her swiftness, conquered
by Hippomenes or by Milanion in run-
ning, by the stratagem of dropping three
golden apples in the race, and married by
him. (2) of Arcadia, a sharer in the
Calvdonian boar-hunt, passionately loved
by Meleager.
ATE. a'te, the Greek goddess of mischief.
ATHENA, a-the'na. a Greek goddess, iden-
tified with the Roman Minerva.
ATLANTIS, at-lant'is. a great and beauti-
ful island in the Atlantic Ocean, sunk in
the sea when its inhabitants became im-
pious.
ATLAS, at'las, the leader of the Titans in
their conflict with Zeus. Being con-
quered, he was condemned to bear
heaven on his head and hands.
ATROPOS, at'ro-pos, " the inevitable," one
of the Fates.
AURORA, aw-ro'ra, the Greek Eos, the
goddess of the dawn.
AVERNUS, a-ver'nus, a lake near the en-
trance to the lower world — ^the lower
world itself.
BACCHUS, bak'Us, the god of wine, son of
Jupiter and Seraele, daughter of Cadmus.
BELLEROPHON, bel-ler'o-fon, the rider
of the winged horse Pegasus, and the
destroyer of the Chimajra.
BELLONA, bel-lo'na, the Roman goddess
of war, sister of Mars.
BRIAREUS, brra-rus, or ^GjEON, e-je'on,
a giant with a hundred arms, the son of
Uranus by Gaia. He aided Zeus in his
-struggle with the Titans.
BUCEPHiVLUS, bu-sef'a-lus, the favorite
charger of Alexander the Great.
CACUS, ka'kus, son of Vulcan, a giant and
notorious robber. Having stolen the cat-
tle of Hercules, he was killed by him.
CADMUS, kad'mus> the mythical founder
of Thebes in Boeotia, and the first to in-
• troduce alphabetic writing among the
CALCHAS, kal'kas, the wisest of the
Greek sooths;iyers at the siege of Troy.
CALLIOPE, kal-li'o-pe, the Muse of epic
poetry.
CALYPSO, kal-ip'so, a uymph who in-
habited the island of Ogygia, on which
Ulysses was shipwrecked. She loved
him, and delayed his voyage for seven
years.
CASSANDRA, kas-san'dra, a daughter of
Priam, king of Troy, beloved by Apollo,
who gave her the gift of prophecy, but
not of being believed.
CASTOR, kas'tor, and POLLUX, pol'luks,
twin-brothers, the former mortal, the
latter immortal, who, from their love
to each other, were placed by Jupiter as
a constellation in heaven under the name
of Gemini, " tlie twins."
CECROPS, se'krops, the first king of At-
tica, and founder of the Cecropia or
citadel at Athens.
CIERBERUS, ser'ber-us, the three-headed
dog that guarded the entrance to the
lower world.
CERES, se'rez, the Greek Demeter, god-
dess of agriculture, especially of corn,
sister of Jupiter, and mother of Pros^
erpine.
CHARON, k.a'ron, the son of Erebus, fer-
ried the souls of the dead over the rivers
Acheron and Styx, receiving for this serv-
ice the oholus placed in every corpse's
mouth before burial.
CHARYBDIS, ka - rib'dis, a dangerous
(503)
504
SELECT LIST OF MYTHOLOGICAL AND CLASSICAL NAMES.
whirlpool between Italy and Sicily, and
opposite to Scylla.
CHIRON, ki'ron, a centaur celebrated for
his knowledge of medicine and music,
the tutor of jEsculapius, Achilles, and
Hercules. Accidentally wounded by one
of the poisoned arrows of Hercules, he
gave up his immortality, and waschanged
into the constellation Sagittarius.
HLORIS, klo'ris, wife of Zephyrus, tne
G-reek goddess of flowers ; identical with
the Roman Flora.
CIRCE, sir'se, daughter of _ Helios and
Perse, a sorceress who detained Ulysses
on his way home from Troy, convertings
his men into swine.
CLIO, kii'o, the Muse of history.
CLOTHO, klo'tho, the spinner of the
tliread of life, the youngest of the Fates.
COCYTUS, ko-sl'tus, a nver in the lower
world.
COMUS, ko'mus, a god of mirth and joy,
represented as a winged youth.
CORYBANTES, kor-i-ban'tes, priests of
Cybele or Rhea, in Phrygia, who wor-
shipped her with wild dances to the sound
of cviiibals.
CRililSUS, kre'sus, a king of Lydia, of
boundless wealth.
CUPID, ku'pid, the Greek Eros, the god
of love, son of Venus, represented as a
mischievous boy with arrows, which he
aims at gods and men alike.
CYBELE, sib'e-le, a goddess originally
Phrygian, worshipped at Rome also as
Ops.
CYNTHIA, sin'thi-a, Diana, so called from
Mount Cynthos, in Delos, her birthplace,
CYTHEREA, sith-er-e'a, Venus, so called
from the island of Cythera, where she
was worshipped.
OiiEDALUS, de'da-lus, the builder of the
Cretan labyrinth, who was shut up by
Minos, but escaped by means of artificial
win^s.
DAMOCLES, dam'o-klez, a flatterer of the
tvrant Dionysius. Having lauded higli-
ly the happiness of kings, he had his
views altered on finding a keen-edged
sword suspended by a single horse-hair
over his head, as he sat at a bancuet.
DAMON, da'mon, and PHINTIAS, fln'ti-
as, two noble Pythagoreans of Syracuse,
remembered as models of faithful friend-
ship.
DANAE, dan'a-e, the mother of Perseus
by Jupiter, visited by the god in a
shower of gold, when immured in a
tower by her father's order.
DAPHNE, daf De. a nymph beloved by Ap-
polio. and turned into a laurel-tree.
DE J ANTRA, dej-a-nl'ra, wife of Hercules.
Having unwittiugly caused his death,
she killed herself.
DELOS, de'los, the smallest of the Cy-
clades, a floating island, until Jupiter
made it stationary, in order to be a safe
resting-place for Latona, and the birth-
place of Apollo and Diana.
DELPHI, del'fi, a small town in Phocis,
the Pytho of Homer, celebrated for its
oracle of Apollo.
DEUCALION, du-ka'li-on, son of Pro-
metheus, with his wife Pyrrha, the sole
survivor of the deluge.
DIANA, di-a'na, twin-sister of Apollo, the
virgin goddess of the moon and of hunt-
ing, identified by the Romans with the
Greek Artemis.
DIDO, di'do, daughter of the Tyrian Icing
Belus, and the reputed foundress of
Carthage. She fell in love with ^neas,
the Trojan hero, but not finding her love
returned, killed herself.
DIONYSUS, dl-on-i'sus, the Greek Bac-
chus.
DODONA, do-do'na, a city of Epirus,
famed for an oracle of Jupiter, where
the responses were given by the wind
rustling through oak-trees.
DRACON, dra'kon, the author of the first
written code of laws at Athens, in which
the penalty of death was attached even
to petty crimes.
EGERIA, e-ger'i-a, one of the CamencS or
prophetic nymphs of Roman mythology,
who dictated to Numa Pompihus his
forms of worship.
EILEUSIS, el-il'sis, a very ancient city of
Greece, famous for its mysteries of Ceres.
EINDYMION, en-dim'i-on, a youth cele-
brated for his beauty, and the perpetual
sleep in which he was wrapped by the
Moon, in order that she might kiss him
without his knowledge.
EOS, e'os. See Aurora.
ERATO, er'a-to, the Muse of amatory
poetry.
EREBUS, er'e-bus, son of Chaos, brother
of Nox, the god of darkness, also the
lower world.
EUPHROSYNE, O-fros'i-ne, one of the
Graces.
EUROPA, u-rO'pa, the daughter of Age-
nor, carried off by Jupiter into Crete
under the form of a white bull. The
continent of Europe was named after
her.
EURUS, Q'rus, the east wind.
EURYDIOE, 0-rid'i-se, the wife of Or-
pheus. When she died, he followed her
to Hades, and by the charms of his lyre
won her back from Pluto on condition
that he would not look back at her upon
the way. This his love made him forget,
and she returned to the lower world.
EUTERPE, u-ter'pe, the Muse of lyric
poetry and music.
FATES]^ three goddesses who determined
the birth, life, and death of man — Clotho,
Lachesis, and Atropos.
FLORA, fld'ra, the Roman goddess of
flowers.
FURIES, three goddesses of vengeance —
Alecto, Megcera, and Tisiphone.
GANYMEDE, gan'i-m6d, son of Tros, for
his beauty carried off from Mount Ida
by the eagle of Jupiter to be the cup-
bearer of the gods.
GERYON, ge'ri-on, a giant king in Spain,
whose oxen were carried off by Hercules.
GLAUCU3, glaw'kus, a fisherman who
was changed into a sea-god.
GORGONS, gor'gons, three female mon-
sters, who turned all they looked upon
into stone — Medusa,Euryale, and Stheno.
GRACES, three attendants of Venus, of
great beauty — ^Aglaia, Thalia, and Eu-
^phrosyne.
HEBE, he'be, the goddess of youth, daugh-
ter of Juno, cup-bearer to the gods, and
wife of Hercules after he was deified.
HECATE, hek'a-tg or heVSt, a goddess
often identified with Diana on earth,
Luna in heaven, and Proserpine in the
lower world, and therefore represented
w'ith three heads.
HECTOR, hek'tor, the son of Priam, king
of Troy, and husband of Andromache ;
the bravest of the Trojans, slain, and
dragsyod three times round the walls of
Trov, by Achilles.
UECtJBA, hek'u-ba, wife of Priam, and
mother of Hector, noted for her misfor-
tunes after the fall of Troy.
HELENA, hel'e-na, daughter of Jupiter
and Leda, sister of Castor. Pollux, and
Clytemnestra, wife of Menelaus, and the
greatest beauty of her day. She caused
the Trojan war by eloping with Paris,
son of Priam, king" of Troy.
HELENUS, hel'e-nus, a celebrated sooth-
sayer, son of Priam, king of Troy.
HELICON, heri-kon,a mountain in Boeotia,
sacred to Apollo and the Muses.
HELLE, hel'le, a maiden who. while flee-
ing from her stepmother, was drowned
in the strait which, after her, is called
the Hellespont.
HERA, he'ra, the Grecian goddess corr»
spending to the Juno of the Romans.
HERCULES, her'ku-lez. the son of Jupiter
and Alcmena, one of the most celebrated
heroes of antiquity, noted especially for
his twelve labors.
HERMES, her'mez, the Greek name of Mer-
cury.
HERO, he'ro, a beautiful priestess of Venus
at Sestos, beloved by Leander of Abydos.
HESPERIDES, hes-per'i-dez, daughters of
Hesperus. In their garden were golden
apples guarded by a dragon, which was,
however, killed by Hercules, who carried
off the apples.
HESPERUS, hes'per-us, a son of Aurora,
or of Atlas, turned into a star.
EIPPOCRENE. hip-po-kre'ne, a fountain
near Mount Helicon, sacred to the Muses
and said to have been produced by a
stroke of the hoof of the winged horse
Pegasus.
HOR^, ho're, the Hours, daughters of Ju-
piter and Themis. They controlled the
changes of the seasons,* and kept watch
at the gates of Olvmpus.
HYACINTHUS, hi-a-sin'thus, a beautiful
lad, beloved by Apollo, and accidentally
killed by a blow from his quoit. From
his blood sprang the flower that bears his
name.
HYBLA, hib'la, a town in Sicily, the neigh-
borhood of which was celebrated for its
honey.
HYDRA, hrdra, a water-serpent with fifty
heads, killed by Hercules near the Lef
nean lake.
HYGEIA, hl-je'i-a, the goddess of health.
daughter of .^sculapius.
HYMEN, hi'nien, the god of marrieige.
EYMETTUS, hi-met'tus, a mountain near
Athens, famed for its honej- and its mar-
ble.
HYPERION, hip-e-ri'on, a Titan, son of
Uranus (Heaven) and Gaia (the Earth),
father of the Sun.
lACCHUS, i-ak'us, a name of Bacchus.
IDA, I'da, a mountain in Crete, also a
mountain-range near Troy.
ID ALIA, I-da'li-a, a surname of Venus, de
rived from the town of Idalium in Cyprus,
sacred to her.
ILIUM, il'i-um, a poetical name for Troy.
10. To, daughter of a king of Argos, loved
by Jupiter, and, through fear of Juno,
changed into a cow. Juno now tormented
her with a gadfly, and she fled from land
to land, swimming the Bosporus ("ox-
ford"), and at length finding rest in
Egvpt, where she recovered human form,
and was worshipped as Isis.
IPHIGENTA, if-i-jen-i'a, daughter of Aga-
memnon. She was to be sacrificed in
expiation for an offence of her father
against Diana, but was spared by the
goddess, who put a hart in her place.
IRIS, i'ris, the swift-footed messenger of
the gods, the personification of the rain-
bow.
ISIS, fsis, an Egyptian goddess, by the
Greeks identified both with Demeter and
with lo.
IXION, iks-fon, the son of a king of Thes-
saly, was chained, for an offence against
Juno, to a constantly revolving wheel.
JANUS, ja'nus. the Roman sun-god, ha\1ng
a face on the front, and another at the
back, of his head. His temple in the Fo-
rum had two doors opposite each other,
which in time of war were open, and in
I
\
SELECT LIST OF MYTHOLOGICAL AND CLA8JSICAL NAMES.
505
time of poaoe were shut. The latter
happened only thrice in Roman history.
JASON, ja'son, the leader of the Argonauts,
brought the Gloldeu Fleece from Colchis,
with tlie help of Medea, whom he married.
JUNO, ja'no, the Greek Hera, daughter of
Saturn, sister and wife of Jupiter, and
protecting goddess of women.
.U J PITER, jtfpi-ter, the chief god among
tiie Romans, son of Saturn, and husband
of Juno ; corresponding to the Greek
Zeus.
LACHESIS, lafe-sis, the one of the Fates
who determined the lot of life.
LAOCOON, larok'o-on, a Trojan,, priest of
Apollo, killed, together wdth his two sons,
at the altar bv serpents.
LAODAMIA, la-o-dam-fa, wife of Protesl-
lans. Her husband was killed by Hector
before Troy, and she prayed the gods to
g:ive him to her for but three hours. Tlie
request was granted, and when the time
expired, she died with him.
LATONA, la-tO'na, the mother of Apollo
and Diana.
LEANDER, le-an'der, a youth of Abydoe,
who swam across the Hellespont every
night to visit Hero of Sestos, until he
was drowned in a storm.
LEDA, le'da, the wife of Tyndarus, king of
Laconia, visited by Jupiter in the form
of a swan. By him, she was the mother
of Pollux and Helen ; by her husband, of
Castor and Clytemnestra.
LUCRETIA, 165-kresh'i-a. the wife of Col-
latinus. When dishonored by Sextus
Tarquinius, she killed herself, and thus
became the immediate cause of the ex-
pulsion of the Tarquins from Rome.
tiUNA, lii'na, the moon-goddess, the Greek
Selene.
VfAES, mSrz, an old Roman god of war,
son of Jupiter and Juno; the Greek Ares.
JLAJR4SYAS, mar'si-as, a satyr who chal-
lenged Apollo to a musical contest, with
the"Muses as judges, and who was flayed
alive for his temerity.
MEDEA, me-d5'a, daughter of a king of
Colchis. She assisted Jason to obtain
the Golden Fleece, afterwards became his
wife, and, when deserted by him for an-
r ler, destroyed her rival and her own
children by Jason, and fled to Athens.
MEDUSA, me-dQ'sa, one of the Gorgons,
killed by Perseus.
MEG.ERA, me-ge'ra, one of the Furies.
MELIBOEUJS, mel-i-bS'us, the name of a
shepherd.
MELPOMENE, mel-pom'e-ne, the Muse of
tr;igedy.
MEMNON, mem'non, a son of Aurora, and
king of ..Ethiopia, who went to aid the
Trojans, was slain by Achilles, and, on
the funeral pyre, changed, by his mother,
into a bird, ^ffis marole statue at The-
bes, when touched by the first rays of
the sun, gave forth a sound Uke a lute-
string.
MENTOR, men'tor, the faithful friend of
Ulvsses.
MESCURY, mer'kQ-rl, son of Jupiter and
Maia, a Roman god of commerce and
gain, messenger of the gods ; identified
with the Greek Hermes.
tCDAS, mrdas, a Phrygian king who re-
ceived from Bacchus the power of turn-
ing everything he touched to gold. Even
his food turning to gold, he escaped star-
vation only by washing in the Pactolus.
He decided in favor of Pan, a musical
contest between him and Apollo, who, in
revenge, gave Midas an ass's ears.
MINERvA, min-er'va, the Roman goddess
of wisdom. Identical with the Greek Pal-
las Athene.
SQNOB, mTnos, a king and lawgiver o(
Crete, made eifter death a judge in the
infernal regions.
MNEMOSYNE, nS-moeri-nfi, the mother of
the Muses.
MOMUS, mO'mus, the god of mockery and
censure.
MORPHEUS, mor'fe-us, the god of dreams.
MUSES, daughters of Jupiter and Mnemos-
yne. They were Caixjope, the Muse of
epic poetry ; Cuo, of histoiy ; Eeato, of
amatory poetry ; Thaua, of comedy ;
Melpomene, of tragedy; Teepsichore, of
dancing; Edti:epe, of lyric poetry; PoLT-
HYMNIA, of l5Tic poetry and eloquence ;
and Urania, of astronomy.
NARCISSUS, nar-sis'us, a beautiful youth
who fell in love with his own image re-
flected in a well, and pined away until he
was changed into the flower that bears
his name.
NAUSICAA, na-sik'a-a, the daughter of
King Alcinous. When playing at ball
with her maidens on the shore, she found
the shipwrecked Ulysses, and conducted
him to her father's court.
NEMiEAN LION, ne-me'an, a lion in the
wood of Nemasa, which was destroyed by
NEPTUNE, nep'tan, the Poseidon of the
Greeks, brother of Jupiter, and chief god
of the sea.
NESTOR, nes'tor, an aged king of Pylos,
famous among the Greeks before Troy
for his eloquence, wisdom, and foresight.
NIOBE, rn'o-be, the wife of Amphion, kin^
of Thebes. Having boasted that she had
mora children than Latona, her seven
sons and seven daughters were killed by
Apollo and Diana, and she wept for them
until she was turned into stone.
NOX, noks, night, the daughter of Chaos.
NUMA, nu'ma, the second king of Rome,
who organized the whole religious ritual
of the state.
CEIDH'US, e'di-pus, a king of Thebes who
solved the Sphinx's riddle, whereupon
she killed herself.
CEiNONE, S-nO'ne, a nymph of Mount Ida,
beloved by Paris wh5le yet a shepherd.
OLYMPUS, o-lim'pus, a mountain on the
borders of Tbessaly and Macedonia, the
seat of the gods.
OMPHALE, om'fa-lg, a Lydian queen whom
Hercules served as a slave for a short
time. She would amuse herself by wear-
ing his lion's skin and cai^ying his club,
while Hercules donned woman's dress
and spun wool.
OPS, the wife of Saturn, the Roman god-
dess of plenty and patroness of hus-
bandry.
ORESTES, o-res't5z, son of Agamemnon.
He avenged his father's murder by slay-
ing his mother Clytemnestra, and her
paramour ^Egisthus.
ORION, o-ri'on, a celebrated giant and
hunter, who at his death was turned into
a constellation.
ORPHEUS. or'fOs, a Thracian poet who
moved rocks and tamed wild beasts by
the music of his lyre.
OSIRIS, o-sTris, the chief Egyptian deity,
husband of Isis, and the first to introduce
civilization into Egypt.
PACTOLUS, pak-to'lus, a river in Lydia,
said to bring down golden sands, from
Midas having washed in it.
P.52AN, pS'an, a name of Apollo as the
healer.
PALLAS, Dallas, the same as Athena.
PAN, an Arcadian pastoral god, inventor
of the shepherd's flute.
PANDORA, pan-d5'ra, the first woman,
made by Vulcan by command of Jupiter.
She brought with her from heaven a box
containing all human ills, which feminine
curiosity made her open, and out of it
they all flew, to afflict mankmd, while
nothing remained but Hope.
PARCE, par'se, the Fates.
PARIS, par'is, son of Priam, king of Troy.
Brought up as a shepherd on Mount Ida,
there he decided the dispute as to their
beauty between Juno, Minerva, and Ve-
nus, in favor of the last, who promised
him Helen, wife of Menelaus, and the
fairest of women. His carrying her off
caused the Trojan war, in wnicn he was
slain.
PARNASSUS, par-nas'sus, a mountain in
Greece sacred to Apollo and the Muses.
PATROCLUS, pa-troklus, the dearest
friend of Achilles, rashly challenged
Hector before Troy, and was killed by
him.
PEGASUS, peg'arsus, a winged horse which
sprang from the blood of Medusa, bore
Bellerophon in his struggle with the
ChimEBra, then flew upwards to heaven.
He is called the horse of the Muses.
PELOPS,pe'lops,son of Tantalus,and father
of Atreus. When a child, he was served
up as food to the gods, but was recalled
to life by Jupiter. He became king of
EUs, and was so powerful that he gave
his name to the whole Greek peninsula.
PENELOPE, pe-nel'o-pe, the wife of
XJlysses, celebrated for her constancy
during his twenty years' absence. She
put on her importunate suitors by prom-
faing to marry when she had finished a
web she was weaving ; but what was
woven during the day, she undid at
night.
PERSEUS, per'siis, a son of Jupiter, cut off
the head of Medusa, and saved Androm-
eda from a terrible sea-monster.
PHAETON, fa'e-thon, a son of Sol. Having
obtained leave to drive the chariot of the
sun for one day, he upset it, and was
burled by a thunder-bolt from Jupite»
into the river Po.
PHILOMELA, fll-o-mela, a daughter of
Pandion, king of Athens, changed into
a nightingale.
PHLEGETHON, fleg'e-thon, a river of fire
in the lower world.
PHCEBE, fe'be, a name of Artemis or Diana,
as the goddess of the moon, it being re-
garded as the sister of Phcebus or the
Sun.
PHCEBUS, feTius, a name of Apollo as god
of the sun.
PHOSPHORUS, fos'for-us, the Greek name
of Lucifer, the morning star.
PIERIA, pl-er'i-a, a district in the north
of Greece, one of the earliest seats of the
worship of the Muses, who are often
styled Fierides.
PLUTO, plu'to, the king of the lower world,
brother of Jupiter and Neptune.
PLUTUS, plu'tus, the god of riches.
POLLUX. See Castor.
POLYHYMNIA, pol-i-him'ni-a, the Muse o'
Ij'ric poetry and eloquence.
POLYPHEMUS, pol-i-1'e'mus, a one-eyert
Cyclops in Sicily, w'ho was blinded by
trtysses while he was sleeping, after
having devoured many of the companions
of the latter.
POMONA, po-mO'na, the goddess of fruit.
POSEIDON, po-sI'dSn, the Greek god of
the sea, identical with the Roman Nep
tune.
PRIAM, prfam, the last king of Troy, slain
by Pj'rrhus.
PRLAPUS, pri-a'pus, son of Bacchus and
Venus, the god of fruittulness, of gar
dens, etc.
PROMETHEUS, pro-mS'thfls, son of lape-
tus, and father of Deucalion. He made a
man of clay, and put life into him by
fire stolen from heaven. For this,
Jupiter chained him to a rock, where »
506
SELECT LIST OP MYTHOLOGICAL AND CLASSICAL NAMES.
vulture preyed continually upon his liver,
until he was delivered bv Hercules.
PROSERPINE, pros'er-pin, daughter of
Jupiter and Ceres, carried otf by Pluto,
and made queen of tlie lower regions.
PR0TEUS,pr6'te-us,a sea-god who assumed
any form he pleased. He tended the
seals or sea-calves of Neptune.
PSYCHE, si'ke, a nymph beloved by Cupid.
PYGAIALION, pig-ma'li-on, a king of Cy-
prus who fell in love with the image of
a maiden wiiich he himself had made.
Venus changed it into a woman, whom
he married.
PYRAMUS, pir'a-raus, the devoted lover
of Thisbe. Supposing her to be dead, he
stabbed himself under a mulberry tree.
PYTHON, pi'thon, a serpent killed near
Delphi by Apollo, who founded the Py-
thian g-ames to commemorate the victory.
BEaiUS, re'mus, twin-brother of Romulus,
killed by him for laughing at his infant
walls.
KHADAMANTHUS. rad-arman'thus, one of
the judges in the lower world.
EOMTJrLUS, rom'yoo-lus, the mythical
founder of Rome, son of Mars by Rhea
Silvia, exposed at birth in a cradle on
the Tiber, and miraculously suckled by
a she-wolf.
RUBICO (Eng. Rubicon, roob'i-kon), a
small stream on the east coast of Italy,
the boundary between Italy and Cisal-
pine Gaul. It was thus the limit of Cae-
sar's province, and his crossing it at the
head of his army at the commencement
of the civil war was tantamount to bid-
ding defiance to the laws of the republic.
8ARDANAPALUS, sar-dan-a-pal'us, king
of Nineveh, noted for his licentiousness
and effeminacy. When hopelessly de-
feated, he burned himself together with
all his treasures.
SATURN, sat'urn, an old Roman divinity,
the god of agriculture and civilization,
identified by the Romans with the Greek
Cronos, and thus the father of Jupiter,
by whom he was dethroned.
8CYLLA, sil'la, a rock between Italy and
Sicily, opposite Charybdis, very danger-
ous to passing ships. It was the haunt
of Scylla, a fearful monster.
SEMELE, sem'e-le, the mother, by Jupiter,
of Bacchus.
SEMIRAMIS, sera-ir'a-mis, with her hus-
band Ninus, the mythical founder of
Nineveh. She was distinguished for hep
personal prowess; and after the death
of Ninus she reigned alone with great
glory.
SERAPIS, se-ra'pis, an Egyptian divinity.
SILBNUS, sl-le'nus, the companion of
Bacchus, represented as being usually
drunk, and seated on an ass. When
drunk or asleep he Jwould prophesy, if
surrounded by a chain of flowers.
SINON, si'non, a Greek who allowed him-
self to be taken prisoner by.the Trojans,
and persuaded them to admit within
their city the wooden horse, which was
filled with Greek warriors.
SISYPHUS, sis'i-fus, a wicked king of
Corinth, who was punished in the lower
world bj' having to roll to the top of a
hill a stone which constantly rolled back
again.
SOL, the ancient Italian god of the sun,
later identified with the Greek Helios,
hence often called Titan or Plioebus by
the poets.
SOMNUS, som'nus, the god of sleep, said
to be son of Night and brother of Death.
STYX, stiks, a river of the lower world,
across which the sliades of the departed
were ferried.
TANTALUS, tan'ta-lus, a son of Jupiter,
for divulging his father's secrets, was
made to stand up to his chin in water,
with branches of fruit hung over his
head, the water receding when he wished
to drink, and the fruit when he desired
to eat.
TARPEIAN ROCB:, tar-pfau rok, on the
Capitoline hill at Rome, over which
criminals were thrown.
TELEMACHUS. te-lera'a-kus, the son of
Ulysses and Penelope, left Ithaca to
search for his father, and found him at
home on his return.
TERMINUS, ter'min-us, the god who
guarded boundaries,
TERPSICHORE, terp-sik'o-rS, the Muse of
dancing.
THALIA, tha-ira, the Muse of comedy.
THERSITES, ther-sftes, a Greek before
Troy famous for his ugliness and scur»
rilitV, killed by Achilles.
THESEUS, the'sus, the great legendary
hero of Attica, who killed the Minotaur,
and performed various other famous ex-
ploits.
THESPIS, thes'pia, the founder of Greek
tragedy.
THETIS, the'tis, a Nereid, mother of
Achilles.
THISBE, this'bS, a Babylonian maiden
who killed herself beside the body of
her lover Pyramus.
TIMON, ti'mon, a oetebrated ooisantbrope
of Athena.
TIMOTHEUS. tl-mo'the-us, a oetebrateo
musician of Miletus.
TIRESIAS, ti-re'si-as, a blind soothsayer
of Thebes.
TISIPHONE, tI-sif'o-n8, one of the Furies.
TITANS, tl'tans, the sons of Titan, helped
their father against Jupiter, but were
overthrown.
TITHONUS, tith-6'nus, the raortai hus-
band of Aurora, endowed by her with
immortality, but not eternal youth. In
a decrepit old age his immortality be«
came a burden to him, and be waa
changed into a grasshopper.
TITYRUS, tit'i-rus, the name of a shep.
herd.
TROILUS, tro'i-lus, a son of Priam, king
of Troy, slain by Achilles.
TROPHONIUS, trof-o'ni-us, the builder,
along with his brother Agamedes, of
the temple of Apollo at Delphi. Deified
after his death, he imparted oracles in
a cave in Boeotia,
TROY, a city of Asia Minor, destroyed by
the Greeks after a siege of ten years.
See Helena.
TYRT.,3EUS, tir-te'us, a lame schoolmaster,
sent by Athens to Sparta in answer to
an appeal for aid, and who, by his in-
spiriting martial lyrics, led the Spartans
on to victory.
ULYSSES, u-lis'ez, a king of Ithaca,
famed for his craft and eloquence. His
wanderings for ten years, over many
lands and seas, on his way home from
Troy, form the subject of the Odyssey.
URANIA, Q-ra'ni-a, the Muse of astron-
omy.
VACUNA, va-ka'na, the goddess of rural
leisure.
VENUS, va'nus, the goddess of love and
beautv.
VERTUMNUS, ver-tum'nus, the god of the
seasons.
VESPER, ves'per, the same as Hesperua
VESTA, ves'ta, daughter of Saturn, god-
dess of the household fire and of do»
mestio life. Her priestesses took an
oath of virginity, and were charged to
keep the sacred fire burning.
VIRGINIA, vir-jin'i-a, a Roman girl whom
her father Virginius stabbed to death,
to save her from the lust of the decemvir
Appius Claudius. This led to the expuW
sion of the decemvirs.
VULCAN, vul'kan, the Roman god of flr^
son of Jupiter and Juno, confounded
with the Greek Hephaistos.
ZEPHYRUS, zefi-rus, the west wind.
ZEUS, ze'us, the Greek name of Jupiter.
J>
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